Non-volatile resistance-switching oxide films, and devices therewith, are disclosed. One embodiment of a suitable device is composed of a SRO-CZO thin film having a thickness of from about 6 to about 30 nm, and composed of from about 3 to about 10 molar % of a SrRuO3 conducting oxide dopant and from about 90 to about 97 molar % of a CaZrO3 insulating oxide material.

Materials exhibiting reversible resistance switching are attractive for many of today's semiconductor devices, including non-volatile random-access memory devices. However, previous efforts in the art to reversibly vary electrical performance have exhibited numerous drawbacks. For example, some capacitance-switching semiconductor devices, such as doped Schottky-junction diodes, require relatively large amounts of electrical power (voltage) to switch to, and maintain, a particular capacitance state. Still further, such a device completely loses its capacitance state when the power is withdrawn. Current leakage, and associated heat-build up, are also especially problematic with these switchable semiconductor devices. Thus, high power consumption, current leakage and poor retention characteristics make these devices unsuitable for many practical applications.
Other efforts in the art have taught that several different resistance-switching technologies can be triggered by voltage. This phenomenon has sometimes been called an EPIR (Electrical Pulse Induced Resistance) switching effect. EPIR semiconductor devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,577 (Buckley). In the Buckley devices, a sufficiently high voltage (50 V) is applied to a semiconductor thin film in which an approximately 10 micron portion, or filament, of the film may be set to a low resistivity state. Filament size is highly dependant on the amount of current flowing through the device. The device may then be reset to a high resistance state by the action of a second high current pulse (150 mA). However, the set voltage is strongly affected by the number of switching cycles performed. Thus, these devices generally exhibit high power consumption and poor cycle fatigue performance.
Recent efforts in the art have investigated ferroelectric and magnetoresistive materials for non-volatile memory applications. These materials, however, suffer from cycle fatigue and retention problems. Moreover, many magnetoresistive oxide devices require magnetic switching fields and have low operating temperatures.
Some thin film materials in the perovskite family, especially in colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) thin films, have exhibited reversible resistance changes upon application of an electrical stimuli in a magnetic field. It has been recently found that some transition metal oxides in the perovskite family exhibit resistance-switching under a voltage trigger in the absence of a magnetic field. Indeed, the recent observation of the electrical pulse induced resistance (EPIR) change effect in perovskite oxide thin films at room temperature and in the absence of a magnetic field has drawn much attention. See, e.g., "Electric-Pulse Induced Reversible Resistance Change Effect in Magnetoresistive Films," S. Q. Liu, N. J. Wu, A. Ignatiev, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 76, No. 23 (2000). In these previous efforts, a Pr1-xCaxMnO3 (PCMO) oxide film placed between two electrodes served as an EPIR device. The resistance states of such simple structured semiconductor devices were switchable by the application of a voltage trigger. The trigger could directly increase or decrease the resistance of the thin film sample depending on voltage polarity. Such voltage triggering phenomenon can be useful in a variety of device applications, including non-volatile memory devices such as resistance random access memory (RRAM) devices.
These early devices, however, required relatively high voltage triggers and the EPIR effect was found to be cycle dependant. The EPIR effect, measured as the ratio between the resistance states, was found to decrease as the number of triggering events increased. Thus, the high power requirements and lack of resistance state stability plagued these early EPIR compositions and devices. Although the basic mechanism responsible for the EPIR effect is still under investigation, there exists a need in the art to develop improved resistance-switching semiconductor devices for potential application in different technology areas.
Thus, there is a need in the art for resistance-switching semiconductor devices having low power consumption. Still further, there is a need in the art for such semiconductor devices having low voltage leakage and high retention of the respective low and high resistance states. There is also a need in the art for resistance-switching semiconductor devices having improved cycle fatigue performance.
One basic phenomenon of interest concerns a two-terminal device, which has two stable states—one with a lower resistance RL, the other with a higher RH—that can be switched back and forth by applying a voltage pulse or a current pulse. These two states can be used for digital memory; for example, the higher resistance state may be called the "On-state", and the lower resistance state may be called the "Off-state". The voltage used to switch the off-state to the on-state may be called the "Set-voltage", and the one to switch the on-state to the off-state the "Reset-voltage."
In nearly all the cases reported in the past with various oxide thin film configurations, the as-fabricated device has a very high resistance value (even higher than the RH later used for the on-state.) Previous devices do not show any resistance switching phenomenon until a "forming" process is first performed. The forming process places the device under a high voltage (larger in magnitude than the set- and reset-voltage) for a certain duration, sometimes in a high vacuum environment. In doing so, it may cause ion (or metal) migration from electrode into the insulator oxide or formation of ionic vacancies in the oxide, creating localized states that facilitate electron (or hole) movement. Apparently the mechanism of forming is still under debate. The nature and density of the paths of localized conduction (called "filament" in the literature) created by the forming process, however, are difficult to control. Moreover, there is a scalability problem in such device in that the resistance of the formed device does not show a clear dependence on the area in the normal way (namely, the resistance being inversely proportional to the device area). For filamentary conduction, it appears that the resistance switching property will be lost when the device (cell) area is smaller than the characteristic area of either the localized conducting path or the average area between such paths. The value of such a limiting size is currently unknown.
Several switching mechanisms have been proposed over the years for the oxide thin film devices. These include electron trapping and release by injected Au (from electrode) inside SiO2, formation and rupture of a conducting filament in NiO, TiO2, Cr—SrZrO3 (SZO) and CeO2, Schottky barrier modification through interface-trapped charges in Pr0.7Ca0.3MO3 (PCMO) with Ti top electrode, and field-induced electrochemical migration of ions (oxygen vacancy) between PCMO and Ag top electrode interface. The latter two may be regarded as an interface phenomenon, which does not depend on the film thickness as long as the thickness of the interface layer is very small. More commonly, the filamentary mechanism for switching has received much support; its origin is thought to be due to forming. For example, conduction is thought to be switched on by metallic Ni formation in NiO, by local point defects around multi-valent Ti ions in TiO2, by free carrier release due to Cr3+ to Cr4+ underneath the anode, and by valence-shifted CeOx domains inside the insulating CeO2 matrix. Just as forming, this filamentary mechanism for switching is not reliable for long-term operation and may not be reproducible from device to device. It is also likely that the interface phenomenon mentioned above may involve filaments formed locally across the interface. (The as-fabricated device is in the high-resistance state.)
According to the literature, although there is usually a characteristic set- (reset-) voltage in a given device, there is not a clear connection between this voltage and the material system. In particular, in some systems set/reset switching is possible without changing the polarity of the voltage, as in Nb2O5, ZrO2, TiO2, NiO and MgO, which we call unipolar, whereas in other systems switching requires alternate positive and negative biases, as in Cr (V)-SZO, PCMO and CeO2, which we call bipolar. It is not clear why some of these oxides are unipolar and others are bipolar. It is also not clear why the switching voltage is low in some systems while high in others. Whether a resistance memory is unipolar or bipolar will impact the circuit design. For practical applications, a relatively low set-reset-voltage close to 1 V is desired, since this is the typical operating voltage in an integrated circuit.
Although the current invention is not limited to perovskite, the inventors have found many compositions of perovskite provide good resistance switching films for non-volatile memory devices. Perovskite material systems have traditionally been used for capacitors, dielectrics, piezoelectrics, pyroelectric, and other related applications. In such applications, it is advantageous to have very low conductivity, i.e., very high resistivity, to minimize dielectric loss and/or leakage of stored charge. Perovskite compositions for such applications generally avoid conducting dopants. In those circumstances where dopants are used, a relatively small amount (typically less than about 2 atomic percent) is used to compensate for valence mismatch in the insulator matrix, for example a small amount of Nb5+ can be used to compensate for the small amount of Ti3+ in BaTiO3. Perovskite material systems may also be used for conductors, electrodes, and other related applications. In these applications, however, very high conductivity, i.e., very low resistivity, is desired to minimize ohmic loss and power consumption. Therefore, the preferred compositions generally include a very high amount of conducting components (typically greater than about 70 atomic percent). Prior efforts in the art have thus taught either very highly-doped or minimally-doped perovskite materials systems for various technological applications. Here, the inventors have surprisingly found a significant and reproducible resistance-switching phenomenon upon mid-range doping of some perovskite material systems.

Non-volatile resistance-switching oxide thin film devices

The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


A document data analysis apparatus, the document data analysis apparatus being connected to a database storing plural document groups which a citation relationship is defined, each of the plural document groups including plural documents, includes: inputting unit that inputs an analysis condition including at least one of a document search condition and a specification of a seed document group, the seed document group being a seed of an active propagation process; determining unit that determines an initial active value of each of plural documents based on the analysis condition; executing unit that executes the active propagation process based on the initial active value and the citation relationship; and display that displays a result of the active propagation process.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a document data analysis apparatus for conducting a relational analysis on a document group where the citation relationship is defined, such as patent documents.
2. Related Art
In scientific and technical documents including patent documents, citation is frequently made between the documents. For example, a scholarly paper would be often created by citing other papers and for a patent document, documents, etc., disclosing arts equivalent to the invention described in the patent document are enumerated as literature cited in the process of the examination of the patent document.

