A tool for opening containers having either tearaway tab and closure panel structures or inwardly pivoting closure panel structures is disclosed, the tool having an elongated body with a hook member at one end, a first projecting member with a generally convex projecting end surface lying on a longitudinal line with the hook member, and a second projecting member having a second generally convex projecting end surface on a longitudinal line with the first convex surface, the two projecting members having a gap therebetween.

This invention relates to container opening tools for containers having frangible closures, popularly known as pop top cans.
In recent years container manufacturers have marketed various metal containers, particularly for beverages, incorporating a frangible closure in one end panel. Such containers are intended to be self-opening to eliminate the necessity of employing a separate opening tool.
Two general types of such containers have come into general use. The first type is that incorporating a tear-away closure panel which is adapted to be removed completely from the container. A ring tab lying flush with the surface of the container is connected to the closure panel by a rivet. To open the container the ring tab is tilted upwardly by inserting a finger under the free end of the tab. This results in the closure-attached end of the tab lifting the end of the closure panel to which it is attached to break the closure panel's seal with the container opening. Next a finger is inserted in the tab opening and the closure panel stripped away from the container opening by pulling the ring tab in a direction upward and away from the top of the container.
The second type has come into use mostly as a result of environmental concerns over the proliferation of used ring tabs with their attached closure panels littering picnic areas, playgrounds and other places where people congregate. This second type also includes a closure panel with a coacting tab which lies flush with the container surface. In this structure, however, the closure panel is adapted to be depressed into the container opening. Neither it nor the tab becomes detached from the container after use. The tab, which is usually rectangular without a central opening, is fastened by a rivet to the container surface adjacent one end of the closure panel with one of its ends overlapping the end of the closure panel to which it is adjacent. To open the container, as with the opening tab of the first type structure, a finger is inserted under the free end of the tab which is pivoted upwardly. As the free end of the tab rises, the end adjacent the closure panel pivots downwardly to abut the closure panel and to pivot it inwardly into the inside of the container to which it remains attached by a hinge formed by a small strip of metal.
While these opening structures were intended to eliminate the need for separate opening tools, these container opening structures have limitations rendering them significantly less useful than originally intended. In gripping the tab, whether of the first or second type, fingernails sometime break or are damaged producing pain and discomfort. The force required to pull the tear-away type closure off and the force required to pivot the tab of the inwardly pivoting closure type results in bruises and cuts in the fingers and thumbs. The two types of tabs occasionally break loose leaving their containers closed or partially opened. To open a container with a broken tab a traditional can opener, pliers, or some suitable gripping tool is required. In addition to the inconvenience this also can lead to cuts on the hands.
Even without breakage under normal circumstances the force required to open either type of container is substantial sometimes resulting in spillage and posing a barrier to use of the containers by those without sufficient strength.
These problems are an inherent and integral part of these type self-opening containers and are more acute among people who daily dispense the contents of such containers such as bartenders, waiters and waitresses, and others involved in serving of refreshments.


A fuel tank of synthetic resin is provided with a holding plate of synthetic resin arranged within the tank, and an outside wall covering the holding plate and formed by blow molding. Parts such as a level gauge projecting from the outside wall and having a nipple portion are held to the holding plate. At the manufacturing state of the tank, parts are fixed to the holding plate, and in this state, a blow molding mold is set and the outside wall of the tank is formed by the blow molding. In this case, the outer periphery of the holding plate is fixed to the inner circumferential surface of the outside wall, and the inner circumferential surface of the outside wall is pressed to the outer circumferential surface of the nipple portion of the component part and the circumference of the nipple portion is sealed. And then the outside wall covering the top end surface of the nipple portion is cut thereby the tank is manufactured.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a fuel tank for automobiles, and more particularly to a method of manufacturing a fuel tank of synthetic resin formed by blow molding.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A method of manufacturing a fuel tank of synthetic resin by blow molding in the prior art is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. Sho 61-89824.
In the method disclosed in this reference, a baffle plate as a wave eliminating member is set as an insert to a mold for blow molding, and an outside wall of the tank is formed by blow molding and the baffle plate is fixed to the inner circumferential surface of the outside wall. The fuel tank of synthetic resin is thereby manufactured.
However, the fuel tank is usually provided at the inside with parts to construct definite functions, such as a fuel level gauge, a fuel cutoff valve, a fuel pump or the like. Consequently, when these parts are installed to the fuel tank, the outside wall formed by blow molding is provided with a hole for mounting, and parts are mounted through the hole. In this case, in order to secure the air tightness at the periphery of the hole after the mounting, a prescribed rubber part for a seal becomes necessary.
Consequently, in the manufacturing method of the prior art disclosed in this reference, when a fuel tank as a final product having prescribed parts is manufactured, after an outside wall is formed by blow molding, not only parts must be assembled but also boring machining or assembling of a rubber part for a seal must be performed, thereby increasing the manufacturing process number and the cost.

Method of manufacturing a fuel tank from synthetic resin


The invention relates to a device for dispensing one or more jets of cryogenic fluid comprising a fluid supply pipe supplying one or more fluid-dispensing nozzles arranged downstream of said pipe, in which the fluid flow section of the fluid supply pipe has a first diameter. According to the invention, the device for dispensing one or more jets of cryogenic fluid also comprises at least one plenum chamber which is arranged between the fluid supply pipe and the fluid-dispensing nozzle(s) and which is fluidly connected to both the pipe and the nozzle(s). The fluid flow section of each plenum chamber has a second diameter greater than the first diameter of the fluid flow section of the fluid supply pipe.

The invention relates to a device for dispensing jets of cryogenic fluid as well as an installation and a working method using the said jets, in particular jets of liquid nitrogen, under high pressure, in particular an installation and method for surface treatment, scouring, cleaning or descaling of materials, coated or not, such as metals, concrete, wood, polymers, ceramics and plastics materials or any other type of material.
Currently the surface treatment of materials, coated or not, in particular scouring, descaling or the like, is done essentially by blast cleaning, by spraying water at ultrahigh pressure (UHP), by sanding machine, by scaling hammer, by bush hammer or by chemical method.
However, when there must not be any water there, for example in a nuclear environment, or chemical product, for example because of drastic environmental constraints, only so-called "dry" working methods may be used.
However, in some cases, these "dry" methods are difficult to implement, are very laborious or difficult to use or give rise to additional pollution, for example because of the addition of shot or sand to be reprocessed thereafter.
One alternative to these technologies is based on the use of cryogenic jets under very high pressure as proposed by the documents U.S. Pat. No. 7,310,955 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,316,363. In this case, one or more jets of liquid nitrogen are used at a pressure of 300 to 4000 bar and at a cryogenic temperature between for example −100° and −200° C., typically approximately −140° C. and −160° C., which are dispensed by one or more nozzles driven or not in a rotary movement.
Normally, at a pressure of around 3500 bar, and for a nozzle diameter of around 300 μm, a jet of cryogenic fluid, in particular a jet of liquid nitrogen, typically has a maximum coherence length of around 15 to 18 cm. Coherence length means the length of the jet of cryogenic fluid over which the jet remains sufficiently concentrated so as to be visible after its escape through the nozzle.
However, the effective length of a jet of cryogenic fluid is also a very important characteristic since it corresponds to the maximum distance from the ejection nozzle beyond which the jet is no longer sufficiently concentrated to maintain its effectiveness in surface treatment, scouring, cleaning or descaling of the material being treated. The effective length is consequently less than or equal to the jet coherence length, which is the visible jet length.
In other words, the greater the effective length of the jet, the more effective the working method is for equal distance between the nozzle and the substrate being treated, and the more the method gains in efficiency, the said efficiency corresponding for example, in the case of a concrete descaling method, to the volume of concrete descaled per unit of time.
Thus, for a jet of cryogenic fluid to be effective and able to implement the required working method, it is necessary for the surface of the material treated to be situated, with respect to the outlet of the jet dispensing nozzle, at a distance less than or equal to the effective length and therefore less than the coherence length of the said jet. This effective jet length is in some cases, that is to say depending on the working method in question, small, that is to say around a few centimeters and typically between 5 and 15 mm for a jet of cryogenic fluid at a pressure of around 3500 bar dispensed by a nozzle with a diameter of around 300 μm. The tolerance in positioning of the jet dispensing nozzle with respect to the surface of the material is then problematic.
This is because it is technically difficult to maintain a strictly fixed distance between the jet dispensing nozzle and the surface of the material treated, whether the method be used manually or automatically, when the material has on its surface a defect in flatness or surface condition or roughnesses, that is to say a succession of hollows and projections, as is the case with concrete for example.
Thus, if the unevenness or the depth of the hollows has an excessively great amplitude, the areas of material treated situated at these defects or hollows are situated at a greater distance from the nozzle outlet, at which the jet has lost all or some of its effectiveness, which leads to a working method that is less effective in these areas. The working method is then less reliable, which is critical for some applications, such as the cleaning of contaminated parts in a nuclear environment, for which the least residue of pollution is not acceptable.
Moreover, an effective length of the jet that is insufficient makes a method of working implemented on a part in which features such as conduits or tracks are produced very difficult or even impossible. The problem posed is then even more critical since the bottom of the conduit or track being treated may be situated beyond the effective length of the jet, and because of this out of the range thereof, thus making the working method of low effectiveness, or even ineffective, in this area.
Moreover, the fact that the conventional jets of cryogenic fluid have a coherence length and therefore an effective length in general less than 20 cm poses a problem for the treatment, in particular cleaning, of heat exchangers used in for example installations of the power station, hydrocarbon desulphurisation factory, air or water treatment factory type, where the heat exchangers may have diameters greater than 40 cm. In this case, the part treated, that is to say the exchanger, consists itself of parts some of which are situated at more than 20 cm from the circumference of the said exchanger, and which it is necessary to be able to clean, which is not possible with the cryogenic fluid jets of the prior art.
The problem addressed is consequently proposing a method of working by cryogenic fluid jets that is improved, that is to say for which the drawbacks related not only to the limited coherence length but also to the limited effective length of the jets no longer exist or are greatly reduced, and thus making the working method using the said jets more reliable and more effective.

