A method and apparatus for inputting Chinese character text into a machine such as a word processor or personal computer. The system consists of an apparatus which forms a closed feedback loop with the operator. The operator supplies stroke selections and other data to the apparatus which presents character selection information in response to the user's input. As a consequence of the feedback provided to the operator and subsequent actions by the operator, the desired Chinese text is produced with significant improvements in speed and ease.

Several modern languages are written with scripts that utilize symbols known as Chinese characters. These symbols, which are also known as Han characters or ideographs, originated in China several thousand years ago. In the modern languages which use the symbols, the literal designations for "Chinese characters" vary, such as Hanzi (Chinese), Kanji (Japanese), and Hanja (Korean). The "modern" forms of the Chinese characters have been in continuous use for more than 15 centuries. Earlier forms were in use more than 30 centuries ago.
The major languages that today utilize Chinese characters in their writing systems are Japanese, Korean and the numerous dialects of the Chinese language family (such as the more well known Mandarin or Cantonese). The Japanese and Korean languages share no common linguistic roots with the various Chinese languages, but Chinese character symbols were borrowed from the Chinese writing system and adapted to the Japanese and Korean systems when these were developed several centuries subsequent to the development of the Chinese system.
Virtually all of the spoken Chinese languages have evolved in the presence of the well refined Chinese writing system that has been in continuous existence for several millennia. The writing system and the spoken languages evolved together, each constraining in certain ways the evolution of the other. In the case of Japanese and Korean, however, the spoken languages evolved to something close to their present form without a writing system and completely independent from the evolution of Chinese languages.
All languages have fundamental units called words although what precisely constitutes a word in a particular language is often a subject of debate. In most writing systems, space is used to separate words. This practice of separating words with spaces makes the word boundaries very clear. In the Korean writing system that uses Chinese characters, this practice of spacing words is also used. However, in the Chinese writing system there is no space between words and the distinction between words and phrases is less clear.
Orthographies (i.e. writing systems) generally incorporate a combination of the following elements—(1) a symbology for writing the spoken words of the language, (2) a symbology for the punctuation of language elements, (3) a symbology for writing foreign words, and (4) a symbology for non-word symbols such as currency signs, trademarks, etc. The writing systems of English, Chinese, Japanese and Korean all contain these elements.
In the Chinese writing system, each Chinese character corresponds with a syllable of the spoken language. Words, however, may be comprised of one, two, three or more characters, and each character represents a separate syllable in the spoken form. Chinese words are often referred to as character compounds or phrases because of the sometimes blurry distinction between words and phrases.
Most of the spoken Chinese languages have evolved through the millennia to the extent that they are mutually unintelligible. Monolingual speakers of the Cantonese dialect, for example, cannot understand the spoken Mandarin dialect any more than they can understand English. The dialects, in essence, are completely different languages that merely share common roots. All of these Chinese languages, however, have evolved through the centuries in coexistence with a common system of writing with the principal of a correspondence between syllable and character. While literate Cantonese and Mandarin speakers may read characters with different pronunciations, they can achieve a common understanding of each others writings because Chinese characters symbolize a meaning independent of their phonetic enunciations. Of course the common understanding is tempered by differences in grammar and literary style which influence comprehension.
In addition to the method of writing Chinese words exclusively in characters, Chinese writings also contain several punctuation elements and many characters which act as modifiers. Foreign words are generally written in characters that are read with a similar Chinese "sounding" to the foreign word. Because these sounds are different in different dialects, written words formed in this way will not usually have the same properties as ordinary Chinese words.
In the Japanese and Korean languages, both of which adapted Chinese characters for their writing systems, the correspondence between syllables and characters is not universally present. A single Chinese character may be read as a multiple syllable Japanese or Korean word. Both written Japanese and Korean are mixed systems that use both Chinese characters and phonetic symbols developed uniquely and independently by the Koreans and Japanese. For example, a Chinese reader who does not understand Japanese may recognize a considerable fraction of the Chinese characters in written Japanese and have some clues to the meaning of the Japanese text, but not much beyond that. A similar situation exists with Korean with respect to both Chinese and Japanese.
The phonetic symbols in Japanese are a syllabary of sounds of spoken Japanese and are called Kana. Each symbol in the Kana is a complete syllable. This is possible because of the relatively small number of different syllables in Japanese. Kana may be used alone as words in conjunction with Kanji (Japanese use of Chinese characters—see page 1, supra) or as modifiers to other words written in Kana or Kanji. It is also possible to "romanize" the Kana by writing the Kana themselves with latin letters. Thus, written Japanese is a mix of Kana and Kanji with various words written in one, the other, or both.
The phonetic symbols in Korean are called Hangul. Hangul represents syllables of spoken Korean written as a composite symbol built from several phonetic components assembled inside an imaginary square block. Rather than writing a syllable as a linear sequence of letters, Hangul elements are combined into one composite symbol confined in the square block that represents a syllable of spoken Korean. Like Japanese, Korean writings can be a mix of phonetic Korean symbols and Chinese characters called Hanja (see page 1, supra). Unlike Japanese, much of ordinary Korean text avoids the use of Hanja, and Korean script is usually entirely phonetic.
While Chinese is always written with characters, phonetic systems have been developed to aid in the pronunciation and teaching of Chinese characters. Among these systems are the Chinese phonetic alphabet (also known as BoPoMoFo) which has become the standard phonetic system in Taiwan, and the Pinyin romanization which has become the standard phonetic system in the People's Republic of China. Both of these systems have been widely used for decades as an adjunct to teaching Chinese language and writing, but neither system functions as a writing system by itself. The Chinese phonetic systems have, however, been adapted as means of inputting Chinese characters into computers. Representative examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,212,638 and 5,360,343.
Chinese Character Properties
Chinese Characters are orthographic symbols of several basic types which include pictographs, indicatives and various compound forms. Pictographs are essentially pictures that are often abstracted. Indicatives are form directions suggestive of meaning. The various compound forms include combinations of at least two pictographs or indicatives that together suggest a meaning. Other compound forms include those with elements that relate to the pronunciation and sound associated with the character. Such characters with phonetic elements are by far the most numerous.
There are many thousands of Chinese characters. The 2nd century dictionary by Xu Shen listed approximately 10,000 characters. Approximately 50,000 Chinese characters were cataloged in the seminal 18th century "Kang Xi" dictionary compiled by Kang Xi and his associates. Today, the majority of "fully" literate Chinese know a few thousand characters. These several thousand characters are used to write the tens of thousands of words used in modern Chinese writing.
Chinese characters are drawn by brush, pencil or pen from a repertoire of about 30 basic strokes. The complete character is drawn within an imaginary square box. Characters can vary from a single stroke to more than 30 individual strokes. From the 30 basic strokes, there are many variations according to size and position.
The more complex characters (which are the majority of all characters) are normally comprised of several sub-units where each sub-unit is a smaller or abstracted version of other characters. These sub-unit structures allow the Chinese to realistically deal with the thousands of characters available for writing. Most characters consist of 2, 3 or 4 sub-units from a set of only a couple of hundred basic sub-units. The 18th century Kang Xi organized characters using 214 of such sub-units which are referred to as "radicals" in the West. Characters are often related to each other through these sub-units some of which may indicate meaning (quite universally) or sound (in some dialects which may no longer be spoken). The radicals of a particular character are typically drawn as individual units. There are cases, however, where the drawing sequence is interrupted, for example, when a radical is drawn within another enclosing subunit.
In typical Chinese text, the frequency of occurrence of a particular character has an exponential distribution as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1Most Common CharactersAccumulated FrequencyThe first one 4.0%Top 100 characters39.99%Top 500 characters75.86%Top 1,000 characters89.12%Top 2,500 characters98.49%Top 5,000 characters99.89%
Machine Input for Chinese Characters
The earliest known systems for the machine input of Chinese characters relied on arbitrary codes. For example, the Chinese telegraph code defines a selection of 9999 characters using a 4 digit numeric code. A highly trained individual would essentially memorize the entire coding of characters and key in the corresponding code. A distinct advantage of code based systems is that they readily allow blind operation, i.e. an operator that has learned the code can enter characters without removing his eyes from a source document, much like an accountant with an add-punch machine. The problem, of course, is the difficulty remembering such a massive set of code numbers. When the code for a character is not immediately known to the operator, a dramatic reduction in throughput results because of the need to consult some sort of reference.
The characteristics of latin-based writing systems are such that it was relatively easy to create a typewriter key system with one key for each of the 26 letters. The transition from manual typewriting devices to keyboards for computer input was a simple adaptation. In the case of Chinese characters, however, the need to accommodate the many thousands of characters has been problematic. For instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,950,800, 4,379,288 and 4,951,202 describe specially designed machines and keyboards in attempts to establish a comparable means for encoding Chinese characters.
Another approach to entering Chinese characters is to use an intermediate system based on the sounds of the characters in the local language. In the case of Putonghua, the standard dialect of Mandarin Chinese within the People's Republic of China, there are about 400 distinct syllables if one ignores the tones. There are, thus, many characters with essentially the same sound, and there are also difficulties in distinguishing many of the sounds for those with an active dialect that is different from Mandarin. There exist also many cases in which the forms of rarer characters are known to an individual, but the pronunciation is not. Despite these difficulties, phonetic systems are presently the most popular forms of input and retrieval of Chinese characters for computer users. Representative examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,872, 4,937,745, 5,255,189 and 5,319,552.
Attempts to adapt the western "QWERTY" keyboard to implement coding of Chinese characters are also known such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,684,926 and 5,187,480. A practical system for entering the thousands of possible Chinese characters without resorting to massive keyboards and new machines, complex and intricate systems for adapting western keyboards to Chinese character input by providing printed legends to replace the 26 latin letters, and the use of phonetics and intricate analog codes, would be a substantial benefit to those that require the use of written Chinese characters.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,352 describes call-up of characters based on (1) a classification of the basic strokes into a relatively smaller number of basic categories and (2) sequential entry of the stroke categories in the conventional order in which they are written. According to the teachings of the '352 patent, the number of strokes required to produce the desired character can be large. Although the order for writing strokes are consistent, significant differences do exist. For characters with a large number of strokes, the probability of a particular operator getting all of the strokes correct can be quite small. As the '352 patent teaches, storing alternative codings of the strokes for characters can mitigate these errors. This approach, however, if applied too frequently can reduce the effectiveness of the system by resulting in less uniqueness.
Additionally, an operator who does not know the proper order and classification for a particular character must resort to the awkward and time consuming process of trial and error. This can dramatically slow the overall average rate at which characters are inputted. This is particularly true for many situations where there is uncertainty in more than one stroke resulting in several possible permutations and combinations. In this case the operator may be "stuck" and be forced to consult a reference.
Another approach to the problem of entering Chinese characters are systems based on the use of radicals (as defined on page 7, supra). Two such systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,119,296 and 5,197,810. These systems are based on decomposition of characters into their constituent structures, classification of radicals according to some rules or relations, and assignment of fixed locations on the keyboard for each radical, typically on multiple pages.
Such systems using radicals all have relatively complicated coding systems, rigid rules and inflexible keyboard assignments and often organized into the, above-noted, multiple pages. The radicals are normally drawn from the original 214 radicals of the Kang Xi dictionary, suitably modified to account for the simplification of certain characters that has occurred in the People's Republic of China. These radicals, designed as they were for the purpose of classification of characters, do not include all of the significant sets of forms drawn normally as a group. These factors make such systems difficult to learn and awkward to use.
None of the systems described in the prior art possess a completely satisfactory combination of ease of use, ease of learning the system and overall speed of text entry. A need exists in the art for a simple reduction of the massive nuances presented with constructing Chinese characters and their input into modern machines for today's users. The following objects are a solution to these unresolved problems still existing in the art.

