The present invention involves a method of removing paint containing heavy metal from a surface without the production of hazardous wastes. Specifically, this method involves applying a coating preparation to the heavy metal containing paint prior to its removal from its surface. The preparation contains lead reactive chemicals such as phosphates, metal sulfides and organic sulfides. The preparation may also contain buffers such as magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide. These chemicals react with the heavy metals rendering them nonhazardous. The invention also involves the coating preparation itself.

Elimination of hazardous material is gaining more attention due to the new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) laws imposed because of the extreme toxicity of many of these waste products. Wastes from lead paint removal are often hazardous due to the high lead content as well as zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel, barium and other heavy metals present. Handling and disposal of these hazardous wastes is far more complicated and expensive than if there were nonhazardous. Thus, it could be extremely beneficial if the lead paint could be rendered nonhazardous prior to its removal from the surface it is on. This would eliminate the production of hazardous wastes thereby avoiding the requirement of adhering to strict EPA regulations since no hazardous wastes are ever produced. This would reduce costs greatly and simplify the methods of handling and disposal of the resulting nonhazardous waste.
A method of rendering the lead paint nonhazardous is via a treatment process which introduces an additive that renders metals to a nonhazardous form to a coating preparation formula. This coating preparation could then be applied over the existing lead paint before the lead paint is removed from the surface. The lead paint is thereby rendered nonhazardous before it is removed from its surface and becomes a waste material.
This process has numerous advantages. First, the additive is in intimate contact with the lead-bearing (or other heavy metal-bearing) paint, since they are removed together, and there will be no question of achieving sufficient mixing between the paint waste and the additives.
Second, since the paint is treated before it is removed from the surface, the generation of a hazardous waste is eliminated. The treated waste will need to be disposed in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations regarding solid waste disposal, but it will not need to be handled as a hazardous waste. Thus, this treatment process reduces the amount of EPA regulation and reduces time consuming EPA filing requirements.
Third, since the additive is introduced on top of the existing paint surface, the underlying surface after removal should be unaffected by the treatment process. In other words, the waste treatment will not effect the underlying surface with regards to future painting.
Yet another advantage is since this technique eliminates the generation of hazardous waste it will reduce both the short-term cost and long-term liability for anyone with lead painted items and, or course, it provides intangible benefit of the manifesting requirements of a hazardous waste generator.
Another advantage is that the application procedure to the lead painted surface is extremely simple and thereby reduces the potential for human error.

Method of nonhazardous removal of paint containing heavy metals and coating preparation for performing the same


A tunnel excavation apparatus comprises a frame mounted on crawler tracks and provided with pistons comprising stabilizer feet, a power unit, a working unit, and auxiliary movement and positioning services. The working unit is arranged on an arm mounted on one end of telescopic uprights, which are hinged at their other ends to the frame about an axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the machine, and consists of a rectilinear rigid structure, at the perimeter of which excavation tools are arranged on a chain, to circulate along the side and front of the structure. The tools are hinged to a caisson open on the side opposite the hinged side and provided with apparatus for conveying concrete into its interior.

This invention relates to a self-propelled tunnel excavation apparatus.
A known tunnel excavation method comprises constructing the final tunnel supporting lining before excavating the earth corresponding to the useful tunnel cross-section.
This method, which enables lining of considerable thickness (30-120 mm) to be achieved, is implemented by constructing a sequence of adjacent cast segments by the opening and closure panel technique. With this technique, each panel is formed by inserting a cutter unit into the earth and forming the concrete casting during the extraction of the tool by a casting tube which passes longitudinally through the cutter unit. The closure segments are made after cutting away a part of the concrete forming the two cast opening segments. The purpose of this operation is to dress the surface of the already hardened concrete of the primary segments to ensure good contact/connection with the fresh closure segment. Dressing is correctly used in construction work on any resumption of concrete casting.
The depth of the cast segments obtained in this manner is about 8.5 meters, after which the earth enclosed by them is excavated to depth of about 7 meters. After this a new series of cast segments is made, followed by excavation.


Described are 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters defined according to the structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents methyl or ethyl and R.sub.2 represents C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 straight chain or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl and organoleptic used thereof in augmenting or enhancing the aroma of perfume compositions, colognes and perfumed articles including, but not limited to bleach compositions, solid or liquid anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterionic detergents, perfumed polymers, fabric softener compositions, fabric softener articles, cosmetic powders and hair preparations.

