The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane and of pentafluoroethane.. The process, which consists of the gas phase catalytic fluorination of at least one pentahaloethane of formula C.sub.2 HX.sub.2-n F.sub.3+n in which X denotes a chlorine or bromine atom and n the number 0 or 1 by means of hydrofluoric acid, is characterized in that there is used a mixed catalyst composed of oxides, halides and/or oxyhalides of nickel and chromium deposited on a support consisting of aluminium fluoride or a mixture of aluminium fluoride and alumina.

As the compounds F124 and F125 can be used as substitutes for perchlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the field of aerosols (propellants) and in that of refrigeration, there is currently a search for highly efficient processes for their industrial production.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,260 describes a process for synthesis of compounds F123 and F124 by hydrofluorination of perhalogenated olefins in the gas phase, the object being to minimize the formation of F125. Example 13 (column 6) describes the fluorination of tetrachloroethylene with a catalyst CrCl.sub.3 /Al.sub.2l O.sub.3 ; despite a temperature of 350.degree. C., a long contact time (60 seconds) and a high HF/C.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 molar ratio (6/1), the selectivities towards F124 and F125 are low (33.3% and 7.2% respectively).
The use of a catalyst based on chromium(III) (CrCl.sub.3) supported on carbon for the gas phase catalytic fluorination of halogenated olefins forms the subject of the Japanese Patent Application published under No. 48-72105/73 in which Example 4 describes the fluorination of tetrachloroethylene. There again, despite a reaction temperature of 400.degree. C. and a high (5/1) HF/C.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 molar ratio, the composition of the products formed is limited to F121 (CHCl.sub.2 -CFCl.sub.2 : 6.8%), to F122 (CHCl.sub.2 -CClF.sub.2 : 10.5%) and to F123 (82.7%).
U.S. Pat. No. 3,258,500 describes the use of mass chromium or chromium supported on alumina for gas phase catalytic fluorination reactions. In particular, Example 17 (column 14) describes the fluorination of tetrachloroethylene. At 400.degree. C., with a HF/C.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 molar ratio of 6.2/1, the selectivity towards F123+F124+F125 is low (47.7%); a reduction in the reaction temperature (300.degree. C.) improves this selectivity (79.7%) but the distribution is then shifted towards the less fluorinated products (F123 and F124).
Patent Application EP 0,349,298 describes the synthesis of the compounds F123 and F124 from pentahaloethanes by gas phase catalytic fluorination over a catalyst composed of a metal chosen from chromium, cobalt, nickel and manganese deposited on alumina. This document puts the emphasis, on the one hand, on the exhaustive activation of the catalyst with hydrofluoric acid (at least 90% of the support in the form of AlF.sub.3 after activation) and, on the other hand, the minimized formation of F125 during the reaction. Thus, in Example 6 which describes the fluorination of F122 at 350.degree. C. and with a long contact time (30 seconds), the selectivity towards F125 is only 1.1% and the cumulative selectivity (F123+F124+F125) is only 71.5%. In Example 5 which describes the fluorination of F123 in the gas phase over a NiCl.sub.2 /Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst at 400.degree. C., with a contact time of 30 seconds and a HF/F123 molar ratio of 4, the selectivity towards F125 is only 7.5%.
A process for producing fluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, based on the fluorination in the gas phase by hydrofluoric acid of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons containing at least one halogen atom other than fluorine, forms the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,477 where the catalyst is a mass chromium oxide treated with steam before calcination and activation with hydrofluoric acid. Example 25 uses such a catalyst for the fluorination of F123 at 390.degree. C. with a high (9.5/1) HF/F123 molar ratio; the selectivities towards F125 and F124 are respectively 67 and 21% but a selectivity of 2.5% towards chloropentafluoroethane (F115), which can not be recycled, is also observed.
From the examination of the state of the art, it appears difficult to synthesize the two desired compounds (F124 and F125) with good selectivity and significant productivity by direct fluorination of tetrachloroethylene or of F122. Starting from tetrachloroethylene, and despite high contact times, temperatures and molar ratios, it seems difficult to obtain F124 and more especially F125 with good yields. The synthesis of these two compounds is easier from F122 but, in this case, a problem of selectivity is encountered (significant formation of by-products).
As regards U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,477, it shows that, from F123, the synthesis of F125 requires a high molar ratio (9.5) and a high temperature (390.degree. C.) leading to the not insignificant concomitant formation of undesirable F115.
Patent Application WO 92/16482 relates to the manufacture of F124 and of F125 by gas phase fluorination of pentahaloethanes, especially that of F123, over a catalyst based on zinc and optionally on another metal deposited on a fluorinated alumina. Despite a high contact time (30 seconds), the best degree of conversion of the F123 obtained in the examples is approximately 60% and the maximum selectivity towards F125 is 28%.
Patent Application FR 2,669,022 describes the use of a catalyst based on nickel and chromium supported on AlF.sub.3 or fluorinated alumina for the specific fluorination of F133a (CF.sub.3 -CH.sub.2 Cl) to F134a (CF.sub.3 -CH.sub.2 F), this catalyst making it possible to obtain very good selectivities towards F134a.
In view of the advantage of the compounds F124 and F125 as substitutes for CFCs, their industrial manufacture requires a particularly highly efficient process, that is to say one which makes it possible to obtain:
a very high selectivity towards F124+F125 PA0 a high productivity of F124 and/or F125 PA0 a high flexibility to direct, as desired, the manufacture towards the production, as the major product, of F124 or towards that of F125, while minimizing the formation of by-products. PA0 drying at low temperature (100.degree. to 150.degree. C., preferably 110.degree. to 130.degree. C.) in the presence of air or nitrogen, PA0 drying at high temperature (250.degree. to 450.degree. C., preferably 300.degree. to 350.degree. C.) under nitrogen or under air, PA0 fluorination at low temperature (180.degree. to 300.degree. C., preferably at approximately 200.degree. C.) by means of a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitrogen, the HF content being controlled so that the temperature does not exceed 300.degree. C., and PA0 finishing under a stream of pure hydrofluoric acid or hydrofluoric acid diluted with nitrogen at a temperature which can range up to 450.degree. C.
A process which makes it possible to achieve this object was described in Patent Application FR 2,661,906 which, for the fluorination of F123, recommends a chromium oxide catalyst supported on active charcoal.

Process for the manufacture of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-2-chloroethane and of pentafluoroethane


The present invention relates to a shaping method of a thin film layer and a manufacturing method of a perpendicular recording magnetic head using the same. In the thin film layer shaping method according to the present invention, since a second thin film of a lower etching rate is etched by a preliminary etching amount allowing for a difference between the etching rate of the second thin film and an etching rate of a first thin film in side-by-side relationship with each other, both the first and second thin films can be etched by the same etching amount through a subsequent etching step, so that the thin film layer can be shaped into a given shape. Thus, the surface of the thin film layer can be planarized.

In the field of magnetic heads to be mounted on a magnetic recording apparatus such as a hard disk drive (HDD), recently, the recording method is being shifted from longitudinal recording to perpendicular recording in order to improve the recording density with respect to a magnetic recording medium such as a hard disk. The perpendicular recording method provides not only a high linear recording density but also an advantage that the recording medium after recording is less influenced by thermal fluctuation.
In the magnetic head according to the perpendicular recording method, when the drive system is a rotary actuator, generally, a recording medium facing surface of a main magnetic pole has an inverted trapezoidal shape whose longer and shorter sides are located on trailing and leading sides, respectively, or an inverted triangular shape whose base is located on a trailing side for avoiding the problem of side erase, wherein the longer side or the base is defined as a track width of the main magnetic pole. It should be noted that the "side erase" refers to a problem that a skew angle between a central axis of the magnetic head and a line tangent to a track of a magnetic disk being the recording medium increases at radially inner and outer sides of the magnetic disk, and as a result, the leading side of the main magnetic pole partially protrudes into an adjacent track, thereby erasing information recorded on the track.
For formation of the main magnetic pole, generally, there has been employed a manufacturing method using dry etching by ion milling. In the ion milling, the main magnetic pole film may be shaped into a given shape by changing an irradiation angle of an ion beam on demand, but in this case, since a small-width portion whose section has the inverted trapezoidal or triangular shape is disposed in side-by-side relationship with a non-magnetic film such as of alumina and the main magnetic pole film has a higher etching rate, the main magnetic pole film is etched more at a central area which is less protected by the non-magnetic film, causing a problem that the inverted trapezoidal or triangular shape is recessed at the trailing side (i.e., at the longer side or the base) into an arc shape.
Contrarily, for example, US Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0098339 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-134507) discloses a technology of purposefully forming an arcuate recess at the trailing side of the inverted trapezoidal shape. This technology can control the radius of curvature of the recess with a high accuracy and thus will never cause a problem, but in the case where the above technology cannot be employed on account of the manufacturing process of the magnetic head and the recess is formed without any purpose as described above, the recess becomes inaccurate, which is totally undesirable because it leads to unevenness in the inverted trapezoidal or triangular shape.
Since the above problem occurs when forming a thin film layer including a plurality of thin films having different etching rates, it is not typical of the manufacturing process of the magnetic head but also unavoidable in the manufacturing process of other electronic component elements such as an integrated circuit as long as having such a thin film layer structure.