Method and apparatus for Chinese character text input


Various embodiments and techniques are described to isolate a malfunction or faulty node in a network and to perform an action to address the malfunction.

To allow communication between the various nodes of a network, the are address of a node should be discoverable when a new node is added to the network. Unfortunately, in some networks, the discovery and identification of new nodes is a tedious manual process. For example, in some types of networks, each user must call the service provider and provide the MAC address for their user equipment and wait for the address to be registered before they can begin use.
Additional problems may exist. A point-to-multipoint network may be a network where a node or device is able to directly communicate with two or more other nodes or devices. A point-to-multipoint network typically includes a portion or segment of the network that is shared or accessible by multiple nodes. In some types of networks, such as point-to-multipoint networks, there exists the possibility that two or more nodes or users may transmit at the same time, creating a collision of data signals on at least a portion of the network. A problem arises in some networks because one or more nodes may be unable to detect such a collision.
In addition, there are many failure mechanisms that can cause a user or customer equipment to send faulty packets or transmit incorrectly. Faulty packets or packets sent by malfunctioning equipment on some networks, such as point-to-multipoint networks, can sometimes create a storm of data and/or collisions on the network.
Therefore a need exists to provide a technique to isolate and address malfunctions or faults in a network.


Quantum-size-controlled photoelectrochemical (QSC-PEC) etching provides a new route to the precision fabrication of epitaxial semiconductor nanostructures in the sub-10-nm size regime. For example, quantum dots (QDs) can be QSC-PEC-etched from epitaxial InGaN thin films using narrowband laser photoexcitation, and the QD sizes (and hence bandgaps and photoluminescence wavelengths) are determined by the photoexcitation wavelength.

The past two decades have seen an explosion of interest in semiconductor nanophotonics and nanoelectronics, a large fraction enabled by controlled fabrication of epitaxial semiconductor nanostructures. See S. Kako et al., Nature Mater. 5, 887 (2006); K. J. Vahala, Nature 424, 839 (2003); and C. Weisbuch and B. Vinter, Quantum semiconductor structures: Fundamentals and applications, Elsevier (1991). At the current frontier are nanostructures in the sub-10-nm size regime; however, precise control in that size regime is extremely difficult. Coincidentally, the sub-10-nm size regime is comparable to the exciton Bohr radius in most semiconductors, and thus is also the regime in which semiconductor nanostructures exhibit quantum-size effects. See L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 4403 (1984). If some aspect of a nanofabrication process were sensitive to such quantum-size effects, that process might be used to control nanostructure distribution in size much more precisely than current processes can. In fact, in pioneering work in the 1990's, Yoneyama and others showed that quantum-size effects could be used to size-selectively photo-etch non-epitaxial (colloidal) quantum dots (QDs) in solution. See H. Matsumoto et al., J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13781 (1996); T. Torimoto et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 6838 (2001); D. V. Talapin et al., Conference Proceedings, 14th Indium Phosphide and Related Materials Conference (Cat. No. 02CH37307) 593 (2002); and A. van Dijken et al., Chem. Mater. 10, 3513 (1998).
The wide-bandgap III-nitrides are of broad interest in electronics and optoelectronics, many of whose device functionalities would benefit enormously from nanostructures in the quantum-size regime. See S. Nakamura, Science 281, 956 (1998); J. M. Phillips et al., Laser Photonics Rev. 1, 307 (2007); Y. Taniyasu et al., Nature 441, 325 (2006); Y. Arakawa, IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 8, 823 (2002); and M. Zhang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 221104 (2011). For example, single QDs resonantly coupled to high-Q microcavities would enable high-performance single-photon sources for quantum communications, while monodisperse ensemble QD gain media would enable lower threshold and higher efficiency visible and UV lasers of interest for displays, optical storage, and ultra-efficient and smart solid-state lighting. See S. Kako et al., Nature Mater. 5, 887 (2006); and J. J. Wierer et al., Laser Photonics Rev. 7, 963 (2013).
III-nitride materials have a combination of properties unique amongst the known semiconductors. See F. A. Ponce and D. P. Bour, Nature 386(6623), 351 (1997); Y. Arakawa, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 8(4): p. 823 (2002); T. Saito and Y. Arakawa, Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures 15(3), 169 (2002); S. N. Mohammad et al., Proceedings of the Ieee 83(10), 1306 (1995); M. A. Khan et al., Solid-State Electronics 41(10), 1555 (1997); and S. J. Pearton and F. Ren, Advanced Materials 12(21), 1571 (2000). Benefiting from advanced epitaxial growth technologies these materials have been widely applied to high power and high speed electronics, solid state lighting, piezoelectric sensors and actuators. However, unlike silicon semiconductors, Ill-nitrides have very high resistivity against wet chemical reactions. Wet chemical etching has only been accomplished at high temperatures with low etching rate, and without selectivity between the composited layer structures. Due to this, dry reactive ion etching has been largely applied to III-nitrides instead of wet chemical etching. See D. Zhuang and J. H. Edgar, Materials Science &Engineering R-Reports 48(1), 1 (2005); Y. Jung et al., Journal of the Electrochemical Society 159(2), H117 (2012); I. Adesida et al., Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4 (1999); I. M. Huygens et al., Journal of the Electrochemical Society 147(5), 1797 (2000); F. Karouta et al., Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 2(5), 240 (1999); C. B. Vartuli et al., Journal of the Electrochemical Society 143(11), 3681 (1996); C. B. Vartuli et al., Journal of the Electrochemical Society 143(10), L246 (1996); and C. B. Vartuli et al., Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology a-Vacuum Surfaces and Films 14(3), 1011 (1996). Photoelectrochemical etching has recently shown promising as an alternative wet process for gallium nitrides and its alloys. See H. Bae et al., Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 52(8), (2013); Y. Gao et al., Applied Physics Letters 84(17), 3322 (2004); C. G. Youtsey et al., Journal of Electronic Materials 27(4), 282 (1998); R. Oulton, Nature nanotechnology 9(3),169 (2014); and I. M. Huygens et al., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4(11), 2301 (2002).
However, a need remains for a method to use quantum-size effects to control the fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures and, in particular, the wet chemical etching of III-nitride nanostructures.

Quantum-size-controlled photoelectrochemical etching of semiconductor nanostructures


A transceiver includes a two-way communication component capable of powering down to conserve energy and capable of powering up in response to an electronic signal, the two-way communication component including a transmitter and a first receiver; and a second receiver that is configured to screen a radio frequency broadcast and provide the electronic signal to the two-way communication component in order to power up the two-way wireless communication component. The second receiver is configured to screen the radio frequency broadcast for first criteria, and screen the radio frequency broadcast for second criteria. The electric current may be an order of magnitude larger when screening for the first criteria than the second criteria. Screening also may be performed for third criteria, namely, specific data. The second receiver is adapted to draw substantially less current while awaiting receipt of and listening for a radio frequency broadcast than the two-way wireless communication component.

