A microphone system includes a first transducer deployed at a first microphone; a second transducer deployed at a second microphone, the first microphone being physically distinct from the second microphone; a decimator deployed at the second microphone that receives first pulse density modulation (PDM) data from the first transducer and second PDM data from the second transducer and decimates and combines the first PDM data and the second PDM data into combined pulse code modulation (PCM) data; and an interpolator deployed at the second microphone for converting the combined PCM data to combined PDM data, and transmits the combined PDM data to an external processing device.

Different types of acoustic devices have been used through the years. One type of device is a microphone and one type of microphone is a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microphone. A MEMS microphone includes a MEMS die having a diaphragm and a back plate. The MEMS die is supported by a substrate and enclosed by a housing (e.g., a cup or cover with walls). A port may extend through the substrate (for a bottom port device) or through the top of the housing (for a top port device). In any case, sound energy traverses the port, moves the diaphragm and creates a changing potential of the back plate, which creates an electrical signal. Microphones are deployed in various types of devices such as personal computers or cellular phones.
It is sometimes advantageous to utilize two or more microphones. For example, one microphone may be used for sound pick-up in one frequency range, while another microphone may be used for sound pick-up in another frequency range. The microphones are sometimes connected to a codec, which performs processing of the signals from the microphones. Because of the limitations with the interface between existing microphones and the codec, the microphones are unable to communicate with each other.
The problems of previous approaches have resulted in some user dissatisfaction with these previous approaches.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity. It will further be appreciated that certain actions and/or steps may be described or depicted in a particular order of occurrence while those skilled in the art will understand that such specificity with respect to sequence is not actually required. It will also be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein.

Interface for microphone-to-microphone communications


A system for securing a variable length keyladder key includes a keyladder decryptor configured to alter a first layer key and to execute a keyladder algorithm to generate a content key, the keyladder algorithm to generate the content key by decrypting an encrypted second layer key with the altered first layer key. The alteration mirrors the alteration applied to encrypt the second layer key by a content server providing content data to be decrypted. The system may further include a cryptographic direct memory access controller (DMAC) coupled with the keyladder decryptor and to decrypt encrypted content data using the generated content key. The keyladder decryptor may be further configured to send the content key to be stored in the DMAC without information regarding how the first layer key was altered. The alteration may include a permutation function or other change or modification.

Rapid advances in electronics and communications technologies, driven by consumer demand, have resulted in the widespread adoption of data-driven devices, including those for handling and converting third-party media content. Third-party customers or clients want their content handled with security such that the content is not copied or used outside of certain permission levels, which in some cases means allowing access to content only when providing a proper decryption key. Conditional access (CA) or digital rights management (DRM) systems that stream content digitally for media providers may need to generate a decryption key from a variable length keyladder key for use in content decryption, as a way to secure access to encrypted media stored in memory of consumer media boxes.


A telephone system is disclosed for providing customized telephone services. A called customer can screen calls incoming to his station based on the identity of the calling line. The calling line's identity is forwarded to the switching office containing the called customer's screening memory. The memory is interrogated to ascertain the call disposition based on information priorly put in the memory by the called customer. Selective call waiting, selective call forwarding, priority ringing, and many other customized services are contemplated.

While the telephone system as a means of communication has grown from an instrument of convenience to one of necessity, there are still occasions when telephone calls may offer some inconvenience to the customers using the system.
For example, most calls are originated at the complete discretion of the calling customer who not only chooses the called customer but selects the time and place from which the call originates.
Although the call is placed at the convenience of the call originator, the called customer may not wish to be disturbed at this time and, indeed, may be at some other location.
Arrangements are available for blocking calls or routing calls to an answering service so as not to disturb the called customer. Furthermore, there are arrangements for forwarding incoming calls to another location where the called party can be reached or where an associate at that location can accept the call.
While these arrangements are wholly suitable for their intended purpose, they generally treat all incoming calls in the same manner. Thus, if the called customer elects not to be disturbed, all calls will be blocked unless they are routed via an attendant or secretary who can exercise discretion by allowing only selected important calls to reach the called customer.
Insofar as billing in a telephone system is concerned, most calls are billed to the calling customer. Although some calls can be billed to the called customer or to a third party, these calls require the service of an attendant to ascertain whether the party to be billed will accept the charges. Of course, the call may be delayed while the attendant verifies if the charges will be accepted.
Accordingly, with the above described and other special services there is no selective processing of calls under the control of the called customer without the intervention of an attendant.

Method and apparatus for screening telephone calls

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated


User interaction data is heuristically processed to determine its usefulness to a remote recommender system. The data is ranked according it its likely ability to indicate a user preference towards a particular content item. The amount of data sent to the recommender system can then be limited to data records falling in a predetermined range of usefulness. A controller may be provided to determine what range is necessary so that the minimum amount of training data is provided to the recommender system to drive the recommender system's performance towards a set level.

Recommender systems are well-known in the art and provide personalized lists of recommended consumable items to users. The lists are generated on an individual basis and attempt to predict individual user interest towards the items listed, for example, purchasing the item and/or viewing it on a client device.
Known recommender systems provide either content-based recommendations in which a user is recommended items similar to the ones a user has preferred in the past; or collaborative filtering recommendations in which a user is recommended items that people with similar tastes and preferences have liked in the past, or adopt a hybrid approach which combines collaborative filtering and content-based methods. Recommendations are usually evaluated on the basis of a user probably liking/disliking an item, or on the basis of a potential rating that the user may assign to that item, or on a relative rating in which each user's potential liking is compared to the ranking of other items. An introduction to recommender systems can be found in Adomavicius, G., and Tuzhilin in "A. Towards the Next Generation of Recommender Systems: A Survey of the State-of-the-Art and Possible Extensions", IEEE TKDE (2005) which provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in recommender algorithms, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Factors such as a) the continuous influx of new data about user behaviour, b) the number of new users that need recommendations, c) inconstancies in the amount of user behaviour data provided to the recommender and d) changes in the preferences of users over time, all contribute to a dynamically changing recommender system operating environment. Recommender systems which operate in such environments are preferably therefore retrained from time to time (or indeed quite regularly) with fresh training data which comprises information indicating what user's actual current preferences are so as to enable recommender systems in such dynamic environments to adapt to the changing conditions.
Not all consumable items however are consumed in a way which allows a preference to be expressed. For example, broadcast television channels usually do not provide viewers with an opportunity to indicate whether they liked a particular television programme or not. Even if an opportunity is given to express an opinion for an item, not all users may choose to provide an indication of their preference. The "degree" of preference may or may not be captured accurately overall as different users may indicate their preferences on scales of various degrees of conservatism, if a scale of 0 to 10, say, is provided rather than "like" or "dislike". In contrast, it is often possible to configure web-portals which provide Video-On-Demand (VoD) services to capture feedback from users who have downloaded and watched a video.
Moreover, providing data to re-train a recommender system from a huge number of users presents challenges in that it takes up system resources. For example, transferring user preference information from a large number of client devices takes up bandwidth within the communications network connecting the client devices to the recommender system. Moreover, training activities have a high computational cost for the recommender system. Thus the need to retrain needs to be balanced against the quality of recommendations being provided.
Recommender systems known in the art are limited in the way that the performance of the recommender is capable of being controlled externally by third parties. Parekh, S., Gandhi, N., Hellerstein, J., Tilbury, D., Jayram, T., and Bigus, J., describe the principles of control theory in their paper "Using Control Theory to Achieve Service Level Objectives In Performance Management", published in Real Time Systems (2002). More specifically, Zanardi, V., and Capra, L., in "Dynamic updating of online recommender systems via feed-forward controllers", published in the In Proc. of SEAMS (2011), describe using control theory to model the behaviour of software systems. They provide a set of analytical tools that can predict with high accuracy the behaviour of a real system in the context of monitoring system growth and to control whether the system needs to perform an update. Another publication addressing recommender control is by Meng, K., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Xiao, X. C., and du Zhang, G., entitled "Control theory based rating recommendation for reputation systems. In Proc. of ICNSC (2006)".
In addition, it is known for set-top boxes to include functionality to store data about the usage of the set-top box (e.g. log data, use data, etc.)—see for example WO 00/11869; it is further known to perform pre-processing of that data to remove clearly irrelevant data (e.g. channel selection data that is associated with "channel hopping" is not useful for giving information about a user's viewing preferences—see US 2002/083451 as an example of this). Finally, it is also known for set-top boxes to perform some processing internally before responding to a request for information. In particular, WO 2004/047445 describes a set-tap box which has a user privacy policy which it consults before giving user preference data to a requesting server, and it selects (and/or modifies in some way—e.g. to anonymise) the information which it provides to the server based on the stored user privacy policy to ensure that the provided information does not contravene the privacy policy.

