A vehicle has one or more accelerometers for detecting acceleration of a chassis component. One or more separate sensors are also provided in the vehicle. A controller is programmed to receive a signal indicating acceleration from the one or more accelerometers, wherein the acceleration is between a lower threshold that indicates normal vehicle operation and an upper threshold which would otherwise set off restraint devices, such as airbags for example. When the acceleration is between the thresholds, a potential-chassis-damage signal can be locally created or sent. The controller then validates the potential-chassis-damage signal based on the signals received from the separate sensors. Upon validation, the controller outputs a message to a display, such as a display screen inside the vehicle or an OBD diagnostic tool, warning a user of potential-chassis damage.

A chassis consists of an internal framework that supports a vehicle. A chassis typically consists of a frame, a suspension system, and ground-contact components such as wheels. A suspension system typically consists of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connect the vehicle's ground-contact components to its frame. The chassis contributes to the vehicle's driving, steering and braking while keeping occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from noise, bumps, and vibrations. The suspension system maintains the ground-contact components in contact with the ground surface as much as possible to allow for safe driving, steering and braking of the vehicle.
Chassis systems are typically tuned so that an unsprung mass of the vehicle follows the changing contours of the ground while a sprung mass of the vehicle maintains a steady and smooth ride. Damage to the chassis may reduce vehicle handling, steerability, and brakeability. In some situations, an occupant of the vehicle can detect potential damage done to the chassis based on tire pressure loss, visible tire damage, wheel imbalance, visible wheel damage, ride quality changes, suspension noise, and steering system changes.
Drive-by-wire, steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire systems increase the difficulty for a driver to detect potential chassis damage. And, drivers of vehicles that are shared by multiple drivers may not know about, notice, or care about potential chassis damage that occurred during a prior user's operation of the vehicle. Pool and rental vehicles may be inspected when the vehicle is turned in, but in a scenario where the hand-off of the vehicle occurs without a check-in inspection, or an inspection of sufficient detail, the subsequent driver could be unaware that they are operating a vehicle with chassis damage present.

Potential chassis damage identification, validation, and notification


There is disclosed a blind slat to be used particularly for vertical blinds wherein at least the outer surface is formed with regularly distributed successive corrugations. In practice, the inner face is also corrugated. The slat is extruded from a plastic material of one basic color and preselected opposite surfaces forming the corrugations are of a color which is different from the basic color. Some or all of the remaining opposite surfaces have the basic color or a color which different from the basic color and from the color of the preselected opposite surfaces. Such blind slat is particularly useful to create special effects for example by vertical blinds. The method and the apparatus for producing these blind slats are also disclosed.

a) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a blind slat having a corrugated surface. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with a corrugated vertical blind slat in which preselected slanted surfaces forming the corrugations have a specific color which is different from the remaining slanted surfaces, thereby enabling to produce special visual effects, especially upon rotation of the vertical blind slat. The invention additionally relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing the above-mentioned blind slat.
b) Description of Prior Art
Vertical and horizontal blind slats have been known for a long time. Today, they are normally produced by extrusion through a die in a large variety of choice. There is the standard flat slat whose color depends on the color of the plastic material which is used for its manufacture. Also, there are blind slats in which the outer surfaces are formed of a wide variety of patterns which are obtained by extrusion, molding, coating or otherwise.
In the field of decoration, it is known that color effects are very important. On the other hand, since vertical and horizontal blinds are used etensively for commercial and residential decoration, there is a need for blinds which offer not only a choice of patterns but also enable to blend in a color scheme or produce special effects through the use of colors. To our knowledge, there is no blind slat which permits to achieve the above goal.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,336,834 discloses a Venetian blind in which the slats have a selected color on one face and a different color on the reverse face. U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,386 discloses a process for extruding patterned sheets or panels of differently colored thermoplastic synthetic resin which enables to achieve a uniform distribution of the individual colored compositions. Japanese 87-337189/48 describes the coextrusion of two resins to obtain a laminated sheet of superior decorative effect. Japanese 87-345090/49 discloses the coextrusion of two materials of different colors to produce a filmy material with special effect. Japanese 57-105704 describes the production of homogeneous products having various optical properties depending upon direction.
However, as far as we know, the art is silent with respect to blind slats which permit special effects through the use of color.


The incorporation of formic acid modified low equivalent weight amino polyols as crosslinkers in molded polyether polyurethane semiflexible foams is disclosed. These formic acid modified amino polyols result in foams which, when molded, display improved flowability, lower molded density and decreased usage per part. These improvements are demonstrable over nonformic acid modified low equivalent weight amino polyols and other commercial crosslinkers. The resulting foams find use in energy absorbing applications in the automotive industry and other industries.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the production of molded polyurethane products.
2. Description of the Prior Art
No known art involves the use of carboxylic acid modified crosslinkers in molded polyurethane foams. However, carboxylic acid modified tertiary amine catalysts are known to be used as delayed action catalysts and are commercially available. However, these tertiary amine catalysts are merely catalysts and are not crosslinkers and, therefore, do not relate to the invention herein.
Examples of the catalysts are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,086,213; 4,115,634 and 3,862,150. These materials are not structurally suitable to be crosslinkers and also their catalytic activity would also prevent this use.
The automotive industry, in particular, is constantly seeking new technologies for increasing the safety of vehicles, while, at the same time, decreasing the weight of the vehicles. A major part of the safety program in the automotive industry is the use of molded polyurethane foams which absorb energy upon impact. The present invention presents an improved method of preparing molded polyurethane foam which in addition to absorbing impact, are lighter in weight resulting in less vehicle weight.

Energy management polyether polyurethane foam


Apparatus and method for guaranteeing a Quality of Service (QoS) traffic rate in a mobile communication system are provided. The scheduling method for guaranteeing a QOS traffic rate in a mobile communication system includes calculating a total sum of traffic rates based on a channel change and a total sum of sustained traffic rates; calculating a weighted traffic rate using the traffic rate based on the channel change and the sustained traffic rate when the sustained traffic rate does not meet the QoS traffic rate; and determining a service priority using the weighted traffic rate. Therefore, the minimum reserved traffic rate and the maximum sustained traffic rate can be assured.

Recently, mobile communication standards are stressing Quality of Service (QoS) to assure traffic rate and latency required in an application, QoS differentiation on a user profile basis, and service parameters defined in connection admission. In a mobile communication system, the QoS is guaranteed in association with various schemes such as Connection Admission Control (CAC) for determining whether to admit the connection, flow control (e.g., leaky bucket) for controlling a source traffic rate in accordance with a network condition, and packet scheduling for controlling usage of radio channels between a base station and a terminal, by referring to QoS parameters from a user and the network condition.
Particularly, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard provides quite detailed and sub-divided features in the QoS definition and differentiation. For example, the IEEE 802.16 standard defines QoS parameters of a minimum reserved traffic rate and a maximum sustained traffic rate. Also, the IEEE 802.16 standard supports Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), real-time Polling Services (rtPS), and non-real-time Polling Services (nrtPS).
The minimum reserved traffic rate is used to meet a minimum traffic rate required in the application of real time service, or to keep a packet transmission interval of non-real-time service below a certain interval. The UGS connection of the IEEE 802.16 standard periodically allocates slots for the minimum reserved traffic rate in an unsolicited pattern. Accordingly, there are no more subjects to be considered to meet the minimum reserved traffic rate in the UGS connection. In the rtPS connection of the IEEE 802.16 standard, statistically, it is highly likely to satisfy the minimum traffic rate through the CAC. The application frequently using the rtPS connection is a video streaming service. The video streaming generates burst traffic at a video codec at intervals. Hence, the minimum traffic rate can be fully satisfied when the chance to select is guaranteed by acquiring several tokens at intervals. The nrtPS connection of the IEEE 802.16 standard, which has no required latency, exhibits the traffic rate in proportion to the channel condition. This is scheduled by a packet scheduler (e.g., a proportional fair scheduler). To raise the possibility of the traffic rate satisfaction, the packet scheduler multiplies by a weighting factor greater than 1 when calculating the priority. When the multiplied weighting factor is too great, the wireless bandwidth is monopolized. Thus, the traffic rate becomes too high and it may be problematic in view of the fairness. By contrast, when the multiplied weighting factor is too small, there would be not enough chances to select meet the minimum reserved traffic rate. Therefore, to effectively meet the minimum reserved traffic rate in the nrtPS connection, a method for determining an adequate weighting factor is required.
The maximum sustained traffic rate is used to provide the QoS based on a level of a subscriber. When the limited bandwidth is fairly allocated to the subscribers, the subscriber of the better channel condition acquires the higher traffic rate. When the traffic rate allocated to the subscriber is restricted, it is possible to allocate the small bandwidth to the subscriber who pays smaller fee in the good channel condition and then to allocate the remaining bandwidth to the subscriber who requires the high traffic rate and pays the considerable fee. That is, the subscriber requiring the high QoS acquires the high maximum sustained traffic rate while paying the considerable fee. Yet, the maximum sustained traffic rate is used to limit the traffic rate in accordance with the paid fee, rather than to guarantee the traffic rate.
Therefore, what are needed are an apparatus and a method for guaranteeing the minimum reserved traffic rate and the maximum sustained traffic rate in the non-real-time service of the mobile communication system.