Device for dispensing jets of cryogenic fluid, including a plenum chamber

L'Air Liquide, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude


The system for stabilizing wavelength of LED (light emitting diode) radiation in backlight module of the LCD (liquid crystal display) comprises two photodiodes, a plurality of LEDs, a microprocessor unit (MCU) and a driver circuit, wherein two photodiodes have different photo sensitivities in response different wavelengths. A target value, associated with a ration of photo sensitivities of the two photodiodes under two different wavelength radiations, is stored to the MCU as a referred value. Thus, another wavelength (or wavelength variation) of LED radiation is derived by comparing another target value with the referred value. The MCU determines a correction constant based on a color match function of the derived wavelength, and outputs a compensation signal to compensate LED, wherein the compensation signal is equal to multiplication of the correction constant and an original light intensity compensation signal for compensating light intensity loss of the LED.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method for wavelength stabilization of a liquid crystal display (LCD). More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for stabilizing wavelength of LED (light emitting diode) radiation in backlight module of the LCD.
2. Description of Related Art
An LCD includes a controllable transmissive display panel that faces users, and a backlight module that provides the controllable transmissive display panel with illumination from its rear side. The backlight module may employ LED or cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as a light source. The LED backlight module has at least two advantages over CCFL backlight module; one is full color reproduction and the other is no contamination of mercury (Hg). During the period of manufacturing the CCFL backlight module, operators may be endangered if mercury contained in the CCFL is released. As such, the LED backlight module not only provides users with better color quality but also prevents the operators from being poisoned by mercury. Hence, the LED backlight module is promising to be a main stream of next generation of displays.
In the LED backlight module, a plurality of LEDs are arranged in a matrix form that illumines pixels of the controllable transmissive display panel. Since any color light is a combination of three prime colors; i.e. red (R), green (G) and blue (B) colors, every red LED, green LED and blue LED are grouped in order to illumine each pixel. For example, with a certain combination of R, G and B colors, there produces "white" light. However, the LED backlight module has some drawbacks. That is, aging of the LED backlight module and variation of environment temperature respectively incur light intensity attenuation and wavelength drift, degree of which are varied for the different LEDs with the same color. As shown in FIG. 1, as environment temperature changes from 34° C. to 78° C., wavelength of LED radiation shifts from shorter wavelength to longer wavelength. Thus, a circuit, capable of detecting light intensity and wavelength of each LED radiation and then proceeding to compensate them if they deviate from default values, is a crucial component for improving performance of the LED backlight module. However, currently, all color feedback systems for the LED backlight module compensate each produced color or light intensity of each LED radiation, rather than wavelength of each LED radiation. Since human eyes have different sensitivities for different wavelengths, even the same color light with different wavelengths causes human eyes to have different stimulus. Furthermore, conventional color sensors are only responsive to light intensity, rather than to offset of wavelength of each LED radiation. In other words, the conventional color sensors are not able to compensate variation of wavelength of each LED radiation even color feedback systems are employed, which causes the chromaticity coordinate of the LED backlight module to be drifted.
Additionally, as there exists parameter discrepancy in growth of epitaxy layer when manufacturing the LED, there are wavelength discrepancies among a batch LEDs with the same color. To avoid higher cost for batching LEDs with a wavelength range (hereinafter referred to as bin), nowadays the bin employs 5 nm as a minima bin range. However, the 5 nm bin incurs color shift perceived by human eyes. Thus, to overcome this color shift, a smaller bin is necessitated, which in turn increases the cost for batching LEDs. Moreover, as mentioned above, stability of the chromaticity coordinate of the LED backlight module is affected by the environment temperature.
There are some approaches to overcome aforementioned problems. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,220,959 discloses a differential color sensor 200 without filters. As shown in FIG. 2, two photodiodes 100, 150 are fabricated such that they have different sensitivities vs. wavelengths, wherein one has its sensitivity peak in shorter wavelengths, while the other has its sensitivity peak in longer wavelengths. The two photodiodes convert received light into voltage signals via resistors 120,170, and a voltage ratio between these two photodiodes is obtained via a divider 210. Based on the voltage ration, spectra content of incident light can be obtained. However, U.S. Pat. No. 7,220,959 is not able to calculate wavelength variation of radiation of these two photodiodes, and independently compensate wavelength variation for each one of these two photodiodes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,293 discloses a wavelength sensitive device for wavelength stabilization. This wavelength sensitive device (i.e. photodiode) comprises a plurality of layers jointly defining two opposite diodes generating opposite photocurrents. Amount of the opposite photocurrents is determined in accordance with fabricating parameters of the two opposite diodes. That is, by using a certain doping ratio for the two opposite diodes, an output current of the photodiode is zero under the conditions of specific wavelength and a fixed bias voltage. If there is wavelength variation in incident light, the output current is not zero because the two photocurrents generated by these two respective diodes cannot be offset each other. Thus, the wavelength shift can be detected by implementing the output current. However, U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,293 needs specific fabricating parameters, which in turn significantly increases manufacturing cost. Thus, this approach cannot be applied to the LED backlight module. Another prior art is U.S. Pat. No. 7,133,136 that discloses a method for stabilizing wavelength and intensity of laser radiation. This method is achieved by implementing two photodiodes; one is responsible for measuring light intensity and the other is responsible for measuring wavelength. U.S. Pat. No. 7,133,136 has a drawback in that since directivity of LED radiation is not so high as the laser, wavelength variation of LED radiation cannot be sensed by implementing operations at different incident angles of photodiode radiation. All aforementioned prior arts intend to detect the wavelength shift of the laser radiation. Even these prior art are applied to the LED backlight module, they only are capable of identifying color. However, in the LED backlight module, the wavelength variation of the LED radiation is only 1-2 nm, which cannot cause color shift in chromaticity coordinate so that these prior arts cannot be applied to detect this color shift. Moreover, these prior arts cannot be applied to detect every wavelength variation of individual LED in the LED backlight module, and then compensate the wavelength variation for each LED. Accordingly, there exists a need for stabilizing wavelength (or referred to as "stabilizing chromaticity coordinate") of LED radiation for each LED in backlight module, by using different compensation coefficients for different wavelengths.

System and method for stabilizing wavelength of LED radiation in backlight module

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A spherical wheel to move a vehicle comprises two caps, the surface of which follows the spherical surface of the wheel, the caps being articulated by means of a pivot link relative to a shaft. The wheel further comprises two casters each arranged in an opening of each of the caps, the opening centered about the axis of the corresponding pivot link, each caster arranged in the extension of the pivot link of the cap concerned. Each caster ensures a rolling at the level of the spherical surface. Radii S of the opening of each cap and r of the corresponding caster are defined to substantially balance forces needed to drive a cap and the corresponding caster when the wheel goes from bearing on the ground on a cap at the edge of the opening to bearing on the ground on the corresponding caster.