Shaping method of thin film and manufacturing method of perpendicular recording magnetic head using the same


A dry cleaning system and method includes having a rotatable basket therein for receiving to-be-cleaned clothing articles. A fluid circulating system provides for the circulation filtering and cleaning of dry cleaning solvent through the cleaning basket and clothes therein. An air circulating system includes a motor driven fan together with a solvent recovery station utilized to pass heated air through the basket and clothing therein to extract the solvent therefrom. A steam injection system is periodically operated during the drying and reduction portions of the dry cleaning cycle to improve the efficiency of solvent recovery and increase the effectiveness of the dry cleaning system.

Dry cleaning establishments have become extremely commonplace throughout most of the industrialized nations of the world and have, for many years, provided valuable services in cleaning, sanitizing and restoring the usefulness of many fabrics and clothing garments which are not suitable for laundering operations. While the specific structures used in such dry cleaning operations vary somewhat with design, generally all utilize a closed drum having a rotatable tumbling basket disposed therein for receiving a quantity of clothing articles or the like for dry cleaning. The drum is equipped with an access door which is closed and preferably sealed during cleaning operations. The basic cleaning cycle involves the introduction of cleaning solvent into the drum and basket which is circulated through various filters as the tumbling basket is agitated or rotated to tumble the clothing articles through the solvent. At some point, usually under the control of a master timer, the solvent is extracted in a cycle which culminates in a high speed spin operation. Thereafter, a drying cycle is carried forward in which heated air is circulated through the basket and clothing articles. Often, the heated air used in drying is repeatedly heated prior to passing through the clothing articles and cooled thereafter to condense solvent out of the air and then reheated prior to the next circulation through the drying clothing articles. Once the drying cycle is complete, a reduction or cool down cycle is carried forward afterwhich the dry cleaning operation is complete.
When originally employed, such dry cleaning operations were relatively free of environmental concerns and regulations. Thus, in many early dry cleaning machines, the circulated air was simply vented to the atmosphere to carry away the solvent during the drying operation. However, recent environmental laws and regulations have imposed very strict constraints upon dry cleaning operations. In general, these regulations and laws have mandated the use of closed systems which do not vent solvent into the atmosphere generally. In addition, the environmental laws and regulations have essentially made necessary more efficient solvent recovery throughout the entire dry cleaning operation. The objective in addition to concerns over directly vented air into the atmosphere has also focused upon minimizing the solvent vapor vented between operations during unloading and loading as well as minimizing the amount of solvent residual remaining in clothes articles at the completion of the dry cleaning cycle. Many of the regulations and laws recently enacted have the stated purpose of reducing the solvent contaminants in the environment to avoid damage to the health and well being of laborers operating such machines. These regulations have an additionally stringent aspect to them in that the dry cleaning establishment environment often includes multiple dry cleaning machines as well as substantial quantities of recently cycled clothing articles awaiting pickup and removal. Thus, measurements directed to the total solvent content within the air at the cleaning facility essentially monitor the cumulative effect of many solvent sources.
While present available dry cleaning systems if properly operated may, in most instances, meet the present environmental and workplace safety regulations, they do so only if properly maintained and operated and optimally constructed. In view of the clear trend of environmental laws and regulations as well as workplace safety laws toward evermore strict and demanding requirements, it appears to be clear that present day dry cleaning systems will not be capable of meeting such stricter laws and regulations. Thus, there remains a continuing need in the art for evermore environmentally acceptable and safe to operate dry cleaning systems.

Dry cleaning system and method having steam injection


One or more apparatus and method for compressing xvYCC or sRGB color to a narrower color gamut. Embodiments may be utilized in processing images/video image sequences provided in a wide gamut color space for display in standard RGB color space. In further embodiments, an sRGB or xvYCC compliant input is compressed to a gamut narrower than sRGB. Embodiments where a narrow output color gamut lacks a fully-defined 3D color space, semi-fixed-hue gamut compression may be performed by adjusting parameters provided to a fixed-hue compression module capable of mapping 3D color space representations between well-defined gamuts.

A graphics engine, graphics processing unit (GPU), or visual processing unit (VPU), is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer typically intended for output to a display. GPUs may be found in embedded systems, mobile phones, tablets, notebook computers, high performance computation (HPC) servers, and game consoles. In addition to manipulating computer graphics, a highly parallel architecture also enables a GPU to more generally perform processing of large blocks of video stream and image data in parallel.
Video streaming and display devices are now ubiquitous in electronic media. With the rapid development of image and video display devices, the colors and images can be received, manipulated, and reproduced in a variety of color gamuts. Such video/image data are often exchanged between devices having differing output display color gamuts. A device with narrower color gamut that simply clips all values outside the available display gamut may cause loss of details and a reduction in the sense of depth that reduces image quality and disrupts a user's viewing experience. Mapping between color gamuts of differing size (e.g., compression of pixel color values within a wider gamut to a narrower gamut) has therefore become an important function in graphical media processing.
International Color Consortium (ICC) color management defines a limited set of controls for gamut mapping while leaving the user to adjust the original image to fit their final aesthetic goal. These are formally defined as rendering intents which includes four general categories of gamut mapping: (a) Perceptual, which maps all colors smoothly into the target gamut, although those outside of the target gamut will move relatively more than those inside; (b) Saturated, which maintains relative saturation values of colors; (c) Relative colorimetric, which is a minimal color transformation that usually projects out-of-gamut colors to the gamut surface with little or no mapping of in-gamut colors; and (d) Absolute colorimetric, which matches measured value to measured value without aligning the neutral axes.
Gamut mapping/compression methods and systems covering one or more of the gamut mapping categories, which for example may be implemented within a device GPU, may improve user experience and therefore add significant value and functionality to a host electronic media device.


An integral sail to generate a propulsion following a thrust from the wind has an integral layered structure delimited externally by a first external layer and by a second external layer, both made with a smooth layer of thin and continuous film of flexible material. Furthermore, to each of said first external layer and second external layer at least a layer of parallel fibers, adjacent to each other, is associated internally with respect to the layered structure. The whole is made solid by means of at least a layer of thermofusible glue, disposed inside the external layers and in coordination with the corresponding layers of parallel fibers.

Sails for vessels are known, in particular but not exclusively cruise sails and regatta sails, which use the kinetic energy of the wind or canalizations thereof to confer a propulsive thrust to said vessels.
Sails are normally bent to a mast and cooperate with a boom at the base, or are bent or cooperate with a mainstay. They are normally obtained by putting together sailcloths according to various theories or practical embodiments.
Sails that are known and seen in nautical activities, unless they are small size sails for windsurfing, all have at least an overlap line, in which two parts or sailcloths of a sail are stably joined together.
The overlap line, especially where the nautical activity has to exploit to the utmost the thrusting action of the wind, entails poorer performance, although limited.
It is therefore a disadvantage of this type of known sail, as used in cruise and regatta vessels, that the overlap lines contradict the content of the patents that should protect said sails, but in practice give valid results only on paper.
Furthermore, one problem of known sails as used in cruise and regatta vessels that arises in nautical activity is the continuity of the surface. This is a performance factor, and even small discontinuities, creating small vortexes, create an overall drop in performance of the sail. Such discontinuities can be created, for example, by the conformation of the material used, or by air bubbles trapped in the resin or glue that makes up the surface on which the wind flows. In order to eliminate the loss in performance that these discontinuities entail, it is therefore necessary, for example in a regatta, to try, obsessively and painstakingly, to recover each and every feature that can give even a minimally better performance.
Another disadvantage of known sails as used in cruise and regatta vessels is the construction of the sail in terms of strength and cost, especially where complex machines have to be used to make the sail and where, apart from the complex machines, the sail then has to be completed manually (for example by overlapping segments of sail).
Apart from the uncertainties of the auxiliary human intervention, the costs of such a sail increase, reducing the possibility of access to such high performance sails.
There is also the factor of strength (and conformation) of the sails: it is well known that sails are studied and made according to precise ranges of specific winds.
Document EP-A-1.114.771 describes a composite material for making a sail, comprising a pair of thin polymer films, suitable to obtain a sandwich inside which a layer is inserted, consisting of a two- or three-dimensional mesh. The known composite material also provides two layers of individual fibers, not parallel and mutually intersecting, disposed on each face of the mesh, each in direct contact with a respective flexible polymer film. The layers are bound to the mesh and the respective flexible films by means of a glue, and by carrying out a calendering operation.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 6,302,045 (US'045) describes a molded three-layer sail, obtained by rolling together three reinforced triangular layers of film in a mold. Each triangular layer is designed for a respective corner of the sail, that is, tack corner, head corner and clew corner. Each layer consists of a plurality of triangular parts that start from a respective one of the three corners of the sail, so that the parts in each layer overlap in the body of the sail. Each triangular layer includes a plurality of primary reinforcement elements in the form of threads, attached to one side of a film by means of a layer of adhesive applied to the film. These reinforcement elements in the form of threads run parallel to and distanced from each other, parallel to a long side, from the peak of the triangle. Possibly, additional transverse reinforcement threads or elements may also be present. With the construction proposed in US'045, the parallel reinforcement threads of each triangular layer are transverse and intersect with the threads of the other triangular layers, because the threads run from a respective peak of the triangular layer, which for the three triangular layers will be respectively the tack corner, the head corner and the clew corner, which cannot overlap.
The present invention therefore has a plurality of aims and purposes, all suitable to overcome the limits of the state of the art as identified above, and also to give other advantages as will be evident in the following description.
It is therefore one purpose of the present invention to obtain a truly integral sail, that is, without external overlapping of two or more important parts of the sail.
It is also a purpose of the present invention to obtain a sail having a smooth surface on both sides and hence without discontinuities, even small ones, created by possible air bubbles or other in the material (resin or glue) that makes up the surface on which the wind flows.
It is also a purpose of the invention to obtain sails suitable to be used in a range of winds, also comprising very fast winds.
Another purpose of the present invention is to perfect a method that allows to obtain sails with operative continuity, simply and fast.
It is also a purpose to obtain sails having a profile suitable both for the type of sailing for which they are designed, and also for the type of wind for which they are made.
The Applicant has devised, tested and embodied the present invention to overcome the shortcomings of the state of the art and to obtain these and other purposes and advantages.