Apparatus and method for guaranteeing QoS traffic rate in mobile communication system


A technique is provided for managing bundles of constructs that may individually fail. Each bundle has a repetitively updated resource amount for counterbalancing a transfer of a failure risk pertaining to the respective bundle. Construct data is stored and a value of the resource amount is calculated for an individual time instance based on the construct data. It is determined whether a construct of a first bundle has failed. If not, a value of a resource amount for the first bundle is calculated. If a construct has failed, a second bundle is generated that includes all constructs of the first bundle except for the construct having failed, and a value of a resource amount for the second bundle is calculated. The technique is particularly suitable for managing futures contracts that are based on a basket of credit default swaps as underlyings.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to data processing systems and methods for managing bundles of constructs that may individually fail and that have associated a repetitively updated resource amount usable for counterbalancing a transfer of a failure risk pertaining to the respective bundle of constructs. More particularly, the invention relates to data processing systems and methods for managing futures contracts that are based on a basket of credit default swaps as underlyings.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many techniques exist where a bundle of constructs (which may individually fail) is used. Constructs may be hardware arrangements in computer systems or other automated systems, or may be software routines. It is further well known in the art that even more abstract constructs exist such as a conditional relationship between physical or non-physical entities.
Any such construct may fail, in the sense that the task or function assigned to that construct may not be (completely) fulfilled. For instance, a hardware component may break, a software routine may malfunction or stop performing, or a condition can be rendered void or lead to negative results.
When operating a bundle of constructs that may individually fail, the overall failure risk may depend on the individual failure probabilities. The failure risk may also change with the time. In this case, it is sometimes detrimental that failure events are not exactly predictable. For this reason, the failure risk pertaining to a bundle of constructs may be transferred to an entity that then assumes the overall failure risk. For instance, a hardware controller or a software program may assume the risk that one or more computer hardware or software constructs may fail by stepping into the functions of these constructs in the event of a failure.
To compensate or counterbalance this transfer of a failure risk, the risk assuming entity may receive an extra resource amount. Resources may include, for instance, processor access times, memory capacity, priority over other components in the handling of tasks, etc.
Another field where such techniques can be applied is the valuation of futures contracts that are based on a basket of credit default swaps as underlyings. Credit default swaps are the most commonly traded credit derivatives. A credit default swap is a contract where one party (the "protection seller") receives a premium from another party (the "protection buyer") for assuming the credit risk of a specified obligation. In return for this premium, the protection buyer will receive a payment from the protection seller upon the occurrence of a credit event.
However, in all of the above techniques, the compensation is rather difficult to value and the bundles of constructs cannot be easily managed due to the complexity and rapid time variation of the various input parameters. The prior art techniques are therefore cumbersome and often lead to unreliable results.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Construct separation for resource amount determination


Improved methods and compositions for safe and effective treatment of erythema or a symptom associated with erythema in a subject are described. The methods involve topically applying to an affected skin area a topical composition comprising about 0.3% to about 10% by weight of brimonidine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness of the skin. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. It can also occur as a reaction to medications, illness or emotions. It can further occur for reasons currently unknown. Erythema is difficult to treat. Currently available treatments for erythema mainly treat the underlying diseases and avoid known triggers. These treatments are of limited effectiveness, particularly for erythema with unknown causes.
Brimonidine, a selective α2-adrenergic agonist, has been used as either a monotherapy or an adjunctive therapy to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) since its approval in 1996. The most common side effects associated with brimonidine therapy are dry mouth, fatigue/drowsiness, headache, mild hyperemia, blurred vision and foreign body sensation. Hypertension, palpitations and syncope have been reported by less than 3% patients in clinical trials involving brimonidine ophthalmic treatment. See McGhie, Journal of the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin, May/June 2001, at World Wide Web: pswi.org/professional/pharmaco/brimonidine.pdf, and references therein. Results from the dose-ranging study in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension showed that although 0.5% (w/w) had higher efficacy in the early phase of treatment, the 0.5% (w/w) and 0.2% (w/w) had similar efficacy after two weeks of treatment, and that 0.5% (w/w) had more systemic and ocular side effects than 0.2% (w/w). See, e.g., Walters, Survey of Ophthalmology, 1996, 41: S19-S26). Ophthalmic formulations containing 0.2% (w/w) brimonidine have been used for chronic applications to treat glaucoma and ocular hypertension, while that containing 0.5% (w/w) brimonidine has been only used for acute therapy for the prevention of postoperative intraocular pressure spikes. In order to reduce a variety of ocular and systemic side-effects associated with the ophthalmic application of 0.2% (w/w) brimonidine, ophthalmic formulations containing lower concentrations of brimonidine, e.g., 0.15% (w/w) or 0.1% (w/w), have been subsequently developed and used for chronic ophthalmic applications.
Brimonidine has been reported to be useful in treating erythema caused by rosacea. See, e.g., U.S. Ser. No. 10/853,585 to DeJovin et al. To ensure the safety and avoid unacceptable side effects, a previous clinical study used 0.2% (w/w) brimonidine tartrate as the "high" dosage for treating erythema. See US 2009/0061020 to Theobald et al.
In the present invention, it has been surprisingly discovered that topical administration of brimonidine to a skin area affected by erythema or a related symptom resulted in significantly less systemic exposure to brimonidine than topical ophthalmic application of brimonidine. It has been found that although systemic exposure increased with the applied dose of brimonidine, statistical analysis showed that the increase in systemic exposure (Cmax) was not dose proportional, e.g., the increase in the mean Cmax was much less than the increase in the dose. It has also been discovered that, unlike the topical ophthalmic application of brimonidine, topical administration of higher than 0.2% (w/w) brimonidine to a skin area affected by erythema or a related symptom resulted in increased efficacy without observable loss of effectiveness over time. No unacceptable drug related adverse events was observed with the treatment of higher concentration of brimonidine tested.
Accordingly, a higher concentration of brimonidine, such as about 0.3% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), can now be used in improved methods and compositions for safe and effective treatment of erythema or a symptom associated therewith.

Methods and compositions for safe and effective treatment of erythema


System for applying deformations to a structural surface, the system may include an actuating unit, operable to produce a periodically variable force which is applied to at least one first location of the structural surface, thereby displacing the structural surface in a plurality of directions at the at least one first location and a passive displacing unit comprising a weight and a displacer supporting the weight and fixed to at least one second location on the structural surface; wherein the structural surface is capable of transferring vibrations between the at least one first location and the at least one second location, so that the displacing of the structural surface at the at least one first location produces forces which are applied to the weight via the structural surface and the displacer, bringing the weight to resonance, thereby displacing the structural surface in a plurality of directions at each of the at least one second location.

Mechanical resonance is the tendency of a mechanical system to absorb energy when the frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration in higher level than it absorbs energy at other frequencies. Mechanical resonance may cause violent swaying motions and even catastrophic failure in improperly constructed structures including aircrafts. Other forms of dynamic instabilities—such as flutter—may also insert various forms of vibration into various parts of the aircraft.
When designing aircrafts, it is customary for engineers to implement various means to ensure that mechanical resonance frequencies of the component parts of the aircraft do not match driving vibrational frequencies of motors or other oscillating parts on the aircraft. Such means may include, for example, different kinds of shock absorbers and other absorbers, as well as other means of dissipating the absorbed energy.
Furthermore, vibrations usually reduce the effectivity of various systems which are installed on the aircraft (e.g. sensors, mounts, mechanical components and so on). Therefore, extra means are usually used in order to prevent vibration of systems installed in the aircraft with respect to the body of the aircraft (including the chassis as well as the external structural surfaces).
U.S. Pat. No. 8,517,313 by Amihay Gornik, entitled "Mechanical Vibration Deicing System" discloses an aircraft deicing system including at least one motor operative to drive at least one eccentric mass in rotational motion and at least one displacer coupled to at least one location on at least one aircraft surface and coupled to the at least one eccentric mass such that forces produced by the rotational motion of the eccentric mass are applied to the at least one displacer, causing the at least one displacer to displace the at least one aircraft surface in a plurality of directions at each of the at least one location, thereby causing disengagement of ice from the at least one aircraft surface.

