An automobile steering column switch includes a support rigidly mounted to the steering column tube of an automobile steering column. The support comprises at least one of a wiper switch, blinker switch, and driving light switch. The support includes a printed circuit board provided with electrical contacts to which the at least one of a wiper switch, blinker switch and driving light switch and an ignition starter switch are coupled. The support is configured in one piece and provided with an accommodation space for the ignition starter switch. The support with the switches can be mounted as a pre-assembled module to the steering column 2.

The invention herein relates to an automobile steering column switch comprising a support, which can be mounted to a steering column tube of an automobile steering column, said support having arranged on it at least one wiper switch and/or blinker switch and/or driving light switch.
As has been known, motor vehicles consist of a plurality of complex construction assemblies, whereby the steering column switch assembly to be installed on the steering column tube of the motor vehicle represents an important feature.
Typically, steering column switches are mounted in radial direction relative to the steering column on the steering column""s steering column tube, thereby rendering the steering column switch immobile relative to the steering wheel when the steering wheel and hence the steering column guided inside the steering column tube are moved. As a rule, the steering column switch comprises a blinker switch and a driving light switch, in which case the driving light switch frequently is configured as a rotary switch being an integral part of the switch lever of the blinker switch. Furthermore, the steering column switch frequently comprises a wiper switch for graduated activation of the windshield wipers and activation of the switch functions for the windshield washer system. For example, such steering column switches have been known from DE Auslegeschrift 2,810,790 and DE Patent 3,532,532 C2.
Every steering column switch comprises a plurality of interacting components that perform a large number of switch functions. These components are accommodated in an extremely small space and, therefore, make the construction of the steering column switch complex. Therefore, depending on the type of vehicle, individual components are more or less pre-assembled and subsequently mounted to a support located on the steering column tube of the steering column.
A similar situation exists in the case of an ignition starter switch with integrated steering lock because the ignition starter switch frequently performs two additional switch functions such as, for example, activation of an immobilizer cooperating with a transponder integrated in the ignition key. As a result, ignition starter switches are becoming more and more complex because integrated code-recognition systems are to protect the vehicle against unauthorized use.
The two assemblies, namely the steering column switch and the ignition starter switch, are mounted separately to the steering column tube at the time the motor vehicle is assembled, whereby, in most cases, the ignition starter switch is located at a distance from the steering column switch. However, considering the viewpoint of technology, the automobile industry has demanded reduced assembly times for motor vehicles, in particular on the assembly line.
The problem to be solved by the invention herein is to provide an automobile steering column switch of the above-described type, in which case said switch can be pre-assembled practically completely and can incorporate the switch functions of an ignition starter switch.
In accordance with the invention herein, this problem has been solved in that
the support comprises an integrated printed circuit board provided with electrical contacts to which the switch functions relating to the wiper switch and/or blinker switch and/or driving light switch and an ignition starter switch can be transferred,
said support is configured in one piece with an accommodation space for the ignition starter switch, and
said support can be mounted, together with the switches, as pre-assembled module to the steering column tube.
Consequently, the support of the steering column switch not only accommodates the printed circuit board for performing the switch functions of the steering column switch and the ignition starter switch but also is configured in such a manner that it can accommodate the ignition starter switch. Therefore, all of the switch functions combined are transferred as one single function to the printed circuit board provided in the steering column switch. As a result, it is no longer necessary to install a plurality of electrical cables in the steering column switch, said cables taking up an unnecessary amount of space and being prone to trouble. In addition, the electrical cable connections of the ignition starter switch are eliminated because its switch functions are now transferred directly to the printed circuit board on the support. The particular advantage of this is that the pre-assembled ignition starter switch can be inserted in one piece in the respective accommodation space on the support of the already pre-assembled steering column switch. The steering column switch may then be mounted in the form of a module to the steering column of the motor vehicle. Consequently, this reduces the number of required components, the required assembly facilities, as well as the assembly time on the assembly line during the preliminary and final assemblies of the motor vehicle. Therefore, a separation of mechanical and electrical assembly functions has been created.
As an alternative, this problem has also been solved in thatxe2x80x94the support comprises a printed circuit board with electrical contacts, to which the switch functions relating to the wiper switch and/or the blinker switch and/or the driving light switch, as well as an ignition starter switch, can be transferred,
the support can be mounted as pre-assembled module to the steering column tube, and
the ignition starter switch can be mounted as a pre-assembled module to the steering column tube, separately from the support, by means of a clamp connection.
Considering the printed circuit board and the combination of the switch functions of the steering column switch in conjunction with the ignition starter switch, this alternative solution offers the same advantages as the first solution. While in this case the ignition starter switch is not directly integrated in the support of the steering column switch, but rather mounted as a separately pre-assembled component on the steering column tube of the steering column in close proximity of the steering column switch, the switch functions of the ignition starter switch can be transferred directly to the printed circuit board mounted to the support due to its close proximity to this support. In order to simplify the assembly effort relating to the ignition starter switch provided as separate module and to allow fast assembly, the clamp connection consists of a clamp overlapping the steering column tube and a corresponding counter-clamp adjoining the ignition starter switch. In this case the clamp overlapping the steering column tube is connected with the counter-clamp on the ignition starter switch by means of screws. Due to this, only a few hand movements are required to mount the ignition starter switch quickly to the steering column tube.
In the case of an advantageous embodiment of the invention herein the wiper switch and/or blinker switch and or driving light switch are mounted to the support by means of clip connections. These become a fixed integral part of the support simply by inserting the switch in the respective accommodation space on the support. As a result, these clip connections may be released conveniently for repair and maintenance purposes, thereby permitting the quick and easy removal of the switches from their respective accommodation spaces.
In order to reduce assembly efforts even further, one modification of the invention herein provides that the support be mounted in position to the steering column tube by means of a clip connection or bayonet connection, whereby the support rests on a ball-bearing located on the steering column. This ball-bearing is placed in the support of the steering column switch during preliminary assembly and placed on the steering column at the time of assembly in such a manner that, due to the clip connection or bayonet connection between the support and the steering column tube, the steering column switch is mounted rigidly on said steering column tube.
In accordance with another modification of the solutions offered by the invention herein the electrical contacts of the printed circuit board are configured as micro-switches. These micro-switches can have multiple functions, be subjected to frequent use, and are resistant to mechanical stress and distinguished by high reliability. As an alternative, as has been well known, the said electrical contacts of the printed circuit board may be configured as switch contacts or the like.
In order to be able to convert switch functions transferred to the printed circuit board in an effective manner, the circuit board is connected with a computer-controlled electronic control system of the automobile. In addition, the printed circuit board is covered with a lid that is mounted to the support. As a result of this, the printed circuit board is protected against outside influences such as damage caused by moisture and dust.
Frequently, switch contacts located inside the steering column switch are subject to corrosion or breakage due to excessive use. To prevent this and achieve greater reliability, the ignition starter switch preferably comprises a cam control activated by means of a key, said cam control acting on the electrical contacts of the printed circuit board. Therefore, different configurations of the cams activate different switch functions that are transferred to the printed circuit board in the support of the steering column switch.
It is useful if the support incorporates an electrical transfer system for an airbag device. As a rule, this type of transfer system comprises a helical volute buffer spring used as electrical connection element between two parts, which move relative to each other; this is the case with a steering wheel containing an airbag and moving relative to the steering column switch. In as much as the electrical transfer system is also an integral part of the pre-assembled steering column switch module, the assembly effort is reduced even further.

