An image forming apparatus includes an operating panel, a user determination part, an attribute setting part, a selection button forming part and a processing operation executing part. The setting part sets, to each process, a first-attribute permitting execution without a password, a second-attribute permitting execution with the password or a third-attribute not permitting execution. The forming part forms each button of each process, if a first-authorized user, and forms each button of each process with the first- or second-attribute and no button of the process with the third-attribute, if a second-authorized user. The executing part executes, when the first-authorized user selects the button or the second-authorized user selects the button of the process with the first-attribute, the process about the selected button, and executes, when the second-authorized user selects the button of the process with the second-attribute, the process about the selected button when a valid password is inputted.

The present disclosure relates to a multifunctional image forming apparatus capable of executing a plurality of processing operations including processing operations related to image forming.
At present, a multifunctional image forming apparatus generally called as a multifunction peripheral becomes widespread. Such image forming apparatuses each include a variety of functions, and for example, include: a copying function copying a document; an electric mail transmission function attaching a document image generated by scanning a document to an electric mail to transmit the electric mail with the attachment; a facsimile function carrying out facsimile transmission and reception of a document; a printer function printing document data transmitted from a personal computer or the like to a sheet; a document storage function internally storing a document image generated by scanning a document; and others.
Also, many of the image forming apparatuses include an operating panel having a touch panel display and button images are displayed in a screen of the touch panel display to thereby form selection buttons respectively corresponding to copy processing, electric mail transmission processing, facsimile processing, document storage processing and others. When a user touches the selection button with a finger, the image forming apparatus executes a processing operation corresponding to the selection button.
In addition, the recent image forming apparatus registers (stores) identification information, such as IDs or passwords of users, and kinds of authority for utilizing the image forming apparatus of the users. As the authority of the users for the processing operations that can be executed by the image forming apparatus in response to user selection (hereinafter, called as executable processing operations), there are management authority to enable the image forming apparatus execute all of the executable processing operations and general authority to enable the image forming apparatus execute only specific processing operations among the executable processing operations. Hereinafter, a person who is registered as the user having the management authority is referred to as a "management authorized user" and a person who is registered as the user having the general authority without having the management authority is referred to as a "general authorized user". When the user utilizes the image forming apparatus, the image forming apparatus requests the user to input identification information and identifies on the basis of the inputted identification information whether the user is the management authorized user or the general authorized user. Then, in a case where the user is the management authorized user, the image forming apparatus permits the user to execute all of the executable processing operations and, in a case where the user is the general authorized user, the image forming apparatus permits only the specific processing operations among the executable processing operations. In this manner, the security can be improved.
Further, some image forming apparatuses include a function controlling in accordance with the user authority whether or not to form each selection button in the screen of the touch panel display of the operating panel. That is, in the case where the user is the management authorized user, an image forming apparatus forms the selection buttons respectively corresponding to all of the executable processing operations (incidentally, this includes a case of disposing all of the selection buttons in a distributed manner in a plurality of switchable screens in addition to a case of disposing all of the selection buttons in one screen). On the other hand, in the case where the user is the general authorized user, the image forming apparatus forms only specific selection buttons respectively corresponding to the specific processing operations with permission of execution for the general authorized user among the executable processing operations. In this manner, when the general authorized user operates the image forming apparatus, operability of the image forming apparatus can be improved.
For example, a technique controlling to display icons in an interface screen in accordance with a group to which a user belongs is known.
Incidentally, as mentioned above, in the case where the user is the general authorized user, there is a function in which the selection buttons formed in the screen of the touch panel display of the operating panel are limited to only the specific selection buttons respectively corresponding to the specific processing operations among the executable processing operations. However, such a function may lack the convenience as mentioned later.
That is, there may be a case in which a plurality of users of image forming apparatus other than managers exist, and the scopes of processing operations of the image forming apparatus with permission of execution are made different from each other depending on these users. In such a case, the general authority is subdivided into a plurality of kinds of authority, for example, high level authority, middle level authority, and low level authority, and settings to define processing operations with permission of execution for each kind of subdivided authority must be carried out for the image forming apparatus. As a result, the work of setting becomes complicated and the convenience is impaired.
Also, for example, in a case where a user other than a manager temporarily acts for a part of the manager's duties or the like, there may arise a need to make the user registered as the general authorized user temporarily carry out some of the processing operations of the image forming apparatus without permission of execution. In this case, it is possible to cope with such circumstance by changing the processing operations permitted to be executed by the user registered as the general authorized user or by teaching the manager identification information to the user other than the manager, and however, in the former, a burden on the work of setting may arise, and in the latter, lowering of the security may result.

Image forming apparatus configured for controlling a plurality of image processing operations


The present invention relates to a novel library for the generation of muteins and to novel muteins derived from human lipocalin 2 (Lcn2, hNGAL) and related proteins that bind a given target with detectable affinity. The invention also relates to corresponding nucleic acid molecules encoding such a mutein and to a method for their generation. The invention further relates to a method for producing such a mutein. For example, such muteins may serve to bind and deplete pathological forms of natural biomolecules such as the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease or may target the fibronectin extra-domain B, which is associated with tumor neovasculature.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. Associated with AD is the defective processing of the amyloid precursor protein giving rise to the potentially neurotoxic, 40-42 residues encompassing amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). Subsequent aggregation of Aβ to oligomers and long fibrils plays a pivotal role in the course of the disease, culminating in the formation of senile plaques (Haass and Selkoe (2007) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 101-112). Despite the increasing significance of AD there is still an unmet need for effective therapies to prevent, cure or decelerate this dementia.
Current anti-amyloid approaches aim at (i) the prevention of Aβ formation, (ii) blocking of its aggregation, (iii) reduction of soluble Aβ levels in the brain, and (iv) disassembly of existing amyloid plaques. So far, immunotherapies, comprising both active and passive immunization of AD patients, have been most promising in this field (Dodel et al. (2003) Lancet Neurology 2, 215-220; Lichtlen and Mohajeri (2007) J. Neurochem. 104, 859-874; Brody and Holtzmann (2008) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 175-193). However, recent clinical trials with active immunization of AD patients were ceased due to the incidence of meningoencephalitis in 6% of the patients. Due to these potential adverse side effects of Fc-mediated immunological functions, non-Ig binding reagents, such as Anticalins, provide an alternative. The identification of an Affibody molecule with specificity for amyloid beta is one example to illustrate the potential of engineered non-Ig binding proteins (Grönwall et al (2007) J. Biotechnol. 128, 162-183; Hoyer et al. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 5099-5104).
However, the bacterial origin of Affibodies may cause problems with immunogenicity in human patients.
Fibronectin (FN) plays an essential role in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. FN is a large, modular, dimeric glycoprotein comprising multiple domains of type I, II, and III. Alternative splice variants of FN such as its extra-domain B (ED-B), which is incorporated between the FNIII7 and FNIII8 domains, are expressed in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-dependent manner (Zardi et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6, 2337-2342).
ED-B is absent from normal adult tissue except during wound healing and neoplastic vascularization. Consequently, ED-B containing fibronectin is abundantly expressed in many different tumor types that attract neovascularization and undergo aberrant angiogenesis. While the actual biological function of ED-B in angiogenesis remains elusive, its incorporation into FN serves as excellent marker for tumorgenesis. Generally, discrimination between malignant tissues and healthy organs is an advantageous therapeutic strategy as the selective targeting of drugs directly to the tumor tissue leads to an increased local drug concentration.
In order to specifically detect and target ED-B, recombinant antibody fragments were raised using phage display antibody technology. One of the isolated antibody fragments is the L19 single chain Fv (Carnemolla et al. (1996) Int. J. Cancer 68, 397-405; Ebbinghaus et al. (2004) Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 1537-1549). Addressing ED-B by L19 in combination with an effective cytotoxic agent currently shows prospects for cancer therapy and diagnostics (Schliemann and Neri (2007) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1776, 175-192; Kaspar et al. (2006) Int. J. Cancer 118, 1331-1339).
However, the L19 scFv fragment is prone to oligomerization.
Due to the above remaining problems in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the diagnosis or therapy of tumors, it is an object of the present invention to provide alternative methods and compounds which can be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the diagnosis or therapy of tumors.