Systems and methods for applying deformations to a structural surface


A toy connector in accordance with the present invention joins first and second structural elements which are aligned adjacent one another and engaged to form a flush, secure connection having a female connector assembly joined to the first structural element having at least two recess elements and at least one female snap element disposed between the recess elements, and a male connector assembly joined to the second structural element having at least one tongue adapted to engage each of the recess elements, and at least one male snap element adapted to engage the female snap element.

The present invention relates generally to toy blocks and more specifically to a toy block connector that forms a flush and secure yet releasable connection that conceals the coupling mechanism.
A number of toy blocks and construction sets have been developed that simulate structures such as skyscrapers, houses, and castles. Columns, beams, panels, and preformed building components such as roofs and walls are among the structural elements used to build the various toys. There are a variety of connectors that can be used to join each type of structural element to suit the particular needs and materials of the structural elements.


A boat has enclosed flotation within a closed bilge or floor of the boat, which is internally raised so that the interior floor of the vessel is slightly above the normal operating water line level of the vessel. The boat has bilge drain valves of a size considerably increased over the one or two square inch drains typified in the prior art. The size of these drain valves is such that, when opened, they represent a significant portion of the transom area being opened to the sea. Spring closure or manual actuation of the valve prevents the ready passage of water into the interior of the boat during heavy waves, especially during following seas which might tend to trigger a flapper operated drain valve. In combination this provides a boat that, if swamped will, even when fully loaded, have sufficient buoyancy to raise itself so that no portion of the bilge is below the water line and with the oversized valves open will have sufficient flow rate that it will rise faster than it can be reswamped.

This invention relates to the area of open cockpits, small boats, especially a motorboat.
It is recognized that an open cockpit boat or runabout is highly susceptible to swamping or flooding due to wave action and maneuvering, especially in ocean areas or on large lakes which are subject to the development of waves during storms and the like. Various expedients are known to enable such a boat to cope with a sudden influx of water.
The mechanics of mounting an outboard motor at the rear of a small boat require generally that the transom area be cut away. Additionally, the transom area is generally required to be more or less square, across the beam of the boat. These two features make the transom the most vulnerable area of a small power boat to swamping or wave action. The bow, by contrast, is shaped for easy passage through the water and generally tends to shed waves. It often, due to the distribution of weight in the boat, is also the highest point on the boat.
As a result, one of the prior art methods of reducing the vulnerability of such a boat to swamping is to put a false well at the transom area which is opened to the sea and which, generally catches most of a swamping wave and allows it to drain free; the remainder of the boat, being unswamped, retains residual buoyancy sufficient to lift the boat and permit the transom well to drain.
Other prior art expedients, most notably found in a series of boats typified by the trade name Boston Whaler are to provide some form of closed flotation within the sidewalls of the vessel so as to keep the vessel afloat even in a swamped condition.
However, the quantity of water in the vessel is such that the vessel will still swamp, and while remaining afloat, remains awash, that is the interior of the vessel is filled with more water than can be removed save by pumping. This condition generally will persist so long as the scupper valve or bilge drains are kept submerged by the weight of the water in the cockpit area.


A power-operated implement mechanism mounted on the tip of a boom. The mechanism includes a torque tube which is rotated under power to rotate an implement mounting. A fluid-operated ram which is actuated to cause opening and closing of work implements in the mechanism has its rod extending downwardly through the torque tube then to be connected through linkage to the work implements. The work implements are pivotally mounted on the implement mounting. The implement mounting is rotated about the axis of the torque tube through power-operated means operatively connected to the torque tube.

This invention relates to power-operated implement mechanism of the type that may be mounted on the tip of a boom such as the boom found in the conventional backhoe.
The mechanism may include opposed work implements, such as the buckets found in a power-operated clam. The work implements are pivotally supported on an implement mounting. The implement mounting is rotatable a full 360.degree. about an axis which is normally upright, for the purpose of positioning the buckets in the clam. The mechanism further may be tilted, about an axis extending transversely of the boom tip which mounts it, for the purpose of producing a reach in the mechanism.
Implement mechanisms including work implements such as the buckets found in a clam have been known in the past. Mechanisms of this type which have been proposed to date have been subject to a number of disadvantages. Many, for instance, require flexible hose lines for the supply and exhaust of pressure fluid used to operate the mechanism, and these hose lines tend to wrap around the mechanism with rotation of the mechanism, which has the effect of limiting the amount of rotation permitted in the mechanism. Such hose lines, and fluid-operated means, such as a fluid-operated ram provided for the actuation of the device, frequently are found in a relatively exposed position, rendering them susceptible to damage. Another characteristic of many prior art devices is a rather cumbersome structure for mounting the work implements, e.i. the clam buckets, which has tended to limit maneuverability in the mechanism. In many constructions the support provided for operating parts is inadequate, so that full loading of one or both of the buckets in the mechanism may not be performed without a tendency for bending and wear to occur in operating parts involved.
Generally, an object of this invention is to provide an improved power-operated implement mechanism which takes care of the above-indicated deficiencies in a highly practical and satisfactory manner.
Another object is to provide such a mechanism wherein the mounting for work implements therein may be rotated about a full 360.degree. angle without any limitation imposed by reason of hydraulic lines present.
Another object of the invention is to provide an implement mechanism which features a fluid-operated ram which is actuated to actuate work implements in the mechanism, such ram having a rod concentric with and extending through the interior of a torque tube which is utilized in producing rotation of the mechanism.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an implement mechanism which features an implement mounting pivotally mounting work implements such as the buckets found in a clam, a torque tube joined to this mounting which is rotated about its axis to rotate the implement mounting, and a fluid-operated ram including a cylinder and piston which is actuated to actuate the work implements, the rod in such ram extending through the torque tube to a linkage system which is connected to the work implements.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide implement mechanism of the above general description wherein the torque tube and ram cylinder are supported on a casing, with the casing being provided with means for pivotally supporting it on the tip of a boom, such as the boom found in a backhoe.

Powered implement with work elements pivotally mounted on an implement mounting and a torque tube for rotating such mounting


A color filter substrate for a liquid crystal display LCD of which a bad adhesion in a pattern terminal is reduced and an electrode pattern can be easily distinguished, is disclosed. Black matrixes and an indium tin oxide are formed on a glass substrate by using chromium and color filter layers having red, green and blue dyes are formed. A protective film and an ITO transparent electrode layer are deposited on the black matrix and the colors filter layers to be overlapped on a part of each pattern terminal. Thus, a liquid crystal display element can be realized such that the adhesive strength of the ITO can be improved. Also, as the pattern terminal has chromium, a tape automated bonding integrated circuit can be advantageously distinguished at the following process step of mounting it, making the automation of process possible and improving the productivity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display LCD and, particularly to a color filter substrate for a liquid crystal display such that, not only an indium tin oxide ITO pattern terminal is also formed at the same time when a black matrix is formed by the use of chromium, improving the adhesive strength of the ITO transparent electrode but also a tape automated bonding drive integrated circuit TAB drive IC can be advantageously distinguished at a following process step of mounting it, making the automation of process possible and improving the productivity.
2. Description of the Art
Recently, according as the spread of an office automated machine or a potable small size television, studies on liquid crystal display LCD, electroluminescence EL element, plasma display panel PDP, light emitting diode LED, vacuum fluorescent display VED and the like have vigorously carried out and a part of them is under utilization.
Among them, the LCD has a thin thickness, a low weight and is low in price. This display has a good match for the integrated circuit, driven by the less consumption of voltage. So, the liquid crystal display has been widely used as an alternative to cathode ray tubes in display monitors for vehicles or in a screen of color televisions as well as in display monitors for lap top personal computers or pocket computers.
Also, as a color filter used in the LCD, 3-5 inch has been in practice. 10-14 inch is under development. Further color filter size is on the rapid trend of enlargement.
Like a color cathode ray tube CRT, a color filter is a technology of realizing colors such that a base unit of picture element consists of three primary colors of the light and the intensity of the three colors is modulated, namely the intensity of the passing light being modulated.
The color characteristic is most advantageous in the active matrix liquid crystal panel having the contrast ratio of 40:1. However, compared with the manufacture of a monochro liquid crystal, the manufacture of the color liquid crystal has disadvantages of the increased picture elements (three times), the increased marginal integrated circuits (driver etc), the cost increase and the low yield.
As a conventional method of forming the color filter layer, there are a printing method, a depositing method, an electrodeposition method, a pigment scattering method and the like. Generally, the printing method is used. This method is divided into two types: a positive type and a negative type according to a method of using a resist. In a dyeing layer is used a natural turu-back material such as a gelatin, casein and the like. The gelatin is easily advantageously dyed.
Also, in the LCD technology, the uniformity of the distance between cell gaps is most important. To obtain the uniformity, the surface of the color filter layer is to be formed in the flatness. The good processing technology for this flatness is to be needed.
In the process for dyeing the color filter layer, there are a mask method and a pattern method. The pattern method has a excellent smoothening quality, resulting in an advantageous utilization. When using a positive resist, there follows an unstable isolation.
This LCD is formed by a lower substrate having a thin film transistor TFT of individual switching element, namely a TFT substrate; a upper substrate having the color filter layer, namely a color filter substrate; and a liquid crystal sealed in the small space formed between the upper and lower substrates.
The manufacturing method of a conventional color filter having the color filer layer will be described as follows.
After cutting, polishing and annealing the upper glass substrate 1, chromium is applied to a thickness of 1000 to 2000 angstroms and patterned to define a plurality of cells. A plurality of black matrixes 2 for blocking light are thereby formed on the upper glass substrate to prevent degradation of thin film transistors.
A material in which pigment is scattered to optimize red spectroscopic characteristics, e.g., a colored acrylic photosensitive resin layer, is applied on the surface of the upper glass substrate with black matrix. It is soft-baked in a hot plate, and then exposed to ultraviolet rays. The colored acrylic photosensitive resin layer is developed by a developer for two to three minutes, and then rinsed by deionized water for 90 second, thereby forming a first color filter layer 3 with optimized red spectroscopic characteristics.
In the same manner as the first color filter layer, a second color filter layer of a colored acrylic photosensitive resin layer having optimized green spectroscopic characteristic is formed on the upper glass substrate, separated from the first color filter layer.
Subsequently, a third color filter layer 5 of a colored acrylic photosensitive resin layer having optimized blue spectroscopic characteristics is formed on the upper glass substrate, separated from the second color filter layer.
In order to protect the black matrix and color filter layers from external impact, a transparent resin layer made of polyimide, polyacrylate, or polyurethane having high surface solidity and excellent photo-transmittivity is formed to a thickness of 0.5 .mu.m-3 .mu.m, then soft-baked for five minutes in a hot plate between 150.degree. C.-220.degree. C., thereby forming a protective film 6. The formation of the upper substrate is completed by forming a transparent electrode layer 7 of indium tin oxide, to which voltage for liquid crystal driving is applied, on the protective film to a thickness of 500-1300 angstroms.
In the meantime, the color filter layer comprises the black matrix formed on the upper glass substrate I for preventing degradation of the transistor; a plurality of color filter layers having red, green and blue dyes 3, 4 and 5 sequentially interspersed among the black matrix 2; the protective film 6 formed on the black matrix 2 and the color filter layer 3, 4 and 5;and the transparent electrode layer of ITO formed on the protective film.
In the color filter of the above method, the ITO is deposited on the transparent electrode at a low temperature, so that, at the time of repairing the ITO layer, ITO lines are easily cut off even by slight scratch, resulting in high poor productivity. Also, the low density of the ITO causes the resistance and the adhesive strength to the other deposited materials, for example, protective films of resin to be low and bad, resulting in a broken film and a line short. In addition, the ITO electrode is not well distinguished by human eyes or a charge coupled device CCD camera, so that it is difficult to mount the element exactly at the following step of a tape automated bonding drive integrated circuit.