Recommender control system, apparatus, method and related aspects

BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS public limited company


A smart home control method and system based on Alljoyn technology is provided, the method includes: A, the controller searching a WIFI hotspot having an SSID started with a preset identification field; B, the controller connecting to the WIFI hotspot opened by the smart terminal, and duplicating configuration information of the target home WIFI hotspot network to the smart terminal; C, the controller calling a connection interface of the smart terminals, to connect the smart terminals to the target home WIFI hotspot network.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a field of establishing smart homes, and more specifically to a smart home control method and system based on Alljoyn technology.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In recent years, development of the internet of things has been pushed strongly by the government, the smart home field has also faced great development opportunities. Therefore, all kinds of smart home devices and smart home controllers have come forth in current markets. However, the smart home system and devices currently have the following two problems:
First, the system configuration progress is complicated, generally needs professional construction personnel for the wiring in the early stage, and manual configuration or addition operation of the smart home controller is required for each controlled smart terminal device (such as smart home appliances, security devices, etc.). Second, a variety of brands of smart home devices are very difficult to make compatible with each other. Typically, the device manufacturers of different device need to redevelop a protocol compatible for the devices of both parties, and a long debug cycle time is required, then connection between the devices can be completed. These problems have seriously restricted the development of smart home technology.
Alljoyn is an abbreviation of "All to join in the fun". Alljoyn technology is an open source software project developed and maintained by Quic (Qualcomm innovation center). It is a cross-platform software framework which is device-independent, and supports multiple programming languages and various short distance wireless communication technologies. It currently supports WiFi (Wireless-Fidelity), WiFi direct and Bluetooth. Alljoyn technology has the advantages of easy device detection and simple and open interface definitions. These advantages also provide a broad application prospect for establishing smart homes based on the Alljoyn technology.

Smart home control method and system based on alljoyn technology

HUIZHOU TCL MOBILE COMMUNICATION CO., LTD


Disclosed is a brake system for aircraft that uses a control unit that is configured to control actuators at each wheel using one channel operating an associated brake control module, and other actuators at the same wheel using a second module operated completely independently using a second module. The use of the first and second groups of actuators are alternated periodically, e.g., for each flight.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the field of brake systems for aircraft. More specifically, the invention relates to the establishment of redundancy in aircraft brake systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Historically, aircraft braking systems initially involved the use of a brake pedal in the cockpit of an aircraft, and a mechanical system being directly linked between the pedal, and the brakes at the aircraft wheels. Some more-modern systems include a fly-by-wire arrangement. Fly-by-wire braking systems use positional sensors to determine the position of the brake pedal, and then apply or release the brakes based on sensed pedal position.
Most modern aircraft also include one or more brake modules that receive the sensed pedal information, and use a valved hydraulic system to introduce fluid pressure into chambers at each brake to activate each brake. Information received by the modules from pressure sensors near each brake is used to make sure that appropriate brake pressure to be applied hydraulically in a uniform fashion.
Dual-channel brake control systems are common in the industry. These systems, however, include dual-channel arrangements. More specifically, the controller is divided such that each channel controls one half of the brakes independently. Thus, both control channels are always active during normal operation. In these systems, if one channel fails, then only one half of the brakes remain available.
A dual chamber brake is also currently used in industry. But with these systems, the dual chamber brake is divided such that one half of the brake pistons are controlled by one brake system and the remaining half by another brake system. Both brake systems and therefore all the brake pistons are used during normal operation. And if one of the two brake systems fail, then only one half of the brake pistons are used. Normal stopping performance requires all the brake pistons to be operational. Thus, the failure will result in less stopping power.


The present invention refers to the technical field of flavone component extraction, and provides an extraction separation method of a flavone component based on amination graphene. The flavone components comprise flavones, flavanols, isoflavones, flavanones, flavanonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, chalcones, and chromones etc. The extraction separation method is adsorption extraction, and amination graphene is taken as a medium of adsorption extraction. The extraction separation method of the flavone components based on amination graphene is superior in separation speed and product purity, low cost and convenient operation.

Flavonoids, a large class of compounds widely existed in the nature, are a class of derivative yellow pigment whose parent nucleus is flavone(2-phenylchromone), characterized in that it is with basic framework of C6-C3-C6. Flavonoids can be divided into dozens of categories, flavones, flavanols, isolavones, flavanones, flavanonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, chalcones and chromones etc., over 4000 kinds of flavonoids are found at present, mainly existed in the leaves, fruits, roots and skin of plants.
The study on flavonoids has become a hot topic in Chinese and foreign medical profession due to its high pharmaceutical value. As a kind of natural drug with broad development prospect, it has large application foreground in fields like medicine and food. These compounds can be used to prevent and cure cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as the decrease of fragility of blood vessels, improvement of permeability of blood vessels, decrease of blood fat and cholesterol, prevention and cure of elderly hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage coronary heart disease angina and pectoris, expansion of coronary artery and promotion of coronary blood flow. Many flavone components have the activity of antitussive, anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic and antibiosis, meanwhile, they have effects of liver protection, detoxification in the liver, anti-fungus, treatment of acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, anti-free radical and antioxidation. Besides, flavonoids have same effects with phytoestrogen, and can be good applied in fields like medicine and health care products.
Traditional extraction methods of flavonoids include ultrafiltration, enzymolysis approach, adsorption method by coarse pored resin, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic method and microwave extraction method etc. But above traditional methods have problems like low extraction efficiency and high cost, so they can't be scalable to popularize and apply.

Extraction separation method of a flavone component based on graphene


An apparatus and method for inversion development control for an image forming device in which toner and carrier particles are prevented from scattering unnecessarily. Scatter prevention is performed by gradually changing both a bias voltage application to a development roller and a surface voltage application to a photosensitive drum of the image forming device. Scatter prevention is also performed by gradually changing both a bias voltage application to a development roller and an exposure light quantity that the photosensitive drum is subjected to by an exposing rod lens array of the image forming device.

The present invention relates to an inversion development controller for use in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine.
In a copying machine with a conventional development system using a two component developer, development has been performed by first exposing the surface of a positively charged photosensitive drum to form a latent image on the drum surface. Then negatively charged toners and positively charged carriers are made to adhere onto a non-exposed region of the latent image portion on the drum surface.
In a copying machine with an inversion development system using a two component developer, the surface of a photosensitive drum is negatively charged. In an inversion development system, negatively charged toners are made to adhere to an exposed portion of the negatively charged drum surface which has zero voltage.
The inversion development system described above is shown in prior art FIG. 1. A negative voltage of about -700 volts to about -800 volts is applied to a portion of the surface of photosensitive drum 2 by a charger 1. This creates a negatively charged portion on the surface of photosensitive drum 2.
As photosensitive drum 2 rotates, the negatively charged portion is positioned opposite exposing rod lens array 3 for exposure. Exposure creates a latent image of zero volts on the negatively charge portion of photosensitive drum 2. After exposure, photosensitive drum 2 rotates further, and the exposed negatively charged portion on the surface of photosensitive drum 2 arrives at a position opposite development roller 41. At this time, a bias voltage of about -400 volts is applied to development roller 41, causing negatively charged toners on the development roller 41 to be repulsed toward (fly) and adhere to the exposed portion of photosensitive drum 2 having zero voltage.
It is desirable that the bias voltage be applied to the development roller 41 at the same time that the exposed negatively charged portion on the surface of photosensitive drum 2 reaches the position opposite development roller 41; however, it is difficult to control such timing. When the timing is off, the bias voltage may be applied either before or after the exposed negatively charged portion has reached a position opposite development roller 41.
FIG. 2A shows a situation in which the bias voltage is applied before the exposed negatively charged portion reaches the position opposite development roller 41. The portion of photosensitive drum 2 which is positioned opposite development roller 41 has a surface voltage greater than the bias voltage of development roller 41. This causes toner particles to fly from development roller 41, and adhere to the portion of photosensitive drum 2 positioned opposite development roller 41. The voltage difference between development roller 41 and the portion of photosensitive drum 2 positioned opposite development roller 41 exceeds an allowable voltage difference range as shown in FIG. 2B. The allowable voltage difference range shown in FIG. 2B is the voltage difference range in which the bias voltage can differ from the surface voltage of the portion of photosensitive drum 2 opposite development roller 41 without causing toners or carrier particles to fly.
FIG. 3A shows the situation in which the bias voltage applied to development roller 41 is applied after the exposed negatively charged portion of photosensitive drum 2 reaches a position opposite development roller 41. The portion of photosensitive drum 2 which is opposite development roller 41 has a voltage less than the bias voltage applied to development roller 41. When this occurs, positively charged carriers are attracted onto the surface of photosensitive drum 2. As shown in FIG. 3B, the voltage difference between the bias voltage (the voltage of development roller 41) and the surface voltage of the portion of photosensitive drum 2 opposite development roller 41 exceeds the allowable voltage difference range and carriers fly.
A proposed solution to the above-mentioned problems depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3 is to gradually apply the bias voltage. This solution has the disadvantage that if the timing of the bias voltage is incorrect, the resulting voltage difference between the development roller 41 and the surface of photosensitive drum 2 opposite development roller 41 exceeds the allowable voltage difference range. However, in this situation, neither toners nor carriers adhere to the photosensitive drum; instead, the toners or carriers scatter.