Steering column switch for a motor vehicle


A method and apparatus for a total and individual flow measurement of a multi-phase gas/liquid medium with wide range of gas to liquid ratio provides high accuracy and tolerance of hydraulic and mechanical disturbances. The flow meter sensing element includes a hollow pendulum having two oscillators symmetrically positioned about its first portion and second portion. Non-fading oscillations of the pendulum provided by these oscillators are maintained constant at resonant frequency by the control unit by adjusting the amount of energy supplied to both oscillators regardless of the disturbances caused by Coriolis forces from the flowing medium. The total flow is computed based on the difference in the electrical energy supplied to both oscillators. Detection of the "zero drift" is based on the sum of electrical currents supplied to both oscillators. In one embodiment, the shape of the pendulum is straight. In another embodiments, a plurality of parallel pendulums are assembled together and in one plane to increase the flow capacity of the flow meter. In yet another embodiment, a pair of pendulums are forming a "tuning fork". The apparatus allows for accurate measurements of the total and individual flow rates of a multi-component medium such as gas-oil-water mixtures coming out of an oil well.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for multi-phase fluid flow measurement based on the Coriolis principle. The apparatus according to the invention is particularly useful for gas-water-oil mixtures being produced from underground reservoirs and the like. Other areas of application for such a method and apparatus would include chemical, food processing, pharmaceutical, and other industries.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Efforts to measure the total mass flow as well as the flow rates of the components of the multi-phase fluid mixtures such as a gas-water-oil mixtures which are typically produced from oil and gas wells have resulted in the development of several types of flow measuring systems.
It is known to determine the mass flow rate of individual components of the multi-phase medium by method comprising preliminary separating a mixture into components and measuring the mass flow rate of each component separately, such as described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,395 by Kolpak. This method is rather complicated and inaccurate since the accuracy of measurement depends on the quality of separation of the mixture. It is also known to measure the flow rate of individual components of two-component flows wherein volumetric and mass flow rates of a two-component flow are measured by using volumetric and mass flow rate sensors. Such sensors are mounted serially along the flow path. Signals proportional to the values of the measured flow rates are fed to a computer which solves a set of two equations with respect to variables representing volumetric and mass flow rates of individual components. In this case, the accuracy of measurements depends on fluctuations of the flow structure, variations of the pattern of velocity and pressure fields which are inevitable in different points of the pipeline. These devices have satisfactory performance as long as the gas/liquid ratio is not greater than 1:2. In practice, however, this ratio can go up to 25:1 or more.
In the past few years, a new type of flow meters had been under development based on the Coriolis principle. This type flow meter has the advantage of being simple and reliable and also lacks mechanical components influencing the structure of the measured flow. The accuracy of measurements does not depend for these devices on such physical characteristics of flow as viscosity, density, and temperature. The sensing element of such a flow meter is a hollow flow containing pendulum which is subjected to vibrations as the flow goes by. The Coriolis force is produced when the radius of the mass traveling in angular motion inside such pendulum is changed. The changing radius causes a corresponding change in angular acceleration which produces a net force tangent to the direction of rotation. The Coriolis force is effecting, depending on the way the hollow pendulum is fixed, the amount of energy losses in the vibrating system consisting of the pendulum itself and the measured flow.
There are two fundamental ways to fix the oscillating pendulum in place. In the first, cantilevered way, only one end of the oscillating pendulum is fixed in place while the other one is free to move. The flow rate is measured indirectly by the amount of additional energy necessary to compensate for the energy losses and maintain the oscillations at the same level. The second way is to fix both ends of the oscillating pendulum in place. In that case, the total energy loss of the whole system remains constant regardless of the form of the pendulum since the Coriolis forces on both sides of the pendulum work against each other. The flow information is derived from the changes in the vibration parameters and shape of the pendulum under the influence of Coriolis forces which tend to apply a "twisting" motion to the pendulum. These are the systems of direct measurement.
The flow meters based on the principle of direct measurement have been under development for the last few years. A wide variety of U-shaped and .OMEGA.-shaped symmetric hollow oscillating pendulums are known to be developed by various companies working in this area. All of the known flow meters, however, have a similar drawback. Since the changes in the vibration parameters and pendulum shape under the influence of Coriolis forces are measured using the constant frequency other than the natural resonant frequency of the system, and since the Coriolis forces are naturally very small, while, at the same time, the stiffness of the hollow conduit is quite high, the absolute values of pendulum deviations are quite low and difficult to measure. Due to this factor, these devices work well with a single-phase flow, while in the case of a multi-phase flow the accuracy of the flow measurement is not acceptable due to the high level of hydrodynamic disturbances. Examples of such systems can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,429,002 by Colman; 5,287,754 by Kazakis; 5,044,207 by Atkinson, and 5,024,104 by Dames.
The U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,316 by Alonso describes a multiple phase Coriolis mass flow meter. The device includes a rotating member made up of a plurality of flow conduits arranged symmetrically around a shaft and driven by a motor. The conduits are attached on both ends to the shaft with one end closer to the shaft central line than the other end. The Coriolis force is imparted to the conduits while bending beam load cells are attached to measure the force. That device is rather complicated, requires a motor or an engine and an additional housing around the outlet of the conduits.
A gas/liquid flow measurement system using a Coriolis based flow meter is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,0290,482 by Liu. The method according to the invention uses a Coriolis based mass flow meter. Flow streams of known mass flow rate and phase distribution are directed from the meter and correlation factors are obtained using an apparent mass flow rate output and an apparent density output from the Coriolis meter. The true mass flow rate and phase distribution of unknown flow streams can then be determined. The limitation of this device is that it works well only in high gas/liquid ratio flows such as a wet stream.
A flow-meter for determining a flow rate of liquid or slurry flowing in the pipeline is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,856,347 by Johnson. The meter includes a tube-like J-bend member which is connected to the pipeline by a non-restricting, ring-type universal joint. Although useful for a multi-phase flow measurements, this device comprises an open-ended conduit, which makes it practical only in specific applications.
Another Coriolis type fluid flow meter and a multi-phase fluid flow measurement system is described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,090,253 and 5,259,250 by Kolpak. A complicated measurement system includes a volumetric meter such as a Coriolis flow meter, a densimeter, and another meter which measures the fraction of one liquid in the two liquid mixture. A Coriolis type flow meter has separate bundles of tubes which are interconnected with each other to vibrate laterally with respect to the direction of flow through the tubes by vibrating mechanism and which vibrations are sensed by spaced apart sensor devices for determining the vibrational characteristics and related mass flow rate and mass density of fluid flowing through the tube bundles. In one embodiment, the inlet and the outlet manifold are arranged for parallel lateral flow of fluid to and from the manifolds and the respective sets of flow tubes are spaced apart along the manifolds and arranged in alternating sets interconnected by tie rods at the respective vibrator mechanisms and sensors. As noted in the description of the invention, this device works satisfactorily only if the gas to liquid ratio is not more than about 1:5 given that the diameter of the flow conduit is about 1/4 of an inch. In reality, this ratio may be much higher and therefore, this device has limited utility. Another problem is that the arrangement of parallel conduits is done in such a way that the stiffness of the overall device is very high. This affects the accuracy of the measurements in a negative way by further reducing the absolute values of the oscillations to be measured.
A two-phase Coriolis flow meter is described in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,096,745 which is incorporated herein by reference. Although a cantilevered design is described with only one end of the oscillating pendulum fixed in place, this patent contains a description of several important principles for the design of the Coriolis based multi-phase flow meters which are important to keep in mind designing any type of such a system. Here is a brief summary of these principles:
The natural frequency of oscillations of the pendulum filled with the medium should be at least ten times smaller then the fundamental frequency of the medium itself which can be closely approximated to be equal to the ratio of the speed of sound travelling in the medium over the size of the pendulum in the plane of its oscillations (pendulum diameter in case of a round shape). This relationship may also be represented by the following formula: EQU f.delta..ltoreq.30, PA1 f--is the frequency of pendulum oscillations measured in 1/c, and .delta.--is the size of the pendulum in the plane of oscillations measured in cm. For a round pendulum it is the inside diameter of the pendulum. In that case, the oscillations amplitude of the pendulum would not depend in any appreciable way on the changes in energy losses introduced by the flowing medium and so the error of flow measurements as was determined by us experimentally would not exceed about 5% for the multi-phase medium and respectively 0.2% for the single-phase medium. These low levels of measurement error are practically acceptable by the industry; PA1 The pendulum diameter should be designed in such a way that the minimum speed of the flowing gas/liquid medium is sufficiently high, and hence, the Froud number is sufficiently high as well to maintain a type of a multi-phase flow known as a self-similar flow. In that case, the ratio of flowing gas speed to the flowing liquid speed is constant and the relationship between the actual volumetric gas content and the flow rate gas content is linear. It was demonstrated empirically that in case of ascending and horizontal flows, the value of the Froud number should be higher than 4 in order to satisfy this requirement. In case of descending flow conditions and depending on the nature of the gas/liquid flow, self-similar flow conditions occur at higher Froud numbers; PA1 Integration time for calculating the flow parameters should be chosen in such a way that even under the highly unstable high gas/liquid ratio flow conditions, the accuracy of measurements should not fall below the required minimum. Highly unstable flow conditions occur when large quantities of gas coalesce together to form a large bubble or "plug" along the flow pathway and a plurality of these bubbles of various sizes flow in the liquid medium. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, such bubbles represent a major disruptions in the continuity of flow. Should the integration time be chosen small, under these conditions the accuracy of flow measurements would be significantly decreased. It was empirically determined that a 100 second integration time interval would yield a fairly high accuracy of not worse then 1.5% under any flow conditions including those described above. To get an even higher accuracy of, for example, not worse then 0.5%, a 1000 second integration time interval is required which is still not unreasonable for a typical oil well. In addition, an optional flow conditioner may be employed prior to the entrance to said device to more evenly mix the flow and allow for increased accuracy of flow measurement, especially those flows experiencing large gas bubbles or plugs. PA1 In case of high absolute flows and low gas/liquid ratios, a zone of low pressure may form inside the device housing which may cause periodic interruptions in the flow measurements; PA1 In case of descending flows, the self-similar flow conditions require the Froud number to be greater then 50 which, in turn, cause the pressure drops across the oscillating pendulum to be quite high as well. This limits the utility of the flow meters for some specific liquids; PA1 The open ended pendulum causes additional disturbances in the flow conditions which reduce the accuracy of flow measurements; and finally PA1 Design of the flow meter capable of working with high pressure drop across the pendulum demands the use of heavy metallic components which makes the device heavy and more costly.
where
At the same time, a cantilevered type design described in my above referenced patent, has the following limitations typical for all flow meters of that type:
Therefore, the basic technical controversy is as follows: it is desirable to switch from a cantilevered type flow meter with energy loss compensation method of measurement to the one in which both ends of the oscillating pendulum are fixed. However, direct measurement method typically used for these preferred type flow meters does not yield sufficiently high measurement accuracy in case of a multi-phase flow conditions. The need therefore exists for a Coriolis based flow meter where both ends of the pendulum are fixed in place which is capable of accurate and reliable measurements of individual multi-phase flow components, such as gas and liquids with a wide range of gas/liquid ratios.