Color filter substrate for a liquid crystal display with terminal portions having same height and same material as those of black matrixes


A demand or impulse ink jet ejects droplets of hot melt ink. The hot melt ink is heated from a solid state to a liquid state in the jet prior to the ejection of droplets on demand. The ink is then cooled on striking the target. The ink may contain a wax.

This invention relates to demand or impulse ink jets of the type wherein droplets of ink are fired at varying time intervals as required or demanded for printing.
A demand or impulse ink jet comprises an ink jet chamber including an orifice from which droplets are ejected and an ink supply inlet coupled to a source or reservoir of ink. In such a jet, a driver is coupled to the chamber such that the change in state of energization of the driver results in the ejection of a droplet of ink from the orifice. By changing the state of energization of the driver at the appropriate moment, a droplet of ink may be ejected on demand in a trajectory directed at a suitable substrate or target such as paper.
Copending applications Ser. No. 336,603, filed Jan. 4, 1982 and Ser. No. 576,582, filed Feb. 3, 1984 disclose an ink jet apparatus comprising an array of demand or impulse ink jets where each jet ejects a droplet of ink from an orifice in response to the expansion and contraction of drivers in the form of elongated transducers which are energized in response to a field selectively applied transversely to the axis of elongation. As a result, substantial displacement of the transducers is achieved which is capable of ejecting a droplet of ink.
Heretofore, demand or impulse ink jets of this type have employed an ink which is stored in a reservoir in a liquid state supplied to one or more ink jet chambers in a liquid state and ejected from the chambers through the orifice in a liquid state. Upon ejection, the droplets dry on the target which receive the droplets over a certain length of time which is a function of the particular ink utilized.
Inks utilized in such demand or impulse ink jets may be of various types. Water-based inks may be used with demand ink jets and may be incompatible with paper having poor penetration and drying characteristics with respect to the paper. On the other hand, oil-based inks which are more compatible with paper, have low surface tension and generally provide ink dots which are too large to give good print quality. Inks stored in a liquid state whether oil or water-based may undergo some deterioration, evaporation and degeneration including the possible pick-up of dirt, dust and other particulate matter. Moreover, liquid inks which are pigmented may undergo settling and agglomeration. The shelf-life may, therefore, be limited.
In continuous ink jets wherein droplets are continuously ejected at regular intervals and deflected where not desired, inks have been employed which undergo a phase change. When ink is stored within a reservoir supplying an ink jet chamber continuously ejecting well-formed spherical droplets, the ink must be heated. Liquid ink is then ejected and cooled after striking a suitable target. In such a continuous ink jet, the ink is constantly under pressure and droplets are continuously ejected from the orifice over some distance and length of time so as to permit cooling to the phase change temperature before striking the paper. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,715,219 and 3,653,932 for a disclosure of a continuous jet with a phase change ink.

Demand ink jet utilizing a phase change ink and method of operating


A clamping ring includes first and second clamping ring members, each of which includes: a) an inner curved contour with a circumferential span of at least 90° that extends from a lower face to an upper face, the upper face being formed with an aperture for receiving therein a fastener for tightening the first and second clamping ring members towards each other, and b) an inner groove for receiving therein a seal. The first clamping ring member includes a first connecting member that extends circumferentially beyond the lower face. The second clamping ring member includes a second connecting member that couples the first connecting member with the second clamping ring member.

Many kinds of pipe couplings with clamping rings exist in the art. It is noted that throughout the specification and claims, the term "pipe" encompasses any kind of generally cylindrical object. For example, one large family of pipe couplings includes a cylindrical housing with a clamping ring at one end or both ends of the housing. The clamping ring has a seal in its inner contour. Tightening the clamping ring tightens the seal on the outer contour of a pipe.
One kind of clamping ring is a unitary ring, which may be made of cast iron or other suitable material. The ring is not a full ring but a partial ring with open upper ends that are tightened towards each other with bolts or other fasteners.
Another kind of clamping ring is a split clamping ring; the ring has two halves that are hinged together at the bottom of the ring opposite the open ends that are tightened together.
However, as opposed to continuous rings in which the forces on the ring are somewhat uniformly distributed, in split clamping rings the forces are different at the clamp ends and at the hinge ends and therebetween. The result is the forces may tend to cause the complete ring to depart from a true circular shape, and the seal or gasket may not seal properly around the entire circumference of the pipe. The hinge must bear higher forces, which makes the hinges generally heavier and thicker.

Clamping ring with improved connecting structure

Eliezer Krausz Industrial Development Ltd.


A data transmitting method includes receiving from a UE a request to apply for accessing a data file in an external server. If a first part of content of the data file is stored an RAN cache, the first part of the content is transmitted to the UE. When the first part of the content is transmitted to the UE, a second part of the content of the data file is obtained from the external server. After all the first part of the content is transmitted to the UE, the second part of the content is transmitted to the UE.

As smart phones and tablet computers are widely used, videos and other content services have developed rapidly. Downloading of large quantities of videos by using radio access technologies, especially repetitive downloading of hotspot content, consumes many network transmission resources. When a large quantity of users apply for downloading simultaneously with a service source of one hotspot content, congestion occurs on the service source, and as a result, many users cannot download the content or the downloading time is longer, especially for online videos, this may cause that a frozen picture occurs for many times during watching.
At present, in view of this, operators apply cache technologies to wireless communication systems. For example, a cache function device is placed on an RAN node to speed up UE access to web content and reduce a delay of web content access. Using a cache on an RAN node, however, requires that a storage device that stores content, for example, a hard disk, is added to the RAN node. But, there are a large number of RAN nodes, and the RAN nodes often provide limited device spaces. Therefore, it is impossible to install multiple hard disks on one RAN node to increase storage capacity. As a result, one RAN node can store only a small quantity of videos. When a UE accesses a video, and if the video is not stored in the cache of the RAN node, video access acceleration still cannot be implemented. This means that an initial play delay of video access of the UE cannot be reduced. Obviously, when more videos are stored in the cache on the RAN node, the transmission of more videos can be accelerated and user experience in using the videos will be better.
However, due to the cost for adding storage devices that store content on RAN nodes and the limited device space, the quantity of videos that can be stored in a cache on an RAN node is still limited, and therefore the effect of acceleration of video transmission that is achieved is not notable. In addition, when a UE moves to another RAN node, because a TCP connection with a source RAN node cannot be ensured, a technical problem that a video cannot be played normally results.