The present invention belongs to the field of motors, and specifically relates to a switched reluctance motor of a novel structure. The switched reluctance motor includes stator tooth poles and rotor tooth poles, the rotor tooth poles are in rotation fit relative to the stator tooth poles, wherein the number of the stator tooth poles is twice as large as that of the rotor tooth poles; the stator tooth poles are fixedly connected in layers along the direction of a rotation axis, the stator tooth pole with thickness corresponding to the thickness range of the rotor tooth pole is called a rotor tooth pole unit, the stator tooth pole is composed of a stator tooth pole iron core and a stator tooth pole coil sleeved at the outside of the stator tooth pole iron core, an end part of the stator tooth pole iron core forming an air gap with the rotor tooth pole is a concave-convex fit circular arc surface, the cooperation relationship between the stator tooth pole and the rotor tooth pole is that no matter the rotor tooth pole rotates to any angle relative to the stator tooth pole, the center line of at least one layer of stator tooth poles forms an included angle α with the center line of the corresponding rotor tooth pole unit, 0<α≤β, β is an angle of a center of the circle corresponding to the circular arc of a cross section of the stator tooth pole iron core or the rotor tooth pole along the direction of the rotation axis.

A switched reluctance drive (Switched Reluctance Drive: SRD) system is the latest generation of stepless speed control system developed after a variable frequency speed control system and a brushless DC motor speed control system, and it is an optical, mechanical and electrical integrated high-tech integrating the modern microelectronics technology, the digital technology, the power electronics technology, the infrared photoelectric technology and the modern electromagnetic theory.
A switched reluctance motor speed control system is mainly composed of four parts: a switched reluctance motor (SRM), a power converter, a controller and a rotor position detector. The controller includes a control circuit and the power converter, and the rotor position detector is installed at one end of the motor.
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) used in the switched reluctance motor speed control system is a component that realizes electromechanical energy conversion in the SRD, and it is also the main sign of the SRD that is different from other motor drive systems. Salient poles of a stator and a rotor of a double-salient-pole variable reluctance motor of the existing SRM system are formed by laminating ordinary silicon steel sheets. The rotor has neither winding nor permanent magnet, a concentrated winding is twined on the stator pole, two radial opposite windings are connected together and are called "one phase", the SR motor can be designed into a variety of different phase number structures, and the poles of the stator and the rotor have a variety of different combinations. A large number of phases and a small step angle are conducive to reducing the torque ripple, but the structure is complicated, and there are many main switching devices, the cost is high, and a four-phase (8/6) structure and a three-phase (12/8) structure are mainly applied at present.
A switched reluctance motor transmission system combines the advantages of an induction motor transmission system and a DC electric vehicle motor transmission system and is a powerful contender for these transmission systems. Its main advantages are as follows:
1. The switched reluctance motor has a larger motor utilization factor, which may be 1.2 to 1.4 times as large as an induction motor utilization factor. 2. The structure of the motor is simple, and no winding in any form is twined on the rotor; only the simple concentrated winding is twined on the stator, the end part is relatively short, and there is no inter-phase jumper. Therefore, the switched reluctance motor has the characteristics of less manufacturing procedures, low cost, reliable work, small maintenance load and the like. 3. The torque of the switched reluctance motor has nothing to do with the polarity of the current, only one-way current excitation is needed, only one switching element is used by each phase in a power conversion circuit ideally and is connected with a motor winding in series, thus having no feedthrough risk of two switching elements just like a PWM inverter power supply. Therefore, the switched reluctance motor drive system SED is simple in circuit and high in reliability, and has a lower cost than a PWM AC speed control system. 4. The structural form of the rotor of the switched reluctance motor has a small rotating speed limitation and can be made into a motor with a high rotating speed, furthermore, the rotational inertia of the rotor is small, and the size and the direction of a phase torque can be changed at any time when the phase of the current changes every time, so that the system has good dynamic response. 5. The SRD system can achieve mechanical characteristics satisfying different load requirements by controlling the turn-on and turn-off of the current and controlling the amplitude, it is easy to implement functions such as soft start, four-quadrant operation and the like of the system, and the control is flexible. Further, as the SRD system runs as a self-synchronizing system, it does not suffer from instability and oscillation problems at low frequencies just like a variable frequency power supply induction motor. 6. Since the SR switched reluctance motor adopts a unique structure, a design method and corresponding control techniques, the unit processing thereof can be comparable to that of the induction motor, and even has slight advantages. The efficiency and the power density of the SRD system can be maintained at a teaching level within a wide speed and load range.
The main disadvantages of the switched reluctance motor drive system are as follows:
1. There is torque ripple. It can be seen from the working principle that, the torque generated on the rotor of the S switched reluctance motor is formed by the superposition of a series of pulse torques, due to the influence of the double-salient-pole structure and the saturation nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit, the synthetic torque is not a constant torque, but has a certain harmonic component, which affects the low speed running performance of the SR motor; 2. The noise and vibration of the SR motor drive system are larger than those of a general motor.
The above disadvantages are essentially caused by the structure of the switched reluctance motor SRM of the switched reluctance motor drive system, that is, the SRD system. To reduce the torque ripple and the noise and vibration caused accordingly, the structure of the switched reluctance motor SRM must be changed.
A three-screw pump is formed by a pump body and screws, when a driving screw rotates, it drives a driven screw engaged with the driving screw to rotate together, a screw engagement space volume at one end of a suction cavity gradually increases, and the pressure decreases.
The Concept of the Three-Screw Pump
The liquid enters the engagement space volume under the action of a pressure difference. When the volume is increased to the maximum to form a sealed cavity, the liquid continuously moves in the sealed cavity along the axial direction until being discharged from one end of a discharge cavity. At this time, the screw engagement space volume at one end of the discharge cavity is gradually reduced to discharge the liquid. The working principle of the three-screw pump is similar to that of a gear pump, except that gears are replaced with the screws on the structure. The table shows the characteristics and the application ranges of various screw pumps. The three-screw pump has small flow and pressure pulses, little noise and vibration, and self-priming capability, but screw machining is difficult. The pump has two types of structures, namely, single suction and double suction, but a single-screw pump only has the single suction structure. The three-screw pump must be equipped with a safety valve (the single-screw pump does not have to be equipped) to prevent the output pressure of the pump from exceeding an admissible value due to some reasons, such as blockage of a discharge pipe, resulting in damage to the pump or a prime motor.
The Structure of the Three-Screw Pump
The three-screw pump suctions and discharges the liquid by using the rotation of the screws. The middle screw is the driving screw, which is driven by the prime motor to rotate, and the screws on the two sides are driven screws, which reversely rotate with the driving screw. The threads of the driving screw and the driven screws are double-ended threads.
The three-screw pump is a screw type positive displacement pump. In the three-screw pump, due to the mutual engagement of spiral grooves on the driving screw and the driven screws and their cooperation with inner surfaces of three holes of a bushing, several dynamic sealed chambers are formed between the inlet and the outlet of the pump, these dynamic sealed chambers continuously cause the liquid to move from the inlet to the outlet of the pump along the axial direction and cause the pressure of the conveyed liquid to gradually increase level by level. Therefore, continuous, smooth and axially moving pressure fluid is formed. The liquid conveyed by the three-screw pump is lubricating liquid free of solid particles, non-corrosive oil and substances similar to oil, the viscosity is 1.2-100 oE (3.0-760 cst), the high-viscosity liquid can also be conveyed after heating and viscosity reduction, and its temperature does not exceed 150° C.
Due to the mutual engagement of the screws and the close fit of the screws with the inner wall of the bushing, the space between a suction opening and a discharge opening of the pump is divided into one or more sealed spaces. With the rotation and engagement of the screws, these sealed spaces are continuously formed at the suction side of the pump to seal the liquid in the suction chamber, and the liquid is continuously pushed to the discharge end in the suction chamber along the axial direction of the screws, the liquid sealed in the spaces is continuously discharged, just like the situation that a nut is continuously pushed forward during the rotation of the threads, wherein the circles of the threads are seen as the liquid, when the screw rotates, the threads rotate, which is equivalent to the situation of the liquid in the screw pump, and this is the basic working principle of the screw pump.
From the characteristic that the driven screw is driven by the hydraulic force of the medium in the sealed chamber to rotate, it can be seen that the operation of the cycloid meshed three-screw pump is also reversible, moreover, since the screw diameter is small, the gyroscopic moment can be reduced, and the flywheel effect is very small, so that a full-load torque can be immediately generated during the startup, fast turning can be achieved, and the noise is small as well. The full-load continuous start (stopping and restarting) is performed on the high-pressure three-screw pump for more than 10 times per minute. When the pump is stopped, due to the back flow of the high pressure medium, the pump immediately rotates reversely, and the pump rotates reversely when the pump is restarted, the action is free, and the operation is reliable. Therefore, if the medium of a pressure source is input into the pump, the three-screw pump becomes a hydraulic motor. At this time, the three-screw pump becomes the prime motor. The only difference between the hydraulic motor and the three-screw pump lies in the interchange of the inlet and outlet. The hydraulic motor pumps the high-pressure medium into the pump, and the three-screw pump discharges the high-pressure medium from the pump, therefore the rotation directions thereof are reverse. The efficiency of such hydraulic motor will still remain high within a considerable load range. A pump, with a large helix angle of the screw, namely, a pump with a large helical pitch, is preferably used as the hydraulic motor.
As new energy technologies become more sophisticated, the drive system has achieved technological breakthrough. At present, the mainstream new energy vehicle models use parallel and series-parallel hybrid power systems. Through the analysis and distribution of engine and motor characteristics and efficiency ranges, the energy is efficiently used and recovered, thereby improving the overall system efficiency.
In the prior art, with the continuous advancement of science and technology, the new energy technology has become more widely used in public facilities. Currently, the new energy technology is widely used in public vehicles. However, the parallel and series-parallel structure is very complicated and is very troublesome to produce and manufacture.
Moreover, there are currently oil-liquid hybrid systems, oil-electric hybrid systems and electric-liquid hybrid systems, but no system in which hydraulic power generated by electricity is mixed with electricity is available. The existing motor and the hydraulic motor are separately arranged, the hydraulic motor and the hydraulic pump can be mixed for use, and the hydraulic motor and the motor are never mixed together.