Method and apparatus for total and individual flow measurement of a single-or multi-phase medium


A call routing method in VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) capable of performing voice service assuring best voice quality is obtained by predicting voice quality using network parameters that affect the voice quality, and then performing a call routing to a gateway with a maximum MOS (Mean Opinion Score) value out of a gateway group. Also, actively responding to organically changing network environment and providing a best call routing path for the network environment before setting up a call, best voice quality can be provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), and more particularly, a call routing method based on MOS (Mean Opinion Score) prediction value for providing a highest voice quality under restricted environment by predicting voice quality over IP (Internet Protocol) using network parameters that affect the voice quality, and performing a call routing from a gateway group to a gateway with a maximum prediction MOS value.
2. Description of the Related Art
For many years, technicians have put a great deal of efforts to operate voice calls over public telephone network more efficiently and to improve voice quality. Thanks to them, the public telephone network at present is capable of supporting real-time voice services required qualities like low-propagation delay, and jitter. Users became used to the voice quality over the public telephone network, and they now agree that the voice quality is standardized.
On the other hand, IP network has been implemented by non-real time application, such as, primary file transmission and e-mail. Since the non-real time application requests broadband and bust traffic, occasional delay and jitter were not considered as serious problems.
If public telephone network and IP network were integrated, the IP network would have to go through conversion to a net architecture for assuring QoS (Quality of Service) for voice services. Because the Internet is based on a packet switching system, there are various kinds of parameters that affect speech quality. Also, speech quality is easily deteriorated by many factors involved in net interworking between public telephone network and Internet.
To utilize Internet bandwidth more efficiently, voice data is often compressed for transmission. Nonetheless, voice quality was deteriorated no matter what kind of transmission system was used. Especially, when the voice data was compressed more than twice in a row, the voice quality was deteriorated considerably.
Compressor/decompressor (codec) systems and digital signal processing (DSP) are commonly used in voice communications because they conserve bandwidth. But they also degrade voice fidelity. The best codecs provide the most bandwidth conservation while producing the least degradation of the signal. Bandwidth can be measured using laboratory instruments, but voice quality requires human interpretation.
Also, voice data is very sensitive to delay. In general, most users start complaining about voice quality when network (transfer) delay totals 150-200 ms.
Network delays include propagation delay and handling delay. The propagation delay usually occurs in the network using optical fiber or copper as a medium. The handling delay occurs primarily because communication equipment that processes information takes more than necessary time to input and output information, and the handling delay includes codec delay and queuing delay.
Besides the propagation delay and the handling delay, jitter is another factor that has a great impact on the voice quality. Jitter is a deviation between predicted voice data packet to be received and actually received packet. For instance, suppose that a transmitter transmitted packets A, B, and C at a regular time interval (i.e. D1). However, a receiver may not receive the packets A, B and C at regular time intervals because the propagation delay and the handling delay change depending on the traffic state of network.
Jitter deteriorates the quality of voice data substantially when the interval between data is not uniform. As an attempt to solve the jitter, communication equipment establishes a jitter buffer to uniform the packet interval. The jitter is found more frequently in data communication equipment, such as, a router or a frame relay switch, which disregards jitter when managing traffic and handles voice data using the same method with that of general data.
Above all, echo is probably one of the factors that have the greatest influence on voice quality. Echoes occur because of the impedance difference between a 4-wire switch to a 2-wire switch on the conventional long-distance telephone network.
Most people feel secure when they hear their own voices through a handset while talking on the phone. However, if they hear their voices echo after 25 ms, they would not feel the same way. Rather, the echoes interfere their conversation. Introduced to get rid of this echoing problem is an echo canceller, which stores negative inverse image for a certain period of time and deletes data being echoed among the received data.
Echo canceller is limited by a total waiting time for an echoed voice. This time is called echo trail. In general, about 32 ms is long enough for the waiting time.
Meanwhile, the most important thing to be considered for designing the VoIP network is limiting its bandwidth. Bandwidth varies depending on the kind of codec and the number of frames per packet. For example, suppose that two 10 ms G.729 voice frames are loaded into a single packet using 8 kbps G.729 codec. However, 24 kbps of bandwidth is actually needed in this case. Although each frame would require 20 bytes because each G.729 voice packet is in 10 bytes, IP (Internet Protocol), RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) headers in 40 bytes are required for each packet. In this case, even though header overhead of a data link layer (e.g. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), Frame Relay, Ethernet etc.) is not included, the header overhead is twice of the voice payload. Therefore, 24 kbps of bandwidth is appropriate only for a high-speed transmission circuit like T1 (1.544 Mbps) or E1 (2.048 Mbps), but it is rather a burden on a low-speed transmission circuit like 56 kpbs.
RTP is an Internet standard protocol for transmitting real-time data including voice and video over the IP network. RTP is composed of a data part and a control part called RTCP. RTP supports real-time application programs like audio or video programs, and has several functions, e.g. timing reset, loss detection, contents identification and so forth. RTP supports QoS as well as synchronization of diverse media streams at a destination.
In addition, RTP generates a 20-byte payload under a packet voice environment (G.729) where a voice frame is sampled every 20 ms. The voice packet at this time is composed of IP header (20 bytes), UDP header (8 bytes), RTP header (12 bytes), and payload (20 bytes). Because 40-byte header is twice bigger than the payload, the header uses up a majority part of the bandwidth while generating a packet every 20 ms. To eliminate waste of header, there is a method called CRTP (Compressed RTP). As the name implies, CRTP involves compressing the header.
Particularly, the CRTP method is good for the low-speed transmission circuit since it reduces available bandwidth, such as, from 24 kbps to 11.2 kbps. For instance, if CRTP is used in 56 kbps transmission circuit, only four G.729 VoIP calls can be dealt with. According to the CRTP method, if UDP checksum is not sent to IP/UDP/RTP header, the header is reduced to 2 bytes, and if the UDP checksum is used, the header is reduced to 4 bytes.
The CRTP method is pretty much similar to the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) header compression method. Both are based on the idea that the content difference between two packets is same although header of every packet varies in diverse fields. A primary difference between an uncompressed header and a session is shared between a compressor and a decompressor. In case a secondary difference of every thing to be transmitted is 0 (zero), the decompressor, upon receiving each compressed packet, adds the primary difference to the uncompressed header being stored. As a result, the original header can be reestablished without losing any information.
Similar to TCP/IP header compression where a plurality of TCP connections is shared at the same time, it is important to maintain a plurality of session environments in IP/UDP/RTP. Generally, session environment is defined as a combination of IP source and destination addresses, UDP source and destination ports and RTP SSRC (Synchronization Source) field, etc. A compression system applies a hashing function to this type of field and indexes a pre-stored session environment table.
A compressed packet has a small integral called SCID (Session Context Identifier), and with the help of this, one can find out a session environment whose packet needs to be interpreted. The decompressor indexes the pre-stored session environment table using this SCID.
In most cases, CRTP can compress a 40-byte header to a 2-4 byte header. If a particular field is changed in the IP/UDP/RTP header, the header cannot be compressed because the content of the header is not the same. In other words, if a change is made in a filed like the payload, the original uncompressed header should be transmitted. To the CRTP, bandwidth is the main issue, so it is highly recommended to a WAN interface with many RTP traffics.
In a high-speed backbone network, however, transmission quantity and transmission speed are very high. Hence, the CRTP is not appropriate in this case because of the compression/decompression process overhead.
Meanwhile, there is a multiframe transmission method as an example of bandwidth managing methods. As the name implies, plural frames are transmitted together in order to reduce overhead of each kind of header. If the RTP payload can be transmitted using this method, it is possible to reduce the bandwidth that is actually used by the RTP payload.
When constructing a frame, one cannot simply ignore the bit occupied by each header. Considering cell transmission efficiency, it is better to transmit a plurality of data cells under one header than to transmit each data cell under one header.
In case of G.723.1, up to three (90 ms) can be transmitted as a multiframe. Meanwhile, in case of G.729A, up to 9 (90 ms) can be transmitted as a multiframe. For jitter buffering of a H.323 endpoint terminal receiving a voice packet, at least two (180 ms) (e.g. multiframe) frames need to be buffered. This is because H.323 Spec limits the terminal delay to no more than 180 m.
As such, 3 or 9 frames are packed together for transmission. Although it is possible to pack more frames as needed, in such case, transmission delay occurs as aforementioned. Hence, it is recommended to pack the appropriate number of frames. For instance, in case of G.723.1, 2 or 3 frames are packed together and transmitted in a multiframe structure. Also, in case of G.729A, a maximum of 9 frames are packed and can be transmitted in a multiframe structure.
According to the dynamic jitter buffering method, CRTP, and multiframe method of the related art, however, each processor is operated individually following a predetermined method, provided a call route is established. Therefore, the methods of the related art are not able to respond to organically changing network environment more actively, and as a result, voice quality based on those methods is not good.
Moreover, the above methods of the related art provide only organically treated voice quality by the RTP packet under the influence of network after the call setup is completed, depending on a predetermined call routing path. Hence, voice quality based on those methods is very limited.
In recent voice communications, particularly Internet telephony, a mean opinion score (MOS) provides a numerical measure of the quality of human speech at the destination end of the circuit. The scheme uses subjective tests (opinionated scores) that are mathematically averaged to obtain a quantitative indicator of the system performance. The following U.S. patents utilize mean opinion score (MOS): U.S. Pat. No. 6,490,552 to K. Y. Martin Lee et al. entitled "Methods and Apparatus for Silence Quality Measurement" and U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,092 to Oded Ghitza et al. entitled "Method and Apparatus for Estimating Subjective Audio Signal Quality from Objective Distortion Measures," and are incorporated by reference herein.