Muteins of human lipocalin 2 (LcnC,hNGAL) with affinity for a given target


A process for providing an ozone resistant dye-based image, and a resulting image, includes jetting an ink containing the dye onto a microporous media surface to form a dye-based image, and thereafter jetting over at least a portion of the dye-based image a clear ink overcoat including a transparent polymeric binder containing dispersed inorganic nano particles, wherein the median equivalent circular diameter of all of the dispersed inorganic particles is in the range of 1 to 500 nm. Color fade due to ozone effects is diminished while maintaining jetability.

Ink compositions containing colorants used to generate images onto an image receiver can be classified as either pigment-based, in which the colorant exists as pigment particles suspended in the ink composition, or as dye-based, in which the colorant exists in solution as a fully solvated dye species that consists of one or more dye molecules. The use of pigments to form images onto a receiver presents a number of significant challenges. Pigment particles must be adequately dispersed in a suitable carrier, can be colloidally destabilized by ink components and can present settling problems during storage of the ink. Pigments can be difficult to jet through the small orifices of an inject printer and can clog the nozzles of the printhead. Pigments usually reside at the surface of the image receiver to which they are printed and image durability can be inadequate. However, pigments are desirable colorants since they are typically far more resistant to light and ozone induced fading than dyes. This provides an additional advantage for pigment-based images in that they can be printed to microporous image receivers without much concern for their inherent stability. Microporous receivers are highly desirable since the printed ink dries rapidly thereby allowing a customer to handle prints shortly after printing.
Dye-based images are typically advantaged over pigment-based images with respect to achieving high-density images. However, dye-based images are particularly susceptible (and disadvantaged to pigment-based images) to ozone induced fade mechanisms when printed onto a microporous image receiver. Microporous receivers are typically designed with inorganic particles that create small voids that are capable of absorbing ink by capillary forces very quickly. Dyes generally penetrate into the pores of the microporous receiver and generally very little of the dye resides on the surface of the receiver. However, these same pores in the receiver allow a relatively open structure for compounds such as ozone to attack the dye-based image. Furthermore, the inorganic particles contained in the image receiver can themselves liberate free radicals that accelerate the fading of the dye-based image.
Various approaches are known in the art to improve the stability of dye-based images with respect to ozone induced fade mechanisms. In one approach, stabilizer compounds (such as antioxidants or hindered amine light stabilizers) are added to the image receiver in order act as sacrificial scavengers of free radicals and ozone. Although this approach can improve dye fade, the sacrificial stabilizer compounds can cause color changes in the image receiver. Furthermore, this approach typically requires a large amount of stabilizer to be contained in the image receiver and ozone can still react with the dyes. In a second approach, the inorganic particles that comprise the image receiver can be modified with stabilizing groups through reactive chemistry. Again this requires substantial modification of the entire image receiver and has a negative impact on the cost of the receiver.
Yet another approach to improving the fade performance of dye-based images is to print the dye-based inks onto swellable image receivers. However, swellable image receivers are significantly disadvantaged to microporous image receivers with respect to dry time.
It is also known in the art to apply colorless or clear inks as overcoats to dye-based images for the purpose of improving image durability. Typically, these clear inks contain film-forming polymers, which are in the form of water-soluble polymers or water-dispersible emulsion particles. Although the polymers used in clear inks can improve the durability of images on receivers they are generally ineffective at improving the fade resistance of dye-based images.
Inkjet printing is one application where dye-based are applied to image receivers with the expectation of generating high quality images. Ink jet printing is a non-impact method for producing printed images by the deposition of ink droplets in a pixel-by-pixel manner to an image-recording element in response to digital signals. There are various methods that may be utilized to control the deposition of ink droplets on the image-recording element to yield the desired printed image. In one process, known as drop-on-demand ink jet, individual droplets are projected as needed onto the image-recording element to form the desired printed image. Common methods of controlling the ejection of ink droplets in drop-on-demand printing include thermal bubble formation (thermal ink jet (TIJ)) and piezoelectric transducers. In another process known as continuous ink jet (CIJ), a continuous stream of droplets is generated and expelled in an image-wise manner onto the surface of the image-recording element, while non-imaged droplets are deflected, caught and recycled to an ink sump.
Ink jet printers have found broad applications across markets ranging from desktop document and photographic-quality imaging, to short run printing and industrial labeling. However, in many of these applications the stability of the images can be significantly degraded by ozone. This is especially true for photographic quality images, which are expected to last for several years without substantially fading or significantly changing in color rendition. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide dye-based images that are capable of withstanding the effects of ozone induced fade, and over a wide variety of media.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,854,840 suggests the use of smectic liquid crystal materials in gel form to help improve blocking resistance, durability, gloss, optical density and to protect an image from ozone degradation. Inkjet inks are free-flowing liquid dispersions or solutions capable of ejection by a printer nozzle. If the material gels or becomes too viscous, printing can be impaired, especially when using a thermal printhead. Although application of the materials is suggested to be possible by ink jet methods, it is impractical to apply gelled materials via inkjet printheads, particularly thermal printheads, due to the high viscosity of such materials and the corresponding tendency of such materials to fail to achieve the desired ejection velocity and the consequent tendency to plug the nozzles of the ink jet printer. Further, it is desirable that an ink be usable with any kind of printhead.
Thus, it is a problem to be solved to provide a jetable overcoat clear ink containing inorganic particles that inhibit ozone degradation of a resulting image without occasioning jetting difficulties and without employing specialized ink receiving media.


Alpine anchor for anchoring threaded rods in soil or rock, with a metal base plate having a number of threaded bores which are distributed about the circumference and into which the threaded rods can be screwed with an assembly machine, wherein at least one plug coupling is arranged between the stationary part and the base plate.