The present invention relates to 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters defined according to the structure: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 represents methyl or ethyl and R.sub.2 represents C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 straight chain or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl and uses thereof in order to alter, modify or enhance the aroma of consumable materials.
There has been considerable work performed relating to substances which can be used to impart (modify, augment or enhance) fragrances to (or in) various consumable materials. These substances are used to diminish the use of natural materials, some of which may be in short supply and to provide more uniform properties in the finished product.
A fruity, citrusy, grapefruit, green, herbaceous, chamomile, floral, lily, rose, muguet, live flower petal-like, sauge sclaree, tobacco, mentha citrata, lavender, witch hazel, woody, orris, earthy, early morning forest path, oolong tea, ozoney, natural waxey, piney, guiacwood-like, sweet, jasmine and geranium aromas with chamomile, woody, soft woody, cabreuva, sauge sclaree, lavender, winey, floral, rose, copaiba oil-like, geranium, earthy, early morning forest path, fatty, oatmeal, herbaceous, spicy and black pepper undertones are highly desirable in several types of perfume compositions, perfumed articles and colognes.
The perfume use of 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranols having the structures: ##STR3## is disclosed in the literature as follows:
(a) the perfume use of the compound having the structure: ##STR4## USSR Pat. No. 620487 of July 17, 1978 (Chemical Abstracts 89:185929p);
(b) the compound having the structure: ##STR5## USSR Pat. No. 638597 of Dec. 28, 1978 (Chemical Abstracts, Volume 90:109812a);
(c) the compound having the structure: ##STR6## USSR Pat. No. 618374 of Aug. 5, 1978 (Chemical Abstracts 89:179861u); tetrahydro pyranyl esters are also known for their use in perfumery, specifically:
(a) the compound having the structure: ##STR7## disclosed by Arctander "Perfume And Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals)", Volumes I and II, at Monograph 2926 as follows: ##STR8##
(b) the compound having the structure: ##STR9## disclosed by Arctander, at Monograph 1935, to wit: ##STR10##
The 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters of our invention are novel compounds and have unexpected, unobvious and advantageous organoleptic properties with respect to the organoleptic properties of the compounds of the prior art.
Furthermore, considerable difficulties have heretofore been encountered in using compounded hypochlorite bleach orsterilizigsolutions with perfumed oils so that a stable long-lasting, single phase commercially feasible bleach or sterilizing solution has been difficult to obtain, particularly wherein the desired aroma of the article bleached or sterilized (e.g., clothing) has a pleasant and stable and consistent aroma on drying (and not the usual "hypochlorite-bleached-article" aroma). The problem has been defined in United Kingdom Patent Specification No. 886,084 published on Jan. 3, 1962 wherein it is stated that a stable "dispersion" of hypochorite-resistent perfume in aqueous solutions of hypochlorites was formulated. United Kingdom Patent Specification No. 886,084 discloses the preparation of an aqueous "solution" of a hypochlorite containing a hypochlorite resistant perfume and a surface active quaternary ammonium compound of the betaine type soluble in the hypochlorite solution. Such ammonium compounds have the generic structure: ##STR11## wherein each of R.sub.1 ", R.sub.2 ", R.sub.3 " and R.sub.4 " are alkyl. One of the features of the perfumed solutions produced in accordance with said United Kingdom Patent Specification No. 886,084 is indicated to be that the solution exhibits foaming properties. Another feature of United Kingdom Patent Specification No. 886,084 is stated to be that the perfumed solutions covered by the patent are found to be clear and homogeneous after eight weeks of storage at room temperature. Nevertheless, betaines such as "Ambiteric D" as are discussed therein are not so broadly useful when used in concentrations of from 0.15% up to 4.0% (based on total weight of bleach or sterilizing solution) as to have the ability to be used in conjunction with perfume oils which should be incorporated into thickened, high viscous hypochlorite bleaches or sterilizers having excellent surface tension properties so that long lasting stable soluble single phase thickened perfumed aqueous alkali metal hypochlorite bleach or sterilizing solutions having long lasting pleasing stable aromas are obtained, particularly where the quantity of perfume oil in the bleach or sterilizing substance is at levels of between 0.02% and 0.8% by weight of the total bleach or sterilizing solution. The need for such aromas (e.g., "citrusy") to be present in such bleach or sterilizing solutions exists so that the disagreeable characteristic "hypochorite" aroma is substantially eliminated from aromas of the product to which the bleach or sterilizing solution is applied; particularly on dry-out, as well as from the aroma of the hands of the user when they are in direct contact with such bleach or sterilizing solutions.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,560,389 also discloses the feasibility of using perfume oils in hypochlorite bleaches or sterilizers at column 3, lines 37-40 but the disclosure is limited to inclusion of various detergents in addition to amine oxides, such as lithium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl ether sulfate and/or is further limited to include hydrotropes such as sodium xylene sulfonate in addition to the amine oxide. Exclusion of such hydrotropes and detergents additional to the 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydropyranol esters of our invention is desirable not only to cause 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetra-hydro pyranyl esters of our invention to function properly, but also from an ecological standpoint.
European Chemical News, Volume 13, Jan. 18, 1968, sets forth a stbiosus of South African Pat. No. 67/4667 which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,389, but the reference also states at page 42:
"Alternatively, a detergent with bleaching or bacteriocidal properties can be formulated. Perfuming bleaching solutions is now possible." PA0 "Claim: An aromatic liquid bleaching composition containing, as active ingredient, sodium hypochlorite, which comprises one or more of simple perfumes or compounded perfumes selected from the group consisting of anisole, benzophenone, benzylphenyl ether, bromelia, cedrenyl acetate, p-tertiary butylcyclohexanol, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, dihydroterpinyl acetate, diphenyl oxide, dimethylbenzylcarbinol, dimethylphenylcarbinol, dihydroterpineol, fenchyl acetate, fenchyl alcohol, p-methyldimethylbenzylcarbinol, methylphenylcarlbinyl acetate, methyl-n-valerate, muskmoskene, muscarone, methyl amyl ketone, phenylethyldimethylcarbinyl acetate, rose phenone, styrallyl propionate, tetra hydromuguol, tetra hydromuguyl acetate, tetrahydreolinalool acetate, verool, velveton, verdox, coniferan and yarayara, and a surface active agent which can be stably be dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite."
Neither the South African nor the U.S. patents, however, indicate the advantages and usefulness of limiting the detergents either to (a) compounds having the generic structure: ##STR12## wherein at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represents C.sub.10 -C.sub.12 straight chain or branched chain alkyl and when one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is C.sub.10 -C.sub.12 branched or straight chain alkyl, the other or R.sub.1 or R.sub.12 is pH-adjusted hydrogen and wherein M.sub..alpha. and M.sub..beta. are the same or different and each represents alkali metal which may be sodium, lithium or potassium, or (b) to mixtures of compounds having the structure: ##STR13## with at least 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters defined according to the structure: ##STR14## of excluding from the formulation a hydrotrope or of specifying the nature of the perfume oil useful in the perfumed bleach or sterilizing solution (wherein A and B are each separately methyl or taken together, complete a morpholino ring and wherein R.sub.3 " is straight chain alkyl having from 11 up to 13 carbon atoms).
U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,551 in attempting to solve the foregoing problem discloses a stable single phase aqueous alkali metal hypochlorite liquid perfume bleach or sterilizing composition comprising an aqueous mixture of (1) an amino oxide composition consisting essentially of at least one morpholino and/or dimethyl (C.sub.11 -C.sub.13 straight chain alkyl) amine oxide in an amount greater than 55% of said amine oxide composition, (2) at least one alkali metal hydroxide, (3) at least one alkali metal hypochlorite, and (4) a perfume oil compatible with the mixture capable of imparting a "woody" or a "floral" or a "clean fresh" or a "citrusy" note to the bleach or sterilizing composition; the mixture having a pH in the range of from 12 to 13.5 and the mixture excluding hydrotropes as well as all surfactants except the amine oxide. U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,551 also attempts to solve the foregoing problem by disclosing a process for producing the above-named mixture comprising the steps of combining an amine oxide composition consisting essentially of one or more morpholio and/or dimethyl C.sub.11 -C.sub.13 straight chain alkyl amine oxide(s) with the perfumed oil to form an amine oxide-perfume oil premix; admixing the amine oxide-perfume oil premix with an aqueous alkali metal hypochlorite solution, and combining an alkali metal hydroxide with the solution whereby the final pH of the mixture is from 12 up to 13.5. In a further effort to solve the foregoing problem U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,551 also discloses adjustment of the pH of the aqueous metal hypochlorite solution initially to the range of 12-13.5 and then combining the resulting aqueous hypochlorite solution with the aforementioned premix. The resulting composition is indicated to cause products to which said composition is applied to have eliminated there from the disagreeable characteristics "hypochlorite" aroma and instead to have a "clean fresh" or "floral" or "woody" or "citrusy" aroma to be imparted to the treated products. In addition, it is stated that the hands of the individual user after using and being in direct contact with the hypochlorite composition will not have the disagreeable characteristics "hypochlorite" aroma but instead will have a pleasant "clean fresh" or "floral" or "woody" or "citrusy" aroma.
The disadvantage of the system of U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,551 however, concerns (a) the inability to use a thickener in the system whereby the resulting liquid has a viscosity of 5-25 centipoises at 20.degree.-40.degree. C. and (b) the relatively low degree of chemical stability and substantive stability of the perfume oil and of the single liquid phase system. Nothing in U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,551 indicates such a high degree of stabilities of the perfume-hypochlorite system as exists in the system of the present invention; wherein there is also included a thickener. Indeed, the stabilities using the system of the instant invention are far greater even at levels as low as 3% hypochlorite and are also relatively stable (from a standpoint of chemical stability of perfume oil, substantive stability of perfume oil and phase separation stability taken in combination with one another) at levels of as high as 10% hypochlorite in aqueous solution. Thus, the instant system gives rise to unexpected, unobvious and advantageous properties over the systems taught in the prior art.
Furthermore, nothing in the prior art including the teaching of U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,551 states either explicitly or implicitly the compatability of a thickener in the instant system, such as sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, potassium palmitate, potassium stearate, lithium palmitate, lithium stearate, lithium laurate, potassium laurate or sodium laurate whereby a stable gel (as opposed to a liquid) phase perfumed hypochlorite system or perfumed oil stabilizer emulsifier system "premix" may be produced.
The combination of the compound group having the structure: ##STR15## (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, M.sub..alpha. and M.sub..beta. are defined, supra) with perfume and hypochlorite bleach in general, is set forth in the Kao Soap Company, Japanese Pat. No. 25515/79 filed on Nov. 2, 1973 and opened for public inspection on June 19, 1975. Thus, on page 2, at column 4, line 15, the compound: ##STR16## is disclosed for use in conjunction with the perfumed hypochlorite bleaches. The claim of the Kao Soap Patent is as follows:
Furthermore, the use of such compounds as those having the structure: ##STR17## (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, M.sub..alpha. and M.sub..beta. have been previously defined) with hypochlorite bleaches is documented in the brochure of Dow Chemical entitled "DOWFAX Surfactants" and is covered in the Dow Chemical Company U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,861 issued on Mar. 9, 1965.
Nothing in the prior art discloses, however, the utility of the thickeners of the instant application taken together with a perfume oil (e.g., at least one of the 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters of our invention) and one of the compounds defined according to the generic structure: ##STR18## (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, M.sub..alpha. and M.sub..beta. have been defined, supra) in hypochlorite bleaches, particularly where the hypochlorite concentration is greater than 7%. More particularly, nothing in the prior art discloses the use of such systems in conjunction with a thickener such as sodium palmitate, potassium palmitate, sodium stearate, potassium stearate, sodium laurate, potassium laurate, lithium laurate, lithium stearate orlithium palmitate, whereby a stable gelled perfumed hypochlorite mixture is formed or whereby a "premix" gel-hase perfume oil-stabilizing/emulsifying agent is formed.
The 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters of our invention are unique insofar as the aforementioned systems are concerned for use in hypochlorite bleaches. Nothing in the prior art discloses any organic compounds even remotely similar to the 2,4,4-trisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters of our invention for use as a stable aroma augmenting or enhancing agent in hypochlorite bleaches.

2,4,4-irisubstituted tetrahydro pyranyl esters and organoleptic uses thereof


Provided herein are methods for ameliorating an adverse effect of systemic administration of a PEG hyaluronan degrading enzyme to a subject. The methods involve systemically administering a PEGylated hyaluronan degrading enzyme, particularly a PEGylated hyaluronidase, such as any of the animal or bacterial hyaluronidases, to the subject and administering an amount of a corticosteroid sufficient to ameliorate the adverse effect. Also provided are method of treating a hyaluronan-associated disease or condition for single-agent therapy or combination therapy.

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid; HA) is a polysaccharide that is found in the extracellular matrix of many tissues, especially in soft connective tissues. HA also is found predominantly in skin, cartilage, and in synovial fluid in mammals. Hyaluronan also is the main constituent of the vitreous of the eye. HA has a role in various physiological processes, such as in water and plasma protein homeostasis (Laurent T C et al. (1992) FASEB J 6: 2397-2404). Certain diseases and disorders are associated with expression and/or production of hyaluronan. Hyaluronidases are enzymes that degrade hyaluronan. By catalyzing the breakdown of HA, hyaluronidases can be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents to treat diseases or disorders associated with accumulation of HA or other glycosaminoglycans.

