A seat belt retractor for retracting a seat belt is formed of a first motor for retracting a seat belt with a force not providing a pressing feeling to a passenger, a second motor having a torque greater than that of the first motor for retracting the seat belt with a force forcibly holding the passenger to a seat, and a control circuit connected to the first and second motors for controlling the same. Thus, the seat belt retractor can perform a forced retraction and a normal retraction with an economical structure.

The invention relates to a seat belt retractor having a function of retracting a seat belt by a motor.
In a seat belt to be used in a vehicle or automobile, a tension is applied by a seat belt retractor. In other words, in case the seat belt is used, one end of a seat belt wound by a spring in the seat belt retractor is drawn out by a passenger and engaged with another side of the seat belt fixed to a seat through a buckle. Thereafter, when the passenger releases the hands from the seat belt, the loosened seat belt is wound up by an action of the spring in the seat belt retractor, and a tension determined by the spring is provided to the seat belt to thereby hold the passenger to the seat.
However, in such a spring-type retracting mechanism, since a force is applied only in a seat belt tightening direction, in case the passenger tries to loosen the seat belt, the passenger has to pull out the seat belt against the force. Also, since an elasticity of the spring is used in retracting the seat belt, the operation is unstable, which may result in a poor seat-belt retraction.
To solve the above problems, there has been proposed a seat belt retractor, wherein a seat belt is wound by a motor. More specifically, an engagement of a buckle and a tongue plate fixed to the seat belt is electrically detected, and in case a disengagement thereof is detected, the seat belt is wound by a motor. In other words, while the buckle and the tongue are engaged with each other, it is assumed that the passenger wears the seat belt, so that retraction of the seat belt is not carried out by the motor and is carried out by a spring with a weak force. In some cases, the seat belt may be retracted only by a motor with a weak retracting force without using the spring.
However, when the seat belt is in an operating condition, in addition to the normal operation, there may be a situation wherein the seat belt has to be retracted with a larger torque than normal. For example, in case a collision is detected beforehand, it is required that the looseness of the belt is quickly wound up and the passenger is held to a seat with a stronger force than normal. Also, in case a child seat is fixed to a seat by the seat belt, it is necessary to firmly fix the child seat with a stronger force than that required for holding the passenger to thereby require a large torque. In the present specification, this type of retracting condition is called as a xe2x80x9cforced retractionxe2x80x9d and is distinguished from a xe2x80x9cnormal retractionxe2x80x9d.
In case the forced retraction and the normal retraction are carried out by one motor, a torque control and a speed control of the motor have to be performed. An example thereof is shown in FIG. 4. Though not shown, a motor M is connected to a seat belt retractor, and the seat belt is wound or unwound through rotation of the motor M.
Control pulses P1-P4 are outputted from a central processing unit (hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cCPUxe2x80x9d) and are provided to gates of switching transistors Q1-Q4 which are switching elements as P1xe2x80x2-P4xe2x80x2 through a gate circuit GATE. On the other hand, a voltage from a direct current (hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cDCxe2x80x9d) power source is connected to collectors of the switching transistors Q1, Q2; a motor terminal A is connected to an emitter of the transistor Q1 and a collector of the transistor Q4; and a motor terminal B is connected to an emitter of the transistor Q2 and a collector of the transistor Q3. Further, emitters of the switching transistors Q3, Q4 are grounded.
When the buckle of the seat belt is engaged with the tongue plate, and external information, such as a rotating direction and rotating speed of the motor M, is inputted, the CPU outputs control pulses P1-P4 corresponding thereto. A rotating direction of the motor M is determined by the on/off operation of the control pulses P1-P4, and a rotating speed of the motor M can be changed by varying duty ratio of the control pulses.
Incidentally, in FIG. 4, a thermistor TH is provided to monitor a temperature of the motor M, and when the temperature of the motor M is raised due to an overload thereof, the information thereof is inputted into the CPU to stop driving of the motor M. A flywheel diode connected parallel to the motor M is omitted in the drawing.
As described hereinabove, according to the circuit shown in FIG. 4, since the seat belt can be driven at a necessary speed and in a necessary direction, the forced retraction and normal retraction can be made by one motor. However, in that case, the normal retraction is carried out with a small duty ratio, which results in a poor control ability. In reality, in case the normal retraction is carried out, the duty ratio thereof should be set with a certain larger number, and switching transistors having smaller capacities for that duty ratio may be used. However, when the forced retraction is also carried out by the switching circuit, switching transistors having larger capacities are required, which results in a high cost of the circuit.
Also, in case rotation of the motor is controlled by the duty ratio, i.e. a pulse width, a high-cost switching circuit, i.e. speed control circuit, is required, and at the same time, noises are generated from the switching circuit and the control circuit. To prevent the noises from entering a power source circuit, a filter circuit with a large capacity is required, which results in a high cost of the entire device.
In view of the above problems, the present invention has been made, and an object of the invention is to provide a seat belt retractor, wherein a forced retraction and normal retraction can be carried out with an economical structure without requiring a filter with a large capacity.
Another object of the invention is to provide a seat belt retractor as stated above, wherein the normal retraction can be carried out easily through a logic circuit, the forced retraction can be carried out by a simple circuit and operation can be firmly done.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the invention.
In order to attain the above objects, according to a first aspect of the invention, a seat belt retractor having a function for retracting a seat belt by motors includes a first motor for retracting the seat belt with a force not providing a pressing feeling to a passenger, and a second motor for retracting the seat belt with a force strongly holding the passenger to a seat, and these two motors are controlled by a control circuit.
In the first aspect, a normal retracting motor, i.e. the first motor, and a forced retracting motor, i.e. the second motor, are separated to simplify the control circuit. In other words, since a speed control and a torque control are not required to be carried out in the control circuit, the control circuit is simplified, and at the same time, noises generated according to switching can be removed. Thus, a filter for preventing the noises from entering a power source is not required, or even if required, its size is small. Through control of the single control circuit, the respective motors can move without inconsistency.
According to a second aspect of the invention to attain the above objects, in the first aspect, the first motor is controlled through a logic circuit formed of a microcomputer or a semiconductor circuit, and the second motor is directly driven through a switching circuit controlled by an external signal not through the logic circuit formed of the microcomputer or the semiconductor circuit.
In the motor for carrying out the normal retraction, in addition to a situation such that a retraction is carried out under disengagement of a buckle and a tongue plate, for example, when it is detected that the passenger gets off, i.e. no passenger is in the automobile, a logic for carrying out re-retracting may be added. It is preferable to easily change the logic. Thus, the control of the first motor is carried out through the logic circuit formed of the microcomputer or semiconductor circuit.
On the other hand, it is preferable that the motor for carrying out the forced retraction is directly driven by a simpler circuit since it is required to operate at an emergency time such that a collision is expected. Thus, in the second aspect, the forced retraction is directly made through the switching circuit controlled by the external signal.
According to a third aspect of the invention to attain the above objects, in the first or second aspect, there is provided an interlock so that a power is not supplied to the first and second motors simultaneously.
In considering an unusual combination in a logic circuit, according to a combination in a logic circuit, it is undeniable that the first motor and second motor are simultaneously rotated in the opposite directions. When such a situation takes place, a retracting force in the forced retraction may be weakened. Also, in case an inspection work is carried out, there may be formed a forced retraction condition, and the forced retracting motor is driven. Thus, in the present aspect, there is provided an interlock for not supplying powers to the first motor and the second motor simultaneously to prevent such a situation.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention to attain the above objects, in the third aspect, the interlock is carried out by a circuit for not providing power to the second motor by an output from the microcomputer or semiconductor circuit for controlling the first motor.
In the fourth aspect, the interlock for not providing the power to the second motor is carried out by the output from the microcomputer or semiconductor circuit for controlling the first motor. Thus, the interlock for not providing the power of the second motor can be formed by a combination of complicated conditions.

Seat belt retractor with double retraction system


An unmanned aerial vehicle includes a body portion, a plurality of driving portions, a plurality of arms and first and second landing members. The body portion is formed at a center thereof, and the body portion includes an inner space defined by an upper plate, a lower plate and a plurality of supporting frames that connect the upper plate with the lower plate. The plurality of driving portions generate an impellent force for a flight. Each of the plurality of arms has one end connected to the body portion and the other end connected to one of the driving portions.

1. Technical Field
Example embodiments relate generally to aerial vehicles, and more particularly to unmanned aerial vehicles, charging system for the same and methods of charging the same.
This application is supported by a first research project named "magnetic field resonance based wireless energy transmission technique" having project serial number '2010-0029179', sponsored by a Ministry of Education in Korean government and a second research project named "vehicle power system integration" having project serial number '2010-0029374', sponsored by a Ministry of Education in Korean government.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, the need of an unmanned aerial vehicle in an environment where a person feels difficult to work has been increased. The need of an unmanned aerial vehicle in an environment where the unmanned aerial vehicle has been applied to wide areas, for example, the aerial vehicle can acquire video images in an unapproachable disaster area in the air, test power lines, or provide concealed information of the enemy in a battlefield, or it can perform a reconnaissance flight or a surveillance flight. In addition, the unmanned aerial vehicle is employed in delivery service. However, when the unmanned aerial vehicles are employed in various fields, moving range and moving time may have limits due to battery.

