This invention includes crash sensors designed to be used for side impact sensing and the strategies of using these sensors. If is analyzed and shown that velocity sensing or damped sensors are desirable for side impact sensing. Inertially damped sensors, with a damping force proportional to the square of velocity, is most appropriate. Such sensor can be made of plastic and in the shape of short round or rectangular cylinders. It is further concluded that these sensors should be installed on the side door structure of a vehicle. Other sensing strategies include installing sensors on three locations: one at the center of the side door, one just before the A-pillar, and one just after the B-pillar; and Safing (arming) sensors for side impact applications could be crush sensing switches.

Air bag passive restraint systems for protecting automobile and truck occupants in frontal collisions are beginning to be adopted by most of the world's automobile manufacturers. It has been estimated that by the mid-1990's all new cars and trucks manufactured will have air bag passive restraint sytems. These air bag systems are designed to protect occupants in frontal impacts only. Many people, however, are killed or seriously injured in side impacts, which typically involves one car running into the side of a second vehicle.
Approximately, one quarter of all injury-producing accidents in 1981, for example, were side impacts in which the direction of the force was determined to be within 45 degrees of the lateral axis of the vehicle. According to the National Highway Safety Council of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 22% of all fatalities were caused by interior side surfaces of the vehicle as compared to 68% of fatalities caused by frontal impacts that includes the steering wheel, windshield frame, instrument panel, and windshield. Since air bags are well on their way to alleviating injuries from frontal impacts, it is important now to focus on the next largest killer, side impacts.
In frontal impacts, the crush zone of the vehicle changes velocity early in the crash and sensors located typically within 12 inches of the front of the vehicle can, in most cases, sense the crash and initiate the inflation of the air bag long before the occupant has begun to move relative to the passenger compartment. Also, for most cases, there is little intrusion in the passenger compartment and thus the entire space between the occupant and the instrument panel or the steering wheel is available to cushion the occupant. In contrast, in side impacts there is almost always significant intrusion into the vehicle and the motion of the occupant relative to the vehicle interior begins immediately after impact. In addition, there is far less space for a restraint system and thus the injury-reducing potential of an air bag even if it were deployed in time, is substantially less for side impacts than for frontal impacts. For frontal impacts, air bags are designed to cushion a 50 percentile male in a vehicle travelling at 30 MPH into a barrier. It is unlikely similar protection for an absolute velocity change of the passenger could be achieved in side impacts for for the reasons listed above without major modifications to vehicle side structures. Nevertheless, a significant percentage of side impacts occur at velocities low enough where an air bag could be of significant help in mitigating injuries.
To design a crash sensor for side impacts, the side-intrusion characteristics of a vehicle and the behavior of various parts of a vehicle during a side impact must be studied and fully understood. In a technical paper by V. Castelli and D. Breed, "Trends in Sensing Side Impacts," (SAE 890603) presented at the 1989 SAE Congress and Exposition in Detroit, the side intrusion problems and general vehicle response characteristics are discussed. In this paper, it is assumed that the marginal condition for an occupant to be critically injured occurs when the occupant impacts the side door panel at a critical speed "V-cr". A relative velocity of 10 to 12 miles per hour has typically been considered a reasonable threshold. Based on this criterion, the desired response curve of a side impact crash sensor can be determined by the impact conditions, such as vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to pole, or truck-to-vehicle accidents. The following discussion, includes a brief summary of the aforementioned paper. For additional details, please refer to the paper.
The behavior of a struck vehicle depends on the striking object. Since most of the side impact accidents involve one vehicle impacting a second vehicle, consideration of this type of car-to-car crash is essential for the design of crash sensors. Define the struck vehicle as the "target" vehicle, and the striking vehicle as the "bullet" vehicle. For the discussion of side intrusion, consider the target vehicle comprising two parts: the side door beam and outer panel, and the passenger compartment. Once the side door is hit by the bullet vehicle, the door beam and outer panel deforms significantly while the passenger compartment only gains a relatively small velocity change in the early stage of a crash. The side intrusion or crush increases continuously after the early penetration until the entire car reaches a common final velocity later in a crash. The responses of the target and bullet vehicles are functions of the impact angle and location, the impact speed, and the stiffness and weights of the vehicles.
The velocity of the side door panel increases immediately after the impact to a maximum velocity comparable to the velocity of the bullet vehicle, V1. This rapid rise in velocity can happen within five to ten milliseconds. The passenger compartment experiences a relatively small velocity change during this stage of the crash. The difference in velocity between the side door and the passenger compartment manifests itself in the crush of the vehicle. As the side structure stiffens in the deep post-buckling range, the resistance force increases and starts to decelerate the side door panel until finally the side panel and the passenger compartment reach a common velocity, V2. This final velocity is estimated to be the momentum velocity, which is the original momentum of the bullet vehicle divided by the total masses of the bullet and target vehicles, assuming that the friction between the road surface and the vehicles is negligible and a perfectly plastic collision occurs. For two vehicles of the same mass and a 90.degree. impact of the moving bullet into a stationary target, the final velocity, V2, will be approximately equal to one half of V1.
Another critical parameter in the design of side impact sensor is the time when the occupant is hit by the side door inner panel, designated as t-hit. The deciding factors that influence t-hit are the stiffness of the vehicles, the impact condition, and the distance between the occupant and the side panel. In most of the side impact cases, t-hit occurs before the side door panel reaches the final velocity, V2. A crash sensor must trigger ahead of t-hit to allow the protective apparatus to deploy at an earlier time, defined as t-trigger. The gap between t-hit and t-trigger is the period needed for the inflatable system to deploy.
The velocity, at which the side door hits the occupant, is defined as V-hit. If the two vehicles are of equal weight in the 90.degree. impact described above, then the peak of velocity change of the side door panel can be as high as two times V-hit. For example, if V-hit is equal to 10 MPH, then the side panel of the target vehicle can experience a velocity rise up to about 20 MPH before it decelerates and finally reaches the final speed. In the marginally critical crashes, V-hit is equal to V-cr. This observation reveals that a crash sensor located at center points in the side door must require a velocity change higher than V-cr in an impulsive pulse, such as pulses in the range of 1-5 ms to trigger. Otherwise, if a crash sensor is responsive to an impulsive pulse with a velocity change of V-cr, then in many cases when the side door panel experiences a rapid velocity change of V-cr but finally a drop to one half of V-cr for equal mass vehicles, there will be many undesired initiations of the protection apparatus.
The above discussion on the velocity change, to which a crash sensor must respond, is based on the assumption that a velocity-type sensor is placed on the side door beam. A velocity-type sensor is a sensor which integrates a crash pulse and triggers when the velocity change exceeds a threshold value. Since a side impact crash sensor must not falsely trigger due to hammer blows or light pounding on the side door, which can cause significant local deformations on the side door, side door deformation can not be used as the only criterion for detecting the severity of a side impact accident. A side impact displacement type sensor which responds to the crush of the side door panel, therefore, could cause frequent inadvertent sensor triggering. A side impact sensor must also trigger for other side crashes when the side door is not directly hit but the impact is severe enough so that the occupant needs the protection of an inflatable system. A displacement-type sensor in these cases will not trigger until the side crush of the vehicle progresses to the location of the sensor. This will result in late triggering or no triggering of the sensor and no protection for the occupant. On the other hand, a velocity-type sensor will simply respond to the velocity change sensed in a crash, thus it can be adjusted to a desired sensitivity to predictably detect the occurrence of a side impact even though the side door is not hit directly. Based on the above observations, the velocity type sensor is appropriate for side impact inflatable systems. To ensure the effectiveness of sensing, it is reasonable that more than one sensor be used for side impact sensing, for example, one would be located just before the A-pillar, one just after the B-pillar, and one at the center of the side door. By implementing such a sensing system, it can be assured that at least one sensor will trigger for almost all side crashes in which the protection apparatus is needed.
Even though spring-mass inertial sensors also respond to a specified range of velocity changes, the sensitivity of these sensors increases as the pulse duration decreases. This means that these sensors will trigger with a smaller velocity change for pulses of shorter duration than longer duration. This trend contradicts the conditions of side impact sensing. On the other hand, viscously damped sensors, such as conventional ball-in-tube sensors, (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,974,350, 4,198,864, 4,284,863 and 4,329,549 all to D. Breed) respond to the same velocity change regardless of pulse duration. These sensors also do not meet the requirements of side impact sensors, which requires greater insensitivity for short, impulsive velocity changes. In inertially damped sensors, the motion of the sensing mass is opposed by a nonlinear damping force, such as a resisting force depending on the second power of the velocity induced by fluid flow through a restrictor such as an orifice. These sensors are naturally more sensitive to long pulses than to short pulses, but the sensitivity to very long pulses can be compensated by a high bias force. The ability to tailor the characteristics of these sensors in the range of pulses 5 to 50 ms makes them most appropriate for side impact sensing.
A crash sensor for sensing side impacts must be placed on the side door structure to be effective. This location is essential since it is sensing the velocity change of the portion of the vehicle which will eventually strike the occupant and therefore serves as a good predictor of V-cr. If this sensor is placed on the door beam just inside the door outer panel, it will respond very quickly to the impact. If the sensor were placed at some other location in the vehicle, it would necessarily respond more slowly to a side impact into the door. Any crash sensor, to function properly, must be designed to operate either in the crush zone or out of the crush zone. Since there is insufficient signal anywhere else in the vehicle for side impacts, they can only be sensed in time with crush zone sensors. This sensor, therefore, must be in the appropriate crush zone in order to sense the crash in time. If the side door is not hit directly, the pulse propagated to the side door is delayed and stretched in its duration, as compared to the pulse generated in a direct side door impact. Therefore, to be effective, a crash sensor must be more sensitive to these longer or stretched pulses.
In another extreme case, such as hitting a soft cushion, the whole target vehicle may be subjected to a side velocity change while there is not penetration or deformation to the side door, and the occupant will move toward the side door and eventually hit the inside panel. Suppose V-cr is equal to 10 MPH and the gap between the occupant and the inside door panel is typically about 5 inches, then t-hit is approximately equal to 57 milliseconds assuming that the occupant travels with an average of 5 MPH from a zero initial velocity to a final 10 MPH speed. Notice that the side door panel and the passenger compartment in this case experience the same pulse. This indicates that at t-trigger, which is ahead of t-hit by a period needed for deployment, a sensor located on the side panel must respond to a velocity lower than V-cr. Even though these conditions are very rarely encountered, they can provide a guideline for the sensor design for pulses in the range of 30 to 45 milliseconds. For example, if a pulse of 50 milliseconds duration with a velocity change of 10 MPH is considered a marginal pulse, then the sensor will need to respond predictably to a velocity change of 6 to 8 MPH in the range of 30 to 40 milliseconds.
It may be desirable for a side impact sensing system to include safing (arming) sensors in addition to the discriminating sensors described above. In frontal impacts, velocity-type low-bias sensors located in the passenger compartment are used for safing purposes. In side impact crashes, however, the crash pulse in the passenger compartment does not provide enough information at the time when the crush zone sensor is required to trigger. Therefore, it is difficult to use a passenger-compartment safing sensor for a side impact sensing system. Safing sensors for side impact application could be crush sensing switches. These safing sensors should be placed in proximity to the velocity sensing sensors, and should have long contact dwells. A combination of a velocity sensing sensor and a crush sensor significantly reduces the probability of an inadvertent deployment by imposing a requirement that two environmental stimuli (velocity change and physical displacement) are required to initiate air bag deployment.