Adverse side-effects associated with administration of an anti-hyaluronan agent and methods for ameliorating or preventing the side-effects


An electronic switching circuit is provided for controlling transfer of electrical power from an alternating polarity electrical power supply to a load means through use of a field-effect transistor device as the primary power controlling element.

The present invention is related to circuits in which a field-effect transistor device controls power transfer from an alternating polarity electrical power supply to a load means, particularly when such field-effect transistor devices are capable of being integrated in monolithic integrated circuits, or when a plurality of same are used in series.
Various solid state devices have been used in circuits as the primary means for controlling power transfer from an alternating polarity electrical power supply to whatever kind of load means is of interest for use in the circuit. For instance, planar bipolar power transistors have been used but these are devices which are not bidirectional by nature and which exhibit an inherent, more or less irreducible, minimum power dissipation characteristic even when fully switched on. And to be fully switched on, bipolar power transistors require a substantial amount of base current, i.e., control current, especially for higher collector, or load, currents. Furthermore, they are also subject by nature to thermal runaway.
Perhaps more commonly used for controlling alternating polarity power supplies are thyristors of various kinds such as silicon controlled rectifiers and triacs. Such thyristors are switching devices primarily used in alternating polarity power supply control circuits because of their capability for handling relatively large power dissipations when switched fully on, and for withstanding substantial reverse voltages when switched fully off. An advantage of these devices over bipolar power transistors is that they require little electrical power at device control gates whether operating in the off condition or in the on condition.
However, such thyristors also have several disadvantages such as being a latching switch, that is, operating only in fully on or fully off states. Further, thyristor devices can be switched off by sufficiently reducing the current therethrough, and can be switched on by sharp voltage transients thereacross--both results being obtained without any action taking place at the control terminal of the thyristor device. Hence, the control terminal of the thyristor has relatively little continuous control capability. This same control terminal, in many situations, cannot be electrically isolated simply and inexpensively from the load circuit and may require large triggering currents to switch on the thyristor device. Finally, a thyristor device cannot be easily provided in a monolithic integrated circuit with other circuit components because of its structure and power dissipation.
Hence, better primary power controlling devices are desired for use in controlling power transfer from alternating polarity electrical power supplies in alternating polarity operated circuits. Particularly useful would be a device which could be easily provided in a monolithic integrated circuit along with other circuit components, at least some of which would also be used in controlling power transfer from the alternating polarity power supply used. This would require that such a device not have too large a resistance if switched fully on, despite substantial current loads, but which would have a structure easily fabricated in such an integrated circuit. Further, the device should have a bidirectional current conduction capability for circuits in which current rectification is not desired.
Field-effect transistor devices can have many of the characteristics just described, including having a very symmetrical bidirectional current conducting capability when on. This is certainly so for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices which have the advantage of having the gates therein very well isolated from the channel regions of the device. This isolation aids in providing a circuit to operate the field-effect transistor device when both the circuit and these devices are formed in a monolithic integrated circuit chip, a difficult arrangement when the integrated circuit is to operate with an alternating polarity power supply. Such circuits must permit the operation of other circuit component devices in the monolithic integrated circuit while also controlling power transfers from the alternating polarity power supply through operating the primary power transfer control field-effect device.
Electronic component device theory shows that field-effect transistors are operated by controlling the voltage appearing between the gate thereof and the connection to that one of the two channel regions therein which is effectively serving as the transistor source. Difficulties arise in those circuits using a field-effect transistor to control power transfers from an alternating polarity power supply because the two connections to the channel region of such a transistor serve alternately as the source rather than one of them serving continually as the source.
Certain field-effect transistor structures are especially useful for providing a field-effect transistor capable of controlling power transfer from an alternating polarity power supply to a load means. Such transistors should have low channel resistance when operated fully on--on the order of tenths of ohms--if they are to be used successfully in a monolithic integrated circuit. Then these transistors, when passing several amps of current, will not cause the circuit to suffer heat dissipation sufficient to disrupt the operation of other circuit components. Further, this channel resistance in a fully turned on device should be more or less symmetrical so there are no current rectification effects occurring. And, of course, the transistor device structure should be capable, when switched off, of withstanding, without breakdown, voltages at least as large as the peak voltage provided by the alternating polarity supply used. In this regard, the applications referenced above entitled "Semiconductor Apparatus" teach various devices, effectively field-effect transistors, which exhibit one or more of these desired characteristics.
The application referenced above entitled "Alternating Polarity Power Supply Control Apparatus" by Pinckaers shows a circuit making use of such a field-effect transistor to control power transfer from an alternating polarity electrical power supply to a load means. A basic circuit from this application is shown in FIG. 1 of the present application. This circuit operates using an enhancement mode, p-channel, MOSFET, 10, for controlling power transfers from an alternating polarity electrical power supply, 11, to a load means, 12. As the above referenced Pinckaers application indicates, several other essentially equivalent circuit versions using other kinds of electronic components for transistor are also possible.
In operation, the two channel connection regions, 15 and 16, of transistor 10 alternately serve as source and drain depending on which one is positive with respect to the other in a cycle of the output voltage of supply 11. With switch, 20, open, the gate region, 14, transistor 10 will approximately be at the positive voltage appearing on either of the sides of supply 11 by virtue of one of the diodes, 17 or 18, thereby being forward biased (the other being reversed biased). This is because gate 14 is electrically isolated from the remaining portions of transistor 10 so that the voltage on gate 14 can never be more than a diode drop plus the negligible drop across the resistor 19, below the positive voltage value appearing on one or the other side of supply 11 at any time.
The voltage drop across either of the diodes 17 or 18 plus the voltage drop across resistor 19 with switch 20 open will always be less than the threshold voltage of transistor 10. Gate 14 will never be more than approximately a diode voltage drop away in voltage from the voltage appearing on whichever of terminating regions 15 and 16 is positive. Hence, with switch 20 open, device theory indicates that transistor 10 will always be switched off and hence there will be no power transfer from supply 11 to load means 12.
However, with switch 20 closed, a voltage will be impressed across resistor 19 by the constant polarity as to cause transistor 10 to switch on and will be added to the voltage drop occurring across whichever one of the diodes 17 and 18 is forward biased through being connected to the positive side of supply 11. Hence, for a sufficient supply 21 voltage, device theory indicates that transistor 10 will be on a times when switch 20 is closed.
A variant of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2 where the diodes 17 and 18 in the circuit of FIG. 1 are provided in the circuit of FIG. 2 by the parasitic effective diodes inherent in the structure of transistor 10 as formed in a substrate having a connection point therein, 13. Several other effective, but parasitic, circuit components inherent in transistor 10 are also shown in FIG. 2 in "lumped" form, all of these being present as a result of the structure of transistor 10. These parasitic components are, in many cases, more likely to be significant for a power controlling transistor such as transistor 10 because it is usually of a relatively large physical size compared to transistors used for controlling signals only. The same component designations are used in the FIG. 2 circuit as are used in the FIG. 1 circuit where the same component is being employed.
Among the parasitic components shown in FIG. 2 are a gate-to-channel capacitance, 22, and a channel-to-substrate capacitance, 23. Two other parasitic capacitances, 8 and 9, are shown which are each effective between gate 14 and one of channel terminating regions 15 or 16. There is also shown the two parasitic channel-to-substrate diodes, 24 and 25, which in the FIG. 2 circuit variant are to take the place of diodes 17 and 18 in the FIG. 1 circuit. Diodes 24 and 25 are provided in the structure of transistor 10 by the semiconductor pn junctions occurring between the regions for source and drain connections in transistor 10 and the substrate of transistor 10. In a p-channel MOSFET, for instance, the substrate material is of n-type conductivity while the connection regions 15 and 16 which terminate the ends of the channel region in the transistor 10, and serve as source and drain regions therein, are formed by diffusion or implantation of p-type conductivity impurities into the substrate material.
Also associated with these pn junctions are parasitic resistances 26 and 27, and parasitic capacitances, 28 and 29. All of these parasitic components will have more or less of an effect in the operating behavior of transistor 10, and so in the behavior of the circuit in which transistor 10 is provided, the significance of the effect depending on the conditions existing in such a circuit. Of course, capacitance 22 is essential for switching on transistor 10 while the other parasitic components shown with transistor 10 are normally desired to contribute as insignificantly as possible to the circuit operation. In FIG. 2, of course, parasitic diodes 24 and 25 are also necessary for circuit operation since they are replacing diode 17 and 18 of FIG. 1.
To have diodes 25 and 26 substitute for diodes 17 and 18 in FIG. 1 effectively, a direct electrical connection is made between substrate 13 and resistor 19 as shown in FIG. 2. Assuming that frequencies of operation are not high enough so that the parasitic capacitance shown in FIG. 2 (which would also be present in connection with transistor 10 of FIG. 1) act to change the operating characteristics from those occurring in connection with the circuit operation of FIG. 1, the operation of the FIG. 2 circuit will proceed in the manner described for the operation of the FIG. 1 circuit. Further, other circuits more or less equivalent to that shown in FIG. 1 of the present application, as described in the Pinckaers application, can also be shown to have circuit equivalents of the nature shown in FIG. 2 here and these would operate similarly.
Even though the circuits of FIGS. 1 and 2 can control alternating polarity electrical power supply power transfer, a desirable feature for circuits for this purpose would be eliminating the need for a second power supply such as the constant polarity supplies used in the FIG. 1 and 2 circuits. In some circumstances, the use of another control circuit scheme which would avoid depending on the parasitic diodes inherent in the primary power transfer controlling transistor, but not requiring two separate diodes, would also be desirable. And in high voltage circuits, the voltage breakdown of a single field-effect transistor device used to control power transfers from the alternating polarity power supply may not be sufficient.