Document data analysis apparatus, method of document data analysis, computer readable medium and computer data signal


A boundary microphone includes a microphone and a boundary plate on which the microphone is placed. The boundary plate includes a porous metal material of an aluminum-based metallic fiber layer clamped by an aluminum-based expanded metal and crimped thereto. The boundary plate has a characteristic of absorbing an incoming sound wave without reflecting the sound wave to the microphone, and the microphone collects a direct sound.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a boundary microphone having a sound collecting characteristic independent from installation locations or sound collecting angles, and a boundary plate used for this boundary microphone.
Description of the Related Art
Boundary microphones (microphones for collecting sound on a plane) are often used in TV studios or at meetings. In TV studios, on stages, or in concert halls, boundary microphones are used while placed on a floor. At meetings, those microphones are used while arranged on a table.
These boundary microphones include, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 8-65786 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2013-527995, a boundary plate and a microphone placed thereon. Usually, the boundary plate is a plate with a flat and reflecting surface made of a metal or plastic.
Incidentally, when a microphone alone is used, direct sound as well as reflected sound (indirect sound) reach the microphone. Since the reflected sound arrives with a delay compared with the direct sound, the reflected sound interferes with the direct sound, thereby deteriorating the intelligibility of sound signals.
Meanwhile, although a boundary microphone collects direct sound and indirect sound reflected by the boundary plate, the microphone is arranged in proximity of the boundary plate, thus allowing for collecting the direct sound and the indirect sound with little difference in time.
Therefore, sound signals with high intelligibility, free from interference from the delayed reflected sound, can be obtained from the microphone. It is also known that an output sound level of the microphone can be increased since the microphone receives the direct sound as well as the indirect sound reflected by the boundary plate.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are a top view and a front view, respectively, showing a basic configuration of the aforementioned boundary microphone.
A boundary microphone 1 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes a boundary plate 2 formed in a rectangular shape and, for example, a condenser microphone 3 placed thereon. The boundary plate 2 shown in this example has long sides (sides in the longitudinal direction of the condenser microphone 3) of 300 mm and short sides (sides in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction) of 200 mm.
A front end of the condenser microphone 3, namely, a front acoustic terminal of the condenser microphone 3, is positioned at, for example, 80 mm from the end in the longitudinal direction of the boundary plate 2 (right-side end in FIGS. 1 and 2) and in the center part in the short side direction such that a sound collecting axis of the microphone 3 is parallel to the top surface of the boundary plate 2.
Note that, although not shown, this boundary microphone 1 including the boundary plate 2 and the condenser microphone 3 placed thereon is housed in a flat casing having a punched plate (perforated plate) covering the whole structure.
In FIG. 2, the sound collecting axis of 0° of the condenser microphone 3 as well as directions (angles) of sound sources seen from this sound collecting axis are shown. Hereinafter, based on a relationship between the condenser microphone 3 and directions (angles) of a sound source as shown in FIG. 2, respective characteristics shown in FIG. 3 and the subsequent drawings are described.
FIGS. 3A to 3C show measured results of characteristics of the unidirectional condenser microphone 3 alone when the boundary plate 2 is not used therewith. These characteristics of the microphone alone are utilized for comparison with a case where a boundary plate of the related art or a boundary plate according to an embodiment of this invention is used. Both boundary plates will be described later.
That is, FIG. 3A shows frequency characteristics expressed by the horizontal axis depicting frequency and the vertical axis depicting output level (dBV), as is well known. In FIG. 3A, symbols A, B, C, and D indicate measurement results for cases where a sound source is placed at angular positions of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively, relative to the sound collecting axis of the microphone 3.
Likewise, FIG. 3B shows frequency characteristics where symbols A, B, and C indicate measurement results for 0°, 30°, and 40°, respectively.
Furthermore, FIG. 3C shows a polar pattern. As shown in this polar pattern, characteristics of the exemplified condenser microphone 3 alone show general unidirectional characteristics.
Next, in FIGS. 4A to 4C, respective characteristics of the boundary microphone 1 are shown for the boundary plate 2 of the related art made of, for example, plastic and not transmitting sound waves. Dimensions of the boundary plate 2 and arrangement of the condenser microphone 3 are as exemplified in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Meanwhile, in FIG. 4A, frequency characteristics are shown where symbols A, B, C, and D indicate measurement results for angular positions of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively, relative to the sound collecting axis of the microphone 3. Likewise in FIG. 4B, symbols A, B, and C indicate measurement results for 0°, 30°, and 40°, respectively, and FIG. 4C shows a polar pattern.
Note that, upon measurements for FIGS. 4A to 4C, the condenser microphone 3, with which the measurement results shown in FIGS. 3A to 3C described above have been obtained, is used as the boundary microphone.
Here, when comparing a frequency characteristic at 90° indicated by symbol B in FIG. 4A and a frequency characteristic at 90° indicated by symbol B in FIG. 3A where the condenser microphone 3 alone is used, the frequency characteristic indicated by symbol B in FIG. 4A shows irregular peaks and dips for a wide range of frequency bands.
This is because the plastic boundary plate itself vibrates upon receiving sound waves from the direction perpendicular to (90°) a surface of the boundary plate 2. This free vibration of the boundary plate 2 causes phase interference of sound signals.
Also, frequency characteristics at 30° and 40° indicated by symbols B and C, respectively, in FIG. 4B show increased levels over the frequency bands of 500 Hz to 6 kHz when compared with a characteristic at 0° indicated by symbol A in FIG. 4B. The amount of increase reaches 6 dB or more.
This is because, by attaching the aforementioned plastic boundary plate 2 not transmitting sound waves, reflected waves in the frequency bands of 500 Hz to 6 kHz also reach the microphone 3, thereby increasing the levels.
In other words, sound in the aforementioned frequency bands is reproduced while stressed at an angle of 30° or 40°, providing sound signals largely different from the original sound.
Therefore, when the boundary plate of the related art made of plastic or metal and not transmitting sound waves is used, different directional frequency responses are experienced depending on installation locations of the boundary microphone, thus providing different tones depending on angles of the sound source.
For these reasons, when a microphone provided with the aforementioned boundary plate in the related art is used, for example, for collecting sounds of musical instruments, tones may vary depending on locations of the musical instruments, which is not preferable for collecting sound of good sound quality such as musical sound.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


In a stand for medical instruments according to the present invention, a first coefficient of friction adapted between an outer circumferential surface of a sliding column and an inner circumferential surface of a bush is adapted to be smaller than a second coefficient of friction caused between an outer circumferential surface of the bush and an inner circumferential surface of a main pipe. This allows a stand for medical instruments which improves operationality.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a stand for medical instruments, and particular to a stand for medical instruments for improving the operationality of medical instruments.
2. Description of the Background Art
In recent years, various methods have been developed for testing functions of human body. One of them is X-ray diagnosis on circulatory system for diagnosing the function of the circulatory system of human body. In the X-ray diagnosis on circulatory system, a contrast medium is injected into the body of a patient. In order to inject the contrast medium into the body of a patient, a medical injector head is used. Furthermore, a stand for medical instruments is used to support the medical injector head at the height and position appropriate for the patient.
Referring to FIG. 5, a mechanism of a stand 1B for medical instruments for supporting a conventional medical injector head 100 will now be briefly described. A syringe 101 inside which a contrast medium is sealed is attached to medical injector head 100. The contrast medium sealed inside syringe 101 is injected into a patient through the insertion and ejection of a plunger (not shown) provided in medical injector head 100. A supporting pipe 102 is attached to medical injector head 100.
Stand 1B for medical instruments has a base provided with a plurality of rollers for readily transporting medical injector head 100 to a predetermined position. Attached to base 13 is an upwardly extending, main pipe 8. A gas spring 9 is mounted inside main pipe 8.
Gas spring 9 has an internal space defined by a cylinder and a piston and injected with gas. When a button provided at an end of an externally projecting piston linkage rod, which is linked to the piston, is pressed, the lock mechanism for the piston linkage rod is unlocked and the pressure of the gas causes the piston linkage rod to be pushed out upwards. When the pressed button is released, the piston linkage rod is fixed. The button is pressed and released by an arm 3 provided at the upper end of gas spring 9. Arm 3 is a attached to a head 1 provided at the upper end of gas spring 9.
A head 1 is provided with a handle 2 for readily gripping arm 3. Supporting pipe 102 attached to medical injector head 100 is held at the upper end of head 1.
Thus, stand 1B for medical instruments is structured such that when arm 3 is held and moved, the button provided at gas spring 9 is pressed, the lock mechanism is unlocked and gas spring 9 is slid to any position so as to adjust the level of medical injector head 100 with respect to a patient.
In the above structure, however, when the lock mechanism for gas spring 9 is unlocked, stand 1B can be vertically moved with relatively reduced force so that medical injector head 100 is vertically moved smoothly. Thus, pivotal movement of medical injector head 100 around the axis of gas spring 9 is readily caused.
Thus, when somebody comes in contact with medical injector head 100, for example, during operation of medical injector head 100, the orientation of medical injector head 100 is readily changed, which is often inconvenient in operating medical injector head 100.