Call routing method in VoIP based on prediction MOS value


A rotatable and replaceable plunger type multi-source radiator is provided for equipment correlation and radiation experiment. The rotatable and replaceable plunger type multi-source radiator comprising a radiation source rod, a rotatable radiation source selection device, staircases radiation aperture, radiation shields, and a mechanic operation arm for replacing radiation source. The plunger type rotatable and replaceable multi-source radiator of the present invention is capable of preventing radiation leakage and mutual interferences among radiation sources, providing precise positioning, safety operation, and simple replacement of radiation sources.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plunger type rotatable and replaceable multi-source radiator, especially a multi-source radiator for replacement of radiation source in a rotatable movement.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The multi-source radiator is suitable for equipment correlation and radiation experiment. Conventionally, there are two ways of selecting and transporting the inner radiation source of radiator, one of these is by gas passage and the other is by air or oil cylinder passage as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 respectively. The flaws of these conventional ways are as follows:
(1) The radiation source shield 1 is used for storing and preventing radiations, but it may leak from gas pipe passage 14 (or cylinder passage 17).
(2) The radiation source selection device 3 moves the selected radiation source 8 to the gas pipe passage 14 (or cylinder passage 17) and separates each radiation source to prevent mutual disturbance. However the radiation source room space 16 and the gas pipe passage 14 (or cylinder passage 17) may have shortage of shield due to limited space, especially, this phenomenon will take place easily for room contraction in case of numerous radiation sources.
(3) When the air pump 15 moves the radiation source 8 to the radiation aperture 4, there would be a danger of the radiation source stuck in the gas pipe passage 14 (or cylinder passage 17), which is caused by inappropriate location of the radiation source selection device 3 and the orientation shift of the radiation source 8.
(4) It is difficult to take out or reinstall the radiation source after it has been installed in the radiation source room 7.
(5) The radiation source may not be capable of returning to the radiation source room for insufficient atmospheric pressure while in a power failure.
Therefore, it has been long for engineers to solve above-mentioned flaws, and it is now to be solved by the present invention.

Rotatable and replaceable plunger type multi-source radiator


Lighting devices with multiple light-emitting regions may be arranged to transmit or reflect emission portions or beams having different gamut properties, such as different gamut area index or relative gamut values. Different light transmitting surfaces or areas may be arranged to transmit emission portions or light beams having different gamut properties in different directions. Different gamut properties of different beams or emission portions may be produced by different electrically activated emitters and/or light-affecting materials such as notch filters, lumiphoric materials, and/or color pigments. A retrofit element may include a light-affecting (e.g., gamut-altering) material arranged to span across a portion of a light output surface or area of a lighting device and structure arranged for removable attachment to the lighting device.

