A secure life jacket container assembly includes a hollow container defining a storage volume which receives a life jacket in a packed condition. A cover is attached to the container with a tamper-evident sealing material. Removal of the cover causes an irreversible change in the sealing material which provides an indication that tampering has occurred.

This invention relates generally to aircraft and more particularly to a life jacket container assembly for an aircraft seat unit. Commercial passenger aircraft include safety devices for use by passengers in case of a crash or ditching, for example flotation devices. Some flotation devices are simple members of buoyant material. Inflatable life jackets, packed in a folded condition, are also used. Such life jackets must be stored in a manner and location so that they will not be damaged during normal operations but can be easily and quick put into use during an emergency. Accordingly, many modern aircraft seating units include a pouch or container underneath the seat cushion where the life jacket is readily accessible to the passenger. Unfortunately, life jackets stored in such an easily accessible location are subject to tampering and theft. Furthermore, it is possible for terrorists to insert weapons or other illegal items into the container.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a storage container for a life jacket which protects the life jacket until use.
It is another object of the invention to provide a storage container for a life jacket which permits observation and inspection of the stored life jacket and its identifying information.
It is another object of the invention to provide a storage container for a life jacket which discourages tampering and theft.


One embodiment of the present invention discloses a balloon catheter employing a reinforced, co-axial, duel lumen design. In certain embodiments, at least one of the lumens is formed of a multilayer, tubular element in which one of the layers functions, in part, to provide radial reinforcement to the tubular element.

Balloon catheters are increasingly being employed to conduct neurological procedures in patients. However, the design parameters for balloon catheters intended for use in neurological procedures are significantly different than the design parameters for balloon catheters used in non-neurological procedures such as cardiological procedures. For example, the width of the circulatory system within the neuroanatomy is significantly smaller and more tortuous than the circulatory system in other parts of the body. In order to access the smaller and more tortuous regions of the neuroanatomy, it is necessary to minimize the outer diameter of the balloon catheter while simultaneously maintaining the pushability and trackability of the catheter.
In order to minimize the outer diameter, current balloon catheters intended for neurological procedures employ a non-reinforced, single lumen, over-the-wire design. Accordingly, these balloon catheters are prone to several problems. First, the non-reinforced lumen is susceptible to ovalizing and/or kinking which, in turn, hinders advancement of the catheter over the guidewire, as well as deflation of the balloon. Second, the single lumen is in communication with the arterial blood flow. As the guidewire and balloon catheter are manipulated through the circulatory system, blood is withdrawn into the single lumen of the balloon catheter. Blood may thereby enter the balloon during inflation and cause (1) poor imaging of the balloon, for example, poor fluoroscopic imaging; (2) poor passage of the balloon through the circulatory system due to the premature inflation of the balloon; and (3) poor deflation of the balloon due to blood coagulation in the balloon inflation/deflation port. An additional disadvantage of single lumen balloon catheters is that the interference fit of the guidewire and inflation seal of the balloon may result in removal or peeling of the hydrophilic coating of the guidewire.
In order to minimize the outer diameter, current balloon catheters intended for neurological procedures are also typically designed to work with only a narrow gauge guidewire that is supplied by a manufacturer along with the balloon catheter. The current balloon catheters employ guidewires having diameters in the range of 0.010 to 0.012 inches. These relatively narrow guidewires are soft and, therefore, are very difficult to maneuver through the small, tortuous neuroanatomy.
What is needed in the field is a balloon catheter that is operable to use with larger gauge guidewires; resists ovalizing and kinking of the inflation and guidewire lumen(s); and deploys with improved pushability and trackability.


A downhole retrieval tool includes a mandrel; an inner sleeve disposed around the mandrel; a plurality of magnets coupled to the inner sleeve; and an outer sleeve disposed around the plurality of magnets, wherein the inner sleeve and the plurality of magnets are rotatable relative to the mandrel. In another aspect, an assembly tool for handling a magnet includes an anchor; a conveyance movable relative to the anchor; and a magnet holder coupled to the conveyance, wherein the magnet holder includes an arm for retaining the magnet.

Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the invention generally relate to apparatus and methods for removing material from a wellbore. Particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to a magnetic retrieval apparatus. Embodiments of the invention also relate to apparatus and methods of assembling a magnetic retrieval apparatus.
Description of the Related Art
Many operations in an oil or gas well often produce a variety of debris in the wellbore. For example, milling operations may produce metallic mill cuttings, which may not be completely removed by circulation of fluid in the wellbore. Also, bit cones, slips, tong pins, and hammers, or fragments thereof, can collect at the bottom of the wellbore.
Retrieval tools containing magnets have been used to retrieve the debris in the wellbore. One type of retrieval tool includes a plurality of magnets disposed on its exterior, and the magnets may be exposed to the wellbore environment surrounding the retrieval tool. The exposed magnets are subjected to physical damage or corrosion in the wellbore, and in some instances, may even be lost in the wellbore.
The handling of magnets during assembly of the retrieval tool raises safety concerns. Large, high strength magnets may be pulled out of the operator's hand by an adjacent magnet.
There is a need, therefore, for an improved retrieval tool for retrieving debris from the wellbore. There is also a need for apparatus and methods of assembling a retrieval tool.


A method for producing a light-emitting device, includes: performing, on a first substrate made of III-V group compound semiconductor, crystal growth of a laminated body including an etching easy layer contiguous to the first substrate and a light-emitting layer made of nitride semiconductor; bonding a second substrate and the laminated body; and detaching the second substrate provided with the light-emitting layer from the first substrate by, one of removing the etching easy layer by using a solution etching method, and removing the first substrate and the etching easy layer by using mechanical polishing method.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a light-emitting device and a method for producing a light-emitting device.
2. Background Art
By improvement of characteristics of nitride light-emitting device, light equipment using a semiconductor light-emitting device has become possible. For further expanding lighting purpose, improvement of optical output and light-emitting efficiency of the light emitting device has been required. Moreover, in lighting purpose, high mass productivity is required.
As a substrate for performing crystal growth of a nitride light-emitting device, sapphire of insulator material or the like is often used. However, if an insulator substrate, it is difficult to set the vertical direction to the substrate to be a current pathway, and its current pathway becomes through high serial resistance along a surface parallel to the substrate. Therefore, the light-emitting efficiency lowers. On the other hand, if the nitride semiconductor substrate having conductivity is used, low resistance is possible but growth in size of the substrate is difficult and mass productivity is insufficient.
There is a technique disclosure example about a III-V group compound semiconductor device having high light-emitting efficiency and a method for producing the device (JP-A 2006-135026 (Kokai)). In this disclosure example, there is disclosed a method for producing a light-emitting device, including bonding a ground substrate in which a laminated body of III-V group compound semiconductor is formed and a semiconductor substrate in which a laminated body containing metal layer is formed and then removing the ground substrate.
However, even if the technique disclosure example is used, it is not sufficient for the light-emitting device and the producing method which have characteristics and mass productivity satisfying requirement of light purpose.

Light-emitting device and method for producing light emitting device


The present invention provides a toner for developing an electrostatic image which inhibits the filming of a wax on the development sleeve and photoreceptor to obtain a stable image. The present invention also provides a toner for developing an electrostatic image which provides a practically sufficiently wide fixing latitude. The present invention further provides an image formation process for forming a copied image with an excellent dot reproducibility, fine line reproducibility and gradation. A novel toner for developing an electrostatic image is provided, which comprises a particulate toner containing a polyolefin wax and a modified polyolefin wax, wherein the average diameter of wax particles dispersed in the particulate toner is not more than 0.5 .mu.m and the amount of wax exposed on the surface of said particulate toner is from 40 to 65% by weight. The particulate toner may comprise a finely divided magnetic powder in an amount of from 30 to 70% by weight. The content of modified polyolefin wax in the particulate toner is preferably greater than that of polyolefin wax.