Integral sail and corresponding method of production


A glass encapsulation structure and an injection molding device are provided. The encapsulation structure includes: a guide piece; and an encapsulation component, wherein the guide piece is fixed to a side surface of a glass through the encapsulation component, wherein the guide piece includes a strip part, a bump and a positioning hole, wherein the strip part has a first surface, and a second surface opposite to the first surface and facing an interior of a vehicle body when the guide piece is mounted onto the vehicle body, the bump is located on and perpendicular to the first surface, the positioning hole is formed in the bump, an axis of the positioning hole is perpendicular to the side surface of the glass, and the positioning hole matches a positioning pin in an injection molding device in an injection molding process. A yield of encapsulation structures may be improved.

Vehicle glass, such as a side window, a front window and a rear window, can provide a clear vision for drivers, together with sealing and protection functions.
Chinese patent publication No. CN202241788U discloses a vehicle side window. FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a diagram of the side window. Referring to FIG. 1, the side window includes: a triangular window 1, an encapsulation 2 around the triangular window 1, and a black ceramic coating 3, where the black ceramic coating 3 is formed on edge surfaces of the triangular window 1, and the encapsulation 2 is attached on the black ceramic coating 3 by an injection molding process.
The encapsulation may improve the sealing of a vehicle glass and further extend a service life of the vehicle glass. In existing techniques, to reduce the space between a quarter window and a door window, when a glass encapsulation is formed using an injection molding process, a part of a guide piece is pre-injection molded in the glass encapsulation, to fix the guide piece with the quarter window.
However, existing encapsulation structures in a fixed connection with guide pieces are prone to have defects, which may increase a defect rate of the encapsulation structures. Referring to FIG. 2, an existing encapsulation structure 12 does not cover a guide piece 11 completely, thus, a portion of the guide piece 11 is exposed. As a result, a yield of encapsulation structures is reduced.

Glass encapsulation structure and injection molding device


A particle analyzing apparatus including a particle measuring section that measures a number or concentration of particles in a sample gas; a component analyzing section that measures an amount of each component of the particles in the sample gas; a flow path that branches into a first flow path that introduces the sample gas to the particle measuring section and a second flow path that introduces the sample gas to the component analyzing section; a first adjusting section that is provided in the first flow path and dilutes the sample gas with a dilution gas and introduces the diluted sample gas to the particle measuring section to adjust a measurement range of the particle measuring section; and a second adjusting section that is provided in the second flow path and adjusts an introduction time during which the sample gas is introduced to the component analyzing section.

The contents of the following Japanese patent application are incorporated herein by reference:
NO. 2016-013697 filed on Jan. 27, 2016.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a particle analyzing apparatus.
2. Related Art
There has been interest in technology for measuring particles such as PM2.5 in the air. A conventional particle measuring apparatus is known that measures the number and size of particles based on laser light scattered by the particles in sample air, as shown in Patent Document 1, for example. Furthermore, a component analyzing apparatus is known that analyzes the amount of each component of the particles in a sample gas, as shown in Patent Document 2, for example. Yet further, a measuring apparatus is known that dilutes exhaust gas with dilution air, in order to expand the measurement range according to the concentration of the exhaust gas when measuring exhaust gas containing a high concentration of particles, as shown in Patent Document 3, for example. In this measuring apparatus, a portion of the diluted exhaust gas is guided to the measuring apparatus and the number of particles contained in this gas is counted.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2012-189483
Patent Document 2: International Publication WO 2011/114587
Patent Document 3: International Publication WO 2010/116959
In order to perform multiple types of analyses on the target particles, there is an idea of using a composite particle analyzing apparatus that includes both a particle measuring section and a component analyzing section. However, when uniformly diluting the sample gas and performing measurement with the particle measuring section and the component analyzing section, there are cases where the detection sensitivity of one of the particle measuring section and the component analyzing section is reduced. Accordingly, there have been cases where it is difficult to expand the measurement range while preventing a decrease in the detection sensitivity in the particle analyzing apparatus including the particle measuring section and the component analyzing section.


There is provided a recording/reproducing apparatus, e.g., digital video tape recorder, etc., applicable to a transmission system sufficiently utilizing communication capacity. The recording/reproducing apparatus comprises a recording element (e.g., rotary head) for recording, onto a recording medium (e.g., magnetic tape), time base compression processing implemented digital data delivered from the external, e.g., broadcasting station side, etc.; a control circuit for carrying out a control to read out the digital data from the recording medium at a speed lower than a recording speed in dependency upon the time base compression processing implemented to the digital data; and an output circuit for outputting, as a reproduced output, digital data which has been read out from the recording medium. In addition to the above-mentioned ordinary reproduction, in the case of carrying out fast-feed reproduction or rewinding reproduction, the control circuit carries out a control such that the magnetic tape runs at a higher speed, and the output circuit selects and outputs only valid digital data of digital data obtained by tracing of the rotary head.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a recording/reproducing apparatus and a reproducing apparatus suitable when used in, e.g., a digital video tape recorder equipment, etc.
2. Description of the Related Arts
Nowadays, digital signal processing technology is being remarkably developed in broadcast using ground wave, satellite broadcast, cable television (CATV), telephone line and the like for transmitting picture signals and/or audio signals, because the transmission band is limited. There is proposed, in order to effectively utilize such limited transmission band, a compression transmission broadcasting system to compress not only picture data and audio data but also the time base by using digital signal processing technology to transmit picture/audio data which has undergone data compression and time base compression.
A compression transmitting apparatus for realizing such compression transmission broadcasting system is composed, of as shown in FIG. 6, a MPEG (Moving Picture Expert Group) encoder 100, a time base compressing circuit 101, and a frame forming (encoding) and modulating circuit 102.
The MPEG encoder 100 adaptively carries out switching between intraframe coding processing and interframe coding processing for compressing the picture data to conduct coding, and carries out motion compensating predictive coding in the interframe coding processing.
In the above example, the MPEG encoder 100 divides one picture comprised of, e.g., one frame or one field into so called macroblocks comprised of, e.g., 16 pixels.times.16 pixels to carry out motion compensating predictive coding in units of these macroblocks.
In more practical sense, as shown in FIG. 5, as the processing of the first stage, motion compensating predictive coding is successively implemented to Predictive-coded pictures (hereinafter simply referred to as P pictures) jumping over a predetermined number of pictures successive in point of time.
As the processing of the second stage, motion compensating predictive coding is implemented to Bidirectionally predictive-coded pictures (hereinafter simply referred to as B pictures) put between the P pictures or Intra-coded pictures (hereinafter simply referred to as I pictures) by using P picture or I picture before and after. It is to be noted that I picture is a picture subject to intraframe coding processing, i.e., a picture which is not subject to motion compensating predictive coding.
The MPEG encoder 100 carries out compression of picture data every predetermined block in this way to thereby allow the transmission rate of picture/audio data of the picture data and audio data obtained from an audio encoder (not shown) to be, e.g., 1.5 Mbps to deliver it to the time base compressing circuit 101.
The time base compressing circuit 101 implements a predetermined time base compression processing to picture/audio data every block to which the data compression processing has been implemented to thereby allow the transmission rate of the picture/audio data to be, e.g., 15 Mbps to deliver it to the frame forming and modulating circuit 102. Namely, since picture/audio data of 1.5 Mbps is compressed in a direction of the time base and is resultantly outputted as data of 15 Mbps, the time base is compressed to a degree ten times greater than that when no time base compression processing is implemented.
The frame forming and modulating circuit 102 implements frame formation processing for forming a transmission unit (frame) of picture data every block to which the data compression processing and the time base compression processing have been implemented and adding an error correcting code thereto. This circuit 102 further implements a predetermined modulation processing thereto to thereby form picture data having a transmission rate of, e.g., 25 Mbps to output it through transmission cable 103.
By implementing such processing, it is possible to transfer picture/audio data by effectively utilizing a limited frequency band. For example, it is possible to transfer cinema-like picture/audio data of two hours in 12 minutes (time which is one tenth of 120 minutes (two hours)).
It is to be noted that in the case of multiplexing channels, a multiplexer is provided at the preceding stage or the succeeding stage of the frame forming and modulating circuit 102. By this multiplexer, picture/audio data as described above are multiplexed.
In this multiplexing, if, e.g., transmission band of cable line 103 is 25 Mbps, it is possible to multiplex the picture/audio data of about 10 channels (1.5 Mbps.times.10 channels+redundancy=25 Mbps by addition of parity or modulation).
However, if time base expansion processing and data expansion processing, etc. are implemented to picture/audio data transmitted from the compression transmitting apparatus as described above so that original picture/audio data results to record it, a quantity of data to be recorded is increased. For example, there may take place an unreasonableness such that recording time as long as two hours is required while transmission time is 12 minutes.
Further problem is that since picture/audio data is transmitted in the state where complicated compression processing as described above are implemented thereto, a special decoder device is required for reproducing such data.