Alternating polarity power supply control apparatus


A rotary internal combustion engine with a rotor body made at least in major part of a first material, including at least one land protruding axially from each of its end faces and defining a contact surface extending at a fixed position with respect to the end faces. The contact surface frictionally engages a portion of the inner surface of the internal cavity of the engine, and at least the outer surface of the land includes a second material. The second material has a greater wear resistance than that of the first material with respect to frictional engagement with the portion of the inner surface of the internal cavity contacting the land. A method of axially positioning a rotor of a rotary engine within an internal cavity of an outer body of the engine are also discussed.

Rotary engines of the Wankel type typically have a rotor which is axially located within the cavity of the engine through the protruding rotor lands which contact the wall cavity to act as thrust bearings. The rotor is usually made of cast iron with integral lands; typically, cast iron exhibits adequate wear resistance with respect to the continuous frictional engagement with the walls of the cavity during use of the engine. However, the maximum rotational speed of a rotary engine having a cast iron rotor engine may be limited.


A swather includes a swath compression panel with a downwardly and rearwardly inclined undersurface for applying a downward compression force on the swath between the front and rear wheels. A mounting assembly includes an actuator operable in response to a speed and/or direction of travel of the tractor for raising the panel to a retracted position under the tractor. A bottom stop halts downward movement of the actuator before the panel engages the ground. The panel includes an upwardly and rearwardly inclined curved rear portion to smoothly release the compressed crop. The panel is mounted on the tractor frame at a position thereon rearward of a transverse beam connected to the front wheels so that the swath is released from the discharge opening of the header and can expand for discharge to the ground before the swath is engaged by the front end of the panel.

In U.S. Pat. No. 7,159,687 (Dunn) issued Jan. 9, 2007 and assigned to the present Assignees is disclosed a hydrostatic agricultural tractor used as a self-propelled swather tractor. This uses the typical construction for such tractors which has front ground wheels mounted on the frame at fixed angles parallel to each other and parallel to a center line of the frame and rear ground wheels mounted on a respective castor. Each of the front ground wheels is driven by a respective drive motor which allows variable speed in both the first and second directions such that steering of the tractor is effected by a differential in speed between the front wheels with the rear wheels following the steering in a castoring action. The disclosure of this patent is hereby incorporated by reference or may be referred to for further detail not disclosed herein.
Such hydrostatically driven tractors used primarily for swathing are commonly used and readily available. The tractor carries at a forward end on suitable sprung supports a header for cutting standing crop with the crop being transported on the header to a suitable discharge location generally centrally of the tractor for forming a swath in the field from the cut crop.
Such tractors generally include a pair of front wheels just behind the header which are fixed to the frame of the tractor so that they remain at an angle parallel to each other and parallel to a center line of the tractor. The tractor is supported at the rear end by a pair of castor wheels which are attached to a cross axle pivotally connected to the frame at a center horizontal pivot point, commonly known as a walking beam. The axle is supported relative to the ground the castor wheels at the ends of the rear axle so that the wheels trail behind a vertical pivot mount for the wheels and are free to swivel through 360° around the pivot mount.
The front wheels only are driven and are driven in a manner which allows full control in the forward and reverse directions so that steering is effected by a differential speed between the two front wheels with the rear wheels following in the conventional castoring action.
Typically compression of the formed swath is required for fluffy crops which can blow away in windy conditions such as canola and flax and such compression is provided by swath rollers towed behind the swather tractor to apply pressure onto the swath as after it is discharged from the rear of the tractor.
An example is shown in Canadian Patent No: 599,761 issued Jun. 14, 1960 by Hellegards which shows a simple cylindrical roller attached behind a towed swather.
Many manufacturers have provided towed swath rollers which comprise a wheeled frame with a forwardly extending hitch pole which attaches to the rear of the swather tractor. One example is shown in a brochure by the present Applicants where a transverse beam carried on the ground wheels has a pair of rearwardly extending arms between which is mounted a metal roller drum. The drum has a cylindrical center section with flared frusto-conical ends. The height of the drum can be adjusted on the frame to adjust the pressure on the swath, depending on the thickness of the swath. The ends of the drum can be closed by circular end plates.
This type of swath roller has achieved considerable success and many have been sold by various manufacturers.
More recently the metal drum has been replaced by a plastic rotationally molded drum. This has advantage that it does not rust and can be manufactured cheaply but it has disadvantages that it slips on the crop and therefore may not properly rotate in a rolling action. Also the drum is very light so that it may not apply the required pressure.
Swather tractors have in recent years become much larger and more complex with some having independent suspension of the rear wheels. Such tractors are of the type with front wheels which are independently driven to provide a steering action together with castor rear wheels which follow the direction determined by the differential speeds of the front wheels. The towed swath rollers have become inadequate to provide a suitable convenient arrangement for the operator. At the same time there has been an increased demand for swath compression.
There are a number of problems with prior art rollers:
Poor visibility to rear of machine in field and on the road in cab forward mode as disclosed in Dunn above.
Poor visibility to front of machine on the road in engine forward mode.
Roller obscures the rear lights in the field.
Use of a roller with flared ends (different diameter from center section to outer sections), tends to be driven by the end sections which causes scrubbing at the center section since it has a slower peripheral speed. This can cause the crop to be disturbed with some of the heads flipped up out of the windrow and leave it vulnerable to wind and shattering.
The use of a forming device under the tractor will act to push into the windrow when the machine reverses.
A larger roller diameter is not practical due to poor visibility, weight etc.

Swather tractor with a compressor attachment


The present invention relates to the field of non-ferrous metallurgy and more specifically to methods for treating sulfide raw materials.. The method comprises an autogenous smelting of the raw materials with flux additions in a blast furnace, where a quartz layer 0.3 to 1.5 m high is provided immediately above the tuyeres of the furnace. The smelting process is conducted with oxygen-enriched air blowing with an oxygen consumption of 300 to 400 m.sup.3 /tonne of sulfide material. The smelting method produces matte suitable for subsequent converting, elemental sulfur, and off-gases containing 8 to 25% SO.sub.2.. The method can be applied for copper and copper-nickel production.