As dry development processes used in various electrostatic duplicating processes which have been put into practical use there have been known a two-component(binary) development process using a toner and a carrier such as iron powder and a one-component(unitary) development process using a magnetic toner comprising a magnetic material incorporated therein free of carrier The unitary development process using a magnetic toner requires no automatic concentration adjustor as required in the developing machine used in the binary development process. Thus, the developing machine used in the unitary development process can be compact. Further, since no carrier stain occurs, no maintenance such as replacement of carrier is required. Accordingly, the unitary development process has been used not only in low speed small-sized duplicating machines or printers but also in middle or higher speed duplicating machines, printers or plotters. Thus, further enhancement of properties have been desired in the unitary development process.
On the other hand, the binary development process employs a carrier which serves to agitate, carry and charge the developer separately of the developer and thus has a good controllability. Therefore, the binary development process has been widely employed. In particular, a developer comprising a resin-coated carrier is advantageous in that it has a good charge controllability and can attain relatively easy enhancement of environmental dependence and age stability.
In recent years, digitization has gone a long way in the field of printer as well as in the field of duplicating machine, making it possible to form a latent image more precisely, in particular, a minute difference in gradation with small kanji (Chinese character) or dots can be expressed. On the other hand, a plotter for a large-size drawing employing a magnetic unitary development process to produce a reduced sized plotter has been developed, A drawing is mainly composed of lines, and thus it is important to faithfully and stably reproduce the width of these lines. Digitization has made possible to form a latent image precisely. Thus, studies have been made on the faithful development of the high precision latent image.
As mentioned above, the magnetic unitary development process has various advantages. However, the magnetic unitary development process has essential problems from the standpoint of high image-quality development. In other words, the particulate toner undergoes magnetic agglomeration due to the magnetic material contained therein during development. Thus, the particulate toner seemingly increases in size, making it difficult to faithfully develop the latent image. This is a disadvantage which is not encountered in the binary development toner free of magnetic material.
The magnetic toner is also disadvantageous from the standpoint of fixability. In other words, the magnetic toner comprises a large amount of a magnetic material which cannot be fixed and thus is inevitably inferior to the nonmagnetic toner. Further, a magnetic toner which can be fixed with a lower energy has been desired.
On the other hand, a particulate toner comprising a polyolefin wax incorporated therein has frequently been used to eliminate various disadvantages in fixing properties such as offset in which the toner is attached to a heat roll used in the heat roll fixing process, causing stain on subsequent duplicating papers, smudge in which the fixed toner image is partially destroyed and transferred to a white paper when rubbed with the white paper and finger mark in which the fixed image is destroyed by a finger for peeling a paper which has been passed through a heat roll. The particulate toner comprising a polyolefin wax incorporated therein has a good releasability from the heat roller and hence a good offset resistance. However, since such a polyolefin wax has a poor compatibility with a binder resin, it forms a large domain in the binder resin. Thus, the toner can be easily destroyed at the domain portion during preparation, causing the wax to be exposed on the surface of the particulate toner. If such a toner is used in the magnetic unitary development process, the polyolefin wax migrates to the development sleeve and photoreceptor, causing the toner to be unevenly carried or the photoreceptor to be stained and hence causing density drop or image quality deterioration.
In the binary toner, too, a polyolefin wax is drastically exposed on the surface of the particulate toner. The polyolefin wax can migrate to the carrier or photoreceptor, causing density drop, toner scattering and image quality deterioration.
In order to eliminate such a secondary hindrance caused by polyolefin wax, an approach has been proposed which comprises specifying the amount of wax exposed on the surface of the toner as disclosed in JP-A-2-87159 (The term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"). However, this approach is disadvantageous in that the exposure of the domain of polyolefin wax cannot be thoroughly eliminated, making it impossible to eliminate the uneven toner distribution over the development sleeve. This rather worsens the offset resistance and deteriorates the fixability of the toner.
Attempts have heretofore been made to reduce the minimum dispersible diameter of polyolefin wax particles. For example, the use of a modified polyolefin wax has been proposed. JP-B-4-48227 (The term "JP-B" as used herein means an "examined Japanese patent publication") discloses the use of a modified polyolefin obtained by grafting a polyolefin with an unsaturated dicarboxylic ester. JP-B-4-30580 discloses the use of a modified polyethylene obtained by the block copolymerization of a polyethylene with an acrylate monomer made of acrylic ester or methacrylic ester. If only a modified polyolefin wax is used, the wax domain diameter is reduced. However, the resulting effect of raising the offset temperature is smaller than that of polyolefin wax. Thus, the added amount of the modified polyolefin wax needs to be increased. As a result, the amount of wax exposed on the surface of the particulate toner is increased, deteriorating the developability of the toner. Thus, no toners which can satisfy both the requirements for offset resistance and resistance to stain on the development sleeve have been found.
The combined use of a modified olefin wax and an olefin wax has been proposed in this respect as disclosed in JP-A-60-93456 and JP-A-60-93457. However, the effect of reducing the wax domain diameter is lessened depending on the mixing ratio of the modified olefin wax. This approach is also disadvantageous in that when the total amount of the two waxes based on the weight of the toner is increased, the amount of wax particles exposed on the surface of the particulate toner is increased, causing the wax to migrate to the development sleeve.

Toner for developing electrostatic image and image formation process using the toner


The present invention relates to a Reinforced Form Stable Phase Change Material (RFSPCM) and product thereof. Reinforcement with chemically treated fibers, of polymer in Phase Change Material (PCM) matrix gives a uniform blend of a stable form. This Reinforced Form Stable Phase Change Material (RFSPCM) according to present invention is nontoxic in nature, flexible, has high latent heat and high tensile or tearing strength both above and below the melting point of Phase Change Material (PCM). Further, the composition is so stable that it can easily be heated and cooled without leaking out its Phase Change Material (PCM). The present invention provides a simple Phase Change Material (PCM) product for user for providing stored heat that has improved safety and handling ability.

Phase Change Material (PCM) is suitable for storing thermal energy in the form of latent heat. This latent heat can be utilized for heating and cooling application without changing its form. A Phase Change Material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which melts and solidifies at a certain temperature and is also capable of storing and releasing of energy. The Phase Change Material (PCM) changes from solid to liquid and vice versa when heat is absorbed or released by it.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,993 discloses the use of fibers having microencapsulated Phase Change Material (PCM) and fabrics made from them. Microcapsules are expensive, can rupture, need additional resinous agents for adhesion and can cause poor fabric flexibility and properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,793,856 discloses fibers made with polymeric material which are dipped in Phase Change Material (PCM) to produce Form Stable Phase Change Material (FSPCM).
U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,335 issued to Soroushian discloses using mechanical action to reduce the bonding between fibers so that the fibers can be dispersed in matrix. One disadvantage of using mechanical means to break the inter-fiber bonding is that once the mechanically dispersed fibers are placed in the mixture, hydrogen bonds can again form between the fibers and cause the fibers to recluster in the mix.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,770 discloses the use of only polymer and mono hydroxy alcohol, fatty acids and paraffin waxes to produce Form Stable Phase Change Material (FSPCM).
Further, many patents focus on non-exuding property of Form Stable Phase Change Material (FSPCM). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,103 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/736,258 discloses non-exuding property of Form Stable Phase Change Material (FSPCM). But these patents do not have any reference to brittleness and low tensile strength of Form Stable Phase Change Material (FSPCM) below the transition temperature.
Again U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/0786 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/174,607 describes a complicated process for preparing Phase Change Material (PCM) and polymer blend for thermal management.
The polymer matrix chosen earlier to support the Phase Change Material (PCM) is more than 20% which reduces the available latent heat of the Phase Change Material (PCM). U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/258,779 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/736,258 discloses that the use of more than 60% Phase Change Material (PCM) decreases the mechanical strength of the composite.
EP Patent Application No. 07007327.5 describes fiber reinforced cement composite materials using chemically treated fibers with improved dispersibility.
Therefore there exists a need for a Reinforced Form Stable Phase Change Material (RFSPCM) which is nontoxic, flexible and has high latent heat and high tensile or tearing strength, both above and below the melting point of Phase Change Material (PCM). The stable composition of the present invention can easily be heated and cooled without changing the structure and composition and also without exuding its Phase Change Material (PCM). The present invention provides a Phase Change Material (PCM) product for providing stored heat that has improved safety and handle ability.
The novelty in the present invention is the reinforcement of polymer or Phase Change Material (PCM) matrix by mixing with chemically treated fiber, which gives the blend of a more stable form than so far obtainable and has high tensile or tear strength either above or below the melting point of the Phase Change Material (PCM).

Treated fiber reinforced form stable phase change


A method for producing a color filter involves (A) forming a photosensitive coating film on at least a transparent electrically conductive layer formed on an outermost surface of a transparent substrate and exposing the photosensitive coating film through a mask having patterns of at least three different degrees of light transmittances; (B) developing and removing a photosensitive coating film region corresponding to one of the patterns of the smallest and largest degrees of light transmittances for exposing the transparent electrically conductive layer and electrodepositing a colored coating on the exposed transparent electrically conductive layer for forming a colored layer thereon. Operation of developing and removing the photosensitive coating film and electrodepositing the colored coating is repeated for the respective patterns of different degrees of light transmittances in sequence of difference in light transmittances to form different colored layers. The electrodepositing is in turn performed at each time in a decreasing voltage.