Unmanned aerial vehicles, charging systems for the same and methods of charging the same

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology


An upstream amplifier is integrated on a substrate with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to form an integrated circuit. In an embodiment, a low-pass filter is also integrated on the substrate. The output signal level of the upstream amplifier is controllable. In embodiments, fine adjustments are made to the output signal level of the upstream amplifier by varying a bias current of the DAC. A software control bit is used to switch between a power-on mode of operation and a power-down mode of operation. The upstream amplifier transmits in a burst mode. The power consumption of the upstream amplifier scales with the amplifier's output signal level. A high degree of matching is attained between the positive and negative paths of the upstream amplifier. This provides high immunity from common-mode disturbances such as substrate noise, clock spurs, and glitches caused by a gain change.

Various cable-modem systems and cable set-top box systems exist. These systems have an upstream information path and a down stream information path. The upstream path includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a cable line-driver/amplifier. The down stream path includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
In conventional cable-modem systems and cable set-top box systems, the DAC and the ADC typically form part of a single integrated circuit or chip. This integration reduces the bill of materials and costs for these systems. The cable line-driver/amplifier, however, is not integrated along with the DAC and the ADC.
While conventional cable-modem systems and cable set-top box systems, which have a stand-alone cable line-driver/amplifier chip work well for their intended purposes, there is a need for a new amplifier that can be integrated on a single chip with the DAC and the ADC. There is also a need for new cable-modem systems and cable set-top box systems having a higher level of integration than the conventional cable-modem systems and cable set-top box systems.

Integrated upstream amplifier for cable modems and cable set-top boxes


A laminate comprising a pair of thermoplastic resin members having fluctuation of clearance between the adhesion surfaces thereof, and a thermoplastic material foam layer which adheres the pair of the thermoplastic resin members. This laminate is formed from thermoplastic resin as a whole and can absorb the fluctuation of clearance between the members, and the thermoplastic resin members are firmly adhered with the thermoplastic material foam layer.

The present invention relates to a laminate, a method for producing the same, and a thermoplastic foam adhesive. In particular, the present invention relates to a laminate comprising a pair of thermoplastic resin members having fluctuations in the clearance between their adhesion surfaces, which are adhered with a good adhesion strength, a method for producing such a laminate, and a thermoplastic foam adhesive which is used in the production of such a laminate.
As interior members of vehicles such as automobiles, laminated members comprising a skin material made of a vinyl chloride resin, which is laminated on a substrate using a polyurethane foam. The substrate is usually formed from an ABS resin, a modified polyphenylene ether resin, or polypropylene (cf. JP-B-5-1123, JP-A-8-48201, etc.) The polyurethane foam layer imparts cushioning feeling to the laminated members, absorbs the unevenness of the back surface of the skin material, and strongly adheres the skin material and the substrate. As described in JP-A-6-106682 and JP-A-7-214672, a laminate having an adhesive comprising a terpene resin, which is interposed between the skin material and the substrate to increase the adhesion strength between them, is also known.
Meanwhile, as part of the measures to protect the environment, it is required to increase a recycling rate of materials which construct automobiles, and it is the obligation to use parts at least 90% of which based on the weight of the automobiles can be recycled.
However, in the case of the conventional laminate members comprising the skin material of the vinyl chloride resin, the polyurethane foam and the ABS resin substrate, it is very difficult to separate the once laminated materials and recycle them, since the members comprise the different materials and, in addition, use the thermoplastic resin and the thermosetting resin at the same time, and they are firmly adhered. Thus, it may be contemplated that, when resinous materials which are used to produce interior and exterior members are unified in the same resin, the materials can be easily recycled and thus the recylcing rate can be increased.
JP-A-10-244885 discloses an interior member for a vehicle comprising a skin material, an intermediate foam layer and a core, all of which are made of polyolefin resins and a method for the production of such a member. However, the skin material, intermediate foam layer and core are all molded by a powder slush molding method, the foam layer cannot absorb the fluctuation of the clearance between the skin material and the core (substrate) due to the unevenness formed on the adhesion surfaces.
JP-A-60-248749 discloses a foam adhesive comprising a styrene-butadiene copolymer as a primary component. JP-A-2-199164 discloses a resin composition comprising a terpene-phenol resin to increase the adhesion between the resin composition for a skin material and a polyurethane foam. However, in this case, the resin composition may have decreased quality such as stickiness.
One object of the present invention is to provide a thermoplastic resin laminate, all the layers of which are formed from thermoplastic resins, which can absorb the fluctuation of the clearance between the layer members, and the layer members of which are strongly adhered.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a resinous laminate, substantially 100% of which can be recycled.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing such a thermoplastic resin laminate.
A yet further object of the present invention is to provide a thermoplastic foam adhesive which can be used to produce such a laminate.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a laminate comprising
a pair of thermoplastic resin members having fluctuation of clearance between the adhesion surfaces thereof, and
a thermoplastic material foam layer which adheres said pair of the thermoplastic resin members.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a laminate comprising the steps of:
supplying an adhesive thermoplastic material containing a foaming agent in a space between adhesion surfaces of a pair of thermoplastic resin members having fluctuation of clearance between the adhesion surfaces,
foaming said adhesive thermoplastic material, and
adhering said pair of thermoplastic resin members with said adhesive thermoplastic material.
According to this production method, the laminate of the present invention, which has a substantially constant thickness, is recycled and has good cushioning properties, can be easily produced.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a thermoplastic foam adhesive comprising a styrene-butadiene rubber, 3 to 10 wt. parts of microcapsules which contains a foaming agent and comprises a shell of a vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer per 100 wt. parts of the adhesive, and a mixed solvent of toluene and cyclohexane, and having a solid content of 30 to 60 wt. %.
This thermoplastic adhesive is preferably used as the material of the thermoplastic material foam layer of the laminate of the present invention, or as an adhesive thermoplastic material used in the method for producing a laminate according to the present invention.
Herein, the xe2x80x9cfluctuation of clearancexe2x80x9d is intended to mean the fluctuation of the clearance between the adhesion surfaces of a pair of thermoplastic resin members caused by the unevenness on the adhesion surfaces. In the concrete, the present invention deals with the fluctuation of clearance generated by the surface roughness of the adhesion surface with the maximum height Rt of at least 7.0 xcexcm, wherein the maximum height Rt of the surface roughness is determined by a distance between two lines which are drawn in parallel with the center line of the roughness curve in the region of the roughness curve cut out along the standard length to sandwich the region.
The laminate of the present invention has the characteristics such that its thickness is substantially constant, it can be recycled, and it has a high adhesion strength and also good cushioning properties. When the laminate has a thermoplastic resin foam layer, the cushioning properties are further improved, or the freedom of the selection of the material for the thermoplastic material foam layer increases, since the cushioning properties are attained by the thermoplastic resin foam layer.
In one preferred embodiment of the laminate according to the present invention, the thermoplastic resin foam layer is provided on the adhesion surface of the thermoplastic resin member on the skin side, and at least one of a terpene resin and a low molecular weight modified polyolefin is added only to the thermoplastic resin foam layer among the thermoplastic resin member and the thermoplastic resin foam layer. In this case, the adhesion strength can be increased without the deterioration of the quality such as the tackiness of the skin material, etc.
In another preferred embodiment of the laminate according to the present invention, the thermoplastic resin member on the skin side and the thermoplastic resin foam layer are molded by a powder slush molding method, and the amount of the terpene resin and/or the low molecular weight modified polyolefin to be added is from3 to 20 wt. parts based on 100 wt. parts of the thermoplastic resin in the thermoplastic resin foam layer. In this case, the adhesion strength can be increased without the deterioration of the quality such as the tackiness of the skin material, etc.
In one preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, at least one of the thermoplastic resin members is molded by a powder slush molding method. When the thermoplastic resin member is produced by powder slush molding, its thickness greatly fluctuated, and in turn its adhesion surface has large unevenness. Even in such a case, the method of the present invention has no disadvantage, since an adhesive thermoplastic material containing a foaming agent is used.
In another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, a layer of a thermoplastic resin containing a foaming agent is formed on the adhesion surface of at least one of the thermoplastic resin members, and foamed in the course of adhering the layer of the thermoplastic resin to the thermoplastic resin member. In this case, the cushioning properties of the laminate are further improved, or the freedom of the selection of the material for the adhesive thermoplastic material increases.
In a further preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, at least one of the thermoplastic resin members is molded by powder slush molding and then the layer of the thermoplastic resin containing the foaming agent is also formed by powder slush molding. In this case, the laminate can be easily produced, and the fluctuation of the foaming of the thermoplastic resin containing the foaming agent is suppressed since a temperature distribution in the cavity of the mold can be narrowed because of the presence of the already molded thermoplastic resin member.
In a yet another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, a thermoplastic resin containing a foaming agent is applied on the adhesion surface of at least one of the thermoplastic resin members, and foamed in the course of adhering the layer of the thermoplastic resin to the thermoplastic resin member. In this case, the cushioning properties of the laminate are improved, or the freedom of the selection of the material for the adhesive thermoplastic material is increased.
In a further embodiment of the method of the present invention, a laminate is produced by the following steps:
1) providing a molding mold having the first and second molds,
2) setting one thermoplastic resin member, which has been molded by powder slush molding, in the first mold,
3) applying an adhesive thermoplastic material containing a foaming agent to the other thermoplastic resin member and setting the other thermoplastic resin member in the second mold, and
4) heating the adhesive thermoplastic material containing the foaming agent to foam the foaming agent, and closing the first and second molds so that a pair of the thermoplastic resin members are adhered with the adhesive thermoplastic material in the mold.
In this case, the heating is surely and easily carried out to foam the foaming agent, and the accuracy of the molding is increased.
In a further preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, in the above step to set the thermoplastic member in the first mold, a layer of a thermoplastic resin containing a foaming agent is formed on the adhesion surface of at least one of the thermoplastic resin members which is molded by powder slush molding and heated to foam the foaming agent so that the layer and the thermoplastic resin member are adhered, and then the thermoplastic resin member carrying the foamed layer of the thermoplastic resin is set in the first mold. In this case, the cushioning properties of the laminate are improved, or the freedom of the selection of the material for the adhesive thermoplastic material is increased.
In a yet further preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, at least one of a terpene resin and a low molecular weight modified polyolefin is added only to the thermoplastic resin containing the foaming agent. In this case, the adhesion strength can be increased without the deterioration of the quality such as the tackiness of the skin material, etc.
In a yet further preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, when the first and second molds are being closed, the adhesion surface of the thermoplastic resin member carrying the adhesive thermoplastic material, which is set in the second mold, is heated. In this case, the impregnation of the adhesive is accelerated, and thus the adhesion strength is increased.