Conventionally, four-wheel vehicles are equipped with directional wheels enabling them to change direction. The wheels are linked to the vehicle by means of pivot links and, in the case of directional wheels, an additional degree of freedom in rotation is added. When the directional wheels are drive wheels, universal joints make it possible to drive the wheels while making it possible to modify the orientation of the axis of the pivot link. This type of configuration does not make it possible to produce small turn radii. In other words, it is impossible to pivot the vehicle in place without speed.
Moreover, attempts have been made to produce a vehicle that has spherical wheels that can each pivot on itself. An example of such production is described in the patent application published under the number JP 2007-210576. This document describes a wheel comprising two hemispheres. The wheel is actuated by a horizontal motor shaft which rotationally drives a support bearing the two hemispheres. The latter are mounted on the support, each via a pivot link. The two pivot links are aligned. Their common axis is at right angles to the axis of rotation of the motor shaft. A vehicle, such as a robot, can be equipped with four wheels as described in the document JP 2007-210576. The axes of the motor shafts of four wheels are then arranged at right angles to one another. The wheels are then aligned in pairs. The driving of two wheels of a first pair makes it possible to move the vehicle in a direction at right angles to the common axis of that pair of wheels. For the second pair of wheels, the hemispheres revolve freely about their pivot link. A movement of the robot in a direction at right angles is obtained by driving the wheels of the second pair. Combined movements are of course possible. This makes it possible for the vehicle to be displaced in any direction and even to revolve on itself.
The drive shaft of a wheel penetrates into the wheel by an equatorial plane of the wheel, situated between the two hemispheres. The equatorial plane is defined by analogy to the terrestrial sphere. This plane separates the two hemispheres that can be likened to the north and south terrestrial hemispheres. The motor shaft must have a certain rigidity which imposes on it a minimum diameter. The two hemispheres are therefore separated by at least this diameter. In practice, a functional play preventing the hemispheres from rubbing against the motor shaft must be added to the diameter of the shaft. Two hemispheres each delimited by a plane are therefore obtained. The planes of the two hemispheres are parallel and arranged at a distance that cannot be reduced without the risk of impairing the rigidity of the motor shaft.
When the equatorial plane of the wheel is in vertical position relative to the ground, that is assumed horizontal, a discontinuity of the bearing of the wheel on the ground appears. More specifically, when the wheel is a drive wheel, the equatorial plane of the wheel comes, on each wheel revolution, into contact with the ground and leads to a ground bearing transition from one hemisphere to the other and therefore from a plane of one hemisphere to the other. In the transition through this discontinuity, a loss of grip may occur, the sphericity of the wheel is momentarily lost and, at high speed, a noise occurs on each transition.
In the French patent application FR 12-53981 filed on Apr. 30, 2012 in the name of the applicant, another spherical wheel, closely related to that described in the document JP 2007-210576, was proposed. This other spherical wheel reduces the drawback of the discontinuity in the transition through the equatorial plane of the wheel by making the planes delimiting the two hemispheres secant. In practice, the term "hemisphere" can no longer be used and is replaced by the term "cap" to define the two wheel parts of which each of the surfaces follows the spherical surface of the wheel. The "caps" are each articulated by means of a pivot link relative to the motor shaft of the wheel. The two caps are each delimited by a plane and the two planes are secant. In other words, the axes of the two pivot links are no longer aligned.
These two implementations exhibit a singularity when the axis of one of the pivot links is at right angles to the ground. In this configuration, if the vehicle using the wheel has a speed vector that is not at right angles to the driving axis of the wheel concerned, the latter slips at its point of contact with the ground. To avoid this slip, each cap (or hemisphere) comprises a caster arranged in the extension of the pivot link of the cap concerned and that ensures a rolling on the spherical surface. The casters have a degree of freedom in rotation about an axis at right angles to the driving axis of the wheel. This rotational movement is sufficient to avoid the slipping of the wheel in a singularity configuration. The casters each have a rolling line which follows the spherical surface of the wheel.
Both in the document JP 2007-210576 and in the French patent application FR 12-53981, the casters are as small as possible in order to keep the cap surfaces as large as possible for the wheel. In effect, the wheel can be a drive wheel only when it is in contact on the ground on the surface of its caps. There is therefore an incitement to reduce to the maximum the dimensions of the casters, notably to reduce as far as possible the circular opening produced in each of the caps to allow the respective casters to pass.
Tests performed in-house by the applicant have demonstrated that, on the transition through the singularity, the speed of rotation of the cap concerned changed very significantly, which presents a drawback because of the inertia of the cap. More specifically, for a constant linear speed of the vehicle, the speed of rotation of a cap in contact with the ground can change from a minimum value when the rotation of the cap takes place at the level of the plane which limits it to a maximum value when the rotation of the cap takes place at the level of the edge of the opening formed for the passage of the caster. Still for a constant linear speed of the vehicle, it is possible to have a sequence stringing together different points of contact with the ground:                contact with the ground on the plane delimiting the cap,        transition through the edge of the opening,        rolling on the caster,        transition again through the edge of the opening,        and finally return to the plane delimiting the cap.
Upon the first transition through the edge of the opening, the speed of rotation of the cap about its pivot link takes place in a direction which has to be reversed at the moment of the second transition through the edge of the opening to avoid any friction of the cap on the ground. The inertia of the cap can interfere with this reversal of direction of rotation. This interference is all the greater when the dimensions of the opening are small because of the high speeds of rotation achieved by the cap. This interference is further amplified with an increase of the linear speed of the vehicle. In effect, this increase of linear speed tends to increase the speed of rotation of the cap and reduce the time available for the reversal of speed of rotation in the vicinity of the singularity. These abrupt changes of speed for the cap necessitate, as for the caster, a significant input of kinetic energy and can generate risks of friction between the wheel and the ground.

Spherical wheel intended for moving a vehicle and vehicle using the wheel


A method of remote debugging comprises a first computer system that communicates with a second computer using a network connection. The first computer system controls the remote debugging and comprises a first operating system. The second computer system comprises a second operating system and software being tested. User input, in the form of debug commands, is received using a remote debugger in the first computer system to control the remote debugging session. The remote debugger translates a debug command into messages that are sent from the first computer system to the second computer system. The messages correspond to tasks that the target computer system performs to complete the debug command. During debugging, the target computer system transitions between polling or stopped mode and interrupt-driven mode by transitioning both the target operating system and network hardware in the target computer system that interfaces with the network.

Software testing is an ongoing task in computer software program development and maintenance which requires a large portion of development time, computer and human resources, and effort. In particular, efficient testing and debugging of software that comprises a portion of an operating system in a controlled testing environment is often difficult due to the inherent nature of the software being tested.
An operating system may generally be described as software which provides an interface between hardware resources and a user to enable utilization of the hardware resources, for example.
Testing software may comprise exercising untested code, such as by executing all possible flow paths through a routine, to uncover existing software bugs. Once a problem is known, a testing environment must facilitate reproducing the problem, isolating the cause of the problem, and adequately testing possible solutions to the problem.
In order to properly test software, the testing environment must be flexible and rich enough to reproduce a wide range of problems. Then to adequately test a solution to a problem, the testing environment must also provide for replication of actual real-time conditions.
A user performing testing must be allowed to control the testing, such as by issuing commands that enable the user to single step through a portion of the code being tested. The user may also inquire about the state of the testing environment to aid in problem isolation and determining the cause of a problem, for example, a user may inquire about the state of an operating system by examining register contents.
Remote debugging is one method that facilitates problem isolation and determination and replication of real-time conditions. Remote debugging provides such a testing environment for debugging an operating system, for example, by having a first computer system that controls the testing and comprises a tested operating system connected to a second computer system which may comprise operating system code being tested. Controlling the testing from the first computer system allows a problem that is encountered on the second computer system during testing to readily be attributed to the untested operating system thereby facilitating problem isolation.
In existing remote debuggers, such as Remote dbx on Unix platforms and Hewlett Packard's RT kernel debugger, the two systems communicate through a dedicated communication line which may have a low communication bandwidth which generally makes debugging tasks slow. Further, a dedicated point-to-point connection is required between every two computer systems for each remote debugging session. In dedicated testing environments with point-to-point connections, such as a serial line connection, the computer systems generally must be in close physical proximity which limits the flexibility of the testing environment.
Generally, in remote debugging it is desirable to use a communication medium which removes such restrictions.
It is desirable to use a communication medium which has a high communication bandwidth and affords a flexible testing environment.
It is desirable to use an existing computer system without having to specify new system configurations for debugging purposes. Further, it is desirable that the communication medium not impose a requirement for close physical proximity between the first and second computer systems.
In remote debugging, a user of the first computer system may control the testing by entering commands which result in one or more corresponding messages being exchanged between the two computer systems. It is desirable to have an efficient exchange of messages which correctly implements a given command. For example, a message exchange may be efficient by limiting the number of messages exchanged. Further, it is desirable to define an efficient division of labor of remote debugging tasks between the computer systems while simultaneously providing an adequate testing environment.
Other problems which may be dependent on the communications medium may arise in remote debugging. For example, if there is a problem with the hardware of the communications medium and the remote debugging session is terminated, it is desirable for the second computer system that comprises code being tested to efficiently and automatically restore its memory contents that may have been changed during the remote debugging session.
It is desirable to provide a method and apparatus for remote software testing that overcomes the foregoing and other disadvantages of remote software testing techniques and problems, and which further provide a more efficient means of remote software testing, and save software development time and resources. It is to these ends the present invention is directed.