Switched reluctance motor and application thereof

ZHENGZHOU JITIAN PATENT OPERATION CO., LTD.


A mounting assembly includes a circuit board, a chip socket mounted on a topside of the circuit board with a chip attached thereon, a heat sink positioned on a top surface of the chip, and a backplate attached to an underside of the circuit board. The heat sink includes a pair of securing legs at two corners of the heat sink, and a pair of securing members. Each securing leg defines a securing hole thereon. Each securing member includes a spring thereon positioned between the corresponding securing legs and the circuit board. The securing members are secured in the corresponding securing holes to secure the heat sink to the circuit board.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a mounting assembly and, particularly, to a mounting assembly for a heat sink which effectively protects a computer chip socket.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) includes a circuit board, a plurality of electronic components mounted on the circuit board, and a plurality of tin balls attached on the circuit board for electrically connecting the electronic components to the circuit board. However, if an electronic component, such as a CPU chip socket with a heat sink mounted thereon, endures much stress, the circuit board may be deformed and the tin balls at a bottom of the CPU chip socket broken, causing broken the electrical connections.

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


A device for determining the properties of reflective bodies has at least one illuminator that emits light onto a measurement surface, at least one detector for recording the light reflected from the measurement surface, the at least one detector includes a plurality of light-sensitive sensors. Substantially each sensor issues a measurement value characteristic of the light received by each respective sensor. Also included is at least one memory, having at least one first predefined threshold, at least one controller for the measurement sequence which includes at least one processor, whereby a measurement sequence is controllable such that a measurement value of a sensor is allocated to a first surface type when same exceeds the first threshold, wherein at least two sensors are respectively associated with different locations to be measured on the measurement surface, and wherein the controller is configured to issue at least one surface characteristic statistical parameter.

The present invention relates to a device and process for determining the properties of reflective bodies and especially of heterogeneous reflective bodies. The visual characteristics of a body, respectively of a surface are, in a number of products, an important feature for the product's overall appearance. In order to achieve a high reproducibility during manufacturing or in the repairing of objects, measurements are thus made on prototypes or products for purposes of quality control in which one or several parameters are determined.
Particularly with finished surfaces, but not limited solely thereto, their visual properties may change depending upon viewing angle or angle of illumination. Such surfaces are called goniochromatic. Examples of such surfaces are those with effect, metallic or pearl lustre finishes, coated surfaces with interference color surfaces, or other synthetic surfaces or bodies having inlaid transparent or reflective particles or the like.
Heterogeneous reflective bodies include, for example, finished surfaces with inlaid metallic particles. Such surfaces are often smooth and unstructured.
Surfaces may exhibit, for example, so-called FLOP effects so that a change in color or gloss dependant upon the viewing angle may be observed.
Such effects may be induced, for example, by inlaid aluminum particles embedded in the surface or in the body itself and which then act as reflective material inclusions.
Measuring devices which illuminate a measurement surface at an angle and which measure the light reflected at, for example, two fixed angle ranges in order to determine the color of a surface to be appraised under these two scanning angles are known from the prior art.
Furthermore, goniometric measuring devices are also known in the prior art with which, for example, a surface is illuminated at a fixed angle and a movable photosensor is trammed across the entire angle range in order to obtain the surface color as a function of the scanning angle.
It is the task of the present invention to provide an improved device and an improved process of the type as indicated above for the determining of at least one property of a heterogeneous reflective body.
A further aspect of the task of the present invention is to provide a device which can determine at least one statistical property of a heterogeneous reflective body.
This task is solved in accordance with the present inventive device. The inventive process is also disclosed.
Preferred embodiments of the invention will also be described.

Device and process for the determination of the properties of reflective bodies


Apparatus, and an associated method, for performing error-correction operations to correct errors in a block of block-encoded data. Two ALUs are operable in parallel to perform finite-field mathematical operations and to calculate addresses used pursuant to the error-correction calculations. Instructions pursuant to which the ALUs are operable are stored in a memory device. The instructions are retrieved during operation of error-correcting calculations. The manner by which the error-correcting apparatus operates is alterable by appropriate alteration of the instructions stored at the memory device.

Advancements in digital technologies have permitted the development, and implementation, of many new products. Products pertaining to, and including, digital processing circuitry, are exemplary of products possible as a result of such advancements.
Repetitive functions can be carried out by digital processing circuitry at rates significantly more rapidly than the manual performance of such functions. The rapid rate at which the digital processing circuitry is able to repeatedly perform such functions has permitted activities, previously considered impractical, to be readily implementable.
Processing of large amounts of data is, e.g., advantageously effectuated through the use of a product, including, or formed of, digital processing circuitry. For instance, in a computer system, data is transferred between peripheral devices and a CPU (central processing unit). In processing of the data, data is read from, or written to, data storage locations in successive read and write operations.
The data that is processed is in digital form. That is to say, the data is stored in the form of binary bits. The binary bits forming the data are transferred when reading or writing the data to effectuate the processing operations. Errors are sometimes introduced during the transfer of the data. The errors are introduced as a result of, for example, channel distortion or noise. The effects of the data storage locations at which the data is stored can also introduce errors into the data.
To ensure data integrity, the errors in the data must typically be corrected. Encoding techniques are sometimes utilized to encode data prior to its transfer. Such encoding of the data facilitates error correction of the data, subsequent to its transfer. Decoding of the data is performed to recreate the value of the data prior to its encoding and transfer.
Various encoding schemes have been developed and used to encode data. Block-encoding schemes by which blocks of digital data are encoded, for example, are oftentimes utilized in mass storage systems. Reed-Solomon coding is exemplary of a block-encoding scheme sometimes utilized to encode digital data. Standardized encoding schemes have been set forth, for instance, for the encoding of blocks of data stored on the optical storage devices, such as CD-ROM storage devices. In such storage devices, data is formatted into blocks formed of two-dimensional arrays of data. The blocks of data include ECC (error correction code) as a portion thereof. The ECC is utilized during error-correction operations to detect data errors contained in the block of data.
Error-correction operations however, are computationally-intensive. As products and systems in which data is transferred cause data transfer to be effectuated at quicker rates, the rates at which error-correction operations must be performed correspondingly must be increased. Some conventional error-correction operations are performed by execution of the ECC error-correction algorithms by a general-purpose microprocessor or a specialized, ECC-processor. The use of software algorithms to effectuate ECC error-correction operations permit system flexibility as the software algorithms can be substituted with others depending upon the error-correction operations to be performed. That is to say, software implementations of ECC operations are easily alterable, or replaceable. But, execution of a software algorithm is inherently serial. Rates at which error-correction operations utilizing conventional software algorithms, executable by processors, are relatively slow because of the necessary, serial execution of the algorithms.
Other, conventional ECC operations are hardware-implemented. That is to say, dedicated hardware is provided to implement error-correction operations. Such hardware implementations are more readily able to perform error-correction operations at high data rates. But, hardware implementations are not adaptable to changes.
Conventional, software-implemented error-correction apparatus and methods, while advantageously flexible, are relatively slow. And, conventional, hardware-implemented error-correction apparatus and methods, while relatively fast, are relatively inflexible.
A manner by which to utilized the advantages of both software- and hardware-implemented error-correction apparatus and methods would therefore be advantageous.
It is in light of this background information related to error-correction operations that the significant improvements of the present invention have evolved.