RSIs are utilized for remotely collecting data in the field and communicating the collected data to one or more centralized locations. For example, RSIs are utilized in tracking and/or monitoring assets that are stored and/or transported in association with wireless transceivers, such as radio frequency identification tags (RFIDs). In such implementations, such as those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0093702 A1, an RSI has sometimes been previously referred to as a "wireless reader tag" or "WRT." The data regarding the tracked and/or monitored assets is communicated by an RSI to one or more central servers for processing. Such data is useful, for instance, in supply chain management. Such data further is useful, for instance, in homeland security, especially when the assets being tracked and/or monitored are being imported into the United States from foreign countries.
Of course, the RSIs of the present invention are preferably capable of wireless communications with external devices. For example, the RSI preferably communicates with other RSIs in forming one or more wireless networks. Furthermore, the RSI preferably communicates with a gateway that itself serves as a bridge to other networks, such as the Internet, a cellular network, or a Satellite network.
In order to reduce power consumption by the RSIs, attempts have been made to utilize a "wake-up receiver" to determine, according to predetermined criteria, when a higher power radio should be turned on for two-way wireless communications with the gateway. Such a wake-up sequence was described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0093702 A1. In that reference or other references, the wake-up receiver may have been referred to as a "WT Component," or on occasion, as a "tag turn-on circuit" or "TTOC." In addition, the signal received by the wake-up receiver for waking up the RSI is transmitted by a wake-up transmitter. The wake-up transmitter occasionally has been referred to as a "tag turn-on" or "TTO" in this previous reference or another reference, and the wake-up transmitter is capable of sending signals to other RSIs and/or gateways that may include wake-up receivers, TTOCs, or the like, for wake-up of the other RSIs and/or gateways. Unfortunately, the wake-up sequence performed in the aforementioned reference does provide a sufficient amount of reduction in the power consumption of the RSI or RSI-equivalent. Further, the previous wake-up sequence does not provide the opportunity for different functions to be triggered at different power levels.
The present invention relates in particular to a stepped wake-up sequence of an RSI in activating circuits thereof in response to a wake-up signal that is received from a gateway or another RSI. The stepped wake-up sequence provides extended duration of the life of the battery power supply of the RSI, especially in a noisy radio frequency (RF) environment. This wake-up sequence and the preferred circuit diagrams for performing this wake-up sequence is deemed to be an improvement over the general wake-up sequence performed by the "WT Component" described in detail, for example, in incorporated International Patent Application Publication No. WO 03/098851 A1.

Remote sensor interface (RSI) stepped wake-up sequence


A scanning mouse has two optical navigation sensors to allow measurement of both translation and rotation of the scanning mouse. It also has an image sensor, and the ability to digitize the sensed image data. There may be a second image sensor at perpendicular to the first. A high speed digital data path connects the scanning mouse to the computer. Software in the computer processes image line data that includes the locations of the navigation sensors and the digitized image data to produce partial scanned images that are further assembled into a complete image within the environment of the computer. Each optical navigation sensor images as an array of pixels the spatial features of generally any micro textured or micro detailed work surface below the mouse. The photo detector responses are digitized and stored as a frame into memory. Motion produces successive frames of translated patterns of pixel information, which are compared by autocorrelation to ascertain the direction and amount of movement. A hold feature suspends the production of movement signals to the computer.

The use of a hand operated pointing device for use with a computer and its display has become almost universal. By far the most popular of the various devices is the conventional (mechanical) mouse, used in conjunction with a cooperating mouse pad. Centrally located within the bottom surface of the mouse is a hole through which a portion of the underside of a rubber-surfaced steel ball extends. The mouse pad is typically a closed cell foam rubber pad covered with a suitable fabric. Low friction pads on the bottom surface slide easily over the fabric, but the rubber ball does not skid, but instead rolls as the mouse is moved. Interior to the mouse are rollers, or wheels, that contact the ball at its equator and convert its rotation into electrical signals representing orthogonal components of mouse motion. These electrical signals are coupled to the computer, where software responds to the signals to change by a .DELTA.x and a .DELTA.y the displayed position of a pointer (cursor) in accordance with movement of the mouse. The user moves the mouse as necessary to get the displayed pointer into a desired location or position. Once the pointer on the screen points at an object or location of interest, one of one or more buttons on the mouse is activated with the fingers of the hand holding the mouse. The activation serves as an instruction to take some action, the nature of which is defined by the software in the computer.
Unfortunately, the usual sort of mouse described above is subject to a number of shortcomings. Among these are deterioration of the mouse ball or damage to its surface, deterioration or damage to the surface of the mouse pad, and degradation of the ease of rotation for the contact rollers (say, (a) owing to the accumulation of dirt or of lint, or (b) because of wear, or (c) both (a) and (b)). All of these things can contribute to erratic or total failure of the mouse to perform as needed.
The underlying reason for all this trouble is that the conventional mouse is largely mechanical in its construction and operation, and relies to a significant degree on a fairly delicate compromise about how mechanical forces are developed and transferred.
Over the years, a number of optical techniques have been proposed for a computer mouse, but to date the mechanical mouse remains the most widely used pointing device. One recent optical development that appears likely to gain a significant degree of acceptance is that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/052,046, entitled SEEING EYE MOUSE FOR A COMPUTER SYSTEM, filed Mar. 30, 1998, by Gordon, Knee, Badyal and Hartlove and assigned to Hewlett-Packard Co. That Application discloses the use of techniques described in the aforementioned incorporated Patents to produce an optical mouse that navigates upon an arbitrary surface. The device disclosed therein is a non-mechanical mouse that is viable from a manufacturing perspective, relatively inexpensive, reliable, and appears to the user as essentially the operational equivalent of the conventional mouse. This new type of optical mouse has a familiar "feel" and is free of unexpected behaviors. It does not rely upon cooperation with a mouse pad, whether special or otherwise, but is instead able to navigate upon almost any arbitrary surface. It uses a single imaging integrated circuit to track translation of that circuit (and by implication, the mouse itself) across the arbitrary surface.
Freely movable scanners are self contained appliances that are moved across a document surface. The simplest of these devices simply produce a strip of paper bearing a facsimile of the scanned material. More sophisticated devices create a raster representation in a memory and whose data may be transferred to a computer through a custom interface. That data might include several passes over a document (say, overlapping parallel left to right passes from top to bottom of page) whose associated raster images are subsequently assembled into a pixel by pixel representation of the entire document by stitching software within the computer. These classes of device all assume motion in one direction and scanning [either with charge coupled devices (CCD's) or contact image sensors (CIS's)] in a direction perpendicular to that motion. This is often enforced mechanically by a device-wide roller placed parallel to the image sensor, and whose purpose is to prevent a twisting or yawing motion of the device as it is moved across the document. Rotation of the roller indicates displacement, and is taken as a definition of the aforementioned motion in one direction.
A more sophisticated hand held scanner is disclosed by the incorporated Patents. A navigation mechanism is disposed at each end of an image sensor. The user is allowed to move the scanner over the document in any manner deemed suitable, even scanning the same material multiple times from the same or different directions. This becomes possible because the data produced from each scanning operation can now be processed to compensate for arbitrary scanner motion and permit finding a value for each element in the pixel grid associated with the final representation of the document or image. The hand held scanner disclosed by the incorporated Patents internally performs such processing, including the stitching of image segments together to produce a complete image. A small view screen on the scanner allows the user to see a low resolution approximation of the result, so that missed areas can be re-scanned before the scanner is removed from the document. A complete scanned image is transferred to a using environment, (e.g., a computer) at a later time through an appropriate interface.
Although the disclosed freely movable hand held scanner with two navigation sensors works quite well, it is nevertheless not ideally matched to certain environments. It is perhaps best suited for use in out-of-the-office settings where a stand alone scanner is the only scanner practical. Internally, that scanner has an impressive amount of processing power and memory, not to mention a large battery.
People often have computers at their desks, and many also have a use for a scanning capability. A conventional flat bed scanner takes up extra space, and a compact type that accepts a roller fed document cannot scan things that are not a separate individual sheet of paper. The high quality and error corrected result of the freely moveable hand held scanner is desirable, but the small viewing screen, significant price and bothersome data transfer operation are discouraging factors. It would be desirable if any document could be quickly scanned into the computer without undue fuss or expense, and without expending the desktop space needed by a flat bed scanner.