This invention relates to a method for producing a color filter and more particularly to a color filter advantageously employed as a color liquid crystal display device.
Among the currently employed methods for preparing a color filter, there are a dyeing method consisting in dyeing a transparent substrate with a binder containing dyes and pigments, a printing method and a pigment dispersion method.
Since the dyeing method consists in selectively forming a thin resin film on a substrate with dyes, a resist printing process and a photolithographic process need to be performed each time the color is changed. Although resist printing is unnecessary with the printing method, there is a limit to the refinement of color patterns and, the larger is the number of colors, the printing position becomes the worse. Although the fine color pattern is possible with the pigment dispersion method, a high precision photolithographic process needs to be performed each time the color is changed, resulting in a complicated process.
For overcoming the deficiency, there is proposed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 59-114572 (1984) a method for producing a color filter by an electrodeposition coating method. With this method, a transparent electrode is prepared by patterning a transparent electrically conductive film deposited on the substrate, the substrate is immersed in a colored electrodeposition bath for forming a colored layer by electrodeposition, and electrical voltage is applied only to a portion of the patterned transparent electrode which is to be dyed in the same color. The substrate is then immersed in a colored electrodeposition, and bath for forming a different color layer by electrodeposition electric voltage is then applied only to a portion of the substrate which is to be dyed in a different color. However, it is necessary with this method to perform a high precision patterning of the transparent electrode, and to pay meticulous care during the subsequent process not to break the fine pattern, because otherwise the subsequent coloring process is rendered difficult. Besides, the patterned transparent electrode needs to be electrically continuous, even in fine pattern sections, so that limitations are imposed on the degree of freedom of the pattern shape.
In Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 63-210901 (1988), there is proposed a method consisting in forming colored layers by light exposure, development and electrodeposition, using a mask having patterns only in areas to be dyed in the same colors and a positive type photosensitive resin composition, and repeating the steps of light exposure, development and electrodeposition a desired number of times. This method is inferior in stability because it makes use of a compound containing unstable quinone diazido groups. Besides, if the quinone diazido compound is brought into contact with an aqueous alkali solution, the quinone diazido compound in the unexposed part is also reacted with an aqueous alkali solution so that photosensitivity is markedly changed to present difficulties in the subsequent right exposure and development steps.
In these electrodeposition methods a transparent electrode for formation of colored layers is simultaneously used as an electrode for driving a liquid crystal. However, since the colored layers formed on the transparent electrode is made of an insulating material, the liquid crystal driving voltage becomes exceedingly high. For this reason, a transparent electrode for driving the liquid crystal is additionally provided on the colored layers formed in accordance with the above method for lowering the driving voltage. On the other hand, since the transparent electrode employed in the above method has a light transmittance of 80 to 85%, provision of two transparent electrode layers leads to lowered light transmittance to deteriorate the performance as a colored display substrate. For overcoming this defect, there is proposed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. 1-22479 (1989) a method comprising forming a colored layer on a master plate and transferring it onto a transparent substrate. However, since the transfer is effected for each color with this prior-art method, it becomes necessary to achieve high precision alignment for each transfer operation, thus complicating the production.
On the other hand, in order to meet the demand for high performance of the device provided with a color filter, it has been desired to improve contrast and to prevent color purity from being lowered. In order to solve this problem, a method of forming a non-light transmitting film in a region of the color filter defined between neighboring pixels has been proposed. For forming the non-light transmitting film, there are known a method comprising forming pixels with alignment on a substrate on which a non-light transmitting film pattern is formed previously, and a method comprising forming a non-light transmitting film pattern with alignment on a substrate on which a pixel pattern is formed previously.
However, since it is necessary with these methods to effect an alignment operation between the pixel pattern and the non-light transmitting pattern, it is difficult with this precision to form a pattern of non-light transmitting pattern of a coincident size free of the light transmitting sections between the pixel patterns. If overlapped portions are produced, step differences are produced on a color filter, so that it becomes difficult to produce a color filter excellent in planarity.
With any of the above methods, high precision processing is required for alignment so that it is difficult to cope with the demand for a larger work size, that is a larger picture size with reduced costs.
In order to solve these disadvantages, a method for electrodepositing in turn each pixel has been proposed in Japanese Patent Application No. 3-43596. However, when black matrixes which light-intercepts the space between each pixel are formed in the same manner as each pixel, since black-hued coating containing carbon black having high light-interception is electrically conductive with a formed coating film, it is difficult to handle the black-hued coating similarly to the other colored coatings. Specifically, if the black-hued coating is formed followed by electrodepositing the other colored coatings, the other colored coatings are electrodeposited not only on the transparent electrically conductive layer but also on the black-hued coating film so that smoothness of the color filter is impaired. On the other hand, a method of electrodepositing a black-hued coating onto pixel free portions after the formation of the other pixels, lacks somewhat in precision to produce a black-hued light-intercepting layer requiring the highest precision.
To overcome these problems, there are proposed a method of using a black-hued coating containing mixed pigments other than carbon black, and a method of applying a photosensitive resin containing a black colorant to the overall surface of a color filter on which pixels other than the black pixel has been formed, subjecting only pixel free portions to light exposure to thereby cure photosensitive resin portions corresponding to the pixel free portions by exposing from the back side, i.e. substrate side to utilize each pixel as a light-intercepting portion, and developing and removing the photosensitive resin portions corresponding to pixel portions to form a black-hued coating film. However, in the former method black concentration is insufficient, while in the latter method the light-interception of each pixel is inherently insufficient so that it is impossible to obtain a satisfactory black-hued light-intercepting layer in either method.

Method for producing color filter wherein the voltage used to electrodeposit the colored layers is decreased with each subsequent electrodeposition step


A method for forming an electrode on a mesa structure of a semiconductor substrate. The method comprises the steps of: selectively forming an electrode on a predetermined area in a surface of the semiconductor substrate; and subjecting the substrate to a selective etching by use of the electrode as a mask to form a mesa structure on the substrate so that the mesa structure is self-aligned just under the electrode.

The present invention relates to a method for forming a semiconductor device, and more particularly to a method for forming electrodes on mesa structures of a semiconductor substrate.
A typical prior art reference will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1D. As illustrated in FIG. 1A, a photoresist film 1 is selectively formed on a silicon substrate 2 so that the photoresist film is used as a mask for etching a selective part of the silicon substrate 2. As a result, on the silicon substrate 2, there is formed a rectangular-shaped convex portion which serves as a mask alignment mark 3 in a later process.
With reference to FIG. 1B, the photoresist film 1 is removed from a surface of the silicon substrate 2. A photoresist film 4 is formed on the surface of the silicon substrate 2 by an alignment with reference to the mask alignment mark 3. The photoresist film 4 is used as a mask to etch the silicon substrate 2, thereby an isolation mesa structure 5 is selectively formed on the surface of the silicon substrate.
With reference to FIG. 1C, the photoresist film 4 is removed from the surface of the silicon substrate 2. After this, a photoresist film 6 is formed on the surface of the silicon substrate 2 by an alignment with reference to the mask alignment mark 3. The photoresist film has openings over the mesa structure 5 of the silicon substrate 2. The photoresist film 6 is used as a mask for an evaporation of an electrically conductive material 7. As a result, the conductive material 7 is deposited not only on the photoresist film 6 but also on exposed surfaces of the silicon substrate 2.
With reference to FIG. 1D, the photoresist film 6 covered by the conductive material 7 is removed from the surface of the silicon substrate 2. As a result, the conductive material remains only on the exposed silicon surface which had not been covered by the photoresist film 6. The remaining conductive material is subjected to a lift-off treatment to form electrodes 8 on the mesa structure 5 of the silicon substrate 2.
The conventional method for forming the electrodes on the mesa structure of the silicon substrate is, however, engaged with a serious problem regarding significant deterioration of the accuracy of mask alignment when the photoresist films 4 and 6 are provided on the surface of the silicon substrate 2. In fact, the photoresist films 4 and 6 tend to be slightly displaced from a predetermined exact position on the silicon substrate. Such displacements of the photoresist films 4 and 6 result in a displacement of the electrodes from predetermined positions on the mesa structure 10 of the silicon substrate 2 as illustrated in FIG. 2. Such a semiconductor device is, in fact, unacceptable.
Another conventional method will be described with reference to FIG. 3A to 3C. With reference to FIG. 3A, a photoresist film 1 is selectively formed on a GaAs substrate 2 so that the photoresist film 1 is used as a mask for etching a selective part of the GaAs substrate 2. The etching is carried out by use of a phosphor-containing etchant. As a result, on the GaAs substrate 2, there is formed a rectangular-shaped convex portion which serves as a mask alignment mark 3 in a later process.
With reference to FIG. 3B, the photoresist film 1 is removed from a surface of the GaAs substrate 2. A photoresist film 4 is formed on the surface of the GaAs substrate 2 by an alignment with reference to the mask alignment mark 3. The photoresist film 4 is used as a mask to etch the GaAs substrate 2 by use of a phosphor-containing etchant, thereby an isolation mesa structure 5 is selectively formed on the surface of the GaAs substrate 2.
With reference to FIG. 3C, the photoresist film 4 is removed from the surface of the GaAs substrate 2. Thereafter, a photoresist film 6 is formed on the surface of the GaAs substrate 2 by an alignment with reference to the mask alignment mark 3. The photoresist film 6 has an opening over the mesa structure 5 of the GaAs substrate 2. The photoresist film 6 is used as a mask for an evaporation of an electrically conductive material 7. As a result, the conductive material 7 is deposited not only on the photoresist film 6 but also on exposed surfaces of the GaAs substrate 2.
With reference to FIG. 3D, the photoresist film 6 covered by the conductive material 7 is removed from the surface of the GaAs substrate 2, As a result, the conductive material 7 remains only on the exposed GaAs surface which had not been covered by the photoresist film 6. The remaining conductive material is subjected to a lift-off treatment to form electrodes 8 on the mesa structure 5 of the silicon substrate 2.
The conventional method for forming the electrodes on the mesa structure of the silicon substrate is also engaged with the same problem of significant deterioration of the accuracy of mask alignment when the photoresist films 4 and 6 are provided on the surface of the silicon substrate 2. In fact, the photoresist films 4 and 6 tend to be slightly displaced from a predetermined exact position on the silicon substrate. Such displacements of the photoresist films 4 and 6 result in a displacement of the electrode 9 from predetermined positions on the mesa structure 5 of the silicon substrate 5 as illustrated in FIG. 4. Such a semiconductor device is, in fact, unacceptable.
Under the above circumstances, it has been necessary to develop a quite novel method for forming electrodes on a mesa structure of a semiconductor substrate.