Error correction apparatus and associated method utilizing parellel processing


A cable tensioning device comprises tubular shaft having an outer threaded portion, and a handle member surrounding a portion of the shaft, with the shaft and handle member being connected in screw-threaded relation. The shaft moves longitudinally relative to the handle as the handle rotates, driven by the screw threaded connection. A gripping member is carried on the shaft distal to the handle member for holding a replaceable bit, which, in turn, may carry a cable crimp. A cable lock is positioned typically proximal of the handle member to hold the ends of cables extending through the tubular shaft. Rotation of the handle member can cause the shaft to move longitudinally to lengthen the distance between the cable lock and a crimp held by a bit which, in turn, is held by the gripping member, to impose a tension on the cable. A meter is present for measuring the amount of tension applied to the cable.

Orthopedic cables are used to strengthen and repair broken bones. The cables are typically formed into a loop, simple or complex, and tightened about the bone structure with a tensioning tool. See for example Songer et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,340.
There remains a need for a cable tensioner which has a narrow, thin design so that it can penetrate into small, deep wounds and incisions for tensioning of cables deeply mounted in the body.
Also, it would be desirable to provide a cable tensioning unit having the flexibility to engage a wide variety of different cable crimps, as well as being usable in other cable tensioning operations. For example, the cable tensioner might press against a bone plate rather than holding a crimp in the cable tensioning process.
By this invention, such a narrow, thin, but versatile cable tensioner is provided which is capable of gripping a wide variety of cable crimps, or merely providing pressure against bone plates or the like as part of the tensioning process.
The cable tensioner apparatus is also capable of providing a specific, predetermined level of tension which may be variable on a moment-to-moment basis as the surgeon may decide. Also, the process of the tensioning is convenient in its operation and quick.
By this invention a cable tensioning device is provided which comprises: a tubular shaft having an outer threaded portion and a handle member surrounding a portion of the shaft. The handle member carries the shaft in a manner permitting a relative rotation which causes the shaft to move longitudinally relative to the handle as the handle rotates. This is preferably accomplished by connecting the tubular shaft and handle member together in screw-threaded relation.
A gripping member is carried on the shaft distal to the handle member for holding a cable crimp, typically by use of a replaceable bit which, in turn, can releasably carry a cable crimp or be otherwise used in a crimping function, for example by pressing against a bone plate to provide purchase for tensioning. The bit is replaceable, typically in a conventional manner of tool bits, so that different bits may be used for receiving different cable crimps or for performing other desired tensioning functions.
A cable lock is positioned on a portion of the tensioning device which is typically proximal to the handle member, and does not rotate with the handle member, to hold the ends of cables extending through the tubular shaft. Any suitable conventional cable lock mechanism may be used.
Accordingly, rotation of the handle member can cause the shaft to move longitudinally without rotation, to lengthen the distance between the cable lock and the bit which is held by the gripping member, to impose a tension on the cable.
Also, a meter, carried by the tensioning device, is provided for measuring the tension, so that the surgeon can apply a specific, quantitative tension as desired to a cable by means of the tensioning device of this invention.
The handle member preferably defines a bore having an internally threaded section of no more than about 180 degrees extent around the bore, and typically less. The tubular shaft extends through the bore and defines external threads that normally engage the internally threaded section. Means, such as a spring-biased push button, are provided for temporarily moving the internally threaded section out of engagement with the external threads, to permit the shaft to freely slide in the bore of the handle member. Thus, when tensioning is desired, the threads may be disengaged and the shaft may be manually extended from the handle member to a position where the tensioning begins. Then, the threads may be reengaged, and the handle rotated to provide a quantitatively determinable tension (through the meter) on the cable as desired. Thus, a substantial saving in time is provided by this means for temporarily moving the internally threaded section out of engagement with the external threads, so that the shaft may be quickly advanced to the position where tensioning of the cable begins.
The meter typically comprises a longitudinally sliding portion of the device, relative to the handle member, typically positioned at the proximal end of the meter. A spring is positioned to resist sliding of this portion toward the gripping member. An indicator or meter is provided of the amount of such sliding as the cable is tensioned, responsive to the degree of deflection of the spring. Because the cable lock is carried on this sliding portion, increased tension of the cable results in more deflection of the spring. The indicator may be an arrow which slides along a scale, indicating the quantitative amount of tension as the spring is depressed by that tension.


A method for validating or invalidating the computed weight of an aircraft, where the computed weight of the aircraft is determined by compiling various weight assumptions added to a known empty weight of the aircraft. The method measures the aircraft center of gravity, determines the percentage of computed weight supported by the combined main landing gear struts, and using a database such as a look-up table to validate if the percentage of computed weight is determined within a reasonable range to the measured load on the combined main landing gear struts. Sensors are attached to the landing gear struts, so to measure and monitor aircraft loads and center of gravity without measuring the aircraft weight.