Such an alpine anchor has become known with the subject matter of EP 1 750 020 B1 by the same applicant, the anchor being termed spider-shaped anchor in said document.
It comprises substantially a base plate that is placed onto the soil or rock, and threaded rods to be driven through the base plate that are screwed through corresponding threaded bores in the base plate in different directions and at different angles, so as to be anchored in soil or rock likewise at different angles and in different directions.
An alpine anchor of this type has been widely successful. It has been found, however, that assembling the threaded rods into the base plate is difficult, because until now it was known only to use a certain type of drilling machine for the assembly. A known drilling machine of this type comprises a drive motor that drives a drill chuck in the form of a clamp chuck for rotation.
In using such a drilling machine for anchoring, it has been known to clamp the threaded rod by the rear end thereof into the drill chuck or clamp chuck and then position the front end of the threaded rod onto the threaded bore in the base plate and then turn on the drilling machine. Owing to the threaded rod being driven in rotation, the rod was thus progressively driven into the soil or rock, because the thread pitches disposed about the circumference thereof would pull the threaded rod into the soil.
It is a shortcoming of this known assembly method, however, that one must hold the drilling machine or assembly machine free-standing by hand to drive in a relatively long threaded rod with lengths of up to 6 meters. The standard dimension of the threaded rods used is a length of 2 to 4 m, with a threaded rod needing to be driven free-standing through the threaded bores of the base plate while the assembly machine is held unsupported. This presented a great risk of injury, because it could happen that the threaded rods were not clamped-in properly in the clamp chuck and would then be catapulted away during operation of the assembly machine, or it could also happen that the threaded rod would encounter resistance in the soil or rock while the threaded rods were being driven through the threaded bores in the base plate, and would shear off or become jammed, which made it difficult to hold the assembly machine in an accident-free manner.


In an electric motor, a magnetic bearing generates an electromagnetic force between multiple permanent magnets and a coil and rotatably supports an other side of a rotation shaft in an axis line direction. The rotation shaft is configured to be capable of being inclined with a rotation center line using a bearing side of the rotation shaft as a fulcrum. An electronic control device controls a current that flows to the coil such that an axis line of the rotation shaft approaches the rotation center line due to a supporting force which is the electromagnetic force between the multiple permanent magnets and the coil. Accordingly, the rotation shaft is rotatably supported to be freely rotatable by a magnetic bearing and the bearing.

In the related art, as the electric motor, there is an electric motor which rotatably supports a rotation shaft (i.e., to be freely rotatable) by two magnetic bearings (for example, refer to Patent Literature 1).
In the electric motor, a rotation-driving exciting coil of a rotor and a magnetic-bearing exciting coil are wound around a common stator, in each magnetic bearing. Accordingly, the size and the number of components can be reduced.
Here, a permanent magnet is provided together with the rotation shaft in the rotor. In addition, as a rotating magnetic field generated from the rotation-driving exciting coil is imparted to the permanent magnet, a rotating force is generated in the rotor and the rotation shaft. As the magnetic field generated from the magnetic-bearing exciting coil is imparted to the permanent magnet, a supporting force for rotatably supporting the rotation shaft is generated.

Electric motor, control device, and motor control system

National University Corporation Shizuoka University


In a color image readout apparatus in which white light is separated into three primary color light components of B, G, and R by means of a beam splitter, predetermined wavelength cut filters are disposed between dichroic mirrors and between a dichroic mirror and a reflection mirror in the beam splitter, so as to prevent unnecessary reflected light components such as multiple reflection light from occurring, whereby a favorable color image is obtained free of color contamination, flare, and ghost. A beam splitter 7 is constituted by a first dichroic mirror 21 for reflecting a B light component in the white light, a yellow filter 22 (cutting off a wavelength of 500 nm and thereunder), a second dichroic mirror 23 for reflecting a G light component in the white light, an orange filter 24 (cutting off a wavelength of 580 nm and thereunder), and a total reflection mirror 25 which are laminated in this order. The yellow filter 22 absorbs the B light component and, of the G light component, a wavelength range component in the vicinity of the wavelength range of the B light component, which may cause color contamination and multiple reflection light, whereby color contamination, flare, and ghost are prevented from occurring due to multiple reflection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a color image readout apparatus and, more specifically, to a color image readout apparatus which separates a color image into color light components and then reads out thus separated color light components.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various kinds of color image readout apparatus have been proposed, in which a color image is separated into three primary colors of B, G, and R, and the respective color light components in thus color- separated wavelength ranges are read out by a light receiving device.
For example, there has been proposed, as shown in FIG. 5, a color image readout apparatus comprising a light source 31 for emitting white light including the whole desired wavelength range; an imaging optical system 34 for collecting the light reflected from an original 32 mounted on a platen glass 33; a light receiving device 36 in which three pieces of line sensors 51, 52, and 53, respectively set to have three kinds of spectral sensitivity characteristics for B, G, and R, are arranged in a sub-scanning direction on a single chip; and a beam splitter 37, disposed on an optical path between the imaging optical system 34 and the light receiving device 36, in which dichroic mirrors respectively adapted to reflect only predetermined wavelength ranges of light and a total reflection mirror are laminated together with a transparent glass therebetween. In such a color image readout apparatus, the light emitted from the light source 31 and then reflected by the original 32 is separated by the beam splitter 37 into three color light components of B, G, and R which are in parallel with each other, and then the color light components are respectively received by the line sensors 51, 52, and 53 of the light receiving device 36.
Also, there has been proposed, as shown in FIG. 6, a color image readout apparatus comprising a light source 41 for emitting white light including the whole desired wavelength range; an imaging optical system 44 for collecting the light reflected from an original 42 mounted on a platen glass 43; a light receiving device 46 in which three pieces of line sensors 61, 62, and 63, respectively set to have three kinds of spectral sensitivity characteristics for B, G, and R, are arranged in a sub-scanning direction on a single chip; and first and second beam splitters 47 and 48, disposed on an optical path between the imaging optical system 44 and the light receiving device 46, in each of which dichroic mirrors respectively adapted to reflect only predetermined wavelength ranges of light and a total reflection mirror are laminated together with a transparent glass therebetween. In such a color image readout apparatus, the light emitted from the light source 41 and then reflected by the original 42 is separated by the first beam splitter 47 into three color light components of B, G, and R which are in parallel with each other, and then the color light components are reflected by the second beam splitter 48 so as to be respectively received by the line sensors 61, 62, and 63 of the light receiving device 46. Such a case where two pieces of the beam splitters 47 and 48 are used is advantageous in that the optical path lengths of the respective color light components can be made substantially equal to each other.
Though a halogen lamp is often used as the light source in such a color image readout apparatus, it has a characteristic that its spectral energy has a smaller short wavelength component and a greater long wavelength component in the visible light range. Consequently, when the halogen lamp is employed in a color image readout apparatus such as those mentioned above, the readout signals of the respective colors may become out of balance. Accordingly, amplification factors for obtaining the respective readout signals should be adjusted so as to attain substantially the same output level. When the amplification factors differ among the readout signals, however, S/N ratios may vary among the respective colors. As a result, upon final image processing such as masking, the S/N ratio of the signal concerning the B light component, which has a short wavelength, may become low, thereby greatly deteriorating its image quality.
Accordingly, there has been proposed a color image readout apparatus Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 7-221930) in which, in place of the transparent glass constituting the beam splitter, an optical filter such as ND filter or color compensating filter is used such that the color light components forming images on the respective line sensors have substantially the same light quantity, thereby attaining substantially the same amplification factor for the signals corresponding to the respective color light components so as to keep a favorable balance between their S/N ratios, allowing the readout operation to be performed with a high accuracy.
In a beam splitter such as that mentioned above in which a dichroic mirror and a total reflection mirror are laminated together, however, it is very difficult to manufacture a dichroic mirror having 100% transmittance and reflectance for respective color light components. Consequently, in the vicinity of the boundary wavelength between two color light components to be separated, the color light component to be reflected may be transmitted, and thus transmitted color light component may be reflected by the dichroic mirror so as to be made incident on a line sensor which should receive another color light component. Namely, as shown in FIG. 5, of the white light incident on the beam splitter 37, the B light component is reflected by a first dichroic mirror 37A, while the G and R light components are transmitted therethrough. Of thus transmitted G light component, a wavelength component near the wavelength range of B light component may contain a part of the B light component. Such a part of the B light component may be reflected by a second dichroic mirror 37B so as to be made incident on the line sensor 52 for receiving the G light component. Similarly, the R light component transmitted through the second dichroic mirror 37B may contain a part of the G light component and a small amount of B light component, which may be made incident on the line sensor for receiving the R light component.
Also, of the G light component, the most part of a portion in the vicinity of the wavelength range of the B light component is reflected by the second dichroic mirror 37B, and then a part thereof is reflected by the inner surface of the dichroic mirror 37A and further by the second dichroic mirror 37B. Consequently, multiple reflection may occur within the beam splitter 37, and a multiple reflection light component L10 (indicated by a broken line) may be made incident on the line sensor 53 for receiving the R light component in the light receiving device 36. Also, in the color image readout apparatus shown in FIG. 6, multiple reflection light components L11 and L12 may be generated as indicated by broken lines therein. In the reflectance characteristics of B, G, and R shown in FIG. 7, such a multiple reflection light component is generated at a hatched area of the wavelength range.
Thus, an unnecessary multiple reflection light component generated between dichroic mirrors constituting a beam splitter may be made incident on a line sensor which is different from the one that should receive it, whereby color contamination may occur in the line sensor, thus deteriorating the color reproducibility of the resulting image. Also, when an error occurs in the gap amount or parallelism of the dichroic mirrors constituting the beam splitter, a positional deviation may be generated between the normal and contaminated color light components incident on the beam splitter, thereby forming a ghost in the resulting image. Further, depending on the optical path of the contaminated color light component, the normal and contaminated color light components may have different optical path lengths, so as to form images on the beam splitter in a defocused state, thereby generating a flare in the resulting image.