Methods and apparatus for optimizing the distribution and delivery of multimedia or other content within a content-based network. In one embodiment, the network comprises a broadcast switched cable television network, which utilizes a Network optimization controller (NOC) that processes subscriber program viewing requests to identify options available to fulfill the request (including, e.g., the creation of one or more “microcasts” specifically targeting one or more users), and evaluate these options to determine one that optimizes network operation. The NOC performs these decisions by considering various parameters including network resource availability, type of CPE, subscriber's targeted advertisement profile, and business rules programmed by operator of the network.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of multimedia delivery networks, and specifically in one aspect to using available bandwidth on the network in order to provide both optimized revenue and delivery of video services over a content-based network such as a cable television network.
2. Description of Related Technology
One significant competitive challenge presently faced by network operators relates to managing and conserving bandwidth. This includes the reclamation of otherwise under-utilized or unused bandwidth such that the service and/or customer base can be expanded without significant modifications or build-outs of the underlying network infrastructure. For example, it is desirable to expand the types and availability of "next-generation" network services, including high-definition (HD) broadcast, VoD, high-speed data, VoIP, Interactive TV, etc. over time, without the need for major capital expenditures or system modifications. Hence, network operators are increasingly focused on techniques for "squeezing" as much capacity out of their existing networks as possible.
In a conventional cable network, bandwidth planning and usage tends to be relatively static over time. A network operator periodically changes the channel line-up to delete channels, add new channels and services or change the relationship between logical channel map and frequency domain location of the channels. Channel line-up changes are performed typically few times a year to meet the engineering and business needs and resource available in the network. Thus, channels available in the network stay relatively static when compared to the frequency with which subscribers tune in and out of various program channels. Additionally, when a specific channel lineup is put in place, the network bandwidth utilization remains fairly static, regardless of how many subscribers are viewing which programs at any given time.
Broadcast Switched Architecture (BSA) cable television networks such as that described in co-assigned application Ser. No. 09/956,688, entitled "Technique for Effectively Providing Program Material in a Cable Television System", incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, deliver only a subset of available programming to network subscribers in order to optimize bandwidth. Delivery of programming is typically based on customer requests for programming; however, bandwidth consumption may vary greatly during the day. In a fixed bandwidth model, the BSA architecture delivers a fixed amount of programming based on the fixed bandwidth constraint; the programming actually delivered at any given time will be only a fraction of the total of the programming available to the user base.
Based on such constraints, the foregoing need for bandwidth optimization and reclamation associated with a traditional network architecture is also applicable to switched network architectures. Since switches within the network are used to selectively provide only those channels actually watched or requested by users to their hubs or nodes for delivery, this allows for the deletion of unwatched channels from the digital broadcast stream. A "deleted" channel is automatically switched back on when a subscriber subsequently selects it, with the switching and delivery transition being for all intents and purposes transparent to the subscriber. This approach has obvious benefits from the standpoint of bandwidth conservation.
The need for bandwidth conservation and the choice of multiple services a network operator can provide to the subscribers (e.g., broadcast, VoD, PVR/DVR, DOCSIS, VoIP, etc.) gives rise to new opportunities in terms of how to use incremental available bandwidth so as to best maximize the operator's revenue or profit. This is particularly true in the BSA context. One such source of revenue or profit is third party advertising. Accordingly, the type and distribution of such advertising is a very significant determinant of network operator revenue/profits.
In conventional cable networks, advertisement revenues depend largely on the footprint of the network and the number of subscribers. As described below, advertisements or similar promotional content may be inserted at the national level, or locally (e.g., by the network operator). The revenues generated are determined in large part based on the program stream into which the advertisements are inserted, and the time of delivery (e.g., prime-time). Advertisers may know for example that a target demographic, such as 18-30 year-old females, has a very high viewership for a certain program at a certain time. Hence, their advertisement will likely obtain a high number of "looks" or impressions, and accordingly their likely benefits in terms of such 18-30 year-old females buying their products will be higher. Accordingly, the price that can be charged for such advertising placement is accordingly high. This system may be indexed for example to third party indicia such as the well-known Nielsen Ratings.
However, in the BSA architecture, more control over "who sees what" in terms of advertisement is possible, and revenue may be tied to a per-viewing model, where revenue is collected based how many subscribers requested and viewed a particular program or advertisement, as well as the demographic profile of the subscriber requesting the program.
A variety of different approaches to bandwidth optimization in light of revenue or profit considerations are known in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,143,431 to Eager, et al, issued Nov. 28, 2006 entitled "Method for reduced bandwidth for on-demand data streaming using mini-clusters" discloses an improvement on dynamic skyscraper delivery of continuous media programs, such as video, divides the channels used for the delivery of the video into leading and trailing groups. A cluster defining on transmission of a program can then be broken into mini-clusters in the leading group which may be freely matched to full clusters in the lower group with loosened alignment requirements. This decoupling provides more efficient allocation of bandwidth to on-demand consumer requests and permits strategic opportunities to merge requests with concurrently allocated bandwidth for similar programs.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,945 to Arsenault, et al, issued Jul. 11, 2006 entitled "Dynamic mapping of broadcast resources" discloses a method wherein in a data communication system such as a high capacity DBS system, dynamic mapping of broadcast resources is provided to exploit occasional redundancy in the program content of two or more input data streams, freeing at least one broadcast resource to carry alternate bitstreams, such as additional programs or existing programs at higher quality. Transmission maps defining the correspondence between input data streams and broadcast resources, and reception maps defining the correspondence between broadcast resources and output data streams, are updated as needed to dynamically modify broadcast resource mapping to increase effective utilization of available bandwidth. Beneficial n:n-y:m mapping in a high capacity consumer DBS entertainment system is provided. Apparatus and methods for generating, maintaining and updating allocation maps with reduced overhead requirements, are disclosed.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20020087976 to Kaplan, et al. published Jul. 4, 2002 entitled "System and method for distributing video with targeted advertising using switched communication networks" discloses a system and method for delivering broadcast-quality video with targeted advertising to viewers over the switched communication network. According to one embodiment, program streams with appropriately inserted splice points are transmitted from a network headend node to one or more egress nodes via a switched network. Because the switched network only carries program streams while advertising is inserted at the edges of the network, programs with demographically-targeted advertising can be delivered to many different subscribers without the need for using the bandwidth of the switched network to carry a unique program and advertising stream for each demographic group from the head end node.
One significant issue or disability with the foregoing methods relates to their lack of ability to combine availability of network resources with the profile of subscribers requesting programs. The aforementioned prior art performs optimization on one aspect or the other of available network bandwidth or other network resources, without taking into account the totality of considerations needed to optimize revenues for the network operator.
Another significant issue with prior art approaches to bandwidth optimization in content-based networks (including the aforementioned broadcast switched architectures) relates to the requirement for manual intervention or input on the part of the network operator (e.g., MSO) in order to make best use of the available bandwidth. Specifically, many such systems require periodic operator adjustment or input in the form of re-arranged channel line-up, which may also include the requirement for periodic evaluation of the subscriber's viewing or tuning habits, and the generation of adjustments to be inserted into the system control functions based thereon. One disability with this approach is the need for constant (or near-constant) operator vigilance. Another disability is latency; the operator is basically always lagging the problem since changes in subscriber habits can occur rapidly, and the efficacy of any corrections made by the operator will in large part depend on the timeliness with which the operator performs his/her analysis and corrective action/adjustment. Greater operator vigilance is also required when the system is approaching the limits of its capacity, since excursions in demand or changes in viewer habits can easily cause an over-demand condition (potentially resulting in a loss of service to one or more subscribers for a period of time).
Hence, based on the foregoing, there is a distinct need for improved apparatus and methods that permit optimization of costs and benefits to the network operator of fulfilling a program viewing request made by a subscriber on a request-by-request (i.e., per CPE) basis, and effectively in real time. Ideally, such apparatus and methods would allow for the selection, from among multiple revenue generation/service options, the option (or collection of related options) most optimal at a given time.
Moreover, such improved apparatus and methods would allow for optimization of network resources such as bandwidth based on the requesting subscriber's demographic or other particular profile. Efficient use of "targeted" advertising would also be available, that would also maintain high signal quality through delivery to the subscriber.
Such improved apparatus and methods would also preferably work with a set of rules defined by a network operator, without undue manual intervention, or continuous vigilance by the network operator.

Methods and apparatus for revenue-optimized delivery of content in a network


Methods, systems, and computer program products are disclosed for conducting electronic commerce. A merchant participates in an online community of merchants. Sales information is shared with the online community such that each merchant is informed of each sale of each merchant participating in the online community.

This application generally relates to data processing. This application, more particularly, relates to financial and database management and accessing and to electronic shopping.
Electronic, online shopping malls are known in the art. These online shopping malls provide access to multiple merchants offering goods and services. An online shopping mall benefits both the shopping customer and the merchant. When the customer shops the online shopping mall, the customer can conveniently access multiple merchants, usually from a single website, portal, or uniform resource locator. The customer need not individually search for each merchant. The merchant, too, benefits by aligning the business with other merchants who might have greater name recognition. The merchant also benefits from cross-linking the websites of the mall merchants.
A problem with the conventional electronic on-line shopping systems is that they fail to comprehend the deflationary potential of an organized group of merchants. The online merchants still conduct their online presence and business using conventional tactics and strategies, without taking into account the sales/inventory data of other merchants. What is needed is a new strategy that drives prices to their lowest point and, yet, allows each merchant to specialize and to thrive.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods, systems, and products for conducting electronic commerce


For automatic identification of microorganisms collected on a carrier, a color image of the carrier surface with collected microorganisms is recorded and digitalized. The digitalized image is converted into a grayscale image and optionally converted subsequently into a silhouette image. When microorganisms are present, an image is produced with full-surface labeled objects of a first grayscale and a background of a second grayscale. Objects are identified in the grayscale and/or silhouette image by a model-based comparative method. Contours of the objects are marked in the color or grayscale image. Features of the objects in the color image and/or grayscale image are determined. The objects are classified based on the features. The classified objects are indicated and/or saved as species, name and/or code. Non-classified objects are indicated and/or saved as color, grayscale and/or silhouette image. Non-classified objects are subsequently discarded or added as a new case to the classification system.