Laminate, method for producing the same and thermoplastic foam adhesive


A metal alloy for a thin film deposition process, an article coated with a thin film of the metal alloy and the method of thin film deposition coating of an article with the metal alloy is provided. The metal alloy consists of 78-97.5% Cr, 2-20% of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, Ni and Co, and 0.5-2% of scavenger element selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Be, Ce, Hf, La, Nb, Nd, Si, Ta, Th, Ti, U, Y and Zr, all by weight. Two or more elements selected from the group of Mo, Ni and Co may be included in the metal alloy in the total proportion of 2-20% by weight. The deposition coating method may be either evaporation or sputtering.

This invention relates to the general field of deposition coating of articles and more specifically relates to the vacuum evaporation or sputtering techniques for deposit of a particular metal alloy in a thin film on an article substrate.
Vacuum evaporation and sputtering techniques have been utilized to a substantial extent in the forming of relatively thin film metal coatings on substrates comprising articles having substantial decorative function. These techniques of depositing a thin film coating of a metal alloy to provide a bright, metallic surface finish have found substantial utilization in the automotive field in the coating of plastic components incorporated in the decorative portions of automotive vehicles. Utilization of such film coating techniques is not limited to the automotive industry nor are they limited to decorative articles. Many articles may be advantageously coated with a protective layer of a suitable metal alloy for both functional and decorative purposes.
In addition to obtaining the particularly pleasing decorative effect, the vacuum evaporation and sputter deposition techniques enable forming of a thin film on plastic parts to enhance their durability in many functional and utilitarian aspects. For example, many of the components formed from plastic and incorporated in automotive vehicles require a coating that not only functions for the decorative aesthetic purposes, but will also have particularly advantageous characteristics for abrasion resistance, resistance to discolorations or degradation as a consequence of ultraviolet radiation, resistance to corrosion effects and to also accommodate mechanical stresses that are induced by thermal differences.
Metal alloys have been developed for this specific purpose of effecting vacuum evaporation and sputter deposition of thin film coatings on plastic substrates as well as other materials. The metal alloys heretofore utilized in such thin film deposition techniques comprise a chromium base and include a substantial percentage component of iron. Chromium is the elemental material which imparts the desirable characteristics of color, brightness and hardness in an attempt to achieve the functional and utilitarian advantages of resistance to abrasion and corrosion.

Article comprising a substrate and chromium alloy coating


Methods and system for predicting a future location of users of wireless communications terminals. Location information indicating respective locations of multiple wireless communication terminals may be received and processed so as to predict a future meeting among respective users of the wireless communication terminals. An action may be taken with respect to the predicted future meeting. The location information may be received from a wireless communication network to obtain a Point-of-Interest (POI) that is related to one or more of the users from a characteristic location profile of the one or more users. The POI may be indicated as the likely location of the future meeting.

Mobile communication networks deploy various techniques for measuring the geographical locations of wireless communication terminals. Such techniques are used, for example, for surveillance purposes and for providing Location Based Services (LBS) and emergency services. Some location tracking techniques are passive and monitor events generated in the wireless network. Other techniques are active, i.e., proactively request the network or the terminal to provide location information.

System and method for predicting future meetings of wireless users


Transformers having bobbins that are constructed in such a way that pre-formed secondary windings (e.g., resembling springs) may be slipped onto the bobbins after a primary winding has been wound onto the bobbin. Additionally, the secondary windings may also serve as a self-leading device. That is, they may not require terminations on pins of the bobbin, which may reduce cost and complexity. The secondary windings may have circular or non-circular (e.g., flat) cross-sections. The transformer winding techniques provided herein may reduce the number of components, and may promote smaller input filters and/or less filtering stages at a fraction of the cost of conventional transformers.

Generally, magnetic components use magnetic materials for shaping and directing magnetic fields in a manner designed to achieve a desired electrical performance. Magnetic components are readily used in a wide variety of electronic equipment such as computers, televisions, telephones, etc. In operation, magnetic fields may act as the medium for storing, transferring, and releasing electromagnetic energy. Transformers are one specific example of a magnetic component, and typically comprise two or more windings of conductors (e.g., copper wire) wound around a bobbin with a magnetic core inserted through the bobbin. The bobbin may generally be made of a molded plastic or any other suitable dielectric material. The conductors may be wound around the bobbin a predetermined number of times and in a predetermined configuration to achieve specific electrical characteristics. For example, the number of windings (e.g., a primary winding and a secondary winding) and the number of turns for the conductors in each winding may be a function of the intended application for the transformer.
To form the magnetic field in the transformer, a core assembly having high magnetic permeability may be inserted into the bobbin. Often the core assembly is made in two pieces, each having an "E" shaped cross-section that may be inserted into opposite ends of the bobbin. The transformer assembly may then be held together by various physical means such as a spring clip, tape, or an adhesive. Of course, different configurations may also be used for various applications.
Transformers generally operate on the principle that a change in current flowing through a first winding conductor, which is isolated from a second winding conductor, creates a magnetic flux in a core that causes a change in the current flow in the second winding conductor. The ratio of current in the two winding conductors may generally be related to the relative number of windings of each conductor. This may in turn create a voltage that may be the product of the number of turns multiplied by the change in magnetic flux.
Transformers are used in several applications, including power converters (or power adapters) used to power electronic devices, such as cell phones, computers, and the like. One type of power converter is a Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS). An SMPS may include a power supply unit and a circuit inside the unit to regulate the current. The regulating circuit may control the current so that it can stabilize it to a set voltage that is then sent to the electronic device. Due of weight, economic, and convenience factors, SMPS's are the devices of choice to power most consumer electronics that need stable current and voltage. However, they must be designed carefully to provide power with acceptable efficiency and minimal noise.
To meet these requirements, power converters may include one or more stages that include one or more magnetic components including filters, transformers, inductors, or the like. Many power converters are designed to provide multiple output voltages. A typical example is the desktop ATX computer power supply, which produces 12 V, 5 V, and 3.3 V as well as other supplies. The 12 V, 5 V, and 3.3 V supplies all require tight voltage regulation and must produce a large output current. In order to produce all of the desired output voltages from a single transformer, the turns-ratio of the transformer between the primary and secondary windings should match the input voltage relative to the output voltages plus any rectifier voltage drops in the output stages. In order to keep the transformer secondary turns to a minimum, some error is often introduced into the output voltages due to use of integer turns-ratios in low numbers.
As can be appreciated, it may be desirable to have relatively few secondary windings for various reasons. For example, since the voltage may be "stepped down" from the primary windings to the secondary windings (e.g., from 120 V down to 3.3 V), the turns-ratio may be very large, which requires a large number of turns for the primary windings relative to the secondary windings. Second, since the secondary windings may generally carry a relatively large amount of current, windings having a relatively large cross-section may be used, which increases the physical space required by the windings. By utilizing relatively few turns, the physical space required by the secondary windings and the primary windings may be reduced.
Some types of AC-to-DC power supplies may include isolation transformers that step a high-voltage bus (e.g. 250 V-400 V) down to one or more low-voltage, high-current outputs. The resulting large turns-ratio in the isolation transformer requires a primary winding that utilizes many turns of relatively small wire and larger, high-current secondary windings that typically contain only a few turns (e.g., less than 10-15 turns). Due to larger current requirements, the secondary windings usually have a relatively large cross-sectional area. The large cross-sectional area of the secondary windings often causes difficulty in winding the transformers and can also lead to significant high-frequency loss due to the skin effect and the proximity effect.
Due to the high current density required for high power transformers, litz wire may be utilized to wind secondary windings directly onto the bobbin. Litz wire may provide the flexibility required to maneuver the wire, but can be very costly for some applications. Additionally, the use of litz wire for multiple outputs (e.g., multiple secondary windings) requires significant hand labor and leads to poor overall copper utilization of the available space due to a large percentage of insulation in the litz wire. Additionally, the cost of manufacturing a transformer with litz wire may be relatively high and prone to manufacturing mistakes and errors.
FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate a prior art EE-type core assembly 20 and bobbin 10 used to wind an EE transformer 35. The outside diameter of a rim 16 of the bobbin 10 may be approximately the same as the outer diameter of the window area of the core assembly 20. In practice, the rim 16 of the bobbin 10 may have a diameter that is slightly smaller than the window area of the core assembly 20 to insure clearance for assembly of the core assembly 20 onto the bobbin 10 to form the transformer 35. The core assembly 20 may include a top half 22 having two outer legs 26, 28, and a center leg 30 sized to be insertable into a hollow portion of the bobbin 10. The core assembly 20 may also include a bottom half 24 having two outer legs 32, 34, and a center leg 36.
The standard method of wrapping a winding (e.g., the winding wire 38 shown in FIG. 38) for the transformer 35 is to attach a wire to a bobbin pin (e.g., a pin 14), wrap the wire around a winding surface 12 of the bobbin 10 as many times as necessary to achieve the desired number of turns, and then terminate the wire on another bobbin pin. This method may be repeated for all of the windings on the transformer 35. Additionally, one or more layers of insulation material 36 may be provided around one or more of the windings for electrical isolation.
If the transformer design maximizes the use of the available window area, then the copper winding's outermost diameter may be approximately the same as the outside diameter of the rim 16 of the bobbin 10. In the case of large current-carrying secondary windings, the windings may typically be composed of litz wire or copper foil. In either case, additional termination leads may need to be added to the litz wire or to the copper foil to connect the wire to a bobbin pin. Also, in either case, the windings of the transformer may use as much of the available window area as possible.