There is provided a voltage regulator that stably operates without using a large phase compensation capacitance. The voltage regulator has a voltage 3-stage amplifier circuit comprised of a differential amplifier circuit, a first source ground amplifier circuit provided with a phase compensation circuit, and a second source ground amplifier circuit, which serves as an output circuit. The voltage 3-stage amplifier circuit is provided, between the first source ground amplifier circuit and the second source ground amplifier circuit, with a phase compensation circuit that is effective for reducing the gains of the differential amplifier circuit and the first source ground amplifier circuit.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to phase compensation of a voltage regulator.
Background Art
In general, a voltage regulator receives an input voltage supplied to an input terminal thereof and generates a fixed output voltage to an output terminal thereof. The voltage regulator supplies current according to a load to always maintain the output voltage at a constant level.
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a conventional voltage regulator.
A reference voltage circuit 10 generates a reference voltage VREF. Bleeder resistors 11 and 12 divide an output voltage VOUT of an output terminal 3 to generate a feedback voltage VFB. A differential amplifier circuit 13 receives the reference voltage VREF and the feedback voltage VFB through the input terminal thereof An output voltage of the differential amplifier circuit 13 is input to a constant current source 17 and the gate of a PMOS transistor 16 constituting a first source ground amplifier circuit. A resistor 14 and a capacitance 15 form a phase compensation circuit. An output control MOS transistor 25 constituting a second source ground amplifier circuit receives, through the gate thereof, an output voltage of the first source ground amplifier circuit. A load is connected to the output terminal 3 of the voltage regulator.
The operation of the conventional voltage regulator will be described.
If the output voltage VOUT of the output terminal of the voltage regulator decreases, then the feedback voltage VFB decreases. If the feedback voltage VFB decreases below the reference voltage VREF, then the output of the differential amplifier circuit 13 increases and the ON resistance of the PMOS transistor 16 increases. This causes the output voltage of the first source ground amplifier circuit to decrease, so that the ON resistance of the output control MOS transistor 25 decreases. Hence, the output voltage VOUT of the output terminal of the voltage regulator increases.
Meanwhile, when the output voltage VOUT of the output terminal of the voltage regulator increases, the voltage regulator performs an operation that is opposite from the above, so that the output voltage VOUT of the output terminal of the voltage regulator decreases. Thus, the voltage regulator works to make the feedback voltage VFB and the reference voltage VREF equal so as to generate the constant output voltage VOUT.
The voltage regulator is required to have a wider frequency band in which feedback amplification is possible so as to improve its transient response characteristics. The conventional voltage regulator is configured to have a voltage 3-stage amplifier circuit to permit an expanded frequency band that allows feedback amplification to be accomplished with a relatively small consumption current, thus improving the transient response characteristics. However, the configuration that involves the voltage 3-stage amplifier circuit tends to cause an electric signal, which has gone round a feedback loop once, to develop a phase lag of 180 degrees or more. This may lead to an unstable operation of the voltage regulator and result in an oscillation in the worst case.
The conventional voltage regulator therefore additionally includes a phase compensation circuit composed of the resistor 14 and the capacitance 15 in order to compensate for the foregoing phase lag. More specifically, the resistor 14 and the capacitance 15 resets the phase at a zero point thereby to prevent an oscillation (refer to, for example, Patent Document 1).
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-62374
However, according to the conventional voltage regulator, in the case where the gate capacitance of an output control MOS transistor is large, a phase compensation capacitance that is equivalent to or larger than the foregoing gate capacitance is required to accomplish pole separation. This inevitably increases a chip area with a resultant higher cost.


The invention discloses a mobile terminal, comprising a display unit configured to display an image to be displayed in three-dimensional space beyond the mobile terminal, a determination module configured to determine an instruction input by a user through the displayed image via spatial position detection, and a processing module configured to execute an operation corresponding to the determined instruction. In the invention, both the display of the image in the three-dimensional space beyond the mobile terminal and the spatial position detection are beneficial to execute the operation corresponding to the instruction from the user accurately, so that the user can observe the image conveniently, the limitation of a screen size is eliminated, the instruction from the user can be judged and executed accurately, and user experience is improved.

Birth of smart phones and input of various smart phones with Android operating system and a Window operating system into the market change people's lift-style greatly and impact on the society significantly. The utilization of the smart phones can help people to acquire favorite contents anywhere, search needed information, send messages to friends or strangers through social networking services therein or communicate with each other in other ways.
With the development of the smart phones, many portable mobile terminals are also be developed to the high intelligentization. For example, the existing portable smart devices, such as tablet PCs, personal digital assistant (PDA), smart watches, navigation devices, multimedia players (including a picture player, an audio player, a video player, a text player, a game machine, etc.) and the like are also equipped with sufficient functions and maximize conveniences for the people.
However, because of inconvenience to take and easiness to damage or lose many portable mobile terminals such as the smart phones and the tablet PCs caused by external factors, these mobile terminals are not applicable to congested or movable environments.
At present, a scheme on wearable mobile terminals is proposed in order to break a restriction of the 'handheld' smart devices. However, screen sizes of the wearable mobile terminals are limited. The sizes of the mobile terminals are too large to take conveniently while too small to operate easily.
No effective solution to address the issue that it is difficult to balance between taking and operating the mobile terminals due to restriction of the screen sizes thereof is developed.

Three dimensional user interface for watch device


The invention relates to a method, comprising illuminating an area of a wood fibre web by directing ultraviolet light to an area of the web by an ultraviolet light source, capturing an image of at least part of the illuminated area by an imaging device comprising a colour filter, transmitting image data of the captured image to an image data processing device, and analysing if the captured image comprises a fluorescent liquid stain emitting fluorescent light passed through the colour filter. The invention further relates to a machine vision system and a computer program product for detecting fluorescent liquid stains from a wood fibre web.

In continuous manufacturing processes, for example, paper, pulp and cardboard machines, there are materials or products constantly formed and moving through the machine in a continuous material web. In such processes, the product must be monitored in order to detect possible deviations, for example, oil stains, and to obtain a final product of high quality, for example, by machine vision systems such as camera systems. As the material web moves past the camera system, it is illuminated by a visible light source, and images of it are captured by an imaging device. The captured images are analysed by a processing unit.

Optical detection of fluorescent liquid from a wood fibre web


A variable length image coding system for multiplexing multi channel parallel data at a specified speed after making variable length coding, and capable of suppressing the variation of amount of code generated upon multiplexing to within a specified range. In order that the total output of the sub-buffer memories is suppressed to within a certain range, the bit calculator calculates the amounts of code generated from the coders of each of the variable length coder sets, selects suitable ones of the coders for the respective channels, and controls the selectors, the output time zones of data from the sub-buffer memories, and the multiplexer. The coder buffer memory reads data in synchronism with the transmission speed and controls the variable length coder sets by feedback or stops the output of data by supplying a dummy in order to prevent the overflow and underflow. Since the amount of code for each n blocks is limited, the freedom of the assignment of amount of code to each block can be increased as compared with the case of single-block unit processing.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to systems for coding and transmitting an image signal such as a television signal, and particularly to a system for making variable length coding of an image that is supplied as multi channel parallel data and contains a large amount of information, and then transmitting it in a multiplex manner at a specified speed.
2. Description of the Related Art
An example of the systems for coding and transmitting an image signal such as a television signal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,426. In this example, single-channel data is subjected to variable length coding by the following process. The data is divided into blocks, an amount of information of each block is calculated, and the amount of codes generated from the data is estimated in advance. Then, a parameter (for example, quantization characteristic) for the control of coding is determined for each block in order that the result of coding matches the transmission speed on the transmission path.


A method and system for delivering electrical energy from multiple power supplies to multiple loads. Each power supply can have multiple independent outputs. Each load is coupled in a matrix pattern to at least one output from each of the different power supplies. This wiring system provides redundancy in that if one output or one power supply fails, an output from another power supply can still provide power to the loads. The number of over-current protection devices needed with the matrix wiring system is reduced compared to traditional wiring methods. Also, the level of safety is greater under the matrix approach rather than the traditional approach. The matrix wiring system also aids in pinpointing faulty components. Finally, the matrix wiring approach allows a gradual degradation of the power distribution system when failures of the loads or the power supply outputs occur.

Electrical loads in computer systems and other multi-component electrical systems often use redundant power supplies; that is, they are often coupled to two or more power supplies. This redundancy allows the components to continue uninterrupted operation if one of the power supplies fails and may be important where continued operation of the system is critical or preferable, for example, in systems providing telephone services.
In a traditional method of coupling redundant power supplies to loads in a system, the power supplies are coupled to one or more buses. The loads are then coupled to the buses to receive the power from the power supplies. In such a system, however, there is a danger that a short or over-current situation in a load would damage all power supplies coupled to the load. If all power supplies fail, power could cease on all buses and the entire system would be without power. Thus, a short in only one load could cause a catastrophic failure in which all power supplies fail and power is removed from all the loads in the system.
To prevent such a catastrophic failure, where failure in one of the loads could short out one or more power supplies, each load is typically isolated from the power supplies; that is, a current-limiting device is typically added at each point where the power supplies are coupled to the loads to protect the supplies from a failure in the load. The number of current-limiting devices needed in such a system is typically equal to the number of loads in the system. The use of large numbers of current-limiting devices can result in significant costs.
Another potential issue with this traditional method of supplying power is that if a small number of buses are used in the system, the electrical power passing through each bus may often be greater than the maximum recommended by many safety agencies. As a result, if one of the loads required repair or replacement, power would have to be disconnected from all of the loads to allow safe access to the faulty load.


