An engine control apparatus includes a first intake valve and a second intake valve provided along an intake passage. First and second actuators drive the respective throttle valves. A setting unit sets a vehicle target speed in the constant cruising speed control mode. A first control unit controls the first actuator so as to maintain the actual vehicle speed at the target speed during the constant cruising speed control mode. An angle sensor detects the angle of the first throttle valve. A mode memory stores information about a plurality of control modes to be used in controlling the second throttle valve. A mode selector selects one of the control modes. Each control mode stored in the mode memory defines the target angle of the second throttle valve that depends on the angle of the first throttle valve. In accordance with the control mode selected by the mode selector, a second control unit controls the second actuator in such a way that the angle of the second throttle valve becomes the target angle determined in accordance with the first throttle valve angle. The control apparatus includes a regulator unit for regulating the first and/or the second control units, so as to control the first throttle valve in accordance with the control mode specified for the constant cruising speed control mode, while the constant speed control mode is in progress.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an engine equipped with two throttle valves along its air intake passage. More particularly, this invention relates to an engine control apparatus, which regulates one throttle valve to permit a vehicle to move at constant speed, even when the driver is not stepping on the accelerator pedal, and which regulate the other throttle valve in order to control the engine power.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-167429 discloses an engine having two throttle valves disposed along its air intake passage. The angle of the first throttle valve is mechanically controlled in relation to the amount of manipulation or thrusting of the accelerator pedal. The angle of the second throttle valve is controlled in relation to the amount of manipulation of the actuator. The conventional control apparatus disclosed in this publication adjusts the angle of the second throttle valve, in order to control the engine power. The control apparatus has characteristic control maps of different patterns to determine the second throttle valve angle as a function of the first throttle valve angle.
When the slip ratio, which is computed based on the numbers of rotations of the drive wheel and driven wheel, exceeds a predetermined value, or falls below it, the control apparatus refers to the engine power control maps to reduce the second throttle valve angle. As a result, the opening of the air intake passage at the second throttle valve is reduced, to prevent the wheels from slipping. Thereafter, the control apparatus sequentially changes control maps, in order to gradually to set the second throttle valve angle back to the original angle.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2-124329 also discloses an engine having two throttle valves disposed along its air intake passage. In this conventional embodiment, the first throttle valve is driven by the actuator as well as by the accelerator pedal. The control of the constant cruising speed of a vehicle is performed by controlling the first throttle valve angle, while the engine power is controlled by adjusting the second throttle valve angle.
However, the conventional control devices which select one of the different control modes (characteristic control maps), based on the second throttle valve angle that is associated with the first throttle valve angle, in order to control the second throttle valve, have the following shortcomings. If the first throttle valve is regulated to maintain the constant cruising speed of the vehicle, sufficient engine torque might not be reached at the time the vehicle is set in the constant cruising speed mode, thus causing the vehicle speed to exceed or not to reach the target value. This phenomenon will be referred to as "overshooting or under shooting the target valve. There are two possible causes for this phenomenon. One cause is that the first throttle valve angle that is required to maintain a specific constant speed varies with the different control modes. Another cause is that the conventional control devices do not take into consideration the control mode of the second throttle valve, in setting the initial angle of the first throttle valve, at the onset of the constant cruising speed mode.
The overshooting and undershooting phenomenon will be described in more detail referring to FIGS. 2 through 4.
The method for determining the angle of the second throttle valve will be explained using the graph in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows a two-coordinate system, where the abscissa represents the angle of the first throttle valve, and the ordinate represents the total equivalent throttle angle. The total equivalent throttle angle means the equivalent valve angle when the first and second throttle valves are replaced with a single throttle valve. Normally, the equivalent valve angle is closer to the smaller one of the two valve angles. For instance, when the first throttle valve angle is 20.degree. and the second throttle valve angle is 50.degree., the total throttle equivalent angle is approximately 20.degree..
In the control mode (A) illustrated by the broken line in FIG. 2, the second throttle valve will have a smaller angle than that of the first throttle valve. In the control mode (B) illustrated by the solid line in FIG. 2, the second throttle valve angle is nearly proportional to the angle of the first throttle valve. Even if a certain total equivalent throttle angle were sought, the required angle of the first throttle valve varies with the control modes. For example, when the total equivalent throttle angle of x.degree. is sought, the required first throttle valve angle is a.degree. in the control mode (A), and b.degree. in the control mode (B).
The relationship between the first throttle valve angle and the engine torque in individual control modes will now be explained using the graph in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows a two-dimensional coordinate system, where the abscissa represents the angle of the first throttle valve, and the ordinate represents the engine torque. The broken line in FIG. 3 represents the control mode (A) for the second throttle valve, and the solid line represents the control mode (B). If a certain engine torque were sought, the required first throttle valve angle varies with the control modes. For example, when the engine torque of "Q" is sought, the required first throttle valve angle is a.degree. in control mode (A), and b.degree. in control mode (B). The graph illustrates that the engine torque for the given first throttle valve angle differs with the control modes. For example, with the first throttle valve angle of x.degree., the engine torque is Qa in the control mode (A), and Qb (Qa<Qb) in the control mode (B).
A change in the vehicle speed at the time the constant cruising speed starts, will be described referring to FIGS. 4A through 4D. Each diagram includes a graph showing the relationship between time and the vehicle speed, and a graph showing the relationship between time and the manipulation amount of the actuator for driving the first throttle valve. The actuator manipulation amount means the angle by which the actuator rotates to control the first throttle valve angle to a predetermined valve. The actuator manipulation amounts A.degree. and B.degree. shown in these four diagrams respectively correspond to the first throttle valve angles a.degree. and b.degree. in FIG. 2.
In FIGS. 4A and 4B, the actuator manipulation amount for use in constant cruising speed is determined on the premise that the second throttle valve is always regulated in the control mode (A). In FIGS. 4C and 4D, the actuator manipulation amount is determined on the premise that the second throttle valve is always regulated in the control mode (B). In those four figures, it is assumed that the target value of the vehicle speed in the constant cruising speed is the same, and that the engine torque needed to keep the target vehicle speed is "Q", as indicated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 4B illustrates the case where the actuator manipulation amount (or the first throttle valve angle) is set on the premise that the second throttle valve is regulated in the control mode (A), and where the second throttle valve is actually regulated in this control mode (A). When the constant cruising speed is set at time t1, the control apparatus considers the vehicle speed at that time, as the target vehicle speed for the constant cruising speed. Further, the control apparatus sets the actuator manipulation amount to A.degree., in order to provide the first throttle valve angle a.degree. needed to acquire a predetermined engine torque (Q) in the control mode (A). In this case, as the engine torque becomes "Q", no overshooting or undershooting of the vehicle speed occurs, and the real vehicle speed increases or decreases so as to stabilize at the target vehicle speed.
FIG. 4A illustrates the case where the actuator manipulation amount is set on the premise that the second throttle valve is regulated in the control mode (A), but the second throttle valve is actually controlled in control mode (B). After the constant cruising speed is set at time t1, the vehicle speed overshoots the target speed.
The conventional control devices do not account for the control mode of the second throttle valve, for controlling the constant cruising speed. Therefore, when the constant cruising speed is set at time t1, the initial actuator manipulation amount is set to A.degree., in order to set the engine torque to "Q", although the second throttle valve is actually controlled in the control mode (B). However, as the second throttle valve is actually controlled in the control mode (B), the engine torque becomes Qa', such that Qa' is greater than Q, as shown in FIG. 3. Thus, the real vehicle speed overshoots the target vehicle speed, and the actuator manipulation amount gradually decreases toward B.degree. through a conventional constant cruising speed feedback system. As shown in FIG. 3, the actuator manipulation amount B.degree. corresponds to the torque Q.
FIG. 4D illustrates the case where the actuator manipulation amount (or the first throttle valve angle) is set on the premise that the second throttle valve is regulated in the control mode (B), and where the second throttle valve is actually regulated in this control mode (B). When the constant cruising speed is set at time t1, the control apparatus considers the vehicle speed at that time as the target vehicle speed for the constant cruising speed. Further, the control apparatus sets the actuator manipulation amount to B.degree., to provide the first throttle valve angle b.degree. that is needed for the engine to generate a predetermined engine torque (Q) in the control mode (B). In this case, as the engine torque actually becomes "Q", the real vehicle speed reaches the target vehicle speed, without overshooting or undershooting it.
FIG. 4C illustrates the case where the actuator manipulation amount is set on the premise that the second throttle valve is regulated in the control mode (B), but where the second throttle valve is actually regulated in the control mode (A). In this case, the vehicle speed undershoots the target speed, after the constant cruising speed is set at time t1.
As mentioned earlier, the conventional control devices do not take into consideration the control mode for the second throttle valve when controlling the constant cruising speed. Therefore, when the constant cruising speed is set at time t1, the initial actuator manipulation amount is set to B.degree. to set the engine torque to "Q", although the second throttle valve is actually regulated in the control mode (A). However, the second throttle valve is actually regulated in the control mode (A), and, as shown in FIG. 3, the engine torque becomes Qb', which is smaller than Q. Thus, the real vehicle speed undershoots the target vehicle speed, and, as shown in FIG. 4C, the actuator manipulation amount gradually decreases after temporarily exceeding the predetermined valve, and converges toward A.degree. through a conventional constant cruising speed feedback system. The actuator manipulation amount A.degree. corresponds to the torque Q.
Briefly, the conventional methods do not attach significant importance to the control mode for the second throttle valve in regulating the constant cruising speed of the vehicle. In other words, the initial actuator manipulation amount (i.e., the initial first throttle valve angle) will always be accorded exclusive or higher priority in association with the selected control mode. When the actual initial manipulation amount differs from the initial manipulation amount, which corresponds to the control mode that is used in the constant cruising speed, the vehicle speed could overshoot or undershoot the target speed.