For safe operation of an aircraft, the weight of the aircraft must be determined prior to take-off. Airlines (also referred to as: FAA/Part 121 "Air Carriers") have strict departure schedules, which are maintained to maximize aircraft utilization each day. Today's airline operations typically do not place fully loaded aircraft upon scales as a means to measure the aircraft weight, and the distribution of that weight, commonly referred to as the aircraft Center of Gravity ("CG"), prior to an aircraft's departure ("dispatch") from an airport gate.
On any single day within the United States, airlines average 28,537 departures; where each of these air carriers must determine the weight and CG for each aircraft prior to departure. United States population has progressively become heavier over the years; thereby the individual weight of each passenger on these aircraft has become heavier. Airlines around the world operate on very strict time-schedules, where even a short departure delay occurring early in the day can have a ripple effect and create scheduling problems throughout the airline's remaining flight schedule. Aircraft load planning is a crucial part of keeping an airline operating on schedule. A scheduled aircraft departure will commence its load planning process up to one year prior to the actual flight. Airlines do not offer ticket sales for a flight more than twelve months prior to the flight. As each ticket for a scheduled flight is purchased, the average passenger and average checked bag weights are assigned for each ticketed passenger into a computer program, continually updating throughout the year the planned load for that flight. Aircraft have a Maximum Take-Off Weight "MTOW" limitation. Airline load planning procedures use weight assumptions as to the weight of passengers and baggage loaded onto the aircraft, provided by Aviation Regulatory Authorities, to stay below the aircraft MTOW limitation.
Aircraft weights are limited by Federal Aviation Administration "FAA" Regulation. The FAA is the Regulatory Authority which regulates the design, development, manufacture, modification and operation of all aircraft operated within the United States, and will be referenced along with the term "Regulatory Authority" to indicate both the FAA and/or any governmental organization (or designated entity) charged with the responsibility for either initial certification of aircraft or modifications to the certification of aircraft. Examples of Regulatory Authorities would include: European Aviation Safety Agency "EASA", within most European countries; Transport Canada, Civil Aviation Directorate "TCCA", in Canada; Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil "ANAC" in Brazil; or other such respective Regulatory Authority within other such respective countries.
FAA Regulations (provided in the Code of Federal Regulations) are the governmental regulations, which detail the requirements necessary for an aircraft to receive certification by the Regulatory Authority within the United States. These would be equivalent to such regulations within the Joint Aviation Regulations "JARs" which are used in many European countries.
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 25 refers to regulations, which control the certification of Air Transport Category aircraft ("Part 25 aircraft".) Part 25 aircraft include most of the commercial passenger aircraft in use today. For example, Part 25 aircraft include: Boeing model numbers 737, 747, 757, 767, 777; Airbus model numbers A300, A310, A320, A330, A340, etc. The FAA regulations allow for control mechanisms to assure Part 121 air carriers manage aircraft loading procedures to confirm at the completion of the loading process that the aircraft load distribution remains within the aircraft's certified forward and aft CG limits.
In particular:
Title 14—Code of Federal Regulations:
Part 121-695, subparagraph (d)
§ 121.695 Load Manifest: All Certificate Holders                The load manifest must contain the following information concerning the loading of the airplane at takeoff time:        (a) The weight of the aircraft, fuel and oil, cargo and baggage, passengers and crewmembers.        (b) The maximum allowable weight for that flight that must not exceed the least of the following weights:                    (1) Maximum allowable takeoff weight for the runway intended to be used (including corrections for altitude and gradient, and wind and temperature conditions existing at the takeoff time).            (2) Maximum takeoff weight considering anticipated fuel and oil consumption that allows compliance with applicable en route performance limitations.            (3) Maximum takeoff weight considering anticipated fuel and oil consumption that allows compliance with the maximum authorized design landing weight limitations on arrival at the destination airport.            (4) Maximum takeoff weight considering anticipated fuel and oil consumption that allows compliance with landing distance limitations on arrival at the destination and alternate airports.                        (c) The total weight computed under approved procedures.        (d) Evidence that the aircraft is loaded according to an approved schedule that insures that the center of gravity is within approved limits.        (e) Names of passengers, unless such information is maintained by other means by the certificate holder.
If an airline is found to be operating a Regulated aircraft with weights in excess of the aircraft's certified weight limitations, that airline is subject to Federal penalties and fines. It is a violation of Federal Law to knowingly operate an aircraft, when the aircraft weight has exceeded any of the Original Equipment Manufacture's ("OEM's") certified weight limitations.
All air carriers must have FAA approved procedures in place ("an approved schedule"), in which the air carrier will follow such procedures to insure each time an aircraft is loaded, the load will be distributed in a manner that the aircraft CG will remain within the forward and aft CG limitations. The FAA and the specific air carrier develop these procedures, which are often referred to as "loading laws" and when implemented define how the aircraft is loaded. An accurate determination of the total passenger weight portion of a flight could most readily be accomplished by having a scale located at the entrance to the aircraft door, by which all weight that enters the aircraft would be measured. Though this solution sounds simple, having the measured weight of the passengers and their carry-on items could cause substantial disruption in an airline's daily flight schedule. Such disruption would occur moments before the aircraft is scheduled to depart and when it is discovered that the aircraft measured weight does not match the aircraft's planned, or computed, weight. Even if the weight differential is only a few hundred pounds, the flight would be delayed until the discrepancy was resolved. Numerous aircraft delays could result with many dissatisfied passengers, which could be required to be removed from their planned flight.
The FAA has established guidelines through the issuance of an Advisory Circular AC No: 120-27E, dated Jun. 10, 2005, "Aircraft Weight And Balance Control" in which an airline is allowed to determine aircraft weight through the adoption of a "weight and balance control program" for aircraft operated under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14CFR) part 91, subparts 121, 125 and 135. Part 121 deals with scheduled air carrier operations, including airlines such as American, Delta, United and Southwest.
The aircraft operator will use approved loading schedules to document compliance with the certificated aircraft weight limitations contained in the aircraft manufacturer's Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), for the compiling and summing of the weights of various aircraft equipment, fuel and payload weights, along with the AC120-27E weight designations for passengers and baggage. These types of loading schedules are commonly referred to as the Load Build-Up Method (LBUM).
The aircraft LBUM weight determinations are "computed" with the use of guidance from AC120-27E, which define the approved methods to determine the aircraft weight using "weight assumptions" which are independent of any requirement to use scales to measure of the aircraft total weight at dispatch. The fully loaded weight of the aircraft is established through a process of compiling the weights of various payload items based upon FAA approved "designated" average weights, for the varying elements such as passengers, carry-on baggage, checked baggage, crew weight, cargo weight and the weight of fuel loaded; onto a previously measured empty aircraft weight.
On the actual day of a flight, typically two hours prior to the departure of that flight, the airline's automated load planning program will transfer this particular flight plan to the desktop computer display of one of the airline's Flight Dispatchers. It is the responsibility of the Flight Dispatcher to then monitor the planned load of this flight as passengers check-in and board the aircraft. The number of passengers and checked bags are input to the load-planning program. Typically this process goes without interruption and the aircraft will dispatch on schedule, as planned. As the aircraft's door closes and the load-plan is closed-out by the Flight Dispatcher, the aircraft weight associated with the "planned load" will always match the aircraft weight associated with the "departure load" as submitted to the FAA; because both are based on the same collection of weight assumptions used in determining the LBUM. Use of an alternate means to physically measure the total aircraft weight, just as the aircraft door closes, and the possibility of the measured aircraft weight not matching the calculated weight of the LBUM, would have the airline facing a potential departure delay to resolve any difference in the two separate but parallel aircraft weight determinations. This potential for delay in the flight departure on as many as 2,500 daily flights for a single airline, results in the various airlines not willing to take the risk of hundreds of flight delays each day. Many if not most airlines currently dispatch their aircraft under FAA approved LBUM procedures; a method which helps to keep the airlines running on schedule. This also creates an incentive for airlines to continue to use the FAA approved assumed weights, irregardless as to whether the assumed aircraft weight determinations are accurate.
Accurate determination of aircraft take-off weight is an important part of load planning in that it not only adds to the safety of each flight it also is an important consideration regarding the overall life limitation of the aircraft. The aircraft weight can be incorrect by as much as 2,000+ pounds and a "properly balanced" aircraft will still take-off, using an extra 100 feet of the available 10,000 feet of runway.
In addition, accurate determination of take-off weight is important in planning and executing the take-off of the aircraft. In planning the take-off of the aircraft, the pilots rely on the take-off weight of the aircraft to determine the required aircraft speed at take-off and the length of the runway needed to reach that speed. A heavier aircraft requires a higher speed to take-off, and a longer runway to reach that speed, than does a lighter aircraft of the same model. If the aircraft weight is incorrect, then the take-off determinations of speed and runway length will also be incorrect. If the physical runway is shorter than what is needed, the aircraft could crash on take-off.
Thus, the LBUM determined aircraft weight at take-off is subject to the accuracy of the data provided. It is desired to provide some verification of the aircraft weight.
An aircraft is typically supported by plural and in most cases three pressurized landing gear struts. The three landing gears are comprised of two identical Main Landing Gear ("MLG") struts, which absorb landing loads and a single Nose Landing Gear ("NLG") strut used to balance and steer the aircraft as the aircraft taxi on the ground. Designs of landing gear incorporate moving components, which absorb the impact force of landing. Moving components of an aircraft landing gear shock absorber are commonly vertical telescopic elements. The telescopic shock absorber of landing gear comprise internal fluids, both hydraulic fluid and compressed nitrogen gas, and function to absorb the vertical descent forces generated when the aircraft lands. While the weight of the aircraft is resting on the ground, the weight of the aircraft is "balanced" upon three pockets on compressed gas within the landing gear struts.
Measuring changes in the three landing gear strut internal pressures, will in turn identify the aircraft CG, and identify the distribution and subsequent re-distribution of aircraft loads.
In spite of numerous variations in prior art for aircraft On-Board Weight and Balance Systems ("OBWBS"), no U.S. airlines currently use OBWBSs in their daily operations, but instead all major airlines typically use the LBUM to determine aircraft weight and CG.
Though the FAA may continue to assume aircraft weight determinations, as computed within the guidance of AC120-27E, to have zero errors in the aircraft weight determination; a statistical evaluation and review of the FAA approved methods finds significant errors in the LBUM weights which remain un-recognized by the FAA.

Method for validation aircraft take-off weight independent of measuring the aircraft weight


A system and method for recovery of hydrate inhibitor from a fluid comprising hydrate inhibitor, water, mineral salt ions and salt particles is disclosed. Wherein, the system comprises: —an indirectly heated paddle dryer with a fluid inlet, at least one vapor outlet and a dry salt outlet —a vapor separation unit in fluid communication with the at least one vapor outlet for separation of the vapor to recover the hydrate inhibitor.

It is well known that well streams containing a mixture of fluids such as crude oil, condensate, formation water and gas during transportation may react and form solid hydrates resulting in i.e. blocked pipelines. To avoid and or limit the formation of hydrates compounds known as hydrate inhibitors are added to the well stream prior to transportation. One example of an often applied hydrate inhibitor is mono-ethylene glycol (MEG), other applicable hydrate inhibitors include glycol compounds with other substituents, as well as kinetic hydrate inhibitors or combinations thereof. The term kinetic refers to the effect of the inhibitor lowering the reaction rate of the hydrate forming reactions.
Hydrate inhibitors such as MEG are valuable chemicals and the recycling thereof provides reduced costs. However equally important are the environmental consequences, as waste streams containing not inconsiderable amounts of MEG or similar inhibitors can not be released to the environment.
A number of different steps and methods for separating MEG for reuse are known in the art.
After a first separation of hydrocarbons the process fluid normally comprises a hydrocarbon rest, water, corrosion products, MEG and dissolved mineral salts. Normally the amount of mineral salts is considerable and the salts may precipitate during the MEG extraction process which again leads to increased viscosity, sludge formation or plugging. Depending on the formation the composition of the mineral salts will vary. It is well known to remove salts from solutions by precipitation of solids by increasing the activity or concentration; however the combination of alkali and earth alkali ions, and halogen, carbonate and bicarbonate ions results in the precipitation of relatively small salt particles that are not easily separated from the solution. A further obstacle for the regeneration process is degradation of the inhibitor at high temperatures which limits the heating possibility to obtain separation.