Treatment of sulfide raw materials implies direct recovery of metal therefrom or recovery of metal into a matte that is then converted for production of metal or enriched sulfide phase (e.g. copper-and-nickel converter matte produced by smelting copper-nickel raw materials) from which metals are recovered by subsequent processing. Direct recovery of metal, in particular copper, from sulfide raw materials is accomplished in a single unit or in a number of units for continuous smelting process in series. The known methods for continuous smelting have, however, until now not come to extensive commercial use. In the practice of non-ferrous extractive metallurgy, methods are primarily in use implying the recovery of metals in the form of matte, from which metals are produced by subsequent processing.
The known methods for treating sulfide raw materials to produce matte include smelting of raw materials in blast, reverberatory, electric and flash smelting furnaces.
The blast furnace smelting requires a charge containing raw material and flux, the use of a carbonaceous fuel, mainly coke, and oxygen-containing gas blowing. All the known methods for smelting sulfide raw materials in blast furnaces involve the use of carbonaceous fuel.
Depending on the compositions of the initial raw material and of the produced products, the methods for sulfide raw material treatment in blast furnaces are divided into pure pyrite smelting, partial pyrite smelting and copper-and-sulfur smelting (Orkla process).
To treat massive pyritic copper ores (i.e. ores with a low gangue content) containing at least 32% sulfur, pure pyrite smelting was used. This method involved smelting of a charge, consisting of ore with flux (quartz and limestone) additions and up to 3% wt. of coke, in a blast furnace with an open throat and with air blowing at a rate of about 1,000 to 1,200 m.sup.3 /tonne of ore. The oxygen consumption amounts to about 210 to 250 m.sup.3 /tonne of ore. During smelting, copper is recovered into matte, sulfur passes into off-gases (Smirnov V. I. Metallurgy of copper and nickel, Sverdlovsk-Moscow, Metallurgizdat, 1950, p. 176-255, and in particular p. 188, 195, 200, 252; Peters E. D. The Practice of Copper Smelting, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1911, p. 204-242, and in particular p. 236).
This method provided a high rate of desulfurization (up to 95%) and a high rate of concentration (up to 20-25:1). The concentration ratio is the relationship between the copper content in matte and the copper content in initial raw material. However, the pure pyrite smelting process was difficult to control because of an unstable heat balance and because of a long time required for the charge to pass through the furnace. Furthermore, fuel required for the process operation was expensive coke in an amount of up to 2.5-3% of the total charge weight. Some attempts were made to implement the pure pyrite smelting without coke additions, i.e. autogenously, but no positive results were attained if the process had to be conducted for a longer (several days) period (Sticht R. S. Uber das Wesen des Pyrit-Schmelzverfahrens, Halle, Wilhelm Knapp, Metallurgie, May 1906, N 9, S. 269). It should be noted that during the pure pyrite smelting process sulfur was normally lost with off-gases and had to be emitted into the atmosphere, whereby the environment was contaminated. This process was in common use at the beginning of the 20th century, but later a change over to partial pyrite smelting was done due to a gradual exhaustion of massive copper pyrite ore deposits.
The partial pyrite smelting is conducted on copper pyrite ore and/or lump-size concentrates, containing less than 32% sulfur. This method implies smelting of a charge that consists of ore and/or concentrates with flux additions and of up to 12.5% wt. carbonaceous fuel, usually coke, in a blast furnace with an open or sealed throat and an air or oxygen-enriched blowing.
The use of other carbonaceous fuels, e.g. pulverized coal, fuel oil, or natural gas, introduced through the tuyeres or the use of them in the form of combustion on products fed above the tuyeres, allows one to reduce the consumption of expensive coke to a certain extent, but does not completely eliminate its use.
The air blow rate amounts up to 1,500 m.sup.3 /tonne of sulfide raw material or even more, while the oxygen-enriched blow rate is about 775 to 1,215 m.sup.3 /tonne of sulfide material. The actual oxygen requirement for smelting one tonne of sulfide raw material, taking into account oxygen needed for coke combustion, does not exceed 150 m.sup.3. During smelting, copper is recovered into matte, sulfur transfers into off-gas (Smirnov V. I. Metallurgy of Copper and Nickel, Sverdlovsk-Moskow, Metallurgizdat, 1950, p. 199-211, and in particular p. 200 a. 252; Lebedev N. I. et al., Copper blast smelting with oxygen-enriched blowing, "Tsvetnyey metally", 1961, N 3, p. 32-39).
The partial pyrite smelting process provides a lower, as compared to the pure pyrite smelting, extent of desulfurization (up to 75%), a lower ratio of concentration (up to 4-5:1) and a low SO.sub.2 content (2 to 5%) of the off-gas, which makes it difficult to recover sulfur therefrom. Furthermore, this method involves a higher consumption of expensive and short-of-supply coke as a heat source. The use of oxygen-enriched blowing allows the cutting down of the coke requirements, but by no more than 30%.
The partial pyrite smelting process is also applied for treating copper-nickel sulfide ores and/or concentrates of pyrrhotite type providing a desulfurization rate of up to 50 to 65%. When smelting such raw material and using oxygen-enriched blowing, the coke consumption decreases, but by no more than 40%, and is maintained at about 5.8% of the charge weight (Biswas A., Davenport W. Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1976, p. 100-109).
During the 1930s the so-called copper-and-sulfur process (Orkla method) was developed for smelting sulfide raw materials. This method is used to treat copper pyrite ores with a sulfur content of 40 to 45%. This process involves smelting a charge, consisting of ore and fluxes with addition of solid carbonaceous material, e.g. coke, in an amount of 10% of the total charge weight, in a blast furnace with a sealed throat. The smelting process is accomplished with air blowing at a rate of up to 1,000 m.sup.3 /tonne of ore, and the oxygen consumption herewith amounts to 210 m.sup.3 /tonne of ore. The actual oxygen requirement is even lower because some oxygen of the blow air is used for combustion of a part of the coke that plays a role of fuel in the smelting process. Another part of coke burns in the middle zone of the furnace to provide reduction of SO.sub.2 formed as a result of FeS oxidation in the bottom zone of the furnace. The products of the smelting process are matte, slag, elemental sulfur and sulfur-bearing gases, from which additional elemental sulfur is recovered in the presence of a catalyst (U.S. Pat. No. 1,860,585, Cl. 23-226, May 31, 1932).
This method provides a sufficiently high sulfur recovery in the form of elemental sulfur from sulfide materials, which is a substantial advantage in comparison to other methods. On the other hand, this method shows a low desulfurization rate (up to 85%) and a low rate of concentration (up to 5.5:1). As a result, treatment of ores, containing, for example, 2.5% copper, yields low-grade mattes, containing 8 to 10% and a maximum of 14 to 15% copper. Prior to converting, such mattes should be subjected to additional treatment in an upgrading smelting furnace (concentration smelting) and this increases the cost of raw material processing. This process also requires the use of coke, not only as a reductant for recovery of sulfur from SO.sub.2, but also as fuel. Furthermore, this process is hard to control, because it takes a long time for the charge to pass through the furnace. Sulfur-bearing gases, after a catalytic treatment, have to be discharged into the atmosphere because sulfur is difficult to recover therefrom.