Recording and reproducing apparatus for reproducing time-base compressed signals dependent on the time-base compression implemented


A display device that includes an attachment part mountable on a head of a user, a control device to control the attachment part, and a transmission cable to connect the attachment part with the control device, further includes an imager; a first converter configured to convert a digital signal from the imager into an analog signal; a second converter configured to convert the analog signal into a video signal; a laser light generator configured to generate a laser light modulated depending on the video signal; an optical scanner configured to scan the laser light; and an optical projection system configured to project the scanned laser light to form an image. The imager, the first converter, the optical scanner, and the optical projection system are placed in the attachment part. The second converter and the laser light generator are placed in the control device. The analog signal and the laser light are transmitted via the transmission cable.

Conventionally, a display device has been known that is attached to the head of a user. For example, there has been a display device that includes a camera module, transmits a digital signal from the camera module to a control device via a cable, and allows the user to visually recognize an image generated by the control device (see, for example, Patent Document 1).


A method for facilitating the distribution of the flow of one or more streams within a bed vessel is provided. Disposed within the bed vessel are internal materials and structures including multiple operating zones. One type of operating zone can be a processing zone composed of one or more beds of solid processing material. Another type of operating zone can be a treating zone. Treating zones can facilitate the distribution of the one or more streams fed to processing zones. The distribution can facilitate contact between the feed streams and the processing materials contained in the processing zones.

Field of the Invention
The presently disclosed subject matter relates to facilitating the flow of streams within vessels utilized in the process industry.
Description of Related Art
The number of bed vessels installed and operating in industry totals in the tens of thousands worldwide. Bed vessels are usually large with diameters ranging from 4 to 18 feet and heights from 10 to over 100 feet. The volume of such bed vessels is substantially filled with bed vessel internals. Each year, the number of bed vessels that are shutdown or are constructed and commissioned totals in the hundreds. The designed lifetime of these bed vessels is typically measured in decades. Bed vessels used in industry contain appropriate internals which can include one or more beds of solid processing material elements which facilitate intended processing operations. Such solid processing material elements can include, for example, reaction-promoting catalysts and mass transfer-promoting agents including sieves and sorbents. Bed vessels and their contents represent a very sizable investment by the bed vessel owner.
The normal length of a typical bed vessel "on oil" operating cycle (from vessel startup to vessel shutdown) is measured in months or years. Normal operations are usually halted when bed vessel internals reach performance limits or when bed vessel operating conditions, such as temperature or pressure, exceed operating limits. Such shutdowns are typically followed by rejuvenation of, repair to and/or replacement of bed vessel internals followed by restart of operations.
It is known in the art to utilize suitable materials to promote flow distribution for streams entering bed vessels. The purpose of such distribution is to subdivide the streams into rivulets which improve stream contact with bed vessel processing materials. Three dimensional reticulates are known to promote flow distribution. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,258,900, 6,291,603 and 7,265,189 each describes such reticulated materials.
Many bed vessels face challenges associated with sustaining effective and efficient utilization of bed vessel internals including effective and efficient stream flow distribution across and throughout the beds of solid processing material elements installed in the bed vessels. Inadequate stream flow distribution leads to coalescence of small stream rivulets into larger streams resulting in stream flow channeling which can result in bypassing portions of the bed vessel processing internals.
Stream flow channeling within a bed vessel can occur and change over time due to shifts in operating conditions (e.g., changing compositions of feed streams), operations upsets (e.g., power surges/cuts, pump failures, etc.), natural or accelerated aging of bed vessel internals and the like. Channeling can occur when coalescence is facilitated by smaller fluid streams contacting each other or by contact with other bed vessel internals or with the bed vessel itself. Channeling is undesirable because it results in areas of underexposed and underutilized bed vessel internal materials and areas of overexposed materials. The former can result in significant loss of bed vessel productivity and profitability. The latter can result in so-called "hot spots" where sharp temperature gradients cause damage to the vessel and its internals.
One approach to coping with these situations has been to tolerate moderate bed vessel underperformance and operate the vessel until performance has degraded to an unacceptable level. At such a time, the bed vessel is shutdown so that bed vessel internals can be adjusted, rejuvenated or replaced. This mode of operation results in reduced "on-oil" operating time with accompanying loss of bed vessel productivity and profitability.
Another approach has been to install one or more conventional structured engineering devices at appropriate locations within the bed vessel to facilitate flow redistribution within and across the cross section of bed vessels and, in doing so, increase stream flow contact with bed vessel internals (including beds of solid processing materials) and reduce the negative consequences of stream flow channeling. Such conventional devices include engineered equipment structures that are typically form-fitted to the inside of the bed vessel and which can occupy up to ten feet of depth within the bed vessel. Such devices are costly to design, fabricate, install, operate and maintain and requires specially-trained personnel to do so. These conventional devices also require complex monitoring and containment systems to ensure segregation from other bed vessel internals. In the example of catalytic reactors, this applies to segregating conventional redistribution devices from catalyst via "catalyst containment" equipment and measures. Any loss of catalyst containment can result in process and safety risks. Considerable measures are taken and bed vessel space dedicated to ensuring that catalyst containment is ensured. The very presence of such conventional redistribution and containment equipment and the difficulty of sustaining their stable and controlled operation can lead to problems up to and including development of bed vessel shell hot spots leading potentially to rupture of the bed vessel itself.
The very presence of such conventional structured engineered devices consumes space that could otherwise be consumed by more productive and more profitable bed vessel internals, such as catalyst. An example of such a structured engineered apparatus and its use as a flow distributor is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,314,551 granted Jan. 1, 2008 to UOP, LLC of Des Plaines, Ill.
Improvements in this field of technology are desired.

Use of treating elements to facilitate flow in vessels


A method for precisely counting guest branch instructions in a virtualized computer system is described. In one embodiment, guest instructions execute in a direct execution mode of the virtualized computer system. The direct execution mode operates at a first privilege level having a lower privilege than a second privilege level. A branch count of previously executed first privilege level branch instructions is maintained as instructions execute. Execution of a first privilege level branch instruction caused by a control transfer to the direct execution mode is detected. Responsive to the detection, a guest branch instruction count is determined based on the first privilege level branch count.