The invention concerns methods for automatically identifying microorganisms collected on a carrier that are particles, airborne or present in water, in the form of fungal spores and bacteria.
As is known in the art, the identification of airborne particles or particles present in water is done by collecting these particles on a carrier. This carrier is advantageously positioned in a channel or at the end of a channel for supply air or water. In this connection, the carrier is a filter or a body with a coating of an adhesive. After collection, the particles are incubated on culture media in microbiological laboratories. After several days, an analysis of the colonies obtained in this way can be done. The colonies that all can be traced back to only a single collected germ are coarsely preexamined manually in regard to color, shape, and structure. A more precise determination of the species of germ is possible only after their individualization as well as growth tests and metabolic tests. This usually takes several weeks. Also, the identification of these colonies is done manually.
The invention has the object to automatically identify microorganisms collected on a carrier that are particles, airborne or present in water, in the form of fungal spores and bacteria.

Methods for automatically identifying microorganisms collected on a carrier


A new Sutera plant particularly distinguished by having dark blue flowers, a trailing plant habit, and good branching, is disclosed.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct variety of Sutera, botanically known as Sutera grandiflora, and hereinafter referred to by the variety name 'KLESG12346'. 'KLESG12346' originated from an open-pollination between the proprietary female Sutera variety 'SnBigPinki' (unpatented) and an unknown male Sutera variety in the summer of 2009.
In August of 2009, seed was collected from the open-pollination between the two Sutera parental lines, 'SnBigPinki' and an unknown Sutera in Stuttgart, Germany. The seeds were sown and plants were grown for evaluation. A plant line was selected in May 2010 which had dark blue flowers and was subsequently named 'KLESG12346'. In June 2010, 'KLESG12346' was first vegetatively propagated by in-vitro cultivation in Stuttgart, Germany. 'KLESG12346' was found to reproduce true to type in successive generations of asexual propagation via in-vitro cultivation in Stuttgart, Germany.


In a method for controlling the heat in an internal combustion engine for a vehicle with a coolant circuit and actuable devices for influencing the heat balance of the internal combustion engine, wherein a coolant temperature and further operating parameters of the internal combustion engine are recorded, the actuable devices are operated as a function of the coolant temperature and the further operating parameters of the internal combustion engine in such a manner that an output value for determining a control variable is provided by means of a basic characteristic diagram as a function of the rotational speed and the load on the internal combustion engine, and this control value is corrected by means of a controller as a function of the coolant temperature and/or the further operating parameters.

The invention relates to a method for controlling the heat in an internal combustion engine for motor vehicles with a coolant circuit and actuable devices for influencing the heat balance of the internal combustion engine, wherein a coolant temperature and further operating parameters of the internal combustion engine are recorded and the actuable devices are actuated as a function of the coolant temperature and the further operating parameters of the internal combustion engine.
German laid-open specification DE 197 28 351 A1 discloses a method for controlling the heat in an internal combustion engine for vehicles, in which, in respect of a coolant temperature, a web-material temperature between the exhaust valves and power characteristic variables of the internal combustion engine are taken into account. In addition to the temperature values themselves, the change in these values per unit time is also recorded. As power characteristic variable, it is proposed to take into account the quantity of fuel introduced in a combustion chamber per unit time or working cycle. With the method proposed in that document, the quantity of heat dissipated through the coolant circuit is controlled by means of an electric fan, electrically operated water pumps, an electrically actuable thermostat and an electrically actuable radiator shutter. In the starting phase of an internal combustion engine, as the temperature rises or the amount of heat produced increases, first the water pumps start to operate and are controlled, and then the thermostats, the radiator shutter and finally the fan start to operate and are controlled. If the temperature of the internal combustion engine cannot be controlled by means of the coolant circuit, the power output of the internal combustion engine can be reduced for safety reasons.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for controlling the heat in an internal combustion engine for vehicles which can be used with only minor changes for a range of internal combustion engines with different components.

Method for controlling the heat in an automotive internal combustion engine


Disclosed are a lithium electrode for a lithium metal battery, which uses a solid high-ionic conductor having a three-dimensional (3D) porous structure, wherein a lithium metal or lithium alloy is filled into each pore and dispersed, and a method for manufacturing the lithium electrode. By applying a solid high-ionic conductor having a 3D porous structure, an ion conduction path is secured in the lithium electrode using the solid high-ionic conductor instead of a conventional liquid electrolyte, electrical-chemical reactivity in charging and discharging are further improved, and shelf life and high rate capability are enhanced.

(a) Technical Field
The present invention relates to a lithium electrode for a lithium metal battery and a method of manufacturing the lithium electrode. More particularly, the present invention relates to a lithium electrode for a lithium metal battery, which uses a solid high-ionic conductor having a three-dimensional ("3D") porous structure, and a method for manufacturing the lithium electrode.
(b) Background Art
Due to the high ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte even at room temperature, much research has been focused on the development of a lithium metal battery which can utilize a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid electrolyte. However, when a solid electrolyte is applied to an electrode in the form of powder, the interfacial resistance between an electrode active material and the solid electrolyte increases. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the interfacial resistance between the electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, which is used in an electrode such as a positive electrode ("cathode") of a lithium ionic battery. In an attempt to reduce the resistance and improve performance, an oxide-based film has been formed on the surface of the electrode active material.
However, particularly in the case of a lithium metal battery, in which lithium metal is used as a negative electrode ("anode"), securing an ion conduction path in the lithium electrode continues to be an issue.

Lithium electrode for lithium metal battery and method of manufacturing the lithium electrode


The invention described is a method for compressing wood products in a manner which achieves fixation of compression deformation. The method includes two compression stages. In between those stages the wood is coated and impregnated with a fatty acid. The wood, after the second compression step is annealed to set the compressor. The product may be used for flooring, panelling and for making wooden articles.

It is known in the art that both softwood and hardwood can be compressed into densified and hardened products. There are many ways of achieving this including the use of heat, steam, pressure and chemicals including adhesives. The objective of a process of wood deformation is to achieve both densification of the wood and permanent fixation of the densification in the product in a manner which is efficient and has minimal effect on the environment.
A discussion of possible ways in which to achieve permanent fixation of compression deformation of soft wood is found in Inoue (see reference). The author of that paper suggested that three methods to permanently fix the compression deformation of wood. The first was to make wood inaccessible to water using acetyl groups. The second was to form cross-linking between wood components using para-formaldehyde. The third was to release elastic energy stored by deformation by dipping compressed wood in acidic acid and hydrochloric acid.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,338 there is described a method of compressing debarked and dried logs in a mould where they were immersed with a liquid adhesive. The logs were compressed in the mould to a thickness smaller than that finally required. They were then allowed to expand while still immersed in the adhesive and compressed to the final desired thickness and subjected to an elevated temperature to allow the adhesive to harden.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,388 there is described a method of compressing low density woods. A wood member in a green state is subjected to ammonia to plasticise it to a sponge-like form. It is then subjected to a series of compression cycles and dried.
In published Japanese application Nos. JP 10-217210; JP 11-114915; and JP 11-320510 there are described methods of forming pressed wood using high pressure compressing devices.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,343,913 there is described a method of compressing wood involving softening the wood at high temperature and high water vapour temperature and then compression moulding the wood to reduce it to one half to one third of its original thickness. The compression is fixed by maintaining wood in a compressed stated for a predetermined period of time.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method of manufacturing densified wood with permanent fixation which is an alternative to the above described methods or at least to offer the public a useful choice.