Various types of lighting technologies are known, including incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and solid state sources. Solid state emitters such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers may be used to provide white light (e.g., perceived as being white or near-white), and are increasingly attractive as replacements for incandescent lamps. Solid state emitters may include lumiphoric materials (also known as lumiphors) that absorb a portion of emissions having a first peak wavelength emitted by the emitter and re-emit light having a second peak wavelength that differs from the first peak wavelength. Phosphors, scintillators, and lumiphoric inks are common lumiphoric materials. Light perceived as white or near-white may be generated by a combination of red, green, and blue ("RGB") emitters, or by emissions of a blue emitting LED in combination with a lumiphor such as a yellow phosphor (e.g., YAG:Ce or Ce:YAG). In the latter case, a portion of the blue LED emissions pass through the phosphor, while another portion of the blue emissions is downconverted to yellow, and the blue and yellow light in combination are perceived as white. White light may also be produced by stimulating phosphors or dyes of multiple colors with a violet or ultraviolet (UV) LED source.
Emissions of a blue LED in combination with a yellow or green lumiphoric material may be near-white in character and referred to as "blue-shifted yellow" (BSY) light or "blue-shifted green" (BSG) light. Addition of red spectral output from a red-emitting LED (to yield a BSY+R device) or from a red lumiphoric material (to yield a BS(Y+R) device) may be used to increase the warmth of the aggregated light output and better approximate light produced by incandescent lamps.
It is known to enclose a LED chip in a package to provide environmental and/or mechanical protection, color selection, light focusing and other functions. A LED package also includes electrical leads, contacts, and/or traces for electrically connecting the LED package to an external circuit. A conventional two-pin LED package/component 10 is illustrated in FIG. 1, including a single LED chip 12 mounted on a reflective cup 13 with a solder bond or epoxy (which may be conductive). One or more wire bonds 11 may connect the ohmic contacts of the LED chip 12 to leads 15A and/or 15B, which may be attached to or integrated with the reflective cup 13. The LED package illustrated in FIG. 1 may include a vertically oriented LED chip 12 with a conductive growth substrate (p-side up in a group III-nitride LED) or conductive carrier substrate (n-side up) and one wire bond 11. In alternative implementations, a LED component may include a laterally oriented LED chip on an insulating substrate with two wire bonds 11. In other implementations involving use of one or more "flip" chips, the need for wire bonds 11 may be eliminated. A transparent encapsulant material 16 may be provided in the reflective cup 13. A wavelength conversion material, such as a phosphor or other lumiphoric material, may be mixed with the encapsulant or otherwise arranged over the LED chip 12. Light emitted by the LED at a first wavelength may be absorbed by the wavelength conversion material, which may responsively emit light at a second wavelength. The assembly can be further covered with a clear protective resin 14, which may be molded in the shape of a lens to direct or shape the light emitted by the LED chip 12 and/or wavelength conversion material.
Another conventional LED package 20 is illustrated in FIG. 2, with the LED package 20 being suitable for high power operations with increased thermal dissipation requirements. One or more LED chips 22 are mounted over a carrier such as a printed circuit board (PCB) carrier, substrate, or submount 23, which may include ceramic material. The LED package 20 may include one or more LED chips 22 of any suitable spectral output (e.g., ultraviolet, blue, green, red, white (such as may include a blue LED chip and one or more phosphors) and/or other colors). A reflector 24 may be mounted on the submount 23 to surround the LED chips 22 to reflect light emitted by the LED chips 22 away from the LED package 20, and to provide mechanical protection to the LED chips 22. One or more wirebond connections 21 may be made between ohmic contacts on the LED chips 22 and electrical traces 25A, 25B on the submount 23. The LED chips 22 are covered with a transparent encapsulant material 26, which may provide protection and/or light shaping utility.
Quality artificial lighting generally attempts to emulate the characteristics of natural light. Natural light sources include daylight with a relatively high color temperature (e.g., ˜5000K) and incandescent lamps with a lower color temperature (e.g., ˜2800K).
Color reproduction is commonly measured using Color Rendering Index (CRI) or average Color Rendering Index (CRI Ra). To calculate CRI, the color appearance of 14 reflective samples is simulated when illuminated by a reference radiator (illuminant) and the test source. CRI Ra is a modified average utilizing the first eight indices, all of which have low to moderate chromatic saturation (R9 is one of six saturated test colors not used in calculating CRI, with R9 embodying a large red content.) CRI and CRI Ra are used to determine how closely an artificial light source matches the color rendering of a natural light source at the same correlated color temperature. Daylight has a high CRI Ra (approximately 100), with incandescent bulbs also being relatively close (CRI Ra greater than 95), and fluorescent lighting being less accurate (with typical CRI Ra values of approximately 70-80).
CRI Ra (or CRI) alone is not a satisfactory measure of the benefit of a light source, since it confers little ability to predict color discrimination (i.e., to perceive subtle difference in hue) or color preference. There appears to be a natural human attraction to brighter color. Daylight provides a spectrum of light that allows the human eye to perceive bright and vivid colors, which allows objects to be distinguished even with subtle color shade differences. Accordingly, it is generally recognized that daylight is the "best" light for emphasizing and distinguishing color. The ability of human vision to differentiate color is different under correlated color temperature conditions providing the same CRI Ra. Such differentiation is proportional to the gamut of the illuminating light.
Gamut area of a light source can be calculated as the area enclosed within a polygon defined by the chromaticities in CIE 1976 u′v′ color space of the eight color chips used to calculate CRI Ra when illuminated by a test light source. Gamut Area Index (GAI) is a convenient way of characterizing in chromaticity space how saturated the illumination makes objects appear, with a larger GAI making object colors appear more saturated. GAI is a relative number whereby an imaginary equal-energy spectrum (wherein radiant power is equal at all wavelengths) is scored as 100. GAI for a test source is determined by comparing color space area of the light being tested to the color space area produced by the imaginary or theoretical equal-energy spectrum (EES) source. Unlike CRI Ra (or CRI), which has a maximum value of 100, GAI can exceed 100, meaning that some sources saturate colors more than an equal-energy source serves to saturate color.
It is found that typical blackbody-like light sources and typical daylight-like light sources have different gamut areas. Low correlated color temperature (CCT) sources (e.g., incandescent emitters) have a gamut area index of approximately 50% (i.e., about half the gamut area of the EES source). Sources with higher CCT values have a larger GAI. For example, a very bluish light with a CCT of 10,000K may have a GAI of 140%.
Another way of characterizing how saturated an illuminant makes objects appear is relative gamut area, or Qg, which is the area formed by the (a*, b*) coordinates of the 15 test-color samples in CIELAB normalized by the gamut area of a reference illuminant at the same CCT and multiplied by 100. Like GAI, Qg values can exceed 100. Because of chromatic adaptation, and because CCT is selected to set the overall color tone of an environment as part of the lighting design process, variable-reference measures such as Qg may be especially relevant to applied lighting design. If the relative gamut is greater than that of the reference, and illuminance is lower than that provided by daylight, then an increase in preference and discrimination might be expected relative to the reference at that same CCT. Conversely, if the relative gamut is smaller than that of the reference, then a decrease in preference and discrimination might be expected relative to the reference at the same CCT.
The reference spectra used in color rendering index calculations were chosen as ideal illumination sources defined in terms of their color temperature. As a heated object becomes incandescent, it first glows reddish, then yellowish, then white, and finally bluish. Thus, apparent colors of incandescing materials are directly related to their actual temperature in Kelvin (K). Practical materials that incandesce are said to have CCT values that are directly related to color temperatures of blackbody sources. CCT is intended to characterize the apparent "tint" of the illumination (e.g., warm or cool) produced by an electric light source. Certain implicit assumptions are embedded in this CCT designation—such as the assumption that chromaticities along the line of blackbody radiation are perceived as "white", and that a CCT designation for a manufactured light source implies consistency in chromaticities of all sources having that designation. Recent research suggests, however, that most sources with chromaticities along the line of blackbody radiation do not appear "white"; rather, such sources provide illumination with discernible tint. An empirically established line of minimum tint in CIE 1931 (x,y) chromaticity space for CCTs between 2700K and 6500K is shown in FIG. 3. Researchers have determined that a majority of people prefer sources of illumination on this "white body line" (i.e., line of minimum tint) more than those of the same CCT line of blackbody radiation. (See, e.g., Rea, M. S. and Freyssinier, J. P.: White lighting for residential applications, Light Res. Tech., 45(3), pp. 331-344 (2013).) As shown in FIG. 3, at CCT values below about 4000K, the "white body line" (WBL) is below the blackbody curve, whereas at higher CCT values, the WBL is above the blackbody curve.
Rea and Freyssinier have proposed that lighting could be generally improved by ensuring that its CRI Ra value is at least 80 while its GAI is in a range of from 80 to 100 (i.e., from 80% to 100% of an EES), such as represented by the shaded region in FIG. 4.
Characteristics including CCT, CRI Ra, GAI, CIE 1931 (x,y) coordinates, luminous efficacy (lm/W), and scotopic/photopic (S/P) ratios for eighteen different light sources are tabulated in FIG. 5A, and chromaticities for selected sources of the foregoing eighteen light sources are plotted in FIG. 5B together with the blackbody curve and the WBL (line of minimum tint). (Source: "Value Metrics for Better Lighting," Rea, Mark S., et al., 2013, pp. 54 & 63, SPIE Press (Bellingham, Wash., US), ISBN 978-0-8194-9322-4.) As indicated in FIG. 5A, the ability of artificial lights to accurately illuminate color objects, as well as the gamut area provided by artificial lights, varies enormously by type.
Solid state emitters such as LEDs, in combination with lumiphors, create white light by mixing relatively narrow wavelength bands together with spectral gaps between peaks of LEDs and/or lumiphors. The resulting light may be under-saturated with certain colors of the spectrum or oversaturated with certain colors. One way to alleviate oversaturation with respect to certain portions of the visible spectrum, and thereby improve CRI, includes notch filtering of LED lighting systems with an optical element (e.g., incorporating a rare earth compound such as neodymium oxide, or a color pigment) that filters light emissions so that light passing through or reflected by the optical element exhibits a spectral notch, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0170199 A1 entitled "LED lighting using spectral notching" (which is hereby incorporated by reference herein). Such publication discloses that CRI and GAI values of LED light sources can be improved through use of notch filtering, such as to increase CRI from 84 to 90, and to increase GAI from 50 to 58. Alternatively, careful selection of materials used in LED lighting devices may permit attainment of CRI Ra values of 90 to 95 or more, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,213,940 (which is hereby incorporated by reference).
Usage of notch filtered light sources (such as widely available General Electric Reveal® incandescent light bulbs) or unfiltered light sources may be a matter of personal preference. Additionally, such preference may depend on the object(s) or surfaces to be illuminated, and/or the presence or absence of natural light such as may enter an interior space through one or more windows at certain times of day. It can be challenging to accommodate context-dependent and/or surface-dependent preferences when selecting artificial light sources. It can also be challenging to vividly illuminate objects without causing adjacent surfaces, such as walls, to be illuminated with an unnatural tint.
The art continues to seek improved lighting devices providing desirable illumination characteristics that are capable of overcoming challenges associated with conventional lighting devices.

Lighting devices with illumination regions having different gamut properties


CO2 scavenging additives having one or more cyanamide functionalities for the reduction of corrosion in subterranean formations are disclosed. The additives are also suitable for the simultaneous scavenging of CO2 and H2S. The additives can be introduced by way of a treatment fluid for the subterranean formation to interact with and reduce the concentration of CO2 and/or H2S in the formation.

The present disclosure relates to fluids, additives, and methods for use in subterranean operations, and more specifically, to improved methods and additives for scavenging carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide for use in subterranean formations and fluids.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a corroding agent commonly encountered in the production of oil and gas. While dry CO2 is noncorrosive within the range of temperatures encountered during oil and gas production, CO2 in an aqueous phase forms carbonic acid, which corrodes tubings, casings, and other types of well bore and pipeline equipment. Carbonic acid corrosion can erode and ultimately destroy oil and gas conduits, and can also choke production by causing scaling on the inner surface of production conduits or within the producing formation itself. Carbonic acid corrosion can also corrode cement sheathing, compromising the structural integrity and zonal isolation of wellbores. Carbonic acid corrosion is generally greater under conditions of high temperature and low pH, and is also influenced by flow rates within the conduit and the presence of other corrosive agents in the aqueous phase.
Oil and gas reservoirs are often characterized according to whether or not they contain hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a pungent and toxic gas that is also acidic and highly corrosive in the aqueous phase. Aqueous H2S forms highly corrosive sulfides which accelerate conduit and infrastructure erosion and scaling. H2S-containing reserves are described as "sour," while reserves generally free of H2S are referred to as "sweet." Corrosion due to carbon dioxide occurs in the production of sweet gas, but is significantly exacerbated in the production of sour gas. Carbon steel tubing, such as coiled tubing for wellbores, is particularly susceptible to corrosion due to aqueous carbonates and sulfides.
Corrosion due to CO2 and sulfide ultimately results in cracking or obstruction of production equipment, such as tubing and other conduits. Prevention of equipment failure due to corrosion requires costly production shutdowns and frequent workovers, and limits the productive life of reservoirs by making continued production economically unfeasible. Thus, it is typically desirable to reduce or eliminate CO2 and, where present, H2S from subterranean formations and well bores to reduce corrosion rates and extend the productive life of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Although scavengers are often used to convert H2S to a more inert form, the use of CO2 scavengers is not common in the production of oil and gas. H2S scavengers include certain aldehydes, certain amine-based chemicals, triazines, copper compounds, hydrogen peroxide, zinc compounds, and iron compounds. However, the reaction products of many of these compounds are poorly soluble in treatment fluids and/or fluids in the well bore, or may decompose, thereby releasing CO2 or H2S. Moreover, conventional corrosive gas scavengers may have undesirable environmental and/or toxicity profiles, and as such may be impractical to use or prohibited altogether in certain circumstances and/or jurisdictions. Where CO2 scavenging is desired in oil and gas production, separate CO2 and H2S scavengers are typically used, increasing costs and compounding environmental concerns.
While embodiments of this disclosure have been depicted and described and are defined by reference to example embodiments of the disclosure, such references do not imply a limitation on the disclosure, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in the pertinent art and having the benefit of this disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of this disclosure are examples only, and not exhaustive of the scope of the disclosure.