A virtual machine is an abstraction—a "virtualization"—of an actual physical computer system. FIGS. 1A and 1B show two possible arrangements of virtualization software in a computer system 70 that implements virtualization. A virtual machine (VM) 20 or "guest" is installed on a "host platform," or simply "host," which will include system hardware 10 and virtualization software 80, which comprises one or more layers or co-resident components including system-level software, such as an operating system or similar kernel, or a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor as described in more detail below, or some combination of these. The system hardware typically includes one or more processors 11, memory 13, some form of mass storage 14, and various other devices 17.
In the conceptualization of virtual machines shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, each VM 20 includes both virtual system hardware 28 and guest system software 29. The virtual system hardware typically includes at least one virtual CPU 21, virtual memory 23, at least one virtual disk 24, and one or more other virtual devices 27. It should be understood that the various virtualized hardware components of virtual system hardware 28 are merely conceptual representations of an execution environment for the guest operating system and applications. As suggested by the dashed box indicating the virtual system hardware 28, components of virtual system hardware 28 do not exist as physical or software entities, but instead are actually implemented by virtualization software 80 using known techniques to emulate the corresponding physical components. While the components of virtual system hardware 28 are implemented by virtualization software 80, the state of these components forms part of the state of VM 20, and are therefore represented within VM 20. Guest system software 29 includes a guest operating system (OS) 22 and drivers 25 as needed for the various virtual devices.
A single VM may be configured with one or more than one virtualized processor. Symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems can be virtualized so that each VM can access the resources of multiple virtual processors, which may be mapped to one (using time-slicing) or more than one physical processor of the host platform. In this manner, each guest VM executes on system hardware 10 and physical CPU(s) 11 in its own "context," which is provided by virtualization software 80. A "context" generally includes the state of all virtual address space, as well as the set of registers (including privilege registers), with all hardware exception and entry points. Thus, although they share system resources, each guest VM is isolated from one another and from the virtualization software. Applications 26 running on each VM may function substantially as they would if run directly on a physical computer, even though the applications are running at least partially indirectly. Executable files may be accessed by guest OS 22 from the virtual disk 24 or virtual memory 23, which are mapped to portions of the actual physical disk 14 or memory 13, respectively, which portions are allocated to that VM by virtualization software 80. The design and operation of virtual machines are well known in the field of computer science.
Virtualization software 80, also referred to herein as "virtualization software layer," or "virtualization layer," may include one or more software components and/or layers, possibly including one or more of the software components known in the field of virtual machine technology as "virtual machine monitors" (VMMs), "host operating systems," or virtualization "kernels." As used herein, the term, "virtualization software" refers generally to software that enables virtualization in a virtual computer system. Virtualization software 80 is generally located logically between all virtual machines and the underlying hardware platform and/or system-level host software. FIGS. 1A and 1B show one or more virtual machine monitors that appear as separate entities from other components of the hypervisor and perform functions as described in more detail below. Those skilled in the art may recognize that such a representation of these components is provided only for the sake of simplicity and clarity and by way of illustration. The distinctions between and among the various components of a virtualization system are not always so clear-cut, and the use of the term "virtual machine monitor" or just "VMM" is meant to encompass the component(s) in the virtualization software that perform the indicated functions, regardless of what name they are given.
Computer system 70 may be fully virtualized or para-virtualized. As the term implies, a "para-virtualized" system is configured in some way to provide certain features that facilitate virtualization. For example, guest operating system 22 may be designed to avoid hard-to-virtualize operations and configurations. For example, the guest operating system may be written so that it avoids certain privileged instructions, certain memory address ranges, etc. As another example, a para-virtualized system may include an interface within the guest that enables explicit calls to other components of the virtualization software. The phrase "degree of virtualization" refers generally to the extent to which the guest operating system is specialized to support virtualization.
FIG. 1A shows a "non-hosted" configuration, whereas FIG. 1B shows a "hosted" configuration. The non-hosted configuration illustrated in FIG. 1A deploys one or more VMMs 30-30n on top virtualization kernel 60. Kernel 60 is constructed specifically to provide efficient support for VMMs 30-30n. In particular, kernel 60 includes device drivers to manage and control physical system hardware 10, and to assign and distribute resources to VMMs 30-30n. A console operating system 42 and associated applications 43 may be provided to e.g., as a boot-loader for kernel 60, to provide a user interface to allow a user (e.g., an administrator) control over the operation of kernel 60, and/or to interact with applications executing on each of the virtual machines. Of course, administrative functions of kernel 60 and VMs 20 may be accessed remotely via a network.
In the hosted configuration shown in FIG. 1B, VMMs 30-30n run directly on the hardware platform along with host operating system 50. In a hosted virtualized computer system, an existing, general-purpose operating system forms "host" operating system 50 that is used to perform certain input/output (I/O) operations, alongside and sometimes at the request of a VMM. In this configuration, host operating system 50 includes driver 58 and one or more executable applications 56 that serve a number of virtualization functions, including provide an data interface between VMMs 30-30n and physical devices, manage and distribute system resources, and provide user interfaces to virtualization system and the inputs and outputs to each of the virtual machines. Host operating system 50, installed drivers 54, VM applications 56, along with other user applications 43 form host system software 52. The Workstation product of VM ware, Inc., of Palo Alto, Calif., is an example of a hosted, virtualized computer system, which is also explained in U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,847 (Bugnion, et al., entitled "System and Method for Virtualizing Computer Systems"). Thus, the term "host" in this particular context refers to the host operating system that is used to support a virtual machine, whereas, generally speaking, it refers to the physical host platform on which the virtual machine resides.
With respect to terminology, it should be noted that kernel 60 shown in the non-hosted system in FIG. 1A is not the same as the operating system kernel within the guest operating system 22. As is well known, every operating system has its own kernel. Note also that kernel 60 is part of the "host" platform of the VM/VMM as defined above even though the configuration shown in FIG. 1A is commonly termed "non-hosted." Kernel 60 may be considered to be both part of the host platform and part of the virtualization software. The difference in terminology is one of perspective and definitions that are still evolving in the art of virtualization.
A virtual machine environment provides a convenient platform for efficient logging and replay of execution. Logging and replaying the execution of a virtual machine has several applications such as, for example, debugging, fault tolerance, and trace driven simulations. For example, logging and replaying allows a computer architect to perform detailed analysis of run-time information in an offline environment using trace simulations. Logging and replay can also be used to improve fault tolerance by enabling a virtual machine to recover from a system error by replaying execution from the last known save point. With regard to debugging, logging and replaying allows an analyst to identify what causes software bug to occur by recording the computer operation when the error is reproduced, and then stepping through the execution while reviewing the system state at each step to identify the cause.
Injecting recorded non-deterministic events at the correct time during playback of execution requires precisely counting instructions and branch occurrences to ensure fidelity of the playback with the original execution. Unfortunately, due to limitations of processor architecture, prior attempts at accurately counting execution branches has not been wholly successful. Accordingly, there is a need for a method for precisely counting branch instructions, e.g., for logging and replaying execution in a virtualized computing environment.

Precise branch counting in virtualization systems


The closure of the invention for an aperture has strips interlinked articulatedly via hinges in such a way that the distance between adjacent strips defines a space in which the hinge pins engage. Rubber sealing strips are fitted to interconnect adjacent strips; they are arranged coaxially with the hinge pins and engage with the strips virtually without any clearance.

The invention relates to a closure element for an aperture which can be moved from a closing or closed position into an open position of the aperture.
Such a closure element is known per se in a horizontally movable rolling door. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,092,534.
In DE-A-3 244 743, a rolling wall for refrigerating and insulating containers is also known. The rolling wall consists of a heat insulating material and is provided with heat insulated compound profiles made of light metal. The compound profiles are equipped at their adjacent longitudinal edges with respectively undercut grooves. For the connection of facing slats, a connecting strap produced from rubber or from a correspondingly elastic material is provided which interlockingly engages the undercut grooves of the compound profiles.
It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,033,284 to utilize hinge straps for an angling connection of the slats in a rolling door.
A further known example of such a closure element for an aperture is a rolling armor of a rolling door functioning as a vertically opening closure of a walk-through or drive-through door aperture, consisting of slats which can be angled relative to one another and which are guided into the closing position on the two side edges of the door aperture by means of vertical guide rails, said rolling armor being moved up into the open position and wound by means of a winding shaft to which the rolling armor is fastened.
The rolling armor, functioning as the part of a rolling closure which closes off and protects the door aperture, consists of slats, typically profiled parts, for example extruded aluminum materials, connected to one another in an articulated manner. The height of the individual slats is, usually approximately 80 to 120 mm.
These profiled parts are usually provided as push-in profiles which, by virtue of their shape, are connected to one another in an articulated manner, without further connection members, to form the rolling armor. In a typical aluminum extruded profile, the joint is designed, for example, as a cup and web, so that, with the profiles pushed into one another, the joint thus formed can absorb and withstand the forces which occur when the rolling armor is being wound up. Typically, the connection of the slats which is shaped to form a joint has a large play. Moreover, the shape, with the profiles pushed into one another, should be designed so that dirt and water are prevented from settling in the joints and sufficient sealing against wind is guaranteed.
Furthermore, closure elements for an aperture are known in so-called sectional doors which are likewise used for large door apertures. The conventional sectional door consists essentially of an armor having comparatively high sections which can be folded out of a vertical closing position into an upper horizontal position underneath the ceiling by means of a cable drive.
The comparatively large height of the individual sections which is used in sectional doors ensures, as a result of the reduced number of connecting elements for the sections, such as hinges or the like, and also a reduction in the number of end faces to be sealed off, a mechanically altogether more compact design, with correspondingly better strength against attack by wind and safety against unauthorized opening. Moreover, the large height of the individual sections makes it possible to provide transparent portions in the form of glass or plastic windows.
As a rule, in the closing position, the individual sections lie in alignment on one another, so that the entire end face of the particular section is available for the sealing. The sectional door thus appears as a fully closed door having a continuous outer surface, without intermediate gaps. Further improved sealing is brought about, for example, by rubber inserts which, in the closing position, are compressed by the sections lying above one another. Alternatively, the sections have a bulge which extends on one end face over the entire door width and which, when the sections are being pivoted into the same plane, engage into a corresponding depression of an adjacent section in the manner of a tongue-and-groove joint, thereby further improving the mechanical strength of the door leaf against wind pressure, even where large door widths are concerned.
On the inside of the door, the sections are connected by means of a plurality of individual hinges which are attached over the entire width of the door at particular intervals in such a number that sufficiently high strength and support is achieved. The hinges attached to the lateral edge of the sections are, as a rule, designed the same as a holder for a roller which can run in a guide rail of U-shape cross-section on the edge region of the sectional door. Since the individual hinges are attached to the sections in such a way that the sections can be folded away towards the inside, problems also arise here inasmuch as the parts of the hinges which are attached to the inside of the door and which project are visually displeasing and may cause injury. A further danger of injury in sectional doors is caused during the angling of the sections, by the open gaps occurring thereby, or during the folding back of the sections and the closing of the gaps.


A method to increase the damping of a substrate using a face-centered cubic damping material foil containing voids.