A heat transfer sheet including a dye carrying layer containing a dye which is migrated by heating to be transferred onto an image-receiving material laminated on a substrate film. The dye carrying layer contains a dye-permeative release agent including a modified silicone type compound and/or a phosphoric acid ester type surfactant.

This invention relates to a heat transfer sheet, more particularly, a heat transfer sheet which is useful in a heat transfer system by use of a sublimable dye (heat migratable dye), excellent in releasability between the dye carrying layer (the dye carrying layer is a layer comprising a dye and a binder; hereinafter called merely as dye layer) and the image-receiving material, and can give a mono-color or full-color image with excellent image density.
As the method capable of giving excellent mono-color or full-color image simply and at high speed in place of general letter printing method or printing method of the prior art, the ink jet system or the heat transfer system have been developed. Among them, as the system capable of giving a full-color image comparable with color photography having excellent continuous tone gradation, the so called sublimation heat transfer system by use of a sublimable dye is superior.
As the heat transfer sheet to be used in the above sublimation type heat transfer system, one having a dye layer containing a sublimable dye formed on one surface of a substrate film such as polyester film, while on the other hand, having a heat-resistant layer provided on the other surface of the substrate film for prevention of sticking of the thermal head, has been generally used.
By superposing the dye layer surface of such a heat transfer sheet on an image-receiving material having an image-receiving layer comprising a polyester resin, etc. and heating imagewise the heat transfer sheet from the back surface thereof with a thermal head, the dye in the dye layer is migrated onto the image-receiving material to form a desired image.
In the heat transfer system as described above, since a very high speed heat transfer is demanded, heating with thermal head is effected for a very short time (msec unit), whereby a high temperature is required for the thermal head.
As the result, when the temperature of the thermal head is elevated, the binder forming the dye layer is softened and sticks to the image-receiving material, whereby there occurs the inconvenience that the heat transfer sheet and the image-receiving material are adhered together, further causing in an extreme case a problem that the dye layer is peeled off during peeling of them to be transferred as such onto the image-receiving material surface.
In the prior art, for avoiding the above problem, there has been proposed a technique to form a curable silicone film separately on the surface of the dye layer (for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 209195/1986). However, in this method, when a curable silicone composition is coated on the dye layer, the solvent component in said composition attacks the dye layer, whereby the problem occurs that the dye is liable to be precipitated on the surface. Also, it is technically difficult to form a curable silicone film with a uniform thickness on the dye layer surface, and coating irregularity is liable to occur inevitably, which may consequently be a factor to cause sensitivity irregularity or formation irregularity of the image.
On the other hand, in the prior art, it has been also proposed to incorporate various release agents such as silicone polymers comprising perfluoroalkylated ester straight or branched alkyl or aryl siloxane units of straight alkyl or polyethyleneoxides or waxes (for example Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 208994/1987). However, according to the knowledge of the present inventor, these release agents are not also necessarily satisfactory in improving releasability during heat transfer.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a heat transfer sheet which can give an image of excellent quality without causing such problems as mentioned above.


Embodiments disclose a trim part comprising an airbag system for the interior of a motor vehicle. The trim part comprises a carrier, on which an airbag module is disposed. A joint is formed at least in sections between the carrier and the airbag module. A primary connecting element, which includes an adhesive, is disposed within the joint so that the primary connecting element is non-detachably connected both to the carrier and the airbag module. The trim part further comprises at least one secondary connecting element for temporarily fixing the airbag module to the carrier before the non-detachable connection between the carrier and the airbag module is created by the primary connecting element. Embodiments further disclose a method for the production of the trim part.

In modern vehicles, it is customary to provide a plurality of airbags. So as not to tarnish the visual appearance of the vehicle interior, airbag systems are frequently provided on the side of the respective trim part which faces away from the observer. Because enormous forces act both on the interior trim part and on the airbag system itself in the event the airbag is triggered, the airbag system must be securely fastened to the interior trim part. This prevents, among other things, the airbag system from being blasted off the interior trim part, for example.
Prior systems, for example, would screw the airbag system to the interior trim part. To withstand the forces that arise, both the screws and the threads must be made of metal. The problem, however, is that since interior trim parts are generally made of plastic material, at least one of the connecting elements must be integrated into the plastic material of the interior trim part.
DE 10 160 185 B4 discloses an interior trim part and a method for the production thereof in which an insertion element is integrated into the interior trim part during an injection molding process. The insertion element comprises a thread to which an airbag system can later be fastened.
DE 10 2014 006 070 A1 discloses an airbag system made of plastic material that is connected to an interior trim part made of the same plastic material, for example, using an ultrasonic or infrared welding method. This system includes various drawbacks, however. For example, this method can only be carried out on the finished interior trim part. The high heat input, however, has a particularly disadvantageous effect on the decorative elements that have already been applied. The high heat input regularly causes marks on the visible side of the interior trim part, which result in damage of the part.
Furthermore, these welding methods require the plastic material of the airbag system and of the interior trim part to be partially melted in regions to establish a connection between the two components. This partial melting, however, inevitably changes the properties of the plastic material, with the possibility of drastically lowering in particular the mechanical load-bearing capacity of the plastic material.


A data cache memory coupled to a processor including processor clusters are adapted to operate simultaneously on scalar and vectorial data by providing data locations in the data cache memory for storing data for processing. The data locations are accessed either in a scalar mode or in a vectorial mode. This is done by explicitly mapping the data locations that are scalar and the data locations that are vectorial.

There is an increasing demand for microprocessor architectures adapted to meet the requirements of various multimedia processing tasks and algorithms. The quest for increasing performance levels, however, needs to cope with the need of limiting power consumption and code size growth.
Vectorial and/or SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) architectures are thus used in applications with massive data parallelism, while VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) architectures are optimal for applications with high instruction parallelism.
The multi-dimensional microprocessor described in U.S. published patent application no. 2005/0283587 is exemplary of a microprocessor with SIMD/vectorial capabilities based on a VLIW machine. As mentioned in this description, an example of architecture for digital media processing was introduced by Intel with their MXP5800/MXP5400 processor architecture. A multi-dimensional microprocessor architecture improves significantly over this more conventional architecture. For instance, in the MXP5800/MXP5400 architecture, processors require an external PC-based host processor for downloading microcode, register configuration, register initialization, and interrupt servicing. Conversely, in a multi-dimensional microprocessor architecture this task is allotted to one computational unit for each column.
Moreover, if compared against the case of a multi-dimensional microprocessor, the basic computational block in the MXP5800/MXP5400 processors is inevitably more complex. It includes five programming elements and each of these has its own registers and its own instruction memory. This entails a significant area size and large power consumption, particularly because a power management unit is not used to power down inactive Processing Elements (PEs).
One of the key problems to address in these architectures to take advantage of data parallelism is to properly handle access to the data. Optimizing access turns out to be a difficult task in that a processor having a high computational power requires access to the data cache to be optimized. Generally, this problem is addressed by resorting to two different approaches, namely a single data cache shared by all clusters (i.e., a Shared Memory or SM) with an address space which is similarly shared; and equipping each cluster with a dedicated cache (i.e., a Distributed Memory or DM).
If the choice is made to equip each individual cluster with a cache of its own (DM) by correspondingly allowing each cluster to address the data locally, access efficiency to the data is maximized. Each cluster will access the data in its cache without interfering with any other accesses. Compilation of the computational section is, at least notionally, simplified while rendering it more complex for the programmer to control the program flow and generating problems in terms of cache coherence. For this reason a much more complex memory architecture may be required at a higher level. The program flow of instructions is only one single if a cluster accesses certain data, with all the other clusters doing the same.
Moreover, the DM approach is not an optimum one from the viewpoint of properly exploiting the cache memory. The clusters will not all be simultaneously active, and in those parts of the program where, e.g., a single cluster is active, a major portion of the memory will be unavailable. Another disadvantage is that the presence of separate caches makes it necessary to duplicate a large amount of data (constants, tables, etc.). The main processor may need to write or read data in the memory space reserved to other clusters. Additionally, an ad hoc data exchange mechanism will be required for initialization purposes or communication between the clusters.
Additionally, one needs to take into account that further, non-negligible traffic and a fairly complex cache architecture will be required to ensure the coherence of the data in a plurality of caches. Conversely, if a single centralized cache is adopted (SM), each cluster needs to be able to access its data via a single data path, which will inevitably become a system bottleneck. Moreover, while enabling the programmer to see the data accessed by each individual cluster, thus permitting a better control of the program flow, the presence of a single address space necessitates explicit access to each single data item.