Cyanamide-based carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide scavengers and methods of use in subterranean operations


A disk system comprising an upper and lower head gimbal assembly, a coarse positioning servo system that includes a stepper motor for 135 TPI operation and a voice coil motor type servo for 1251 TPI operation that is driven by a optical servo system which locates optical track positioning information previously recorded on 3.5 inch microfloppies. The optical system focuses a spot of infrared light on the microfloppy which is channeled back to a detector. Each head gimbal includes a ceramic slider with two air bearing surfaces. A very high density magnetic core is positioned in one air bearing surface and high density magnetic core is located in the other air bearing surface. Both upper and lower sliders are such that the floppy disk media is pinched between them. The gaps of the magnetic cores are positioned within the leading edge half of their respective air bearing surfaces and take advantage of the tendency of the sliders to plow into the floppy disk media. The very high density and high density cores are offset differently from the centerline of the sliders to reduce crosstalk coupling between heads on opposite sides of the floppy disk media.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to magnetic disk drive systems and more particularly to a read/write head having an aperture that allows an optical servo positioning system to read prerecorded patterns on a disk from a point between the rails of the head.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The track density of magnetic storage disks for conventional floppy disk drives is approximately forty-eight to 135 tracks per inch (TPI). In contrast, optical disk drives are capable of achieving track densities in excess of 15,000 TPI. These higher track densities are achieved through the use of closed-loop optical servos that allow a magnetic read/write head to follow data track eccentricities caused by defects in the media and outside disturbances. In rigid type magnetic disk drives, track densities of up to 1500 TPI are presently used. These drives commonly have multiple disks in which both sides are used for data. To achieve a high track density, a dedicated surface of one of the disks is set aside solely for magnetic track servo information This surface is then not usable for data storage. Thus, the total capacity of the drive is lessened. The tracking servo information is also capable of being accidentally erased causing loss of access of all data.
Various techniques have been reported for using optical means for acquiring track following servo information contained on a magnetic recording media. For example, Ahn, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,451, issued on Dec. 30, 1986, for "Optical Servo For Magnetic Disks", disclose the use of a laser diode to read track following servo information in the form of a plurality of spots contained in an optical layer positioned above a magnetic recording layer.
DiStefano et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,191, issued on Feb. 11, 1986, for a optical sensor for servo position control, disclose a servo sensor comprising a light source and a light detector, and which is axially aligned and contained on a single semiconductor chip.
M. Johnson, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,558,383, issued on Dec. 10, 1985, for "Information Storage Disk Transducer Position Control System Using a prerecorded Servo Pattern Requiring No Alignment With the Storage Disk", discloses a servo apparatus having a sensor for detecting a pattern of spots on a surface of an information storage media. The spots comprise a dense array of substantially translation invariant marks and separate information recording tracks are detected by measuring the rate at which the spots are detected by the sensor.
J. Cocke. et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,579, issued on May 6, 1986, for "System for Position n on a Rotating Disk", disclose a servo control system comprising a detector for reading a plurality of spiral radial-position-encoding patterns on a media.
A. S. Hoagland in "Optical Servo of Magnetic Recording", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 20(10), page 4108 (March 1978), suggests a system for achieving optical servo control where a flexible disk media includes a plurality of optical servo tracks positioned underneath a magnetic layer.
D. A. Thompson. et al., in "Embossed Servo Techniques For Floppy Disks", IEEE Conference Proceedings, No. 43, p. 321 (July 1979), suggests the use of embossed marks on flexible magnetic media for obtaining non-magnetic optical or capacitive servo information.
N. Koshino and S. Ogawa in "Optical Method of the Head Positioning in Magnetic Disk Systems", preprint from IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (1980), disclose an optical head for achieving track following servo control which is mounted on the head arm and which includes an LED light source and three optical fibers for delivering light to a media. The media comprises a plurality of circular optical tracks, dyed black, and located underneath a magnetic film.
Related work has occurred in the laser video disk area, from which optical disks for digital data storage and the audio laser compact disk (CD) have evolved. Fundamentally, the optical servo information is inscribed and used in the same way for all these disks. A mastering machine is used to format optical information onto a master disk. The master is then replicated to form the actual disk used by the customer. A laser and associated optics are used to acquire the mastered servo information as well as read data from the disk. The data can be inscribed during the mastering process as with the video and audio disks or it can be written by the read/write laser as in disks for digital information storage.
A disk drive system is needed in which an optical servo sensor is able to access servo information on the surface of a floppy disk between the rails, through a light aperture in the head, where the floppy disk has been stabilized. Extraordinary effort and skill have been needed to reduce the present invention to practice. The prior art was not faced with the extremely high track densities that put such demands on the servo-positioning system that disk ripple outside the head slider becomes a major source of error, which is solved by the present invention. The combination of opposing rails and optical detection at the geometric center between them is key to succeeding at producing a high density magnetic-optical disk.
The problems in the prior art that need to be overcome include those associated with the thermal distortion of conventional media and sliders, variations in media surface finish and lubrication that vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and distortions of the industry standard media that is formed by attaching a metal hub to a MYLAR disk.

Dual very-high density magnetic head assembly with optical servo positioning for very high density floppy disk recording and high density format compatability


Adaptors for providing a connection between fiber-optic cables may be configured to be interlocked in both side-by-side and top-to-bottom orientations with adjacent adaptors to eliminate wasted spaced between adjacent rows and/or columns of adaptors in a junction panel.

Fiber optic connector adaptors, that may include internal alignment sleeves or surfaces, are frequently utilized to facilitate the mating of one or more fiber optic connectors and the fiber optic cables associated therewith. In this regard, a pair of fiber optic connectors can be inserted into the opposed ends of a fiber optic connector adaptor, and the adaptor serves to align the fiber optic connectors to a degree such that the optical fibers upon which the fiber optic connectors are mounted are appropriately aligned. Fiber optic connector adaptors can be mounted in a patch panel within an enclosure, or the like, so as to align a pair of fiber optic connectors inserted into opposite ends of the fiber optic connector adaptor. A metal or plastic plate or surface in the patch panel may include openings into which the adaptors may be disposed, and the adaptors may be designed to be held in position in the openings with screws or other fasteners.
A variety of fiber optic connector adaptors may be arranged together in a single row or in a single column in such a manner that two abutting surfaces of two or more adjacent adaptors are touching. In other words, the adaptors are arranged in a one dimensional or one directional array. The adaptors may be fixed, or interlocked with one another to form a single interlocked row or column that may be installed as a unit in a corresponding aperture in a patch panel. In this arrangement, however, at least two sides of the adaptors within the row or column are adjoining the metal or plastic panel or bulkhead that is used to hold the adaptors in a stationary and stacked position within the panel. The panel therefore has some minimum distance or space remaining between one single directional row or column of adaptors and another single directional row or column of similar adaptors, or in other words, between adjacent rows or adjacent columns of the adaptors.
With the use of optical fibers increasing at a rapid rate, there is a growing need to increase the number of optical fibers at any given installation. Thus, there remains a need to maximize the density of fiber interconnection sites at an interconnection location.

Interlockable fiber optic connector adaptors


There is provided a cutting fluid ejection apparatus including a cutting fluid ejection nozzle configured to supply a cutting fluid to a tool of a processing machine or a workpiece during processing of the workpiece by the processing machine, a drive motor configured to adjust an ejection angle of the cutting fluid ejection nozzle; and a controller configured to control the drive motor. The controller is capable of performing control in a chip removal operation mode to remove a chip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cutting fluid ejection apparatus for removing chips which are adhered to a tool of a processing machine such as a NC lathe, a milling machine, or a drilling machine, or a workpiece to be processed.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has been known a cutting fluid ejection apparatus for removing chips which are adhered to a tool of a processing machine such as a NC lathe, a milling machine, or a drilling machine, or a workpiece to be processed (see, JP-A-Hei. 8-243876, for example). This cutting fluid ejection apparatus includes a coolant liquid supply nozzle and a motor for rotationally driving the coolant liquid supply nozzle.
This cutting fluid ejection apparatus is configured to remove the chips which are adhered to the tool of the processing machine or the workpiece by rotationally driving the coolant liquid supply nozzle and supplying a cutting fluid to the tool or workpiece. However, if complex-shaped chips are tangled or caught to the tool or the workpiece, there needs an extra work that the processing machine including the cutting fluid ejection apparatus is temporarily stopped and an operator manually removes the chips. For this reason, there is a problem that the processing machine cannot be continuously operated and thus the processing time cannot be shortened.
In the meantime, there has been known a cutting fluid ejection apparatus capable of removing the chips without stopping the cutting fluid ejection apparatus and the processing machine, even when such chips are tangled or caught to the tool or the workpiece (for example, see JP-A-Hei. 10-118884). This cutting fluid ejection apparatus includes a coolant liquid supply nozzle, a motor for rotationally driving the coolant liquid supply nozzle, and a cutting fluid supply pump. The cutting fluid ejection apparatus is configured to remove the chips by rotationally driving the coolant liquid supply nozzle while adjusting an ejection pressure of the cutting fluid by controlling a pump pressure. However, this cutting fluid ejection apparatus requires a large-size pump for adjusting the ejection pressure of the cutting fluid. Therefore, there is problem that cost of the apparatus is increased and thus cost reduction cannot be achieved.
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram showing a general configuration of a related-art cutting fluid ejection apparatus 5. The cutting fluid ejection apparatus 5 supplies a cutting fluid 190 (also serving as a cooling fluid) to a tool 151 of a processing machine including a NC lathe 160 and removes chips adhered to the tool 151 of the processing machine. The cutting fluid ejection apparatus 5 includes a cutting fluid supply device 120 and a controller 130. The cutting fluid supply device 120 is configured to move a cutting fluid ejection nozzle tip 110a at a constant speed Vo in a predetermined angular range by rotationally driving a cutting fluid ejection nozzle 110 to eject the cutting fluid 190. The controller 130 controls the driving of a motor installed in the cutting fluid supply device 120 and the ejection of the cutting fluid 190. The tool 151 is held to a tool holding part 150.
In this cutting fluid ejection apparatus 5, since the cutting fluid ejection nozzle tip 110a is moved at a constant speed Vo in a predetermined angular range, complex-shaped chips which are generated from a workpiece 161 cut by the tool 151 may be caught to the tool 151 and thus may not be removed, even if the cutting fluid is ejected to the tool 151.