A tomographic apparatus for obtaining a cross-sectional image by fixing an X-ray source, and synchronously rotating an object under examination and a detector. According to the apparatus, the slope angle of the X-ray source can be sufficiently enlarged by the adjustment of the X-ray tube, and thus the precision of the obtained cross-sectional image can be heightened. Also, a method of obtaining a cross-sectional image of a three-dimensional object from an arbitrary direction and height.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tomography technique, particularly to a tomographic apparatus for obtaining a cross-sectional image by fixing an X-ray source and by synchronously rotating an object under examination with a detector. The present invention also relates to a method of obtaining a cross-sectional image of a three-dimensional object from an arbitrary angle and height by computational calculation utilizing the tomographic apparatus.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A tomographic apparatus is utilized in diverse fields. In the field of electronics, the tomography is particularly used for monitoring a soldering state on a substrate of an electronic circuit. The conventional methods of monitoring a soldering state by utilizing X-ray tomography can be roughly classified into two.
One method is a laminographic method for acquiring a cross-sectional image with a single image by synchronously rotating an X-ray source and a detector, and the other method is a digital tomosynthetic method for obtaining an average value of the images acquired during rotating an X-ray source in a computer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,656 issued on Jan. 14, 1992 to Baker et al. discloses a laminography system utilizing a laminographic method. FIG. 1 briefly illustrates the example.
Referring to FIG. 1, an object under examination 1, a circuit substrate for instance, is laid in the middle of an X-ray source 2 and a detector 3. An image plane 6 of the object 1 is formed on a detector 3 by projecting an X-ray beam onto the object 1 from the X-ray source 2 synchronized around a common axis 4 and the detector 3. Particularly, the image plans 6 substantially lies in parallel with the planes 8, 9 defined by rotation of the X-ray source 2 and the detector 3.
Such a laminography utilizing the conventional laminographic method requires an X-ray tube which will rotate the X-ray source only to electronically rotate an X-ray beam. However, the X-ray tube is not only expensive but also generates a cross-sectional image of low precision due to the slope angle of the beam fixed to be under 30.degree.. Also, the obtained cross-sectional image is unclear and is of low resolution.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,241 discloses a digital tomosynthetic method. Referring to FIG. 11 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,241, an X-ray source is projected (T1 to T8) while rotating in circle 480. This method is identical to the aforementioned method of projecting an X-ray in the laminography. A focus plane 484 of an object 456 is projected to the entering plans 494 of a large-scaled image amplifying tube 490. An image formed on a camera 494 is processed by a computer 500. This method has an advantage of processing the image in a digital value but requires an expensive scanning tube. Also, the cross-sectional image generated by this method is of low precision because the slope angle of the beam cannot be greater than 30.degree.. The apparatus employing a large-scaled image amplifying tube (12") is expensive. Further, the image acquired by utilizing the periphery of the image intensifier of spherical shape is highly distorted.

Tomographic apparatus and method of obtaining an arbitrary cross-sectional image


A work station unit for use in an array including at least one work space defined in part by intersecting side walls. The unit comprises an air circulation unit mounted on at least one side wall of the work space, at a location proximate the intersection. An air inlet on the unit draws ambient air into the unit and an air discharge discharges air in a predetermined controlled direction to cooperatively form an envelope of air surrounding a space defined in part by the side walls and in part by air flow out of the discharge and into the air inlet. An individual in the work station is enclosed in air having superior quality to ambient air.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,633 in the name of Martin, is a commonly owned Patent which describes a ventilated core unit for service connections useful in work station arrays. Various prior art patents are disclosed in the Martin Patent. The disclosure of all of those patents may be summarized by a statement in the Martin Patent that none of the prior art discloses the benefits of an independently controlled zone unit that is not attached to building HVAC equipment by air ducts.
Martin correctly identifies a modern trend in office furniture and layout arrangements in which small semi-private working cubical are created about a central core with multiple work stations and equipment emitting from that core. The Martin design has been very successful in providing a central core unit which accomplishes both ventilating and utility connections for peripheral work spaces.
The principal basis upon which the Martin invention is founded is the use of a central core unit for local ventilating, where the core unit also provides utility connections to peripheral work spaces around the core. A work space fan is mounted in a side wall of the cabinet. That fan is operable under user control to draw air from the work space into the plenum defined by the walls of the cabinet. The wall is then discharged to the common area directly above the work space.
No system is perfect, however, and several drawbacks have been encountered in the use of the Martin system. Most of those drawbacks have been solved by the air circulation system described in commonly owned Mitchell et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,065,668. For the first time, it has been possible to obtain a class 100,000 rating for an office space, which result is highly desirable for health reasons as well as for insurance ratings. The system comprises the construction of a core having an inlet which draws in ambient air and an outlet which exhaust air such that the air flow combines with side walls of a work station to enclose an individual in a work station in an envelope of processed air. Most newly installed work spaces can take advantage of the Mitchell et al air circulation system to produce a plurality of work stations of optimum air quality and to improve air quality in the entire room.
The Mitchell et al system requires the construction of a central core of at least sufficient size to process the air through the inlet and outlet. New construction of work stations is improved by the Mitchell et al design giving a better alignment of work space for a given quantity of available space. However, many work station presently exist and would be suitable for continued use if the quality of the environment surrounding the work station could be improved. These existing work station typical converge upon a central point rather then on a central core. These existing work stations may be visualized as being two or more walls which intersect each other to define work station which are separated by a portion of each wall.
It is an object of this invention to provide a device which would significantly improve the environment of these work station without requiring major modification or replacement of the existing walls.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device which is useful with existing work station arrays to provide an envelope of clean air for at least one individual work station.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a device which is suitable for maintaining air quality and air temperature at desirable levels while using as much of existing work station arrays as possible.
Other objects will appear hereinafter.


A sealing method for decreasing the time it takes to hermetically seal a device and the resulting hermetically sealed device (e.g., a hermetically sealed OLED device) are described herein. The sealing method includes the steps of: (1) cooling an un-encapsulated device; (2) depositing a sealing material over at least a portion of the cooled device to form an encapsulated device; and (3) heat treating the encapsulated device to form a hermetically sealed device. In one embodiment, the sealing material is a low liquidus temperature inorganic (LLT) material such as, for example, tin-fluorophosphate glass, tungsten-doped tin fluorophosphate glass, chalcogenide glass, tellurite glass, borate glass and phosphate glass. In another embodiment, the sealing material is a Sn2+-containing inorganic oxide material such as, for example, SnO, SnO+P2O5 and SnO+BPO4.

Transport of oxygen and/or water through laminated or encapsulated materials and their subsequent attack of an inner material within a device represents two of the more common degradation mechanisms associated with many devices including, for example, light-emitting devices (OLED devices), thin-film sensors, evanescent waveguide sensors, food containers and medicine containers. For a detailed discussion about the problems associated with the penetration of oxygen and water into the inner layers (cathode and electro-luminescent materials) of an OLED device, reference is made to the following documents:                Aziz, H., Popovic, Z. D., Hu, N. X., Hor, A. H., and Xu, G. "Degradation Mechanism of Small Molecule-Based Organic Light-Emitting Devices", Science, 283, pp. 1900-1902, (1999).        Burrows, P. E., Bulovic., V., Forrest, S. R., Sapochak, L. S., McCarty, D. M., Thompson, M. E. "Reliability and Degradation of Organic Light Emitting Devices", Applied Physics Letters, 65(23), pp. 2922-2924.        Kolosov, D., et al., Direct observation of structural changes in organic light emitting devices during degradation. Journal of Applied Physics, 1001. 90(7).        Liew, F. Y., et al., Investigation of the sites of dark spots in organic light-emitting devices. Applied Physics Letters, 1000. 77(17).        Chatham, H., "Review: Oxygen Diffusion Barrier Properties of Transparent Oxide Coatings on Polymeric Substrates", 78, pp. 1-9, (1996).
It is well known that unless something is done to minimize the penetration of oxygen and water into an OLED device, then their operating lifetime will be severely limited. As a result, much effort has been expended to minimize the penetration of oxygen and water into an OLED device so as to help drive the OLED operation towards a 40 kilo-hour lifetime, the level generally regarded as necessary so OLED devices can overtake older device technologies such as LCD displays as discussed in the following document:                Forsythe, Eric, W., "Operation of Organic-Based Light-Emitting Devices, in Society for Information Device (SID) 40th anniversary Seminar Lecture Notes, Vol. 1, Seminar M5, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Mass., May 20 and 24, (1002).
The more prominent efforts to date that have been performed to help extend the lifetime of OLED devices include gettering, encapsulating and using various sealing techniques. In fact, one common way for sealing an OLED device today is to apply and heat-treat (or UV treat) different types of epoxies, inorganic materials and/or organic materials to form a seal on the OLED device. For example, Vitex Systems manufactures and sells a coating under the brand name of Barix™ which is a composite based approach where alternate layers of inorganic materials and organic materials are used to seal the OLED device. Although these types of seals provide some level of hermetic behavior, they can be very expensive and there are still many instances in which they have failed over time to prevent the diffusion of oxygen and water into the OLED device.
To address this sealing problem, the assignee of the present invention has developed several different sealing techniques in which sealing materials (e.g., low liquidus temperature inorganic materials, Sn2+-containing inorganic oxide materials) are used to hermetically seal an OLED device (or other type of device) (see the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/207,691 and 11/803,512). Although these sealing techniques and sealing materials work well to hermetically seal an OLED device (or other types of devices) there is still a desire to improve upon these sealing techniques so that one can decrease the time it takes to hermetically seal an OLED device (or other type of device). This particular need and other needs have been satisfied by the present invention.

Sealing technique for decreasing the time it takes to hermetically seal a device and the resulting hermetically sealed device


Devices and techniques are generally described for cross-domain machine learning. A first machine learning model may be trained using first data of a first domain. Predictions may be generated by inputting a plurality of domain data from other domains apart from the first domain into the first machine learning model. For each of the predictions, a prediction error may be determined. A grouping of similar domains from among the other domains may be determined based on the prediction errors. A second machine learning model may be trained for the grouping of similar domains.