Method and arrangement for cache memory management, related processor architecture


A pressure relief panel assembly for protecting a building against over-pressure caused by explosion. The assembly has a panel pivotally connected to a frame and held by a calibrated magnet and striker set which releases when a predetermined over-pressure occurs. A cable restraint attached to a shock absorber, or a linkage of two arms attached to a shock absorber, limits the extent to which the panel can blow open. A spring mounted on one of the arms catches the other arm when the panel has blown open, preventing the panels from reclosing and thereby preventing implosion damage to the building. Alternatively, or additionally, the panel, after opening, may be held partly open by a stop bar which pivots to prevent the panel from fully closing, to prevent implosion damage to the building after the explosion.

In buildings such as laboratories, testing facilities and manufacturing plants in which explosions or other sources of high pressure build-up may occur, it is conventional to incorporate in the roof and/or walls of the buildings, panels that will blow-out to relieve over-pressures which may occur inside the building. This is necessary to prevent the building from collapsing and to minimize injury to persons inside the building.
Blow-out panels have in the past been retained by mechanical devices such as shear bolts which are designed to break under a predetermined load and allow the panel to blow-out. In this type of system it has been difficult to adjust accurately the pressure at which a particular panel will blow-out. In addition, as the system ages and corrodes, the pressure at which blow-out will occur tends to change. Further, when a panel has blown-out, part or all of the panel or at least the shear bolts are destroyed and must be replaced.
Accordingly, the assignee of the present invention, C/S Construction Specialties Limited of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada has developed a new pressure relief panel arrangement in which a calibrated magnet and striker set is used to hold the panel closed. The magnet has a maximum holding force substantially exceeding the known force to which it is subjected at the predetermined blow-open pressure, and at least one non-magnetic shim is used of thickness selected to reduce the magnet holding force to the known force. This system is described in Canadian patent 1,241,517 issued Sep. 6, 1988 entitled "PRESSURE RELIEF PANELS AND LOUVERS".
It has been discovered during tests of the system described in the above Canadian patent, that when an explosion occurs in a building protected by the panels, the panels blow open rapidly but may then tend to re-close quickly due to implosive forces which occur immediately after an explosion. Specifically, super heated gases which are created during an explosion rapidly cool and contract immediately after the explosion. This contraction causes an "implosive" or vacuum type condition which draws the panels closed. The resultant forces, if not addressed, are transferred to the building's structure and, depending on their magnitude, may cause considerable damage.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an arrangement and method in which, after a pivotally connected blow-open panel has been blown open at least to a predetermined extent, the panel is then held partly open to reduce the likelihood of implosion damage in the building being protected.

Pressure relief panel hold open apparatus and method


A pressure-controlled injector for injection systems for injecting fuel that is at high pressure into combustion chambers of internal combustion engines. A 3/2-way valve body is provided, which communicates with an inlet for fuel from a high-pressure collection chamber (common rail). The nozzle chamber of a nozzle needle can also be acted upon by fuel at high pressure. The stroke motion of the nozzle needle can be achieved via a hydraulic control chamber that can be pressure-relieved via a control line that has an externally actuatable control element.

1. Field of the Invention
In injection systems for direct-injection internal combustion engines, nozzles can be used in which, depending on the stroke length of the nozzle needle in the injector body, a certain number of openings on the nozzle needle tip, which delivers the fuel that is at high pressure to the combustion chambers, are opened or closed. Depending on the vertical position of the nozzle needle in the injector body surrounding it, in lesser quantity a fuel that is at high pressure, depending on the openings that are opened or closed, is injected into the combustion chamber during the preinjection phase, or a greater injection quantity is injected during the main injection phase.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In injection systems for direct-injection internal combustion engines, a preinjection phase and the ensuing main injection phase can be achieved by means of a different vertical stroke length of the nozzle needle in the injector body surrounding it. In injection nozzles whose nozzle needle has a number of bores or openings, some of these openings can be closed by part of the injector body housing by means of how a partial stroke length is set, and after a total stroke of the nozzle needle has been executed relative to the injector body can be opened again, so that upon completion of the total stroke length, all the openings of the nozzle needle tip are opened, and to all these openings, fuel that is at extremely high pressure can be injected into the combustion chambers of an internal combustion engine. Thus during the main injection phase, the nozzle needle can be brought into a vertical stroke position in which fuel reaches the combustion chamber of an engine through all the openings, while on the other hand a partial stroke can also be established in which during the preinjection phase a lesser injection quantity is injected into the combustion chambers of the engine.
To establish the partial stroke length, a stop is required, which keeps the nozzle needle in the injector body, in the position in the valve housing that maintains the partial stroke, during the preinjection phase. A stop realized by mechanical means is exposed to major stresses on material that can lead to premature wear. Premature wear of a mechanical stop face means that an axial play of the nozzle needle will ensue. This can lead to fluctuations in the injection quantity to be injected into the various combustion chambers of the engine, but this injection quantity is defined with extreme precision in the context of a preinjection phase. Fluctuations in the fuel quantity to be injected impair the metering accuracy of an injection nozzle. The wear that occurs can also cause premature failure of the entire injection nozzle unit.
With the version proposed by the invention for creating a hydraulic stop, on the one hand an essentially wear-free adjustment of a partial stroke length of the nozzle needle can be attained, and on the other, by an external opening of the control element that brings about the partial stroke position, the instant when the axial stroke length that defines the partial stroke of the nozzle needle is cancelled can be selected freely.
With the externally actuatable control element provided according to the invention, a flexible adjustment of a graduated opening of a register nozzle can be provided, so that depending on the different degree of openingxe2x80x94dictated by the axial stroke position of the nozzle needlexe2x80x94a controlled uncovering of the openings at the nozzle tip of the nozzle needle can occur.
The external actuation of the control element that accomplishes and defines the partial stroke adjustment of the nozzle needle makes it possible to choose the instant of the partial stroke adjustment of the nozzle needle and also makes it possible to use a 3/2-way control valve for common rail applications, on the control parts of which a vertical motion can be impressed by way of the stressing or unstressing of an outlet-side control part by means of an attendant pressure drop in the control chamber.

Pressure-controlled injector with vario-register injection nozzle


A sledding system having a track installed on a ski slope in the summer has U-shaped track sections with a flat bottom and substantially upright sides which serve to retain a driver controlled sled sliding on the track. Braking is provided by extendable side brakes which engage the upright sides.

The present invention is directed to a downhill sledding system and more specifically to a system which is utilized in the summer where a track is installed on the ski slope and a driver controlled sled is ridden down the track.
A sledding system as above is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,517, issued Jan. 7, 1975 and assigned to Demag Company of Germany. That patent discloses a concave shaped track meandering down a mountain side and a sled which slidably engages the track on slide elements mounted on the sled. The sled includes a seat for the driver and a lever which when actuated engages a centrally located brake to make braking contact with the bottom of the track under the sled.
Another type of sled now being used by Alpine Slide Corporation of Manchester Center, Vermont uses track sections similar to that shown in the Demag patent but has a modified sled. Specifically, the sled rides on four low friction plastic pads, two located near the front of the sled and two located near the rear. In addition, there are four braking pads located fore and aft of the driver's seat and a pair of wheels located in front of the front pair of braking pads. A centrally located control lever has three positions. In a neutral position the sled glides on its four gliding pads. In a forward position the wheels are extended partially disengaging the gliding pads in order to allow the sled to accelerate. Finally, in a pulled back position the lever, of course, retracts the wheels since it has gone through its neutral position and the four brake pads are extended down toward the bottom of the track for slowing the sled. U.S. Pat. No. 3,973,785, assigned to Demag illustrates the foregoing.
A somewhat similar sled as the Alpine slide is shown in a Wiegand German patent publication No. 2,515,994 dated Oct. 21, 1976.
Yet another sledding system is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,908,556 in the name of R. Stuhmer dated Sept. 30, 1965 and entitled "Sledding System". This patent in essence discloses a simulated bobsled track, since the sled is substantially similar thereto, where the track has lateral side barriers.
With all of the above foregoing systems the thrill of the downhill ride is, of course, enhanced by more curves at higher speeds. With a concave track it is apparent that, as in a bobsled run, some sleds will veer off the track while under the control of an inexperienced driver. In addition, even if this is not the case after a curve is rounded a sled may have a feeling of instability.


The independent claims of this patent signify a concise description of the embodiments. Disclosed is technology for reducing transistor degradations by annealing through heat generated by anti-punch-through implants of the transistors. A first and second electrically conductive pillars are disposed on top a well hosting the transistors. A voltage applied across the first and second pillars enable the anti-punch-through implants to generate heat for the annealing process.