A clamp-type garment hanger defined by a pair of opposed jaw members between which a garment is hung. The opposed jaw members have gripping members and opposed non-ribbed gripping surfaces having an enhanced coefficient of friction. The gripping members, opposed gripping surfaces with enhanced coefficient of friction and jaw members are all formed by injection molding in one piece from the same material, which may include either polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene copolymers and blends, or polycarbonates. The coefficient of friction is provided to the gripping surface by forming a texture or pattern on the surface with relief structure which does not exceed a maximum elevation, or maximum depth, from the surface. The texture or pattern may be provided by molding, engraving, acid etching, electrical discharge machining, vapor honing, or sandblasting.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to hangers. More specifically, the present invention relates to a clamping-type garment hanger which prevents unwanted creases or imprints, and which is more economical to manufacture than clamping-type garment hangers heretofore in use.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Clamping-type garment hangers have heretofore been provided for the suspension or hanging of articles such as pants, skirts, etc. Such hangers include at least one clamp typically defined by a pair of opposed clamp or jaw members between which the article is placed. Provision is made for biasing the members together to create the clamping force necessary to retain the article between the inner surfaces of the jaw members. To further retain the article between the inner surfaces of the members, the clamp or jaw members also have heretofore included on its inner surfaces either or both of teeth elements and a friction surface separately attached to the inner surfaces of the clamp or jaw members.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,274 to Garrison entitled "Garment Grip Construction for Hangers" discloses a clamping-type garment hanging device on which teeth 70 and 88 are placed to grip and secure the garment to the hanger. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,767,092 to Garrison et al. entitled "Garment Clamping Hanger with Slidable Locking Clip" discloses a clamping-type garment hanging device on which teeth generally indicated as 42 are placed to secure the garment to the hanger. These clamp-type garment hangers which utilize teeth, often sharp or otherwise pointed, suffer from the drawback of introducing unwanted creases, marks, holes, projections or disfigurations to the garment. Where the garment is especially delicate, these hangers heretofore in use can be particularly harmful to the garment.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,191 to Garrisonetal entitled "Hangers with Long Lasting Non-Slip Surfaces" discloses a clamp-type garment hanging device on which resilient pad 23 is molded. Pad 23 is adhered to or molded to the hanger by an expensive and complicated process whereby resilient friction material, when in a molten state, is applied to the inner surfaces of the jaw. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,705 to Garrison entitled "Article Gripping Means and Method of Making Same" discloses a clamp-type garment hanging device on which gripping pad 20 is separately attached to hanger 11. This attaching process is also expensive and introduces undesirable complexities into the manufacturing process. Moreover, the material from which these gripping pads have been made have an unwanted tendency to become sticky when subject to increased temperatures. This can become particularly harmful to garments when hangers of this sort are used to transport garments over long distances, often in very hot conditions. Thus, garments may be damaged or otherwise harmed by use of such hangers heretofore in use.

Garment hanger with integral crease-free clamps


The invention relates to a condenser type barrier for field control in transformer bushings and their connection to the conductor of a transformer winding for transformers used in HVDC converter plants. The condenser barrier is arranged as a solid of revolution with concentrically laid condenser layers. It is formed from both ends with inwardly-directed, straight frustums of cones with equally large smallest bases, between which the condenser barrier is formed as a concentric inner, straight circular cylinder.

If in a vessel with transformer oil two energized electrodes are positioned at a certain distance from each other, at a certain voltage a flashover will occur between the electrodes. The flashover tendency may be minimized by inserting between the electrodes an insulator body which functions as a barrier.
Transformer bushings may comprise an upper insulator and a lower insulator of electric porcelain. At the joint between these there is a flange which is connected to the transformer casing. In the centre of the bushing there is a tube on which is wound a condenser body to obtain a favourable electrical field distribution. The current can be conducted through the tube or a flexible conductor drawn through the tube.
Power transformers which are used in converter plants entail special problems from the point of view of insulation, which somehow have to be overcome in order to ensure a satisfactory function.
In high voltage direct current (HVDC) plants, there is often used at least one converter per pole and station. Normally, also, several bridges are connected in series. One of the poles of a bridge is normally connected to ground and the other pole is connected to the next bridge, thus obtaining a series connection. The direct voltage potential of the respective bridge relative to ground is then increased according to the number of bridges which are connected in series.
Each bridge in the series connection is supplied with alternating voltage from a separate transformer. With increasing direct voltage potential on the bridges relative to ground, the insulation on bushings and windings on the transformers which are connected to the bridges will also be subjected to an increasingly higher direct voltage potential with a superimposed alternating voltage. The insulation of these must therefore be dimensioned so that they are capable of withstanding the increasingly higher insulating stresses to which they are then subjected.
The increasing direct voltage potential leads to special problems which do not exist in transformers used for pure alternating voltage transformation.
For converter transformers, the lower insulator and the transition between the conductor of the transformer winding and the bushing present areas of problems from the point of view of insulation technique. This is described, inter alia, in Power Transmission by Direct Current, by E. Uhlmann, Springer Verlag 1975, pages 327-328.
The electric direct voltage field has a distribution different from that of the alternating voltage field. The distribution of the direct voltage is mainly determined by the resistivity of the various insulating mediums. It is true that both transformer oil, cellulose material and electric porcelain are good insulators, but a certain amount of electric current is conducted in these materials. The relation between the resistivity of cellulose material and transformer oil is about 100. This means that the cellulose in series with oil is subjected to considerably higher fields than the oil, which in turn, therefore, imposes demands for a sufficient amount of solid insulating material in order not to exceed the electric withstand strength. The field distribution as well as the field directions will thus be different from the case with alternating voltage. The current transport also entails a redistribution of charges in the insulating mediums used.
Because of the heavy dependence of the resistivity on moisture content, field strength, temperature, etc., the distribution of direct current is difficult to predict. In addition, the physical nature of the direct voltage, i.e. charge transport, charge, time-dependent behaviour, and so on, gives a picture of the insulation problems arising in connection with HVDC plants, which is very complex and difficult to interpret. In "Space Charge and Field Distribution in Transformers under DC-stress" by U Gafvert and E. Spicar, CIGRE Int. Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, 1986 Session, 12-04, the complexity of the direct voltage distribution is illustrated. As previously mentioned, problems have arisen at the connection between the transformer bushing and the conductor of the transformer winding. This has led to the lower insulator of electric porcelain having to be removed in order to manage the stresses at the HVDC terminal at the higher voltage levels.
No simple explanation of the above phenomenon has been presented. However, there are reasons to suspect that the long surfaces which arise in connection with bushings for high voltages in combination with the direction of the field along the long surfaces are of importance in this connection. Admittedly, also the alternating voltage field is directed along the surface of the lower porcelain, but its physical nature is different. One hypothesis is that the distribution of the direct voltage field runs the risk of becoming unstable and unevenly distributed along sufficiently long surfaces. Another interesting hypothesis is described in an article entitled "Effect of Duct Configuration on Oil Activity at Liquid/Solid Dielectric Interfaces" by R. E. James, F. E. Trick, R. Willoughby in Journal of Electrostatics, 12, 1982, pages 441-447. In this article it is stated that increased charge transport at surfaces caused by turbulence and access to charge is the reason for low electric withstand strength.
As an example of the state of the art there may be mentioned the condenser body in a muff for direct connection of oil cables to transformers, described, inter alia, in Swedish patent specification 214 015 and in ASEA Journal 1963, volume 36, numbers 1-2, page 23. That part of the muff which extends into the transformer is substantially formed as the lower part of a conventional transformer bushing, i.e. with a lower insulator of electric porcelain. The condenser body of the muff is here designed so as to give capacitive voltage control both inwards along the cable end coming from outside and outwards along the porcelain insulator.