A wiper assembly for use in connection with a wiper arm attachment member having a transversely extending pin and bent tab. The wiper assembly includes a wiping element and a superstructure having first and second longitudinal ends. The wiper assembly further includes first and second airfoils attached to the superstructure between an intermediate position and the longitudinal ends. The wiper assembly further includes a coupler attached to the superstructure and disposed between the first and second airfoils. The coupler includes first and second sidewalls, a deck that extends from the first sidewall and a rail that extends from the deck. The deck and rail of the wiper assembly cooperate to define a side-saddle that facilitates low-profile attachment to a wiper arm attachment member for reducing the likelihood of wind lift and lateral movement between the wiper arm attachment member and the wiper assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, generally, to windshield wiper assemblies. More specifically, to a wiper assembly having a side-saddle coupler for use in connecting the wiper assembly to the wiper arm of a vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
Windshield wiper systems known in the related art typically include a wiper assembly having a wiping element that contacts the surface to be wiped and a wiper arm that imparts a reciprocating movement to the wiper assembly across the surface to be wiped. The wiper assembly is releasably connected to the wiper arm through a coupler. Conventional windshield wiper assemblies known in the related art generally consist of two types, commonly referred to as "beam blade-style windshield wiper assemblies" and "tournament-style windshield wiper assemblies." Tournament-style windshield wiper assemblies include a superstructure having a series of levers to distribute the downward force from the wiper arm across the wiping element. On the other hand, beam blade-style windshield wiper assemblies include a superstructure defined by an elongated, homogeneous strip forming a spring backbone or beam that is resiliently flexible. The beam is curved along a single plane that flexes to correspond to the curvature of a windshield.
Both types of windshield wiper assemblies rely on the downward force from the wiper arm to maintain contact between the wiping element and the windshield. Further, both types of windshield wiper assemblies generally include a coupler that is centrally disposed along the top surface of the wiper assembly such that the wiper assembly, coupler and wiper arm are stacked in a substantially vertical manner. Such wiper assemblies may be commonly referred to as "vertical-mount wiper assemblies." Vertical-mount wiper assemblies create a robust vertical profile that provides lateral stability during operational movement of the wiper assembly across the surface to be wiped, thereby reducing the likelihood of a wiper assembly skipping across the windshield, an undesirable action commonly referred to as "chatter."
However, the increased vertical profile of the wiper assembly elevates the proximity of the wiper arm relative to the windshield, which increases drag and wind lift. Wind lift occurs when airflow acts underneath the windshield wiper assembly and/or wiper arm creating a lift force that is greater than the opposing downward forces of the wiper arm and airflow over the wiper assembly. During wind lift, the wiper assembly lifts from the windshield of the vehicle, which can decrease the effectiveness of the windshield wiper assembly to clean the windshield. Additionally, the increased vertical profile of the wiper assembly and wiper arm may have an adverse effect on the overall aesthetics of a particular vehicle.
As a result of the functional and aesthetic issues surrounding vertical-mount wiper assemblies, airfoils of various designs have been employed to reduce wind lift and streamline appearance. Additionally, where wiper arms utilize a pin-style method of attachment, wiper assemblies have employed couplers that receive the pin along the sidewall. Such wiper assemblies are commonly referred to as, "side-mount wiper assemblies." Side-mount wiper assemblies provide a reduced vertical profile for improved styling and wind lift resistance and are available in both tournament and beam blade styles. However, side-mount wiper assemblies known in the art generally do not provide the lateral stability offered by the vertical-mount wiper assemblies.
Accordingly, while the wiper assemblies known in the art have generally worked for their intended purposes, there continues to be a need in the art for improvements in wiper assemblies that employ side-mount couplers. Thus, there is a need in the art for a wiper assembly having improved performance at variable vehicle speeds to reduce the likelihood of wind lift. There is also a need in the art for a wiper assembly having a reduced vertical profile while maintaining sufficient lateral stability.

Wiper assembly having side-saddle coupler


A Supplemental Fuel Injector Control Circuit includes a resistor adapted to connected between a voltage output port and an injector control port of an Engine Control Unit. The circuit also includes a diode having a cathode adapted to be connected to the injector control port and an anode adapted to be connected to both an end of a fuel injector coil and to an Auxiliary Fuel Injector Controller. The circuit is operable to allow modification of fuel injector cycle duration while preventing generation of an error code by the Engine Control Unit.

This invention relates in general to circuits for controlling fuel injectors for vehicle engines and in particular to a supplemental fuel injector control circuit.
Fuel injection provides carefully controlled metering of fuel supplied to a vehicle engine. The careful control of fuel supply enhances engine performance and mileage while reducing harmful emissions. Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1 a typical known circuit for controlling a fuel injector valve. The circuit includes an Engine Control Unit (ECU) 10 having a voltage output port 11 that provides a voltage V+ connected to a high end 12a of a fuel injector coil 12. The other, or low, end 12b of the injector coil 12 is connected to an ECU injector control port 13. The ECU 10 includes an electronic switch which is shown in FIG. 1 as an injector Field Effect Transistor (FET) 14. While an FET is shown in FIG. 1, the electronic switch could be any other device that is capable of handling the coil current. The injector FET 14 has a drain terminal 16 connected through the injector control port 13 to the coil low end 12b and a source terminal 18 connected through a small current sensing resistor 20 to ground 22. The injector FET 14 also has a gate terminal 24 that is normally connected to ground, causing the FET 14 to be in a non-conducting state and thereby blocking any current flow through the injector coil 12.
When engine conditions require an injection of fuel, a voltage is applied to the injector FET gate terminal 24, causing the FET 14 to switch to a conducting state. As the injector FET conducts, the low end 12b of the injector coil 12 is connected through the current sensing resistor 20 to ground 22 allowing a current ic to flow through the coil that causes the injector to open and supply a charge of fuel to an associated engine cylinder. When fuel is no longer needed, the injector FET gate terminal 24 is returned to ground, switching the FET 14 back to a non-conducting state and interrupting the current ic supplied to the injector coil 12. Upon interruption of the injector coil current, the injector closes, terminating the supply of fuel to the engine cylinder. The voltage Vi across the sensing resistor 16 is proportional to the current passing through the injector coil 12 and is fed back to the ECU 10 for monitoring the operation of the injector. Also, the ECU 10 monitors the drain terminal voltage VD to assure that the injector and the injector FET 14 are operating correctly. When the injector FET 14 is in its non-conducting state with the injector closed, the drain terminal voltage VD is equal to the voltage V+ appearing at the ECU voltage output port 11. When the injector FET 14 is in its conducting state with the injector open, the drain terminal 16 is effectively connected to ground 22 and the drain terminal voltage VD is approximately equal to zero. While one injector coil 12 is shown in FIG. 1, a similar circuit is provided for each of the engine cylinders.
When modifications are made to a vehicle engine, such as replacing the exhaust system, the stock ECU 10 no longer provides the correct fuel amount across the engine's operating range. As most modifications improve air flow, the resulting fuel/air mixture is typically lean in certain conditions. As illustrated in FIG. 2, it is known to connect an Auxiliary Fuel Injector Controller (AIC) 32 to the low end 12b of the fuel injector coil 12 to provide additional fuel to correct the lean condition by extending the time period that the injector is open. Components shown in FIG. 2 that are similar to components shown in FIG. 1 have the same numerical identifiers. The AIC 32 includes a second FET 34 as an electronic switch with a drain terminal 36 connected to the low end 12b of the fuel injector coil 12 and a source terminal 38 connected directly to ground 22. When in its conducting state, the AIC FET 34 provides an alternate path to ground for the injector coil current and thus keeps the injector open. While an FET is shown in FIG. 2, the electronic switch could be any other device that is capable of handling the coil current. During operation, when the injector FET 14 in the ECU 10 is switched to its non-conducting state, a control voltage can be applied to the gate terminal 40 of the second FET 34 in the AIC 32 to keep the injector open.
Although less common, some modifications such as cam replacement, cause a rich condition requiring the AIC to remove fuel under certain conditions by reducing the time period that the injector is open. For example, an AIC FET could be inserted in series with the injector FET 14 to interrupt the current being supplied to the injector coil before the ECU would normally switch the injector FET 14 to its non-conducting state (not shown).
ECUs are becoming increasingly sophisticated, providing advanced diagnostic capabilities to detect problems within the system. Certain ECUs monitor the voltage and/or current to the fuel injector to determine if the injector and injector controller are operating properly by comparing the duration and magnitude of the coil current flow and duration and magnitude of the change in drain voltage to acceptable operating ranges for the parameters. Adding an AIC to these ECUs can cause the actual time duration and/or magnitude of each monitored parameter to fall outside of the acceptable range. For example, when the second FET 34 in the AIC 32 holds the injector open longer to correct lean fuel air mixture, the low end 12b of the injector coil 12 is pulled to ground. Thus, even though the ECU injector FET 14 is not conducting, its drain terminal voltage VD is zero, as if the FET 14 were conducting. As described above, the drain voltage VD is monitored by the ECU 10 which will erroneously conclude that the ECU injector FET 14 is still conducing and will generate an engine error code, indicating a fault in the injection circuit. Accordingly it would be desirable to provide a circuit that would allow operation of the AIC without triggering ECU error messages.