Highly reliable and radiation tolerant electronic devices have become more and more important for automobile, Internet-Of-Thing and space applications. Electronic devices, such as transistors, can degrade in performance after operating for a period of time.
Transistors degrade mostly due to trapping of carriers (i.e., electrons and hole) and atomic bond ruptures in the gate dielectrics of the transistors. Such degradations are usually reversible. The damages can be repaired by annealing the transistors under high temperatures. A micro-heater can be built in close proximity to the transistors to raise the local temperature of the transistors for a short time. The temperatures of the transistors can be raised for a period of time that is enough to repair the damages in the transistors and not cause damages to other parts of the integrated circuit chip. Therefore, periodic on-chip annealing of transistors will extend their lifetime.
Fin field-effect transistors (finFETs) comprise a narrow source-channel-drain region in a fin-shaped structure on a substrate and a gate over the channel. Activation of the gate, source, and drain facilitates current drivability in the channel between the source and the drain. The demand for increased density of transistors in integrated circuit chips requires reducing the channel length of finFETs. If the channel length is reduced to be shorter than an operational limit, undesirable results such as short channel effects (e.g., source-to-drain leakage and drain-induced barrier lowering) can happen. Highly doped anti-punch-through implants under the fins of the finFETs can reduce such short-channel effects. Anti-punch-through implants are formed by ion implantation through the fins or other methods.
Current flowing through resistors, such as the anti-punch-through implants, encounters resistance, and some electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy. The heat generated is directly proportional to the current. Lower resistance results in higher current and increased generation of heat.
It would be advantageous to find ways to reduce degradation in transistors and extend their life by annealing the transistors with heat generated from on-chip anti-punch-through implants.

On-chip heating and self-annealing in FinFETs with anti-punch-through implants


A method and system for efficient voice transmission over internet protocol networks is provided. A first node detects a next node, and a channel is created between the first node and the next node. A first packet is received at the first node and the protocol of the first packet is detected. The first packet is merged with a second packet having the same protocol as the first packet, and the merged first packet and second packet are transmitted to the next node via the channel.

The invention relates in general to packet networks, and in particular to a method and system for efficient transmission of voice and data over internet protocol networks.
Wireless communication networks provide the ability for one or more wireless or mobile nodes (generically "mobile units") to communicate with other mobile units or other nodes connected to wireless and/or wired networks. There are generally two types of wireless communication networks: circuit-switched and packet-switched.
Circuit-switched wireless communication networks typically include one or more Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) for connecting to other switching centers and other networks, including the landline Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Typical call control protocols in a circuit-switched network include ISUP (ISDN User Part) and Feature Group D.
Packet-switched wireless communication networks typically include a plurality of call servers and Media Gateways (MGs). SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control) are examples of call control protocols used in a packet-switched network.
The current approach to introducing packet based (e.g. Internet Protocol) multimedia services for wireless communication networks such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is to define an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). IMS includes a plurality of IP-connected network entities using packet-switched services. These network entities provide IP Multimedia features and services using such vehicles as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for call control.
However, the current methods for transmitting multi-media services over packet-switched networks still do not provide the quality of service that users have come to expect from circuit-switched networks. It is desired to increase the quality of service of packet-switched networks and other networks similarly configured.


An optical layered body including a substrate layer, and an optically anisotropic layer containing at least one liquid crystal cured layer, wherein a light transmittance of the substrate layer at a wavelength of 390 nm is 1% or less, and an in-plane retardation Re0(450) at a wavelength 450 nm before the optical layered body is exposed to the xenon lamp, an in-plane retardation Re0(550) at a wavelength 550 nm before the optical layered body is exposed to the xenon lamp, an in-plane retardation Re300(450) at the wavelength 450 nm after the optical layered body was exposed to the xenon lamp for 300 hours, and an in-plane retardation Re300(550) at the wavelength 550 nm after the optical layered body was exposed to the xenon lamp for 300 hours satisfy the following formulae (1) and (2):0.95≤Re300(450)/Re0(450)≤1.05  (1),0.95≤Re300(550)/Re0(550)≤1.05  (2).

Most of automatic teller machines (ATMs) of financial institutions; automatic vending machines; and digital information equipment such as mobile phones, personal digital assistances (PDAs), digital audio players, portable game machines, and car navigation systems have image display devices, and these image display devices often have touch panels as input units. Particularly, smartphones with touch panels are becoming more popular as mobile phones. Such a touch panel usually has a film sensor member including a transparent substrate and a transparent electroconductive layer formed on the substrate (Patent Literatures 1 and 2).
Examples of known types of the touch panel include an electrostatic capacitive type, an optical type, an ultrasonic type, an electromagnetic induction type, and a resistive film type. Of these, the electrostatic capacitive touch panels, which are used as input units by detecting a change in a capacitance between the tip of a finger and a transparent electroconductive layer are currently mainly used together with the resistive touch panels. Particularly, devices called tablet PCs are generally equipped with capacitive touch panels. As substrates of film sensor members for capacitive touch panel, glass substrates are widely used in prior art. Recently, however, the use of resin films is being studied in consideration of the thickness and flexibility of substrates.
Further, image display devices generally have optical films such as λ/4 plates and λ/2 plates. Such optical films and image display devices have heretofore been studied in various ways (see Patent Literatures 3 to 18).

Optical laminate, circularly polarizing plate, touch panel, and image display device


The object of the invention is to provide a mold that is capable of high-precision, stable patterning, and improved in terms of handleability as well, and a manufacturing method thereof. The mold of the invention has a pattern-formation surface defined by one surface, wherein the pattern-formation layer has a projection-and-depression structure area for patterning, and a base surface defined by another surface. At least the pattern-formation layer and the base surface each comprise a polydimethylsiloxane layer. Given a low-molecular-weight siloxane of a cyclic structure represented by [—Si(CH3)2O—]k where k is an integer of 3 to 20 inclusive, the polydimethylsiloxane layer positioned on the pattern-formation layer comprises a high-content polydimethylsiloxane layer containing the low-molecular-weight siloxane in a larger amount, and the polydimethylsiloxane layer positioned on the base surface comprises a low-content polydimethylsiloxane layer containing the low-molecular-weight siloxane in a smaller amount.

The present invention relates to a mold for the formation of any desired pattern (such as lines and graphic patterns) on workpieces, and a manufacturing method thereof.
So far, there has been a pattern-formation process known in the art, in which a fluid material such as polydimethylsiloxanes is cast onto a master template, and let be cured there to prepare a mold having a fine stereoscopic structure, and this mold is used to form a fine pattern of the micro- or nano-order on a workpiece such as a resinous material by means of microcontact printing or imprinting (JP(A) 2002-353436).
A problem with such mold manufacturing has been, however, that the mold peeled off the master template has handling difficulty in later steps such as an inspection step because of its extreme softness.
This handling problem could be overcome if, after the casting of polydimethylsiloxane or other suitable material onto the master template, the material is cured while a support substrate is engaged with it to form a mold on that support substrate. However, this has led to another problem that the polydimethylsiloxane or other suitable material remains sticking to the support substrate in the curing stage, rendering the peeling of the support substrate off the mold difficult.
With conventional molds prepared using polydimethyl-siloxane or other suitable material, there has also been a problem that when patterning is implemented with the mold held abutting on a silicon-containing substrate such a glass, quartz, or silicon substrate, or when the mold is placed and stored on that silicon-containing substrate for an extended period of time, it remains sticking to the silicon-containing substrate, offering a problem with handleability and stability.


Disclosed are a connecting apparatus, an electronic apparatus and a control method thereof, the connecting apparatus, including: at least one connecting unit connectable to an outside device; a wireless-communicating unit which transmits or receives a wireless signal to or from an electronic apparatus; and a controller which receives information related to the outside device if the outside device is connected to the connecting unit, and which controls the wireless-communicating unit which outputs the information related to the outside device to the electronic apparatus through the wireless-communicating unit.

1. Field of the Invention
Methods and apparatuses consistent with the present invention relate to a connecting apparatus, an electronic apparatus and a control method thereof, which communicate with each other by using a wireless network.
2. Description of the Related Art
An electronic apparatus such as a TV or the like has been developed to be connected with an outside device like a video player, a DVD player, a MP3 player, a set-top box and the like for various operations in addition to watching broadcasting programs. Generally, when the outside device is operated, the electronic apparatus connected to the outside device receives a replaying signal from the outside device and outputs an image and/or a sound corresponding to the replaying signal.
In particular, as various outside devices connectable to the electronic apparatus have been developed to meet supply for more various operations, the electronic apparatus needs to include more connecting ports to be connected to the outside devices. However, many connecting ports may result in an unsatisfactory external appearance. Accordingly, for the reason of the external appearance, a built-in structure, etc., the electronic apparatus tends to reduce the number of connecting ports thereof.
Thus, there has been increasing demand for an electronic apparatus that can replay and control an outside device—indirectly connected thereto and can output an image and/or a sound corresponding to a replaying signal when the outside device is replayed, without an additional connecting port.
In addition, when a user inputs a control signal to the electronic apparatus to control the outside device, the electronic apparatus reads information on the outside device such as an apparatus type, a stored content, a device manufacturer, and the like and then controls the outside device based on the read information. Accordingly, there has been increasing requests for an electronic apparatus that can reduce the processing consumption time from input of the user to control of the outside device so as to increase a user's convenience.