Barrier of condenser type for field control in transformer bushing terminals


In an embodiment, a method includes forming a first opening in a front surface of a semiconductor substrate including a LDMOS transistor structure, and covering the first opening with a first layer to form an enclosed cavity defined by material of the semiconductor substrate and the first layer. The material of the first layer lines sidewalls of the enclosed cavity.

There is an ongoing need for solid state circuits adapted to operate at higher and higher frequencies, including microwave frequencies. As used herein, the term "microwave" is intended to refer to frequencies at or above about 800 mega-Hertz. Various transistor structures have been created that are capable of providing gain in such frequency ranges. A LDMOS (Lateral Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor is an example of such a transistor structure.
A Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) may include a substrate with one or more arrays of LDMOS transistor structures, each array providing a stage of an amplifying circuit. The MMIC may further include passive components such as capacitors, inductors and resistors arranged on the surface of the substrate to complete the circuit. At high frequencies parasitic coupling between the components of the circuit can limit performance.
Therefore, further improvements to reduce parasitic coupling in semiconductor devices for use at higher frequencies, such as MMICs, are desirable.

LDMOS transistor structure and method of manufacture


A dielectric substrate for a thin film dot matrix thermal print head has its working surface etched or otherwise treated for selective removal of the dielectric material in all areas that are to constitute electrical connectors for the resistance heater print elements, to a depth approximately equal to the sum of the thicknesses of all of the conductive films to be applied to the substrate surface in those areas, following which the working surface of the substrate is selectively coated with films of high-resistance electrically conductive material and low-resistance conductive material, with suitable adhesion films as required, to complete the operating elements of the print head. An outer protective wear-resistant film may also be employed on the entire print head surface or on only the electrical connector areas. The print head has its resistance heater print elements and its blank spaces all raised to approximately the same level as the outer surfaces of the electrical connectors affording improved performance and longer operating life; the etching of the substrate is effected by a process that leaves positive transition slopes to assure effective electrical connections to the print elements.

In a dot matrix printer, each character is printed as a pattern of individual elements--dots, bars, and other shapes may be used. The most common type of dot matrix print head utilizes a series of rods as print elements. The print rods are driven selectively into impacting relation with the recording medium, which may be an impact-sensitive paper or the combination of ordinary paper and an inked ribbon. Another dot matrix print head uses tiny individual resistance heaters as the print elements, in combination with a thermally-responsive recording paper.
A variety of different constructions have been proposed for dot matrix thermal print heads. Perhaps the most efficient and effective basic construction employs a plurality of very thin conductive films superimposed upon a dielectric substrate. One of the films is of a high-resistance material; tiny individual areas of that film constitute the resistance heater elements used to form the printed characters. Low-resistance high-conductivity metal films afford selective electrical circuit connections to the resistance heater print elements. Quite frequently, an outer wear protection film is provided to prevent undue wear on the print head surface, which must be maintained in pressure contact with the recording paper during the printing operation. The wear protection film is usually non-conductive.
In these thin film dot matrix thermal print heads, it is also known to provide additional films for obtaining effective adhesion between the basic operational films, particularly between the conductive films used for electrical connections and the films employed for the resistance heater elements and for wear protection. It is almost always necessary to have the conductive films superimposed upon each other in order to afford effective electrical connections between the films; the films are too thin to provide effective electrical connections in abutting relationship.
Although the films employed in the fabrication of a dot matrix thermal print head of the kind described are extremely thin, with their thicknesses being measured in Angstroms, the usual construction of a thin film thermal print head nevertheless leaves definite depressions and pockets between the electrical connectors, which are usually the thickest part of the composite film structure. Furthermore, the high-resistance film is usually located, for practical reasons, at the bottom of the superimposed film layers. This results in several distinct disadvantages which impose substantial limitations on the operating life of the print head. In particular, the electrical connector films, at the outer surface of the print head, may be subject to excessive abrasion from the necessary pressure contact with the recording paper. This can definitely shorten the life of the print head.
Another distinct problem results from the collection of carbonized thermally reactive chemicals, present in the recording paper, and burnt paper lint in the depressions and pockets between the conductors. This accumulation ultimately reaches a level that tends to separate the print head from the paper, causing a decrease in print quality. Furthermore, the accumulated deposits have many characteristics similar to ink and tend to smear the recording paper. This problem is accentuated in those constructions in which the resistive elements are located immediately upon the surface of the print head base, with a pocket for accumulation of carbonized chemicals and burnt paper lint immediately over each print element. There, accumulation creates a thermal barrier between the resistance heater print element and the paper leading to marked deterioration in print quality.


The decomposition of chlorinated phenols, especially pentachlorophenol, during exposure to high temperatures (e.g., storage and distillation) is markedly reduced by incorporating into the molten chlorinated phenol at least about 0.25 percent by weight of said impure chlorinated phenol of at least one monohydric primary alcohol having at least 14 carbon atoms, one hydroxyl group, and devoid of any other heteroatoms or ether linkages; selected from the group consisting of straight-chain or branched monohydric primary alcohols or a mixture of said straight-chain or branched monohydric primary alcohols.

Chlorinated phenols exhibit outstanding germicidal and insecticidal properties and have demonstrated utility as flea repellents, fungicides, wood preservatives, mold inhibitors, etc. In general, effectiveness increases with the degree of chlorine substitution. The commercially available technical grade chlorinated phenols contain some impurities which give rise to objectionable color formation, typically a dark red or dark brown color. The dark color is caused by high molecular weight tarry impurities and is of itself no particular disadvantage for certain applications (fencepoles, housing substructures) wherein the color is relatively unimportant. In many other uses, e.g., in the wood working industry, particularly where painting of the treated product is necessary, a light or water-white colored chlorinated phenol is preferred. Another family of high molecular weight impurities, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, is known to have toxic properties. It has also been found that other polychlorinated polynuclear impurities, the chlorinated phenoxyphenols, are a primary cause of blooming of the impure chlorinated phenol. Thus, high molecular weight impurities in chlorinated phenols cause dark coloration, cause blooming and impart toxic properties to the impure chlorinated phenol.
Impurities such as those described above can be removed by distillation of the impure chlorinated phenol. Biltz et al., Berichte 37, 4018 (1904) report the purification of pentachlorophenol by distillation. However, all chlorinated phenols are not completely stable at elevated temperatures and will tend to decompose during storage or distillation to form large volumes of hydrogen chloride and tar. Product degradation is attributed to the presence of metal ions in storage and process vessels and small amounts of catalyst residue, i.e., aluminum and iron chlorides present in the commerical material. Elevated temperatures accelerate the decomposition reactions. Thus, an economical process for purifying chlorinated phenols which simultaneously allows the removal of undesirable impurities and eliminates the decomposition of the chlorinated phenol at the elevated temperatures required for distillation, would be a highly desirable advance in the art for the production of an environmentally safe, aesthetically acceptable, chlorinated phenol biotoxicant.