Method for forming electrodes on mesa structures of a semiconductor substrate


The water, sediment and erosion control apparatus of the present invention includes a water-permeable foam barrier extending generally longitudinal. The barrier has an upstream surface and a downstream surface. The apparatus also includes an apron extending laterally away from at least one surface of the barrier. The apparatus is reconfigurable for different applications by rotating the barrier relative to the apron. The method of the present invention comprises providing a reusable apparatus having an angled barrier and a protective apron, and anchoring the apparatus generally perpendicular to a natural flow of water, such that the water carrying the sediment is slowed and sediment is deposited upstream of the apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to hydrogeology and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to water, sediment and erosion control apparatus and methods.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Construction often disturbs trees, grasses, bushes and other elements which naturally control run-off water, sediment and erosion. Typically, the bare earth is exposed in a construction site which, if no controls are implemented, significant erosion and other water damage can occur. In fact, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has issued regulations requiring contractors whose construction operations disturb five or more acres of land to implement erosion and sediment controls. See Federal Register, vol. 57, no. 175, p. 41,217, Sep. 9, 1992.
One type of sediment and erosion control device which is often used is hay or straw bales. However, hay bales are seldom satisfactory. First, they are difficult to install. The weight and associated factors of hay bales make installation a labor intense task. Second, long wooden or steel stakes must be used to hold the bales in place. These are expensive and difficult to install and remove. Third, quality control for hay or straw bales is very seldom available, resulting in a poor quality material often being used. Fourth, hay bales placed in a barrier position cannot be joined together to stop water penetration, resulting in erosion between and underneath the bales and eventually failure of the barrier. If water does not flow under or penetrate between the bales, it will often flow over the top causing erosion of the soil directly behind and beneath the bales and eventually resulting in failure. Additionally, hay or straw bales become soil laden very quickly and cannot be reused. The wire or string holding the hay together often deteriorates and breaks. Finally, hay bales are not readily available in some areas and, due to their weight and bulkiness, cannot be shipped to these areas in a cost-efficient manner.
Another type of erosion and sediment control device is a silt fence. A silt fence is a permeable barrier made of filter fabric buried at the bottom, stretched and supported by posts. However, silt fences generally do not have the structural strength to collect soil and sediment. Furthermore, because silt fences are not designed to withstand high heads, the general use of silt fences is limited. Furthermore, silt fences require a great amount of maintenance.
Many other devices and methods have been and are currently being used: check dams, detention basins, temporary and permanent earth diversions, rock or cement-lined waterways and outlets, mulching, surface roughening and temporary seeding. See Storm Water Management For Construction Activities--Developing Pollution Prevention Plans And Best Management Practices, United States Environmental Protection Agency, chapter 3, September 1992. These devices and methods suffer similar problems including a lack of effectiveness, intensive labor requirements and expense.
Another application where it is necessary to control water involves flood situations. Sand-filled bags are often used to build a barrier wall, for example, surrounding a house or lining a river bank. However, sand bags are heavy and do not have great lateral strength to support a high wall of water. Furthermore, due to short warning times and the labor intensive nature of preparing a sand bag barrier, often there is simply not enough time to build a sand bag barrier prior to flooding.
Thus, there is a need for improved water, sediment and erosion control apparatus and methods which are effective, easily and quickly installed and removed, lightweight, inexpensive, durable and reusable.

Water, sediment and erosion control apparatus and methods


Systems and methods for continuous infusion of a fluid, which may be heated, into a balloon catheter. A system for balloon inflation, the system comprising a catheter having an inflow lumen and an outflow lumen, a balloon positioned at a distal end of the catheter, the balloon being in fluid communication with the inflow and the outflow lumen, and an infusion device in fluid communication with the balloon through the inflow and outflow lumens, the infusion device configured for continuously circulating a fluid into and out of the balloon to maintain the balloon at a constant pressure and volume by matching a flow of the fluid into the balloon via the inflow lumen with a flow of the fluid out of the balloon via the outflow lumen in order to keep the balloon volume and pressure constant during an entire infusion.

Balloon catheters are used for a wide variety of medical applications including angioplasty, stent deployment, embolectomy and balloon occlusion of blood vessels. A standard balloon catheter has a catheter with at least one lumen, a compliant or non-compliant balloon positioned coaxially around and bonded to the catheter at or near its distal tip. At least one of the catheter lumens, the inflation lumen, has at least one orifice positioned within the balloon lumen such that this inflation lumen is in fluid communication with the inside of the balloon. The balloon is deployed by attaching a syringe or other infusion device to the proximal end of the catheter, so that it is in fluid communication with the catheter's inflation lumen, and injecting a volume of fluid (liquid or gas) through the inflation lumen into the balloon, inflating it to a given volume or pressure. The balloon is deflated by withdrawing the fluid from the balloon lumen through the catheter's inflation lumen back into the reservoir of the syringe or other infusion device. The catheter may have additional lumens such as a guidewire lumen to facilitate maneuvering of the catheter within the body, infusion lumens to infuse fluid out the distal tip of the catheter into the patient and monitoring lumens to monitor pressure, temperature or other parameters.
There are applications where it is desirable for the fluid which inflates the balloon to flow continuously into and out of the balloon while maintaining the balloon inflated at the desired volume and pressure. One such application would be thermal ablation balloon catheters which ablate tissue using hyper or hypothermia. Balloon catheters are useful in these applications because they can be designed to conform to the tissue to be ablated once positioned in the appropriate location. Another such application would be a drug delivery balloon catheter where the balloon serves as a reservoir for a drug to be delivered through its permeable wall.
Tissue ablation is performed throughout the body. It is frequently used to destroy abnormal tissue such as malignant tumors (e.g. liver, lung) or other non-malignant tissue (e.g. endometrial, prostatic). It is also frequently used to target structurally normal tissues for a specific therapeutic effect such as cardiac tissue ablation to treat arrhythmias and more recently renal nerve ablation ("renal denervation") to treat refractory hypertension.
Tissue ablation is most commonly performed by applying energy to the target tissue to cause irreversible cellular injury. Common energy sources for tissue ablation include radiofrequency, microwave, laser, ultrasound and cryo. Each source has its own specific characteristics, biophysical mechanism, advantages and disadvantages. All of these modalities, with the exception of cryo, ultimately act by increasing the tissue temperature to cytotoxic levels for a given period of time. Cellular injury is generally reversible below 46 C. Although there is some variability in thermal sensitivity among different tissues and cell types, irreversible cellular injury generally occurs after 60 minutes at 46 C and less than 5 minutes at 50 C.
Most clinical applications of thermal ablation have involved either large volumes of tissue (e.g. tumor ablation) or at least relatively thick tissues (e.g. cardiac ablation) where complete ablation of the target tissue is necessary for a successful therapeutic effect. Even a small volume of residual viable tissue can lead to clinical failure in the form of recurrent tumor growth, metastases from residual tumor or recurrent arrhythmias from residual pathways. For the ablation to be successful, the cells farthest from the energy source must reach the target cytotoxic temperature. The larger the distance from the energy probe to the border of the target tissue the more challenging the ablation, the more energy needs to be delivered and the higher the temperature near the probe needs to be. For example, RF ablation depends on electrical conductivity to generate heat but creating too much heat near the probe can generate charring which increases impedance and decreases the effective range of the ablation. A wide variety of technologies and techniques have been developed to accommodate the challenges of ablating across a large distances using RF (e.g. multi-electrode probes, cooling, irrigation and complex power algorithms). As a result, these tissue ablation modalities typically require a complex, external console to assure the precise amount of energy is delivered to the tissue to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Simpler devices which use a "shotgun" approach may be ineffective or downright harmful.
The major limitation of standard balloon catheters in hyperthermic ablation applications is that the surrounding tissue serves as a powerful thermal sink. The temperature in the balloon may equilibrate with the surrounding tissue within a short period of time, shorter than the time necessary to perform the ablation, typically several minutes. For hypothermic (cryo) ablation the fluid temperature can be made so cold using liquid gases (e.g. argon, nitrogen) that the time required for the temperature to equilibrate is longer than the time it takes to ablate the tissue. For hyperthermic ablation, however, the options are more limited since the boiling temperature of most biocompatible fluids are only modestly above the temperature necessary to successfully ablate most tissues. Most tissue ablation is therefore performed using a fixed probe which is inserted into the tissue and attached to an external energy source (e.g. radiofrequency, microwave). The source continuously provides energy to the tissue as the heat dissipates into the surrounding tissue.