High power manufacturing friendly transformer


The present invention provides a compound of formula I:

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a metabolite of NAD+ that is as effective as inositol trisphosphate in mobilizing intracellular Ca+2 stores in sea urchin eggs (Clapper, D. L., et al., (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9561-9568; Dargie, P. et al., (1990) Cell Regulation 1, 279-290.) and rat pituitary cells (Koshiyama, H., et al., (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 16985-16988.). The metabolite itself (Walseth, T. F., Aarhus, R., et al., (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1094, 113-120) as well as its synthesizing enzyme, ADP ribosyl cyclase (Rusinko, N. and Lee, H. C. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11725-11731; Lee, H. C. and Aarhus, R. (1991) Cell Regulation 2, 203-209) are present in various mammalian and invertebrate tissues. The cyclic structure of the metabolite is formed by linking the adenine group of NAD+ to the terminal ribosyl unit and displacing the nicotinamide moiety (Lee, H. C., et al., (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1608-1615). The Ca+2 release mechanism that is activated by cADPR is totally distinct from the inositol trisphosphate pathway. It is insensitive to blockage by heparin, a competitive inhibitor of the receptor for inositol trisphosphate. Furthermore, inositol trisphosphate was shown to complete at least a thousand times less effectively than cADPR for the specific microsomal binding site for cADPR (Lee, H. C. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 2276-2281).
Several observations indicate involvement of cADPR in the calcium-controlled events taking place during the process of egg fertilization, completion of the oocyte meiotic cycle and the first stages of cell division in invertebrates. Moreover, oscillations of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity and of cADPR concentration during cell cycle progression have also been reported in the unicellular protist Euglena gracilis. These observations point to an ancient evolutionary role of cADPR as a calcium-releasing signal involved in the control of cell proliferation.
In vertebrates, cADPR has been identified in most tissues and two ADP-ribosyl cyclases, CD38 and BST-1, have been described so far: CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, while BST-1 is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Both are bifunctional ectoenzymes, catalyzing the synthesis and hydrolysis of cADPR at their ectocellular domain. The widespread tissue distribution of cADPR in mammals suggests a role for this nucleotide in calcium-controlled, tissue-specific cell functions, which include secretion, contraction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Indeed, extracellularly added cADPR has been demonstrated to release calcium from ryanodine-sensitive intracellular stores in a wide range of permeabilized cell types and to elicit tissue-specific functional responses in permeabilized P-pancreatic cells, smooth muscle myocytes and oocytes. cADPR has also been shown to increase cytokine-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation and to increase the depolarization-induced elevation of the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cerebellar neurons.
Recently, xe2x80x9cde novoxe2x80x9d expression of CD38 in CD38xe2x88x92 cells was demonstrated to induce a shortening of the cell cycle, an effect which was shown to be causally related to the intracellular production of cADPR and to the consequent increase of the [Ca2+]i. This observation suggests that cADPR may play a role in the regulation of cell cycle progression.
Currently, there is a need for improved methods and agents useful for promoting the proliferation of hemopoietic progenitor cells without cell differentiation. In particular there is a need for agents that are more potent or more stable to heat and degradation (e.g. enzymatic degradation) than known agents such as cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR). There is also a need for agents that are useful to mobilize intracellular calcium. As well as a need for agents that act as antagonists of cADPR and cADPR induced calcium release.
The present invention provides compounds and methods that are useful for promoting the proliferation of hemopoietic progenitor cells without cell differentiation. Accordingly, the invention provides a compound of formula I:
wherein:
A is xe2x80x94Nxe2x95x90, or xe2x80x94C(H)xe2x95x90;
D is xe2x80x94C(H)xe2x95x90;
R1 is hydrogen, amino, azido, or halo; and
each R2 is independently hydrogen, or a suitable photolabile caging group;
or a salt or a detectably labeled derivative thereof.
Certain compounds of formula I (e.g. compounds wherein R1 is hydrogen) may be particularly useful to mobilize intracellular calcium. Other compounds of the invention (e.g. compounds wherein R1 is amino, azido or halo) may be particularly useful as stable antagonists of cADPR and cADPR induced calcium release. Representative compounds of formula (I) (e.g. compounds wherein D is xe2x80x94C(H)xe2x95x90) have been found to be more stable to heat and degradation (e.g. enzymatic degradation) than corresponding cADPR analogs.
Additionally, the invention provides a method for promoting the proliferation of a hemopoietic progenitor cell comprising contacting the cell with a compound of the invention.
The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The invention also provides processes and intermediates disclosed herein that are useful for preparing compounds of the invention.
The invention also provides a method to antagonize cADPR induced calcium release in a cell comprising contacting the cell with a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method to promote the proliferation of a lymphocyte comprising contacting the lymphocyte with a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method to enhance the immune system of a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method to treat cancer comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment, an amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method to treat a disease where reduced immune system function is implicated and improved immune system function is desired comprising administering to a mammal in need of such therapy an amount of a formula (I) or a salt thereof.

Abstract: wherein A, D, R1, and R2 are as defined in the specification; or a salt or a detectably labeled derivative thereof. The invention also provides methods of using the compound of formula I or a salt or a detectably labeled derivative thereof for promoting the proliferation of hemopoietic progenitor cells without cell differentiation.


A triggerless back tension release for use with a bow string includes a handle portion including at least two finger grooves with a post extending substantially perpendicularly away from the handle portion; a two-link release head assembly secured to a free end of the post remote from the handle portion, the two-link release head including an intermediate link pivotably mounted on said post and a forward link pivotably mounted to said intermediate link; a rope loop having two free ends secured to the forward link; and a sear pivotably secured to the forward link, the sear having a hook adapted to receive the rope loop. The free ends of the rope loop are secured to the forward link at a location closely adjacent the hook and forward of the pivot axis, such that, when the rope loop is wrapped about a bow string and slipped over the hook, a gap between doubled-back strands of the rope between the bow string and the release head remains substantially constant or increases in a direction toward the bow string.