c/o Fuji Photo Optical Co., Ltd. 1-324, Uetakecho


The present invention relates to the design of a modern theater for providing live entertainment performances. The theater comprises an auditorium which is defined in part by a modular central core which encloses a defined space. The theater further comprises a modular stage and a two-tier balcony module. The central core module, the stage and the balcony module are each supported by independent foundations and load bearing columns. The balcony module includes an upper level with open seating and a lower level with enclosed suites. The suites are designed so as not to adversely affect the acoustics of the theater. The theater also has two side wing modules for increasing the seating capacity of the theater and other modular structures abutting the central core module. The theater also includes partitions for closing part of the side wing modules and a novel jack system for supporting the acoustic panels forming the partitions when the panels are in their extended position.

The present invention relates to a uniquely constructed theater for providing live entertainment performances.
Theaters for presenting live entertainment performances have existed for centuries. Typical Broadway-type theaters have an orchestra section with rows of open seats and one or more balconies with rows of open seats, all facing a stage. Concert halls and auditoriums have similar multi-level constructions. The cost of building such conventional theaters can be quite expensive since the construction techniques employed therein do not lend themselves to any cost savings. Thus, there is a need for construction techniques which allow a theater owner to construct a modern theater at lower cost.
Many theaters suffer from a fixed seating capacity which can not be altered for different types of performances. The presence of a large number of empty seats can affect the mood of the theater patrons as well as the acoustics during a performance. Thus, there is also a need for a theater design whose seating capacity can be reduced or increased for different types of performances without causing any adverse acoustical effects and while maintaining a pleasant environment for theater patrons.
Still further, there is a need for theater owners to find ways to enhance performance revenues. While corporate suites are known entities in athletic stadiums and arenas, they are unknown entities in theaters for presenting live entertainment performances such as orchestra concerts, ballets, dance performances, comedy performances, Broadway-type shows, and other forms of entertainment. It is believed that no theater had such corporate suites prior to the theater of the present invention.