Continuous flow balloon catheter systems and methods of use


A display panel, a display device and a control method thereof are provided. The display panel includes a plurality of display units on a base substrate, each display unit includes: a driving component, and a light splitting component driven by the driving component to convert incident light into light of different colors.

With the rapid development of modern science and technology and the increasing demand for people's living production, more and more electronic devices have emerged to meet the ever-increasing demand for living and production, and display screens, as electronic devices in direct contact with people, has been widely used. The display screen, as a device capable of both outputting and inputting, is an important tool for visualizing the operation of the electronic device through a specific transmission device. Electronic devices such as televisions, mobile phones, computers, and smart wearable devices that are closest to us in life are inseparable from the display screen, some for operation, and others for viewing. The existing display screens currently on the market mainly include: LCD (liquid crystal display), LED (light emitting diode) display, plasma display, etc. Many display screen technologies have been developed for many years and the technology is mature, but there are also more or less problems, many problems are limitations of the technology itself, and cannot be solved by improving the solution, such as lacking of color expression (by RGB tri-color synthesis of other colors), complex component and inconvenient maintenance and so on.

Display panel, display device and control method thereof

CHONGQING BOE OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A ceramic matrix composite article, method for forming the article, and perforated ply which may be incorporated therein are disclosed. The article includes at least one shell ply forming an exterior wall having first and second portions and defining a plenum. An annular brace formed of at least one structural support ply is disposed within the plenum, including a first integral portion integral with and part of the first portion of the exterior wall, a first curved portion extending from the first integral portion and curving across the article plenum to the second portion of the exterior wall, a second integral portion integral with and part of the second portion of the exterior wall, a second curved portion extending from the second integral portion and curving across the article plenum to the first curved portion, and an overlap in which the first and second curved portions are integral.

Gas turbines are continuously being modified to provide increased efficiency and performance. These modifications include the ability to operate at higher temperatures and under harsher conditions, which often requires material modifications and/or coatings to protect components from such temperatures and conditions. As more modifications are introduced, additional challenges are realized.
One modification to increase performance and efficiency involves forming gas turbine components, such as, but not limited to, airfoils, buckets (blades), nozzles (vanes), shrouds, combustor liners, and heat shields from CMC. However, CMC components may be more susceptible to bending stresses and deformation than other structural materials such as superalloys.
Additionally, CMC is expensive, and paring sheets of CMC material to a required shape for a particular apparatus may produce significant amounts of CMC scrap. In addition, the paring process may introduce defects into the ply, and may require multiple paring steps to achieve a sufficiently precise conformation.

Perforated ceramic matrix composite ply, ceramic matrix composite article, and method for forming ceramic matrix composite article


An aquaculture system for allowing live seafood such as clam seeds to grow on a floatation raft which can be positioned in water dock spaces of a marina. A first embodiment allows for an air source such as a regenerative blower to pump air into airlifts under the floatation raft causing seawater to become aerated to flow into and up through screens in container units in the raft allowing for the live seafood on the screens to become both aerated and fed. A second embodiment is a downwell unit where the aerated water flows down the container units through the screens. The upwell air lifts can be modified with spray arm attachments to convert the system from upwell to downwell flow operations. The airlifts can have forty-five degree angled cut bottoms, and include extension tubes for allowing deeper seawater to be introduced into the system. Removable filters can be attached to the airlifts to filter out undesirable contaminants from the system.

Aquaculture systems have been around for many years. Various devices have been proposed for providing aerating systems for all types of fish. See for example, U.S. Patents 463,397 to Walton; 3,196,833 to Glancy; 3,418,973 to Saito; 3,661,119 to Sanders; 3,709,195 to Tabb; 3,795,225 to Ogui; 4,257,351 to Scura et al.; 4,317,429 to Leighton et al.; 4,972,801 to Hunt; 5,092,268 to Taylor; 5,320,068 to Redditt; and 5,762,024 to Meilahn.
Glancy '833, Saito '973, Sanders '119, Ogui '225, and Hunt '801 each describe various fish tank systems that are generally landlocked and do not allow for the easy use of seawater for aeration purposes, and thus would not provide a good environment for the culture of live seafood such as clam seeds.
Walton, Sr. '397 and Leighton et al. '429 each describe floating panels having screened bottoms but do not describe techniques for aerating any water flow through the screens.
Tabb '195 describes a method for hatching and growing marine organisms using an airpumped floatation raft. However, Tabb '195 requires a separate pump 46 to pump in seawater, and does not aerate the water passing into the enclosed raft and does not provide any screened units for supporting separated culture environments for different sizes of seafood, nor for providing either any upwelling nor downwelling water flows into the enclosed raft.
Meilan '024 describes an aquaculture system wherein seawater can be pumped along with oxygen into a floating aquaculture container. However, Meilan '024 requires both an electric type water pump 30 and a separate oxygen diffuser 58 FIG. 5, the latter of which requires an "oxygen generator or bottles of liquid oxygen. . . (for) injecting the oxygen into pressurized sea water", column 5, lines 12-15. Furthermore, Meilan does not describe being able to raise and lower the floating container with the same air supplies, nor does the system describe both upwelling and downwelling water flow aeration of the seafood.
Redditt '068 describes an "automatic oxygenation system for aquaculture" where oxygenated seawater can be pumped into the floating container. However, Redditt '068 requires both an electric type water pump 190 and separate aerator 175 FIG. 8. Furthermore, Redditt '068 does not describe being able to raise and lower the floating container with the same air supplies, nor does the system describe both upwelling and downwelling water flow aeration of the seafood.
Both Meilan '024 and Reddit '068 require mechanical operating electrically powered pumps that must operate under a constant load while pumping water. These types of pumps generally require extensive maintenance due to their multiple moving parts such as bearings and seals that can fail and need to be replaced. Furthermore, these types of electric pumps generally require power sources to be located in or close to the water locations causing an inherent potential for electrical shock to both workers and the organisms being cultured.
Scura et al. '351 describes a "bivalve production flume", title, with "upwelling" features for seawater cultivation. However, Scura et al. '351 requires elaborate seafloor trenches and complex distribution system, and does not use any floatation boxes nor airpumps for both the upwelling and downwelling operations.
The aeration type systems of the prior art can inherently can create the potential for gas bubble disease by mixing both pressure pumped water and a separate pumped oxygen source.
None of the cited patents individually nor in combination describe a system having the capability of using a airpump to aerate seawater in either an upwell or downwell process within a floatation box holding seafood such as clam seeds, where the box is also floated by the same airpump. into a floatation box unit.


Apparatus for humidity detection comprises a humidity sensing element, the electrostatic capacitance of which varies in accordance with the ambient humidity, a fixed capacitor, first and second pulse generating circuits respectively responsive to the sensing element and the capacitor, and a computing circuit responsive to pulses from the first and second pulse generating circuit. The sensing element and the fixed capacitor are respectively charged via resistors to produce first and second pulses in accordance with voltage across the sensing element and the capacitor. The difference between the widths of the first and second pulses is detected in the computing circuit to produce an output pulse indicative of the relative humidity, thereby compensating for undesirable infuenece due to dielectric loss in the sensing element so as to accurately measure humidity irrespectively of the ambient temperature.

Recently, a humidity sensing element the electrostatic capacitance of which varies in accordance with the ambient humidity is developed. When such a sensing element is utilized as a transducer, an electrical circuit which measures the capacitance of the sensing element is required to produce an electrical signal indicative of the capacitance and therefore the humidity. There are several possibilities for such an electrical circuit. For instance, an A.C. bridge or a resonant circuit may be used to measure the capacitance of the sensing element. However, when employing the above mentioned techniques, troublesome steps are required and furthermore, the electrical circuits for achieving the above mentioned techniques are too complex in construction.
Some inventors of the present invention had already proposed in a published British patent specification (Ser. No.: 2,000,292) a new humidity sensing element the electrostatic capacitance of which indicates the ambient humidity and an electrical circuit for displaying the humidity detected by the sensing element by measuring the capacitance of the sensing element.
According to an electrical circuit which measures the capacitance of the sensing element disclosed in the above mentioned British patent application, the sensing element which is substantially functions as a capacitance, is charged by a suitable charging circuit. The voltage across the capacitance, i.e. the sensing element, is detected to measure a period of time required for the voltage to reach a predetermined value. This method is advantageous compared with the above mentioned methods or techniques since the construction of the electrical circuit is simple. However, this electrical circuit also suffers from a drawback that the measured value is apt to include errors due to dielectric loss in the capacitive element. The dielectric loss of the sensing element varies in accordance with ambient temperature, and therefore, accurate measurement of the humidity is not achieved unless the errors due to the dielectric loss is compensated for.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


The invention concerns an apparatus for mechanically treating paper and includes two engraved cylinders each mounted between two support plates of the apparatus in a mutually tangential manner by means of cylindrical bearings affixed in corresponding housings fitted into the support plates, a first roller of the engraved rollers being mounted on a cradle pivoting relative to a stationary base plate on which is mounted the second engraved roller, the invention being characterized in that the cylindrical bearings are affixed in housings bounded at least in part by a detachable bracket which, when detached, frees a radial aperture through which the cylindrical bearing can be removed along a radial direction.