Supplemental fuel injector trigger circuit


An austenitic stainless steel having excellent resistance to scale peeling which can suppress peeling of a protective oxide scale which is formed on the steel surface even when the steel undergoes repeated cycles of high temperature heating and cooling and which is suitable for use in a high temperature, humidified gas environment at a high temperature and particularly at 1023 K or above has a steel composition consisting essentially of C: 0.01-0.15%, Si: 0.01-3%, Mn: 0.01-2%, Cu: 0.1-2.5%, Cr: 23-30%, Ni: 16-25%, Al: 0.005-0.20%, N: 0.001-0.40%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.01%, at least one of Y and Ln series elements: a total of 0.005-0.1%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with the number of inclusions containing Y and Ln series elements in the steel surface being at most 5×10−3/μm2.

Microturbines and various types of fuel cells which are used in distributed generation are usually made in the form of co-generation systems including a heat exchanger (regenerator) which heats combustion air by utilizing the heat of combustion exhaust gas. The heat exchanger is constituted by corrugated fins, plates, and other parts made of stainless steel. It is desired that the stainless steel which is used have a high level of heat resistance and good weldability and workability.
Various fuels have been studied as a fuel source for supplying hydrogen in a fuel cell, such as natural gas, DME (dimethyl ether), kerosene, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, and alcohol-based fuels. These fuels are reformed by a method such as steam reformation to generate hydrogen Due to the high operating temperature, it is desired that stainless steel which is used for the manufacture of such reformers also have a high level of heat resistance and good weldability and workability.
Gas which passes through the above-described heat exchangers and reformers contains from several percent to several tens of percent of steam and is at a high temperature. Such high temperature, humidified gas produces a severely corrosive environment compared to the atmosphere or to combustion exhaust gas from an automotive exhaust system.
In distributed generation, contrary to a conventional thermal power plant, starting and stopping of the operation of equipment occurs frequently, so the distributed generation is subjected to cyclic heating and cooling. As a result, a protective oxide scale primarily comprising Cr which is formed on the surface of stainless steel during heating develops thermal stresses during cooling and produces cracks, and eventually the scale peels off. In portions where the scale has peeled off, it is difficult to regenerate the protective scale, and frequently a non-protective oxide scale primarily comprising Fe is formed. As a result, a reduction in the wall thickness of the stainless steel is accelerated, and the service life of equipment is shortened. Furthermore, the peeled scale plugs up gas flow passages inside the equipment or gas flow passages connected to the exit side of the equipment. In addition, there is an extremely high danger of the peeled scale causing damage due to equipment by erosion.
Accordingly, it is desired that stainless steel used in applications such as heat exchangers or reformers for distributed generation have not only heat resistance, workability, and weldability, but also excellent resistance to scale peeling such that peeling of scale does not occur even when it undergoes repeated heating and cooling cycles in a highly corrosive, high temperature, humidified environment.
Up to now, many types of heat resistant Fe—Cr—Al ferritic stainless steels have been proposed as catalyst supports for cleaning equipment for automotive exhaust gas. However, ferritic stainless steels generally have poor workability and are difficult to weld, and they are difficult to apply to the above-described applications.
From in the past, austenitic stainless steels typified by SUS 304, SUS 316L, and SUS 310 have been much used for usual high temperature applications.
JP H07-188869 A1 discloses an inexpensive austenitic stainless steel which is superior with respect to resistance to oxidation at high temperatures, wear resistance, and creep properties and which has excellent weldability. This stainless steel comprises C: 0.05-0.15% (in this description, unless otherwise specified, percent means mass percent), Si: less than 1.0%, Mn: at most 2.0%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.01%, Cr: 20-30%, Ni: 10-15%, N: 0.10-0.30%, B: 0.0010-0.01%, La+Ce: 0.01-0.10%, Al: 0.01-0.20%, and a balance essentially of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with the Ni balance prescribed by {Ni+0.5Mn+30(C+N)−1.1 (Cr+1.5Si)+8.2} being in the range of −1.0% to +3%.
JP 2000-303150 A1 describes a stainless steel for direct diffusion bonding. This is a ferritic stainless steel comprising C: at most 0.08%, Si: 0.01-2%, Mn: 0.05-1.5%, P: at most 0.05%, S: at most 0.01%, Al: 0.005-0.1%, Cr: 13-32%, Ni: 0.01-4%, Mo: 0.1-6%, Ti: at most 0.05%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, or an austenitic stainless steel comprising C: at most 0.08%, Si: 0.01-2%, Mn: 0.05-1.5%, P: at most 0.05%, S: at most 0.01%, Al: 0.005-0.1%, Cr: 13-25%, Ni: 7-15%, Si+Mo: at least 1.5%, Mo: at most 6%, Ti: at most 0.05%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities. This austenitic stainless steel is described as being easy to roll and having excellent workability.
However, the austenitic stainless steels described in the above-described publications do not take into consideration the above-mentioned resistance to scale peeling.
JP H11-279714 A1 discloses an austenitic stainless steel having improved resistance to scale peeling under conditions in which a temperature gradient is present in the material during heating and cooling cycles. This stainless steel comprises C: 0.01-0.15%, Si: 0.5-5%, Mn: 0.2-2%, P: at most 0.04%, S: at most 0.02%, Ni: 12-22%, Cr: 17-26%, Al: 0.01-5%, N: 0.02-0.4%, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities, with the added amount of alloying elements, the maximum heating temperature TK, and the temperature gradient α (° C./mm) satisfying a prescribed relationship.
That austenitic stainless steel utilizes a phenomenon in which oxides of Si or Al which are concentrated at the boundary of scale or metallic Ni alleviate strains due to expansion and contraction applied to scale when a temperature gradient is present in a material to improve the resistance to scale peeling. Therefore, the contents of Ni, Si, and Al are important, and the contents of Cr, Ni, Si, and Al in the steel are prescribed by the maximum temperature T and the temperature gradient α in the material. However, the resistance to scale peeling of that stainless steel is not of a level which can satisfy the resistance to scale peeling needed in severe humidified gas corrosive environments containing from several percent to several tens of percent of steam. Furthermore, consideration is not given to regeneration after peeling of scale, and it is necessary to improve its stability with respect to long-term properties.
In JP 2003-171745 A1, the present inventors proposed an austenitic stainless steel plate containing C: 0.01-0.10%, Si: 0.01-1.0%, Cr; 19-26%, Ni: 10-35%, a total of 0.005-0.10% of at least one REM (rare earth metal), at least 0.01% of Mn satisfying {Mn≦2.8×REM−0.025×Ni+0.95}, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities and having a thickness of at most 1.0 mm. That invention suppresses the growth rate of Cr2O3 by controlling the Mn content in accordance with the Ni content and the REM content in order to solve the phenomenon of "burnout" caused by abnormal oxidation in a thin steel plate such as a corrugated fin of distributed generation equipment.
In JP 2004-83976 A1, the present inventors farther proposed an austenitic stainless steel plate having high temperature oxidation resistance and containing C: 0.01-0.10%, Si: at most 1.0%, Cr: 23.0-27.0%, Ni: 17.0-23.0%, a total of 0.005-0.10% of at least one rare earth element, a Mn content of at most 2.0% satisfying the relationship {Mn≦0.05×Cr−0.20×plate thickness−0.55}, and a balance of Fe and unavoidable impurities and having a thickness of at most 0.5 mm. That invention improves the high temperature strength of Cr2O3 scale by controlling the relationship between the Mn content, the Cr content, and the plate thickness based on the finding that "accelerated oxidation" which develops in a steel plate with a thickness of at most 0.5 mm is caused by deformation occurring when the strength is overcome by the stress which develops in scale which forms on the surface of steel.
The austenitic stainless steel plates which are proposed by above-mentioned JP 2003-171745 A1 and JP 2004-83976 A1 can solve the problems of burnout and accelerated oxidation which develop in thin stainless steel plates. However, there is no recognition in those publications of peeling of scale which is a problem in the above-described heating and cooling cycles, and there is no suggestion concerning a method of solving that problem.

NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL CORPORATION


A method and apparatus for an access point (AP) accessing a channel occupied by a neighboring AP within clear channel assessment (CCA) range. The method is implemented by setting a transmit null towards the neighboring AP, while acquiring accurate channel knowledge with minimal bandwidth penalty to surrounding networks, via a combination of sparse explicit sounding, and a following implicit channel estimation of the neighboring APs for updating the explicit data achieved by the sparse explicit sounding. An AP implementing the method is also disclosed.