Data transmitting method, handover method, apparatus, equipment, access node, and system


A process is disclosed for producing molded parts from a polyester-based curable molding composition which includes a thermostetting unsaturated polyester resin, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer which is copolymerizable with the unsaturated polyester resin to provide crosslinking, a thermoplastic low profile additive material for shrinkage control and in addition, at least one highly reactive olefinically unsaturated crosslinkable monomer, this highly reactive olefinically unsaturated material being selected from the group consisting of:. a) the di-acrylate or methacrylate of a diol selected from the group consisting of hexane diols, neopentyl glycol, butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, and tripropylene glycol; PA0 b) the tri-acrylate or methacrylate of trimethylol propane; PA0 c) the tetra-acrylate or methacrylate of pentaerythritol; PA0 d) the di-acrylate or methacrylate of an ethoxylated Bis Phenol A; PA0 e) the acrylate or methacrylate of isobornyl alcohol; and PA0 f) divinyl benzene.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Unsaturated polyester resins are widely employed commercially in a variety of reinforced fabrication systems including among others matched metal-die compression, transfer, pultrusion and injection molding. These systems involve curing a formulated compound at high temperatures and pressures in hardened and chrome plated molds. These methods provide the highest volume and highest part uniformity of any thermoset molding technique.
For the purposes of the descriptions dealt with herein, these resins are characterized in terms of systems containing them, and the systems encompass the following types:
1. Resin systems free of reinforcement. This is a resin system utilizes a thermosettable resin that is designed to be used as such or with reinforcement at the high temperatures and pressures utilized in a variety of reinforced fabrication systems including among others matched metal-die compression, transfer, pultrusion and injection molding. When the term "resin system" is used herein, such contemplates a composition using a thermosettable resin that is free of reinforcement, fibrous or non-fibrous, unless it is specifically indicated to contain reinforcement as contemplated in the definitions which follow.
2. "Reinforced resin system" is a resin system in which there is provided a sufficient amount of one or more of fibrous or non-fibrous materials as reinforcing agents that make a positive contribution to the physical properties of the molded product derived from the reinforced resin system.
3. "Non-fiber reinforced resin" system is a resin system in which there is provided a sufficient amount of one or more non-fibrous materials as reinforcing agents that make a positive contribution to the physical properties of the molded product derived from the non-fiber reinforced resin system. A non-fiber reinforced resin system is free of reinforcing amounts of a fiber.
4. "Fiber reinforced resin system" is a resin system in which there is provided a sufficient amount of one or more fibers as reinforcing agents that make a positive contribution to the physical properties of the molded product derived from the fiber reinforced resin system. A fiber reinforced resin system contemplates the optional presence of non-fiber reinforcing agent(s).
In order to minimize confusion in the descriptions which follow, the following terms as used in this specification and in the claims hereof, have the definitions set out for them:
The term "highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound" means a olefinically polymerizable compound capable of providing crosslinking in the curing of a resin system containing the same, and having the following formula: EQU R--A PA1 wherein R is a functional olefinically unsaturated group which provides a reactivity rate (r.sub.1) [as defined in U.S. Pat. No.4,374,215] for the compound that is equal to or less than styrene, A is a moiety having the structure EQU X(R').sub.n PA1 wherein X is an organic group covalently bonded to R and R', R' is a functional olefinically unsaturated group which provides a reactivity rate (r.sub.1) [as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,215] for the compound that is equal to or less than styrene, and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3, provided that when X has less than 6 carbon atoms, n is 1, 2 or 3, and when X has at least 6 carbon atoms, n may be 0, 1, 2 or 3, and when n is 0, R provides a reactivity rate less than that styrene. PA1 The term "acrylyl crosslinkable monomer" means a highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound that contains at least two acryl or methacryl groups per molecule or one acryl or methacryl group attached to a moiety containing at least 6 carbon atoms. PA1 The term "base resin system" means a resin system containing as essential components PA1 "low profile additive resin system" or "LPA resin system" means a resin system containing as essential components PA1 "resin system of the invention" means a low profile additive resin system to which has been added a highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound. PA1 1. U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,498, issued Jun. 25, 1985, to Kenneth E. Atkins et al, describes an improved low profile additive composition suitable for use in molding application which contains a thermosetting unsaturated polyester, a thermoplastic polymer additive to control shrinkage and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, by the addition of an epoxy compound that is essentially free of reactive unsaturation. PA1 2. U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,215 issued Feb. 15, 1983, to Kenneth E. Atkins, describes a polyester molding composition which is unique in the combination of a polyester resin, a copolymerizable olefinically unsaturated monomer, a thermoplastic polymer low profile additive to control shrinkage, and an effective amount of a second crosslinkable vinyl monomer having a reactivity ratio (r.sub.1) with styrene of greater than 1. PA1 3. U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,706 issued Jun. 16, 1987, to Kenneth E. Atkins, describes the addition of crosslinkable vinyl monomers and epoxy compounds to low shrinking polyester molding compositions containing unsaturated polyesters results in moldings with improved surface characteristics. PA1 4. U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,557, issued Jul. 5, 1988, to Kenneth E. Atkins et al, describes a molding composition containing an unsaturated polyester resin, a copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a thermoplastic low profile additive and a lactone monomer. PA1 5. U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,110 uses an isocyanate terminated urethane prepolymer composition in combination with thermoplastic low profile additives to yield improved shrinkage control of polyester molding compositions. PA1 i. a thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, PA1 ii. an olefinically unsaturated monomer that is copolymerizable with the polyester resin, PA1 iii. a low profile additive for shrinkage control, and PA1 iv. one or more highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compounds in which highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound(s) is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to improve the cracking resistance of the curable composition without adversely affecting the surface smoothness of the cured composition thereof. PA1 i. a thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, PA1 ii. an olefinically unsaturated monomer that is copolymerizable with the polyester resin, PA1 iii. a low profile additive for shrinkage control, and PA1 iv. an acrylyl crosslinkable monomer present in the composition in an amount sufficient to improve the cracking resistance of the curable composition without adversely affecting the surface smoothness of the cured composition thereof. PA1 i. about 25 to about 70 weight percent of a thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, PA1 ii. 25 to 70 weight percent of an olefinically unsaturated monomer that is copolymerizable with the polyester resin, PA1 iii. about 5 to about 25 weight percent of a low profile additive, and PA1 iv. about 1 to about 10 weight percent of a highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound. PA1 i. about 25 to about 70 weight percent of a thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, PA1 ii. 25 to 70 weight percent of an olefinically unsaturated monomer that is copolymerizable with the polyester resin, PA1 iii. about 5 to about 25 weight percent of a low profile additive, and PA1 iv. about 1 to about 10 weight percent of a an acrylyl crosslinkable monomer. PA1 i. about 10 to about 70 weight percent of a thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, PA1 ii. about 5 to about 70 weight percent of an olefinically unsaturated monomer that is copolymerizable with the polyester resin, PA1 iii. about 2.5 to about 25 weight percent of a low profile additive, PA1 iv. about 5 to about 60 weight percent of fiber reinforcement, and PA1 v. about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent of a highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound. PA1 a. a LPA resin system in which the polyester resin comprises the reaction product of an olefinically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or anhydride with a polyol, in which no more than about 30 molar percent of the unsaturated acid or anhydride can be replaced with a non-crosslinkable acid; PA1 b. one or more of an epoxy monomer essentially free of reactive unsaturation and a secondary crosslinking monomer with an r.sub.1 value greater than 1 relative to styrene; and PA1 c. a highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound which is present in amounts of 1-20 parts based on a total of 100 parts of the LPA resin system plus component b. above. PA1 i. a LPA resin system; PA1 ii. one or more highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compounds in which highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compound(s) is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to improve the cracking resistance of the curable composition without adversely affecting the surface smoothness of the cured composition thereof; PA1 iii. the optional presence of one or more of an epoxy monomer essentially free of reactive unsaturation and a secondary crosslinking monomer with an r.sub.1 value greater than 1 relative to styrene; and PA1 iv. an isocyanate terminated prepolymer material based either on polyether or polyester polyols. PA1 1. A distinct property improvement to the resin system and cured molded parts made therefrom is evident; PA1 2. A minor component in terms of concentration, such as the highly reactive olefinically unsaturated compounds, that makes a contribution to properties would by such fact be different in its performance from that of the major component(s), such as the crosslinkable monomers, such as styrene. PA1 1. Polymerization initiators such as t-butyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl perbenzoate, benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroctoate, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, and others know to the art. The polymerization initiator is employed in a catalytically effective amount, such as from about 0.3 to about 2 to 3 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyester plus monomer plus low profile additive; PA1 2. Fillers such as clay, hydrate alumina silica, calcium carbonate and others known to the art; PA1 3. Reinforcing fillers such as glass fibers or fabrics, carbon fibers and fabrics, aramide fibers and fabrics, asbestos fibers or fabrics, polypropylene, acrylonitrile/vinyl chloride copolymers, PAN fibers and fabrics; PA1 4. Mold release agents or lubricants, such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, calcium stearate, and others known to the art; and PA1 5. Rubbers or elastomers such as: PA1 1. Instron tensile testing machine; 10,000 pound cell. Universal Testing Machine Jaws. PA1 2. Instron oven with temperature control for 300.degree. F. PA1 3. Metal mounts for bonding to specimens with diameters at bonding area of 1.59 inches (2 square inch area). Two (2) mounts required per specimen, each pair numbered. Mounts threaded for attachment to Universal Testing Machine Jaws. PA1 4. Alignment fixture for holding metal mounts and specimen during oven curing of the bond.
an unsaturated polyester resin, and PA2 an ethylenically unsaturated monomer that is a solvent for the unsaturated polyester resin. PA2 a base resin system, and PA2 a thermoplastic low profile additive. PA2 a. homopolymers or copolymers of conjugated dienes have a weight average molecular weight of 30,000 to 400,000 or higher as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,020,036. The conjugated dienes contain from 4-12 carbon atoms per molecule such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, and the like; PA2 b. epihalohydrin monomer(s), or a copolymer of an epihalohydrin monomer(s) with an oxide monomer(s) having a number average molecular weight (Mn) which varies from about 800 to about 50,000 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,604; PA2 c. chloroprene polymers including homopolymers of chloroprene and copolymers of chloroprene with sulfur and/or with at least one copolymerizable organic monomer wherein chloroprene constitutes at least 50 weight percent of the organic monomer make-up of the copolymer as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,471; PA2 d. hydrocarbon polymers including ethylene/propylene dipolymers and copolymers of ethylene/propylene and at least one nonconjugated diene, such as ethylene/propylene/hexadiene terpolymers and ethylene/propylene/1,4-hexadiene/norbornadiene, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,471; PA2 e. conjugated diene butyl elastomers, such as copolymers consisting of from 85 to 99.5% by weight of a C.sub.4 -C.sub.7 is olefin having 4 to 14 carbon atoms, copolymers of isobutylene and isoprene where a major portion of the isoprene units combined therein have conjugated diene unsaturation as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,759.