The present invention relates to novel anhydrous amorphous forms of bis[(E)[4-(4-fluorophenyl)isopropyl[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyrimidinyl](3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept enoic acid]calcium salt (rosuvastatin calcium), (±)7-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)3,5-dihydroxy heptenoic acid monosodium salt (fluvastatin sodium) and bis[(E)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[4′-(4″-fluorophenyl)-2′-cyclopropyl-quinolin-3′-hept-6-enoic acid]calcium salt (pitavastatin calcium), to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to methods of treatment using the same. The rosuvastatin calcium, pitavastatin calcium and fluvastatin sodium obtained are known valuable agents useful in treating hyperlipidemia and hypercholestrolemia.

Rosuvastatin calcium, chemically known as bis[(E)[4-(4-fluorophenyl)isopropyl[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]pyrimidinyl](3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept enoic acid]calcium salt, is represented by the Formula I:

Fluvastatin sodium is known by its chemical name (±)7-(3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-1H-indol-2-yl)-3,5-dihydroxy heptenoic acid monosodium salt. Fluvastatin sodium is a racemic mixture of the (3R,5S)- and the (3S,5R)-enantiomer and has the following Formula II:

Pitavastatin calcium is the common chemical name for bis[(E)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[4′-(4″-fluorophenyl)-2′-cyclopropyl-quinolin-3′-hept-6-enoic acid]calcium salt, is represented by the Formula III:

Fluvastatin sodium, pitavastatin calcium and rosuvastatin calcium, hereinafter referred to as "the Agents", are members of the class of drugs called statins. Statin drugs are currently the most therapeutically effective drugs available for reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration in the blood stream of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. The Agents are potent inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy methylglutaryl-coenzyme Areductase (HMG CoA reductase) and are useful as pharmaceutical agents, for example in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, as well as other diseases or conditions in which HMG CoA reductase is implicated.
European Patent Application, Publication No. 521471 (hereinafter EP 0521471 B1), discloses an amorphous (powder) form of rosuvastatin calcium. International Patent Applications WO 00/49014 A1, WO 01/60804 A1 and WO 04/014872 A1 also disclose a non-crystalline form of rosuvastatin calcium. Both powder and non-crystalline rosuvastatin calcium described in these four references are hydrate amorphous forms of rosuvastatin calcium, which is prepared by dissolving the corresponding sodium salt in water, adding calcium chloride in water and collecting the resultant precipitate by filtration. The hydrate amorphous form is usually not very stable and thus often not ideal for the preparation of pharmaceutical composition. U.S. Pat. No. 6,589,959 B1, discloses a hydrate crystalline form (Form A) of rosuvastatin calcium and a method for its preparation.
Pitavastatin, its calcium salt (2:1) and its lactone are disclosed in three related U.S. patents (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,930 A, 5,856,336 A and 5,872,130 A). In the 930' patent, pitavastatin sodium is prepared by converting ethyl (E)-3,5-dihodroxy[4′-(4″-fluorophenyl)-2′-(I cyclopropyl)-quinolin-3′-yl]-hept enoate, to the sodium salt in accordance to Example 2 by using an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The compound is dissolved in ethanol, to which an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is added. The resulting mixture is stirred and the ethanol is removed under reduced pressure. Water is then added, and the mixture is further extracted with ether. The aqueous layer is then lyophilized to obtain the final product, or the aqueous layer is weakly acidified with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. The acidified aqueous layer is then extracted with ether. After extraction, the ether layer is dried over magnesium sulphate. Then the ether is removed under reduced pressure to obtain the sodium salt. The '930 patent and its related patents do not disclose the procedure for preparing the calcium salt of pitavastatin, and do not disclose amorphous or crystalline forms of pitavastatin calcium as well.
Fluvastatin as well as its sodium salt are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,073. In this patent, fluvastatin sodium is obtained by lyophilization. U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,340 A describes that lyophilization of fluvastatin sodium yields a mixture of a crystalline form (designated as Form A) and amorphous material. This patent further discloses a new crystalline form (designated as Form B) of fluvastatin sodium. The amorphous material obtained in these patents is not pure and contains about 50% crystalline forms. The estimated amount of form A obtained by lyophilization as described in these patents is about 50%. U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,479 B2 discloses additional four crystalline hydrates forms (Form C, D, E and F) of fluvastatin sodium.
The amorphous material of fluvastatin sodium obtained in these patents is also a hydrate, due to the use of a mixture of organic solvent and water as solvents. The hydrate amorphous form is often not very stable and not ideal for the preparation of pharmaceutical composition. An anhydrous amorphous form is often more stable and easier to purify than the corresponding hydrate amorphous form.
It has been disclosed earlier that the amorphous forms in a number of drugs exhibit different dissolution characteristics and in some cases different bioavailability patterns compared to crystalline forms [Konne T., Chem Pharm Bull, 38, 2003 (1990)]. For some therapeutic indications one bioavailability pattern may be favored over another. An amorphous form Cefuroxime axietil is good example for exhibiting higher bioavailability and the crystalline forms. Atorvastatin calcium, which is a member of the statin drugs, has been found that its crystalline forms are less readily soluble than the amorphous form, which may cause problems in the bioavailability of atorvastatin in the body.
Therefore, there is a need to search new forms of rosuvastatin calcium, pitavastatin calcium and fluvastatin sodium.

Anhydrous amorphous form of fluvastatin sodium


The present disclosure relates to the use of pharmaceutical agents to manipulate serotonin in animal mammary glands. Use of the serotonin agents results in increased PTHrP levels, resulting in the release of calcium from the bone, which improves lactation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to the use of pharmaceutical agents to manipulate serotonin in animal mammary glands. Use of the serotonin agents results in increased PTHrP levels, resulting in the release of calcium from the bone, which improves lactation.
2. Description of the Related Art
The transition from pregnancy to lactation in mammals is a critical period for calcium homeostasis. Approximately 5% of all dairy animals experience severe periparturient hypocalcemia, also known as milk fever. This number increases to approximately 50% in older cows, and the highest-producing cows are at highest risk of this pathology. At calving, there is a 4-5% increase in plasma calcium clearance, with calcium replacement coming from the mobilization of calcium from bone. Similar bone calcium mobilization occurs in human women during the periparturient period.
The specific mobilization of bone in lactation is driven by a hormone named "Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP, gene symbol PTHLH, also known as HHM; PLP; BDE2; PTHR; PTHRP)." A failure to maintain calcium homeostasis during the transition to milk secretion is at the heart of periparturient hypocalcemia.
PTHrP was originally discovered as the factor responsible for humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, and is secreted from a variety of advanced soft tissue cancers. The N-terminal portion of PTHrP is similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH), and acts via the type 1 PTH receptors (PTH1R) to induce the receptor-activator of NFKB ligand (RANKL).
PTHrP is undetectable in the circulation except during lactation, in advanced metastatic disease, or in patients with hyperprolactinemia. In spite of obvious correlations with states of elevated prolactin (PRL), PRL did not induce PTHrP in conventional cell cultures of mammary epithelium, and our lab has done numerous experiments that confirmed that PRL does not induce PTHrP in mammary cells by a direct mechanism.
A previous study showed that serotonin (5-HT) induced PTHrP expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the mammary glands 5-HT regulates key aspects of epithelial homeostasis by autocrine-paracrine signaling. The processes regulated by 5-HT include not only specialized mammary gland functions such as milk protein and milk lipid biogenesis, but also fundamental cell biological processes (i.e., apoptosis, barrier permeability, cell shedding). Epithelia lining other ductal/alveolar secretory organs also possess local 5-HT signaling systems, which have been implicated in various aspects of epithelial homeostasis.
It has now been shown that serotonin, synthesized within the mammary gland, is responsible for causing the increase in PTHrP associated with the onset of lactation. Consequently, drugs that increase serotonin signaling are useful for maintaining healthy calcium levels in lactating females.