A method for forming logic circuits with embedded memory is described. Isolation areas are formed on a semiconductor substrate separating at least one logic area and at least one memory area. Gate electrode stacks comprising a polysilicon layer, a silicide layer, a first oxide layer, and a first nitride layer are formed in the device areas. The semiconductor substrate and the gate electrode stacks are covered with a first mask. The first mask in the logic areas is partially removed to expose the first nitride layer. The first nitride layer is removed to expose the first oxide layer in the logic areas. The first mask is removed. Processing continues to form LDD regions, S/D regions in the logic areas, and memory devices in the memory areas. Since the first nitride layer in the logic areas has been removed, an etching with an etch stop at nitride can form metal contacts in the logic areas and memory areas simultaneously. No substrate loss is seen in the S/D region of the logic areas and metal shorting of the contact to the gate is avoided even with mask misalignment because of the etch stop at the nitride in the memory area.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the fabrication of integrated circuit devices, and more particularly, to a method of removing the gate silicon nitride in the logic area of an embedded DRAM for improved self-aligned contact (SAC) processing in the fabrication of integrated circuits.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
In the fabrication of integrated circuit devices, embedded dynamic random access (DRAM) devices have both memory cells and logic cells formed on a single silicon chip. Embedded DRAM is capable of transferring large quantities of data at very high speeds. A gate silicon nitride capping layer is required for the DRAM source/drain regions and self-aligned contact formation. However, the silicon nitride capping layer limits DRAM capacitor size and SAC size. Furthermore, metal contact etching through the thick silicon nitride layer on top of the gate is a challenge due to serious substrate loss in the source/drain regions.
For example, FIG. 1 illustrates the logic portion of a partially completed integrated circuit device. Gate electrodes comprise a polysilicon layer 16, an overlying silicide layer 18, a capping oxide layer 20, and a capping silicon nitride layer 22. Silicon nitride sidewall spacers 24 and silicon nitride liner layer 28 have also been formed on the gate electrodes, as shown. The DRAM portion of the integrated circuit device, not shown, needs the silicon nitride layers in order to form self-aligned contacts. However, in the logic portion shown in FIG. 1, in order for the metal contact 34 to contact the silicide layer 18, the contact opening must be etched through the thick silicon nitride layer 28/22. This results in overetching of the contact 38 into the silicon substrate, as shown by 40.
FIG. 2 shows an example of another problem in the prior art. A DRAM portion of a partially completed integrated circuit device is shown in FIG. 2. As in the logic portion shown in FIG. 1, gate electrodes comprise a polysilicon layer 16, an overlying silicide layer 18, a capping oxide layer 20, and a capping silicon nitride layer 22. Silicon nitride liner layer 28 has also been formed over the gate electrodes. Self-aligned contact openings are made through the dielectric layer 30 to node contacts 32. These openings are filled, for example, with polysilicon plugs 42. If there is misalignment during patterning of the metal contact opening, the opening will be etched through the silicon nitride capping layer 22 and the oxide layer 20, causing a short 60 to the gate. A possible solution to this problem is to enlarge the polysilicon plug 42, as shown by dotted lines 63. However, this solution will limit capacitor size, as shown by 65.
It is desired to provide a process for forming metal contacts in both the logic and DRAM regions simultaneously while avoiding serious substrate loss in the logic area and preventing metal contact shorting to the gate without increasing SAC size.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,908 to Huang, U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,251 to Wu et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,725 to Huang, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,037 to Liao disclose various embedded DRAM processes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,188 to Ogawa, U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,289 to Ajika et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,260 to Huang disclose various DRAM and other memory processes.
Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an effective and very manufacturable method for forming embedded DRAM devices in the fabrication of integrated circuits.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a process for forming metal contacts simultaneously in both logic and memory areas in the fabrication of integrated circuits.
Another object is to remove the capping silicon nitride layer in the logic area to increase the metal contact etching process window in the fabrication of logic devices with embedded memory.
Yet another object is to provide a process for forming metal contacts in both the logic and DRAM regions simultaneously while avoiding serious substrate loss in the logic area and preventing metal contact shorting to the gate without increasing SAC size.
In accordance with the objects of the invention, a method for forming logic circuits with embedded memory is achieved. Isolation regions are formed in and on a semiconductor substrate separating active areas wherein active areas comprise at least one logic area and at least one memory area. Gate electrode stacks are formed in the active areas comprising a polysilicon layer, a silicide layer, a first oxide layer, and a first nitride layer. The semiconductor substrate and gate electrode stacks are covered with a first mask layer. The first mask layer is partially removed in the logic areas to expose the first nitride layer. The exposed first nitride layer is removed to expose the first oxide layer in the logic areas. The first mask layer is removed in both logic and memory areas. Lightly doped regions are formed. Nitride spacers are formed on the gate electrode stacks in the logic areas. Source/drain regions are formed in the logic areas. A second nitride layer is deposited overlying the logic areas and memory areas. A second oxide layer is formed overlying the second nitride layer. Memory devices are formed in the memory areas. Contact openings are etched simultaneously through the second oxide layer in both the logic and memory areas. The contact openings are filled with a metal layer to complete fabrication of the integrated circuit device.
More particularly, in accordance with the objects of the invention, a method for forming logic circuits with embedded memory is achieved. Isolation areas are formed on a semiconductor substrate surrounding and electrically isolating device areas which include at least one logic device area and at least one memory device area. Gate electrode stacks are formed in the device areas wherein the gate electrode stacks comprise a first polysilicon layer, an overlying silicide layer, an overlying first oxide layer, and a topmost capping silicon nitride layer. The semiconductor substrate and the gate electrode stacks are covered with a photoresist layer. The memory areas are covered with a mask. The photoresist layer in the logic areas not covered by the mask is exposed to low energy. The exposed photoresist layer in the logic areas is partially developed away to a height approximately equal to the height of the topmost capping silicon nitride layer. The topmost capping silicon nitride layer is etched away in the logic areas. The photoresist layer is removed in both the logic areas and the memory areas. Lightly doped regions are implanted in both the logic areas and the memory areas. A first silicon nitride layer is deposited over the semiconductor substrate and the gate electrode stacks and etched away in the logic areas to form silicon nitride sidewalls on the gate electrode stacks in the logic areas. Thereafter, heavily doped source and drain regions are implanted in the logic areas. A second silicon nitride layer is deposited overlying the gate stacks and the silicon nitride sidewalls in the logic areas and overlying the first silicon nitride layer in the memory areas. The gate stacks are covered with a second oxide layer. Memory devices, such as polysilicon plugs and capacitors are formed in the memory areas. The second oxide layer and the memory devices are covered with a third oxide layer. Contact openings are simultaneously etched through the second and third oxide layers in both the logic areas and the memory areas wherein the etching has an etch stop at silicon nitride. The contact openings are filled with a first metal layer to complete fabrication of an integrated circuit device having logic and memory cells on a single semiconductor substrate.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company


Provided is a method of controlling an operation of a network camera that is capable of improving a delay time occurring when a monitoring device controls the network camera, by using a virtual image map and a multi-streaming technique. The method includes displaying a first view image; and performing a panning/tilting control operation, the performing the panning/tilting control operation including: displaying a first virtual image from a virtual image map; and replacing the first virtual image with a second view image.

1. Field
Methods consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to a method of controlling an operation of a network camera while monitoring an image captured by the network camera.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, a technique of controlling a network camera by using a monitoring device uses a touch sensor or a gravity acceleration sensor. Korean Patent Publication No. 2013-0032776 and Korean Patent Publication No. 2010-0052722 disclose a method of controlling a camera by using a monitoring device, such as a mobile terminal. However, when the camera is controlled using such a monitoring device, there is a problem that an image according to a result of the controlling of the camera is not reflected in real time in the monitoring device and a delay time occurs, which results in inconvenience in controlling the camera.


An articulating dental operatory light having an electrically powered light source and a mounting assembly with at least a ball and socket joint, and optionally an additional joint, for multi-axial and multi-directional positioning and adjusting of the lamp head assembly, and a rotational stop for preventing damage to electrical wires passing through the joints. The rotational stop comprises a keyed shaft containing the electrical wires, that cooperates with the ball portion of the joint, and a first stop member connected to a remote end of the keyed shaft that interferes with a second stop member, thereby preventing a full 360 degree rotation of the ball portion relative to the socket member of the joint and minimizing twisting damage to the electrical wires.