Decomposition inhibitors for high temperature storage and distillation of chlorinated phenols


An information processing method is provided. The information processing method includes acquiring a motion state of eyes of a user to form eye motion data and record a first acquisition time of the eye motion data; extracting position data of the user's eyeballs from the eye motion data; and capturing user behavior activity data to record a second acquisition time of the user behavior activity data. The method also includes, based on the first acquisition time and the second acquisition time, determining a correspondence relationship between the position data of the user's eyeballs and the user behavior activity data; and, based on the correspondence relationship and a current eye motion, determining a current user behavior activity.

Human visual behavior has an important potential for human activity cognition and analysis. With the maturing and price reduction of head-mounted eye-tracking software and hardware, as well as the popularity of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies, its applications have rapidly advanced from military and industrial applications in the past to consumer and entertainment applications. The application scenarios are also expanding from relatively fixed places, such as design rooms and laboratories, etc., to places in people's daily lives, and more and more mobile application scenarios emerged, such as games, education, and so on. In the near future, it may be widely used in mobile phones and glasses.
Thus, it can be valuable in the scientific and commercial fields to understand how to use the head-mounted eye-tracking technology to better collect, evaluate, and analyze human behavior, especially to collect certain hidden user status.
However, currently, visual activity information obtained by short-term eye tracking is used to judge user activity, manual classification and management is often required, and the efficiency and accuracy is also low.
The disclosed processor and information processing method thereof are directed to solve one or more problems set forth above and other problems.

Determining user activity based on eye motion


In some embodiments, a semiconductor biosensor includes a plurality of wells, a plurality of detectors, and processing circuitry. Each well is configured to hold a test sample and to allow the test sample to be irradiated with ultraviolet radiation. The plurality of detectors are configured to capture a spectral response of the test sample irradiated with the ultraviolet radiation. Each well is coupled directly onto a detector, and each detector includes a) a photodiode and b) a planar optical antenna tuned to a particular wavelength. The planar optical antenna is between the photodiode and the well. The processing circuitry is coupled to the plurality of detectors, the processing circuitry being configured to calculate an average spectral response for the plurality of detectors.

Biosensing devices for detection of biological or chemical components have become widely used in many applications such as medical diagnostic laboratories, point-of-care settings, and field work. The utility of such devices in point-of-care testing has grown rapidly due to the benefits of providing portable and immediate results to assist in clinical management decisions of early detection and disease screening. Biosensor applications have advanced with recent developments in biomolecular chemistry technologies which provide reagents with improved selectivity and affinity to specific biological targets, such as specific disease markers expressed by proteins, antibodies and nucleic acid fragments or DNA and the like.
A primary function of a biosensor is to provide an output corresponding to the quantitative detection of the presence and/or relative abundance of a specific target biomolecule in a given analyte. The analyte can be presented to the biosensor either in-vivo or in-vitro to the source or patient. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests (ELISA) are one category of biosensors, in which a target biomolecule can be detected for presence and quantified within an analyte volume. In general, a glass plate is prepared with an array of identical analyte volumes or wells. Within each of the wells a specific bioreceptor is attached to the inner surface of the glass wells with a known concentration. The bioreceptors are typically either an antibody (Ab) or an antigen (Ag)—and the Ag-Ab pair is preselected with criteria for high selectivity and affinity to a target biomolecule under test. An analyte comprising the material under test is then titrated in each well to a predetermined concentration matrix and allowed to react with the specific bioreceptors. The analyte comprises the complementary substance to the particular bioreceptor that is used. If the target species is present in the analyte it will be immobilized and bound to the bioreceptor. Bioreceptors can be developed to produce a physical change indicating the binding event or a subsequent reagent can be passed over the wells to reveal the result.
In general, the ELISA sequence is engineered so that an optical indicator results when a successful binding event occurs. The degree to which the target within the analyte binds to the bioreceptors is detected optically as either a change of color or optical density. The magnitude of the optical response is directly proportional to and representative of the number density of the target biomolecule within each well. The optical response of each of the wells is typically measured using an optical sensor that measures the optical intensity or power due to the absorption or fluorescence signal. The optical sensor may also be tuned to a specific wavelength or wavelength range. The optical sensor may also capture an image of the entire plate comprising an M×N array of wells (typically, M and N are integers characterizing the assay configuration of the wells with standard sizes of M×N=96, 384 and 1536 wells). For example, the test plate optical response can be directly mapped using a digital charge-coupled device (CCD) array. Furthermore, if more than one bioreceptor is utilized within each well it is possible to produce a specific and unique wavelength response for each particular antigen-bioreceptor event type, thereby producing improved throughput for the diagnostic test via the use of optical multiplexing. A wavelength selective sensor is beneficial for this purpose. The two main types of optical responses used to probe the antigen-photoreceptor binding event are: (i) optical absorption and (ii) optical excitation fluorescence. Others are also possible, such as, electrically stimulated fluorescence. It is well known in prior art that optical techniques enable large ensembles of such arrays to be processed with high throughput. The trade-off to throughput and array size is typically due to the lower limit of sensitivity for detection of the target binding event.
The use of optical interrogation of the described test array necessarily requires an optical sensor to be spaced at a distance from the plate to enable collection of light or optical imaging of the well or array. That is, imaging and focusing optics are required to probe the regions of interest and provide directed optical energy to a receiving optical sensor for measurement. The sensitivity of the optical detection process is therefore limited by the analyte volume contained in each well, the optical cross-section presented by the binding event through absorption or fluorescence, the transparency of the materials comprising the array, and the etendue limit of the optical system used.
Yet a further class of biosensor measurement systems require the quantification of the unique optical wavelength absorption spectrum or fluorescence emission spectrum of a particular analyte. So-called, label-free detection of target biomolecules is becoming of increasing utility for biomolecular sensors. Resolving the wavelength response of target biomolecule species within an analyte further requires the use of at least one of a wavelength spatially dispersive element, such as, a refractive prism or diffractive grating. These dispersive wavelength spectroscopic methods further increase the complexity of the biosensing apparatus and reduce the light collection to the optical sensor, thereby increasing the optical lower limit of sensitivity.
Biosensing of biomolecules for medical research, such as proteins and DNA, may also be characterized by their ultraviolet spectral absorption or fluorescence spectrum. In such devices, a sample is subjected to ultraviolet light and the output sensed with a detector. In some devices, a specific wavelength is selected from the source, and the sample is swept with varying wavelengths to characterize the response of the sample. In other devices, the sample is subjected to a broad spectrum and a dispersive or wavelength selective filter is used to select a particular wavelength to be analyzed by the detector. In either type, a single detector is used, which is broadly sensitive. In addition, the light collection optical path requires distance between the analyte and the detector, which limits the sensitivity of the device.
As biosensors continue to be more widely used, there is a continuing need for improved functionality and lower cost devices.


This invention includes a bias origination section configured to originate an original bias voltage; a comparison section configured to compare the original bias voltage and a comparison voltage, and output a comparison result; a resistive divider section composed by a resistance circuit including a variable resistor section having a resistor and a switch, and configured to generate the comparison voltage; a bias decision control section configured to determine bias decision data for controlling a resistance value of the variable resistor section so as to bring the comparison voltage close to the original bias voltage, based on a comparison result of the comparison section; and a storage section configured to hold the bias decision data and also output the comparison voltage as a bias voltage by controlling a resistance value of the variable resistor section based on the held bias decision data, thereby generating a low-noise bias with a small area.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a bias generation circuit and a voltage controlled oscillator that are suitable for a large-scale integrated circuit for radio communication.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, in an LSI for radio communication, various bias voltages (or currents) are supplied to the circuit. For example, in order to decide the operating point of a transistor, a bias voltage is applied to a gate of the transistor. Further, for example, a bias current is supplied by a current source to a common source of transistors that configure a differential amplifier. A bias generation circuit that generates this kind of bias can be composed by variable resistors that divide a power supply voltage.
Variations in the characteristics of transistors occur due to temperature changes, fluctuations in the power supply voltage, or the influence of variations in manufacturing. It is possible to reduce the influence of such variations in the characteristics by adjusting a bias that is supplied to a circuit. However, in a bias generation circuit of a simple configuration that uses only variable resistors, it is not possible to automatically adjust a bias according to variations in the characteristics of elements. Therefore, in general, a bias generation circuit is configured by a comparatively complicated circuit that uses many elements including transistors.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2005-94635 discloses a bias circuit of a power amplifier that is configured to prevent a bias current that has been set once from changing due to changes in the ambient temperature.
Thus, because a bias generation circuit has a complicated circuit configuration that includes transistors, in some cases a bias generation circuit becomes a major noise source within the overall circuit. A transistor generates flicker noise (1/f noise) that is inversely proportional to the frequency. Due to the influence thereof, flicker noise also mixes with a bias voltage (current) that is generated by a bias generation circuit, and adversely affects the operation of a circuit to which the bias is supplied. For example, when noise mixes with a bias current of a voltage controlled oscillator, the oscillation frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator fluctuates.
This kind of bias voltage (or current) noise is generally removed utilizing a low-frequency eliminating filter (low-pass filter). However, since the level of flicker noise increases as the frequency decreases, a low-pass filter with a low cut-off frequency is required to eliminate flicker noise. A low-pass filter includes a resistive element and a capacitive element, and in order to lower the cut-off frequency of a low-pass filter it is necessary to increase the size of these elements when forming the integrated circuit.
That is, a low-pass filter with a large area is required in order to reduce noise occurring in a bias voltage (current), which leads to an increase in the size of an LSI and an increase in costs.