More specifically, the invention concerns a mechanical paper processing apparatus, two paper strips each passing between two cylindrical embossing rollers, one roller being smooth and rubber-clad, the other being engraved and illustratively made of steel. The axes of the two engraved rollers run parallel and each roller is mounted rotatably about its axis between two support plates of the apparatus and both rollers configured tangentially to each other. In this apparatus design, a first of the engraved rollers is rotatably mounted on a cradle which is pivotable relative to a stationary apparatus base plate, the second engraved roller being mounted on this base plate, and furthermore each engraved roller is mounted in rotatable manner by means of cylindrical bearings at each roller end which are affixed in corresponding housings in the support plates respectively of the stationary base plate and of the pivoting cradle.
FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of a known apparatus for processing paper mechanically. It includes two engraved cylindrical rollers each mounted rotatably about a horizontal transverse axis between two vertical apparatus support plates each running in a plane perpendicular to the roller axes. Each roller includes a central shaft of which one end is mounted by means of a cylindrical bearing into a housing of the corresponding support plate. Illustratively, the cylindrical bearing may act simultaneously as a rotational roller guide and as a roller affixation means in the transverse direction. The cylindrical bearing furthermore may include means driving the roller into rotation and/or means accurately adjusting the roller axis position, in particular, to control the separation of the two engraved rollers or their relative axial positions.
When the engraved rollers must be replaced, for example for maintenance or to be exchanged for rollers offering a different embossing pattern, implementation will be time consuming and tricky.
The old roller(s) must be dismantled and thereby the cylindrical bearings must be removed. The reassembly of the cylindrical bearings and the replacement roller(s) is time consuming and laborious because of the many necessary adjustments.

Apparatus for mechanically processing paper and having improved roller supports and method for replacing such rollers


Particulate laden gas, especially those gases carrying particulates having a size in the micron or submicron range, are removed by humidifying the gas with water and thereafter subjecting the gas to indirect contact heat exchange sufficient to provide an energy transfer for water vapor condensation of at least 5 horsepower per 1000 cfm. Heat exchange is accomlished by passing the gas downwardly through an exchange element having smooth and vertical gas passages of a relatively large dimension.

This invention relates to the removal of particulate material from gas streams. More specifically, this invention relates to the removal of particulates having a particle size in the micron and submicron range from relatively hot gas streams.
Particulate laden gas streams are produced by a large variety of industrial processes. Depending upon the source, temperature of such gas streams can range from ambient to combustion temperatures. Exhaust gases from combustion processes represent probably the most common examples of such particulate carrying gas streams. Other troublesome gas streams include emissions from cupola furnaces, exhaust streams from cement kilns, coke oven off-gas and quench gas, exhaust gases from coffee roasting and grain drying and other similar processes.
In addition to carrying particulate matter, most of these waste gas streams are also at moderately elevated to very high temperatures. It is standard to remove particulates from such gases by a variety of techiques including electrostatic precipitation, filtration such as in bag houses, and by the use of a variety of wet-scrubbing techniques. Wet scrubbers generally find use where cooling of the gas stream is desired, where moisture addition is not objectionable and where the problem of disposing or further treating the scrubbing liquid polluted with the materials removed from the gas can be handled. Publications describing the uses, design and performance of wet scrubbers are:
Calvert, Seymour, How to Choose a Particulate Scrubber, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, pp. 54-68, Aug. 29, 1977. PA0 Semrau, Konrad, Practical Process Design of Particulate Scrubbers, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, pp. 87-91, Sept. 26, 1977. PA0 Calvert, Seymour, Upgrading Existing Particulate Scrubbers, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, pp. 133-140, Oct. 24, 1977. PA0 Gilbert, William, Trouble Shooting Wet Scrubbers, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, pp. 140-144, Oct. 24, 1977.
As is set out in those publications, the ultimate efficiency of a wet scrubber is a direct function of the total energy loss in turbulence per unit volume of gas treated by the scrubber. In theory at least, any scrubbing device regardless of its design will achieve the same degree of particulate removal if it is operated at the same total turbulence per unit volume of gas. Energy to create turbulence for gas-liquid contacting can be supplied in three ways. It may be extracted from the energy of the gas stream, from the energy of the liquid stream, or from mechanical agitation of the two streams. Of course any combination of these three types of energy input may be utilized but the result is the same.
Wet scrubbers are often characterized as being either of low-energy or high-energy types. While there is no clear line of distinction between the two, a low-energy scrubber is generally characterized as having a power input in the range of about 0.75 to about 3 hp per 1000 cfm and a high-energy scrubber is considered to be one having a power input of about 3 to 6 hp per 1000 cfm. There is a practical limit as to the total energy which can be supplied for gas-liquid contacting because of the problems involved in efficiently coupling an energy source to the fluid streams.
It has long been recognized that the collection efficiency of particulate scrubbers can be increased by operating a scrubber under conditions such that condensation from water vapor from the gas stream occurs during the scrubbing process. Condensation will occur in the scrubber if the water dew point of the gas stream is above the temperature of the scrubbing liquid. Conversely, if evaporation occurs during the scrubbing process, as would be the case wherein the scrubbing water is at a higher temperature than the incoming gas stream, collection efficiency of the scrubber is decreased. Data supporting these observations are contained in a paper by K. T. Semrau and C. L. Witham entitled, "Condensation and Evaporative Effects in Particulate Scrubbing", presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, 68th Annual Meeting, June 15-20, 1975.

Condensation cleaning of particulate laden gases


On the outer peripheral surface of a part of a tilt operation shaft between sidewalls of a steering column, a pair of left and right protrusions are disposed opposite to each other which protrude outward in the radial direction. The pair of protrusions include mutually facing side surfaces formed as slanted parts defining a truncated V shape in a plan view such that the slanted parts get closer to each other as extending in the circumferential direction of the tilt operation shaft. When the tilt operation shaft is rotated, parts of a spring come into contact with the slanted parts of the protrusions and become elastically deformed, thereby pulling hold end parts of the spring out of tilt holes in wall surface parts of a tilt bracket.

Heretofore, a steering column device has been known which makes a steering column swingable in a tilt direction (vehicle vertical direction) (see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2013-256193). In the steering column device in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2013-256193, a tilt bracket is fixed to a vehicle body through an attachment stay and attachment bodies, and the steering column is arranged inside the tilt bracket. Specifically, the tilt bracket includes a coupling plate forming an upper surface and a pair of side plates extending downward from the left and right ends of the coupling plate and, with the coupling plate and the pair of side plates, is formed in a U-shape in cross section opening at the lower side.
In Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2013-256193, a plurality of friction plates are disposed on the outer side of one of the side plates of the tilt bracket, and that side plate and the friction plates are fastened to each other with a locking mechanism so that the steering column can be held (locked) from moving in the tilt direction from a given height position.
However, since a plurality of friction plates are arranged, the steering column device described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2013-256193 has a problem that the number of components is increased and the assemblability is lowered.


Provided is a light-shielding container which has an ultraviolet-ray transmittance of 0% at wavelengths of 200-370 nm and to which contents are less apt to adhere. A light-shielding container for holding contents, characterized by having at least an inner layer composed of a thermoplastic resin, a first light-shielding layer composed of a resin containing an inorganic ultraviolet inhibitor and a second light-shielding layer composed of a resin containing an organic ultraviolet absorber, disposed in this order from the content side.

In the case of a currently marketed container constituted of a polyethylene single layer, a polyethylene terephthalate single layer or the like and having itself no light-shielding performance imparted, a light-shielding performance is imparted to a shrink film or another bag to prevent deterioration of contents due to ultraviolet-ray.
When alternate members such as a shrink film, another bag and the like are used, however, the cost increases, thus, there is a need for a light-shielding container having itself a light-shielding performance imparted.
There are documents disclosing light-shielding containers endowed with a light-shielding performance, as technical documents applied prior to the present invention (see, e.g., patent document 1 (JP-A No. 5-139434), patent document 2 (JP-A No. 7-40954) and patent document 3 (JP-A No. 2003-341748)).
In the above-described patent document 1, a polyethylene material constituting a container is blended with a white pigment or an ultraviolet absorber. By this, a container can be provided which prevents oxidative deterioration of a liquid fuel and in which the amount of a liquid fuel in the container can be easily confirmed.
In the above-described patent document 2, a light-shielding container is constituted of two layers: a layer (a) composed of a thermoplastic resin (A) and a layer (b) composed of a thermoplastic resin composition (B) containing an ultraviolet absorber, the layer (b) acting as an intermediate layer. By this, a light-shielding container can be obtained which has excellent transparency and mechanical strength, successfully blocks ultraviolet ray having a longer wavelength than 290 to 320 nm, and in which the ultraviolet absorber does not migrate into contents, thereby causing little mold pollution with the ultraviolet absorber.
In the above-described patent document 3, it is possible to provide a container having an inner layer composed of a thermoplastic resin containing a pigment having a light-shielding property and an outer layer composed of a thermoplastic resin containing a pigment having hue different from that in the inner layer, wherein a sufficient light-shielding property and any coloration of the exterior surface of the container are satisfied simultaneously by regulating the materials of the pigment having a light-shielding property and of the thermoplastic resin.