An optical amplification apparatus includes a front-stage semiconductor optical amplifier which amplifies an input light and a rear-stage semiconductor optical amplifier which amplifies an amplified light outputted from the front-stage semiconductor optical amplifier. The front-stage semiconductor optical amplifier exercises auto level control of an output light by exercising variable control of driving current which flows according to applied voltage higher than light emitting threshold voltage of an internal optical amplification element. The rear-stage semiconductor optical amplifier performs gate switching of a transmitted light by exercising switching control of driving current. By doing so, distortion of a waveform is controlled and optical communication quality can be improved.

In recent years, the use of a long-distance large-capacity optical communication network has spread and the development of high-speed large-capacity WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplex) transmission systems has progressed.
In addition, attention is paid to SOAs (Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers) which change the gain according to driving current as optical amplifiers in optical communication networks.
An SOA is an optical amplifier including an optical amplification element made from a compound semiconductor such as indium phosphorus (InP). Compared with EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) using an erbium (Er) doped fiber as an amplification medium, SOAs are, for example, small and have wide amplification bands. SOAs have these advantages, so they have come to be widely applied to optical communication networks.
The following techniques regarding optical amplification control by an SOA were proposed as prior arts.
Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-200633
Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2010-186919
In order to reduce a time delay in the flowing of driving current to an SOA chip after the generation of applied voltage, an edge enhancement is performed on the applied voltage at the time of optical amplification by an SOA. However, there may be a change in the power of a light inputted to the SOA. In this case, performing an edge enhancement the size of which is fixed on applied voltage without taking the change into consideration causes distortion of the waveform of an amplified light outputted from the SOA.


A method and an apparatus for regulating the operating temperature of an internal combustion engine, wherein a cooling fluid is transported in a circuit through the internal combustion engine by means of a cooling fluid pump driven by an electric motor. The electric motor can be operated with a power dissipation loss which is increased in comparison with its nominal operation and the waste heat produced in that situation is transmitted to the cooling fluid.

Fluid-cooled internal combustion engines are cooled by a cooling fluid being circulated through the internal combustion engine and then usually also through a suitable radiator in heat-exchange relationship with the atmospheric air, with the cooling fluid being driven through the cooling fluid circuit by a pump. In this respect reference may be made to DE 100 58 374 A1 which provides that the cooling fluid is circulated through the engine by means of a pump driven by an electric motor, with the electric motor being controlled in dependence on the prevailing temperature of the cooling fluid. In that case semiconductor devices which serve to regulate operation of the electric pump motor and/or a radiator fan motor also perform the function of affording additional heating, with the semiconductor devices being operated in a lossy fashion when the internal combustion engine is in a cold-start condition, with the waste heat resulting therefrom being transferred to the cooling fluid. Particularly in the cold-start phase of the internal combustion engine, the cooling water can be quickly heated up without the need for an additional heating unit, as is known from EP 0 993 546 A1, with the consequence that the internal combustion engine is raised to its normal operating temperature of the order of magnitude of between 80° C. and 90° C. within a reduced period of time.

Method and apparatus for regulating the operating temperature of an internal combustion engine


An improved vanadium/phosphorus catalyst for the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride is disclosed. Preferably, the catalyst contains a promoter. A process for the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride using the improved catalyst is also disclosed.

Maleic anhydride is a commercially-important compound used in the manufacture of alkyd and polyester resins. It is also a versatile intermediate for chemical synthesis. n-butane is a relatively inexpensive feed used in the industrial production of maleic anhydride. Improved processes and catalysts for the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride are of interest to the chemical industry.
Mount et al., published application U.S. Ser. No. B330,354 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,963, disclose a phosphorus/vanadium/oxygen catalyst and a method of preparing dicarboxylic acid anhydrides by contacting the catalyst with saturated hydrocarbons. More specifically, the Patentees disclose the preparation of maleic anhydride using a phosphorus/vanadium/oxygen catalyst. Oxygen-containing vanadium and phosphorus compounds are contacted to form a catalyst precursor. The importance of reducing the vanadium to valence +4 is described. The precursor is shaped and calcined to form a catalyst. The preferred catalyst has a P/V atom ratio of about 1:2 to 2:1 and a porosity of at least about 35%. The catalyst is contacted with saturated hydrocarbons at a temperature from about 350.degree. to 600.degree. C. to form maleic anhydride.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,280 issued to Schneider, discloses the preparation of a phosphorus/vanadium mixed oxide catalyst composition for the oxidation of hydrocarbons. The catalyst is prepared in isobutyl alcohol and has a P/V atom ratio of about 0.9-1.8:1. The vanadium is reduced to an average valence state of 3.9 to 4.6. The catalyst composition is said to have substantial intrinsic surface ara and a microcrystalline structure which result in advantageous activity in the catalyzed vapor phase oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,062,873 and 4,064,070, issued to Harrison, disclose the preparation of an oxidation catalyst comprising oxides of vanadium, phosphorus, and silicon; and a process of preparing maleic anhydride by contacting the catalyst with hydrocarbon feed at a temperature of about 300.degree. C. to 600.degree. C. A catalyst precursor is prepared by co-precipitating a reduced vanadium oxide, silica or a silica precursor, and phosphoric acid. The precursor is calcined to form the silica-containing catalyst. The preferred vanadium oxidation state is between 3.5 to 4.6. Preferably, the silica is introduced in the form of an organic alkyl orthosilicate. The preferred P/V atom ratio is 0.9-3:1 and the preferred P/Si atom ratio is 20-1:1.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,132,670 and 4,187,235, issued to Katsumoto et al., disclose a method of preparing a vanadium/phosphorus oxide catalyst having an intrinsic surface area in excess of 10 square meters per gram. The catalyst is used in the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. Anhydrous alcohols of 1-10 carbon atoms and 1-3 hydroxyl groups are used to reduce the vanadium to a valence of 4.0 to 4.6. The catalyst has a V/P atom ratio of about 1:1.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,371,702 and 4,442,226, issued to Bither, disclose a vanadium/phosphorus oxide catalyst for the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride and containing a promoter comprising silicon and at least one of indium, antimony and tantalum. The catalyst is prepared by initially contacting vanadium substantially of valence +4 with the promoter or promoter precursor in an aqueous or organic liquid medium. In an aqueous system, silica can be added to the vanadium as a colloidal silica sol. In an organic system, silica can be introduced as an alkyl orthosilicate. The patents subsequently disclose that a catalyst precursor is then formed by the addition of an appropriate phosphorus compound to give a composition which upon isolation and drying is blended with 1-3% of a die lubricant and pellet binder, such as graphite or Sterotex.RTM., a hydrogenated cottonseed oil commercially available from Capital City Products Company. The resulting combination is heated to generate the catalyst. The catalyst has a Si/V atom ratio of about 0.02-3.0:1.0, a (In+Sb+Ta)/V atom ratio of about 0.005-0.2:1.0 and a P/V atom ratio of about 0.9-1.3:1.0. The catalyst is contacted with n-butane at 300.degree.-550.degree. C. to form maleic anhydride.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,092,269, issued to Mount et al., discloses a method for preparing phosphorus/vanadium/oxygen catalysts useful in the manufacture of maleic anhydride. A pore modification agent is added to a catalyst precursor to provide a catalyst wherein the pore volume from pores having diameters between about 0.8 .mu.m and about 10 .mu.m is greater than 0.02 cc/g. In the preparation of a preferred catalyst, selected organic pore-modifying agents are incorporated into a catalyst precursor in an amount from about 2-15% by weight of precursor. The modifying agents are removed through combustion.
In any commercial process for the production of maleic anhydride, the product of n-butane conversion and selectivity to maleic anhydride should be maximized. In a process in which the off-gases following recovery of maleic anhydride are combusted, or in a recycle-type of operation, a high single pass yield of maleic anhydride is important.


An apparatus and a method for detecting an antenna coil with a non-active detuning apparatus are provided. The apparatus has a transmitter, an antenna, an amplitude meter, and a controller. The controller actuates the transmitter such that the transmitter emits radio-frequency signals with different predetermined amplitudes via the antenna. The controller acquires testing amplitudes with the amplitude meter as a function of the emitted signal and determines a testing relationship between the predetermined amplitudes and the acquired testing amplitudes. If the determined testing relationship deviates from a predetermined reference relationship, a signal is output.