Bias generation circuit and voltage controlled oscillator


The present disclosure provides a method for scheduling a subframe for transmitting data in a base station of a millimeter wave system, comprising: for scheduling a downlink subframe: transmitting a downlink scheduling signaling (DL grant) in a first subframe, wherein the downlink scheduling signaling includes at least one first scheduling position information, the first scheduling position information indicating a subframe position scheduled for performing downlink transmission; for scheduling an uplink subframe: transmitting an uplink scheduling signaling (UL grant) in a second subframe, wherein the uplink scheduling signaling includes at least one second scheduling position information, the second scheduling position information indicating a subframe position scheduled for performing uplink transmission. The present disclosure also provides a method for scheduling a subframe for transmitting HARQ-A/N in a millimeter wave system.

A 5G physical layer aims to provide high performance data rate and reduced cost and power consumption. Massive MIMO, high frequency bands and dense deployment of small cells are expected to be main techniques to meet high capacity requirements of 5G. Besides, system scalability, flexibility of keeping UL and DL capacity, and optimized usage of unpaired spectrum are very important for 5G concept. Moreover, in addition to traditional UE-eNB access, more and more new various communication links are emerging such as self-backhauling by means of eNB-eNB communication and device-to-device communication without infrastructure, etc.
Based on these requirements of 5G, it is envisioned that the TDD mode has significant advantages for future 5G solutions, considering its cost-effectiveness as well as the possibility of exploiting large unpaired frequency bands. Use of the TDD model also allows exploiting channel reciprocity between UL and DL for reducing the feedback overhead, which is very beneficial for massive MIMO techniques requiring extensive channel state information.
However, in the current LTE/LTE-Advanced systems from Release 8 to Release 12, FDD operation is a dominating duplex mode compared to the TDD mode although both operations are supported. The TDD mode has been greatly harmonized to the FDD mode and the degree of TDD-specific optimization has been minimized. Specially, the design of subframe structure is optimized to FDD rather than TDD. With the conventional FDD-optimized subframe structure in use, in the TDD mode, the duration of any hand-shaking procedures between UE and eNB such as the initial data scheduling and the round trip time (RTT) of HARQ process is extended and highly dependent on the UL/DL ratio. This cannot achieve the ambitious RTT requirement (1 ms) of future 5G technology.

Method of scheduling subframes in a millimeter wave system


The structure of the MOS transistor provided in this invention has LDD (lightly doped drain) and halo doped regions removed from the source, the drain or both regions in the substrate for improved linearity range when operated as a voltage-controlled resistor. The removal of the LDD and halo doped regions is performed by simply modifying the standard mask of the MOS process using a logic operation layer with no extra mask required.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a MOS transistor and a MOS transistor manufacturing method, and more particularly, to a MOS transistor having a wider resistor linearity range and the manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A voltage-controlled resistor is an element whose resistance can be changed with an input control signal and is widely applied in a variety of integrated circuits such as tuning circuits. In general, when the relationship between a current value of the current flowing through a resistor and a voltage drop between two ends of the resistor is linear, the resistor is regarded as a resistor of good characteristic. In other words, when the resistance stays constant in an operation region, the resistor is regarded as a resistor of good characteristic. When a MOS transistor, namely a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), operates in a triode region, the relationship between the drain-to-source current Ids and the drain-to-source voltage Vds is linear, and it is usually used as a voltage-controlled resistor. However, when the MOS transistor is used as a voltage-controlled resistor, its operation range is restricted. Relevant descriptions are as follows.
Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of an N-type MOSFET produced using a standard process. The typical N-type MOSFET includes a substrate 100, a gate 120 located on the substrate 100, two N-type source/drain doped regions 104 located in the substrate 100 and set at two sides of the gate 120, and spacers 160 disposed over two sides of the gate 120. In addition, a lightly doped drain (LDD) 106 and a halo doped region 108 are arranged in the substrate 100 below two sides of the gate 120 respectively.
The drain-to-source current Ids of the N-type MOSFET can be represented by the following equation:
                    Ids        =                  μ                                                              Cox                                                                                W              L                                                  [                                                                    (                                          Vgs                      -                      Vth                                        )                                                                          Vds                    ′                                                  -                                                      1                    2                                                                          Vds                    ′                                                      2                                            ]                                                          (        1        )
Although a small voltage drop between the two sides of the LDD 106 is induced through the existence of the LDD 106, Vds′≅Vds can be assumed since the voltage drop is negligible. When Vds<<2(Vgs−Vth) (i.e. a MOSFET operates in a triode region), the above equation (1) can be rewritten as shown below:
                    Ids        ≅                  μ                                                              Cox                                                                                W              L                                                  [                                                (                                      Vgs                    -                    Vth                                    )                                                Vds                            ]                                                          (        2        )
If the path from the source to the drain serves as a resistor, the relationship between the drain-to-source current Ids and drain-to-source voltage Vds is linear, and the resistance can be represented by the following equation:
                    Rout        =                  1                      μ                                                                                C              ox                                                  W              L                                                  (                                                V                  gs                                -                                  V                  th                                            )                                                          (        3        )
In light of equation (3), it is observed that the typical MOSFET can be used as a voltage-controlled resistor because the resistance between the source and the drain can be controlled easily by adjusting the gate voltage.
However, in order to keep the resistance between the source and the drain of the typical MOSFET constant, the operation range of the drain-to-source voltage Vds is very narrow. Once the voltage value of the drain-to-source voltage Vds gets too high, the MOSFET will leave the triode region, and the resistance between the source and the drain will no longer remain constant. Therefore, the characteristic of the whole circuit will be affected. For example, when an input AC signal swings over the operation range of the drain-to-source voltage Vds, signal distortion or signal skew of the input signal will arise.

MOS transistor and manufacturing method thereof


A method for manufacturing a fluid ejection device, comprising the steps of: providing a first semiconductor body having a membrane layer and a piezoelectric actuator which extends over the membrane layer; forming a cavity underneath the membrane layer to form a suspended membrane; providing a second semiconductor body; making, in the second semiconductor body, an inlet through hole configured to form a supply channel of the fluid ejection device; providing a third semiconductor body; forming a recess in the third semiconductor body; forming an outlet channel through the third semiconductor body to form an ejection nozzle of the fluid ejection device; coupling the first semiconductor body with the third semiconductor body and the first semiconductor body with the second semiconductor body in such a way that the piezoelectric actuator is completely housed in the first recess, and the second recess forms an internal chamber of the fluid ejection device.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a fluid ejection device and to a fluid ejection device. In particular, the present disclosure regards a process for manufacturing a head for fluid emission based upon piezoelectric technology, and to a head for fluid emission based on piezoelectric technology.
2. Description of the Related Art
Multiple types of fluid ejection devices are known in the prior art, in particular inkjet heads for printing applications (known as printheads). Heads of this sort, with appropriate modifications, may moreover be used for emission of fluids other than ink, for example, for applications in the biological or biomedical fields, for local application of biological material (e.g., DNA) during manufacture of sensors for biological analyses.
Known manufacturing methods envisage coupling via gluing or bonding of a large number of pre-machined wafers; said method is costly and typically requires high precision, and the resulting device has a large thickness.

Method for manufacturing a fluid ejection device and fluid ejection device


A preform molding system is disclosed that includes a cavity half that is mountable to a stationary platen of an injection molding machine and a core half that is mountable to a moving platen of the injection molding machine. The preform molding system includes a mold stack assembly having a cavity portion and a core portion. The cavity portion is coupled to the cavity half and includes a cavity insert, and the core portion is coupled to the core half and includes a core insert, a pair of neck rings, and a stripper ring. The core insert has an undercut that defines an annular protrusion on an internal surface of a preform that is created in the mold stack assembly. The preform molding system is configured to permit in sequence, retraction of the pair of neck rings away from the core insert and ejection of the preform from the core insert via the stripper ring.

Injection molding is a process by which raw polymeric pellets, also referred to as a molding material, are transformed into molded articles by heating the molding material to a molten state and forcing it under pressure into a mold cavity. A subset of injection molding is the molding of preforms, which are intermediate articles that are shaped into final articles, for example, beverage containers, by blow molding, and thereafter the final article may be fitted with a closure to contain a substance therein.