This invention relates to a bow string release and, more specifically, to a triggerless back-tension type release.
Various release devices are utilized in archery to assist the archer in pulling a bow string to a fully drawn position and then releasing the bow string to fire an arrow. Many of these devices include mechanical grippers that engage the bow string directly, or that engage nock elements mounted on the bow string. Other devices use rope looped about the bow string as the release mechanism with or without a mechanical trigger. In release devices of the latter kind, the looped rope is often subject to a twisting action as the archer draws the bow string due to a cocking or turning action of the archer""s wrist. This kind of twist or torque applied to the release rope can result in reduced arrow speed and accuracy.
Conventional triggerless back tension rope releases are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,694,915 and 5,965,884. In release aids of this type, it is simply a slight movement of the archer""s arm and/or hand, after the arrow is fully drawn, that causes the release of the rope loop from the rope loop hook on the sear, and the concurrent release of the bow string.
It is known to provide a sensitivity adjustment feature that permits adjustment of a xe2x80x9cpawlxe2x80x9d member that engages the sear to thereby change the degree of movement of the archer""s hand required to release the arrow. Increased sensitivity, however, increases the potential for accidental premature firing and/or the possibility of injury to the archer as is or her arm snaps back toward the face.
This invention relates to a triggerless back tension rope release that provides additional freedom of movement during draw by incorporating a two-link release head assembly, each link (a forward link and an intermediate link) freely pivotable about respective pivots relative to each other and to the release handle. The sear, formed with a rope loop hook, is pivotably mounted on the forward link while the pawl is adjustably fixed for movement with the intermediate link. This arrangement allows the archer to draw the bow, with the handle portion of the release assuming various positions and angles throughout the draw cycle, relative to the release head assembly but without affecting the relationship between the pawl and the sear. A locking mechanism is provided that includes mutually perpendicular drive and locking rods that can be actuated through a lever in the handle portion to lock the intermediate link of the release head in any desired position, but leaving the forward link that supports the sear free to swivel relative to its respective pivot axis, but with its arcuate range limited by the position of the intermediate link. In this locked position, the handle, intermediate link and pawl will move together relative to the sear. The arrow can then be released by the conventional movement or flexing of the hand and/or wrist that causes the pawl to move to a position that releases the sear for movement that concurrently causes the rope loop to disengage from the sear hook and the arrow to fire, under the influence of tension in the bow string.
The above described release head assembly and locking mechanism allows the archer to find the optimum draw position before locking the intermediate link, eliminating or at least significantly reducing any potential premature firing of the arrow.
It is another feature of the invention to fix the rope loop ends at a location on the forward link of the release head assembly that is closely adjacent and forward of the pivot pin of the sear, and more particularly, closely adjacent the rope loop hook on the sear. This arrangement insures that the release rope travels from its connection holes in the forward link in a straight line around the bow string and back to the sear hook, where the distance between the release rope lengths at the bow string is equal to or greater than the distance between the release rope lengths at the rope connection holes in the sear and the rope loop hook on the sear. In other words, the distance between the rope release lengths at the sear is substantially equal to or less than the diameter of the bow string. This insures that the bow string is maintained accurately in the exact same position of the release rope xe2x80x9ccradle, xe2x80x9d not allowing the bow string to slide or move to a varying positions, thereby maintaining a consistent amount of back tension travel to release the shot.
Thus, in accordance with one aspect, the invention relates to a triggerless back tension for use with a bow string, the release comprising a handle portion including at least two finger grooves with a post extending substantially perpendicularly away from the handle portion; a two-link release head assembly secured to a free end of the post remote from the handle portion, the two-link release head including an intermediate link pivotably mounted on the post and a forward link pivotably mounted to the intermediate link; a rope loop having two free ends secured to the forward link; and a sear pivotably secured to the forward link, the sear having a hook adapted to receive the rope loop.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a triggerless back tension release for use with a bow string, the release comprising a handle portion including at least two finger grips with a post extending substantially perpendicularly away from the handle portion; a release head assembly secured to a free end of the post, remote from the handle portion; a sear pivotably secured to the release head assembly for. rotation about a pivot axis, the sear having a hook at one end thereof; and a rope loop having two free ends secured to the release head at a location closely adjacent the hook and forward of the pivot axis, such that, when the rope loop is wrapped about a bow string and slipped over the hook a gap between doubled-back strands of the rope between the bow string and the release head remains substantially constant or increases in a direction toward said bow string.
In still another aspect, the invention relates to a triggerless back tension for use with a bow string, the release comprising a handle portion including at least two finger grooves wish a post extending substantially perpendicularly away from the handle portion; a two-link release head assembly secured to a free end of the post remote from the handle portion, the two-link release head including an intermediate link pivotably mounted on the post and a forward link pivotably mounted to the intermediate link; a rope loop having two free ends secured to the forward link; a sear pivotably secured to the forward link, the sear having a hook adapted to receive the rope loop; and means for selectively locking the intermediate link relative to the post.


A method, apparatus, and computer program product for detecting anomalies in a landing system. In one embodiment, a magnitude difference between a blended inertial deviation magnitude and a raw deviation magnitude is identified to form a magnitude difference. The magnitude difference is compared to a magnitude threshold. If the magnitude difference exceeds the magnitude threshold, an anomaly in the data is detected.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to processing data, in particular, to landing systems. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for detecting data anomalies in a landing system utilizing a global navigation satellite system.
2. Background
An autopilot is a system used to guide a vehicle, such as an airplane, with little or no intervention by a human. Autopilots typically rely on signals transmitted from a ground based station. These signals are used to determine the position of the vehicle with respect to other objects, such as the runway. The autopilot reads its position from a guidance system, such as an instrument landing system (ILS). The autopilot uses error reduction systems to identify and dissipate errors in the navigation information. Errors may occur due to problems such as loss of signal, beam bends, noise, multi-pathing, and oscillatory behavior occurring during over flight interference or fly-through events.
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) based landing systems (GLS) for aircraft are becoming more widespread as they offer improved accuracy in navigation for takeoff, landing, and autopilots.
GNSS is a navigation system that allows small receivers to determine their position with respect to the earth using signals transmitted from satellites. This system typically permits geo-spatial positioning with world wide coverage. GLS is a system that combines satellite and ground-based navigation information to provide aircraft positional information with respect to a pre-defined approach path during approach, landing and rollout.
A key issue with GLS is the expected failure modes and effects of failures in the GLS guidance system. It is anticipated that the most common failure mode for GLS is the total loss of signal from satellites for hundreds of seconds. Consequently, a GNSS/inertial coasting filter has been developed to provide continuity of service through these outages by continuing to provide inertially derived position information when the GLS guidance is unavailable.
The inertial coasting filter provides aircraft systems with a reliable backup form of guidance when the GLS guidance signals are unusable. The guidance system responds as rapidly as possible to switch to inertial guidance to prevent the inertially based deviations from becoming corrupted by the errors in the GLS signals.
Errors in GLS systems generally occur at a much lower frequency than errors associated with other guidance sources, such as instrument landing systems. However, GLS may experience discrete changes or steps in these steady state errors which occur in fault-free operation of the system as satellites rise and set.
The integrity of a GLS guidance system is frequently specified in terms of an alert limit. An alert limit is a limit on the maximum allowable GLS error on differentially corrected deviations transmitted without annunciation of the problem to the flight crew. However, current standards do not limit the dynamic behavior of the error when the error is within the alert limits. This poses a potential problem for the inertial coasting filter scheme which uses low-frequency information from the nominal GLS deviations to establish an accurate inertial reference.
ILS inertial coasting has a coasting duration limitation of approximately 20 seconds or less which allows adequate time for a backup station to come on line without requiring the approach to be aborted. However, given the potential total loss of GLS signal for hundreds of seconds, to allow an approach to be completed from the alert height in the presence of such failures, the GLS coasting duration must be expanded to 60 seconds or more. To accomplish this safely, more precise inertial coasting is required. Thus, there is a wider range of detrimental error rates for current GLS than ILS systems. For example, if the reference error on the GLS deviations increases at a low enough frequency, the errors will be incorporated into the blended solution via the inertial bias estimate, while the conflicting inertial low-frequency information is rejected. Such a corrupted inertial reference, over time, can lead to touchdown and rollout off the runway. Such problems lead to decreased safety for passengers.
Further complicating the problem is the fact that, due to the high probability of error steps occurring as a result of normal satellite configuration changes, such as during satellite rising and setting, these error events need to be differentiated from error events that require action to be taken to remove negative impact on the GLS auto-land performance. Thus, due to the differences between ILS and GLS, current anomaly detection methods used in ILS based systems cannot be safely and accurately used for anomaly detection in current GLS based navigation systems.
In other words, current GLS landing systems do not employ coast-skip reset filters or take full advantage of the continuity provided by coast-skip reset filters. To enable this, it would be desirable to detect a wide range of ramp errors which are not detectable by current state of the art anomaly detectors.

Method and apparatus for detecting anomalies in landing systems utilizing a global navigation satellite system


The invention relates to a textile reinforced membrane filter wherein the membrane filter material and the textile reinforcing material are made from synthetic polymers of the same substance class. A method for the production of the textile reinforced membrane filters where the first contact time between the filter solution film and the textile reinforcement material is maintained between 0.1 and 15 seconds.