Method and apparatus for testing software on a computer network


The invention provides a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule of (A) or (B) containing a TGF-β1 gene expression inhibitory sequence. The single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (A) consists of region (Xc), linker region (Lx) and region (X) from the 5′-side to the 3′-side, wherein linker region (Lx) has a non-nucleotide structure containing at least one of a pyrrolidine skeleton and a piperidine skeleton, and at least one of region (X) and region (Xc) contains the expression inhibitory sequence. The single-stranded nucleic acid molecule (B) contains region (Xc), linker region (Lx), region (X), region (Y), linker region (Ly) and region (Yc) from the 5′-side to the 3′-side, wherein region (X) and region (Y) are linked to form inner region (Z), region (Xc) is complementary to region (X), region (Yc) is complementary to region (Y), linker region (Lx) and linker region (Ly) each have a non-nucleotide structure containing at least one of a pyrrolidine skeleton and a piperidine skeleton, and inner region (Z) contains the expression inhibitory sequence.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease in which lung tissues are fibrosed by accumulation of excess collagen and other cell matrices. Among the pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic intractable disease with a median survival time of 3 years on average, and five-year survival rate of 20 to 40%.
Acute lung injury is one kind of acute respiratory disturbances, and is acute respiratory failure showing pulmonary infiltrative shadow. The pathology of acute lung injury is pulmonary edema due to permeability promotion caused by pulmonary capillary endothelial cell and alveolar wall cell damage. The interstitial pulmonary edema, pulmonary alveolar edema and pulmonary collapse increase dead space ventilation ratio and develop hypoxemia.
As the situation stands, an effective treatment method is not available for pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury, and the development of an effective therapeutic drug has been desired. It has been reported that the onset of pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury involves expression of TGF-β1, and therefore, attempts have been made to inhibit gene expression (patent documents 1-5, non-patent documents 1-6).
As a technique for inhibiting gene expression, for example, RNA interference (RNAi) is known. Inhibition of gene expression by RNA interference is generally carried out, for example, by administering a short double-stranded RNA molecule to a cell or the like. The aforementioned double-stranded RNA molecule is generally called siRNA (small interfering RNA). As regards the aforementioned expression of TGF-β1 gene, siRNA has been studied; however, provision of a more effective nucleic acid molecule has been desired.
In recent years, the present inventors have newly found a more effective single-stranded nucleic acid molecule replacing siRNA (patent documents 6, 7, non-patent document 7).

Single-stranded nucleic acid molecule for inhibiting TGF-β1 expression


The present invention provides a nursing dribble pad which is applied by adhesive to either the mother""s breast or the top of a nursing bottle so as to absorb any dribbled liquid on the region around the mouth of the infant when nursing. The dribble pad is soft and rapidly absorbs substantially all liquid which dribbles from the infant""s mouth. The dribble pad has a facing layer, an absorbent layer and a liquid impermeable layer.

Not applicable.
The present invention relates to a nursing dribble pad utilized with a nursing bottle or when nursing from the mother""s breast. The dribble pad is placed around the neck of the bottle against the nipple and likewise around the nipple of the mother""s breast. The dribble pad is a half toroid (half a doughnut) in shape and the pad is placed on the side of the nipple where the infant""s chin rests.
When an infant nurses some of the formula from a bottle or mother""s milk dribbles out of the side of the infant""s mouth. Because the skin of an infant is tender, the dribbled liquid sometimes causes skin irritation. The irritation may manifest itself in redness of the skin, a rash or the like. The mother will periodically wipe the mouth of the infant, but in the meantime, skin irritation may appear.
The prior art has provided bottle protectors such as that of U.S. Pat. No. 1,449,335 which provides a strip of blotter attached about the circumference of the bottle so that if the contents of the bottle runs down the side of the bottle after use, the blotter absorbs the dribble.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,706,571 to Ryan provides a bottle muff to keep the bottle from breaking. The muff is removed when the bottle is used.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,437,583 to O""Connor provides a dribble ring for a bottle which ring contains an absorbent foam which is impregnated with a neutralizing agent to chemically neutralize any of the bottle contents which leak out onto the dribble ring. The ring protects the hands of the user of the bottle from exposure to the contents of the bottle when there is any leakage around the bottle stopper. The chemical neutralizer may contain an indicator so as to alert the user of seepage of the contents of the bottle.
None of the prior art addresses the problem solved by the invention of applicant
The present invention provides a nursing dribble pad which absorbs any liquid dribbled from the mouth of an infant when nursing and prevents skin irritation around the mouth of the infant.
The present invention provides a nursing dribble pad which is applied by adhesive to either the mother""s breast or the top of a nursing bottle so as to absorb any dribbled liquid on the region around the mouth of the infant when nursing. The dribble pad is soft and rapidly absorbs substantially all liquid which dribbles from the infant""s mouth.
The dribble pad has a half toroid shape (i.e., a half doughnut shape) and is comprised of a facing layer of liquid permeable material; an absorbent layer juxtaposed beneath the facing layer; a liquid impermeable layer juxtaposed beneath the absorbent layer; and an adhesive portion applied to the exterior of the liquid impermeable layer to allow adherence to the bottle top or the mother""s breast so as to hold the dribble pad in place. Each of the facing layer and the liquid impermeable layer extend beyond the periphery of the absorbent layer and the extended portions of the facing layer and the liquid impermeable layer are joined together so as to encase the absorbent layer.
The dribble pad has a substantially semi circular shape with a cutout of semi circular shape in the center of the flat side to form half a toroid or half a doughnut in shape. The half doughnut shape fits halfway around the nipple of either the mother or a bottle. By snuggly fitting the dribble pad against the nipple, substantially none of the nursing liquid which dribbles from the infant""s mouth remains on the facial skin of the infant. It is expedient to place the dribble pad on the lower portion surrounding the nipple because the dribbled liquid tends to migrate downward toward the chin of the infant. If desired, two of the dribble pads could be used simultaneously to protect the entire region surrounding the nipple.
The dribble pad is comprised of a facing layer of soft liquid permeable material such as cotton fabric, a non-woven fabric, apertured film, or the like. Adjacent the facing layer is an absorbent layer of adequate thickness so as to absorb the liquid dribble and retain it. The absorbent layer is comprised of absorbent fibers which may be wood pulp fibers, other natural fibers or synthetic fibers or an absorbent foam. The fibers preferably are hydrophilic so as to readily attract and absorb liquid. A substance, such as a superabsorbent material may be added to the foam or fibrous material in the absorbent pad so as to enhance the capacity of absorption by the layer. Typical superabsorbent materials include polysodium acrylate or the like.
On the opposite side of the absorbent layer from the facing layer, there is a liquid impermeable layer comprised of liquid impermeable film such as polyethylene film, polypropylene film or the like. The liquid impermeable layer prevents leakage of absorbed liquid from the absorbent layer and keeps the surface around the nipple substantially dry. The facing layer and the liquid impermeable layer extend about the periphery of the absorbent layer in such a manner as to allow the two outside layers to be sealed one to the other so as to encase the absorbent layer.
Adhesive is applied to at least a portion of the outside liquid impermeable layer to allow the dribble pad to be held in place on the outer surface surrounding the nipple of the nursing bottle or the skin surrounding the nipple of the nursing mother. Any adhesive suitable for adherence to human skin may be used. It is preferable to cover the adhesive application with a releasable strip to protect the adhesive until the time for use whereupon the protective strip is removed and the dribble pad is adhered in place for use.


The present disclosure provides an LED package structure and a method for manufacturing the LED package structure. The LED package structure includes: a chip scale package (CSP) light emitting element and a shading layer, where the CSP light emitting element includes a light emitting chip, and the light emitting chip includes an electrode group located on a bottom surface of the light emitting chip, the shading layer is disposed on a bottom surface and/or a side surface of the CSP light emitting element. An LED package structure according to the present disclosure solves a problem that the blue light leaking from the bottom surface of the LED chip interferes with the emission color of the CSP emitting device, and reduces the luminous efficiency of the emitting device.

Chip Scale Package (CSP) is an advanced category of integrated circuit packaging. When manufacturing a CSP light emitting device, an LED chip is typically covered by a package structure, where the package structure is made of a resin material including a fluorescent material and a reflecting material. Package dimensions and cost can be reduced during the packaging process of the CSP, the diversity of customer designs can be enhanced, thereby resulting in the popularity of the applications of CSP.
Currently, when the CSP emitting device is manufactured, the LED chip is placed in a mold, and the package resin is injected into the mold to overlay an upper surface and a side surface of the LED chip. Typically, in order to ensure a better connectivity between the electrode group and a circuit board of an application end, a bottom surface of the LED chip is not to he covered by the package resin during the packaging due to the existence of an electrode group arranged on the bottom surface of the LED chip. With this approach, an LED chip of a single CSP emitting device, which is fabricated through molding, cutting and detaching, will have its side surface and upper surface covered with package resin, while the bottom surface and the electrode group are not covered with package resin.
However, the above method results in a bare bottom surface of an LED chip of the fabricated CSP light emitting device, causing a leaking of blue light from the bottom surface when the CSP emitting device is being used. The leaked blue light interferes with the emission color of the CSP emitting device, and reduces the luminous efficiency of the emitting device.

LED package structure and method for manufacturing same


A steering mechanism is used to turn the rear wheels of a trailer towed by a tractor with a fifth wheel hitch between the tractor and the trailer. The trailer has a steering control mechanism mounted at its forward end. This mechanism is coupled with the fifth wheel of the tractor to translate rotational motion between the front end of the trailer and the tractor fifth wheel to rotate a frame. The rear wheels of the trailer are mounted on the frame, which imparts steering of the rear of the trailer complementary to the direction in which the tractor trailer rig is turned. A provision is made to limit the number of degrees of pivot, which is imparted to the rear wheels of the trailer, to a maximum amount when the rotation between the tractor fifth wheel and the front of the trailer exceeds a pre-established angular amount. This limitation is effected mechanically through a Geneva gear assembly, which forms part of the steering control mechanism.