The present embodiments relate to an apparatus and also to a method for detecting an antenna coil with a non-active detuning apparatus and also a magnetic resonance tomography system having an apparatus of this kind.
Magnetic resonance tomography systems are imaging apparatuses that, in order to map an examination object, align the nuclear spins of the examination object with a strong external magnetic field and, by a magnetic alternating field, excite the nuclear spins for precession about this alignment. The precession or return of the spins from this excited state into a state with less energy in turn generates, as a response, a magnetic alternating field that is received via antennas.
With the aid of magnetic gradient fields, a spatial encoding is impressed onto the signals, which then permits an assignment of the received signal to a volume element. The received signal is then evaluated, and a three-dimensional imaging representation of the examination object is provided. In order to receive the signal, local antennas (e.g., as local coils) that are arranged directly on the examination object may be used to attain an improved signal-to-noise ratio.
For the receiving, the local coils are set to be resonant at the Larmor frequency (e.g., the Larmor frequency of a hydrogen nucleus in the static magnetic field B0 of the magnetic resonance tomography system). During the excitation pulse for the nuclear spins at the same frequency, however, the local coils are to be detuned in order to avoid a destruction due to high induced voltages or currents. The detuning is effected by active components such as PIN diodes that are made conductive by a control current. If the local coil is not connected, passive protection elements such as crossed diodes or safety fuses are provided. If these protection mechanisms are defective, however, then the resonant conditions of the local coil in the surroundings thereof may lead to excessive field strengths during the excitation pulse, which may possibly endanger a person to be examined despite global limit values generally being observed. This may be the case if there is a particular hazardous situation (e.g., due to implants), and exceeding field strength limit values even for a brief period of time endangers the patient.
A local transmit coil with a monitoring facility is known from the publication DE 10 2015 217 723 A1, for example.

Apparatus and method for detecting antenna coils


A survival gear storage and fishing apparatus has a tapered reel shaft having a reduced diameter center portion. A first housing is connected to one end of the reel shaft and a second housing is connected to another end of the reel shaft. The second housing is linearly aligned with the first housing and the reel shaft. An anvil and securement shaft port is located in the reduced diameter center portion of the reel shaft. An anvil and securement shaft is located in the anvil and securement shaft port. There is a first tubular storage chamber in the first housing and a second tubular storage chamber in the second housing. A first cap is threadingly secured to a first open end of the first housing. The first cap has a first knurled outer surface. A second cap is threadingly secured to a second open end of the second housing and the second cap has a second knurled outer surface. A wire saw blade may attached to a loop on an outside surface of the first cap and second cap. There is a first knurled surface on an outer surface of the first housing and a second knurled surface on an outer surface of the second housing. There is also a carrying case enclosing the survival gear storage and fishing apparatus. The carrying case has an adjustable and removable carrying strap, a belt loop and a resealable pocket.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a fishing apparatus and an apparatus for storing survival gear.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various devices have been offered to the public to enhance their chances of survival if by unfortunate circumstance they find themselves in a primitive environment. Since the ability to catch fish if they are available is life enhancing, some of the devices provide a way to catch fish. However, these previous devices do little to help the user in other life-threatening situations encountered in the wild.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,235 to H. A. Dauvergne on Apr. 04, 1978 for a Poleless Fishing Rig describes disk-like fishing rig having inner compartments to store fishing equipment and a snap-on lid to contain the equipment.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,200,249 to F. L. Synstelien on Apr. 29, 1980 for a Storage Device shows a reel-type storage device having a friction strap or brake to bear against the winding surface and several compartments therein to store small fishing components.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,803,797 to R. D. Barham on Feb. 14, 1989 for a Compact Fishing Device describes a spool with fishing line wrapped thereon. The spool having a handle to allow releasing and locking of the line on the spool. A tube may be releasably attached to the handle and used to secure the handle to the ground.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,075 to J. M. Campos on Mar. 03, 1992 for a Storage Device for Use in Emergencies or as a Combination Hand Caster Including Fishing Reel, Tackle Storage Box and Flashlight Storage Handle shows a multi-compartment housing for storage of fishing items, a light and some survival gear.
The present invention solves the problem often encountered by a person finding themselves in a difficult situation in a remote area when other needs need to be addressed to stay alive other than making it easier to fish.

Survival gear storage and fishing apparatus


A cooling system with at least one cooling tower and multiple upper pans or distribution manifold pipes is provided with a strainer tank assembly at the tower lower end in proximity to the sump to receive incoming fluid for cooling, which strainer tank includes a screen to strain particulate material from the inlet fluid communicated to the tower upper end and to equally distribute this fluid at the lowest elevation at a pressure with a higher static pressure component than its dynamic pressure component to avoid a requirement for a flow control valve to provide relatively quiescent fluid for fluid distribution to the tower and fluid transfer media therein. A pressure relief baffle in the strainer tank is operable in response to a fluid overpressure condition to bypass the screen and open fluid communication to avert catastrophic failures within the fluid circuit.

Cross-flow cooling tower apparatus with single or multiple air entry passages, and chambers for heat/mass transfer media, which are frequently cooling towers with fluid transfer medium having gravity-fed fluid flowing through to be cooled by transversely flowing air. These present apparatus have fluid systems and circuits including pumps to provide fluid at a pressure at the upper end of the cooling towers. The fluids at a pressure have both a static and dynamic component with the static pressure being relatively small for a conduit connection directly extending from the pump to the upper end of the tower for deposition of warm fluid in a fluid basin at an elevated dynamic pressure. Transfer of fluids with a large dynamic component is associated with high turbulence, and these fluids are more difficult to control during fluid distribution to the basin pans and the fluid transfer media. Erratic fluid flow to the fluid transfer media results in erratic flow through the fluid transfer media and concomitantly inefficient fluid cooling. A discussion of the differences between static pressure and the dynamic or velocity head (pressure) is provided in Cameron Hydraulic Data, edited by G. V. Shaw and A. W. Loomis, Twelfth Edition, Third Printing, Ingersoll-Rand Company, New York, New York (pp. 9-13).
In an attempt to control the fluid turbulence and to more smoothly deliver fluid at an elevated temperature for cooling in the transfer media, flow control valves are provided in the fluid circuit to receive the warmed fluid at a dynamic pressure, abate the turbulence and provide smooth, even distribution of the warmed fluid to the basin pan or pans for transfer to the fluid-cooling media. A flow control valve is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,878 to Scrivnor which incorporates a rotary flow control valve and a predistribution pan in cooperation with a distribution pan. This valve is positioned above the transfer media of a tower to receive the warm fluid flow. However, as with most tower assemblies the location of operating assemblies in remote or relatively inaccessible regions requires framing, ladders, catwalks and other associated structural members for viewing, repair or replacement. The flow-control valve and structural assemblies are all added cost factors, which components are a result of the distribution problem associated with the relatively large dynamic component of fluid pressure at the upper end of the tower and the associated turbulence and irregular fluid distribution. The requirement for a flow-control valve is especially evident when it is necessary to balance the flow to two (2) or more distribution basin pans.
Cross-flow cooling towers, as illustrated in the above-noted U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,878 to Scrivnor and more particularly in U.S. Pat. No. 2,732,190 to L. T. Mart, are utilized to reduce the temperature of a fluid (water) by a current of air horizontally traversing a cooling tower media having the fluid coursing vertically downward. Fluid is communicated to the basin above the towers from a supply source, for downward flow through the fluid cooling media, which may be horizontal slats, molded panels, or other media. The cross-flowing air and any air-entrained fluid flows through a drift eliminator section, which captures most of the entrained water particles, prior to air discharge from the tower. The warm fluid received from a piping network may carry spalled sidewall rust or other particulate material in the fluid stream. The entrained particulate material can lead to clogging of apertures in the basin, which would require maintenance at the tower upper end at the basin pan to dislodge and remove the entrapped materials, and to clear the orifices for unimpeded fluid transfer,
As a consequence of all of the above it is desirable to remove entrained particulate matter from fluids transferred to the cooling towers before fluid transfer to the basin pan or pans. Further, obviating the need for a flow-control valve would reduce the assembly size, avoid maintenance of the valve above the tower and remove the necessity for ladders, catwalks and support structures for accessing the additional equipment. A flow-control valve is generally required above each basin pan of a cross-flow cooling tower system, and in the position above the towers these valves are relatively difficult to service and maintain. Therefore, any provision to eliminate or alleviate these valves would avoid not only the original equipment cost, but also avoids the maintenance and service costs, as well as lost cooling capacity time during periods of poor fluid distribution.