Method for treating sulfide raw materials


The present invention provides a method of efficiently manufacturing a dielectric waveguide with high reliability and precision. In the method, a resist material is formed on the outer surface of a green compact provided with a removal inhibiting layer, and predetermined portion of the green compact defined by the resist material is removed by the sand blasting method using the resist material as a mask, until the removal inhibiting layer is exposed to obtain a shaped green compact structure. The thus-obtained structure is fired to obtain a sintered body which comprises a dielectric strip and a wing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a dielectric waveguide suitable for use as a transmission waveguide in the millimeter-wave band and microwave band, and for use in an integrated circuit, and a dielectric waveguide obtained by the manufacturing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
An example of a dielectric waveguide comprises a dielectric strip provided between two conductive planes, which are substantially parallel, so that electromagnetic waves are transmitted along the dielectric strip. One dielectric waveguide, a non radiative dielectric waveguide (referred to as xe2x80x9cNRD guidexe2x80x9d hereinafter) is developed as a transmission waveguide exhibiting less transmission loss, in which the distance between the two conductive planes is set to be a half or less of the wavelength of the transmitted wave to form a cut-off region, for preventing radiation of electromagnetic waves from the dielectric strip. The electromagnetic wave propagation modes of such NRD guides include two types including an LSM mode and an LSE mode, and the LSM mode exhibiting less loss is generally used.
FIGS. 3 and 4 are sectional views respectively showing the two typical constructions of conventional NRD guides.
FIG. 3 shows a normal type NRD guide 1 comprising a dielectric strip 4 provided between two conductive plates 2 and 3 which are arranged in parallel to each other. This normal type NRD guide 1 is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 62-35281.
FIG. 4 shows a so-called winged type NRD guide 5 in which wings 8 and 9 are integrally formed on dielectric strips 6 and 7, respectively, and conductors 10 and 11 are provided on the surfaces of the dielectric strips 6 and 7, and the wings 8 and 9, respectively, which face outward, the two dielectric strips 6 and 7 being arranged opposite to each other. The conductors 10 and 11 can be formed by, for example, an evaporation method, a method of baking conductive paste containing silver or the like. Such a winged type NRD guide 5 is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 6-260814.
In the winged type NRD guide 5, the conductors 10 and 11 can be easily aligned with the dielectric strips 6 and 7, respectively, as compared with the normal type NRD guide 1, and the winged type NRD guide 5 has the advantage of excellent reproducibility of characteristics.
Examples of materials for the dielectric strips include synthetic resins such as Teflon (registered trademark of U.S. Du Pont), and the like, and dielectric ceramic. The dielectric ceramic has a higher dielectric constant than a synthetic resin, whereby the bend loss of curved portions of the dielectric strips can be decreased, and miniaturization can be achieved. Therefore, at present, development of a dielectric strip using dielectric ceramic is proceeding.
In the winged type NRD guide 5 shown in FIG. 4, the width W of each of the dielectric strips 6 and 7, and the thickness T of each of the wings 8 and 9 are defined by the dielectric constant of the dielectric material, which constitutes these components, and the frequency of the electromagnetic wave used. Each of the width w and the thickness T generally decreases as the dielectric constant or the frequency used increases.
The dielectric strips 6 and 7 and the wings 8 and 9 of the winged type NRD guide 5 shown in FIG. 4 are produced by using dielectric ceramic and one of two methods: a first conventional method comprising cutting a plate-shaped ceramic sintered body obtained by firing, to impart the shapes of the dielectric strips 6 and 7 and the wings 8 and 9 to the ceramic sintered body, or a second conventional method comprising laminating a plurality of green sheets including green sheets each comprising an opening or notch, which is previously provided for making the wings 8 and 9 thinner than the dielectric strips 6 and 7, and then firing the resultant green sheet laminate to form the dielectric strips 6 and 7 and the wings 8 and 9, each having the desired shape, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-224120.
However, in the first conventional method, the fired ceramic sintered body is very hard, thereby causing the problem of requiring much time and labor for cutting the ceramic sintered body in the desired shape. Also, each of the wings 8 and 9 has a relatively small thickness T, thereby causing the problem of easily producing cracking or chipping during the cutting step.
On the other hand, in the second conventional method, it is very difficult to precisely cut the green sheets to the width W of the dielectric strips 6 and 7, and to precisely align the plurality of green sheets, thereby causing the problem of poor workability. Particularly, a NRD guide frequently used as a radio frequency transmission waveguide is required to have very high dimensional precision for the dielectric strips, and thus the problem of poor workability becomes serious.
The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a dielectric waveguide with reduced the manufacturing cost, with increased dimensional precision in the dielectric strips and wings, and with less cracking or chipping in the course of the processing process, and a dielectric waveguide obtained by the manufacturing method.
The present invention is aimed at a method of manufacturing a winged type NRD guide comprising a plurality of conductors having substantially parallel planes, a dielectric strip arranged between the planes of the plurality of conductors, and a wing integrally formed to extend from the dielectric strip along each of the planes of the conductors. In order to resolve the above technical problems, the method of manufacturing a dielectric waveguide of the present invention is characterized by the following construction.
In a first aspect of the present invention, the manufacturing method comprises the step of preparing a green compact containing an inorganic powder and an organic binder for forming a dielectric strip and a wing by using a part of the green compact, the step of forming a resist material on the outer surface of the green compact with an opening formed at a position of the resist material corresponding to the wing, the step of removing the portion of the green compact, which is exposed through the opening, to a desired amount by using the resist material as a mask to form an unfired structure having the shapes of the dielectric strip and the wing, the step of removing the resist material, the step of firing the structure to obtain a sintered body having the dielectric strip and the wing, the step of providing a conductor on the surfaces of the dielectric strip and the wing, which face outward, and the step of arranging two sintered bodies in a state in which the dielectric strips are opposed to each other.
The method of manufacturing a dielectric waveguide in the first aspect of the present invention further comprises, in the step of removing the portion of the green compact exposed through the opening, the step of preparing a difficult-to-remove material having a lower removal rate than that of the green compact, to provide a removal inhibiting layer comprising the difficult-to-remove material in a portion of the green compact corresponding to the thickness of the wing in preparing the green compact, so that the step of removing the portion of the green compact exposed through the opening is carried out until the removal inhibiting layer is exposed.
In the first aspect of the present invention, in preparing the green compact, a plurality of green sheets containing an inorganic powder and an organic binder are preferably prepared and laminated.
In a second aspect of the present invention, the manufacturing method comprises the step of preparing a sintered ceramic substrate for forming a portion of a dielectric strip and a wing, the step of preparing a green sheet containing an inorganic powder and an organic binder for forming the remainder of the dielectric strip, the step of fixing the green sheet on the ceramic substrate, for preparing a composite laminate, the step of forming a resist material on the outer surface of the composite laminate with an opening formed at a position of the resist material corresponding to the wing, the step of removing the portion of the green sheet, which is exposed through the opening, to a desired amount by using the resist material as a mask to form an unfired structure having the shapes of the dielectric strip and the wing, the step of removing the resist material, the step of firing the structure to obtain a sintered body having the dielectric strip and the wing, the step of providing a conductor on the surfaces of the dielectric strip and the wing, which face outward, and the step of arranging two sintered bodies in a state in which the dielectric strips are opposed to each other.
The method of manufacturing a dielectric waveguide in the second aspect of the present invention further comprises, in the step of removing the portion of the composite laminate exposed through the opening, the step of preparing a difficult-to-remove material having a lower removal rate than that of the green sheet, to provide a removal inhibiting layer comprising the difficult-to-remove material between the ceramic substrate and the green sheet in the composite laminate in preparing the composite laminate, so that the step of removing the portion of the composite laminate exposed through the opening is carried out until the removal inhibiting layer is exposed.
In the second aspect of the present invention, the ceramic substrate and the green sheet preferably contain the same ceramic material.
In the step of fixing the green sheet on the ceramic substrate, a plurality of green sheets are preferably laminated on the ceramic substrate with the removal inhibiting layer provided therebetween.
In the green compact in the first aspect of the present invention or the composite laminate in the second aspect of the present invention, the step of removing the portion exposed through the opening is preferably carried out by a sand blasting method.
In the use of the sand blasting method, the removal rate of a material to be removed by the sand blasting method generally increases as the hardness of the material increases. Therefore, the removal inhibiting layer preferably comprises a softer material than the green compact or the green sheet. Therefore, the difficult-to-remove material which constitutes the removal inhibiting layer can be easily realized by a composition containing a larger amount of organic component than the green compact or the green sheet. The difficult-to-remove material preferably contains substantially no inorganic component.
In both the first and second aspects of the present invention, the step of removing the resist material is preferably carried out at the same time as the step of firing the structure.
The present invention also provides a dielectric waveguide obtained by the above-described manufacturing method.

Method of manufacturing the dielectric waveguide


An apparatus and method for generating digital electrical signals which are representative of the angular position and rotational velocity of a rotatable shaft in a servomechanism includes a resolver which is connected to the rotatable component. The resolver generates analog electrical output signals which are representative of an excitation signal modulated by both the sine and cosine of the electrical angular position of the motor. The output signals from the resolver are fed to a digital signal processing circuit which employs software algorithm techniques to define a plurality of tasks which are implemented sequentially to obtain the desired angular position and velocity signals. First, the sine and cosine signals are read from the resolver through respective analog-to-digital converters. The sine and cosine signals are demodulated by multiplication with the excitation signal, and the undesired higher frequency components are deleted by filtering. Then, the demodulated sine and cosine signals are conditioned to insure quadrature and to correct for amplitude and offset variations. Next, an electrical angular position signal for the rotatable member is determined by combining the demodulated and conditioned sine and cosine signals, and a correction is made for repeatable harmonic errors. A calculation is then made to o determine the rotational velocity of the rotatable member. The electrical angular position signal is next corrected for velocity related errors to generate an actual electrical position signal. Lastly, an actual mechanical position signal for the rotatable member is calculated. The actual mechanical position signal can be fed to a position controller circuit as a feedback signal to provide a closed loop servomechanism.

This invention relates in general to position sensing devices for mechanisms which contain a movable member. More specifically, this invention relates to an apparatus and method for generating digital electrical signals which are representative of the angular position and rotational velocity of a rotatable shaft or similar movable mechanical component in an electromechanical servomechanism.
Generally speaking, a servomechanism is a control system which controls an output physical quantity in response to an input command function. Frequently, the servomechanism is embodied as an electromechanical control system, wherein a mechanical output component is moved in accordance with an electrical input signal. However, non-mechanical output quantities, such as temperature, pressure, voltage, etc., may be controlled in response to non-electrical input functions. Usually, the servomechanism includes a closed feedback loop, wherein a signal which is representative of the current status of the output physical quantity is compared with the current input command function. If there is a difference between the two, an error signal is generated which tends to urge the output physical quantity into compliance with the input command function.
In a typical electromechanical servomechanism, the output mechanical component may be a shaft which is rotated about an axis in accordance with a predetermined electrical input position signal. The servomechanism can function to rotate the shaft at a certain rotational velocity, to move the shaft to a certain rotational position, or to apply a certain torque or tension to a load in response to the electrical input signal. For example, most electric motors contain a rotor shaft which is driven to rotate about an axis relative to a stationary stator. Many conventional electric motors are controlled so as to rotate the rotor shaft at a certain rotational velocity relative to the stator in response to electrical input signal. Such conventional electric motors can be used to rotate the shaft at a certain rotational velocity, to move the shaft to a certain rotational position, or to apply a certain torque or tension to a load in response to the electrical input signal.
In such servomechanisms, it is often desirable or necessary to know what the precise status of the output physical quantity is at any given point in time. As mentioned above, the servomechanism usually includes a closed feedback loop, wherein a signal representative of the current status of the output physical quantity is compared with the current input command function. In the electric motor example mentioned above, it is often necessary or desirable to know what the precise rotational velocity or position of the rotor shaft is relative to the stator. The rotational velocity or position signal can be used in several manners to improve the operation of the electric motor. For instance, the rotational position signal can be used to increase the accuracy of the rotational velocity or angular position of the rotor shaft relative to the stator. Also, the rotational position signal can be used to control the timing of the energizations and deenergizations of the windings of the electric motor in order to increase efficiency and reduce undesirable torque ripple.
The rotational position signal of the rotor shaft in an electric motor is usually expressed as an electrical signal, either analog or digital in nature, which is representative of the angular position of the rotor shaft relative to a predetermined starting or reference position. Thus, the rotational position signal can be expressed as an analog or digital signal which is representative of a number between 0.degree. and 360.degree., wherein 0.degree. represents the predetermined starting position or reference position of the rotor shaft relative to the stator. A number of devices are known in the art for generating electrical signals which are representative of the angular position of the rotor shaft relative to a predetermined starting or reference position.
A resolver is one well known device for generating electrical signals which are representative of the relative angular position of a rotatable shaft. Generally speaking, a resolver is an electromechanical transducer which generates one or more output signals which vary in magnitude with the rotational position of the rotor shaft. Typically, the resolver generates two analog electrical output signals, one which is representative of the sine of the relative angle of the rotor shaft, and the other which is representative of the cosine of the relative angle of the rotor shaft. A number of different resolver structures are known in the art for performing this general function. The analog output signals may be used to control the operation of the servomechanism. Alternatively, it is known to convert the analog electrical output signals to respective digital electrical signals for subsequent use by a digital computing device, such as a microprocessor, in controlling the operation of the servomechanism.
While generally effective for many applications, known resolvers can generate errors in the analog electrical output signals which can reduce the accuracy of the resultant rotor shaft position signal. For example, errors may be introduced within the structure of the resolver itself which can cause the two electrical output signals to vary in amplitude, offset, and quadrature. Similar errors may also be introduced in such signals when they are processed by the other components of the servomechanism. It is known to use electrical devices to attempt to compensate for such errors in the output signals from the resolver. However, while known error compensation devices are effective for correcting known errors which are relatively constant over a period of time, they are not well suited for correcting errors which may vary over time, such as may occur as a result of changes in temperature and the like. Thus, it would be desirable to provide an apparatus and method which is effective for correcting time varying errors which are generated in known resolvers so as to improve the overall accuracy of the position measurement and to permit the use of simpler and lower cost resolver structures.