Tractor-semi-trailer combinations are extensively used in the trucking industry to transport goods over the nation's highways. Semi-trailers having a trailer length of 40' are quite common. In addition, proposals have been made to permit the use of trailers even exceeding this length When such long tractor-trailer combinations are used on limited access interstate highways, no particularly significant problems are encountered, since the lanes are wide, and the curves are large radius curves. When the tractor-trailer combination, particularly for such long trailers, is operated on city streets, however, the relatively narrow width of many streets makes it very difficult or impossible to maneuver the tractor-trailer through turns from one street onto a cross do not track the tractor, but tend to be considerably offset, particularly in sharp turns, as the tractor maneuvers through a turn. The result is that trailer lengths considerably shorter than those which are permitted for use in over-highway travel must be employed for inner city travel. As a consequence, transferring of cargo from large trailers to smaller ones for delivery in many areas is necessary, resulting in significantly increased labor costs, as well as the potential for increased loss or damage to the cargos being hauled.
Efforts have been made to provide for controlled or automatic steering of the rear wheels of a tractor-semi-trailer combination to reduce the amount of offset between the rear of the trailer and the tractor during turns, particularly relatively sharp right-angle turns of the type encountered in city streets. One such device is disclosed in the patent to DeWitt. U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,848. The device disclosed in this patent is a telescoping articulating stinger for hauling large shipping containers. When the tractor towing the stinger/trailer encounters sharp turns, an articulated joint operates to steer the rear wheel set to cause the rear of the stinger/trailer to more nearly track the path of the tractor. This device, however, requires clearance for movement of the stinger beneath the container, along with a provision to lock the articulated portion in a straight line when the steering of the rear wheels of the stinger/trailer is not desired.
Another approach to turning the rear wheels of a trailer, in response to the relative movement between the tractor and the trailer at the, fifth wheel connection, is disclosed in the patent to Googe U.S. Pat. No. 2,793,052. The steering mechanism of this patent effectively requires three fifth wheel type of units. A coupling between the fifth wheel linkage of the trailer to the tractor operates a second fifth wheel plate, located rearwardly of the tractor/trailer fifth wheel. Rotational movement of this second fifth wheel mechanism then is applied to additional mechanism for rotating or steering the rear trailer wheels. The multiple fifth wheel mechanisms, used in the device of this patent however, can result in lost motion; and it is possible for the tractor to cut under the device, possibly damaging it. The device of Googe includes an additional provision to permit it to be disconnected for operation of the trailer in a normal fixed-wheel mode.
Another approach for steering the rear wheels of a trailer is disclosed in the patent to Carmody, U.S. Pat. No. 2,286,166. This patent provides a slot at the fifth wheel, which guides a pin attached to one end of an elongated pivoted lever. The lever is pivoted on the trailer at a location spaced from the fifth wheel position toward the trailer. The opposite end of the lever operates a rack and pinion gear to rotate a steering shaft, which is used to effect steering of the rear wheels of the trailer. This is a rather cumbersome apparatus; and because the rack and pinion steering gear must be located beneath the trailer, dirt and debris thrown up from the road by the rear wheels of the tractor, and impacting on the rack and pinion mechanism, can have a highly deleterious effect on its operation.
Three other patents, to Edwards, U.S. Pat. No. 2,359,978; Lorr, U.S. Pat. No. 2,797,106; and Felburn, U.S. Pat. No. 2,959,428, all disclose direct mechanical linkage between a rotating fifth wheel plate and steering apparatus attached to the rear wheels of a trailer. As the amount of relative rotation between the fifth wheel and the front of the trailer is increased, the steering of the rear wheels of the trailer correspondingly is increased.
It is desirable to provide a steering system for the rear wheels of a semi-trailer which is automatic in operation, overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art, is simple to operate, and which automatically limits the amount of pivotal rotation or steering imparted to the rear wheels of the trailer once the relative rotation between the fifth wheel of the tractor and the front of the trailer exceeds a pre-established angular amount.


In a transformer or a reactor having at least one winding of foil-formed electrical conductor material, a magnetic-flux-controlling spirally-wound sheet of highly permeable ferro-magnetic material is arranged axially outside each end of the winding. The ends of the sheet are galvanically connected to the foil winding. By division of the magnetic material in the sheet, a high resistance in the longitudinal direction of the sheet, and thus lower losses, are obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrical transformer or reactor having at least one winding of tape-formed conductor material and means for reduction of additional losses in the winding by controlling the magnetic leakage flux appearing axially outside the winding ends.
2. Prior Art
In transformers and reactors having windings of foil-formed electrical conductor material, additional losses in the form of eddy current losses appear at the ends of the windings. The substantially axial magnetic leakage flux passing between the winding turns is deflected in a more or less radial direction at the ends of the windings and passes into the core legs or completes its path outside the windings instead of continuing axially and passing into the yokes. This means that the ends of the windings will be penetrated by a magnetic flux with a radial component, which generates eddy currents in the winding conductor and causes additional losses in excess of the unavoidable ohmic losses which are caused by the normal load current. These eddy current losses raise the temperature in the winding ends so that it may locally assume high values.
Several different measures have been proposed to reduce the radial leakage flux component and thus the losses and the locally high temperatures at the winding ends. U.S. Pat. No. 4,021,764 and 4,012,706, for example, propose the arrangement of ceramically bonded ferrite plates and open rings of electrical sheets, respectively, in the vicinity of the edges of the foil winding, which rings are connected to the different turns in the foil winding. From the point of view of manufacturing technique, however, it is desirable, for example as proposed in British patent specification 2,025,148, to construct such magnetic-flux-controlling bodies in the form of coils coaxial with the winding, which coils are wound together with the foil winding. Electrical sheet has been proposed as material for such coils. To limit the voltage between the foil winding and the magnetic coils upon a short-circuit or a voltage surge, the coils must be galvanically connected to the foil winding, at least at the end points of the coils, possibly also at a number of intermediate points. In view of the losses the magnetic sheet from which the coils are wound must have a resistivity in the longitudinal direction of the sheet of at least 10.sup.-4 .OMEGA. m, preferably greater than 5.10.sup.-4 .OMEGA.m. At the same time, the permeability of the sheet perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and in the plane of the sheet must be at least 10, preferably greater than 80, and the saturation value of the sheet should be at least 0.4 T, preferably greater than 0.8 T. None of the materials previously proposed for this purpose fulfills these requirements. Thus, electrical sheet has a resistivity which amounts to only about one-thousandth of the required resistivity, and ferrites have a too low saturation value.


An improved binary data communication system employs an improved VPSK encoding procedure wherein each input data bit has a bit period of M clock periods, and the data bit polarity changes are phase shift key coded with waveform widths of M/M, M+1/M, and M+2/M bit periods wherein M is an even integer greater than 3. Each of the data bits (except the last one in an encoding cycle) is encoded in an encoding signal which switches back and forth between "1" and "0" polarities and has assigned widths representing whether or not the polarity of the data bit is changed from that of the previous data bit, and whether it is the last (M-1th) polarity change in the encoding cycle. At the receiving end, a complementary procedure is used to decode the encoded signal. For transmission, the encoded signal is filtered for higher order harmonics and integrated in order to provide a sine wave output shifted 90 degrees in phase. Upon reception, the received signal is differentiated and a zero crossover detector is used to regenerate the encoded signal for decoding. The improved encoding technique can achieve Nyquist efficiencies of 10, 12.6, and 15.3 bits/Hz-bandwidth, or higher, for M equal to 6, 8, and 10 modulation levels, respectively. The encoded signal spectrum fits typically within about 1/6 of the bandwidth of the baseband NRZ signal. The encoded signal is particularly useful for transmission at high data rates in telephone, RF modulated carriers, and other transmission systems.