Preform molding system and mold stack for a preform molding system


In a railway car truck a lower transom extends between transversely spaced side frames. The side frames include depressed portions having transversely aligned vertical openings or slots which receive spring groups. A bolster including a center connection extends between the side frames above the transom and rests on the spring groups. The side frames each include a hollow post extending upwardly between the spring groups. The bolster includes a depending post which surrounds the side frame post. A friction damping assembly including upper and lower wedges is located within the side frame post and the bolster post. The upper and lower wedges include rear wear plates which engage the side frame post. The upper and lower wedges include an opening to receive a spring extending upwardly from the side frame depressed portion. The lower wedge has at least one inclined surface which slidingly engages at least one inclined surface on the upper wedge. The upper surface of the upper wedge engages the lower surface of the bolster. Oscillations of the spring group and bolster are damped by the rear wear surfaces forced outwardly by the inclines of the upper and lower wedges as the bolster moves downwardly with respect to the side frames.

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,030,424 assigned to the same assignee as the present application, a railway car truck is disclosed having a pair of transversely spaced side frames joined by a transverse plate rigidly connected to the lower portion of each side frame to maintain the truck in tram. A bolster including a center bearing extends between the side frames and rests upon spring groups located in vertical slots in the side frames. The weight of the car body is taken on the bolster above the spring groups.


A ball bearing inspection device includes: an arbor supporting an inner ring on the outer circumferential surface; a rotary drive unit driving the arbor; a first pressing unit applying a preload to a ball bearing; a second pressing unit applying a preload in an opposite direction of the pressing direction; and a vibration detection unit detecting vibration from the ball bearing. The arbor includes an abutting section that protrudes outward from the outer circumferential surface, a movable flange arranged apart from the abutting section, and a flange drive mechanism switching the movable flange between a first state in which the movable flange protrudes from the outer circumferential surface and a second state in which the movable flange is accommodated within the arbor. The flange drive mechanism is additionally provided with a drive force supply unit that applies drive force for switching to the first or the second state.

In general, during a manufacturing process of a ball bearing, it is inspected whether a ball surface of a bearing single body has a flaw and whether or not a foreign matter and a processing defect, so as to comprehensively determine whether a quality of a completed ball bearing is good or bad. In the inspection process, an inner ring of a ball bearing to be inspected is fitted to a rotary shaft, and the inner ring is rotated by the rotary shaft with an outer ring being applied with a preload. Then, vibration that is generated from the ball bearing as the inner ring and the outer ring rotate relative to each other is measured and it is determined whether a quality of the ball bearing to be inspected is good or bad on the basis of a result of the vibration measurement. As a ball bearing inspection device that is to be used in the inspection process, inspection devices disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2 have been known, for example.

Ball bearing inspection device and inspection method


A pressure sensor including a pressure capsule such as a dual diaphragm quartz capacitance pressure capsule and structure for supporting and sealing same within the pressure environment to be measured. The pressure capsule having two parallel quartz plates spaced by a dielectric ring forming a vacuum chamber therein. The structure providing a force balanced support for compressively loading the pressure capsule through the dielectric ring. The structure further having transfer port therein to communicate the pressure environment to both plates.

The invention relates to pressure sensors adapted to measure the pressure of a fluid. More particularly, the invention relates to a pressure sensor having a capacitance type pressure capsule and a housing for supporting the pressure capsule.
The incorporation of pressure sensors into the electronic control systems of automotive vehicles poses severe operational requirements for the pressure sensor. These requirements are further heightened when the pressure sensor is used to measure the manifold pressure (MP) or the absolute manifold pressure (MAP) of the engine.
The pressure sensor must operate in a mobile and severely hostile environment which may include any of the following characteristics: varied temperature extremes, excessive shock and vibration and high levels of electromagnetic interference and corrosive gases and liquids. The pressure proximate the intake manifold is rapidly changeable and susceptable to large variations in magnitude (1-4 atmospheres) which may be caused as the result of explosive backfire or may occur during the boost phase of the operation of a supercharger or turbocharger; thus requiring a pressure sensor having a large dynamic range and high sensitivity. Irrespective of the above, if the present invention is utilized in an automobile, the requirements of the industry dictate that it must be (1) inexpensive, (2) repeatable, and (3) capable of being mass produced which implicitly requires the use of novel and rapid cost effective fabrication techniques as opposed to the slower ion-milling vacuum deposition methods such as sputter-etching techniques or brazing techniques as mentioned by Polye in U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,097 and by Dias, et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,550.
The present invention is a pressure sensor of the capacitive type comprising a metallic housing to support a dual diaphragm capacitive pressure capsule. The pressure capsule comprises a pair of flat flexible fused quartz plates which are separated by a ring of dielectric material (such as a glass frit) defining an interior chamber which is maintained at a determinable pressure (vacuum) reference level. The pressure capsule contains a plurality of electrodes located within the interior chamber forming the conducting plates of a reference capacitor C.sub.r and pressure sensing capacitor C.sub.p. In particular, one plate, the upper plate contains a ground electrode while the other plate, i.e. the lower plate contains both the C.sub.p and C.sub.r electrodes. The lower plate may also contain an electrical shield on an external surface opposite the interior chamber. In addition, the pressure capsule contains a plurality of electrical contacts, one associated with each of the above electrodes. These contacts are located outside of the internal chamber near the edges of each of the flat plates. Furthermore, each flat plate contains a cutout oppositely situated relative to the electrical contacts on the other plate therein exposing each electrical contact for convenient access.
In response to an applied pressure, both plates act as cantilevered plates, and deflect towards each other and bend over the raised dielectric ring varying the capacitance between the plates.
The housing includes means for circumferentially sealing and compressively supporting both plates wherein the compressive forces on the plates are opposingly directed through the dielectric ring. The housing further includes means, such as a port, for communicating the pressure to be sensed to the upper plate proximate the general location of the interior chamber and transfer port means located therein to further communicate the pressure to the second or lower plate.
An advantage of the present invention is that the dual diaphragm or double plate deflection provides for a capacitor having higher sensitivity than one using a single deformable member. This feature permits the use of smaller electrodes to achieve the same change in capacitive output relative the change in applied pressure. An additional feature is the use of flat quartz plates which uniformly deform about the dielectric ring enchancing the linearity of the output signal and further eliminates the hollowed or etched cavities in deformable members shown in the prior art.
A further advantage is accomplished by the circumferential seal and support provided by the housing and o-rings which virtually floats the pressure capsule within the pressure environment to be measured. By using a resilient seal and support the pressure capsule is effectively isolated from shock and vibration.
A further advantage of the above-described seal and support is achieved because the compressive support forces are applied through the dielectric ring therein eliminating end loading which causes excess stress, non-linearity and premature failure. In addition, by supporting the pressure capsule as described, the electrical contacts are isolated from the hostile elements in the gas whose pressure is to be measured.
A further feature of the present invention is achieved by the orientation of the metallic housing to the capsule electrical components effectively shielding the pressure capsule from stray interference signals as well as preventing electrical signals from radiating from the housing and pressure capsule.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a pressure responsive capacitive pressure capsule protectively supported within a coacting housing. These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be clear from the detailed description of the drawings.


A backbone construction for a file folder including a pair of parallel grooves on the inside of the folder between the backbone portion and the front and rear leaves, slots extending inwardly from the ends of the backbone portion, a flexible tape overlying both the inner and outer surfaces of the backbone and the inner and outer surfaces of the front and rear covers adjacent to the grooves, an elongated slit located centrally between the grooves and parallel thereto and extending through the tape on the inner surface of the backbone and through a portion of the backbone and being in line with the slots, and perforations located between the ends of the slit and the slots.

The present invention relates to an improved expansion folder of the type having an accordian-pleat backbone structure.
By way of background, there is commonly in use at the present time an expansion type folder, also known as a pressboard folder, which comprises a front and rear cover fastened to each other by a fabric tap which has an accordian pleat therein. However, the accordian pleat loses its stiffness in use and eventually becomes extremely limp so that it can invert from its normal inward orientation between the covers to an orientation wherein it lies outside of the covers and therefore presents an extremely sloppy appearance. It is with overcoming the deficiency of the foregoing type of folder that the present invention is concerned.