A variety of polymeric materials is suitable for the manufacture of micro and ultraporous membrane filters having symmetrical or asymmetrical pore structures, particularly with the regenerating bath method.
Depending upon the manufacturing conditions and the respective polymer material, membrane filters are hydrophilic (water wettable without the use of a surface-active agent) or hydrophobic (not wettable). Hydrophilic membrane filters of aliphatic polyamide, such as PA 6.6 and PA 6 (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,876,738 and 4,340,479 and German Patent Specification 3028213) are of particular interest since they have high chemical and temperature resistance. It is important that the compounds forming the alipathic polyamides have safe toxicological qualities.
The manufacture of these membranes on a commercial scale is generally done in such a way, that a solution of the material forming the membrane, such as a solution of a polyamide in formic acid, that may contain a certain amount of a non-dissolving agent for the polymers is used. The resulting pourable solution is applied, often on a rotating drum, in the form of an endless film onto a backing, and fed into a regenerating bath, where the dissolved polymer is precipitated to form a membrane filter. The filter thus formed is thereafter removed, washed and dried in a continuous strip.
The regenerating bath may contain a certain amount of the same solvent that is used in the manufacture of the pourable solution. The difference in the manufacture of the pourable solution between the solvent material system and the regenerating bath system is that the regenerating bath contains more non-dissolving agents than the solvent system for the manufacture of the pourable solution to effect the precipitation of the membrane filter.
The membrane filters with an approximate thickness between 60 .mu.m and 200 .mu.m, are generally processed by cutting, rolling, pleating, and the like, for possible use in tube filters. The disadvantage of this processing is the lack of mechanical firmness. It is also known that membrane filters can expand when wetted with common solvents, such as water or alcohol.
Because of this characteristic it is known to reinforce membrane filters with mechanically strong, open-meshed, textile reinforcing material, into which the porous membrane filter matrix is imbedded. Spun yarn or staple fiber, or possibly woven or knitted cloth can be used as textile reinforcing material. Perforated foils (ductile foil) can also be used. Textile reinforcement for membranes of PA 6 and PA 6.6 is exclusively made of polyester, such as polyethylterephthalate, and polyolefins, such as polypropylene. There is literature describing the use of fibers of polyamides and aromatic polyamides (aramides), cellulose, such as paper, and regenerated cellulose, cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, such as glass fiber as reinforcing material for membranes of PA 6 and PA 6.6 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,479, EP0173500 and EP0096306). Accordingly, the material used for reinforcing membrane filters is generally a substance other than the material of the membrane filter.
It is generally known that the mechanical firmness of membrane filters can be increased and their expansion limited. However, the essential properties of the textile reinforced membrane filters are impaired. Polyolefin material, such as a polypropylene cloth, imbedded into a hydrophilic membrane filter matrix, reduces the frequently desired high processing temperature.
Textile reinforcing material of polyester is not hydrolytic at high pH levels and/or at high temperatures, so that such membrane filters, possibly of polyamides, cannot be used in alkaline media. Polyester reinforcing material is not resistant to a number of solvents, so that a certain amount of dissolved polyester is consequently filtered with the filtering media. This presents considerable problems in the foods and pharmaceutical industry.
Textile reinforcing material of polyolefins, such as polyethelene or polypropylene, has the disadvantage that it is not very temperature resistant, so that the favorable temperature resistance of the filter is reduced if such textile is imbedded into a polyamide membrane filter.
The object of the invention is to produce textile reinforced membrane filters that do not show any of the above described disadvantages of textile reinforced membrane filters of the prior art.

Textile reinforced membrane filter, method for manufacture and application


A menu displaying system and method having an icon for editing image data in an AV (Audio and Video) device, the AV device having a recording medium capable of storing image data and audio data, and which is capable of reproducing image data and audio data. The method comprises steps for displaying icons and additional information corresponding to the image data stored at the recording medium, selecting one of the icons displayed, and reproducing image data corresponding to the selected icon. A corresponding program stored at the AV device having a recording media such as a hard disc drive, is then reproduced upon a menu screen such that image data stored at the AV device can be easily observed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for displaying a menu. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for displaying a menu having an icon, provided when displaying image data stored upon a recording medium on a menu screen under GUI (Graphic User Interface) circumstances in an AV (Audio and Video) device, the AV device having a hard disc drive or a flash memory as the recording medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
Developments in image data digitization and condensation technologies have resulted in image recording/reproducing devices which are capable of reproducing image data stored upon an optical medium such as a CD-ROM or DVD title. These optical media do not deteriorate significantly even with long use, and can record high quality images and multichannel audio data (for example, 5.1 channel audio). An optical medium such as a DVD title, can record image data and audio data of file sizes up to hundreds of Mbytes and even as large as several Gbytes, and an image recording/reproducing device has been introduced which reproduces just the optical medium. The conventional image recording/reproducing device using an optical medium provides a basic function for reproducing an image data stored upon the optical medium. An OSD (On Screen Display) menu of an image recording/reproducing device can be provided and typically comprises a menu for setting an aspect ratio of a screen, for example, 4:3 and 16:9, when reproducing a DVD title, a menu for setting a format such as NTSC/PAL of image data to be transmitted to a display device such as a television connected with the image recording/reproducing device, and a menu for setting an output form such as Dolby digital and PCM for audio data. The menus are used to define how to reproduce image data or audio data stored at a DVD title or a CD-ROM title simply based on the MPEG-2 format, but if image data is stored upon a certain recording medium such as a flash ROM or a hard disc drive built into an AV device, it is difficult to recognize the content of the image data.
Accordingly, a need exists for a system and method for displaying a menu for easily recognizing image data content with respect to image data recorded in an image reproducing device which is capable of recording/reproducing digital image data.

Method and system for displaying a menu which has an icon and additional information corresponding to stored video data, wherein the icon can selectively display a still image and a video image of the video data with the additional information


The invention relates to a process for the protection of a load receiving plane, such as the platform of a handling pallet, as well as to a device for implementing the process. It will find an application most especially with the constructors of automatic handling equipment, such as automated palletizing installations.. The surface of the receiving plane (7) is covered with successive deposits of modular protective sheets (8, 10, 11 and 12) which overlap one another in varying degrees.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for protecting a load receiving plane such as, in particular, the platform of a handling pallet, as well as to a device for implementing the process. It will quite especially find an application with the manufacturers of automatic handling equipment, such as automated palletizing installations.
2. The Prior Art
In numerous industries, manufactured products are generally packed on pallets. This facilitates the handling operations as pallets can be manipulated conveniently with the help of fork lift trucks. Under these circumstances, lorries can be loaded and unloaded very quickly and the products can be stored in store rooms fitted with racks in which the loaded pallets are stowed.
There exist different formats of pallets used to suit as well as possible the dimensions and goods to be placed thereon. In practice, the dimensions range from formats of 800 mm.times.800 mm to 1,600 mm.times.1,600 mm.
Automatic palletizing installations are also known. Their role is to ensure the loading of the goods onto pallets via a processing line. For this purpose, the installations include a linear conveyor to supply empty pallets, and are supplied with the packages to be loaded onto the pallets.
By means of a system for gripping the packages, known to a man of the art, such as, for example, a vacuum sucker or other means, the packages are manipulated from a supply track to the platform of the pallet to be loaded. Once loading is completed, the pallet is directed by the linear conveyor to a store or a loading area. These installations make it possible to operate continuously and at fast rates.
However, certain more or less fragile goods cannot be loaded directly onto the platform of the pallet. The latter is, in fact, made up of nailed wooden boards having a rough appearance.
In addition, there can be nailing defects, in which case nail points are present on the surface. As a result, in certain applications, it is essential to cover the load receiving plane, and particularly the platforms of the pallets, with a protective screen, before depositing a load thereon. This protective screen is generally known in French as a `macule`, or protective sheet, and currently takes the form of a sheet of corrugated cardboard more or less adapted to the dimensions of the pallet by the warehouseman.
In automatic palletizing installations, the protective sheet is installed in a work station located upstream of the loading area. This operation is performed manually as, in addition to installation properly speaking on the platform of the pallet, it is also necessary to dimension the protective sheet.
Indeed, many automatic palletizing installations have cause to work on different pallet formats depending on the loads to be placed thereon. Under these conditions, an appropriate protective sheet has to be put in place on each pallet format. An operator is thus responsible for installing protection corresponding to the format of the pallets.
Not only is this operation costly as regards labour but it is also necessary to have different protective sheet formats available to meet different requirements. This being the case, a major shortcoming is encountered in automated palletizing installations capable of operating with different pallet formats in which the platforms have to be protected by a protective sheet.

Process for protecting a load receiving plane

Societe Anonyme: Cartonneries de la Lys-Ondulys


Process for the co-production of acetic acid and dimethyl ether by contacting methyl acetate and methanol in the presence of a catalyst containing a crystalline zeolite having a FER framework type. The zeolite has crystallites having a dimension of about 500 nm or less in the c-axis.