Connecting apparatus, electronic apparatus and control method thereof


The present application relates to compounds and methods for the modulation (e.g., inhibition) of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and/or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO/TDO), and methods of treating diseases and disorders in which IDO/TDO plays a role. The present application provides compounds of Formula (I) or (II):

The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (also known as INDO or IDO) degrades the indole moiety of tryptophan, serotonin, and melatonin, and initiates the production of neuroactive and immunoregulatory metabolites, collectively known as kynurenines. By locally depleting tryptophan and increasing proapoptotic kynurenines, IDO can greatly affect T-cell proliferation and survival. IDO induction could be a common mechanism of deletional tolerance driven by regulatory T cells. These responses are expected to operate in a variety of physiopathological conditions.
IDO has been shown to play a role in immunosuppression, tumor resistance and/or rejection, chronic infections, HIV-infection, AIDS (including its manifestations such as cachexia, dementia and diarrhea), autoimmune diseases or disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis), and immunologic tolerance and prevention of fetal rejection in utero. Inhibitors of IDO can be used to activate T cells and therefore enhance T cell activation when the T cells are suppressed by pregnancy, malignancy, or a virus such as HIV. Inhibition of IDO may also be an important treatment strategy for patients with neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases or disorders such as depression. Accordingly, therapeutic agents aimed at suppression of tryptophan degradation by inhibiting IDO activity are desirable. The compounds, compositions, and methods described in the present application address the current need for IDO inhibitors.

Fused imidazole derivatives as IDO/TDO inhibitors


Provided is a production method of a synthetic intermediate for a heterocyclic compound having a renin inhibitory activity and useful as a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for diabetic nephropathy, hypertension and the like. A production method of a compound represented by the formula (III-1a), the formula (III-1b), the formula (III-1c) and/or the formula (III-1d);

A heterocyclic compound represented by the following formula having a superior renin inhibitory activity and useful as a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for diabetic nephropathy, hypertension and the like is disclosed in patent document 1.
wherein each symbol is as described in patent document 1.
Patent document 1 discloses the following method as a production method of a synthetic intermediate for the above-mentioned heterocyclic compound.

In the above-mentioned method, chiral dicarboxylic acid monoester ((−)-BMPA) is synthesized from acid anhydride (BANC), and then carboxylic acid (BAPC) is obtained via conversion to Z-protected amine by Curtius rearrangement of carboxylic acid and hydrolysis, and amidation by a condensation reaction with amine (morpholine) is performed to synthesize a heterocyclic amide compound (BMPC).
In addition, patent document 2 discloses a production method of a compound useful as a synthetic intermediate for the above-mentioned heterocyclic compound.
wherein each symbol is as described in patent document 2.
In the above-mentioned method, a chiral dicarboxylic acid monoester compound represented by the formula (VIIa) or (VIIb) is produced from acid anhydride represented by the formula (VI) in the presence of chiral amine, which is then reacted with amine (R1-NH—R2) to perform amidation, whereby a heterocyclic amide compound represented by the formula (VIII) is produced.

Method for producing heterocyclic compound

Abstract: wherein each symbol is as described in DESCRIPTION, or a salt thereof, including reacting a compound represented by the formula (Ia) or (Ib):

Abstract: wherein each symbol is as described in DESCRIPTION, or a salt thereof with a compound represented by the formula (II):

Abstract: wherein each symbol is as described in DESCRIPTION, or a salt thereof, in the presence of an aluminum compound and a chiral amine compound.


A rear opening of a housing 1 is covered by a first plate member portion 35 of a member 4. Heat generating elements 26 and 31 are mounted on a second plate member portions 36 of the member 4, which are elongated from the first plate member portion 35 and which are positioned in the housing 1, thereby causing the back face of the first plate member portion 35 to face the outside of the housing 1. A support rail attaching portion 38 is disposed on the back face. The first plate member portion 35 is grounded via a DIN rail 34 attached to the portion. Even when the housing is configured by a resin, therefore, heat generated by the heat generating elements in the housing can be efficiently discharged to the outside of the housing, with the result that an electronic device of excellent heat radiating properties is obtained.