Expansion folder with accordian-pleat backbone


To provide a sheet-like power storage device which can be curved or bent in at least one axis direction. A power storage device includes a power storage element including a plurality of flexible sheet-like positive electrodes each having one end portion fixed to a positive electrode tab; a plurality of flexible sheet-like negative electrodes each having one end portion fixed to a negative electrode tab; and a plurality of flexible sheet-like separators. The positive electrodes and the negative electrodes are alternately stacked so as to overlap with each other with the separator interposed therebetween. The power storage element is sealed in a flexible exterior body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power storage device and a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, lithium secondary batteries as power storage devices have been widely used as power supplies of consumer electrical devices such as game machines and information terminals typified by mobile phones and smartphones.
For such electrical devices, the need of power storage devices having not only long life and high capacity but also sheet-like shapes and flexibility for reductions in weight and size and a greater freedom for design of outer shapes has been increased. Flexible sheet-like power storage devices can be provided even for curved or bent portions and thin portions such as band portions of wristwatches, clothes, and thin electric alliances.
Lithium secondary batteries which are conventional nonaqueous secondary batteries each generally include positive electrodes and negative electrodes; the positive electrodes each include a positive electrode current collector made of sheet-like aluminum or the like and a positive electrode mix which includes a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and which is applied to both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrodes each include a negative electrode current collector made of sheet-like copper or the like and a negative electrode mix which includes a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and which is applied to both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector. The positive electrodes and the negative electrodes are rolled with a separator interposed therebetween to form a rolled body, a positive electrode tab and a negative electrode tab are connected to given portions of the positive electrodes and the negative electrodes, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution and the rolled body where the tabs are connected to the given portions of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are sealed in an exterior body with a certain shape such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, or a coin shape. Although being flexible, the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode have fixed forms and completely lose their flexibility such as capability of being bent freely, after the rolled body is formed and sealed in a container. Thus, the lithium secondary battery cannot have flexibility of being curved or bent and it is difficult to provide the lithium secondary battery for a curved or bent portion of an electrical device.
Therefore, for example, a solid secondary battery such as the solid secondary battery disclosed in Patent Document 1 has been actively researched. Such a solid secondary battery has a structure where an inorganic solid electrolyte or an organic solid electrolyte is substituted for a conventional nonaqueous electrolytic solution. Specifically, a positive electrode active material, a solid electrolyte, a negative electrode active material, and a negative electrode current collector are provided over a positive electrode current collector and the whole is made to be thin and have flexibility.

SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY LABORATORY CO., LTD.


In a network switch including a user network port connectable to a user network, a plurality of down link ports each connectable to one server unit, a server unit management network port connectable to a server unit management network for managing the server unit, a store-and-forward switching unit connected to the user network port, the down link ports and the server unit management network port, and a control unit connected to the store-and-forward switching unit, when a packet that has arrived at one of the down link ports is a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) packet including a network boot option, the control unit operates the store-and-forward switching unit to transmit the packet to the server unit management network port.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a computer network system including a user network, server units and a server unit management network, and more particularly, to a network switch for logically isolating the user network and the server unit management network from each other and its operating method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a computer network system is constructed by user computers and a plurality of server units having different functions such as a Web server unit, a mail server unit, an application server unit and the like.
The loads of the server units fluctuate on a time basis. For example, the load of the Web server unit is remarkably increased for one time period, and the load of the application server unit is remarkably increased for another time period.
One approach to overcome the fluctuation of the loads of the server units is to provide a plurality of server units for each of the different functions, which is, however, not economical.
Another approach is a providing or deployment system where one pool server unit including no operating system (OS) and no application software and a server unit management computer are provided. When the load of one of the server units is remarkably increased, the server unit management computer automatically installs the OS of the overloaded server unit and its application software in the pool server unit, thus reducing the load of the overloaded server unit, which is economical.
An automatic installing operation of the OS and application software performed upon the pool server unit is carried out by a network boot function called a pre-boot execution environment (PXE) boot function which is an extended function of a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP). Note that DHCP is a protocol for assigning an Internet protocol (IP) address to nodes within a network.
A PXE boot function is included in a PXE agent in a basic input output system (BIOS) of the pool server unit. Briefly, the PXE requests an assignment of an IP address from a DHCP server unit. Then, the PXE agent requests necessary parameters such as the name of a boot file and the name of an accessed server unit. Then, after the PXE agent has obtained the necessary parameters, the PXE agent accesses a suitable PXE server unit to download the boot file. Finally, the PXE agent executes the boot file to initiate the operation of the pool server unit.
The above-mentioned server unit management computer and the PXE server are provided in a server unit management network which is isolated from a user network in view of security. That is, if the server unit management network is accessible from the user network, the server unit management network could be easily attacked.
Generally, isolation technology for networks is divided into physical isolation technology using a plurality of network controllers and logical isolation using virtual local area networks (VLANs). Note that automatic participation and secession of a virtual group for VLANs is disclosed in JP-A-2000-134207.
The physical isolation technology is disadvantageous in terms of manufacturing cost. That is, one network controller for the user network and one network controller for the server unit management network have to be mounted in each of the server units. Also, in order to realize a duplex system for preparing for a failure, two more redundancy network controllers have to be mounted in each of the server units. This is further disadvantageous in terms of manufacturing cost. Particularly, in a blade server apparatus where a plurality of server blades are mounted in one chassis, the increased number of network controllers would decrease the mounting density.
On the other hand, the logical isolation technology cannot realize the PXE boot function. That is, the PXE boot function does not have a definition for VLANs, and a DCHP packet generated by the PXE agent does not include VLAN tags. Therefore, the PXE boot function is incompatible with the logical isolation using VLANs.

Network switch for logical isolation between user network and server unit management network and its operating method


A flexibly adjustable mounting clip assembly and method for providing the assembly for a pager includes a swivel assembly (104) for raising and rotating the mounting clip (102) approximately 180.degree. to provide a reversibly positioned clip. The clip allows for positioning in an introverted position, i.e., facing the bent section toward the pager and for positioning in an extroverted position, i.e., facing away from the pager. In addition, a transparent portion may be positioned below the clip assembly for allowing observation of the information display of the pager.

Personal radio receivers (pagers) are utilized so that users may receive messages at any time, thereby being continuously available for communication with other persons. Paging devices typically include a signaling means, a battery power supply, and an antenna enclosed in a case. The case usually has a fastening means for attaching the pager to clothing worn by the user, for example, a belt.
Preferably, the pager should be detachably fastened to the clothing in a manner that facilitates easy, quick removal. For this purpose, typically a fixed clip that is suitable for hooking over a belt is attached to the pager case.
In addition, pagers have been developed that have information displays. Hence, it is important that the fastening device be attached in such a manner that the pager may be adjusted so that the information display may readily be observed when the pager is worn by the user and also when the pager is removed from the user's clothing.
Thus, there is a need for a pager that may be adaptively fastened to a user's clothing and that allows observation of an information display message both when the pager is worn and when the pager is removed from the user's clothing.

Device and method for flexibly attaching a pager


An illuminator for use with a variety of end use light emitting devices for administering light for therapy and/or observation of an infant. One of the end use emitting devices is a device to provide phototherapy to the infant and is prevented by the illuminator from emitting light that has not been filtered to select the desire spectrum of wavelengths for phototherapy. The illuminator prevents the introduction of a connector to the phototherapy device from being inserted to an operative, secured position unless the proper filter is in position to filter out all of the undesired wavelengths before the light radiation can reach the phototherapy end use emitting device. Other end use light emitting devices may, however, be used with the same illuminator and their connectors are readily inserted into the illuminator to receive light radiating from the illuminator to the end use light emitting device.

This invention relates to light emitting devices used in the treatment and/or observation of infants and, specifically, to an illuminator that is adapted to be used with more that one end use light emitting device to act as a light source via a fiberoptic cable to the end use device.
One apparatus currently on the market that provides phototherapy to an infant is the fiberoptic light therapy system marketed under the trademark Biliblanket by Ohmeda Inc. That system basically comprises an illuminator and which is a box containing a light source, normally a quartz halogen lamp, as well as filters and associated electrical connections and control components. A fiberoptic pad that is woven from optical fibers and normal the woven fiberoptic pad is coupled, or woven to the ends of a fiberoptic cable.
That fiberoptic cable contains multiple individual optical fibers; the aforementioned commercial apparatus has about 2400 individual optical fibers in its fiberoptic cable. At the free end of the fiberoptic cable, a connector is provided so that the fiberoptic pad and cable can be readily connected and disconnected from the illuminator. The illuminator itself, is relatively expensive and can be used continually while the fiberoptic pad may be replaced when worn or disconnected for cleaning.
Since the procedure of phototherapy requires light radiation of within a fairly specific wavelength range, there is a filter within the illuminator that filters out most of the electromagnetic spectrum so that only light radiation having wavelengths in the range of about 400-550 nanometers is emitted toward the skin of the infant. Accordingly, it is important that the light from the illuminator transmitted via the fiberoptic cable to the fiberoptic pad be limited to radiation within that limited spectrum.
Other devices, however, are used in caring for or observing infants and which may also have a fiberoptic cable with a light emitter at one end thereof. One of such devices is a transilluminator and which is a bright light that is used to allow the physician to observe actually through a portion of the infant, such as an arm. Transilluminators are used for a variety of purposes with infants, such as in locating venepuncture sites, carrying out pneumothoraces, that is, viewing the infant's lungs and hydrocephalus, that is, actually viewing the infant's brain.
The device therefore requires considerable light but is capable of employing more of the spectrum of light radiation than is used for light therapy. Again, an illuminator is used to supply the light through a fiberoptic cable to reach and be emitted from the transilluminator.
Since the illuminator is relatively expensive, and space is at a premium around infants during treatment, it would be advantageous if the same illuminator could be utilized with more that one light emitting device. In addition, the cost to the user would be reduced by the availability of a universal or adaptable illuminator that is capable of supplying light radiation for phototherapy as well as other dedicated light emitting devices however, for safety reasons, it is also important to ensure that when a woven fiberoptic pad is employed for phototherapy, only the proper filtered wavelengths be allowed to reach the infant.