Crosslinkable polyester compositions with improved properties

Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation


A ring generator circuit that produces a ring output for a plurality of telephones simultaneously. The ring generator circuit includes a switch that receives an oscillating signal in response to an on condition of an on/off signal. The on/off signal is related to whether an incoming phone call is directed to one of the plurality of telephones or not. The ring generator circuit also includes a DC offset circuit that receives a DC input potential, an amplifier stage for providing a ring output, and a feedback circuit connected between the ring output of the amplifier stage and the switch output.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a ring generator circuit that produces a ring output for a plurality of telephones simultaneously. More specifically, this invention relates to an on-board ring signal generator for use, for example, on fiber optic lines.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional ring generator circuits are typically large units located in a central telephone switching office (central office). In such installations, one ring generator circuit must drive many telephone lines at the same time. A line for each of the telephones is connected to the central office where the ring generator is located. Often, the telephone traffic results in a number of telephones ringing at the same time. Therefore, the ring generator circuit must be designed to drive many lines and ring many telephones simultaneously. The exact requirements of such ring generator circuits are based on traffic statistics of the number and frequency of telephone calls received in an office.
Increasing numbers of telephone users and the development of alternative communication and transmission techniques, such as fiber optic communications, have created new problems and requirements for ring generator circuits. For example, FIG. 1 shows a system in which the central office 1 sends information through ISDN network 3 over digital line 5. That information is received by ISDN network 7, in which telephones 10 connected to local lines 9 are rung. This system is in contrast to the more traditional system shown in FIG. 2, in which central office 1 rings each of lines 9 individually, even if the lines are on the same trunk.
Referring back to FIG. 1, in the case where digital line 5 is, for example, a fiber optic line, the line cannot carry the high power ring signal used in the traditional systems of FIG. 2. In the United States, such ring signals are specified at a DC level of -48 volts with an AC signal of 86 volts RMS. In view of the characteristics of the transmission media, such as the limitations of fiber optic cables, the need to provide local ring generators has become critical.
In one example, a local ring generator manufactured by SGS Thompson is expensive and produces only 60 volts RMS and 30 volts DC. Therefore, the SGS Thompson on-chip regulator cannot easily meet the current U.S. specifications for supplying ringing voltages for a plurality of telephone lines. Consequently, there is a need for a new local ring generator for ringing a plurality of lines and which can accommodate the current voltage specifications for both ringing and non-ringing conditions.


The present invention provides a cosmetic having equal to or a higher antioxidant activity and moisture retaining property than the above-described conventional vitamin E derivatives. The cosmetic also has an excellent emulsifying ability and solubilizing ability and remarkably reduces a sticky feeling on the skin (in particular, the sticky feeling during drying after the application on the skin). That is, the cosmetic of the present invention containing a vitamin E derivative represented by the following formula (I) or a salt thereof.

In recent years, various vitamin E derivatives have been synthesized, and they have been suggested as an antioxidant component and a moisture retaining component. Specific examples include vitamin E sulfuric acid esters (see unexamined patent publication (Kokai) No. 55-13214), polyethoxylated vitamin E (see unexamined patent publication (Kokai) No. 5-194474 and No. 11-35577), polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene vitamin E (see unexamined patent publication (Kohyo) No. 2002-517389), and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene vitamin E with an added functional group (see unexamined patent publication (Kokai) No. 2003-277392). In the literature (Kokai No. 2003-277392), the compound was also suggested as a solubilizing agent, in which the vitamin E portion and the polyoxypropylene portion are hydrophobic groups and the polyoxyethylene portion is a hydrophilic group.
These conventional vitamin E derivatives are satisfactory in the functions as an antioxidant component or a moisture retaining component. However, the functions as a solubilizing agent or an emulsifier are still unsatisfactory, and they cannot realistically be used as a cosmetic raw material.
In addition, a lotion etc. that has no sticky feeling during drying after the application on the skin and is excellent in the feeling in use has been awaited.

Abstract: [In the formula, R1, R2, and R3 represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R4 represents a C1-6 alkanoyl group, a C1-6 alkyl group, a SO3H group, a P(O)(OH)2 group, a CH2COOH group or a COCH2CH(SO3H)COOH group; EO represents an ethylene oxide group; BO represents a butylene oxide group; k and n independently represent any one of numbers 0 to 30; and m represents any one of numbers 1 to 30.]


PROBLEM: To provide a finishing method for a painted surface that can reduce the number of processing steps, and that can shorten the finish polishing time and reduce the polishing area. RESOLUTION MEANS: The painted surface finishing method of an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a step of removing irregularities in a painted surface using a polishing material including a polishing layer with a structural surface where a plurality of three-dimensional elements are arranged, and providing a surface suitable for finish polishing; and a step of finish polishing the surface; wherein the polishing layer contains abrasive diamond particles with an average particle diameter of 0.5 to 5 μm, and a binder containing an epoxy resin.