Lighting devices are commonly used in modern dental practice, as well as in medical, veterinary and like fields, to provide a desired pattern of illumination on an area under study or examination. The quality of the light provided is of critical importance to a user of such lighting devices, particularly when the illumination provided impacts the quality of diagnostic and treatment procedures performed on a human or animal subject. It is highly desirable to have a lighting device that provides and mimics pure white light at an acceptable and useful color temperature.
Dental operatory lights are well known in the prior art, many of which utilize a high intensity gas-filled bulb such as a halogen or xenon bulb to produce a light of acceptable quality. Many of these lights utilize a reflector of a predetermined shape to produce the desired pattern of illumination. The reflector typically incorporated into these lights is oftentimes formed of glass with a selective coating on the reflector surface that acts to filter out UV, infrared and other undesirable light energy from the light spectrum produced from the light bulb, and allows for the reflected light to be cooler for minimization of subject desiccation and discomfort. The filtered light energy is absorbed by or passes through the reflector. Therefore, these high intensity bulbs and reflectors, allowing a certain portion of light energy to pass through, work together to produce the required color of acceptable quality. A typical high intensity bulb with a reflector can produce a 5,000 degree Kelvin color temperature and a 25,000 lux light output that requires approximately 90 watts of power.
Dental operatory lights of this type commonly have a lamp head assembly having a housing containing a light emitting bulb, the bulb usually being retained in a bulb socket, a reflector, a lens covering the bulb and reflector, and electrical wiring for providing electrical current to the bulb. It is desirable that the lamp head assembly be maximally positionable and adjustable for directing the light pattern to a focal point on a particular subject. Handles are commonly used in the prior art to facilitate manipulation of the lamp head by a user, however, the handles are commonly attached as separate pieces to the lamp head housing.
Because the higher intensity bulbs in these lights produce higher amounts of heat, including that produced by the light energy absorbed by and passing through the reflector, various means of eliminating the heat have been provided in the prior art. Some lighting devices utilize motorized cooling fans while others allow for self-ventilation. A problem remains in that heat typically radiates through all portions of the lamp head assembly, including the handles, which can get uncomfortably hot for a user. It is therefore desirable to have handles for a dental operatory light that can provide a comfortable grip in the presence of high temperatures which are simple and economical to manufacture.
Many dental lights of the prior art include a system of articulating arms or booms attached to the lamp head to enable multi-axial positioning of the light pattern onto a desired location. Knuckles with limited motion are commonly provided for coupling a lamp head assembly to an arm member, and for coupling arm members end-to-end, thereby enabling the lamp head assembly to be raised, lowered, swiveled, tilted, rotated, and moved closer to or further from the subject. Dental light arms and booms of the prior art often require a complex structural framework in order to temporarily and stably fix the lamp head in a desired position and to withstand the weight of the lamp light assembly once it has been adjusted on a focal point of the subject. Friction discs, gears, springs and screw-type tensioners have been used to fix the various pivot points. Larger lamp heads require more substantial arms and booms to support and maintain positioning of the added weight and are cumbersome for swift handling.
A problem exists in that heat from the lamp head radiates through the lamp head housing, consequently into adjoining knuckle and arm members. Temperatures can rise dramatically when the light is turned on and the bulb is energized, and drop back down to an ambient temperature when the light is turned off and the bulb is de-energized. Temperature extremes are well known to cause structural changes in previously known knuckle couplers, resulting in fatigue. The repeated fatigue from extreme temperature changes ultimately results in failure in ability to maintain sufficient friction and sustain functionality between moving parts that would otherwise keep the lamp head in a desired position. This problem is exacerbated when temperature extremes are combined with usual wear and tear associated with routine manipulation and repeated adjustment of the lamp head, and knuckle and arm members.
Ball and socket joints are well known in the prior art, and are capable of providing multi-axial movement of a ball member relative to a socket member. A ball and socket joint has not been adopted into lighting devices, particularly dental or medical operatory lighting. A ball and socket joint in conjunction with an optional, additional joint for infinite positioning and manipulation of the lamp head is necessary to allow maximum freedom of light adjustment and overcoming the previous problems inherently caused by high intensity lighting. Combining a ball and socket joint, with optionally at least a second joint, for infinite positioning of the lamp head, is desirable to facilitate repetitive lamp head assembly use for diagnostic and treatment procedures. Repeated movement of the light with wiring passing through the interior space of the mounting system results in shearing or internal breakdown of conductors within the wire of electrical cables which can render the light inoperable and also present a fire hazard. It is therefore desirable to have a rotational stop for a ball and socket joint within the mounting system that would prevent damage to internal wiring without requiring added bulk and weight of associated lamp arms and knuckles, while providing means for maximal and repetitive adjustment of the light over an extended period of use.


An automotive radar which can process signals at high speed to detect a target in a wide angle range is provided. The automotive radar comprises a transmitting antenna which emits an electromagnetic wave, two receiving antennas which receive the electromagnetic wave reflected by a target, an antenna plate on which the transmitting antenna and two receiving antennas are arranged. It also includes a drive which rotates the antenna plate in an azimuth direction, which corresponds to the direction of arrangement of the two receiving antennas, to scan a detection angle formed by the two receiving antennas. The drive has rest time between scans to stop rotation. The automotive radar also includes a signal processor which detects the azimuth angle of the target with respect to a reference direction during the rest time according to received signals from the two receiving antennas and the rotation angle of the antenna plate at rest.

As an approach to a wide angle millimeter-wave radar, an article in the Proceedings of the 2001 IEICE General Conference (Engineering Sciences), (Japan), Article No. A-17-10, p. 391, discusses that the monopulse method is used to decrease the number of antenna elements intentionally to provide a wider angle detection range for the purpose of direction detection. The monopulse method employs a plurality of receiving antennas and determines the direction of an obstacle according to amplitude or phase difference between received signals (for example, refer to "Monopulse Principles and Techniques" authored by Samuel M. Sherman, (US), the first edition, Artech House, Feb. 1, 1984, pp. 8–19, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,052). Also, Japanese Patent Lid-open No. 2000-022423 discloses a mechanical scanning method in which a primary radiator of a dielectric lens antenna is moved with respect to the focal plane to scan beams.


A facsimile apparatus comprises a communication control unit for establishing a connection, the communication control unit sending station identification data to a calling station and receiving station identification data from a called station for identification of the station, an image data transmission and reception unit, an image reading unit, an image recording unit, a memory for storing the station identification data of selected stations; and a memory control unit for controlling the memory such that, when a call is made to a called station, the station identification data that is returned from the called station is stored in the memory as the station identification data of the selected stations. The communication control unit rejects reception of the image data transmitted from the calling station when the calling station is not included in a list of stations stored in the memory.

The present invention generally relates to facsimile apparatuses, and more particularly to a facsimile apparatus for receiving facsimile transmissions selectively upon discrimination of a calling station.
With the wide-spread use of facsimile apparatus, the function of facsimile apparatus has been improved and augmented significantly. For example, there is a facsimile apparatus that can receive a facsimile transmission and print the content of transmission automatically on a recording sheet without intervention of an operator. Further, there is a facsimile apparatus having the capability of broadcasting transmissions wherein a document is transmitted to a plurality of destinations automatically one after another.
With such a wide-spread use of facsimile apparatus and improvements in their function, there arises a problem or inconvenience such as the facsimile apparatus receives unnecessary or unwanted facsimile transmission, like an advertisement. Such unwanted facsimile transmission wastes the recording sheet.
In order to cope with such a problem, a facsimile apparatus is proposed as disclosed in the Japanese Patent Publication No.64-74868 in which telephone numbers of facsimile apparatus are registered in a memory and the facsimile apparatus carries out comparison of the telephone number of the calling station with the telephone number registered in the memory. The facsimile apparatus accepts the transmission only when the telephone number of the calling station is included in the list of telephone numbers that is stored in the memory as the closed user group. When the telephone number of the calling station does not agree, the reception of the facsimile transmission is rejected. Further, there is proposed a facsimile apparatus wherein a terminal identification code of a calling station that is transmitted with the facsimile transmission from the calling station is compared with the terminal identification codes that are stored in the memory and accepts the facsimile transmission only when the transmitted terminal identification code agrees with the stored terminal identification code.
In any of these previous facsimile apparatuses, the identification code of the station or user in the closed user group has to be inputted into the memory by the operator who operates the keyboard or other inputting device of the facsimile apparatus.
In such a conventional facsimile apparatus, however, there has been a problem, caused as a result of the manual inputting of the identification information such as the telephone number or terminal identification code, such that the registration process of the identification information is tedious and inconvenient. Further, there has been a problem in that the rejection of the facsimile transmission is not reported to the operator even when a facsimile transmission is rejected. The information about the terminal that has sent the rejected facsimile transmission is not brought to the operator, either. As a result, facsimile transmissions that are useful, desired or essential for the user of the facsimile apparatus may be rejected without being noticed when the terminal code or the identification code of the calling station is not registered. Obviously, such a deficiency may lead to a disastrous result of failing to receive important or critical facsimile transmissions in time.