Various circuits include MOS transistors that have a bulk voltage terminal for receiving a bulk voltage that is different from a supply voltage and ground. The bulk voltage may be selectively set so that some MOS transistors have a bulk voltage set to the supply voltage or ground and other MOS transistors have a bulk voltage that is different. The bulk voltage may be set to forward or reverse bias pn junctions in the MOS transistor. The various circuits include comparators, operational amplifiers, sensing circuits, decoding circuits and the other circuits. The circuits may be included in a memory system.

Reducing power consumption of electronic devices is desirable. One approach to reducing power consumption is to reduce the operating voltages of semiconductor circuits in the electronic devices. Faster semiconductor circuits are also desirable. Lower operating voltages may also provide faster circuits. However, lower operating voltages provide less margins for circuit elements.


An on-hook/off-hook detection circuit comprises a light-emitting device 54 connected across the tip T and ring R leads of a subscriber's telephone set 50 and between current source 56 and ground 57. A photo-transistor 60 is optically coupled to the light-emitting device 54 for signaling a line scanner 53. When the subscriber's telephone set 50 goes off-hook, a short circuit comprising tip T, telephone set 50 and ring lead R causes light-emitting device 54 to become non-conducting while the light-emitting device 54 is conducting when subscriber's telephone set 50 is on-hook.

In a telephone system it is required that the on-hook/off-hook status of subscriber telephone sets associated with the system be constantly monitored so that the system can properly respond, i.e., return dial tone, end ringing, or receive dial pulses, as quickly as possible after the subscriber lifts the telephone handset to initiate a call, or answer ringing or after the subscriber terminates a call by replacing the handset. In order to be able to determine the status of subscriber lines, a detection circuit is associated with each line and in the past many different types of circuits employing different devices, including photon or optical coupling, have been used. Typically, in an optical detection circuit, a photon-emitting device is connected in each of the tip and ring leads associated with the subscriber's telephone set. The photon-emitting devices, usually light-emitting diodes, are each light coupled to a photo-receiving device which are directly connected in a line scanning circuit forming part of the common control equipment of the telephone switching system. When the subscriber goes off-hook, the light-emitting diodes in the tip and ring leads become conductive, emit light which triggers the light coupled receiving devices in the scanning circuit thereby signaling the control equipment that the subscriber has gone off-hook. Similarly, the light coupled devices indicate when the subscriber has gone on-hook.
Although this type of light coupled circuit operates satisfactorily in most telephone switching systems, it does present problems in systems such as Private Branch Exchange (PBX) and key telephone systems where the detection circuit and common control equipment are located on the subscriber's premises, and the permissible system size becomes a critical issue. Since the prior art detection circuit associated with each subscriber line requires at least four light coupled devices, one light-emitting device in each of the tip and ring leads, and corresponding light-receiving devices, any reduction in the number of devices required for each line would result in savings of equipment mounting space and material cost.
Furthermore, optically connected devices which are connected in the tip and ring leads of a subscriber's line often present electrical balancing and transmission problems which must be overcome in order to provide satisfactory telephone service over the line.


A teaching device useful in helping children, especially slow learners, in spelling, reading and pronunciation. The device includes a three-tiered case or housing having a movable drawer on each tier. Each drawer is divided into a plurality of compartments. In each compartment are placed a plurality of three-dimensional letter pieces which may be colored in a plurality of different colors to reflect different pronunciations in different words. One color code is provided for vowel pronunciation, while another color code is provided for consonant pronunciation. Additionally, the drawers may contain groups of connected letter pieces, consisting of two or more letters, to aid in forming words with common prefixes, suffixes, or intermediate letter groupings. The casing has the color code imprinted on one side thereof, and a syllable pronunciation aid imprinted on the other. On the back of the case are positioned small canvas boards upon which are imprinted additional phonics and writing information. The top of the case may be utilized as a work area.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to educational and teaching devices and, more particularly, is directed towards a teaching aid which is especially designed to assist slow learning children in forming, pronouncing and spelling English words.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A child learning phonics and spelling needs to be able to distinguish between long, short and other vowel sounds, and to be able to recognize the three consonants that change from hard to soft in different contexts. Additionally, although not as readily achievable, a student should be able to recognize and distinguish between sounds which may be characterized as "breath" sounds and "voice" sounds.
The need for having an effective teaching aid in the above-noted areas is especially evident in teaching reading to bilingual, slow or retarded students. For example, most of these students have a great deal of trouble forming and pronouncing verbs in the past tense, as well as nouns in the plural form. In a word like "jumped", for example, they will strive to force an unnatural "d" sound by saying "jump-ted" or the like. It becomes necessary, therefore, to be able to convey to such students that, since the "p" in "jumped" is a "breath" sound, the only natural way to pronounce the past tense ending is to allow it to become a "t" sound. In contrast, in a word such as "fanned", it is natural to pronounce the "d" correctly since "n" is a "voice" sound like "d".
Such students have similar problems in learning phonics.
While there are many fine reading textbooks and teachers' manuals available which spell out the standard steps necessary to develop these skills in a normal student, none to my knowledge are capable of reaching the slow students, or are only partially effective with many average students. While bright and intelligent students are, in contrast, easily taught by any logical step-by-step approach, since their minds will make any necessary connections between steps and will recall what has already been taught, in order to teach slow and average students I have found that one needs to saturate the mind with many approaches and use whichever may be called for at any given time to bring about an understanding that the student is striving for (or even resisting).
Precious few teaching aids are directed towards the slow or average students, and it is towards this end that the present invention is advanced. I have found it to be particularly useful to have a teaching aid which permits the slow or average student to experience a variety of physical sensations, including sight, sound, and tactile, during this learning process.
Prior art United States patents in this general area of which I am aware include: Nos. 217,566; 293,731; 1,162,629; 3,654,712; 3,715,812; 3,813,471; and 4,007,548.


A pier (10) for supporting an object, such as a mobile home coach frame, above the ground generally comprises support (80) supporting pipe (70) in a vertical position and against downward movement, platform (30) having a sloped upper surface (43) supported by top end (71) of pipe (70), and wedge (50) supported by platform (30); wedge (50) having slanted bottom (53) and horizontal top surface (60) for supporting the load. The height of pier (10) can be adjusted by sliding wedge (50) up sloped surface (43). Gripping ridges (45,55) on slope (43) and slanted bottom (53) interact so that the wedge (50) may not slide down the slope (43). Platform (30) includes a plurality of receptacles (40) for receiving top end (71) of pipe (70) for supporting sloped surface (43) at various heights.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to piers for supporting an object, such as a mobile home coach, and more specifically involves a pier whose total height is exceptionally easily created and adjusted in the field.
2. Background of the Invention
A mobile home is moved to a site and then is supported in place by a significant number of piers. Piers are rather uniformly spaced supporting the floor by supporting the exterior and interior support beams. The top of the piers must support the home so that the floor is level and provide resistance to shear forces, such as those generated during an earthquake. Also, the piers must be resistant to termites.
Conventional piers are made of metal. A tripod base comprises the major height of the pier. A vertically adjustable screw, typically mounted at the apex of the tripod base, is used to span the remaining distance. A major disadvantage of conventional piers is that overly extended screws fail by bending or braking out the top of the tripod mount. Therefore, the height of the apex of the pier should be close to the total height desired such that the screw is only slightly extended. Unless it is known beforehand that the site is flat and level, it cannot be known what length of piers to purchase or to bring to the site. Often, many more piers than a required a brought to the site to ensure sufficient piers correct length are at hand. The remaining piers must be returned. Also, as the ground settles and the pier height requires adjustment, piers near their maximum safe adjustment must be replaced.
Another problem arising out of conventional piers is that they are bulky and heavy. Consequently, space requirements are great and shipping and handling charges are high.
Therefore, there has been a need for a new pier, the major height of which is easily adjustable at the site.
It is further desirable that the major height-adjusting component be easily bought locally such that the major component need not be shipped.
It is also desirable that the height of the pier be easily adjustable over time without weakening the supporting ability.
These and other advantages are achieved in the disclosed invention.