The present invention relates to an electronic device which comprises a heat generating element in a housing, such as a power source device, a timer, or a temperature adjuster, also to a panel device in which plural such electronic devices (a concept including all such as an electric apparatus and an electronic apparatus) are usually accommodated in a same panel with the object of control, monitor, or the like, and also to a support rail which is used for supporting such an electronic device in such a panel in a juxtaposed state, such as a DIN rail.
As an electronic device which comprises a heat generating element in a housing, for example, known is a power source device such as a switching power source. The power source device incorporates a heat generating element such as a switching transistor or a rectifying diode in a housing. In such a power source device of the conventional art, a housing is configured by a material which is inferior in heat radiating property than a metal, such as a resin. The device incorporates a heat generating element and a heat radiating member which radiates heat generated by the heat generating element, in the housing. The heat radiated from the heat radiating member is discharged to the outside through a large number of heat radiating slit holes which are formed in a side portion of the housing.
In a power source device of another conventional art example, a housing may be configured by a material which is superior in heat radiating property, such as a metal. A heat radiating member is placed in the housing, and heat from the heat radiating member is conducted also to the housing, thereby improving the heat radiation efficiency.
(Technical Problems that the Invention is to Solve)
In the former power source device, however, the periphery of the heat radiating member is covered by the housing made of a resin which is a material having inferior heat radiating properties, and hence there is a problem in that, even when many heat radiating slit holes are formed in the housing, heat of the heat radiating member is hardly dissipated to the outside of the housing, thereby impairing the heat radiating properties of the device.
By contrast, in the latter power source device, the side portion of the housing is configured by a metal which is a material having superior heat radiating properties. Therefore, the device is superior in heat radiating property than the former device. Since the housing material is a metal, however, an insulation distance from the housing must be set to be relatively large so as to prevent an electronic component in the housing from being in contact with the housing. Therefore, the latter power source device has a problem in that, even in the case of a power source of a small capacity, the size of the housing is large and hence the device cannot be made compact and is heavy, with the result that it is very difficult to handle the device.
It is a common object of the invention to provide an electronic device in which, even when a housing is configured by a material such as a resin which is inferior in heat radiating property than a metal, heat generated by a heat generating element in the housing can be efficiently discharged to the outside of the housing, and which therefore has excellent heat radiating properties.
(Solving Method and Effects Superior than Conventional Art)
In order to attain the object, a first feature of the invention is an electronic device comprising: a housing; a first metal member having portions which face to an inside and an outside of the housing, respectively, and attached directly or indirectly to the housing; and a heat generating element which is attached to the portion of the first metal member, the portion facing the inside of the housing.
According to the first feature, even when the housing is configured by a resin which is inferior in heat radiating property, for example, heat generated by the heat generating element attached to the portion of the first metal member facing the inside of the housing is easily radiated to the outside of the housing through the portion of the first metal member facing the outside of the housing. Therefore, the electronic device has excellent heat radiating properties.
A second feature of the invention is an electronic device comprising: a housing; a first metal member facing an outside of the housing; a second metal member which is formed integrally with the first metal member, or coupled to the first metal member directly or via another metal member, and which is located in the housing; and a heat generating element which is attached to the second metal member.
According to the second feature, even when the housing is configured by a resin which is inferior in heat radiating property, for example, heat generated by the heat generating element attached to the second metal member is conducted from the second metal member to the first metal member. Since the first metal member faces to the outside of the housing, the generated heat is easily radiated to the outside of the housing. Therefore, the electronic device has excellent heat radiating properties.
A third feature of the invention is an electronic device in which the electronic device of the second feature is configured so that the second metal member is elongated into the housing, and the heat generating element is attached to an elongated portion.
According to the third feature, when the elongated portion is arbitrarily elongated, the attaching position of the heat generating element can be freely set, so that an electronic component in the housing can be placed in a very easy manner or the degree of freedom in design is improved. On the other hand, since the elongated portion is coupled to the first metal member facing the outside of the housing, heat generated by the heat generating element can be easily radiated to the outside. Therefore, the electronic device has excellent heat radiating properties.
A fourth feature of the invention is an electronic device in which the electronic device of any one of the first to third features is configured so that a rear portion of the housing is opened, and the rear opening of the housing is covered with the first metal member.
According to the fourth feature, a metal member having a large area can be used as the first metal member, and hence heat generated by the heat generating element can be easily conducted to the outside. Therefore, an electronic device of further excellent heat radiating properties can be obtained.
A fifth feature is an electronic device in which the electronic device of any one of the first to fourth features is configured so that a support member attaching portion is disposed in a portion of the first metal member facing the outside of the housing.
According to the fifth feature, since the support member attaching portion is disposed in a portion of the first metal member facing the outside of the housing, the device can be used for attaching a support member.
A sixth feature is an electronic device in which the electronic device of the fifth feature is configured so that the support member attaching portion can be grounded through a support member attached to the support member attaching portion.
According to the sixth feature, when the device is attached to the support member, the member can perform a shielding function against electrical noises generated from an internal electronic component.
A seventh feature is an electronic device having: a housing in which a rear portion is opened, and which has a terminal block attaching hole in a front side; and device configuring members which can be incorporated into the housing through the housing rear opening, the device configuring members including at least: a circuit board on which the terminal block is mounted; a heat generating element; and a metal member, the circuit board being accommodated in the housing so that, under the incorporated state, the terminal block positionally corresponds to the terminal block attaching hole in the front side of the housing, the metal member serving under the incorporated state as a covering member for the housing rear opening, the heat generating element being attached to at least a portion of the metal member which is located in the housing.
According to the seventh feature, in addition to the effect of heat radiating properties due to the metal member, assembling of the device is completed only by accommodating the device configuring member through the housing rear opening. Therefore, assembling is easy, and also the time period required for assembling is shortened. Since the metal member serves as a covering member for the rear opening of the housing, moreover, the device itself can be made compact.
An eighth feature of the invention is an electronic device in which the electronic device of the seventh feature is configured so that, under an integrated state in which the circuit board is attached to the metal member, the device configuring member can be accommodated into the housing through the housing rear opening.
According to the eighth feature, assembling of the device configuring members themselves has been already completed, and hence assembling of the device configuring members into the housing is further simplified.
A ninth feature is an electronic device having: a housing in which a rear portion is opened, and which has a terminal block attaching hole in a front side; and device configuring members which can be incorporated into the housing through the housing rear opening, the device configuring members including at least: a circuit board on which the terminal block is mounted; a heat generating element; and first and second metal members, the circuit board being accommodated in the housing so that, under the incorporated state, the terminal block positionally corresponds to the terminal block attaching hole in the front side of the housing, the first metal member serving under the incorporated state as a covering member for the housing rear opening, the second metal member being formed integrally with the first metal member, or coupled to the first metal member directly or via another metal member, the heat generating element being attached to the second metal member, the second metal member being located in the housing under the incorporated state.
According to the ninth feature, in addition to the effect of heat radiating properties due to the metal members, assembling of the power source device is completed only by accommodating the device configuring members through the housing rear opening. Therefore, assembling is easy, and also the time period required for assembling is shortened. Since the first metal member serves as a covering member for the rear opening of the housing, moreover, the device itself can be made compact.
A tenth feature of the invention is an electronic device in which the electronic device of the ninth feature is configured so that, under an integrated state in which the circuit board is attached to at least one of the first or second metal member, the device configuring members can be accommodated into the housing through the housing rear opening.
According to the tenth feature, assembling of the device configuring members themselves has been already completed, and hence assembling of the device configuring members into the housing is further simplified.
An eleventh feature is an electronic device in which the electronic device of the ninth or tenth feature is configured so that the circuit board includes first and second circuit boards which are respectively located and accommodated in front and rear sides of the housing so as to be separated from each other in parallel with or in substantially parallel with each other, the terminal block is mounted on the first circuit board, an electronic component constituting a noise filter circuit is mounted on the first circuit board, and an electronic component generating electrical noises is mounted on the second circuit board.
According to the eleventh feature, the first circuit board and the second circuit board are separated by a distance in the housing. Even when noises generated from the electric noise generating electronic component mounted on the second circuit board try to be transmitted through the air, therefore, the noises are blocked by the first circuit board. As a result, the possibility that the noises enter the terminal block mounted on the first circuit board is lowered. Therefore, the electronic device has excellent noise resistance.
A twelfth feature is an electronic device which has a heat generating element in a housing, and in which a rear portion of the housing is supported by a support rail made of a metal, wherein a heat generating element attaching member is placed so as to face a rear opening of the housing, the heat generating element attaching member or the heat generating element is enabled to be directly or indirectly in contact with the support rail under a state where the support rail is attached to the opening, and the contact allows heat generated by the heat generating element to be radiated to a side of the support rail.
According to the twelfth feature, heat radiation can be performed through the support rail. Even when the housing is configured by a material such as a resin which is inferior in heat radiating property than a metal, therefore, heat generated by the heat generating element in the housing can be efficiently discharged to the outside of the housing, and the electronic device has excellent noise resistance. Furthermore, the support rail is sufficiently wide and long, and has sufficient heat radiating properties. Consequently, it is not required to dispose a heat radiating plate or the like in the housing, and hence the device can be further miniaturized.
A thirteenth feature is a panel device in which one or more of the electronic device of claim 12 is accommodated in a panel under a state where the device is supported by a support rail, the support rail has a cavity, and a heat discharging gas is enabled to be introduced from an outside of the panel into the cavity and then discharged to the outside of the panel.
According to the thirteenth feature, when the support rail is passed through the panel, the cavity allows, for example, the outside air serving as the heat discharging gas to be introduced from an inlet on one side of the cavity of the support rail, and the outside air is discharged from an outlet on another side of the cavity. In the discharge of the outside air, heat of the heat generating element in the electronic device is conducted to the air in the cavity of the support rail, and the cavity air to which the heat is conducted is discharged to the outside. Therefore, the heat radiation efficiency with respect to the head generated by the heat generating element is excellent. Since it is not required to form a suction port in the panel, the air itself in the panel is isolated from the outside. Unlike the conventional art, consequently, air is not sucked together with dust through a suction port into the panel, and the air in the panel is not contaminated. Moreover, the support rail can be easily cooled, and hence its heat radiation efficiency can be enhanced more easily. Since a suction port is made unnecessary, the panel can be hermetically sealed so as to attain good waterproofness.
A fourteenth feature is a support rail for supporting an electronic device which has a heat generating element inside a housing, wherein the support rail has a cavity which passes through the support rail from one end side to another end side, and a structure in which heat conducted from the heat generating element is discharged by a gas that flows into from the one end side of the cavity and then flows out from the other end side.
According to the fourteenth feature, a structure is obtained in which heat conducted from the heat generating element is discharged via the cavity which passes through from one end side to the other end side, by a gas which flows into from the one end side of the cavity and then flows out from the other end side. Therefore, it is possible to attain the same effects as the panel device which uses the support rail.
A fifteenth feature is a support rail in which the support rail of the fourteenth feature is configured so that heat radiating fins are disposed in the cavity.
According to the fifteenth feature, since heat radiating fins are disposed in the cavity, it is possible to attain the effect that the heat radiation efficiency can be further enhanced.
In the metal members described above, a metal is used as a constituting material. The metal members are not restricted to those which are thoroughly configured by a metal. Also a member which partly contains a material other than a metal, or that which is integrated or connected with a material other than a metal is included in the invention.
The attachment of the heat generating element to the second metal member has a broad meaning including all cases where a portion of the heat generating element other than leads is attached by screws, bonded by using an adhesive agent, or closely contacted by applying a pressing force by using a plate spring, and where the heat generating element is attached to the second metal member by other means in a manner that heat radiation is enabled.

Electronic device, panel device, and supporting rail


Frozen concentrated milk is prepared by introducing a concentrated milk, such as a concentrated whole or skim milk, into the barrel of an apparatus for extrusion of a product which contains at least one screw which is rotated for transport of the concentrated milk through the apparatus barrel for extrusion of product through an extrusion apparatus product exit die, and during the transport of the concentrated milk through the extrusion apparatus, the concentrated milk is cooled to a temperature of equal to or lower than -8.degree. C. to obtain, from the exit die, frozen concentrated milk.

The present invention relates to processing concentrated milk, such as a whole or skim milk concentrated by evaporation or other means, and to preparation of a frozen concentrated milk, and thus, the present invention also thereby relates to procedures for freezing products, including milk and milk-based products, and the present invention further relates to use of extrusion equipment and procedures to prepare products.
Until now, it has not been possible to freeze evaporated or concentrated milk in a homogeneous form, i.e., without phase separation being observed in the process of cryoconcentration. Moreover, it has not been possible to freeze a milk concentrate in a form which can give a homogeneous diluted product on dilution with water.

Frozen concentrated milk and preparation thereof


A sail switch for sensing air flow and responsively opening and closing a control circuit, the sail switch comprising a mounting base, a sail member, an arm supporting the sail member to the mounting base at a predetermined orientation thereto, an adjustable joint capable of varying orientation of the sail to the mounting base, and an electrical switch. The sail switch may have an orientation sensor and readout, a pilot light annunciating switch closure or opening, a time delay relay inhibiting control circuit shutdown, a thermostatic device monitoring air temperature, a communications feature transmitting sensed temperatures, an actuator for operating a supplementary cooling system, switch loading adjustability arranged to adjust force required to displace the sail member, a switch arm travel adjustment feature constraining range of travel of the sail member, a control circuit on-off switch, a transformer, a DC to AC inverter, and an AC to DC converter.