Facsimile apparatus for receiving facsimile transmission selectively


A light guiding film has a film body and a micro-structured portion. The film body has a first side, a second side and a reference horizontal level vertical to the second side. The micro-structured portion is set on the second side and has a plurality of V-shaped grooves, and each one of the V-shaped grooves has a first sub-face and a second sub-face. The first sub-face has a first included angle between 16° and 22° with respect to said reference horizontal level, and the second sub-face has a second included angle between 8° and 17° with respect to said reference horizontal level. When an incident light beam injects downwardly on said micro-structured portion in a predetermined incident angle range, a predetermined percentage of said incident light beam emit an emissive light beam projected out in an included angle range between 0° and 90° with respect to said reference horizontal level.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light guiding film, more particularly to a light guiding film applied to guide sunlight indoors for energy saving.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, most of the sunlight guiding devices are provided in various types, such like the board type, the blind type or the film type, and further applied to guide sunlight into a house. Preferably, it is more helpful to provide better indoor illumination by guiding said sunlight to a light distribution device set on the ceiling of the house to make said sunlight distributed over the house.
Generally, the sunlight guiding devices could reflect or refract both directive rays and diffusive rays of sunlight, guide them to project to aforesaid light distribution device, and further make them distributed over the house. Then, a comfortable visual surrounding is presented due to that the uniformity of illumination is increased, and the flare effect is reduced. Moreover, via efficiently taking advantage of sunlight resource, the sunlight guiding devices not only could save energy but also make themselves become one of the most popular kinds of green architectural material.
Under the background as mentioned, a light guiding film improved to be more efficiently is provided in present invention.


A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a pixel electrode on the first substrate; a common electrodes on the second substrate; a first alignment layer on the pixel electrode; a second alignment layer on the common electrode; a liquid crystal layer between the first and second alignment layers, liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer disposed in a bend state; and a hydrogen-bonded structure in the liquid crystal layer, the hydrogen-bonded structure having a bow shape to maintain the bend state of the liquid crystal molecules.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Until recently, display devices have typically used cathode-ray tubes (CRTs). Presently, much effort has been made to develop various types of flat panel displays, such as liquid crystal display (LCD) devices, plasma display panels (PDPs), field emission displays, and electro-luminescence displays (ELDs), as substitutes for CRTs. Of these types of flat panel displays types, LCD devices have many advantages, such as high resolution, light weight, thin profile, compact size, and low power supply requirements.
In general, an LCD device includes two substrates that are spaced apart and facing each other with a liquid crystal layer interposed between the two substrates. The two substrates include electrodes that face each other such that a voltage applied between the electrodes induces an electric field across the liquid crystal layer. Alignment of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer changes in accordance with the intensity of the induced electric field into the direction of the induced electric field, thereby changing the light transmissivity of the LCD device. Thus, the LCD device displays images by varying the intensity of the induced electric field in respective pixel regions that make up the LCD device. Presently, fast response and wide viewing angle are needed for LCD devices. An optically compensated birefringence (OCB) mode LCD device has these characteristics.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an OCB mode LCD device according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 1, an OCB mode LCD device 1 includes an array substrate, a color filter substrate, and a liquid crystal layer 58 between the two substrates.
In the array substrate, a gate line (not shown) and a data line 40 crossing the each other are formed on a first substrate 30. A thin film transistor Tr is disposed at a crossing of the gate line and the data line 40. A pixel electrode 49 is connected to a drain electrode 46 of the thin film transistor Tr. A first alignment layer 55 is disposed entirely on the substrate 30 having the pixel electrode 49.
In the color filter substrate, a black matrix 12 is disposed on a second substrate 10. A color filter layer 15 including red (R), green (G), and blue (B) color filter patterns 15a, 15b, and 15c is disposed to fill openings of the black matrix 12. A common electrode 18 is disposed on the color filter 15. A second alignment layer 25 is disposed on the common electrode 18.
The liquid crystal layer 58 is provided in a cell gap D between the array substrate and the color filter substrate. The first and second alignment layers 55 and 25 are rubbed in one direction so that liquid crystal molecules 59 in the liquid crystal layer 58 are arranged in the rubbed direction with a pre-tilt angle.
FIGS. 2A to 2C are cross-sectional views illustrating operations of an OCB mode LCD device according to the related art.
As shown in FIG. 2A, liquid crystal molecules 59 of the OCB mode LCD device 1 have an initial alignment state i.e., a splay state below a transition voltage (Vt). The liquid crystal molecules 59 adjacent to the array substrate and the color filter substrate are arranged with a tilt angle of −θ and +θ which are pre-tilt angles. A tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules 59 are reduced toward a center portion of the liquid crystal layer 58. A tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules 59 at the center portion is zero degrees.
As shown in FIG. 2B, when a voltage equal to or greater than the transition voltage (Vt) is applied, the liquid crystal molecules 59 transitions to a bend state from the splay state. The liquid crystal molecules 59 adjacent to the array substrate and the color filter substrate are still arranged with a tilt angle of −θ and +θ. A tilt angle increases toward a center portion of the liquid crystal layer 58. A tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules 59 at the center portion is 90 degrees. If a voltage below the transition voltage is applied or a voltage is not applied, the liquid crystal molecules 59 return to the splay state.
As shown in FIG. 2C, when a voltage to display a black image, i.e., a very high voltage is applied, most of the liquid crystal molecules 59, except for the liquid crystal molecules 59 adjacent to the array substrate and the color filter substrate, have a tilt angel of 90 degrees.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating a light transmittance to a voltage applied in an OCB mode LCD device according to the related art.
As shown in FIG. 3, the light transmittance is irregular below a transition voltage (Vt), and the light transmittance is reduced almost linearly at voltages equal to or greater than the transition voltage (Vt). The OCB mode LCD device uses a section where the light transmittance is varied linearly to normally display an image having gray levels. Accordingly, whenever the OCB mode LCD device is driven to normally display an image, a splay state should transition into the bend state at an initial stage. To do this, the related art OCB mode LCD device has a driving circuit that applies a voltage equal to or greater than the transition voltage (Vt) to transition the splay state into the bend state.
The light transmittance is highest at the transition voltage (Vt) so the brightest white image could be displayed at the transition voltage (Vt). However, since the voltage applied may have a deviation, the liquid crystal molecules may transition from the bend state back to the splay state near the transition voltage (Vt). To prevent this abnormal re-transition, a white voltage (Va) higher than the transition voltage (Vt) is used to display a white image. The bend state is more stable at the white voltage (Va) than at the transition voltage (Vt). However, the light transmittance at the white voltage (Va) is reduced (Tt>Ta). Therefore, brightness is reduced, and contrast ratio is also reduced.

Liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating the same


An oil pressure control device includes a valve body and a spool valve arranged in the valve body. When the valve body is mounted to a vehicle, the valve body is arranged in air, and has a concave portion which stores oil at a position facing on an upper side. The spool valve has a damper chamber and an orifice causing the damper chamber to communicate with outside. The concave portion is arranged to communicate with a clearance defined between a sleeve of the spool valve and the valve body, and the orifice is opened in a bottom part of the concave portion.