Fowlpox virus (FPV) promoter DNA for use in expressing a foreign gene inserted in a FPV vector by homologous recombination, which comprises the promoter of any of the following FPV genes:. (1) The FB4b gene which encodes a protein of about 657 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR1## (2) The BamHI fragment ORF8 gene encoding a protein of about 116 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR2## (3) The BamHI fragment ORF5 gene encoding a protein of about 105 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR3## (4) The BamHI fragment ORF10 gene encoding a protein of about 280 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR4##

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is in the field of recombinant DNA technology and relates to promoters useful for the expression of foreign DNA inserted into a fowlpox virus vector.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Poxviruses are large viruses with a complex morphology containing linear double-stranded DNA genomes. They are among the few groups of DNA viruses that replicate within the cytoplasm of the cell. They are subclassified into six genera: orthopoxviruses, avipoxviruses, capriopoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, parapoxviruses and entomopoxviruses. Vaccinia virus, an orthopoxvirus, is the most widely studied of the poxviruses, and is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,112 (Paoletti et al.,). Fowlpox virus is an avipoxvirus or avian poxvirus.
Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have allowed vaccinia virus to be used as a vector to carry and express foreign genes. For a review see M. Mackett & G. L. Smith, Journal of General Virology 67, 2067-2082 (1986). Certain properties of vaccinia virus make it suitable for this purpose. Firstly, it tolerates large amounts of extra DNA in its genome, at least up to 25,000 base pairs. Secondly, it encodes its own RNA polymerase which specifically initiates transcription of messenger RNA, beginning at the viral promoter sequences on the DNA genome. The host cell RNA polymerase II does not recognise these viral promoters, nor does the vaccinia RAN polymerase transcribe from promoters recognised by the host cell RNA polymerase. These two properties allow foreign genes to be inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a vaccinia virus promoter. Because of the very large size of the vaccinia virus genome (186,000 base pairs) and the fact that the DNA alone is not infectious, conventional recombinant DNA techniques of restriction enzyme cleavage and ligation of DNA fragments into the genome are not technically feasible. Therefore DNA is introduced into the genome by a process of homologous recombination. Homologous recombination involves essentially (1) pre-selecting a length of the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in some region which does not impair the replication and normal functioning of the virus (hereinafter called a "non-essential region"), (2) making a construct of a length of foreign DNA in a copy of the non-essential region so that the foreign DNA is flanked by extensive sequences of non-essential region of VV DNA, (3) co-infecting appropriate tissue culture cells with the VV and the construct and (4) selecting cells containing VV in which the pre-selected length has been swapped over ("recombined") in vivo so that it is replaced in the genome by the construct DNA.
In order to insert the foreign gene in to the construct, the construct should itself be contained in a vector, e.g. a plasmid. It should also comprise a promoter for regulating expression of the foreign DNA within the virus. The procedure is more fully described in the Mackett and Smith review supra. Vaccinia virus vectors have been used in this way experimentally for the expression of DNA for several viral proteins. See, for example, M. Kieny et al., Nature 312, 163-166 (1984) on the expression of a rabies virus glycoprotein. Since the vaccinia virus vector can be attenuated, i.e. altered to make it less virulent, without impairing its use as a vector, it has considerable potential for use in vaccination.
It has been recognised for some years that in principle similar technology could be applied to fowlpox virus (FPV), see, for example, M. M. Binns et al., Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, 124-127 (1986), thereby providing a vector for use in vaccinating poultry. FPV like VV, has a genome of vast size (it is even larger than VV: estimates range from 240 to 360 kilobases) and it is not known to what extent it is similar to vaccinia virus.
One of the essential requirements for the expression of foreign DNA in a FPV vector is a strong promoter, which will be recognised by the FPV RNA polymerase. Several promoters have been identified in VV but their relative strengths have not been fully explored. The main ones are as follows:
1. p7.5. The 7.5 Kd polypeptide promoter, which has early and late activities, has been widely used to express genes inserted into vaccinia, S. Venkatesan et al., Cell 125, 805-813 (1981), M. A. Cochran et al., J. Virol. 54, 30-37 (1985). PA0 2. p11. The gene for the 11 Kd major structural polypeptide, mapping at junction of vaccinia HindIII fragments F/E, has late promoter which has been widely used, C. Bertholet et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 2096-2100, (1985). PA0 3. pTK. Promotes the thymidine kinase, gene which maps in vaccinia HindIII fragment J, J. P. Weir et al., Virology 158 206-210 (1987). This promoter has not been used much and is thought not to be strong. PA0 4. pF. Promotes an unknown, early, non-essential gene, which maps in vaccinia HindIII fragment F, see D. Panicali et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 5364-5368 (1983). It has recently shown to be "relatively inefficient" i.e. 10-fold lower than the TK promoter, B. E. H. Coupar et al., J. Gen. Virol. 68, 2299-2309 (1987). PA0 5. p4b. The 4b gene encodes a 62 Kd core protein. It has a late promoter which maps in vaccinia HindIII fragment A, see J. Rosel et al., J. Virol. 56, 830-838 (1985). The 4b protein accounts for approx 10% of viral protein in vaccinia. PA0 6 and 7. pM. and pI. These are two uncharactised early vaccinia promoters from vaccinia HindIII M and I fragments respectively used in construction of a multivalent vaccinia vaccine, M. E. Perkus et al., Science 229, 981-984 (1985). PA0 8. p28K. Promotes a gene encoding a later 28 Kd core protein, J. P. Weir et al., J. Virol. 61, 75-80 (1987). It hasn't been used much. PA0 (1) The FP4b gene which encodes a protein of about 657 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR5## (2) The BamHI fragment ORF8 gene encoding a protein of about 116 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR6## (3) The BamHI fragment ORF5 gene encoding a protein of about 105 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR7## (4) The BamHI fragment ORF10 gene encoding a protein of about 280 amino acids in a sequence beginning ##STR8## PA0 (1) a first homologously recombinable sequence of the fowlpox virus (FPV) genome, PA0 (2) a sequence within a first portion of a non-essential region (NER) of the FPV genome, PA0 (3) FPV promoter DNA according to the invention, PA0 (4) a foreign gene transcribably downstream of the promoter (whereby when the fowlpox virus RNA polymerase binds to the promoter it will transcribe the foreign gene into mRNA) and PA0 (5) a sequence within a second portion of the same NER of the FPV genome, the first and second sequences preferably being in the same relative orientation as are the first and second portions of the NER within the FPV genome, and PA0 (6) a second homologously recombinable sequence of the FPV genome, said sequences (1) and (6) flanking the NER in the FPV genome and being in the same relative orientation in the recombination vector as they are within the FPV genome.
Because of the lack of information about the genomic DNA sequence of FPV (and, indeed, VV, since only about a third of the genomic DNA sequence of VV has been published), it has not been possible to predict whether a particular promoter known in VV has a counterpart in FPV, nor could its efficiency as a promoter be predicted.
Only very limited data have been published about the DNA sequence of the FPV genome. Thus, D. B. Boyle et al., Virology 156, 355-365 (1987), have published the sequence of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and flanking sequence totalling 1061 base pairs. These authors looked at the FPV TK promoter region and noted that it contained a so-called consensus sequence common to eleven VV gene promoters [A. Plucienniczak et al., Nucleic Acids Research 13, 985-988 (1985)]. This "consensus sequence" is supposedly based on TATA--(20 to 24 bp)--AATAA, but there were many divergences from it and the whole region is so AT-rich that the notion of a "consensus sequence" does not bear critical examination. Moreover, the distances between these consensus sequences and the 5' ends of the TK mRNAS differed as between FPV and VV. Since the FPV TK gene was found to be expressed in vaccinia virus vector, and therefore recognised by the VV RNA polymerase, some degree of similarity between these two promoters is deducible. It does not follow, of course, that every VV promoter would be highly homologous with every FPV promoter and indeed unpublished data of the present inventors suggests that this is not the case.
Further prior art is referred to below after the section "Summary of the Invention", without which its context would not be apparent.

National Research Development Corporation


A method for managing access to a scrambled event, selected from an electronic program guide, of a service provider (including broadcast television networks, cable television networks, digital satellite systems, and internet service providers). Access to the event is only achieved if the descrambling key is obtained from a digitally signed message associated with the event in the electronic program guide. Authentication of the electronic program guide provider involves decrypting the digital signature using a public key of the guide provider.