Engineering components, particularly rotating components such as turbine fan blades, compressor blades, impellers, blisks, and integrally bladed rotors (IBRs), commonly encounter vibrational stresses in operation. These vibrational stresses can fatigue the component and eventually cause the component to fail. In order to prevent component failure, researchers have investigated a number of approaches for attenuating the vibrations that develop under cyclic loading. Such approaches have included dry friction dampers, tuned-mass or particles, air cavities, shape memory alloys, viscoelastic dampers, and ceramic coatings. Another approach that has been considered for vibration damping is the application of a thin coating of a ferromagnetic material on a surface of a substrate. Examples of ferromagnetic materials are Fe alloys including combinations of one or more Al, Mo and Mn and Co alloys including combinations of one or more Ni, Cr, Mn, and Si. In particular, Fe—Cr based ferromagnetic materials comprising about 16% (by weight) chromium (Cr), either about 1% to about 6% aluminum (Al) or about 1% to about 4% molybdenum (Mo), and the balance iron (Fe), have been shown to exhibit high damping, as well as good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. As a result, the ferromagnetic materials are considered well-suited for applications involving severe and hostile operating conditions, such as those experienced by turbine components. There are several drawbacks to prevent application of ferromagnetic materials for vibration damping enhancement. These drawbacks include: (I) ferromagnetic damping may be constrained by residual stresses during the coating processes; and (II) ferromagnetic damping is strain dependent and usually reaches to the maximum value at very low strain levels and quickly decays to low damping at high strain regions.
As mentioned, Fe—Cr based ferromagnetic materials have been shown to possess a high damping capacity. These ferromagnetic materials include magnetic domains, which are separated by magnetic domain walls. When the ferromagnetic material is exposed to external magnetic fields or stresses, the magnetic domain walls can move. When the movement of the magnetic domain walls is irreversible, a portion of the energy provided to the ferromagnetic material is dissipated as internal friction. This damping mechanism is commonly referred to as magnetomechanical damping. Thus, high damping in ferromagnetic materials is achieved due to the irreversible movement of the magnetic domain walls. If movement of the magnetic domain walls is constrained or hindered, the ferromagnetic material will not exhibit any appreciable damping. Unfortunately, conventional coating processes may create large residual stresses that act as obstacles to the movement of the magnetic domain walls. For example, in a conventional air plasma spray process, the residual stress is dominated by tensile quenching stresses; while in a conventional cold spray process, the residual stress is dominated by compressive peening stresses. As a result, a ferromagnetic coating applied to a substrate by conventional coating processes will provide no significant damping. In order to free up the movement of the magnetic domain walls, the common course of action is to subject the coated article to a high temperature annealing process. For example, one commonly suggested process includes an annealing process in a high vacuum at temperatures between 900° C. to 1200° C. for 6 hours. Such a high temperature annealing process is a critical drawback that has hindered the use of ferromagnetic materials in real world applications. For example, high temperature annealing of geometrically complex structural components, such as gas turbine engine components, can cause microstructural defects, decomposition, and precipitation in component substrate materials. Further, such high temperature annealing may warp or deform the structural component rendering the component unfit for its intended use. Thus there is a need in the art for a process capable of depositing a coating comprising a ferromagnetic damping material on a surface of a substrate without requirement of high temperature heat treatment.
The dependency of the strain or stress amplitude and the damping capability (characterized as loss factory η or Q−1) of ferromagnetic materials have been carefully evaluated. A number of vibration modal analyses/tests have been conducted on a flat polished beam specimen, made substantially entirely from the ferromagnetic material with composition contain of a mixture of Fe and Cr, and an active ingredient of Al or Mo. The weight ratios of Fe—Cr—Al or Mo are Fe-16% Cr-0% Al or Mo to Fe-16% Cr-6% Al or Fe-16%-4% Mo. As shown in FIG. 6, high damping capability and the damping dependence of the applied strain was obtained based on the experimental data at the first bending mode of a beam made entirely of the BCC Fe—Cr based ferromagnetic materials/alloys named as "low strain." The frequency response results clearly show that the damping capacity of the coating specimen improves as the forcing acceleration increases. However, the damping increases rapidly as the forcing accelerations increases and reaches a stationary value as the maximum strain of the beam approaching 80 to 100 micro-strains and then decreases relatively quickly at higher strain regions. Fatigue failure in real turbine hardware is usually occurs under high strain or stress operating conditions. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a new ferromagnetic material capable of providing high damping at high strain regions. Thus there is a need in the art for a process capable of depositing a coating comprising a face-centered cubic ferromagnetic damping material on a surface of a substrate that exhibits a high damping capacity, particularly at high strain levels, without having to undergo a high temperature annealing process.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Damping method including a face-centered cubic ferromagnetic damping material, and components having same


The present disclosure provides a touch structure, a test method thereof, a touch panel and a display apparatus. In the touch structure, by taking touch driving electrodes as an example, a plurality of third leads which are insulated from each other and are in one-to-one correspondence with various touch driving electrodes are additionally provided, wherein each of the third leads has one terminal electrically connected to a corresponding touch driving electrode and the other terminal serving as a test point for testing whether there is an open circuit on the corresponding touch driving electrode and the corresponding first lead. In this way, two probes may be placed at a test point in a third lead and a first wiring terminal in a binding area respectively when an open circuit test is conducted on each of the touch driving electrodes and a corresponding first lead.

Touch panels may be divided into add on mode touch panels, on cell touch panels and in cell touch panels in accordance with composition structures thereof. In addition, touch panels may be divided into resistive touch panels and capacitive touch panels and the like in accordance with working principles.
In a conventional touch panel, there are mainly three types of connection manners between a touch electrode and leads. In the first type of connection manner, two leads are drawn from two terminals of the touch electrode, respectively, and the two leads are electrically connected to two wiring terminals in a binding area, respectively. In the second type of connection manner, two leads are drawn from two terminals of the touch electrode, respectively, and the two leads are electrically connected to a same wiring terminal in a binding area, that is, the touch electrode and the two leads form a closed loop structure. In the third type of connection manner, a lead is drawn from one terminal of the touch electrode, and the lead is electrically connected to a wiring terminal in a binding area.
In a process of manufacturing the touch panel, after the touch electrode and the leads are formed, it is required to test whether there is an open circuit on the touch electrode and the leads to ensure the yield rate of the touch panel. When an open circuit test is conducted on the touch electrode and the leads in the first type of connection structure, two probes may be placed at the two wiring terminals in the binding area, and a resistance between the two probes is tested to determine whether there is an open circuit on the touch electrode and the leads. The open circuit test on the touch electrode and the leads in the first structure will not be affected regardless of whether an insulating layer is laid on the touch electrode. When an open circuit test is conducted on the touch electrode and the lead(s) in the second type of connection structure and the third type of connection structure, two probes are required to be placed at the touch electrode and the wiring terminal in the binding area, respectively, and a resistance between the two probes is tested to determine whether there is an open circuit on the touch electrode and the lead(s). If an insulating layer is laid on the touch electrode, the probes cannot be electrically connected to the touch electrode, that is, it is not operable to conduct the open circuit tests on the touch electrode and the lead(s) in the second type of connection structure and the third type of connection structure.

Touch structure, test method thereof, touch panel and display apparatus

HEFEI XINSHENG OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


An air conditioner includes a heat-exchanger positioned in an outdoor unit and configured to conduct heat-exchange between air provided from outside of the outdoor unit and a refrigerant. The air conditioner also includes a fan configured to generate a flow of the air that is from the heat-exchanger to an outlet of the outdoor unit. The air conditioner further includes a driving unit configured to provide a driving force to the fan. In addition, the air conditioner includes a first member positioned in the flow of the air generated by the fan and a second member configured to guide a flow of the air to reduce collision between the air and the first member when the fan is operated.

In general, air conditioners are apparatuses that cool and/or heat air of an indoor space by heat-exchanging a refrigerant with indoor air and outdoor air. A split type air conditioner includes an indoor unit that cools and/or heats indoor air by heat-exchanging a refrigerant with the indoor air and an outdoor unit that cools and/or heats outdoor air by heat-exchanging a refrigerant with outdoor air.
The outdoor unit includes a blow fan for generating a flow of the outdoor air to exchange heat between the refrigerant circulating in an outdoor heat-exchanger and the outdoor air and a fan motor for driving the blow fan. The fan motor is fixedly mounted on a motor mount fixed by inside of the outdoor unit.


A torque tube/spar assembly (100) for transferring operational loads of a Variable Diameter Rotor blade assembly (16) to a rotor hub assembly (18) and includes a torque tube member (24), a spar member (30) and a bearing assembly (40a, 40b) for telescopically mounting the spar member (30) to the torque tube member (24) and furthermore defines an internal channel (62) for housing a retraction/extension mechanism (64) which mounts to an internally formed restraint surface (86) of the spar member (30) and is operative to vary the length of the rotor blade assembly (18). The torque tube member (30) has a substantially constant external geometry along the length of bearing assembly engagement and defines a root end region (102), a tip end region (106) and an intermediate transition region (104) disposed therebetween. The spar member (30) has a substantially constant internal geometry and defines a root end region (110), a first transition (112), an intermediate region (114), a second transition region (116), a restraint region (118) and a tip end region (120). Each of the various regions of the torque tube and spar members (24, 30) have a characteristic stiffness value wherein the characteristic values (104m, 106m) of the intermediate transition and tip end regions (104,106) of the torque tube member (24) are less than the characteristic stiffness value (102m) of the root end region (102) thereof, and wherein the characteristic stiffness value (118m) of the restraint region (118) of the spar member (30) is greater than said characteristic stiffness values (114m, 120m) of the intermediate and tip end regions (114, 120) thereof, and wherein the characteristic stiffness value (114m) of the intermediate region (114) is less than the characteristic stiffness values (110m, 112m, 116m, 118m) of the root end, first transition, second transition and restraint regions (110, 112, 116, 118).