JP-2008-008380A describes a spool valve having a damper which restricts a spool from having rapid movement so as to suppress rapid variation in an oil pressure. Specifically, a damper chamber defined between the spool and a sleeve is made to communicate with outside of the sleeve through a small-diameter orifice. The damper chamber may also be referred as a spring chamber, and a space volume of the damper chamber is varied when the spool moves in an axis direction. In a state where the damper chamber is filled with oil, oil passes through only the orifice and the volume of the damper chamber is varied, such that the movement speed of the spool is controlled.
In JP-2008-008380A, a part of a valve body in which the spool valve is disposed is located and used in oil. If the spool valve is used in air, air may be mixed into oil in the damper chamber when oil flows out of the damper chamber, and air may pass through the orifice when the damper chamber has a volume variation. In this case, the damper effect may not be obtained due to the air.


The disclosure relates to a low cost and highly accurate precision guided system suitable for use in conventional aircraft launched bombs. The system includes a kit mounted upon the nose of the conventional bomb which replaces the conventional fuse disposed in a fuse well, the kit including guidance electronics controlling a self-contained jet reaction device and GPS P-code receiver electronics. The bombs are readied for discharge by radio frequency signals broadcast from the aircraft into the bomb bay which transfer initial GPS data and commence operation of a gas generator which powers the jet reaction device.

This invention relates generally to the field of maneuverable vehicles, and more particularly to an improved and low-cost guidance system requiring a minimum number of components, as is desirable in the case of conventional bomb modification, to improve delivery accuracy. This system provides an extremely accurate and low-cost conventional bomb attachment kit that requires no modification to the delivery vehicle.

Precision guidance system for aircraft launched bombs


A method and apparatus for assembling workpieces from base bodies that are easily definable. Corrections for the tool path, i.e. cutter radius correction, are already performed on the base bodies or their 2-D contours, so that upon the assembling of the corrected base bodies to make workpieces, the corrected contours already intersect, thus in a simple way producing the tool path data.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for machining workpieces, and more particularly, a method and apparatus for accurately and simply creating complex bodies from primitives wherein tool corrections have been incorporated.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In numerically controlled (NC) machine tools, data for producing a workpiece from a workpiece blank is derived in the form of tool path data by means of an NC program. The tool path data produces a tool path contour which differs from the desired contour of the workpiece. The difference is due to the tool radius. More specifically, the NC machine operates the tool based upon the center point of the tool path contour. When the tool is moved along the tool path contour, the actual cutting, drilling or other operation performed by the tool occurs at a certain distance from the tool path contour, namely the tool radius. Thus, if a workpiece having the desired workpiece contour is to be created, the tool must be moved according to the tool path contour. The tool path contour will often be referred to as the corrected contour throughout the remainder of the specification.
Often, the workpiece to be produced by the NC machine is a complex body formed by various shapes. It is often difficult to define such a complex body and determine the intersection line contour or workpiece contour between the workpiece and an applicable machining plane. In addition, correcting the workpiece contour for the tool radius so that a particular tool will create the desired workpiece, taking into account possible collisions with a given accuracy, is a complex task requiring a great deal of calculation. The amount of computer capacity and memory capacity needed is thus correspondingly high. To perform such calculations, additional hardware and software are necessary on the NC control computer. These include special arithmetic processors, for instance, as well as geometric methods and display methods for describing free-form surfaces.
It is known that workpieces having complex shapes can often be created by combining primitives such as cylinders, rectangles and spheres using set theory operations. In addition, relatively complex body contours can be put together from simple contour parts such as circles and rectilinear lines. The tool radius corrections can be carried out easily with these simple contours. It is problematic, however, to ascertain the resultant tool path from the various corrected contours, since overlapping occurs when the various corrected contours are put together. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,761 (Hayashi), which corresponds to German Published, Non-Examined Patent Application 36 08 438, discloses a method of calculating free, curved edges for manufacture by means of numerically controlled machines by means of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM). In addition, set theory, also known as Boolean operation, is used to combine simple mathematically definable bodies to form a complex body. The function of defining a shape, however, is completely separate from the function of determining the geometric location of a tool. The latter is the task of numerical control.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus of machining workpieces in a simple manner.
A further object of the present invention provides a method and apparatus for ascertaining tool path contours that produce a workpiece having desired workpiece contours.
Further objects and advantages will become apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings.

Method and apparatus for machining workpieces with numerically controlled machines


A split path mass flowmeter includes a housing having a longitudinally extending bore within which a flow splitter is positioned. The flow splitter includes a tapered portion having a taper corresponding generally to that of a tapered portion of the bore. The tapered portion of the flow splitter is nested within the tapered portion of the bore, the tapered portions of these elements thereby forming a self-holding retention section for non-adjustably retaining the flow splitter within the bore. The retention section may taper outwardly or inwardly in the direction of fluid flow. A calibration section may precede or follow the retention section or may be combined into the retention section. Further, a recovery section may be separately disposed downstream of the retention and calibration sections or may be combined along with the calibration function in the retention section.

Cross-Reference to Related Applications
The present invention is related to (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/437,053 filed Nov. 13, 1989 for "Flowmeter," now U.S. Pat. No. 5,044,199 issued Sep. 3, 1991; and (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/529,057 filed Sep. 2, 1983 for "Adjustable Laminar Flow Bypass," now U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,616 issued Jun. 25, 1985. These applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference.

Mass flowmeter having non-adjustable flow splitter


A second cache (e.g., L2 cache) is enabled or disabled based at least in part on an utilization of a first cache (e.g., L1 cache). The utilization of the first cache may be interpreted as an estimation of the likely utilization of the second cache. The utilization may be estimated by monitoring, for example, the eviction rates of the first cache or other caches, by monitoring the proportion of ways of the first cache used by an instruction stream, or by monitoring the duration between certain instructions executed by the processor, such as the duration between suspend operations.

Processor architectures conventionally utilize a hierarchy of cache when executing instructions or processing data. Typically, lower level caches, such as L0 or L1 cache, are implemented as relatively low storage capacity but relatively fast caches, whereas higher level caches, such as L2 cache, are implemented as relatively high storage capacity but relatively slow caches. When an instruction pipeline or data pipeline requires instructions or data for processing, each cache typically is checked in a hierarchical sequence until the instructions or data are found or until it becomes necessary to go to system memory to obtain the sought-for instructions or data. As cache accesses typically have a significantly smaller time penalty than external memory accesses, this hierarchical cache approach has the advantage of minimizing processing delays when the sought-for data frequently is in the cache (i.e., there is a high hit rate for the cache). However, in instances where the sought-for data is frequently not found in the cache (i.e., there is a low hit rate for the cache), this hierarchical cache approach results in additional delays as unfruitful searches are made of the caches before the processor resorts to accessing the data from external memory. Moreover, these higher level caches consume power regardless of their effective utilization, therefore causing an unnecessary power draw when such caches are underutilized.
Accordingly, a technique for minimizing the delays and power consumption caused by higher level caches would be advantageous.

System for enabling and disabling cache and a method thereof