Machine learning is a field of artificial intelligence that allows computer-implemented systems to perform a task without the use of task-specific code. Machine learning systems may be trained to progressively improve performance of a task using sets of training data. In supervised machine learning, annotated data (e.g., data with a labeled input and desired output) can be used to "train" a machine learning model. During training, parameters (e.g., weights and/or biases) of the machine learning model are adjusted so that the output of the machine learning model for a given input matches the desired output from the annotated data. Thereafter, during inference, the trained machine learning model can make predictions when provided with unannotated input data. Accuracy and/or predictive value of machine learning models are often a function of the quantity and quality of annotated data used to train the machine learning model.

Cross-domain machine learning for imbalanced domains


A raster distortion correcting signal synthesizer includes a multiplier, an adder, a memory for storing data and a coefficient, and a controller for controlling the multiplier, adder and memory in accordance with a count value of a horizontal sync. signal. The controller calculates a desired raster distortion correcting signal of a high order by utilizing the multiplier and adder on the basis of the count value, and multiplies the count value by a predetermined coefficient to obtain a new count value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to synthesizers and, more particularly, is directed to a raster distortion correcting signal synthesizer suitable for use in a monitor receiver or the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As a raster distortion correcting signal synthesizer used in a monitor receiver or the like, there has been proposed an apparatus which generates a correcting signal for correcting the raster distortion such as a sawtooth wave signal or a parabolic wave signal or the like in accordance with a count value of a horizontal synchronizing (sync.) signal. However, the proposed conventional synthesizer or apparatus is constituted by analog circuits, so-called hard logic, and digital adder-subtracters.
The demand for accuracy of an image with respect to the distortion has been increasing according to the tendency of flattening and enlarging a cathode ray tube (CRT), so that a high-order raster distortion correcting signal has been required. However, when the high-order raster distortion correcting signal is generated by the conventional synthesizer employing the analog circuits and digital adder-subtracters, it has been difficult to obtain sufficient accuracy of the image.
Further, in case of producing a multistandardized television receiver having the conventional synthesizer employing the analog circuits and digital adder-subtracters, it is required to arrange the circuit configurations for every system or receiver. In this case, it is further required to store parameters required for the adjustments for every system, so that a memory or the like for storing the parameters is required, resulting in the circuit configurations being enlarged.

Raster distortion correcting signal synthesizer


An apparatus for extracting feature information from each of a plurality of electronic documents that constitutes a group of documents, for each of a plurality of viewpoints includes an extracting unit that extracts feature information from each of the electronic documents for each of the viewpoints, a calculating unit that calculates a score for each of the viewpoints with respect to the feature information that is extracted from more than one viewpoint, and a determining unit that determines the viewpoint for the feature information that is extracted from more than one viewpoint, based on the score calculated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a technology for extracting feature information from an electronic document.
2. Description of the Related Art
With large-capacity and cheap storage media and a rapid spread of an intranet and the Internet, it is possible to easily gather and store a large amount of electronic documents using a computer. Because a vast amount of information is available, when a user intends to acquire certain information from the electronic documents, an analysis tool that can output, according to the user's need, for example, relationship between character strings (hereinafter, "feature information"), such as keywords (words and compound words) and phrases that represent a feature of a document, and classification results based on frequency of occurrence of the feature information is indispensable.
However, a viewpoint in analyzing the information varies depending on a purpose, and the feature information also varies depending on the viewpoint. For example, when one tries to create a table shown in FIG. 9 by classifying or grouping a large amount of patent publications for a purpose of analyzing a recent technical trend in a field of hybrid electric vehicles, a keyword to be a reference for associating documents is different depending on the viewpoint. From a viewpoint of a subject matter of the invention (subject matter shown in FIG. 9), key words such as "CONTROLLING APPARATUS" and "DRIVING APPARATUS" may become the reference. From a viewpoint in which what kind of problem is to be solved by the invention (object shown in FIG. 9), key words such as "FUEL COST" and "FUEL CONSUMPTION" may become the reference.
In this regard, technologies to extract important character strings in the document and character strings to be a key in a specific viewpoint as the feature information have already been disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. H11-250097 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-101199.
However, in the conventional technologies, if extraction rules are made stricter to improve an accuracy in extraction of the feature information, an extraction rate declines (i.e. information missed to be extracted increases), and if the extraction rules are relaxed to improve the extraction rate, the accuracy in the extraction declines (i.e. useless information increases).
For example, in a patent publication, if a part " . . . " in "RELATED TO . . . " is extracted as the feature information from the viewpoint of the subject matter of the invention, and if a part " . . . " in "TO IMPROVE . . . " is extracted as the feature information from the viewpoint of an object, from both the viewpoints, there is a chance in which a key word "ENGINE" is extracted as the feature information. If a part " . . . " in "TO IMPROVE . . . PROPERTY" instead of in "TO IMPROVE . . . ", is extracted as the feature information so that "ENGINE" is not extracted from a target viewpoint, a word "EFFICIENCY" can not be picked up as the feature information from the target viewpoint from a phrase "TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY".
In the conventional technology, such a trade off has not been taken into consideration. Therefore, if an independency of each of the viewpoints is guaranteed (a plurality of viewpoints are not allowed to have the same feature information), the extraction rate is sacrificed.

Method and apparatus for extracting feature information, and computer product


Hydrocarbon conversion processes using a new family of zeolites identified as UZM-8 and UZM-8HS are described. The UZM-8 and UZM-8HS are related in that the UZM-8HS are derived from the UZM-8 zeolite by treating the UZM-8 with a fluoro-silicate salt, an acid, etc. The UZM-8 and -8HS have unique x-ray diffraction patterns. These zeolites can be used in alkylation of aromatics, transalkylation of aromatics, isomerization of aromatics and alkylation of isoparaffins.

Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicate compositions which are microporous and which are formed from corner sharing AlO2 and SiO2 tetrahedra. Numerous zeolites, both naturally occurring and synthetically prepared are used in various industrial processes. Synthetic zeolites are prepared via hydrothermal synthesis employing suitable sources of Si, Al, as well as structure directing agents such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, amines, or organoammonium cations. The structure directing agents reside in the pores of the zeolite and are largely responsible for the particular structure that is ultimately formed. These species balance the framework charge associated with aluminum and can also serve as space fillers. Zeolites are characterized by having pore openings of uniform dimensions, having a significant ion exchange capacity, and being capable of reversibly desorbing an adsorbed phase which is dispersed throughout the internal voids of the crystal without significantly displacing any atoms which make up the permanent zeolite crystal structure. Zeolites can be used as catalysts for hydrocarbon conversions, which can take place on outside surfaces as well as on internal surfaces within the pore.
Applicants have synthesized a new family of materials designated UZM-8. The UZM-8 compositions are aluminosilicates having Si/Al molar ratio from about 6.5 to about 35. The UZM-8 compositions show unique x-ray diffraction patterns compared to other known zeolites. These UZM-8 compositions are prepared from aqueous reaction mixtures containing either organoammonium compounds or a mixture of organoammonium compounds and alkali and/or alkaline earth compounds. The organoammonium compounds used to make UZM-8 are non-cyclic nor contain cyclic substituents and are generally quite simple. Preferred examples of organoammonium compounds used to make UZM-8 include the diethyldimethylammonium (DEDMA), ethyltrimethylammonium (ETMA) or hexamethonium (HM) cations.
Although UZM-8 compositions have some similarities to a layered material identified as MCM-56, there are sufficient differences that UZM-8 compositions are structurally different from MCM-56 materials and thus are unique new zeolites structures. The preparation of MCM-56 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,697 where it is stated that MCM-56 is prepared from a reaction mixture containing a combination of alkali metals and hexamethylene imine (HMI) as directing agents and requires that the silica source be a predominately solid silica source comprising at least 30 wt. % SiO2. It is further stated in the '697 patent that the reaction must be stopped and quenched at a time before significant amounts of MCM-49 form in the reaction mixture. The synthesis of MCM-49 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,575 and again involves a combination of alkali metals and HMI structure directing agents plus a predominately solid silica source comprising at least 30 wt. % SiO2. Upon calcination the MCM-49 composition is not readily distinguishable from calcined MCM-22 which has the MWW framework topology. It is further stated in J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, p.3788–3798, that in the as-synthesized form MCM-49 has essentially the MWW topology. Thus, MCM-56 is an intermediate structure in the formation of MCM-49 which in the calcined form is virtually the same as MCM-22 both of which have the MWW structure. The '697 patent further describes the MCM-56 as a layered structure in both its as-synthesized and calcined forms based on the claimed swellability of the material.
In contrast to MCM-56, UZM-8 is not an intermediate in the formation of MCM-49. Additionally, the UZM-8 materials can be synthesized from an alkali free reaction mixture using an organoammonium cation such as DEDMA cation that offers great stability and robustness without the formation of MCM-49 or other impurities. However, in the HMI/Na system, varying the relative amount of amine structure directing agent to alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal compound can yield either the MCM-56/MCM-49 system with higher relative alkali content or a precursor to MCM-22 with lower relative alkali content. Reaction conditions, mainly temperature and time, are used to distinguish MCM-56 and MCM-49 in the higher alkali content system that is difficult to control, leading to the requirement for quenching the MCM-56 reaction mixture before significant amounts of MCM-49 form. Finally, UZM-8 is a layered material in that the as-synthesized form is swellable and has a x-ray diffraction pattern that is distinguishable from MCM-56.
The UZM-8 compositions have also been modified by using one or more techniques selected from acid extraction, calcination, steaming and ammonium hexafluorosilicate treatment, applicants have been able to control the aluminum content of the UZM-8 zeolites to nearly all silica while maintaining their structure and porosity. Dealumination strategies are known in the art and are given by Breck (see D. W. Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Wiley and Sons, New York, (1974), p. 441) and Skeels and Breck (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,856). The result is a modified UZM-8 (UZM-8HS) material containing less aluminum than the starting UZM-8 composition. Control of the Al content in the zeolite allows one to tune the properties associated with the Al, such as ion-exchange capacity and acidity thereby providing improved catalysts and/or adsorbents. These modified compositions have been designated UZM-8HS.