Zeolites are classified by the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association according to the rules of the IUPAC Commission on Zeolite Nomenclature. According to this classification, framework type zeolites for which a structure has been established are assigned a three letter code and are described in the Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, C. H. Baerlocher, L. B. Mccusker and D. H. Olson, 6th Revised Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007 and is also available at C. H. Baerlocher, L. B. Mccusker Database of Zeolite Structures: www.iza-online.org.
One known zeolite for which a structure has been established is the material designated as FER which is a crystalline aluminosilicate which consists of channels of 10-membered rings running parallel to the c-axis interconnected by channels of eight-membered rings running parallel to the b-axis and six-membered channels running parallel to the a-axis.
A number of zeolites having a FER framework type have been synthesised, including ferrierite and ZSM-35, for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,245 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,466. U.S. Pat. No. 4,016,245 describes a preparation for the zeolite ZSM-35 and its use in catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons. The zeolite has a composition expressed in terms of mole ratios of oxides (0.3-2.5)R2O:(0-0.8)M2O:Al2O3:>8 SiO2 wherein R is an organic nitrogen-containing cation and M is an alkali metal cation and is characterised by a specified X-ray powder diffraction pattern. U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,466 describes a process for converting hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst comprising a ZSM-35 crystalline aluminosilicate which serve to retard catalyst aging during the hydrocarbon conversion reaction.
Zeolites having the FER framework type have been found useful to catalyse the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether. The use of ferrierite in its hydrogen form to catalyse the dehydration of methanol is described, for example in the publications US 20090326281A, "Influence of catalytic functionalities of zeolites on product selectivities in methanol conversion" Seung-Chan Baek et al. Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23(2), pages 593-598 and "Determining an optimum catalyst for liquid-phase dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether" Khandan, N et al. Applied Catalysis: General, vol. 349, Issues 1-2, 31 Oct. 2008, pages 6-12.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,783 describes an improved process for the preparation of dimethyl ether via the dehydration of a water-containing methanol feed in the presence of a zeolite catalyst in which zeolite the hydrogen cations are partially replaced with metal ions of Groups IA, IIA, IB and IIB of the Periodic Table or ammonium ions.
Korean patent application, KR 2009131560A describes the preparation of dimethyl ether by dehydrating methanol at 200-350° C. and 1-50 atmospheres pressure in the presence of a ferrierite based catalyst or a catalyst obtained by the partial introduction of alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal ions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,783 describes a process in which acetic acid, methyl acetate, methanol, dimethyl ether and water are fed to a hydrolysis/dehydration reactor which contains an ester hydrolysis catalyst and an alcohol dehydration catalyst which can be the same or different. The alcohol dehydration catalyst can be selected from a solid acid, heteropolyacids, acidic zeolites, titania or silica promoted alumina, aluminium phosphate or tungsten oxide supported on silica-alumina. The ester hydrolysis catalyst can be selected from acidic ion-exchange resins, acidic gamma alumina, fluorinated alumina, sulphate or tungstate promoted zirconia, titania or silica promoted alumina, aluminium phosphate, tungsten oxide supported on silica-alumina, clays, supported mineral acids, zeolites or heteropolyacids. In an example reported in this US patent the nature of the catalyst is not identified.
WO 2011027105 describes the production of acetic acid and dimethyl ether from methanol and methyl acetate at a temperature of 140 to 250° C. in the presence of a zeolite catalyst. The zeolite has a 2-dimensional channel system comprising at least one channel having a 10-membered ring. The zeolites identified as being of this type include ferrierite, ZSM-35 and clinoptilolite.
WO 9408920 describes a process for the highly selective skeletal isomerisation of linear olefin-containing organic feeds wherein linear olefins are contacted with a catalyst comprising ZSM-35, preferably microcrystalline ZSM-35 having its largest crystal dimension no greater than 0.5 microns, under isomerisation conditions to produce iso-olefins of corresponding carbon number.
Typically, zeolites, including those having a FER framework type, experience a decline in catalytic activity with the duration of their use which typically results in a loss of productivity to the desired products. This deactivation of the catalyst necessitates costly and time consuming regeneration processes to restore activity to the catalyst. Thus, means for extending the useful life of such zeolite catalysts is an on-going commercial objective. Consequently, it would be highly desirable to retard the aging of catalysts comprising zeolites having a FER framework type during their use in simultaneous dehydration-hydrolysis reactions of alcohols and esters, and in particular during their use in the conversion of methyl acetate and methanol by dehydration-hydrolysis to co-produce acetic acid and dimethyl ether.

Dehydration-hydrolysis processes and catalysts therefor


A method and apparatus for designating and handling irrevocable transaction is herein described. In response to detecting an irrevocable event, such as an I/O operation, a user-defined irrevocable designation, and a dynamic failure profile, a transaction is designated as irrevocable. In response to designating a transaction as irrevocable, Single Owner Read Locks (SORLs) are acquired for previous and subsequent reads in the irrevocably designated transaction to ensure the transaction is able to complete without modification to locations read from, while permitting remote resources to load from those locations to continue execution.

Advances in semi-conductor processing and logic design have permitted an increase in the amount of logic that may be present on integrated circuit devices. As a result, computer system configurations have evolved from a single or multiple integrated circuits in a system to multiple cores and multiple logical processors present on individual integrated circuits. A processor or integrated circuit typically comprises a single processor die, where the processor die may include any number of cores or logical processors.
The ever increasing number of cores and logical processors on integrated circuits enables more software threads to be executed. However, the increase in the number of software threads that may be executed simultaneously have created problems with synchronizing accesses to shared data. One common solution to accessing shared data in multiple core or multiple logical processor systems comprises the use of locks to guarantee mutual exclusion across multiple accesses to shared data. However, the ever increasing ability to execute multiple software threads potentially results in false contention and a serialization of execution.
For example, consider a hash table holding shared data. With a lock system, a programmer may lock the entire hash table, allowing one thread to access the entire hash table. However, throughput and performance of other threads is potentially adversely affected, as they are unable to access any entries in the hash table, until the lock is released. Alternatively, each entry in the hash table may be locked. However, this increases programming complexity, as programmers have to account for more locks within a hash table.
Another data synchronization technique includes the use of transactional memory (TM). Often transactional execution includes speculatively executing a grouping of a plurality of micro-operations, operations, or instructions. In the example above, both threads execute within the hash table, and their accesses are monitored/tracked. If both threads access/alter the same entry, one of the transactions may be aborted to resolve the conflict.
However, speculative transactional execution usually relies on the ability to undo speculative transactional updates in response to aborting the transaction. Yet, some operations, such as I/O operations, are difficult to roll-back or undo. As a result, typically, when an I/O event or operations is detected in a transaction, the transaction is aborted to execute non-speculatively, potentially wasting previous execution cycles within the transaction.


Disclosed are techniques for more accurately estimating the pose of a camera used to capture a three-dimensional scene. Accuracy is enhanced by leveraging three-dimensional object priors extracted from a large-scale three-dimensional shape database. This allows existing feature matching techniques to be augmented by generic three-dimensional object priors, thereby providing robust information about object orientations across multiple images or frames. More specifically, the three-dimensional object priors provide a unit that is easier and more reliably tracked between images than a single feature point. By adding object pose estimates across images, drift is reduced and the resulting visual odometry techniques are more robust and accurate. This eliminates the need for three-dimensional object templates that are specifically generated for the imaged object, training data obtained for a specific environment, and other tedious preprocessing steps. Entire object classes identified in a three-dimensional shape database can be used to train an object detector.

In the field of computer vision, "visual odometry" refers to the process of inferring the pose of a camera by analyzing a collection of images captured using the camera. As used herein, the "pose" of a camera refers to the location and orientation of the camera. A typical visual odometry application will involve estimating a series of camera poses from a set of point correspondences identified in image pairs that depict a three-dimensional scene. In some cases the camera poses are estimated using two-dimensional imagery, while in other cases a more accurate estimate can be achieved by using a three-dimensional template to register image pairs. In either case, the analyzed images may comprise, for example, a collection unorganized still images, frames extracted from a video recording, or some combination thereof. Algorithms used to perform visual odometry are often referred to as Structure from Motion (SFM) or Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms. Computationally efficient and accurate visual odometry algorithms are valuable because they enable a wide range of applications such as three-dimensional image-based modeling and rendering, video stabilization, panorama stitching, video augmentation, vision-based robot navigation, and human-computer interaction. For example, in filmmaking SFM algorithms enable match moving techniques that allow computer-generated imagery (CGI) to be seamlessly integrated into live-action footage with correct position, scale, orientation, and motion.


A method of producing transformed Gramineae comprising making a wound in a seedling in an area of the seedling containing rapidly dividing cells and inoculating the wound with vir.sup.+ Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Also, this same method wherein the vir.sup.+ A. tumefaciens contains a vector comprising genetically-engineered T-DNA. There are further provided a transformed pollen grain of a Gramineae, a pollen grain of a Gramineae produced by a plant grown from a seedling infected with vir.sup.+ A. tumefaciens, a pollen grain of a Gramineae produced by a plant grown from a seedling infected with vir.sup.+ A. tumefaciens containing a vector comprising genetically-engineered T-DNA, a pollen grain of a Gramineae whose cells contain a segment of T-DNA, and Gramineae derived from each of these pollen grains. There are also provided a transformed Gramineae plant, a transformed Gramineae plant derived from a seedling infected with vir.sup.+ Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a transformed Gramineae plant derived from a seedling infected with vir.sup.+ A. tumefaciens containing a vector comprising genetically-engineered T-DNA and a Gramineae plant whose cells contain a segment of T-DNA. Finally, there are provided transformed Gramineae derived from seedlings infected with vir.sup.+ Agrobacterium tumefaciens and transformed Gramineae derived from seedlings infected with vir.sup.+ A. tumefaciens containing a vector comprising genetically-engineered T-DNA.