Prior to setting forth the background of the invention, it may be helpful to set forth definitions of certain terms that will be used hereinafter.
The term "Wi-Fi" as used herein is defined as any wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards.
The term "Access Point" or "AP" as used herein is defined as a device that allows wireless devices (also known as User Equipment or "UE") to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. The AP usually connects to a router (via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of the router itself.
The term "client" as used herein is defined as any device that has wireless communication capabilities, specifically, the IEEE 802.11 standards. A client may be for example a smart telephone, a laptop, a tablet or a personal computer (PC).
The notation "STA" as used herein is defined in as an IEEE 802.11 client.
The term "BSS" is an acronym for Basic Service Set, which is typically a cluster of stations supported by an AP.
The term "node" as used herein is defined as general name for both IEEE 802.11 AP and IEEE 802.11 STA.
The term "serving AP" as used herein is defined in relation to one AP and one STA, wherein the STA is registered to the AP, and the AP and STA are sending and receiving data to and from each other.
The term "neighboring APs" or "neighboring nodes" relate to two co-frequency (or co-channel) APs or nodes that are within each other's sensitivity range, e.g. at least one of them can receive the other in such an signal-to-noise ratio to allows decoding of signals.
The term "CCA range" as used herein is a range between two IEEE 802.11 nodes, wherein at least one node can receive the other's transmission at a power level equal or larger than "CCA Level" e.g. −82 dBm.
The term "CSMA/CA" stands for Carrier-Sense-Multiple-Access/Collision-Avoidance, representing a requirement to listen before transmitting in a multi-node wireless system that shares a common channel on the basis of first-come-first-served.
The term "preamble" as used herein describes a certain 802.11 transmitted signal modulation appearing at the beginning of each packet, that when received by other 802.11 nodes, will force them to yield channel access.
The notation "SINR" stands for Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio.
The term "ACK" as used herein, stands for acknowledgement, and is defined as the signal transmitted from an IEEE 802.11 receiving node to the IEEE 802.11 node that has transmitted a packet to it, provided the packet was successfully received.
The term "time division duplex" (TDD) as used herein refers to systems using the same frequency spectrum for methods of communications in a time division manner such as Wi-Fi systems.
The term "channel sounding" or simply "sounding" is the process defined in 802.11 specifications that enables the full dimensionality of the radio channel to be determined. One sounding technique described in the 802.11 specifications is for an AP to transmit a Null Data Packet (NDP), a packet without a MAC frame.
The term "implicit channel sounding procedure" or simply "implicit sounding" is the process defined in 802.11 specifications, where both down and up links share the same spectrum. In the aforementioned process, the uplink channel estimated by the AP, is assumed to be identical to the downlink one—based on reciprocity principle—and is therefore is considered by the AP to represent the channel towards the client/STA. Specifically, an AP sends a request for a standard (known) sounding packet to the STA. In response, the STA sends the sounding packet and the AP estimates the uplink channel. The downlink channel is then assumed to be identical. As channel reciprocity is assumed, a calibration process is mandatory in implicit sounding.
The term "explicit channel sounding procedure" or simply "explicit sounding" is the process defined in 802.11 specifications where AP transmissions are channel estimated by the STA, and then fed back to the AP, providing it with the magnitude of phase and amplitude differences between the signals as transmitted by the AP vis-à-vis as received by the client/STA, allowing it to gauge or measure possible distortions and correct them.
Associated STA is defined herein as a STA that is served by a certain AP with a certain Service Set Identifier (SSID).
Non-associated STA is defined herein as a STA within the range of the non-serving AP.
The acronym "NAV" stands for Network-Allocation-Vector and represents virtual carrier sense mechanism, used by a Wi-Fi transmitting message to broadcast the predicted duration of its transmission, signaling to other nodes for how long 1 the channel be occupied.
The acronym "RTS" stands for Request-To-Send, and represents a message transmitted by one Wi-Fi node to another, probing it for information about its availability to receive data, per the Wi-Fi Alliance protocol.
The acronym "CTS" stands for Clear-To-Send, and represents a positive response from the other node to the node originating the RTS, indicating to the requesting node that the channel is clear from its point of view as well.
The notation "DURATION" is a message embedded in both RTS and CTS, representing a prediction of the future traffic about to be transmitted between two nodes that have captured the channel; other nodes that receive it, must clear the channel as long as the DURATION has not expired; other nodes that have received the RTS but received the CTS (hidden nodes) will avoid accessing the channel, allowing the receiving node to successfully complete the reception.
The acronym "FLA" stands for Fast Link Adaptation, and represents processes that reduce transmitting side learning time of the receiver's SINR.
The acronym "MCS" stands for Modulation Coding Scheme, mapping SINR to modulation order and code rate.
The acronym "MRQ" stands for MCS request (Modulation Code Scheme Request)
The acronym "MSI" stands for MRQ Sequence Identifier, which carries MCS feedback from receiver to transmitter.
The term "null" as used herein, is a spatial pattern, created by two or more antennas, formed in such a way that significantly reduces the power level received by a given receiver (e.g., a local minimum). An "Rx Null" is a null formed by a receiver's antennas weight in order to decrease undesired signal level. A "Tx Null" is formed by transmitter's antennas weights in order to decrease its undesired transmitted signal at remote receiver's input.
The term "actual null depth" as used herein, is the estimated value of the null after a certain time period has elapse since the last explicit sounding in which the amplitude and the phase have drifted so as to yield null degradation. The actual null depth is the original null taking account the estimated null degradation.
The term "AP Beacon" is a management signal that is transmitted at regular intervals (typically about 10 times per second) that indicates capability of the AP. The Beacon frame contains both mandatory information (such as SSID) and optional data that may include vendor specific information.
NDP represents Null Data Packet, transmitted by a Beamformer Node towards a Beamformee Node.
Compressed beamforming represents a data packet transmitted by a Beamformee Node towards a Beamformer Node as a response to a NDP; it comprised of a channel estimation matrix including all combinations of N Beamformee and M beamformer antennas.
Reciprocity calibration as defined herein is a process in which two TDD Nodes exchange transmissions, perform receptions, and calculate beamforming settings, so that the channel matrix values measured between the antennas of a first node and a second node in one direction, can be modified via said calibration process so that when used in the other direction, will be perceived by the other node with the same channel matrix values.
According to current IEEE 802.11 air protocols, two APs may download traffic over the same frequency channel to their respective STAs at the same time as long as these APs are not within CCA range of each other. When an RTS/CTS procedure is used, an additional condition is introduced, namely, a legacy STA receiving the download traffic from its serving AP, must not be within CCA range of other transmitting neighboring AP or STA.
It should be noted that the notations I, J, K given in capital letters, are not related to the notations i, j, k given in lower case.

Method and system for supporting sparse explicit sounding by implicit data


A system and a method for a base station to reduce signaling overhead in device-to-device (D2D) communication are provided. The method includes a list of one or more destination identities (IDs) in a signaling message from at least one of UE and source base station, receiving a destination index in a buffer status report (BSR) from UE to request dedicated resources for transmitting D2D communication packets to a destination, determining the destination ID corresponding to destination index received in the BSR using the list of one or more destination IDs received from at least one of UE and source base station wherein the destination index is the index of destination ID in the list of destination IDs received, and allocating resources to the UE based on the determined destination ID.

Device to device (D2D) communication is being studied in communication standard groups to enable data communication services between user equipments (UEs). During the D2D communication, a transmitting D2D UE can transmit data packets to a group of D2D UEs or broadcast control/data packets to all the D2D UEs or send unicast control/data packets to a specific D2D UE. D2D communication between the transmitter UE and receiver UEs is connectionless in nature, i.e., neither connection setup nor control messages are exchanged between the transmitter UE and the receiver UEs before the transmitter UE starts transmitting the control/data packets. During the transmission, the transmitter UE includes the source identity (ID) and the destination ID in the data packets. The source ID is set to the UE ID of the transmitter, while the destination ID is the intended recipient of the transmitted packet. The destination ID indicates whether the packet is a broadcast packet or a unicast packet or a packet intended for a group.
For group cast communication, the D2D UE can be member of one or more groups. In order to obtain resources for transmitting, the D2D UE sends the buffer status report (BSR) to an evolved node b (eNodeB) (or simply eNB or base station), wherein the Buffer status report (BSR) indicates the buffer size and D2D Layer 2 Group Identity. The eNodeB allocates resources to D2D UE based on the received BSR. The D2D Layer 2 Group ID in the BSR can be used by the eNodeB to provide resources to D2D UE from the resource pool corresponding to the group identified by D2D Layer 2 Group ID. The D2D Layer 2 Group ID in the BSR can also be used by the eNodeB to identify multiple transmissions to the same group by different D2D UEs and then the eNodeB can allocate distinct resources in the time domain to those D2D UEs. For example, D2D UE 1 sends BSR1 with D2D Layer 2 Group ID 1, D2D UE2 sends BSR 2 with D2D Layer 2 Group ID 1. Since the resources requested by D2D UE1 and D2D UE2 are for the transmission to the same group, the eNodeB allocates separate resources in the time domain to both the D2D UE1 and the D2D UE2. Since D2D communication is half duplex, allocating separate resources in the time domain to D2D UE1 and D2D UE2 will allow the D2D UE1 and D2D UE2 to receive each other's transmission.
Further, each group is assigned with a D2D Layer 2 Group ID with a size of 24 bits or 48 bits. Sending the D2D Layer 2 Group ID in BSR increases the BSR overhead significantly.
In view of the foregoing, there exists a need to provide a method and system to reduce the signaling overhead of sending the D2D Layer 2 Group ID during D2D communication.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.

Method and system for handling device to device (D2D) communication


Generally, systems and methods permit customized delivery of messages to a user depending on the specific requirements of a user interface. A processing layer between a business object and a user interface may determine, for a received message, an appropriate rule for the target user interface. The message rule may be applied, and depending on the rule, the message may be delivered to the user.