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have long used sail switches to sense air flow. Sail switches are conventionally mounted inside ductwork which conducts air in HVAC systems. Components of HVAC systems which handle air may not be enclosed in ductwork, housings, and the like, may require monitoring of air flow therethrough to maintain efficient operation and avoid catastrophic component failure. An example is a condenser of an air conditioning system. Condensers are usually located outdoors, where they are susceptible to full or partial clogging by leaves, trash, and other contaminants. Significant obstruction of air flow by contaminants leads to inadequate cooling of refrigerant within the condenser.
Air flow through condensers has been monitored inferentially. That is, typically, a sensor such as a temperature sensor is located at a selected point along a conduit conducting refrigerant which has been cooled in the condenser. If the refrigerant has not been sufficiently cooled, lack of sufficient air flow, a frequent cause of inadequate cooling of refrigerant, may reasonably be suspected.
Inferential sensing of condenser obstruction is not unreasonable. However, other causes of inadequate cooling of refrigerant may be present, thereby causing inferred failure of air flow to be spuriously reported. Also, sensors placed in a refrigerant line are subject to inaccuracy and leaks.
Sail switches used in other applications are subject to being ineffectively located within an air stream. This may be, for example, because a suitable mounting location for a sail switch may not be in accord with the best placement of the sail switch.
A need remains for improving effectiveness and versatility of sail switches.


Systems and methods for achieving high directivity (>20 dB) coupling over a reasonable frequency bandwidth on a microstrip transmission line. An exemplary coupler cancels out-of-phase, coupled reflected power signals on the transmission line thereby increasing the directivity.

Standard RF/microwave couplers etched on microstrip have very poor directivity, typically ˜5 dB. Other modified microstrip couplers can achieve 20 dB directivity, but involve narrow etched line widths and spacings that require tight etching tolerances that may not be achievable or repeatable for low cost, high volume production. Also, these modified designs cannot be analyzed for proper function with standard linear simulators. They can only be analyzed with more sophisticated and expensive electromagnetic (EM) simulators. Without an EM simulator, a modified design with improved directivity is not possible in any kind of cost effective or timely manner.


A particulate active material for a power storage device positive electrode having a higher energy density is provided, which includes particles of an electrically conductive polymer and a conductive agent, wherein the electrically conductive polymer particles each have a surface coated with the conductive agent.

With recent improvement and advancement of electronics technology for mobile PCs, mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the like, secondary batteries and the like, which can be repeatedly charged and discharged, are widely used as power storage devices for these electronic apparatuses. For these secondary batteries and other electrochemical power storage devices, electrode materials desirably have a higher capacity and a rapid charge/discharge property.
An electrode for such a power storage device contains an active material which is capable of ion insertion/desertion. The ion insertion/desertion of the active material is also referred to as doping/dedoping, and the doping/dedoping amount per unit molecular structure is referred to as dope ratio (or doping ratio). A material having a higher doping ratio can provide a higher capacity battery.
From an electrochemical viewpoint, the capacity of the battery can be increased by using an electrode material having a greater ion insertion/desertion amount. In lithium secondary batteries, which are attractive power storage devices, more specifically, a graphite-based negative electrode capable of lithium ion insertion/desertion is used in which about one lithium ion is inserted and deserted with respect to six carbon atoms to provide a higher capacity.
Of these lithium secondary batteries, a lithium secondary battery which has a higher energy density and is therefore widely used as the power storage device for the aforesaid electronic apparatuses includes a positive electrode prepared by using a lithium-containing transition metal oxide such as lithium manganese oxide or lithium cobalt oxide and a negative electrode prepared by using a carbon material capable of lithium ion insertion/desertion, the positive electrode and the negative electrode being disposed in opposed relation in an electrolyte solution.
However, this lithium secondary battery, which generates electric energy through an electrochemical reaction, disadvantageously has a lower power density because of its lower electrochemical reaction rate. Further, the lithium secondary battery has a higher internal resistance, so that rapid discharge and rapid charge of the secondary battery are difficult. In addition, the secondary battery generally has a shorter service life, i.e., a poorer cycle characteristic, because the electrodes and the electrolyte solution are degraded due to the electrochemical reaction associated with the charge and the discharge.
There is also known a lithium secondary battery in which an electrically conductive polymer, such as a polyaniline containing a dopant, is used as a positive electrode active material to cope with the aforesaid problem (see PTL1).
In general, however, the secondary battery employing the electrically conductive polymer as the positive electrode active material is of an anion migration type in which the electrically conductive polymer is doped with an anion in a charge period and dedoped with the anion in a discharge period. Where a carbon material or the like capable of lithium ion insertion/desertion is used as a negative electrode active material, it is therefore impossible to provide a rocking chair-type secondary battery of cation migration type in which a cation migrates between the electrodes in the charge/discharge. That is, the rocking chair-type secondary battery is advantageous in that a smaller amount of the electrolyte solution is required, but the secondary battery employing the electrically conductive polymer as the positive electrode active material cannot enjoy this advantage. Therefore, it is impossible to contribute to the size reduction of the power storage device.
To cope with this problem, a secondary battery of a cation migration type is proposed which is substantially free from change in the ion concentration of the electrolyte solution without the need for a greater amount of the electrolyte solution, and aims at improving the capacity density and the energy density per unit volume or per unit weight. This secondary battery includes a positive electrode prepared by using an electrically conductive polymer containing a polymer anion such as polyvinyl sulfonate as a dopant, and a negative electrode of metal lithium (see PTL2).

Particulate active material, power storage device positive electrode, power storage device, and production method for particulate active material


A high pressure metal vapor lamp and a transparent polycrystalline alumina tube therefor have been disclosed. The average crystal grain size at ends of the tube is selectively made smaller than that of the middle portion of the tube so that the mechanical strength and the thermal shock resistance of the end portions are made higher than those in the middle portion. Accordingly, the tube hardly causes cracks by a thermal shock when the both ends of the tube are sealed and when the lamp using the tube is switched on and off. Whereas middle portion of the tube has an excellent transparency so that the lamp has a high luminance efficiency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a transparent polycrystalline alumina tube. In more detail, the present invention relates to a transparent polycrystalline alumina tube and a high pressure metal vapour lamp using the tube.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A high pressure metal vapour lamp, such as a high pressure sodium lamp has become very popular by a reason of its excellent characteristics of the high luminance efficiency. As the discharge tube of such a high pressure metal vapour lamp, generally a transparent polycrystalline alumina tube has been used.
The transparent alumina had been disclosed, for instance, in Philippe D.S. St. Pierre et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,026,177 issued Mar. 20, 1962 and entitled "Process for producing transparent polycrystalline alumina"; Robert L. Coble U.S. Pat. No. 3,026,210 issued Mar. 20, 1962 and entitled "Transparent alumina and method of preparation"; Kazuo Kobayashi et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,142 issued Feb. 12, 1974 and entitled "Utilizing mixtures of yttria, magnesia, and lanthanum oxide in manufacture of transparent alumina".
When the transparent polycrystalline alumina tube is used as such discharge tube of a high pressure metal vapour lamp, both ends of the tube are sealed, such as, for instance, disclosed in William C. Louden U.S. Pat. No. 3,448,319 issued June 3, 1969 entitled "Niobium end seal". The sealing is effected by firing and due to this firing process a certain number of tubes cause cracks which made the tubes unsuitable for use. A cause of such low yield of the tube is considered to be a recent tendency to make the crystal grain size of the polycrystalline alumina tube substantially larger than that disclosed in the Kobayashi et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,792,142 under an object of improving the luminance efficiency by increasing the translucency of the tube. Generally, in a translucent polycrystalline alumina, the translucency gradually increases according to an increase of crystal grain size, but the mechanical strength decreases according to an increase of crystal grain size.
The conventional high pressure metal vapour lamp using a transparent polycrystalline alumina tube having larger crystal grain size as the discharge tube has drawbacks in that it tends to cause cracks at the end portion of the tube or the portion near the electrode due to sudden temperature change of the sealed metal vapour at the time of switching on and off.
From the above explanation it may be understood that two mutually inconsistent requirements, namely an excellent translucency or good transmission property and a high mechanical strength or a high thermal shock resistance, are imposed for the transparent polycrystalline alumina tube used as the discharge tube of a high pressure metal vapour lamp.

High pressure metal vapor lamp and a transparent polycrystalline alumina tube therefor


A multi-colored flocked article is provided having a plurality of flock and adhesive regions. Each flock region is defined by a plurality of flock fibers that are substantially the same in color and are substantially free of light dispersants, such as titanium dioxide. Further, each flock region is of a different color relative to an adjacent flock region to form a patterned, multi-colored design. Each of the plurality of adhesive regions corresponds to a flock region and includes a colored adhesive. The color of the adhesive is at least similar or substantially similar in color to the flock fibers in the corresponding flock region.