Virulent strains of the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens are known to infect dicotyledonous plants and to elicit a neoplastic response in these plants. The tumor-inducing agent in the bacterium is a plasmid that functions by transferring some of its DNA into its host plant's cells where it is integrated into the chromosomes of the host plant's cells. This plasmid is called the Ti plasmid, and the virulence of the various strains of A. tumefaciens is determined in part by the vir region of the Ti plasmid which is responsible for mobilization and transfer of the T-DNA. The T-DNA section is delimited by two 23-base-pair repeats designated right border and left border, respectively. Any genetic information placed between these two border sequences may be mobilized and delivered to a susceptible host. Once incorporated into a chromosome, the T-DNA genes behave like normal dominant plant genes. They are stably maintained, expressed and sexually transmitted by transformed plants, and they are inherited in normal Mendelian fashion.
The lump of plant tumor tissue that grows in an undifferentiated way at the site of the A. tumefaciens infection is called a crown gall. Cells of crown gall tumors induced by A. tumefaciens synthesize unusual amino acids called opines. Different strains of A. tumefaciens direct the synthesis of different opines by the crown gall cells, and the particular opine induced is a characteristic of the strain which infected the plant. Further, the ability to catabolize the particular opine induced by a given strain is also characteristic of that strain.
Opines are not normally synthesized by A. tumefaciens or by the uninfected host plants. Although it is the T-DNA which codes for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the opines, the opine synthases, these genes are expressed only in infected plant tissue. This type of expression is consistent with the observation that these genes are under the control of eukaryotic regulatory sequences on the T-DNA.
The most common opines are octopine and nopaline. The opine synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of octopine is lysopine dehydrogenase, and the opine synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of nopaline is nopaline dehydrogenase.
When crown gall cells are put into culture, they grow to form a callus culture even in media devoid of the plant hormones that must be added to induce normal plant cells to grow in culture. A callus culture is a disorganized mass of relatively undifferentiated plant cells. This ability of crown gall cells to grow in hormone-free media is also attributable to the presence of the T-DNA in the transformed host plant cells since genes which direct the synthesis of phyto-hormone are also associated with the T-DNA.
A DNA segment foreign to the A. tumefaciens and to the host plant which is inserted into the T-DNA by genetic manipulation will also be transferred to host plant's cells by A. tumefaciens. Thus, the Ti plasmid can be used as a vector for the genetic engineering of host plants. Although, in wild type A. tumefaciens there is only one Ti plasmid per bacterium, in genetically-engineered A. tumefaciens, the vir region and the T-DNA do not have to be carried on the same Ti plasmid for transfer of the T-DNA to occur. The vir region and the T-DNA can be carried on separate plasmids contained within the same Agrobacterium.
It has generally been assumed that the host range of A. tumefaciens was limited to the dicotyledons, and that transformation of monocotyledons could not be effected with this bacterium. Indeed, no one has reported the transformation of any member of the monocotyledonous Gramineae family by infection with A. tumefaciens.
However, recently, Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al., in Nature, 311, 763 (1984), reported the production of small swellings at wound sites infected with A. tumefaciens on monocotyledons of the Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae families. Opines were detected in plant cells taken from the wound sites of the infected plants.
Also, Hernalsteens et al. reported in The EMBO Journal, 3, 3039 (1984) that cultured stem fragments of the monocotyledon Asparagus officinalis, a member of the family Liliaceae, infected with A. tumefaciens strain C58 developed tumorous proliferations. One of these tumorous proliferations could be propagated on hormone-free medium, and opines were detected in the established callus culture derived from this tumorous proliferation.
In 1982, Anne C. F. Graves reported in her Ph.D. Dissertation entitled "Some Tumorigenic Activities of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens (Smith and Town) Conn." (Bowling Green State University) that irregular masses of tissue developed on gladiolus discs in response to inoculations with A. tumefaciens C58N and B6. These masses of tissue appeared to be the same as, and have cellular morphology similar to, those that develop on potato tuber discs. Gladiolus is a member of the monocotyledonous Iridaceae family. A compound that co-migrated with the octopine standard during electrophoresis was found in the proliferations on the gladiolus discs that were induced by strain B6, and one that migrated just behind the octopine standard occurred in those induced by C58N. Also, octopine dehydrogenase was found in extracts of the cellular proliferations induced by A. tumefaciens B6 but not in those induced by A. tumefaciens C58N.
Dr. Graves also described the response of certain other monocots to inoculation with A. tumefaciens. No cellular proliferation was observed on ginger root rhizome discs, and the results with tulip bulb discs were inconclusive. Cellular proliferations on discs of the rhizomes of cattail and skunk cabbage were limited to several layers of clear cells at the ends of vascular bundles in the early spring.
DeCleene and DeLey in The Botanical Review, 42, 389 (1976) reported the results of an extensive study of the plant host range of A. tumefaciens. Their article teaches that monocots of the orders Liliales and Arales are susceptible to infection with A. tumefaciens but that monocotyledons in general are unsusceptible to A. tumefaciens infection. In particular, their article reports that the Gramineae tested were not susceptible to infection with A. tumefaciens. Susceptibility to A. tumefaciens infection was determined by whether a swelling or tumor developed at the wound site.
Lorz et al. in Mol. Gen. Genet., 199, 178 (1985), Fromm et al in Nature, 319, 791 (1986) and Portrykus et al. in Mol. Gen. Genet, 199, 183 (1985) have reported the transformation of Gramineae by direct gene transfer to protoplasts. Protoplasts are plant cells from which the cell wall has been removed by digestion with enzymes. Lorz et al. transformed protoplasts of Triticum monococcum using a DNA construct containing the nopaline synthase promotor and the polyadenylation regulatory signal of the octopine synthase gene. Fromm et al discloses that the electroporation-mediated transfer of plasmid pCaMVNEO (comprising the cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S promoter, the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene from the transposon Tn5 and the nopaline synthase 3' region) into maize protoplasts results in stably-transformed maize cells that are resistant to kanamycin.
To obtain transformed plants from the transformed cells generated using either the infection techniques of Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al., Hernalsteens et al., Graves and DeCleene and DeLey or the direct gene transfer techniques of Lorz et al., Fromm et al. and Portrykus et al., the plants would have to be regenerated from protoplasts or single cell cultures. However, no one has yet been able to regenerate plants from protoplasts or single cell cultures of the Gramineae. Indeed, no means of producing transformed plants or other transformed differentiated organs or tissues of the Gramineae is currently known, and no method yet exists for transforming the Gramineae in a manner which allows for the expression of exogenous DNA in agriculturally important forms or parts of the Gramineae such as seeds, pollen, ears or plants.
Finally, PCT International Publication No. WO 86/00931 (Simpson et al.) published Feb. 13, 1986, teaches in vivo methods for transforming and regenerating intact plants. This patent application discloses that the methods of the invention can be used for the transformation of any plant that forms a shooty tumor following infection with an A. tumefaciens shooty mutant strain. However, as noted above, the Gramineae are not known to produce tumors or even swellings in response to inoculation with A. tumefaciens. In the practice of the present invention, no tumors, swellings or cellular proliferations of any kind have been observed on the Gramineae in response to inoculation with A. tumefaciens.

Process for transforming gramineae and the products thereof


A vehicle security system for securing a vehicle against theft, the system comprising, a driving function disablement component configured to bias against a moveable vehicle component, thereby to disable a driving function when biased, a remotely operable transducer configured to maintain or release biasing in the driving function disablement component, and a wireless handheld transceiver configured to transmit a wireless drive-activating signal to operate the transducer.

Mechanical vehicular locking devices that lock a manually operated vehicle component provide some form of physical impediment to the normal operation of the vehicle.
The mechanical steering-wheel locking crosspiece, for example, comprises a lockable crosspiece that is manually biased and locked against a vehicle steering wheel. One end of the crosspiece typically extends outward of the steering wheel so that upon rotation, the end contacts a surface associated with the vehicle passenger cabin, thereby preventing full rotation of the steering wheel.
Other locking crosspieces that bias and lock against manually operated vehicle components include, inter alia, crosspieces that bias against a gearshift and a handbrake lever.
The locking crosspiece is simple to use, can be implemented on a wide variety of vehicle brands, can be purchased off-the-shelf and deployed without intervention of a vehicle mechanic. Additionally, the locking crosspiece is easily spotted through the vehicle windows, thereby acting as a visual deterrent to a would-be vehicle thief. Electronic immobilizers that are not visible, for example, may not provide a deterrent until the thief has already entered the vehicle; often following damage to the vehicle door locks and/or windows.
The locking crosspiece, however, has a significant drawback in that it is typically unlocked using a simple key, making the vehicle an easy theft target by an experienced thief with a lock-pick.
Further, the locking crosspiece is a stand-alone device that the operator may choose to deploy without activating a secondary device, for example a device that electronically disables an electronic vehicle-enabling component, for example a barking system, a fuel pump or total vehicle immobilizer. Without such secondary activation, the vehicle becomes an easy and tempting target to a would-be vehicle thief.
Additionally, the locking crosspiece requires a separate key to lock and unlock. Finding the crosspiece key in a purse, pocket or on a ring of keys can be a nuisance that may deter the vehicle operator from using the steering wheel crosspiece lock altogether. In general it is unusual for users to be prepared to use both an immobilizer and a physical lock together. Those who have an immobilizer do not make use of an additional physical lock because of the additional bother.

Universal electronic immobilizing for a vehicle