Many techniques for compressing data bandwidth in communication systems are known to those skilled in the art. A comprehensive survey of such techniques is given in "Principles of Communication Systems", by Herbert Taub and Donald L. Schilling, published by McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Two of the best known methods are Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Multiple Phase Shift Keying (MPSK). In the QAM method, a binary input signal is used to modulate the amplitude envelope of a carrier signal while a second digital signal modulates the R.F. signal in phase and in quadrature to the FM signal. Zero crossings between the peaks and dips of the amplitude envelope are detected on the receiving end as bit changes along with measurements of amplitude in order to restore the binary data. However, this method is subject to considerable error in restoring the data if undesired amplitude and phase shifts are detected as bit changes. In the MPSK method, e.g., bit changes in the input data signal are encoded in reformatted pulses according to fixed encoding rules and the R.F. signal is phase modulated by fixed angular phase changes.
Certain pulse width modulated schemes have been used at baseband to modify the spectrum for easier data processing. For example, in the encoding technique which is referred to as MFM or Miller Encoding, output pulses are encoded with widths of 2, 3, and 4 times the clock period (1, 1.5, and 2 times the bit width) with their phases delayed to the end or center of a data bit for "0" or "1", respectively. By suitable filtering, only those frequencies resulting from the defined set of periods need to be detected to restore the original data signal. Unfortunately MFM does not conserve bandwidth when used to modulate an R.F. carrier.
A QAM modulation system affords a transmission improvement of 2 or more times over baseband NRZ or a single sideband carrier system, while it gives an improvement of 4 or more times over the typical AM modulated carrier system. Both of these methods are theoretically capable of bandwidth compression up to a limit of about 10 to 1. However, such compression would be achieved with a considerable loss in signal-to-noise ratio. In order to reduce errors due to signal-to-noise ratio, a 10-to-1 compression ratio typically requires a 100-to-1 increase in power. This is due to the well-known relationship applicable to both the QAM and MPSK methods, i.e., 2.sup.N =M, where N represents compression efficiency (referred to as the Nyquist Factor) expressed as the number of bits per hertz of bandwidth, and M represents the number of modulation levels. For example, a Nyquist Factor of N=10 would require 1024 modulation levels in the above-described conventional methods. The high number of modulation levels would greatly increase the power requirement or seriously degrade the signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore such an increase in Nyquist Factor is barely attainable by the conventional methods.
In the related U.S. Pat. No. 4,742,532 of Harold R. Walker, a new method of modulation is disclosed which is referred to as Variable Phase Shift Keying (VPSK). In the VPSK modulation scheme described in the Walker patent, changes of state between "1" and "0" of a binary NRZ (non-return to zero) input data signal are encoded to pulse signals having varying time periods which are 4/4, 5/4, and 6/4 times the bit period according to a particular set of coding rules. It would appear that this is a variation of MFM as used in double density disk recording but the spectral content of a 2, 3, 4 MFM pattern and the spectral content of a VPSK signal are entirely different. For reasons not easily explained MFM with M=2 does not compress the bandwidth, while increasing the M number to 3 or greater results in compression.
As illustrated in FIG. 1 herein, an NRZ input signal consists of a string of "1" and "0" bits of a given period. An encoder outputs a rectangular wave signal which switches polarity with varying widths depending upon the data bits encountered in the input stream. The encoded signal is given a width of 4/4 bit period when no change of the polarity state from one data bit to the next is detected (bit which is "1" or "0" is repeated), or a width of 5/4 bit periods when a data bit polarity change is detected. The last data bit polarity change is encoded in one of two widths, depending upon the state of the following, last data bit in the encoding sequence. The last data bit in the encoding sequence is then omitted to make up for the longer widths of the encoded signal. A width of 6/4 bit periods is used when the last data bit is a "1" after four data bit polarity changes. When the last bit is a "0" after four data bit polarity changes, no change is made to the encoding period. The "1" or "0" bit will automatically be restored by the decoder program. This method can obtain a Nyquist Factor of 7.2 bits/Hz-bandwidth using 4 modulation levels. Thus, it surpasses the conventional compression efficiency relationship, wherein 4 modulation levels would provide a Nyquist Factor of 2 (2.sup.2 =4).
However, it is desirable to increase the compression efficiency in data communication systems even further, for example, to a Nyquist Factor of 10 bits/Hz-bandwidth or higher. In the conventional QAM and MPSK systems, increasing the number of modulation levels above 4 requires approximately 6 dB or 4 times the power level for each increase of 2 in the Nyquist Factor, otherwise a serious loss in signal-to-noise ratio is encountered. It is therefore a principal object of the invention to provide an improved binary data communication system which produces a large improvement in the Nyquist Factor over the prior methods without a corresponding increase in the power requirement or loss of signal-to-noise ratio.

High speed data communication system using phase shift key coding


To facilitate manufacture and eliminate the possibility of sharp corners projecting from metallic elements of a can opener, a bearing bushing (21) for a feed wheel shaft (20), to which a serrated feed wheel (15) and a twist knob (16) are connected, the handle is formed of two plastic handle shells (18, 19) of which an upper handle shell (18) is a unitary molded element together with the bearing bushing (21) and a counter or guide surface (24) in part surrounding the feed wheel. The bearing bushing extends through a hole in the metallic lever (11, 12) and into an opening of the lower handle shell (19), preferably forming a snap connection, with a slightly projecting shoulder, extending above the lower handle shell.

Hand-held squeeze lever can openers are known, and described, for example, in the referenced German Patents 28 02 172, SchHlein et al, and 28 43 442, Liebscher et al.
Can openers of this type customarily have two metal handles, pivotably connected, one of which carries a feed wheel having a toothed or serrated circumference, and the other carrying a cutter wheel. The shaft which carries the feed wheel is extended from one side of the usually essentially flat handle or lever to the other side, where an operating knob is placed on the shaft, so that the feed wheel can be rotated. Gears mounted on the shaft and on the retaining shaft for the cutter wheel can be brought into engagement when the levers are squeezed together, against the rim of a can, so that upon rotation of the feed wheel by a twist knob, the cutter, likewise, will rotate, cutting into the lid of a can pinched between the cutter wheel and a counter surface, if provided.
This construction, which works very well, in the past required retention of a bearing bushing for the feed wheel by a metal part deformed or punched out from the usually metallic handle. The bearing bushing, typically, is of plastic material. Such a construction requires particularly high-quality steel for the handle, which can be deep-drawn. Yet, the danger always occurs that the edge of a collar formed on the handle, to retain the bearing bushing, will tear and sharp corners or edges will form. It has also been found that, in use, plastic or other handle shells covering the metal portion of the handle can become loose. These handle covers were matched to the shape of the metal levers and thus constrained the appearance design of the overall can opener to the shape of the metal handle.

Hand-held squeeze lever or pincer-type can opener


A method for cultivating antrodia cinnamomea includes transplanting bacterial strains of antrodia cinnamomea into a petri dish receiving culture ingredients. The bacterial strains of antrodia cinnamomea are transferred into a culture container after mycelia of the bacterial strains of antrodia cinnamomea have grown to a predetermined area. The culture container receives a culture fluid. A formula composition of a culture medium for cultivating antrodia cinnamomea is added into the culture container after the mycelia of the bacterial strains of antrodia cinnamomea have grown in the culture container. The formula composition of the culture medium for cultivating antrodia cinnamomea includes growth basal ingredients and cultivating basal ingredients. The growth basal ingredients includes hydroxyhopanone. Mycelia of antrodia cinnamomea metabolize hydroxyhopanone precursors of agarwood during a growth procedure of the mycelia of antrodia cinnamomea, such that the mycelia of antrodia cinnamomea have a higher percentage of triterpenoids after fermentation.

The present invention relates to a method for cultivating antrodia cinnamomea and a formula composition of a culture medium for cultivating antrodia cinnamomea and, more particularly, to a method and a formula composition of a culture medium using a petri dish to cultivate antrodia cinnamomea.
Stout camphor tree is an endemic plant of Taiwan, is extremely valued, and is classified as one of protected plants. Antrodia comphorata only grows on stout camphor trees and is effective in inhibiting cancer, preventing transfer of cancer cells, and curing diseases including hepatitis B, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Antrodia cinnamomea is also effective in anti-oxidization and anti-blood clotting and in curing intestinal tract diseases. Antrodia cinnamomea has complicated ingredients. The main ingredients of antrodia cinnamomea include triterpenoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), adenosine, and β-D-glucan. Triterpenoids are the most important ingredient and are the source of bitterness of the extract of antrodia cinnamomea. According to the current research results, the main effects of triterpenoids include improving immunity, inhibiting growth of cancer cells, inhibiting release of histamine, preventing allergy, improving liver functions, improving platelet aggregation, and reducing blood lipids. Thus, the more contents and species of triterpenoids, the more valuable in medical treatments. Experiments have proved that triterpenoids can effectively inhibit the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to thereby reduce the blood pressure. Triterpenoids can also provide an anti-inflammation effect.
However, antrodia cinnamomea is perennial, has a strong odor of a camphor tree, and has a shape of a plate or bell. Fresh antrodia cinnamomea has an orange-red surface which turns orange or yellow as it matures. Antrodia cinnamomea only parasitizes in caves of stout camphor tress which are endemic in Taiwan and grow in mountain areas having a height of 450-2000 m above sea level. After years of exploitation, stout camphor trees are rare and have been classified as a protected species under ecological protection. In the past, artificial culture of antrodia comphorata includes planting bacteria on diced sections of a stout camphor tree and growing the bacteria through environmental control. The ripe antrodia comphorata is taken out and processed into nutritive food. People in this industry must cultivate antrodia comphorata in mass production under the vast need in the market. Due to difficulties in obtaining the stout camphor tree sections and high costs, people in this industry developed a solid fermentation method and a liquid fermentation method. In the solid fermentation method, antrodia comphorata is contained in a packaging container to proceed with culture of mycelia. The packaging container receives a culture medium including fibers, carbohydrates, and cereals. Thus, antrodia comphorata can receive ingredients similar to wild antrodia cinnamomea. The culture takes about more than 3 months. Polysaccharide and triterpenoids change due to the ingredients of the culture medium. In the liquid fermentation method, liquid fermentation is carried out in a liquid fermentation container to obtain mycelia, requiring a small period of time for culture and having a lower cost. However, the nutritive ingredients of mycelia of antrodia cinnamomea are essentially polyose which can only generate a trace of triterpenoids.
Although the above methods for cultivating antrodia comphorata by fermentation can reduce the reliance on the stout camphor tree sections, triterpenoids only has a small percentage in the fermentation product of antrodia comphorata due to the formula composition for cultivating antrodia comphorata and the cultivating techniques. It is, thus, an important issue to solve the technical problems in developing the fermentation techniques for antrodia cinnamomea.