Flocked articles are used in a wide variety of applications. For example, flocked articles are used as patches, transfers, molded objects, and the like. Generally, flocked articles are less expensive than embroidered articles to manufacture and the flock provides a "plusher" feel to the article relative to embroidered articles.
Even with flocked articles, there are varying degrees of plushness. Plushness refers to the resilience, tactile sensation, or dimension of the fiber coating and is generally a combination of one or more of the following characteristics: fiber type (e.g., durometer, softness or hardness of the plastic, resilience of the fiber itself); fiber diameter (e.g., denier or decitex); fiber density (e.g., grams per square meter); fiber cut length (e.g., mm or thousandths of an inch); evenness of the cut (unevenly cut fibers, flocked together, actually can feel softer than uniformly cut fibers); depth into the adhesive to which the fibers are planted or situated; angle of fibers in the adhesive (with a normal orientation being most desirable); uniformity of angle of fibers in the adhesive (whether most of the fibers are oriented in the same direction or in diverse directions); softness of the adhesive base resin (e.g., a base resin that has been foamed with air is generally softer); and evenness of adhesive coating (e.g., thicker or thinner in areas). Plushness is sometimes further characterized by the flock's resistance or lack of resistance to touch or to a force, the fiber's resistance to bending and yielding, and also to the fiber's slipping characteristics (e.g., the longitudinal movement along a fiber with lack of resistance—easy slipping, for example, can make a soft fiber feel "wet"). More plush flocked articles generally have a higher perceived value to buyers.
As important as the plushness of a flocked article may be, it is equally desirable for the flock to have an attractive appearance. Conventional multicolor plush direct-flocked heat transfers are typically made using multicolor "full dull" or "grand mat" type fibers, which by definition include at least about 1 wt % light dispersants, such as titanium dioxide. As will be appreciated, light dispersants are normally used to diffuse the light to eliminate unsightly and uneven shading, mottling, or shadows from light passing through the fibers. Multicolor flock products normally use a white adhesive backing that tends to reflect light, accentuate uneven characteristics, and show through the fibers somewhat or influence them with light reflecting off the adhesive and passing back through the fibers. A medium blue bright fiber, for example, would appear lighter and, as one's viewing angle shifted, one could see evidence of shading and/or pigment colors blocking the light viewed through the different fiber densities. The shading represents generally a variation in the amount of light reflected and passing back through the fiber. As a result, the fibers appear to have a dull finish and do not reflect light in contrast to the bright, light-reflective sheen that is typically seen on embroidery threads and which is associated with a high quality decoration, i.e. similar to the difference between frosted or matt glass and clear glass.
In addition to these drawbacks, the adhesives of conventional flocked articles are typically colored differently than the flock fibers themselves (with most adhesives being white as described above) and thus do not enhance or amplify the fiber color and are visually unappealing. Therefore, the off-colored adhesive must be overcome by the flock fiber colors. To adequately conceal the adhesive color, manufacturers have used relatively high flock densities, which have increased operating costs and impacted detrimentally the "feel" of the flocked surface. However, even with higher flock densities, the wear resistance of such flocked articles can be limited. As flock fibers are dislodged during use, the adhesive will be revealed, destroying the visual appeal of the article.
Manufacturers have attempted to use matching color latex adhesive behind a single color image (e.g., black latex or gold latex behind black flock or gold flock) to enhance the color of the flocked article and address the aesthetic problems associated with using an off-color adhesive. Color matching of the backing adhesive and flock fibers has had limited efficacy, however, because the use of "full dull" flock fibers still fails to provide a highly desirable brilliance or sheen to the fibers.
There is thus a need to provide a flocked article having a brilliant sheen and appearance, a high degree of plushness and wear resistance, while using a lower flock density compared to existing articles to enhance the soft touch without detracting from the appearance.

Flocked multi-colored adhesive article with bright lustered flock and methods for making the same


The present invention relates to a plum tree, Prunus salicina, and more particularly to a new and distinct variety broadly characterized by a medium to large size, vigorous, hardy, and productive tree. Being self-unfruitful, the present variety requires cross pollination from an apricot, interspecific, or plum that blooms during the early season, such as ‘Yummygem’ plum tree (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 15,809). The present variety produces a moderate amount of blossoms that produce a medium amount of pollen to entice good bee activity to facilitate pollination. The fruit matures under the ecological conditions described during early June, with first picking on May 29, 2016. The fruit is uniformly medium to large in size, a red and green two-tone in skin color, full red in flesh color, clingstone in type, somewhat oblate in shape, firm in texture, juicy, sweet, and very good in flavor.

In a continuing effort to improve the quality of shipping fruits, we, the inventors, typically hybridize a large number of peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, and cherry seedlings each year. We also grow a lesser number of open pollinated seeds of each of these fruits. The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of plum tree which has been denominated varietally as 'Plumsweet XX'.
During 2007 we gathered fruit from several different early maturing red flesh plum trees that were located on our ranch in Le Grand, Calif. The seeds were removed, cracked, stratified and germinated as a group with the label "EY RF (OP)". They were grown as seedlings on their own root in our greenhouse and upon reaching dormancy transplanted to a cultivated area of our experimental orchard located near Le Grand, Calif. in Merced County (San Joaquin Valley). During the spring of 2011 the claimed variety was selected by us as a single plant from the group of seedlings described above. Subsequent to origination of the present variety of plum tree, we asexually reproduced it by budding and grafting in the experimental orchard described above, and such reproductions were true to the original tree in all respects. The reproduction of the variety included the use of 'Nemaguard' (unpatented) rootstock upon which the present variety was compatible and true to type.
The present variety is most similar to 'Plumsweet VI' interspecific tree (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 18,687), by being self-unfruitful and by producing fruit that ripens in the early season and that is a red and green two-tone with freckles in skin color, clingstone in type, firm in texture, juicy, and sweet in flavor, but is distinguished therefrom by being easier to set and by producing fruit that is larger in size and darker red in flesh color.


An exhaust hole has a size covering not only a first region above a hot plate but also a second region surrounding the first region. A plate ember with a plurality of openings is disposed at the mouth of the exhaust hole. The exhaust hole exhausts air from the first region and the second region, even when the heat processing is not performed. Therefore, a solvent volatilized in the first region is also exhausted from the second region and will not leak outside the apparatus.

In a process for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a photolithography technology is used. In the photolithography technology, a resist is coated upon a surface of a semiconductor wafer (hereinafter referred to as a "wafer"), the coated resist is exposed to a predetermined pattern and then developed. Thus, a resist film with a predetermined pattern is formed upon the wafer. And then, a circuit with a predetermined pattern is formed by film-forming and etching treatment.
Conventionally, such series of resist processing is performed using a coating and developing system where a plurality of units such as a resist coating unit, a developing unit and a heating unit are disposed integrally.
The heating unit has a hot plate disposed in the center for heating a target object such as a semiconductor wafer. A plurality of support pins appear from and disappear into the hot plate for receiving and delivering the wafers. A shutter member, also appearing and disappearing, is disposed around the hot plate surrounding the hot plate. Conventionally, only the inside of the shutter member was exhausted.
However, there has been a problem that the volatilized solvent filling the closed space formed by the shutter member leaks outside when the shutter member descends after the heating process, giving ill influence to other processes.

Heating apparatus for heating an object to be processed


A computer device may include logic configured to receive a request from a user equipment device or a network device; identify a responding wireless access network device to process the request; and determine whether information identifying supported features for the responding wireless access network device has been obtained. The logic may be further configured to request a list of supported features from the responding wireless access network device, when the information identifying the supported features for the responding wireless access network device has not been obtained by the computer device; receive, from the responding wireless access network device, a response that includes the list of the supported features and that further includes supported features scope information; store the supported features scope information; and use the supported features scope information when forwarding requests to the responding wireless access network device or the plurality of devices.

In order to satisfy the needs and demands of users of mobile communication devices, providers of wireless communication services continue to improve and expand available services as well as networks used to deliver such services. One aspect of such improvements includes the development of wireless access networks as well as options to utilize such wireless access networks. A provider may manage a large number of devices associated with a large number of wireless access networks. When a new feature is made available, the new feature may first be deployed in some of the devices and deployment may be delayed in other ones of the devices. Therefore, keeping track of which features are available in which devices may be complicated.

Enhanced dynamic feature support in wireless diameter-based networks


An automated scent training wheel for training animals to detect and respond to target scents. The automated scent training wheel comprises a rotatable carousel and a plurality of scent receptacles coupled to the rotatable carousel, where the scent receptacles are each configured to hold scent source material therein. The automated scent training wheel also comprises a plurality of sensing systems each disposed at one of the plurality of scent receptacles, wherein each sensing system is configured to automatically detect investigation of the associated scent receptacle by an animal.

Field of the Invention
Embodiments presented herein are generally directed to the training of animals to detect and respond to target scents/odors.
Related Art
Many animals, such as pigs, dogs, etc., have an acute sense of smell and are commonly used to detect "target" scents/odors, such as scents associated with drugs, explosives, biological substances, chemical substances, etc. For example, trained scent detection dogs are generally among the most reliable means for detecting dangerous or illegal materials, chemical materials, and/or biological materials by the scents which these materials emit and have the ability to do so at extremely low concentrations.
However, before a dog (or other animal) may be employed to perform scent-based detection work, it must first be trained to use its acute sense of smell to detect target scent material in a fast, accurate and reliable manner. In the early stages of training, detection canines (dogs) are typically manually trained by a handler or trainer to detect scents/odors emitted from target material. During a training session, a handler/trainer directs the search and guides the dog (or other animal) to different search locations to sniff for scents emitted from target material hidden at one or more of these locations. Once the target scent is detected and the dog demonstrates a particular desired response, the trainer provides the dog with a timely reward (e.g., food, treats, etc.). The timely pairing of rewards to target odors is important since it not only attaches significance to the target odor, but it also motivates the dog to seek and identify the odor. In essence, the reward more accurately imprints the learned and instinctive behavior associated with such detection work on the dog.