Apparatus and method for generating digital position signals for a rotatable shaft


A phosphor for color television surface-treated with zinc hydroxide so that zinc hydroxide attaches thereto in an amount below 0.7 part by weight per 100 parts by weight of the phosphor.. Phosphor slurries for production of phosphor screens prepared from the phosphor have improved light-exposure sensitivity at the formation of and produced from these slurries phosphor screens showing less color mixing.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to phosphors for color televisions. More particularly, the invention relates to phosphors for color televisions which phosphors are surface-treated for improving the light-exposure sensitivity of phosphor slurries prepared therefrom for formation of phosphor screens.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As is well known, phosphor screens for color television cathode ray (picture) tubes are composed of blue, green, and red emitting phosphor dots or stripes of blue, green, and red emitting phosphor components disposed regularly on a face plate. The phosphor screens for color television picture tubes are prepared by a photoprinting method. That is, a first light emitting phosphor component is dispersed in a solution of a light sensitive resin such as, for example, an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol activated with a dichromate, to provide a phosphor slurry. The phosphor slurry obtained is applied over the whole surface of a face plate by an appropriate coating method such as by rotary coating, etc. (slurry coating), and then the coated layer is irradiated by energy rays or actinic rays such as ultraviolet rays, etc., in conformity with a desired pattern, whereby the resin is hardened and insolubilized at the portions irradiated by the energy rays (light exposure). Thereafter, the resin at the non-irradiated portions (unhardened resin portions) is dissolved away by a solvent, etc. (development) to form dots or stripes composed of the first light emitting phosphor component. Then, by successively repeating slurry coating, exposure and development in the same manner as described above using second and third light emitting phosphor components, dots or stripes composed of the second and third light emitting phosphor components are formed on the face plate. In this case, as a matter of course, the energy ray irradiation must be so controlled that the dots or stripes composed of each of the first, second, and third light emitting phosphor components are repeatedly and regularly disposed on the face plate without being overlapped with each other. Then, the fluorescent screen containing the resin component thus prepared is fired at a proper temperature to decompose and volatilize the resin component, whereby a desired phosphor screen is obtained.
For making phosphor screens for color television picture tubes by a photoprinting method using the above-mentioned phosphor slurries, the following requirements must be met.
1. The phosphor screen must have sufficient thickness and be composed of densely arranged minute dots or stripes of phosphor components;
2. The dots or stripes of phosphor components must be formed in the desired shape at desired positions on a face plate;
3. The light emitting phosphors must not intermix with each other, i.e., color mixing must not occur;
4. The light exposure sensitivity of phosphor slurries must be high and the phosphor slurries have to be easy to work with.
Hitherto, various investigations have been made on the compositions, preparation methods, etc., of phosphor slurries as well as the surface treatment of phosphors (blue, green and red emitting phosphor components) for color television with the aim of satisfying the above-mentioned requirements and the presently used phosphor slurries do in fact satisfy these requirements to some extent. However, from a commercial viewpoint phosphor screens having even higher quality are constantly sought after and hence it has been desired to meet the above requirements more completely.


A color thermosensitive recording sheet is formed by sequentially laying a cyan thermosensitive coloring layer, a magenta thermosensitive coloring layer, and a yellow thermosensitive coloring layer on a base. On this color thermosensitive recording sheet, a color image is printed with a thermal head by a three-color image sequential printing method. Each thermosensitive coloring layer develops color by a bias heating and an image heating. A bias heat energy slightly short of the coloring of a thermosensitive coloring layer to be colored and an image heat energy corresponding to the coloring density are used. A blank area is formed in the background of a binary image such as characters and line drawings. A blank frame is formed surrounding a half tone image area, Rearing elements facing such a blank area and a blank frame make a bias heating at a heat energy approximate to the magenta bias heat energy, for printing to the lowermost cyan thermosensitive coloring layer. The heating elements for printing the binary image or the half tone image make the bias heating at the cyan bias heat energy. For a postcard having a half tone image area and a binary image area juxtaposed with the half tone image area, the first several lines of the binary image area are inhibited from being printed for yellow and magenta, and the cyan image is dummy-printed at the magenta bias heat energy, so as to avoid a color registration shift of the binary image.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a direct color thermal printing method, and more particularly to a method of preventing yellow color stains.
2. Description of the Related Art
A direct color thermal printing method directly develops colors on a color thermosensitive recording sheet by heating it with a thermal head. As disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,707, a color thermosensitive recording sheet has a cyan thermosensitive coloring layer, a magenta thermosensitive coloring layer, and a yellow thermosensitive coloring layer, respectively laid on a base in this order from the bottom. Each thermosensitive coloring layer has a different heat sensitivity in order to selectively develop colors on each thermosensitive coloring layer. The uppermost yellow thermosensitive coloring layer has a highest heat sensitivity, and the lowermost cyan thermosensitive coloring layer has a lowest heat sensitivity. In order not to develop colors on an overlying already colored thermosensitive coloring layer when the underlying thermosensitive coloring layer is colored, the already colored thermosensitive coloring layer is optically fixed by applying particular electromagnetic rays thereto.
Each heating element of a thermal head heats a color thermosensitive coloring sheet at a coloring heat energy (mJ/mm.sup.2) sufficient for obtaining a desired coloring density which heat energy is determined by a characteristic curve specific to each thermosensitive coloring layer. An ink dot is therefore recorded in each pixel having a virtually partitioned square area on a color thermosensitive recording sheet. This coloring heat energy is a sum of a heat energy having a level slightly short of starting coloring (hereinafter called a bias heat energy) and a heat energy for coloring at a desired density (hereinafter called an image heat energy). The bias heat energy has a constant level determined by the type of a thermosensitive coloring layer, whereas the image heat energy changes with image data representing a tonal level.
With a color thermal printer adopting a direct color thermal printing method, a thermal head and a color thermosensitive recording sheet are moved relatively to record a full-color image by sequentially printing three color images. For example, a platen type color thermal printer has a thermal head extending in a main scan direction and a platen drum rotating intermittently or continuously in a subsidiary scan direction. This platen drum is constituted by a metal shaft and a drum made of black hard rubber and fixed to the metal shaft. A color thermosensitive recording sheet is wound on the circumferential wall of the drum. As the platen drum is rotated and the color thermosensitive recording sheet is moved in the subsidiary scan direction, the thermal head presses and heats the print area of the color thermosensitive recording sheet. As soon as the back end of the print area passes under the thermal head, the thermal head is moved upward to detach it from the color thermosensitive recording sheet.
During the first rotation of the platen drum, the thermal head heats a color thermosensitive recording sheet to print a yellow image one line after another on the uppermost yellow thermosensitive coloring layer. After the yellow image is printed, ultraviolet rays having an emission peak of a wavelength of 420 nm are applied to the color thermosensitive recording sheet to optically fix the yellow image. Only a diazonium salt compound still not developing color in the yellow thermosensitive coloring layer is optically decomposed and the yellow thermosensitive coloring layer loses its coloring ability. During the second rotation of the platen drum, the thermal head heats a color thermosensitive recording sheet by a heat energy larger than printing the yellow image to sequentially print a magenta image one line after another on the magenta thermosensitive coloring layer. After the magenta image is printed, ultraviolet rays having an emission peak of 365 nm are applied to the color thermosensitive recording sheet to remove the coloring ability of the magenta thermosensitive coloring layer. During the third rotation, the thermal head heats the color thermosensitive recording sheet at the highest heat energy to print a cyan image one line after another on the cyan thermosensitive coloring layer.
If a cyan bias heat energy slightly short of starting coloring is applied to the white blank area of the color thermosensitive recording sheet not designated for recording of an image, the blank area changes to a light yellow colored area. This phenomenon is called yellow stains. Before the cyan printing process, the blank area has been optically fixed after the yellow and magenta printing. With this fixing processes, impurities are generated. These impurities are generally decomposed and removed in four to five hours. However, if a large heat energy is applied to impurities, they are thermally fixed and become light yellow substances which are yellow stains.
Although yellow stains in a half tone image are unobtrusive, those in an image having characters (such as title characters and compliments sentences) printed in black or other colors in a blank area or those in a binary image such as line drawings are obtrusive and the print quality is degraded. If a thermal head is longer than the lateral side of a print area, some heating elements face the outer area of the half tone print area. Although these heating elements are supplied with image data "0" and do not perform an image heating, they perform a bias heating like the other heating elements. Therefore, the bias heating of the cyan printing process generates yellow stains on the blank frame in the outside of the print area. The gloss of the blank frame is also reduced and degraded by a high temperature bias heating. In the case of a postcard having a half tone image area and a binary image area, yellow stains formed on the binary image area lower the finished quality.
A friction coefficient between a color thermosensitive recording sheet and a thermal head changes with the heat energy generated by a thermal head as shown in FIG. 13, assuming that the force of pressing the color thermosensitive recording sheet by the thermal head is constant. A friction coefficient becomes low as the temperature of the thermal head rises. With a small friction coefficient, the feed load of the color thermosensitive recording sheet becomes small. A thermal head is generally powered to print an image after it is pressed against a color thermosensitive recording sheet. Therefore, the feed loads before and after powering are different. As the feed load changes, the rotary shaft of a platen drum is twisted, the hard rubber of the platen drum is deformed, or the drive belt for rotating the platen drum is elongated or shortened. These recoverable status change is collectively called a sheet feed system distortion, for the purpose of description simplicity.
A distortion amount of the sheet feed system is determined by the sheet feed load. If the sheet feed load is constant, a color thermosensitive recording sheet can be fed at a desired speed and with the constant distortion amount corresponding to the feed load. However, if the sheet feed load changes, the sheet feed system distortion changes correspondingly. As the distortion amount changes, the feed speed of a color thermosensitive recording sheet changes temporarily. When and after the thermal head is powered, the distortion amount of the sheet feed system reduces temporarily. As a result, the feed speed of a color thermosensitive recording sheet increases temporarily, the width of a printed line is broadened, and the coloring density lowers.
The coloring heat energy of a color thermosensitive recording sheet differs between colors so that the friction coefficient also differs between colors. Since the distortion amount of the sheet feed system becomes different between colors, a color registration shift occurs lowering the print quality.