Polishing materials are used to remove irregularities and to finish automobile painted surfaces. Operations including removing irregularities and surface finishing are also referred to as surface repairing. The term "irregularities (nibs)" refers to protruding parts of paint with a size of approximately 0.5 to 5 mm that are formed by dust in the painting environment or when balls of paint or the like collect on the paint nozzle and adhere as a nucleus to the paint surface. Paint repairing may be necessary not only for painting that is performed when repairing a chassis that has been damaged by an accident or the like, but also when painting new cars, where the occurrence of irregularities cannot be completely prevented.
Paint repairing generally includes three processes, namely removing irregularities, rough polishing, and finish polishing. Removing irregularities generally uses a polishing material with solid granules and an orbital sander. Irregularities can also be removed by a manual operation using a polishing material. Rough polishing and finish polishing are processes of removing fine scratches in the painted surface that occur when removing irregularities to the same appearance as an unpolished painted surface. During rough polishing, a combination of buffing and use of a polishing compound with a large polishing force is used to remove relatively large scratches in a short period of time, and during finish polishing, a combination of buffing and use of a polishing compound with a low polishing force is used to obtain a surface with the target appearance. The polishing tools that are generally used for rough polishing and finish polishing can be a rotary sander and a buffing sander, respectively. For mass appeal vehicles and the like which do not require a high quality finished surface, the rough polishing and finish polishing can be performed in a single process.
Patent document 1 (Japanese PCT (WO) Patent Application No. 2013-505145) discloses "a structured polishing article, comprising: a supporting body having first and second opposite facing main surfaces, and a molded polishing composite body which is an affixed structured polishing layer provided on the first main surface, wherein the molded polishing composite body comprises polishing particles and a non-ionic polyether surfactant dispersed in a cross-linked macromolecular binder, the average particle size of the polishing particles is less than 10 μm, the non-ionic polyether surfactant does not covalently bond with the cross-linked macromolecular binder, and the amount of non-ionic polyether surfactant is 2.5 to 3.5 weight %, based on the total weight of the molded polishing composite body."
Patent document 2 (Japanese PCT (WO) Patent Application No. 2010-522092) discloses "a method of polishing a surface of an object to be processed, comprising: a step of preparing a polishing article attached onto a shaft of a drive tool that provides a polishing surface with attached polishing particles, a step of making contact between a surface of the object to be processed and the polishing surface of the polishing article, and a step of reciprocally rotating the polishing surface of the polishing article around the axis of rotation by reciprocally rotating the shaft of the drive tool, wherein the polishing surface of the polishing article is reciprocally rotated around the axis of rotation, while the surface of the object to be processed is polished by the polishing particles that are adhered to the polishing surface of the polishing article."    Patent Document 1: Japanese PCT (WO) Patent Application No. 2013-505145    Patent Document 2: Japanese PCT (WO) Patent Application No. 2010-522092

Finishing method and polishing material for painted surface


A quartz crystal resonator element includes: a base portion and a pair of vibrating arms which extend from a first end portion of the base portion along a Y-axis direction. The base portion includes a second end portion provided on the opposite side to a first end portion in the Y-axis direction. The base portion is provided with a protrusion in at least one of a third end portion and a fourth end portion which respectively connect both ends of the first end portion and both ends of the second end portion.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a resonator element, and a resonator, an oscillator, an electronic device, and a moving object, each of which includes the resonator element.
2. Related Art
Hitherto, as a piezoelectric device represented by a piezoelectric resonator (an example of a resonator) or a piezoelectric oscillator (an example of an oscillator), a piezoelectric device is known which has a configuration in which, in a package having a tuning fork type piezoelectric resonator element (an example of a resonator element) fixed in a cantilever manner and accommodated therein, between two protrusions that are disposed in parallel at a predetermined interval and protrude inward, a folded remainder from a parent material, which protrudes from the center of an end portion of a base portion of the piezoelectric resonator element is accommodated (for example, refer to JP-A-2003-69368). The piezoelectric resonator element (hereinafter, referred to as a resonator element) used in the piezoelectric device has a configuration in which the folded remainder is provided in an engagement recessed portion which is provided at the end portion of the base portion and is engaged with the two protrusions in the package.
In recent years, to further reduce the size of the piezoelectric device, more reduction in the size of the resonator element is necessary. Regarding the resonator element, vibration leakage from the base portion due to the reduction in size is one of issues.
The vibration leakage will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 15 is a schematic plan view illustrating the schematic configuration of the resonator element according to the related art. In addition, in the figure, the X-axis, the Y-axis, and the Z-axis are mutually perpendicular coordinate axes.
As illustrated in FIG. 15, the resonator element 91 according to the related art includes a base portion 92, and a pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b that extend in parallel along the Y-axis direction from one end portion 92a of the base portion 92. An engagement recessed portion 94 that is recessed in the +(positive) Y direction is provided at the other end portion 92b on the opposite side to one end portion 92a of the base portion 92, and a folded remainder 95 from a parent material is provided to protrude from the center of the engagement recessed portion 94 in the − (negative) Y direction.
According to an analysis using a simulation by the inventors, in reaction to flexural vibration in which the resonator element 91 is displaced to be bent alternately in a direction indicated by the arrows A (a direction in which the pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b are separated from each other) and in a direction indicated by the arrows B (a direction in which the pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b approach each other) about the root portions of the pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b as the fulcrums, forces in a direction indicated by the arrow C (the +Y direction) and in a direction indicated by the arrow D (the −Y direction) are alternately exerted on the base portion 92.
In detail, when the pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b are bent in the direction indicated by the arrows A, a force F1 in a clockwise direction is exerted on the +X side from the center in the X-axis direction of the base portion 92 about the root portion of the vibrating arm 93a.
On the other hand, a force F2 in a counterclockwise direction is exerted on the −X side from the center of the base portion 92 about the root portion of the vibrating arm 93b.
Here, the components of the forces F1 and F2 in the X-axis direction cancel each other because the magnitudes of the forces are the same and the directions in which the forces are exerted are opposite to each other.
On the other hand, the components of the forces F1 and F2 in the Y-axis direction are added to each other and are exerted on the base portion 92 as a force in a direction indicated by the arrow C because the magnitudes of the forces are the same and the directions in which the forces are exerted are the same. Similarly, when the pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b are bent in the direction indicated by the arrows B, a force F3 in the counterclockwise direction is exerted on the +X side from the center of the base portion 92 about the root portion of the vibrating arm 93a.
On the other hand, a force F4 in the clockwise direction is exerted on the −X side from the center of the base portion 92 about the root portion of the vibrating arm 93b.
Here, the components of the forces F3 and F4 in the X-axis direction cancel each other because the magnitudes of the forces are the same and the directions in which the forces are exerted are opposite to each other.
On the other hand, the components of the forces F3 and F4 in the Y-axis direction are added to each other and are exerted on the base portion 92 as a force in a direction indicated by the arrow D because the magnitudes of the forces are the same and the directions in which the forces are exerted are the same. In this case, since the engagement recessed portion 94 is provided in the base portion 92 of the resonator element 91, compared to a case where the engagement recessed portion 94 is not provided, the rigidity of the base portion 92 (particularly the rigidity of the center part) is reduced. Accordingly, the base portion 92 of the resonator element 91 cannot resist the forces in the direction indicated by the arrow C and the direction indicated by the arrow D and is displaced (vibrates) alternately in the direction indicated by the arrow C and in the direction indicated by the arrow D.
As a result, when the base portion 92 is fixed to a package (not illustrated) or the like, in the resonator element 91, a portion of vibrational energy generated by the flexural vibration of the pair of vibrating arms 93a and 93b leaks to the package or the like via a fixing member such as an adhesive that fixes the base portion 92 (vibration leakage).
As a measure to reduce the vibration leakage, for example, in a case where the engagement recessed portion 94 is removed so as to enhance the rigidity of the base portion 92, the folded remainder 95 directly protrudes from the other end portion 92b in the −Y direction.
As a result, in this measure, the size of the resonator element 91 in the Y-axis direction is increased, and thus there is a problem in that the measure goes against the reduction in the size.

Resonator element, resonator, oscillator, electronic device, and moving object


A method, system, and computer program product for transaction-controlled graph processing and management are provided. The method includes notifying an external component of a database management system (DBMS) controlled transaction including multiple operations, and acquiring a DBMS transaction identifier associated with the transaction at the external component. The method further includes storing the DBMS transaction identifier as an external component transaction identifier, and receiving notification at the external component of events associated with the operations. The method additionally includes monitoring the events for an end-of-transaction operation, and passing notification of the end-of-transaction operation to an external routine.

The present invention relates to database management, and more specifically, to graph processing and management for relational database systems.
Relational database systems are often used as plain storage media. Applications access the database systems to retrieve data and implement any necessary data processing on the data in an application layer. One example is management of hierarchies, such as employee hierarchies or the organization of sales regions. The associated databases store relationships between people or regions, but evaluating those relationships requires either complicated structured query language (SQL) statements or additional processing performed at a higher level in the applications.
The concept of hierarchies can be generalized to graph structures. While network or graph structures can be stored in a relational model, graph operations are not typically available in the database systems. For example, a pipe network may be represented in a database by storing each pipe, connectors, and connecting pipes, etc. But determining the maximum possible flow between two points in the pipe network is not directly supported by database systems using SQL. One example where graph or network data structures are very prominent is in the field of spatial data information systems, such as geographic information systems (GISs). GISs manage spatial data such as streets, canals, areas, buildings, etc. Solutions typically store geometric information (e.g., location and shape of streets) along with non-spatial attributes (e.g., street names), but processing at the database level is rather limited.