Software applications are often designed in a modular fashion. Such designs permit individual modules to be modified independent of other modules. Modular design also permits reuse of modules for different applications. For example, an internet search engine may be implemented on a server and accessed by various devices, including a desktop web browser, handheld device, or audio browser.
The specific messages communicated to a user through a user interface may impact how user-friendly the user interface is. For example, a casual user that receives a technical message about an error in the system may become confused and think of the user interface as daunting.
Message delivery systems are often tightly coupled to the business objects to which they serve and the user interfaces to which they send messages. Often, the code for these systems is tightly integrated, requiring redesign of the message delivery system when the user interfaces and requirements of the business objects change.


A fastening structure for securing a heatsink module is provided. The structure includes at least a first fastening piece attached to the circuit board and having a first fastening member, a heat spreader having its attached side connected to the heatsink module, hence able to swing vertically, and a pair of first positioning members protrudingly provided on the thermal spread; a second fastening piece having a second fastening member to connect to the first fastening member and a fulcrum to suppress the heat spreader, the second fastening piece having suitable elasticity for the second fastening member to swing vertically and axially around the fulcrum; and a suppressing member having a pair of second positioning members to engage the first positioning members and having a portion press against the top of fulcrum to ensure the state of engagement between the first fastening piece and the second fastening piece.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fastening structure, more particularly a kind of fastening structure that secures a heatsink module to a circuit board in a simple manner to facilitate the heat dissipation of central processing unit (CPU) and other chips.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heatsink modules installed in computers are typically designed for the heat dissipation of a CPU which tends to produce the greatest amount of heat. The required components of casing, fan and heat tube are frequently built into one module as that disclosed in Taiwan patent number I231416 and Taiwan published numbers 582586 and 581381 to facilitate the production and installation of the heatsink module.
The modularized radiation devices disclosed in the aforementioned patents improve heat dissipation efficiency. Nevertheless, they are unable to dissipate directly heat generated by other chips on the same circuit board. Thus, even though those heatsink modules offer good efficiency, they fail to enhance the overall heat dissipation efficiency of the computer.
In addition, a conventional heatsink module is fastened to the circuit board by screws. Improper screwing resulting from an incorrect force or method used by the operator might affect the performance of the heatsink module, or even damage the module or the circuit board.


An apparatus and method for generating a depth image using transition of light sources may include a surface information determination unit to determine surface information related to a surface of an object, using a plurality of intensity images generated according to position of light sources; and an output depth image generation unit to generate an output depth image, using an original depth image and the surface information.

1. Field
One or more example embodiments of the following description relate to a depth image generation apparatus and method, and more particularly, to an apparatus and method for generating a depth image using transition of light sources.
2. Description of the Related Art
With an increase in use of a 3-dimensional (3D) image, technologies for generating a depth image necessary for generation of the 3D image are developing.
Among the technologies for generating a depth image, a time of flight (TOF) method determines a distance between an object and a depth camera using a phase difference between an output light emitted from a light source and a received light received by a sensor of the depth camera.
However, according to the TOF method, when intensity of the received light is out of a measurable range of the sensor of the depth camera, a saturation region in which the distance from the camera to a corresponding region is indeterminable may be generated.
In addition, when an integration time for measuring the received light is reduced to reduce the saturation region, a signal to noise ratio (SNR) may be increased, consequently reducing quality of the depth image.
Accordingly, there is demand for a method for generating a depth image without a saturation region while maintaining image quality.

Apparatus and method for generating depth image using transition of light source


Devices for players of musical wind instruments with a bell-shaped portion that hold the instrument during play and methods for its use in alleviating strain on the musician and/or assisting the musician with accurate placement of the instrument for optimum playing and/or stabilizing the instrument are provided.

Musicians practice and perform for countless hours which requires the type of physical endurance that often leads to strain on certain parts of the body, especially the hands. Thus, musicians are prone to developing musculoskeletal injuries that can have a negative impact on their careers. Musicians, who play the horn, trumpet, trombone, flute, clarinet, saxophone and other similar instruments, are prone to hand injuries stemming from strained shoulders or arm injuries. Nerve compression due to incorrect positioning is the precursor to the most common hand injuries developed from playing instruments. The most common nerve related hand injuries include: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, characterized by feeling of numbness, tingling and weakness on the thumb, index finger, middle finger and half of the ring finger; Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, characterized by tingling and pain on inner elbow, especially when the elbow is bent; Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, characterized by fatigue and numbness of the hand and/or arm with use, aching of limb and coldness or discoloration of the hand; Flexor Tenosynovitis, characterized by numbness of the median innervated fingers during and shortly after playing instruments; Thumb arthritis, characterized by pain to the base of the thumb with pinching and grasping objects; and Tendonitis characterized by inflammation of a tendon leading to severe and debilitating pain, caused by the overuse of a muscle group. (See https: with the extension //urgenthand.com/uncategorized/which-musicians-most-risk-hand-injuries/ of the world wide web).
There is a need for devices which alleviate stress on the hands, arms and shoulders of a musician during playing of the musical instrument and/or place the instrument in proper positioning for optimal play and/or stabilize the instruments for players in need of such assistance.


A magneto-optical disk has a recording layer whereon recorded bits are formed by the magnetic field modulation method and a readout layer whose axis of easy magnetization is parallel to the recording layer at room temperature, and varies to be perpendicular to the recording layer within a predetermined temperature range between room temperature and the Curie temperature. During reproduction of the recorded bits the first semiconductor laser emits a heating-use light beam to form the first light spot on the readout layer Thus, a ring-shaped region corresponding to the predetermined temperature range exhibits perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the recorded bits are copied from the recording layer onto the ring-shaped region. As the first light spot is shifted, the ring-shaped region as a readout window of recorded bits is also shifted. Further, the second semiconductor laser emits a reproduction-use light beam such that the second light spot is formed on the readout layer to overlap the first light spot at a rear portion thereof. Consequently, only one recorded bit copied onto the rear portion of the ring-shaped region can be reproduced; therefore, high-quality reproduced signals can be obtained from the magneto-optical disk having information recorded with high density.

The recording density of an optical storage device including magneto-optical disks is dependent on the size of a light spot formed on the recording medium by a light beam which is used for recording and reproducing. Recently, a reproduction method has been proposed for reproducing recorded bits with sizes smaller than the size of a light beam.
Normally, the light beam for use in optical recording is converged to a diffraction limit by a converging lens; therefore, the light intensity distribution shows a Gaussian distribution, and thus the temperature distribution on the recording medium also exhibits a virtual Gaussian distribution. As a result, a portion on the recording medium having a temperature that is not less than a predetermined temperature become smaller in size than the size of the light spot. Consequently, the recording density can be greatly improved if only this portion can be utilized for reproduction.
Referring to FIG. 13, the following description will discuss a magneto-optical disk wherein a recorded bit with a size smaller than the size of a light spot can be reproduced.
The magneto-optical disk is mainly constituted by a readout layer 30 and a recording layer 31. The recording layer 31 has a great coercive force at room temperature. On the other hand, the readout layer 30 has a small coercive force at room temperature. When the temperature of a portion of the readout layer 30 to be reproduced is raised by irradiation of a light beam, the direction of the magnetization of the readout layer 30 becomes coincident with the direction of the magnetization of the recording layer 31 due to the effect of the recording layer 31. That is, the magnetization of the recording layer 31 is copied onto the readout layer 30 by an exchange coupling force between the readout layer 30 and the recording layer 31.
In the above arrangement, recording is executed by the ordinary optical-thermomagnetic recording method. When the recorded bits are to be reproduced, it is necessary to initialize the direction of magnetization of the readout layer 30 so as to make it coincident with the predetermined direction (upward in FIG. 13) by applying an auxiliary magnetic field from an auxiliary magnetic field generating device 32. Then, by projecting a reproduction-use light beam 33 thereonto, the temperature of the recording layer 31 is locally raised and the magnetized information is copied onto the readout layer 30. Thus, only the information located in the central portion which has received the reproduction-use light beam and undergone a temperature rise, is reproduced. Accordingly, recorded bits with sizes smaller than that of the light beam are permitted to be read out.
However, in the above-mentioned conventional arrangement, prior to a reproducing operation, an auxiliary magnetic field needs to be applied from the auxiliary magnetic field generating device 32. Further, during reproduction, a recorded bit that has been copied onto the readout layer 30 from the recording layer 31 remains as it is even after the temperature of the portion has cooled off. When the light beam is shifted so as to reproduce the next recorded bit, the recorded bit previously copied still exists within the light beam, and this residual bit tends to be reproduced. This causes noise and thereby presents a problem in improving the recording density.
Now, there are two recording methods for magneto-optical recording disks, that is, the light modulation method and the magnetic field modulation method. In the light modulation method, the size of recorded bits is dependent on the size of a light spot. On the other hand, in the magnetic field modulation method, although the width of recorded bits is dependent on the size of a light spot, the length of the recorded bits is not dependent on the light spot but on the recording frequency of the magnetic field; therefore, recorded bits each of which is shorter than the diameter of the light spot can be formed. However, the recorded bits thus formed have a circular arc shape; this results in a problem that the shape is not suitable for reproduction by the use of a round-shaped light beam.
The inventors of the present application, therefore, have invented a magneto-optical recording medium wherein a readout layer having the following characteristics is formed on a recording layer (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application 3-85503):
(1) Exhibiting the in-plane magnetization characteristic at room temperature (here, the in-plane magnetization characteristic is a magnetic characteristic whereby the axis of easy magnetization becomes in parallel with the recording layer.) PA1 (2) Having a Curie temperature that is substantially higher than that of the recording layer. PA1 (3) Having a magnetic characteristic that is altered from the in-plane magnetization characteristic to the perpendicular magnetization characteristic when the temperature of the readout layer is raised above a predetermined temperature through irradiation of a light beam, and thereby the magnetization direction of the readout layer becomes coincident with the magnetization direction of the recording layer. PA1 (1) Having a recording layer whereon information is magneto-optically recorded by the magnetic field modulation method. PA1 (2) Having a readout layer with a Curie temperature that is substantially higher than that of the recording layer, wherein an axis of easy magnetization is parallel to the recording layer at room temperature, and varies to be perpendicular to the recording layer within a predetermined temperature range between room temperature and the Curie temperature. PA1 (3) The readout layer being laminated on the recording layer, and located at the same side of a light source. PA1 (1) First irradiation means for irradiating the first light beam onto the readout layer to form the first light spot for raising the temperature of the readout layer. PA1 (2) Second irradiation means for irradiating the second light beam to form the second light spot for detecting the magneto-optical effect of the readout layer.
Here, it still remains as one of technical subjects to provide an optical head device for reproducing information from such a magneto-optical recording medium.