Hydrocarbon conversion processes using catalysts comprising UZM-8 and UZM-8HS compositions


A computer network may include one or more systems coupled to many components. The computer network may be a storage network that includes one or more systems connected to one or more storage systems. One or more components coupled to the computer network may be modular components such as field replaceable units (FRUs). A component may include a non-volatile memory that stores a value for an operational parameter of the component. The value for the operational parameter may specify an operating condition for the component. A monitor may be coupled to the component and may be configured to access the operational parameter value on the nonvolatile memory to determine if the component is operating outside of the specified operating condition.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to computer systems including networked systems, computers and/or storage systems. The invention further relates to accessing operational parameters that specify operating conditions for components within such systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the growing deployment of computer systems and software, applications often operate in distributed, heterogeneous environments. Processing in a complex application may be partitioned across network segments, CPU clusters and storage locations. Furthermore, computer systems in distributed, heterogeneous environments may include many different components that impact overall availability of the systems. The increasing complexity of software and the increasing degree of dependence on computer systems have imposed the adoption of various techniques to minimize system downtime.
One of the most cost-effective techniques, and also a major motivating factor behind the evolution of modular construction of computer systems, is the use of modular components. Within a computer system, a modular component may be the smallest unit that can be identified with a specification or by a supplier, distributed and redistributed, and added for expansion or replaced if faulty. A modular component may be any unit designed to be added or replaced at the location where the unit is operating. Such modular components may be referred to as field replaceable units (FRUs). The use of modular components helps to minimize downtime because modular components can be removed and replaced by a user or by trained service personnel without having to send the entire product or system to another facility.
Some modular components may be designed to operate under specific conditions. For example, some modular components may operate correctly only if the modular component operates within a specified temperature range and/or within a specified voltage range. Predefined conditions, such as temperature and voltage range, may be specified as operational parameters for a modular component.
A user may decide to upgrade older components with newer components. For example, a user may upgrade an older disk drive with a newer, faster disk drive. A temperature range allowed for the new disk drive may be different than a temperature range allowed for the old disk drive. Maximum heat load allowed for the new disk drive may be different than maximum heat load allowed for the old disk drive. Thus, although components may be the same type of component, operational parameters may vary between revisions of a component. For example, although an older disk drive and newer disk drive may be the same type of disk drive from the same vendor, operational parameters for an older disk drive version may be different than the operational parameters for a newer version of the disk drive.
Once a component is replaced with a different component or different component version, a different version of system software may be needed to operate the newer component. For example, system software may maintain a database of operational parameters for various components for use in monitoring or managing those components. If a component is changed, the system software may no longer have the correct operational parameters for that component. In a storage system the system software that uses operational parameters to manage or monitor a disk drive may be firmware or software on an array controller. A different version of the array controller's system software may be needed to operate a newer disk drive with different operational parameters than an existing disk drive. Therefore, each time a disk drive (or other component) is replaced with a disk drive (or other component) having different operational parameters, system software may need to be upgraded or replaced so that the system can manage or monitor the newer disk drive (or other component).

System and method for storage of operational parameters on components


A chemical decontamination clean-up system for use on-line in a nuclear reactor primary system includes a pump arrangement within the nuclear reactor primary system for pumping primary system fluids to a cleaning system located directly downstream from the pump assembly. The cleaning system includes a plurality of first demineralizer banks arranged in a predetermined flow pattern for receiving the primary system fluids. Each of the first demineralizer banks comprises at least two individual, resin-filled demineralizers arranged in parallel wherein primary system fluids are demineralized. Each of the demineralizer banks includes valving for selectively directing the primary system fluids from the pump arrangement to selected demineralizer banks in the plurality of the first demineralizer banks. A second demineralizer bank receives the primary system fluids from the plurality of first demineralizer banks. The second demineralizer bank includes at least two individual, resin-filled demineralizers arranged in parallel wherein primary system fluids are "finish" demineralized. A return system receives the primary system fluids from the second demineralizer bank and directs the fluids back to the nuclear reactor primary system. The return system includes at least one trap for receiving the primary system fluids from the second demineralizer bank and operable to remove resin suspended in the primary system fluids, and at least one filter downstream from the trap for removing solids suspended in the primary system fluids prior to the return of the fluids to the nuclear reactor primary system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of nuclear reactor primary system decontamination and, more particularly, to an improved system for removing suspended and dissolved solids from nuclear reactor primary system fluids after the primary system has been subjected to a chemical decontamination process.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The problem of excessive personnel exposures caused by high background radiation levels in a nuclear reactor primary system, such as in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) system, and the resultant economic cost of requiring personnel rotation to minimize individual exposure is significant at many nuclear plants. These background levels are principally due to the build-up of corrosion products in certain areas of the plant. The build-up of corrosion products exposes workers to high radiation levels during routine maintenance and refueling outages.
As a nuclear power plant operates, the surfaces in the core and other portions of the primary system corrode. Corrosion products, referred to as "crud", are activated by transport of the corroded material to the core region by the reactor coolant system. Subsequent release of the activated crud and redeposition elsewhere in the system produces radiation fields in piping and components throughout the primary system, thus increasing radiation levels throughout the plant. The activity of the corrosion product deposits is predominantly due to cobalt 58 and cobalt 60. It is estimated that between 80% and 90% of personnel radiation exposure can be attributed to these elements.
One way of controlling worker exposure, and of dealing with this problematic situation, is to periodically decontaminate the nuclear steam supply system using chemicals, thereby removing a significant fraction of the corrosion product oxide films. Prior techniques have done very little to decontaminate the primary system as a whole, typically focusing only on the heat exchanger (steam generator) channel heads.
Two different chemical processes, referred to as LOMI (developed in England under a joint program by EPRI and the Central Electricity Generating Board) and CAN-DEREM (developed by Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.), have been used for small scale decontamination in the past. These processes are multi-step operations, in which various chemicals are injected, recirculated, and then removed by ion exchange. Although the chemicals are designed to dissolve the corrosion products, some particulates are also generated. Another method of chemical decontamination which focuses on the chemistry of decontamination, is disclosed in U.K. Patent Application No. GB 2 085 215 A (Bradbury et al. ) . However, this patent application discloses little of the methodology to be used in applying that chemistry to full scale nuclear reactor primary system decontamination.
While these chemical processes had typically been used only on a localized basis, the use of these chemical processes has now been considered for application on a large scale, full system chemical decontamination. Such an application is disclosed generally in U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,216, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and entitled "System for Chemical Decontamination of Nuclear Reactor Primary Systems".
The estimated collective radiation dose savings over a 10-year period following nuclear reactor primary system decontamination is on the order of 3,500-4,500 man rem, depending upon whether or not the fuel is removed during decontamination. At any reasonable assigning of cost per man rem, the savings resulting from reduced dosage levels will be in the tens of millions of dollars.
As a result of the recognition that full nuclear reactor primary system chemical decontamination is indeed possible from a technical standpoint and, more importantly, advantageous in order to increase collective radiation dose savings, systems have been suggested for effective and economic removal of dissolved and particulated corrosion products generated by the application of these known chemical decontamination techniques. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No 5,089,217, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and entitled "Clean-Up Sub-System for Chemical Decontamination of Nuclear Reactor Primary Systems". In this sub-system, chemically-processed fluids containing suspended and dissolved solids are directed first through a back-flushable filter and, thereafter, through one or more cartridge filters. After this initial filtering of suspended sol ids, these fluids are directed to one or more banks of demineralizers for removal of dissolved solids, followed by additional cartridge filtering to remove any resin fines carried out of the demineralizer banks. After final filtering, the fluids are returned to the primary system. Although this clean-up sub-system adequately removes dissolved and suspended solids from nuclear reactor primary system fluids, the system as designed requires that the resin beds within each of the demineralizers be replaced at least once during the chemical decontamination clean-up process. Although the replacement of demineralizer resin beds may be accomplished utilizing known demineralizer back-flushing and refilling techniques, replacement of these demineralizer resin beds during the clean-up process requires additional operator attention and increases the cost of the clean-up equipment (i.e., storage tanks, pumps, valves, piping and electrical control devices) due to the additional storage and handling of the spent resin which must be accomplished without delay the clean-up process itself.
Consequently, there is a need for an improved clean-up system which operates effectively and economically to remove dissolved and particulated corrosion products from primary system fluids generated by the application of known chemical decontamination techniques.

Clean-up system for the chemical decontamination of a nuclear reactor primary system