Today, as depicted in FIG. 1, a user may receive services from a variety of service providers, such as broadcast television networks 22, cable television networks 24, digital satellite systems 26, and internet service providers 28. System 10 of FIG. 1 defines the present configuration for receiving services from such service providers. Most television receivers 12 are capable of receiving unscrambled, information or programs directly from broadcast and cable networks. Cable networks providing scrambled or encrypted programs usually require a separate stand-alone device 16a, 16b (e.g., a set-top box) to descramble or decrypt the program. Similarly, digital satellite systems usually provide scrambled or encrypted programs that also require the use of a separate set-top box. These set-top boxes may utilize a removable smart card 18a, 18b which contain the necessary decrypting algorithms and keys. Typically, a separate set-top box is required for each service provider. Connections to the internet or world-wide web (web) are usually handled via a personal computer 14, or the like, and a modem 20. Traditionally, access to the internet is managed using a specially designed software package loaded onto the computer; this software enables a user to connect to an internet service provider who acts as the gate keeper to the web. The user typically pays a monthly fee to the service provider for access to the internet, either on a limited or unlimited basis. As one would expect there are numerous service providers, each which requires specialized software for access.

Global conditional access system for broadcast services


A hydraulic control apparatus for a power transmitting system including a continuously variable transmission, a reversing device, and an auxiliary transmission, which apparatus includes: a solenoid valve for generating a pilot pressure for selectively placing the auxiliary transmission in high- and low-gear positions; high-gear and low-gear control valves normally operable based on the pilot pressure, to control high- and low-gear coupling devices of the auxiliary transmission to establish the high- and low-gear positions. The low-gear control valve is operated to engage the low-gear coupling device, when the low-gear control valve receives a pressure to be applied to the reversing device for forward run of the vehicle. The high-gear control valve may be operated to release the high-gear coupling device, when a thrust based on a pressure applied to the low-gear coupling device exceeds a predetermined value. The hydraulic control apparatus may further include a device for increasing a torque capacity of the high-gear coupling device during an engaging action thereof when a shift lever is operated to a reverse-drive position for reverse run of the vehicle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hydraulic control apparatus for controlling a hydraulically operated power transmitting system used for a motor vehicle, which includes a continuously variable transmission, a reversing gear device and an auxiliary transmission.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
An example of a vehicle power transmitting system including a continuously variable transmission whose speed ratio is continuously variable is disclosed in laid-open Publication No. 61-2958 of unexamined Japanese Patent Application. The power transmitting system disclosed in this publication also includes an auxiliary transmission having a plurality of forward gear positions for increasing the range of speed ratio of the transmitting system. To reduce the whole size of the power transmitting system, it is considered to install the auxiliary transmission apart from a reversing gear device for selecting forward or reverse running of the vehicle, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 3-74468 filed on Mar. 14, 1991 in the name of the assignee of the present application. More specifically, the power transmitting system of this type includes: the continuously variable transmission; the reversing gear device which is rotated in opposite directions to permit forward and reverse running of the vehicle, and which includes forward and reverse frictionally coupling devices that are hydraulically operated depending upon a currently selected position of a shift lever of the vehicle; and the auxiliary transmission operable between a low-gear position which is established by engagement of a low-gear frictionally coupling device and a one-way clutch, and a high-gear position which is established by engagement of a high-gear frictionally coupling device.
A hydraulic control apparatus for controlling the above type of the power transmitting system is required to smoothly shift the auxiliary transmission from the low-gear position to the high-gear position, by engaging the high-gear frictionally coupling device while the low-gear frictionally coupling device is kept engaged, by utilizing engagement and disengagement of the one-way clutch. During a given period of time after the shift lever is operated from a neutral position to one of forward-drive positions, or while the shift lever is being operated to the neutral position, the hydraulic control apparatus is required to release the low-gear frictionally coupling device and engage the high-gear frictionally coupling device so as to perform an anti-squat control for lowing a driving torque transmitted through the transmission. Further, upon completion of this anti-squat control, the control apparatus is required to engage the low-gear frictionally coupling device and release the high-gear frictionally coupling device to establish the low-gear position of the auxiliary transmission. Since the low-gear and high-gear frictionally coupling devices need to be controlled independently of each other under the above situation, it is difficult to control the auxiliary transmission by using a common pilot pressure generated by a single solenoid-operated valve, as in a hydraulic control apparatus disclosed in the above-identified publication No. 61-2958. Thus, the known hydraulic control apparatus undesirably requires two solenoid-operated valves for controlling the respective low-gear and high-gear frictionally coupling devices.
The hydraulic control apparatus for the power transmitting system of the above type has another problem. Namely, when the shift lever is operated from a forward-drive position to a reverse-drive position while the auxiliary transmission is placed in the low-gear position, for example, the reverse frictionally coupling device operates to rotate the reversing gear device in the reverse direction to permit reverse running of the vehicle, and the high-gear frictionally coupling device operates to shift the auxiliary transmission from the low-gear position to the high-gear position.
When the shift lever is operated from the forward-drive position to the reverse-drive position while the auxiliary transmission is placed in the low-gear position, the reverse frictionally coupling device is engaged after the reversing gear device is held in a neutral position for some time upon releasing of the forward frictionally coupling device. At the same time, the high-gear frictionally coupling device is engaged after the auxiliary transmission is held in a neutral position for some time upon releasing of the low-gear frictionally coupling device. Thus, the reverse frictionally coupling device and high-gear frictionally coupling device are engaged in substantially the same period of time while the power transmitting line of the system is disconnected at the reverse gear device and auxiliary transmission. The engagement of each of the reverse and high-gear frictionally coupling devices is accomplished after a given period of engaging time in which the pressure for engaging the device is slowly increased by an accumulator, for example. Generally, the high-gear frictionally coupling device is provided with a relatively small torque capacity due to the function of the corresponding accumulator, so as to alleviate a shift shock induced upon shifting of the auxiliary transmission from the low-gear position to the high-gear position during running of the vehicle. Accordingly, if the reverse and high-gear frictionally coupling devices are substantially concurrently engaged, the engagement of the reverse frictionally coupling device is first completed, which is followed by completion of the engagement of the high-gear frictionally coupling device, due to the function of the respective accumulators. In this case, however, there may arise a double shift shock due to the engagements of the reverse and high-gear frictionally coupling devices, owing to the relatively small torque capacity of the high-gear frictionally coupling device during its engaging action, which makes it impossible to sufficiently absorb a shock induced upon establishment of the reverse gear position of the reversing gear device. The small torque capacity also causes slipping of the high-gear frictionally coupling device, resulting in reduced durability of this device.
In the above-described hydraulic control apparatus for the power transmitting system including the reversing gear device and the auxiliary transmission, the auxiliary transmission is placed in the low-gear position by engagement of the low-gear frictionally coupling device and one-way clutch which are disposed in series, and in the high-gear position by engagement of the high-gear frictionally coupling device. Where the low-gear and high-gear frictionally coupling devices are both placed in their released positions, the auxiliary transmission is placed in its neutral position for disconnecting the power transmitting line between the engine and drive wheels of the vehicle. For controlling the auxiliary transmission so that only the high-gear frictionally coupling device is engaged, or so that one of the high-gear and low-gear frictionally coupling devices is released while the other is engaged, the hydraulic control apparatus needs two control valves for the high-gear and low-gear frictionally coupling devices, respectively, and is required to perform a subtle timing control over these two control valves for engagements of the two frictionally coupling devices. This timing control is difficult to perform owing to a difference in the engaging characteristics between the individual frictionally coupling devices, a chronological change of the engaging characteristics, and variation of the engaging characteristics with the temperature of the working fluid. Namely, when the auxiliary transmission is shifted by engaging one of the low-gear and high-gear frictionally coupling devices and releasing the other, the vehicle will suffer from racing of the engine if the engagement of the one device after the releasing of the other takes place too late, and from a shift shock due to locking of the auxiliary transmission if the engagement of the one device after the releasing of the other takes place too early.

Hydraulic control apparatus for continuously variable power transmitting system including reversing gear device and auxiliary transmission


A composite metal sintered article combining a metal shell which has been electroformed and/or electroless plated and/or vapor deposited, positioned inside or outside of a metal sintered compact. A method of making the composite metal sintered article using both a powder metallurgy process and a surface treating process. This composite metal sintered article has excellent surface properties and high dimensional accuracy and is favorably used for many kinds of forming molds, dies and structural members, especially for press molds in making glassware.

Sintered compacts obtained by powder metallurgy are widely used for various kinds of parts, dies, molds and structural members because articles of complex shape can be easily obtained with minimum machining, high yield and high productivity.
However, the uses of these compacts are limited. The reason for this is that the ordinary sintered material always contains pores and therefor is not equal to the conventional wrought material in strength, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and surface precision.
Particularly, articles which must have a high degree of dimensional precision and a high degree of surface finish must be treated by infiltration, liquid sintering or hot isostatic pressing. In addition, they must be machined and finished just as well as wrought materials. In such cases, the merits of powder metallurgy are not sufficiently realized.
One of the ways to improve the surface properties of sintered materials is concerned with plating. Actually, to improve the surface properties of sintered material, attempts have been made to apply the electroplating process. But, in this process, troubles remain which result in less corrosion resistance because the electrolyte infiltrates into the pores of the sintered material and is enclosed therein. Additionally, it is very difficult to get a mirror-finished surface.

Method for preparing a composite metal sintered article