Optical head device utilizing partially overlapping light spots to read information from a readout layer


The invention provides a rotating table for a display device which can rotate around the horizontal shaft by a manual operation in addition to a small motor drive. A rotating table for a display device includes a rotating member arranged so as to be rotatable around a horizontal shaft, and in which the display device is arranged, a balancing device balancing with a gravity moment around the horizontal shaft in the display device, and a first motor-driven rotating mechanism rotating the rotating member around the horizontal shaft, and the first motor-driven rotating mechanism includes gear trains converting a rotation of an electric motor into a rotation of the rotating member, and a rotation allowing device allowing a rotation of the gear trains only in a case of a rotation having a torque not less than a predetermined torque with respect to the rotation from the rotating member side.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rotating table for a display device adjusting a direction of the display device such as a liquid crystal device or the like with a motor drive.
2. Description of the Background Art
A conventional rotating table for a display device includes a table portion, a horizontal shaft arranged in a rising portion on the table portion, a rotating member rotatably arranged around the horizontal shaft, a display device arranged in the rotating member, and a motor-driven rotating mechanism rotating the rotating member around the horizontal shaft. With this configuration, the direction around the horizontal shaft of the display device is electrically adjusted.
As a prior art publication relating to the rotating table for the display device as mentioned above, there has been known the publication relating to Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-258055.
In the conventional rotating table for the display device, the direction of the display device is adjusted with the motor drive as mentioned above, however, for example, in a case that a user is near the display device, there is a case that it does not take a lot of trouble to manually adjust the direction of the display device than to electrically adjust the same. However, in the conventional rotating table for the display device, there is a problem that it is impossible to accept the rotation from the rotating member side because of an existence of the motor-driven rotating mechanism (that is, because of a structural factor of a gear mechanism within the motor-driven rotating mechanism and a standstill force of an electric motor), and it is hard to manually rotate the rotating member (accordingly, the display device).
Further, in order to rotate the display device around the horizontal shaft, since a considerable rotating force is necessary even if the display device is of a thin type, an electric motor having a high output is necessary. Accordingly, there is a problem of a higher cost, an enlargement in size, and higher electric power consumption.


A semiconductor device includes a p-type TFT having a first semiconductor layer, and an n-type TFT having a second semiconductor layer. A tilted portion, which is widened toward the insulating substrate side, is formed in at least a part of an outer edge portion of the first semiconductor layer. A tilt angle of a surface of the tilted portion to a surface of an insulating substrate, which is an angle formed inside the first semiconductor layer, is smaller than an angle of a side surface of an outer edge portion of the second semiconductor layer to the surface of the insulating substrate, which is an angle formed inside the second semiconductor layer.

In recent years, so-called thin display devices such as a liquid crystal display device have been widely applied to various equipments including mobile equipments such as a cellular phone, television monitors, and the like. An active matrix-type liquid crystal display device will be described below as an example. The liquid crystal display device has an active matrix substrate, a counter substrate positioned so as to face the active matrix substrate, and a liquid crystal layer sealed between these substrates.
A common electrode, a color electrode, and the like are formed on the counter substrate. The active matrix substrate, on the other hand, has a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix pattern, and a thin film transistor (hereinafter referred to as the "TFT") as a switching device is formed in each pixel. Thus, driving of each TFT is controlled to apply a driving voltage to the liquid crystal layer corresponding to each pixel, thereby providing desired display.
Incidentally, a TFT has a semiconductor layer, and a gate electrode provided on the semiconductor layer with a gate insulator interposed therebetween. The semiconductor layer includes a source region and a drain region which are formed as impurity regions by implanting p-type impurities or n-type impurities by using the gate electrode as a mask. A channel region formed between the source region and the drain region has been lightly doped with, for example, p-type impurities in order to adjust the threshold voltage.
For example, amorphous silicon, polysilicon, or the like can be used for the semiconductor layer. In the case where the semiconductor layer of the TFT is amorphous silicon, it is necessary to mount a driver IC on the active matrix substrate to drive the TFT due to relatively low carrier mobility of amorphous silicon. In the case where the semiconductor layer of the TFT is polysilicon, on the other hand, a drive circuit including that TFT can be directly fabricated on the active matrix substrate due to relatively high carrier mobility of polysilicon.
In order to reliably cover an outer edge portion of the semiconductor layer with the gate insulator, it is known to form a tilted portion on the outer edge portion, which is widened from the gate electrode in the thickness direction of the semiconductor layer.
However, the tilted portion formed in the semiconductor layer of an n-type TFT causes a problem of humped characteristics generated in a sub-threshold region of the current-voltage characteristics, as shown in FIG. 13 (see, e.g., Patent Document 1). In view of this problem, Patent Document 1 attempts to eliminate the humped characteristics by additionally doping the tilted portion of the semiconductor layer with impurities.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2002-343976

Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing the same


A ubiquitous proxy mobile service method and system is disclosed. When a mobile device is near a dissemination medium, group data and individual data transmitted by at least one ubiquitous proxy transmission interface of the dissemination medium are read by a ubiquitous proxy receiving interface of the mobile device. A screen of the mobile device displays an interaction icon corresponding to the ubiquitous proxy according to the group data and the individual data. Uniform resource locator data in the individual data of the ubiquitous proxy corresponding to the interaction icon is read when the interaction icon is activated. A redirect operation is performed according to the uniform resource locator data to obtain a corresponding network service.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a ubiquitous proxy mobile service method and system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Currently, information is easily retrieved from various sources through a variety of means. Mobile technology is currently a popular means to receive information, using wireless technology such as wireless networks, Bluetooth, and global positioning systems (GPS) to provide mobile services. The mobile services frequently utilize near communication technology such as Bluetooth, radio frequency identification (RFID), ultra-wide band (UWB), and near field communication (NFC).
RFID which also called electronic tags is a wireless communication technology that recognizes a specific target and reads and writes relative data via radio signals without recognizing mechanical or optical contact between an identification system and the specific target. RFID has been widely applied for E-life digital technology, such as product resumes and anti-counterfeit credit cards, PayPal accounts, consigning shipments at the airport, and transportation. An RFID system comprises information stored in a tag which is read using a reader via the RFID, wherein the information is transformed to meaningful information using a decompiling process.
Mobile service applications normally focus on object recognition and near communication technology, however, providing a service portal based on near communication technology such as RFID which achieves "unconfined information services" according to ubiquitous proxy services is useful.

Ubiquitous proxy mobile service method and system and computer recordable storage medium for the method

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A speed dialing method for displaying contact information for use in a mobile communication device is disclosed. Plural time threshold values and information display transparencies corresponding to the time threshold values, respectively, are defined. When the mobile communication device receives a trigger signal generated by pressing a button and a time for continuously receiving the trigger signal respectively reaches the time threshold values, contact information corresponding to the pressed button is displayed with information display transparencies corresponding to the time threshold values on a screen of the mobile communication device. When the time for continuously receiving the trigger signal reaches a dial threshold value, a contact phone number assigned to the pressed button is dialed by the mobile communication device.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to speed dialing (or abbreviated dialing) in a mobile communication device, and in particular, to a speed dialing method for displaying contact information and a mobile communication device using the method.
2. Description of the Related Art
"Speed Dial" (or Abbreviated Dial) enables users to store frequently used phone number on each button of a keypad of a mobile communication device. Usually, the user may store totally ten phone numbers for buttons 0 to 10 of the keypad. When the phone numbers have been stored for a button, the user may press the button (a speed dial button) for a period of time to dial the phone number assigned to the pressed button, allowing for time savings and convenience.
However, when a speed dial number was just assigned to a button lately or if some speed dial buttons are not frequently used, users may probably forget which phone numbers are assigned to which speed dial buttons. Thus, the invention provides a speed dialing method for displaying contact information.

Speed dialing method for displaying contact information and mobile communication device using the same