A tilt rotor or tilt wing aircraft typically employs a pair of rotor systems which are supported at the outermost end of a wing structure and are pivotable such that the rotors thereof may assume a vertical or horizontal orientation. In a horizontal orientation, the aircraft is capable of hovering flight, while in a vertical orientation, the aircraft is propelled in the same manner as conventional propeller-driven fixed-wing aircraft.
Currently, tilt rotor/tilt wing aircraft employ conventional fixed-diameter rotor systems which, in the aerodynamic and aeroelastic design thereof, attempt to blend the competing requirements of hovering and forward flight modes of operation. For example, with regard to hovering flight, it is generally advantageous to employ a large diameter rotor to improve hovering performance by lowering disk loading, reducing noise levels, and reducing downwash velocities. Conversely, a relatively small diameter rotor is desirable in forward flight to improve propulsive efficiency by minimizing blade aero-elastic properties, minimizing blade area, and reducing tip speed (Mach number).
Variable Diameter Rotor (VDR) systems are known to provide distinct advantages over conventional fixed-diameter rotors insofar as such systems are capable of successfully operating in both modes of operation. That is, when the plane of the rotor is oriented horizontally, the rotor diameter is enlarged for improved hovering efficiency and, when oriented vertically, the rotor diameter is reduced for improved propulsive efficiency.
An example of a VDR system and VDR blade assembly therefor is shown in Fradenburgh U.S. Pat. No. 3,768,923 wherein each blade assembly includes an outer blade segment which telescopes over a torque tube member so as increase or decrease the rotor diameter. The outer blade segment includes a structural spar, i.e., the foremost structural element which carries the primary loads of the outer blade segment, a leading edge sheath assembly and trailing edge pocket assembly, which sheath and pocket assemblies envelop the spar section to define the requisite aerodynamic blade contour. The torque tube member mounts to a rotor hub assembly and receives the spar member of the outer blade segment. The torque tube member, furthermore, functions to transfer flapwise and edgewise bending loads to and from the rotor hub assembly while furthermore imparting pitch motion to the outer blade segment. The resultant torque tube/spar assembly forms a central channel for housing a retraction/extension mechanism. The retraction/extension mechanism includes a threaded jackscrew which may be driven in either direction by a bevel gear arrangement disposed internally of the rotor hub assembly. The jackscrew, furthermore, engages a plurality of stacked nuts which are rotationally fixed by the internal geometry of the torque tube member yet are permitted to translate axially along the jackscrew upon rotation thereof. Furthermore, centrifugal straps extend from each nut and are affixed via a retention plate to the tip end of the spar member. As the jackscrew turns, the stacked nuts are caused to translate inwardly or outwardly, thereby effecting axial translation of the outer blade segment. Systems relating to and/or further describing VDR systems are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,884, 594, 4,074,952, 4,007,997, 5,253,979, and 5,299,912.
While the operational requirements, i.e., the imposed loads, motions, vibratory environment etc., of conventional rotor systems and the design solutions to meet such requirements are well defined and documented, the requirements for a VDR system are still evolving. Hence, the design of such components as the rotor blade assembly, and particularly, the torque tube/spar assembly, present unique challenges which heretofore have not been addressed. For example, the telescoping feature of the VDR blade assembly necessitates that the torque tube member be relatively small, i.e., in chord and thickness dimension, to accept the enveloping outer blade segment. Accordingly, the torque tube member must be particularly robust or stiff to carry the combined flapwise, edgewise and torsional loads imposed by the outer blade segment.
Furthermore, the frequency response, and accordingly, the stiffness requirements of the blade assembly will vary depending upon the mass or weight distribution of the VDR blade assembly. For example, as weight penalties are incurred in the outer blade segment by, for instance, the addition of counterweights, non-optimum blade design or inefficient manufacturing methods, the in-plane or edgewise frequency of the blade assembly will decrease proportionally. Insofar as it is desirable for a VDR system to be "stiff-in-plane", e.g., have an edgewise frequency greater than about 1.3 cycles per revolution, to avoid resonant instabilities when retracting the outer blade segment, weight penalties incurred in the outer blade segment must be counteracted by increasing the structural stiffness, and, accordingly, the weight of the torque tube member. Weight penalties occurring farther outboard, e.g., at the tip end of the outer blade segment, exacerbate the stiffness/weight penalties incurred in the torque tube member.
Inefficient weight distribution of the VDR blade assembly can also have adverse effects on the overall weight and complexity of the retraction/extension mechanism. For example, one kilogram (2.2 lbs) of additional mass at the tip end of the outer blade segment produces nearly 6000N (1,350 lbs) of centrifugal force when the VDR blade assembly is in a fully-extended position. Insofar as centrifugal load is transferred to the rotor hub assembly by the retraction/extension mechanism, the strength and, consequently, weight thereof will increase substantially to react the additional centrifugal load.
Fradenburgh et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,71 3,751 addresses these problems by reducing the weight of the outer blade segment through the use of a modified structural spar and trailing edge pockets. More specifically, the structural spar of the outer blade segment includes a metallic C-shaped leading edge portion and a composite trailing edge pocket which is bonded thereto for closing the spar aft of the quarter chord. The modified spar and structural pockets eliminate certain requirements for leading edge counterweights thereby reducing the overall weight of the outer blade segment. While the teachings of Fradenburgh reduce the weight of the outer blade segment, the structural bonds formed between the C-shaped leading edge portion and the trailing edge pockets are potential sources of fatigue failure. Furthermore, the structural requirements for reacting the large compressive buckling loads are highest at the tip end of the outer blade segment. Accordingly, the configuration disclosed in Fradenburgh produces high tip end weight to accommodate the compressive buckling loads. As discussed supra, the concentration of weight at the tip end produces weight penalties in the torque tube, i.e., due to the edgewise stiffness requirements, and in the retraction/extension mechanism due to the imposition of large centrifugal loads.
The prior art references, including the Fradenburgh '751 patent, disclose constant wall thickness torque tube members which produce uniform weight distribution from the root end to the tip end thereof. Insofar as the imposed flapwise and edgewise bending loads increase from the root to the tip end of the torque tube member, it will be apparent that a constant wall thickness torque tube member which is optimally sized in the root end region for reacting such loads is non-optimally sized for the reduced loads experienced at the intermediate and tip end regions. Accordingly, a weight penalty is incurred in the regions outboard of the root end.

Torque tube/spar assembly for variable diameter helicopter rotors


Fluid systems are described herein. An example embodiment of a fluid system has a first body portion, a second body portion, a plurality of supports, a plurality of fluid pressurizers, and a plurality of ducts. The first body portion and the second body portion cooperatively define an injection opening, a suction opening, and a channel that extends from the injection opening to the suction opening. The fluid pressurizer is disposed within the channel cooperatively defined by the first body portion and the second body portion. Each duct of the plurality of ducts is disposed within the channel cooperatively defined by the first body portion and the second body portion.

Transportation vehicles, such as aircraft, have traditionally made use of propellers or jet engine propulsion systems to generate thrust and wings to generate lift to support the weight of the aircraft. Generally, the propulsion and lift-generating systems have been addressed as separate systems. Some airfoil systems have been developed that combine these systems by utilizing a conduit that is in communication with outlet and inlet openings defined on the wing of the aircraft. However, these systems do not provide alternatives for altering the fluid flow through the conduit to achieve greater propulsion and/or lift.
Therefore, a need exists for new and useful fluid systems.

Fluid systems that include a co-flow jet


An outboard motor includes an engine, and a top cowling and a bottom cowling that are arranged to cover the engine. A flow-joining pipe is connected to each exhaust port of a plurality of cylinders of the engine. A first exhaust pipe, a second exhaust pipe, and a third exhaust pipe are connected to the flow-joining pipe in sequence. The flow-joining pipe and the first exhaust pipe are connected generally at the same height as a bottommost of the cylinders of the engine. The third exhaust pipe is disposed above a topmost of the cylinders of the engine. A catalyst is disposed in a connecting portion between the first exhaust pipe and the second exhaust pipe so as to be housed in an upper end portion of the first exhaust pipe and in a lower end portion of the second exhaust pipe. The outboard motor is thus able to prevent water from adhering to a catalyst while avoiding any increase in size.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an outboard motor to be mounted in a boat.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, an outboard motor mounted in a boat has an upper casing and a lower casing, and an engine is disposed in the upper casing. An exhaust passage connected to a plurality of cylinders in the engine is disposed to extend from the inside of the upper casing to a bottom portion of the lower casing. The exhaust passage is provided with a catalyst that purifies exhaust gas.
In such a construction, exhaust gas flowing out from each cylinder to the exhaust passage is purified in the catalyst, and then discharged into water from the bottom portion of the lower casing.
A lower end portion of the exhaust passage is immersed in water. Therefore, water in the lower end portion of the exhaust passage may flow backward to an engine side as a result of negative pressure or the like that is generated in the engine. Especially, a four-stroke engine is largely affected by exhaust pulsation, so water is sucked into an engine side by strong force in the exhaust passage.
In order to prevent deterioration of the catalyst, water flowing backward in the exhaust passage must be prevented from adhering to the catalyst. To prevent water adhesion to the catalyst, an outboard motor in which a catalyst is disposed in an upper casing has been developed (for example, refer to JP-A-2000-356123).
However, even if a catalyst is simply disposed in the upper casing as indicated in JP-A-2000-356123, water adhesion to the catalyst cannot be sufficiently prevented when water flows backward in the exhaust passage. In addition, with the construction of the outboard motor described in JP-A-2000-356123, the catalyst must be disposed at an even higher position to securely prevent water adhesion to the catalyst. Accordingly, the size of the outboard motor is disadvantageously increased.