Direct color thermal printing method preventing yellow stains


A light deflection device comprises a segmental sphere body having a deflection face portion for deflecting and transmitting an incident light beam, and a segmental sphere face portion opposing to the deflecting face portion, a base plate for supporting the segmental sphere body in a turnable manner, and a driving means for turning the segmental sphere body, the refractive index of the segmental sphere body being different from the refractive index of a space or medium brought into contact with the deflection face portion. A light deflection device array coomprises the light deflection devices arranged in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light deflection device for interconnection by light wave between arbitrary spots, and other uses. Particularly, the present invention relates to a light deflection device suitable for optical information processing such as optical interconnection or optical wiring between elements in an integrated circuit, within or between apparatuses; optical switching for switch-over of transmitted optical data; and optical information processing such as optical neutral networks.
2. Related Background Art
Holograms, liquid crystal switch arrays, and the like have been studied as the light deflection device for optical interconnection for programmable circuit connection. However, in computer generated hologram, in which the diffraction direction is fixed, the hologram should be replaced according to change of a connection route, and it is applicable only to a limited transmission type or a limited processing. A hologram capable of varying the diffraction direction can be constituted by an optical writing type of spatial light modulator, but it requires interference exposure of a liquid crystal or an optical crystal, and complicates construction of the apparatus. Besides, two-directional liquid crystal switch array are applicable therefor, but it requires multiple or repeated switching, complicating the apparatus, and its switching speed is lower owing to the liquid crystal properties.
Differently from the above optical deflection mechanism employing light diffraction or refractivity change, techniques are disclosed which control the light deflection by tilting a mirror according to micromechanics. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-230722 deflects the reflection direction of incident light by attracting electrostatically a thin metal plate; and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-333528, by turning a hemisphere having a mirror. Such techniques, which utilize light reflection, require an arrangement not to cause overlapping of the introduced light beam and the reflected light beam, resulting in a larger a size of the device construction.

Light deflection device and array thereof


A remote controlled rearview mirror assembly comprises a mirror bracket controllable by a pivotal control lever through a mechanism including a pair of first arms mounted on the control lever and a pair of second arms supporting the mirror bracket and pivotally mounted on a supporting stud spaced from the control lever and fixed to a base plate on which the control lever is pivotable. The first and second arms are connected pivotally by a pair of links at their distal ends. The mirror bracket is pivotally movable in response to pivotal movement of the control lever in a plane and to turning movement thereof about its longitudinal axis. Each of the first and second arms has a spherical surface at its end, over which there is slidably fitted a semispherical socket on one end of one of the links.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a remote control mechanism, and more particularly to a remote controlled rearview mirror assembly.
2. Prior Art
Remote controlled rearview mirror assemblies to be mounted on front doors of automobiles have a mechanism for converting the motion of a control lever to the motion of a mirror. A form of such mechanism is disclosed in Deutsche Offenlegungsschrift No. 2262548. The known device utilizes a planetary gear for moving the mirror up and down in response to rotational movement of the control lever. With such planetary gear mechanism, however, the overall structure is complicated with a large number of moving parts, and tends to malfunction after repeated use or due to vibratory movements to which it is subjected while the automobile is moving.
The disclosed prior rearview mirror assembly requires a mirror attachment supporting a mirror in such a manner that the face of the mirror is inclined rearwardly for obtaining a proper rear view. The mirror supported by such mirror attachment imposes undue stresses on the planetary mechanism.


Embodiments of the present invention relate to a display device having a force sensor structure and, more specifically, to a display device having a force sensor structure which, when a user's touch occurs, senses not only touch coordinates but also the user's touch force for pressing a screen, in order to provide various functions in various forms.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention relate to a display device having a force sensor structure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As the information society develops, a demand for a display device for displaying an image has increased in various forms, and various types of display devices have been used, such as a liquid crystal display device, a plasma display device, and an organic light-emitting liquid crystal in-cell touch type display.
In addition, among display devices, mobile devices, such as a smart phone and a tablet, and medium and large-sized devices, such as a smart television, process a touch type input according to user convenience and device characteristics.
Such a display device which can process a touch input has been developed to provide more various functions, and user demands have also been more diverse.
However, a currently applied touch input processing corresponds to a scheme of sensing only a touch position (touch coordinates) of a user and processing a related input at a sensed touch position. Therefore, there are limitations in the present situation in which many functions of various kinds are required to be provided in various forms and various user demands are required to be satisfied.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Display device having force sensor structure


A control valve operating as a combined relief and make-up valve for use in hydraulic apparatus comprises a valve housing provided with a blind hole, a valve seat tightly engaged with the inlet of the blind hole, a cylindrical hollow make-up poppet slidably inserted into the blind hole, a cylindrical relief poppet slidably inserted within the make-up poppet, a screw member adjustably engaged with the inner surface of the end of the make-up poppet, a coil spring disposed between the screw member and the relief poppet, and a balance piston having one end tightly inserted into the inner cylindrical hole of the relief poppet. The valve housing is provided with a first opening connected to an external hydraulic supply device and a second opening connected to a hydraulic source. The first and second openings are communicated with each other in response to differential pressure of an operating fluid so as to operate the control valve as a relief valve or a make-up valve.

This invention relates to a control valve for use in hydraulic apparatus which operates as a combined relief and make-up valve in response to a high or low pressure in an accumulator of the hydraulic apparatus.
Generally, in hydraulic apparatus a control valve is used as a combined relief and make-up valve so as to operate in response to a hydraulic pressure supplied by hydraulic pump means. As the control valve of this kind there is usually used a direct operating type control valve in which pressurized oil is supplied through one opening formed through a valve housing into the valve and connected to an oil tank, and the diameter of a valve seat contacting with a relief poppet of the control valve is designed to be considerably large so as to reduce resistance against the pressure of the oil passing through a passage of the relief valve. For this reason, a considerably large or strong spring means must be used to act against the oil pressure to suitably set the oil pressure in the control valve.
Therefore, such a direct operating type control valve cannot be made to be compact because it is inevitable to use a considerably large and strong spring means and, otherwise, the reliability of the spring would not be assured.

Control valve for use in hydraulic apparatus