Compositions and methods for improving lactation


A closed mold for encapsulating LED alphanumeric display devices uses opposing platens and top and bottom plates to achieve a seal about the display device. By providing the display device with a dambar, splatter on the leads is avoided.

For certain applications, a surface-mount or a gull-wing type lead configuration is preferred for an LED alphanumeric display package. The foundation for a display with this kind of lead configuration is an axial-cast printed circuit board encapsulated in epoxy in a vacuum mold. However, in producing such a device, one may encounter gas bubbles and pockets that form in the epoxy as the epoxy enters the cavity of the mold. Bubbles or pockets in the epoxy can affect the appearance and performance of a display. Another difficulty that may occur is splatter of epoxy on the leads, which could interfere with the electrical and mechanical integrity of the leads. If epoxy does get on the leads, a time-consuming and costly cleaning step is required.
It would be desirable to provide a means and a method of encapsulating the display to avoid the difficulties noted above.

Closed-mold for LED alphanumeric displays


A circuit and method of reducing noise in the circuit comprises a first transistor and an amplifier operatively connected to the first transistor, wherein the amplifier comprises a plurality of transistors and is adapted to amplify an input signal, and wherein the input signal is differentially captured at an output of the first transistor and the amplifier. Preferably, the plurality of transistors comprises a second transistor and a third transistor. Furthermore, a noise level of the first transistor and the third transistor are preferably cancelled. The size of the second transistor may be approximately 1/50Ω. Preferably, a gain on an amplifier stage formed by the second transistor and the third transistor is adapted to be increased. Moreover, an equivalent transconductance of the amplifier is preferably independent of an impedance matching on the amplifier. Preferably, a noise figure level of the circuit is less than approximately 1 dB.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments herein generally relate to wideband radio frequency (RF) low noise amplifiers (LNAs), and, more particularly, to wideband LNAs used in advanced RF wireless communications.
2. Description of the Related Art
The noise figure (NF) of the first amplifier stage in a RF receiver presents a significant bottleneck in the cascaded performance and is usually the main challenge in the design of wireless systems. To obtain low levels of sensitivity which is very important for high quality wireless receivers, the NF of the LNA should be minimized, preferably lower than 2-3 dB. The problem is even more severe if the receiver is a wideband receiver; i.e., it operates over a wide range of frequencies.
Most of the conventional wideband solutions utilize resistive feedback amplifiers despite their poor NF, resulting in poor system sensitivity. To achieve a low power high dynamic range wideband LNA, a common-gate amplifier topology, such as the one shown in FIG. 1, may be used. The circuit generally has good properties (i.e., low power, good linearity) but tends to achieve poor a NF in advanced complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) devices and is usually greater than 4 dB. That is, the circuit shown in FIG. 1 results in a NF=1+γ in deep submicron CMOS technology, which results in a NF greater than 4 dB.
To overcome the problem, a boosting technique for LNAs was proposed by Allstot, D. et al., "Design Considerations for CMOS Low-Noise Amplifiers," 2004 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, pages 97-100, Fort Worth, Tex., Jun. 6-8, 2004, the complete disclosure of which, in its entirety, is herein incorporated by reference. However, this circuit, shown in FIG. 2, requires an extra amplifier to function properly. The negative amplifier feedback circuit shown in FIG. 2 may theoretically result in a lower NF (NF=1+(γ/(1−A))) than the NF of the circuit in FIG. 1. However, in practice, the NF will likely be heavily degraded by the inclusion of the extra amplifier in FIG. 2, which may tend to consume high power and generally still result in more than 2-3 dB of penalty on the NF. Therefore, in practice, the conventional circuit shown in FIG. 2 may not result in any significant improvement in the NF.
Another conventional solution is described by Chehrazi, S. et al., "A 6.5 GHz Wideband CMOS Low Noise Amplifier for Multi-Band Use," Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 4 pages, San Jose, Calif., Sep. 21, 2005, the complete disclosure of which, in its entirety, is herein incorporated by reference. This solution also employs CMOS technology to achieve low levels of NF. However, the NF levels remain approximately 3-4 dB.
Generally, the disadvantage of the conventional solutions is that, in some applications, the required NF from the LNA should be less than approximately 2 dB. In other words, the performance obtained from these conventional solutions is generally not enough for high-quality RF reception. Accordingly, there remains a need for a LNA circuit capable of achieving low levels of NF, preferably on the order of approximately 2 dB or less, which can be used in wideband applications.


A method for managing downlink discontinuous reception associated with paging for a user equipment of a wireless communications system is provided in order to avoid system malfunction due to inappropriate use of configuration. The method includes initiating a radio resource control, hereinafter called RRC, connection establishment procedure to request a network terminal for an RRC connection, receiving a request accepting message including a first information element for indicating the UE an assigned RRC state to be entered and a second information element for providing configuration corresponding to the downlink discontinuous reception, and ignoring the second information element when the assigned RRC state is a state for allocation of dedicated radio resources.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of managing downlink discontinuous reception for a wireless communications system and related communications device, and more particularly to a method of managing downlink discontinuous reception corresponding to a radio resource control procedure for a user equipment of a wireless communications system and related communications device.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The third generation (3G) mobile telecommunications system, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), has adopted a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) wireless air interface access method for a cellular network. WCDMA provides high frequency spectrum utilization, universal coverage, and high quality, high-speed multimedia data transmission. The WCDMA method also meets all kinds of quality of service (QoS) requirements simultaneously, providing diverse, flexible, two-way transmission services and better communication quality to reduce transmission interruption rates. Through the 3G mobile telecommunications system, a user can utilize a wireless communications device, such as a mobile phone, to realize real-time video communications, conference calls, real-time games, online music broadcasts, and email sending/receiving. However, these functions rely on fast, instantaneous transmission. Thus, targeting the third generation mobile telecommunication technology, the prior art provides High Speed Package Access (HSPA) technology, which includes High Speed Downlink Package Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Package Access (HSUPA), to increase bandwidth utility rate and package data processing efficiency to improve the uplink/downlink transmission rate.
According to the related protocol specifications of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, a Layer 3 protocol, is the core of communications protocols related to AS and is located in radio network controllers (RNC) of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and a user equipment (UE). The RRC layer uses RRC messages formed from many Information Elements (IEs) to perform RRC procedures. The RRC layer defines various RRC states to describe the usage of radio resource for the UE. RRC states can be divided into idle mode and RRC connected mode according to whether the RRC connection is established. RRC connected mode are further divided into a CELL_DCH state, a CELL_FACH state, a CELL_PCH state and a URA_PCH state. The UE in the CELL_DCH state uses dedicated radio resources not shared with other UEs, where the UE in the CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state receives paging or broadcasting information from the UTRAN. No data transmission is allowed in the CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states.
The foregoing specification provides downlink discontinuous reception (DL DRX) operation, allowing the UE in the CELL_PCH or the URA_PCH state to receive paging information based on a discontinuous timing mode without burdensome RRC disconnecting, so as to save UE power. The DL DRX operation includes two kinds of reception modes configured with a DRX cycle length coefficient IE and a DRX cycle length coefficient 2 IE, respectively. A UTRAN DRX cycle length coefficient IE includes both of the two IEs and moreover a Time for DRX cycle 2 IE. The two reception modes are hereinafter called first reception mode and second reception mode, respectively. The second reception mode provides better paging efficiency than the first reception mode.
When the DL DRX operation is in use, the UE employs a timer T319 for switching between the first and the second reception mode. In general, when the UE enters the CELL_PCH or the URA_PCH state, using the second reception mode, the UE activates and sets the timer T319 according to the Time for DRX cycle 2 IE. When the timer T319 expires, the UE switches to use the first reception mode. In other words, when the UTRAN does not page the UE for a period longer than the set time of the timer T319, the UE automatically degrades itself to the lower speed paging operation, namely the first reception mode, so as to reduce power consumption.
On the other hand, the UE in the idle mode initiates an RRC connection establishment procedure when attempting to request the UTRAN for an RRC connection. During the RRC connection establishment procedure, the UE sends an RRC Connection Request message to the UTRAN, and the UTRAN correspondingly responds with an RRC Connection Setup message if accepting the request. Finally, the UE sets related parameters or variables according to configuration of the RRC Connection Setup message and then reports back with an RRC Connection Setup Complete message.
The RRC Connection Setup message includes an RRC State Indicator IE indicating an RRC state for the UE to enter and the abovementioned UTRAN DRX cycle length coefficient IE. The UE activates and sets the timer T319 according to the UTRAN DRX cycle length coefficient IE when the indicated RRC state is the CELL_DCH, the CELL_PCH or the URA_PCH state. In this situation, the UE entering the CELL_PCH or the URA_PCH state successfully receives paging information under the second reception mode. However, the abovementioned DL DRX operation is not designed to be applicable for the UE entering the CELL_DCH state. That is to say, the timer T319 is activated in an inappropriate situation, possibly causing system errors in the UE entering the CELL_DCH state.

Method and apparatus for managing downlink discontinuous reception operation in a wireless communications system