Method for inhibiting cancer cells and treating diseases comprising administering a formula composition of antrodia cinnamomea

CHENG-LIN AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.


Pharmaceutical dosage forms for anticancer drugs, and paclitaxel in particular, are described in which the active drug is formulated as storage stable self-emulsifying preconcentrate.

Paclitaxel is a taxane and a member of the terpenoid family of compounds present in very small quantities in the Taxus brevifolia species such as the pacific Yew tree. These compounds, collectively known as taxoids, taxins or taxanes, have potent anticancer properties in, among others, ovarian cancer, lymphoma, and breast cancer. Because of its poor solubility in water, the current commercial formulation of paclitaxel is prepared by dissolving 6 mg of the drug in one milliliter of a mixture of polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor®(EL) and dehydrated alcohol. The commercially available paclitaxel formulation is for intravenous administration only. There exists no commercial formulation of paclitaxel, which can be administered orally. The commercial injectable formulation is physically unstable especially for treatments requiring long infusion time. The infusate may contain up to 10% each of alcohol and Cremophor®EL. The physical stability of the paclitaxel formulation may be increased by increasing the amounts of Cremophor®EL in the formulation, but may also lead to an increased incidence of adverse reactions. Yet another approach as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,846 is to decrease the drug and Cremophor® concentration and increase the alcohol content in the formulation.
An undesirable effect of Cremophor®EL in paclitaxel and other drug formulations is the production of possible anaphylactoid reaction with associated dyspnea, hypotension, angioedema and uticaria. Cremophor®EL is also known to extract plasticizers such as di-ethylhexyl-phthalate from the polymers commonly used intravenous infusion tubings and infusion bags. These plasticizers are known to promote toxic reactions, such as Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), in patients which have been exposed to high levels.
Various other methods have been used to increase the water solubility of paclitaxel and other anticancer drugs, for example, by conjugation of the water insoluble drug moiety with water soluble polymers as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,055, WO 97/10849, and WO 97/33552. While WO 94/12031 teaches that a composition of paclitaxel with Cremophor®EL, absolute alcohol and citric acid increases the stability however, no mention is made if the proposed composition increases the solubility of paclitaxel. Others have used liposome preparations as a means of eliminating Cremophor®EL and reducing vehicle toxicity as described by Sharma et al (Pharm. Res. 11:889–896, 1994). An oil-in-water emulsion (U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,330) is another approach to preparing Cremophor® free paclitaxel formulation. The latter two formulation approaches have limitations in terms of low degree of drug loading. Yet another approach uses cyclodextrins to make a water-soluble formulation of paclitaxel as described in WO 94/26728.
The present invention is based on a strong need for a safer and stable injectable and oral formulation of anticancer drugs, particularly the taxanes such as paclitaxel, docetaxel and their derivatives and analogues and other anticancer drugs.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,683 discloses a composition containing paclitaxel in squalene as solution in absence of a surfactant and then forming a self-emulsifying glass by addition of an aqueous sucrose solution followed by evaporation of water. The resulting glass upon mixing with water forms an emulsion with a particle size in a range of 2 to 10 μm. The preparation of such glass requires the use of undesirable organic solvents, which must be completely removed before medical use.
Quay et al describe a conventional oil-in-water emulsion system (WO 98/30205) consisting of vitamin E as a carrier oil in which a drug may be dissolved, together with polyethyleneglycol and related surfactants. Conventional emulsions have limited shelf life and are often difficult to terminally heat sterilize or even filter sterilize. The particle size of conventional emulsions is usually far greater than microemulsions.
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable and optically transparent or opaque depending on the particle size of the emulsion. Microemulsions have a mean droplet size of less than 200 nm, in general between 20–100 nm. In contrast to conventional emulsions, the microemulsions are formed in the presence of an aqueous phase by self emulsification without any energy input. In the absence of water, this self emulsifying system exists as a transparent-looking mixture of oil and surfactants in which a lipophilic drug is dissolved.
Wheeler et al describe an emulsion preparation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,860) containing a mixture of paclitaxel, an oil and a polyethylene glycol-linked lipid which is covered by a monolayer of a polar lipid such as phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylethanolamine. This mixture, after homogenization in presence of an aqueous phase at appropriate pressure, yields an emulsion with a particle size in the range of 100 nm. It is not known if this is the mean or minimum particle size and if it is number weighted or volume weighted. The necessity of using undesirable organic solvents for initial dissolution of ingredients is not advisable even if the organic solvent is removed prior to use. In addition to an elaborate evaporation step, the method requires input of energy by way of high pressure homogenization adding to the overall cost. Because the preconcentrate of a true microemulsion is usually non-aqueous, it can provide longer shelf life than a regular emulsion which is in aqueous suspension.
Lacy et al disclose a capsule delivery system (U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,856) for oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs containing a digestible oil, and a combination of surfactants. The selection of surfactant is made such that it inhibits the in vivo lipolysis of the oil.
Eugster discloses an ultra microemulsion system (Swiss Patent CH 688 504 A5) for paclitaxel and its analogs composed of an oil and one or more surfactants providing a formulation of the drug with a mean particle size of 2.2–3 nm thus approaching a solution rather than an emulsion. It is not known if this formulation is useful for oral, injectable or topical use.
There have been attempts to enhance oral activity of taxanes by co-administration of taxanes with another drug such as cinchonine (WO 97/27855) or cyclosporin, ketoconazole etc. (WO 97/15269). Similarly, WO 97/48689 describes the use of various carbocyclic compounds in combination with anticancer drugs to enhance oral bioavailability of the drug. All three of these approaches have the drawback of combination drug therapy where a second drug with drastically different pharmacological activity is administered. In practice such a drug combination approach is the last resort taken by those familiar with the drug development process due to drastic increase in preclinical and clinical regulatory requirement for approval resulting in increasing cost and time to market.


Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for messaging. In one aspect, there is provided a computer-implemented method. The method may include initiating a call from a first application to a second application. The method may determine whether the first application is local to the second application. A call may be made as a local call from the first application to the second application, when it is determined that the first and second applications are on the same computer. A call may be made as a remote call from the first application to the second application, when it is determined that the first and second applications are on separate computers. Related apparatus, systems, methods, and articles are also described.

Applications often interact by exchanging messages. For example, a user interface application may interact with a Web service to query a database of products, update a description of a product, and save the updated description to the database. In this example, the order of the messages corresponding to the query, update, and save should be preserved when the messages are sent from the user interface to the database. To that end, reliable messaging mechanisms, such as WS-RM (see Web Services Reliable Messaging Protocol, February 2005, Rusian Bilorusets et al.), have been used to ensure that message delivery is guaranteed and, when necessary, delivered in a specified order. To provide reliable messaging, WS-RM specifies the protocol for message exchange including the retransmission of messages that are in error. To retransmit such messages, the sending and receiving application include a persistence mechanism (e.g., memory or storage) to store the message and a queue to maintain information concerning the order of a message relative to other messages. As a consequence, reliable messaging comes at the cost of increased processing requirements at the sender and receiver of the messages.