Transaction-controlled graph processing and management

International Business Machines Corporation


In a die cutting press, a registration system for successively positioning a die unit in predetermined relationship to defined areas of an elongated material includes servomotors or the like for moving the die unit in a direction transverse to the path of travel of the material, and for rotating the die unit relative to the material. At least one camera is provided for receiving images, and is focused on predetermined locations relative to the die unit corresponding to predetermined positions of indicia included on the material adjacent each of the defined areas. Alternately, a prism or the like may be fixed to the die unit for directing an image from a region of the die unit toward the camera, the region including a preset location of the die unit corresponding to the position of an indicium when the elongated material is in the desired position relative to the die unit. Where a prism is employed, a reference indicium may be provided thereon which appears within the directed image received by the camera. Reference image data representative of the desired position of the area indicia within the images received by the camera is compared with the images actually received and longitudinal, lateral and angular difference data is generated which is representative of this difference. In response to the generated data, the material and die unit are substantially simultaneously shifted as may be required to compensate for the difference in position so that one of the defined areas of the material is in register with the die unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a die cutting press and, more particularly, to a registration system for registering defined areas of web, strip or sheet material with a die unit provided on the cutting press in order to permit accurate cutting of the material.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
A die cutting press is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,968, to Raney. The press disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,968 has a shiftable die unit supported on a cushion of air, and the die unit is movable laterally of the direction of travel of the web or strip as well as rotatably about an upright axis perpendicular to the material in order to bring the die unit into precise registration with defined areas of the material to be processed or cut by the press.
Automatic operation of this known press is provided by a control system having two groups of photo-optical sensors which are disposed to detect the presence of two T-shaped marks provided on opposite sides of the material adjacent each defined area to be cut. The control system is electrically coupled to servomotor mechanisms for adjustably positioning the die unit once advancement of the material is interrupted and a defined area on the material is in general proximity to work structure of the press die unit.
Although a die cutting press having an automatic die registration system, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,968, represents a significant advance in the art, it would be desirable to increase the operational speed of such a press so that greater amounts of material can be processed. However, it is important that extreme registration accuracy of the die unit with the defined areas be maintained so that the defined areas are precisely severed from the material within very small dimensional tolerances.
As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,485, to Raney, a die cutting press is provided with a registration system which is operable to provide precise alignment of a shiftable die cutting unit along two axes during the time that the material is advanced along a third axis toward the die unit, so that as soon as a defined area of the material reaches the die unit, the press can be immediately actuated to subject the material to the die cutting operation. Continuous monitoring of an elongated indicator strip provided on the material enables the die unit to be shifted as necessary during travel to insure lateral and angular registration prior to the time that material advancement is interrupted.
The registration system as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,485 represents another significant advance in the art. However, it would be desirable to further increase the operational speed of such a press so that greater amounts of material can be processed. It is also desirable to increase the accuracy of the positioning operations carried out by the system in order to reduce registration errors that may result in a defective product.

Die stamping press having CCD camera system for automatic 3-axis die registration


A light source mounting apparatus for liquid crystal projector comprises a lamp base (for holding the light generator) and a casing (for shielding light scattering). The lamp base has a board shape holding unit. The casing has a front positioning plane and a strip spring located above the front positioning plane. When the lamp base and casing is reassembled, the holding unit forces the light generator mounted thereon contact tightly the front positioning plane to rapidly complete initial positioning, and the rear end of the strip spring engages the light generator securely for pressing the light generator against the front reference plane tightly without flipping thereby to attain accurate positioning quickly.

This invention relates to a light source mounting apparatus for use in liquid crystal projector.
Liquid crystal projector is an image displaying technique well known in the art. Its general operation principle is illustrated in FIG. 1. A light generator 10 has a lamp located in a reflector 11 (which contains a parabolic reflection mirror) to generate reflecting parallel light rays passing through a illumination system 80, a liquid crystal display panel 40 and a recombination system 90, and a lens 50 to project the original image from the liquid crystal display panel 40 to a front screen 60.
When there is a need to replace the lamp, the light generator 10 must be taken out or restored through a light source mounting apparatus (referring to FIGS. 2 and 3). For instance, the liquid crystal projector made by Epson Co. of Japan has a light source mounting apparatus which includes a steel wire 71 engaged with the outer side of the light generator 10 to couple the light generator 10 with a lamp frame 70. Then the lamp frame 70 and light generator 10 are mounted in a casing 30 to complete the assembly. For disassembly, the first step is to move a handle 231 to disengage the assembly of the lamp frame 70 and light generator 10 from the casing 30. Such a design has problems in use, notably:
1. When to mount the light generator 10 on the lamp frame 70, it takes a great force from the user to engage the steel wire 71 with the light generator 10. Of course, when to replace the light generator 10, the steel wire 71 also has to be removed. It gives user similar difficulty.
2. When to reassemble, such a structure is not able to guide the light generator 10 accurately returning to its original optical path before the disassembly.
As every assembly step will create a tolerance, the accumulated tolerance tends to produce a large deviation from the original optical path and will result in project color shift, non-uniformity and decreasing of light intensity.
3. When to replace the lamp, the handle 231 has to be pulled with a great force to remove the assembly of the lamp frame 70 and light generator 10 from the casing 30. Due to the tightly engagement of the power supply plug, the pulling of the handle 231 could easily deform the handle 231 and makes it detached from the lamp frame 70. From operation perspective, when the handle 231 is not use, it relies the deforming elastic force of the handle 231 to dispose it flatly at the bottom of the lamp frame, therefore will result in a complicated shape and takes more space. It is obviously that there are still rooms for improvement.
The primary object of this invention is to provide a light source mounting apparatus for liquid crystal projector that enables the light generator automatically positioning precisely when it is disassembled and reassembled again to ensure the projecting light returning to its original designed optical path.
The light source mounting apparatus according to this invention comprises a lamp base and a casing. The lamp base is a board including a holding unit. The casing provides a space for housing at least the lamp base, a front positioning plane and a strip spring located at the front positioning plane. When the whole structure has been disassembled and reassembled again, the holding unit forces the light generator located thereon automatically pressing against the front positioning plane for rapidly finishing the initial positioning, and the strip spring has a rear end to engage with the light generator tightly when the two elements are coupled together such that the light generator will press against the front positioning plane tightly to automatically finish positioning thereby to return the optical path in coincidence with the one prior to the disassembly.
The foregoing and additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Light source mounting apparatus for liquid crystal projector

Industrial Technology Research Institute


Methods and apparatus for filling features with cobalt are provided herein. In some embodiments, a method for processing a substrate includes: depositing a first cobalt layer via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process atop a substrate and within a feature disposed in the substrate; and at least partially filling the feature with cobalt or cobalt containing material by performing a plasma process in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) chamber having a cobalt target to reflow a portion of the first cobalt layer into the feature. The PVD chamber may be configured to simultaneously deposit cobalt or cobalt containing material within the feature from a cobalt target disposed in the PVD chamber.

Cobalt is one candidate for a new material solution for both contact and BEOL (back end of the line) interconnect fill applications in 10/7 nm nodes. Tungsten (W) contacts include a titanium (Ti)/titanium nitride (TiN) barrier which the inventors have observed is problematic as the Ti/TiN barrier increases interface resistance and limits downward scaling of features (e.g., interconnects). Additionally, the inventors have observed copper (Cu) vias are problematic when a barrier/liner increases interface resistance and negatively impacts via resistance scaling.
Further, the inventors have observed that conformal cobalt fill by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) often undesirably results in voids embedded into the feature, and forms micro-voids. Even using an aggressive anneal process (e.g., higher temperatures and longer anneal times), the micro-voids are difficult to remove and may undesirably remain in the feature. Moreover, the BEOL process includes limited anneal temperatures to protect the dielectric materials on the substrate.
Accordingly, the inventors have provided an improved method for filling substrate features with cobalt.

Methods and apparatus for filling substrate features with cobalt


A method and apparatus of a device that manages a thermal profile of a device by selectively throttling central processing unit operations of the device is described. The device monitors the thermal profile of the device, where the device executes a plurality of tasks that utilizes a central processing unit of the device. In addition, the plurality of tasks includes a high QoS task and a low QoS process. If the thermal profile of the device exceeds a thermal threshold, the device increases a first CPU throttling for the low QoS task and maintains a second CPU throttling for the high QoS task. The device further executes the low QoS task using the first CPU utilization with the first processing core of the CPU by selectively forcing an idle of the low QoS task during an execution window. In addition, the device executes the high QoS task using the second CPU throttling with a second processing core of the CPU.

A device can typically include one or more central processing units (CPU) that are used to process a wide variety of instructions for the device. Each of the CPUs is hardware that carries out the instructions of a program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the device. For example, the CPU can be used to process different tasks that are running on the device.
Each of these CPU operations will cause the device to consume power that leads to heat being generated by the device. This generated heat can add to a thermal load being applied to the device. An excessive thermal load can affect the device performance and, in extreme cases, can lead to a device shutdown. Existing devices can mitigate the thermal load by reducing the CPU operations globally for all processes, regardless of whether the CPU operations are for a batch process or a process supporting a user interface operation.

Thermal mitigation using selective task modulation