A floppy disk assembly is adapted to accommodate a floppy disk having a discrimination hole for discriminating a storage capacity and includes a detecting member, a cassette holding plate, a sliding plate, a lock member, and a rod member. The detecting member detects whether or not the discrimination hole is present. The sliding plate has a projection and is subjected to a spring action for causing the cassette holding plate to slide from a position at which the floppy disk is mounted/dismounted to a position at which writing/reading is performed by a magnetic head. The lock member engages or disengages with the projection on the sliding plate when the floppy disk is dismounted or mounted. A rod member is linked to one end of the lock member and is allowed to rotate as the floppy disk abuts the rod member upon the mounting of the floppy disk. The use of the rod member makes it possible to move the location of the lock member beyond the location of the hole detection member.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a floppy disk assembly, and more particularly to a floppy disk mounting/dismounting mechanism in the floppy disk assembly equipped with a capacity discrimination means.
(2) Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, e floppy disk assembly did not have a means to detect a capacity discrimination hole (hereinafter referred to as "hole detection means") which is provided in the vicinity of a head window shutter of the floppy disk having the date storage capacity of, for example, over 10 MB. In such a conventional assembly which did not have the hole detection means, the floppy disk mounting/dismounting mechanism is disposed et the location where the hole detection means should be located.
FIG. 1 shows in plan view an example of the conventional floppy disk assembly. A sliding plate 2 is slidably mounted on an assembly frame 1a. In FIG. 1, when the floppy disk 23 is pushed into a cassette holding plate (not shown), an abutment surface 24 of the floppy disk 23 directly pushes en abutting portion 26 of a lock member 7a. Other than those arrangements which relate to or associated with the floppy disk mounting/dismounting mechanism, the general configuration of the conventional floppy disk assembly shown in FIG. 1 is the same as or similar to that of the assembly according to the present invention. Thus, the explanation for such general configuration and operation, which will be made with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, is omitted here.
Since the floppy disk mounting/dismounting mechanism is subjected to pressure when a press button mounted on a push-button fixing portion 29 is actuated by the operator for dismounting or releasing the floppy disk from the floppy disk assembly, it is desirable that the mounting/dismounting mechanism and the press button be disposed on the same straight line. Thus, for providing the hole detection means in a way to meet such a desire, it becomes necessary to have the mounting/dismounting mechanism disposed at a location symmetrically opposite with respect to the center line of the assembly, that is the opposite or the left hand side, and also to have the press button moved to the same opposite side.
However, where the mounting/dismounting mechanism and the press button are moved to the left hand side, the operator must manipulate the press button with his left hand, which is inconvenient as it is normally desirable for the operator to be able to press the press button with his right hand.
Further, in order to arrange that the hole detection means be positioned at the location where the mounting/dismounting means in the above explained conventional arrangement is located, it is necessary to move the mounting/dismounting mechanism to a location which is further inside from the front panel side of the assembly in actual use (i.e., upper portion in the drawings). However, if such a change is to be made in the conventional arrangement, the location is which the floppy disk is actually mounted end the location of the mounting/dismounting mechanism will be apart from each other, in which case the mounting/dismounting mechanism cannot perform a proper interlocking operation simultaneously with the insertion of the floppy disk.

Floppy disk assembly having storage-capacity discrimination means


Novel calcium dialuminate/hexaluminate ceramic structures in the form of blends, laminates and composites, and processes for making these structures are disclosed. The ceramics of the invention exhibit relatively lower levels of thermal expansion, high strengths, and good thermal shock resistance over wide temperature ranges.

The present invention pertains to novel calcium dialuminate and hexaluminate ceramic structures in the form of blends, laminates and composites. The ceramics of the invention exhibit relatively low levels of thermal expansion, high strengths and good thermal shock resistance over wide temperature ranges.
Due to properties such as general strength, chemical inertness, temperature stability and electrical and thermal insulating capacity, ceramics have enjoyed wide commercial usage. Such applications include cookware, spark plug insulators, abrasive wheels, refractory linings, chemical processing, heat exchangers, filters, and automotive substrates, to name a few. However, many of the ceramic materials currently employed do not capably operate in extremely high temperature environments, such as above 1500.degree. C., or in environments where exposure to very large thermal gradients, such as between 25.degree. C. and 1700.degree. C., is required. Other ceramic materials capable of operating in such harsh environments need to be developed. The present invention is directed to this end.

Calcium dialuminate/hexaluminate ceramic structures


A tamper resistant subscription television converter is made by connecting a bandstop filter in the Radio Frequency circuit of the converter. The filter, for attenuating one or more preselected subscription television channels is connected in series at a location in the Radio Frequency circuit such that tampering with it would affect the converter's alignment. The filter is tuned to obtain maximum attenuation of the preselected channels and the converter is aligned for proper reception of the remaining channels. Any attempt to disable the attenuator results in unacceptable reception of all channels. A preferred bandstop filter is a constant K, T section L-C filter.

In conventional television broadcasting, each transmitter station is assigned a channel having a predetermined frequency bandwidth. In the United States the radio frequency band for all television channels is 54 megahertz to 300 megahertz, with each channel being 6 megahertz wide. By convention the video information is amplitude modulated on a carrier 1.25 megahertz above the lower boundary of the channel and the audio information is frequency modulated on a carrier 5.75 megahertz above the lower boundary of the channel.
A subscription television system such as a modern cable television system usually provides all of the commercial channels available in a subscriber's area and in addition offers special programs on an unused channel or channels in the television band. It is customary to charge an additional fee for these special programs and not all subscribers are interested in paying for and receiving such special programs. For those customers it is necessary to block the reception of such programs without adversely affecting reception of the remaining channels.
Various methods have been suggested for blocking, or interfering with a subscription television signal to render it unintellegible to unauthorized subscribers. Several such systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,099,203 to Garodnick et. al. for a "Television Signal Scrambling with Introduction of Replacement Program Signals". That patent discloses an apparatus for scrambling a subscription television channel by providing an interfering carrier intermediate the audio and video carriers of the channel. This interfering carrier may also carry a substitute audio and/or video message. These known methods require additional equipment to provide the interfering signals at the transmission site as well as apparatus in the subscription television converter for removing this signal at the receiving end for authorized subscribers.

Apparatus and method for tamper resistant channel attenuation in subscription television converter


An optical coupling system to couple a collimated beam with a waveguide made of semiconductor materials is disclosed. The waveguide is implemented in an optical modulator and/or an optical hybrid, and has a core with a restricted cross section because of the enhanced refractive index of the semiconductor materials. The collimated beam is focused on the core by the two-lens system including first and second lenses. The first lens, having a focal length shorter than a focal length of the second lens, is first aligned with the core, then, the second lens is aligned with the core as compensating deviations of the first lens induced during the fixation thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present application relates to a lens system for a collimated optical beam to enhance the optical coupling efficiency to an optical waveguide.
2. Background Arts
A technique to form a planar optical circuit (PLC) by semiconductor materials has been popular in the field. A conventional PLS is typically made of dielectric material such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3). Because the refractive index of most semiconductor materials is greater than that of LiNbO3, the PLC of semiconductor materials reduces not only a plane size thereof but a cross section thereof. The optical waveguide with a mesa structure has effective dimensions determined by a width of the mesa and a thickness of a waveguide layer. The former dimension extends to several micron-meters (μm) but the latter is forced to be limited to sub-micron meters.
Conventionally known technique to enhance the optical coupling efficiency to the waveguide is to provide a spot-size converter (SSC) in a vicinity of an end surface of a mother material on which the optical waveguide exposes. The SSC may equivalently expand the cross section of the waveguide. However, an SSC inherently has complicated structures to form, which raises a production cost of the optical waveguide.

Lens system to enhance optical coupling efficiency of collimated beam to optical waveguide


Disclosed are a wheel lightweight machining fixture and method. The fixture comprises a rotating chuck, an electric cylinder, a guide rail, a slide block, a first linear motor, radial positioning blocks and the like. When the electric cylinder drives the slide block to move along the guide rail, the position where an first ultrasonic thickness measuring sensor is in contact with a wheel spoke can be adjusted, so that the spoke thicknesses at different positions can be detected. Through motion of the turrets, an second ultrasonic thickness measuring sensor can contact the outer rim of the wheel and detect the rim wall thickness. By integrating a measurement feedback system into the manufacturing process, the disclosure provides a fixture and a method for minimum entity machining of the rim wall thickness and the spoke thickness of a wheel during the first stage turning process, thereby realizing lightweight manufacturing of the wheel.

On the premise of meeting the safety performance, wheels are gradually developed toward lightweight, and the lightweight of the wheels is not only beneficial to reducing the resistance and oil consumption of automobiles, but also improves the rotating and braking performance of the wheels. For wheel manufacturing enterprises, the weights of wheels are reduced, and aluminum scraps can be recycled to reduce the manufacturing cost, so lightweight manufacturing of wheels is an important technology. In the machining process of wheels, minimum entity manufacturing is an effective way for realizing lightweight production of wheels, i.e., the sizes of wheels are controlled according to minimum entities. The rim wall thicknesses and spoke thicknesses of wheels are key parts influencing the weights of the wheels, so in order to realize lightweight machining minimum entity control must be performed on the rim thicknesses and the spoke thicknesses.

Wheel lightweight machining fixture and method