A subdermally-reinforced elastomeric transition is provided in which an elastomeric skin is attached to a plurality of subdermal supporting members that engage subdermal reinforcing members. The reinforcing members may be rods or support rails which the supporting members engage. The supporting members may be attached to the elastomeric skin in an orientation that is perpendicular to a direction of strain of the skin and may have a plurality of holes or slots for receiving the reinforcing members. Alternatively, the supporting members may be oriented to be parallel to the direction of strain of the skin, the reinforcing members being located substantially within the supporting members.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to an improved aircraft structure, and more particularly to subdermally-reinforced elastomeric transitions for sealing apertures or gaps.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Modem aircraft have both external aerodynamic control surfaces and a number of exterior access panels such as for weapons bay, landing gears, and avionics access. These panels, or doors, are typically fabricated from a variety of metallic and composite materials to reduce weight. The control surfaces and doors form discontinuous gaps or apertures with aircraft skin elements that are located adjacent to the control surfaces and doors, such as at hinge lines. Aperture windows and maintenance access panels also form gaps with the aircraft skin.
All gaps on an aircraft must be sealed to reduce aerodynamic drag and turbulence and to prevent dirt and contaminants from entering the aircraft. In military applications, the gaps must also be sealed to eliminate gaps between surfaces and reduce electromagnetic emissions, both of which contribute to the radar signature of aircraft. Also, the seal for gaps requires time-consuming and costly maintenance. Hence, there is a need to reduce or minimize the running length of gaps on the aircraft to reduce aerodynamic drag and radar cross-section during flight as well as to reduce maintenance time on the ground. Further, there is a need to reduce or minimize the number of gaps for moveable aircraft members, such as doors, preferably to at least one gap for such members.
Elastomeric transition panels are used to seal gaps or apertures between various moveable aircraft members such as access doors, access panels and aperture windows. There are dimensional changes in the size and shape of the doors which, in turn, cause dimensional changes in the gaps, due to the large strains and temperature variations modem aircraft encounter during flight. Strains on the order of 20% to 30% may be encountered for door hinge lines and bay doors. Elastomeric transition panels are designed to be elastic to adjust to these strain-induced and thermal-induced dimensional changes.
Elastomeric transition panels are often reinforced to impart improved flexural strength while preserving high in-plane strain capacity. A prior art elastomeric transition panel, continuous moldline technology (CMT), is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,699 to Albach, et al. In the CMT panel, a reinforcement member is encapsulated within a thick solid elastomeric block, the size of the reinforcement member determining the thickness of the elastomeric block. As a result, the CMT panel is heavy and difficult to actuate when used in CMT airframe applications. Also, the CMT panel is labor-intensive to manufacture and maintain and is often short-lived and unreliable during service. There is a need for a lightweight, reinforced, elastomeric transition panel having a substantially thin elastomeric section with improved flexural strength and high strain capacity. Also, such a panel is needed which may be subdermally reinforced and which may incorporate flexible cores.
A subdermally-reinforced elastomeric transition is provided in which an elastomeric skin is attached to a plurality of subdermal supporting members that engage subdermal reinforcing members. The reinforcing members may be rods or support rails which the supporting members engage. The supporting members may be attached to the elastomeric skin in an orientation that is perpendicular to a direction of strain of the skin and may have a plurality of holes or slots for receiving the reinforcing members. Alternatively, the supporting members may be oriented to be parallel to the direction of strain of the skin, the reinforcing members being located substantially within the supporting members.


A resistive memory device, such as a BMC ReRAM device, includes at least one resistive memory element which contains a carbon barrier material portion and a resistive memory material portion that is disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode.

Resistive memory devices employ reversible changes in resistance in a thin film with application of electrical voltage bias. Data stored in a resistive memory element is represented by the resistive state of the resistive memory material. Typically, the stored value of the data in any functional resistive memory device remains the same until the resistive memory element is reprogrammed, for example, in an erase operation or in a programming operation. The data stored in the memory device can be reversed when an electrical bias is applied in a direction that changes the resistive state of the memory device.
The resistive memory element is typically provided as a thin film, which is a solid-state material. Data can be stored in a resistive memory element by changing the resistance of the thin film. The thin film is referred to as a memory film or a read/write film. Examples of resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices are described in World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Publication No. WO2007004843 A1 to Hong et al. and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0043455 A1 to Bateman.

Resistive memory device containing carbon barrier and method of making thereof


The invention relates to a fishing sinker of iron material that is either cylindrical, with an elongate or tapered construction having a through hole for passing therethrough a fishing line, or mostly spherical with a slit for holding a fishing line, and a method of making a fishing sinker of iron material without the use of die casting comprising the steps of: (a) cutting on a punching tool an iron bar to form an iron blank of a predetermined length; (b) transferring the iron blank to a second position on the punching tool, whereon the iron blank is punched a straight hole at one end thereof or respectively at both ends thereof; (c) punching to enlarge the straight hole; (d) punching a through hole along a longitudinal axis of the iron blank so that the iron blank becomes a cylindrical blank; and (e) forging the cylindrical blank on the punching tool so that the cylindrical blank is stretched out to form a fishing sinker having therein a through hole to receive a fishing line.

In general, a conventional fishing sinker is made of lead material by die casting. Such a fishing sinker can be easily molded to have a variety of shapes in view of the fact that lead is a relatively soft metal and that lead has a great specific gravity. However, lead is a heavy metal hazardous to the human health and can not be easily excreted once it is ingested by the human body. Accidental ingestion of lead into the body of a worker making such a fishing sinker can take place from time to time. In addition, animals, such as birds and fishes, are vulnerable to lead poisoning, which is often fatal. In other words, lead is a potentially dangerous source of environmental pollution, which is getting worse day by day. However, the public is becoming increasingly aware of and concerned about the ecological problems brought about by man-made pollution. In response to such public concern, the applicant of the present invention has successfully developed a fishing sinker made of iron instead of lead, as exemplified in the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/946,708 filed by this applicant and later issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,222,321.
The conventional fishing sinker of lead is generally provided with a through hole large enough to permit a fishing line to pass therethrough. Such a through hole can be made integrally with the lead sinker. However, as far as a fishing sinker of iron is concerned, it is not possible to make economically an iron fishing sinker with an integrally made through hole by punching or forging. The cost of making an iron fishing sinker with a through hole made by drilling can be so high that fishermen are bound to resist using such a sinker. At the present time, a lead fishing sinker with a slender through hole can be made at a low cost only by die casting. In other words, the method of making an iron fishing sinker having a slender through hole at a low cost is not available. In addition, an iron fishing sinker with a slit, in which the fishing line is held, can not be made economically in quantity.

Fishing sinker of iron material and method of making same without die casting


A fan retention system for a blower/vacuum securely retains the fan and creates an insulating barrier to prevent the operator from touching the functionally insulated armature shaft. A nut having interlocking ramps for interlocking with interconnecting portions on an abutting fan surface is provided. The interconnecting portions of the fan may be either ramps or recesses. Furthermore, the nut has a closed end for insulating the armature shaft from the operator.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an improved system for securing a fan to a drive shaft. In particular, the system is useful for securing fans in blower/vacuum systems used for vacuuming or blowing debris, such as leaves and grass clippings, from a lawn or other ground surface.
2. Background of Related Art
Although applicable in a variety of environments, the securing system of the invention is especially useful for securing a fan to an armature shaft in a blower or blower/vacuum. Various systems are known in the art for securing a fan to a drive shaft within the blower/vacuum environment. In such environments, a fan is mounted to a drive shaft for rotation. In the vacuum configuration, spaced fan blades allow a range of debris to pass through them to an outlet and generally to a collection apparatus. In the blower configuration, a discharge tube may be connected to the outlet to discharge exhaust air.
A known system is shown in FIG. 2. A centrally aligned mounting boss includes interior bores and which receive the end of a drive shaft to form an interference fit. An additional known configuration involves providing a standard nut at the end of the armature shaft. Difficulties encountered with these and other known configurations include the awkward shape of the fan creating balancing difficulties within the mold, slipping of the armature within the interior fan bores, and loosening of the standard nut. Additionally, the use of a standard nut requires relatively costly insulation between the armature and the armature shaft in order to double insulate the touchable parts.
Plastic parts tend to creep over time and as a result of moisture and temperature variations. Accordingly, prior art systems, which involve tightening an ordinary plastic nut are often inadequate because the nut tends to loosen.


A wheel provided with sub-wheels, in which a plurality of sub-wheels (31) supported rotatably about an axis extending in the same direction as that tangential to the circular rim (12) of the wheel are arranged on the circular rim to constitute a tire (40). The rotation of the tire and that of the sub-wheels are combined to cause the wheel to run in an arbitrary direction.

Almost all wheels which run on the ground or the floor comprise a tire part which is made of rubber or metal, this tire part constituting the outer peripheral portion of the wheel, a rim part for supporting the tire part, and a disk or spoke which connects the rim part to the hub.
Since the wheel as stated above is rotated about a wheel axle or shaft, the running direction thereof is limited to a direction perpendicular to the wheel shaft.
For this reason, in the case where the running direction of the wheel is required to be changed, a method is adopted comprising swinging the wheel shaft itself to a direction perpendicular to the running direction by using a steering gear connected to the wheel shaft.
However, it is often difficult to carry out the swinging operation of the wheel using the method comprising swinging the entire wheel in the running direction together with the wheel shaft because of the greater contact frictional force between the tire and the ground (the floor) during stoppage of the wheel. Furthermore, the wheel is required to uselessly follow a locus of a circular arc until it is directed to a desired running direction, which makes change in the running direction of the wheel within a narrow space difficult.
As a means for solving such a problem, a caster device is used which serves to swing the entire wheel about a shaft orientated perpendicular to the wheel shaft and provided at an eccentric position. However, the caster device cannot perfectly solve the above-mentioned problem, and still includes problems such as difficulty in changing the running direction of the wheel during stoppage thereof or difficulty in conversion of the direction of the wheel to that perpendicular to the running direction. In addition, since the caster device easily changes the direction of the wheel shaft during the running thereof, there is a restriction in its use which makes it impossible to increase the running speed of the wheel and the diameter thereof.
Furthermore, a further means to solve the above-mentioned problems has been developed and comprises a wheel device in which two independent wheels with wheel shafts perpendicularly intersecting each other are combined. However, this wheel device has a disadvantage in that it is necessary to provide a means for shifting and drawing in one of the wheels when the other is being used, which results in a complicated construction and a larger-sized device.