A line segment depicting system includes an error discrimination condition memory for designating for each octant an error discrimination condition applied when a DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer) error item is 0.5. First and second different error discrimination conditions are set in the condition memory for first to fourth octants, and for fifth to eighth octants, respectively. A data processing unit receives information of a given line segment and determines in which octant the given line segment is included, and the result of determination is stored in an octant memory, which controls a selector for selecting one of outputs of the error discrimination condition memory. The data processing unit also supplies a DDA parameter to a DDA unit, which sequentially generates a coordinate value (Xn, Yn) of dot positions of an approximate line segment with reference to the error discrimination condition supplied through the selector from the error discrimination condition memory.

1. Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a digital image processing system, and more specifically to a system for depicting a line segment on a display image memory.
2. Description of related art
A conventional line segment depicting system will be described with reference to the accompany drawing.
FIG. 1A shows an ideal line segment defined on a fine two-dimensional coordinate plane, and FIG. 1B shows an approximate line segment obtained by developing the line segment of FIG. 1A onto a discrete coordinate grid. A display memory is deemed as being a two-dimensional plane based on a discrete coordinate system. Therefore, in order to depict a line segment on the display, it is necessary to develop or convert the ideal line segment of FIG. 1A to the approximate line segment of FIG. 1B. This means that when the approximate line is a deemed as being a collection or set of dots, a dot string {X.sub.N, Y.sub.N } on the discrete coordinate system is obtained.
More specifically, an integer coordinate system is introduced as the discrete coordinate system of FIG. 1B. The following is one typical conventional method for developing the ideal line segment of FIG. 1A given with a start point coordinate (X.sub.S, X.sub.Y) and an end point coordinate (X.sub.E, Y.sub.E) in order to uniquely define the line segment on the coordinate plane, onto the integer coordinate system as shown in FIG. 1B.
First, the ideal line is classified into eight kinds, on the basis of an angle .alpha. between a directional vector of the ideal line segment and a direction of +X. As shown in FIG. 2, th value of .alpha. is divided in units of 45 degrees. For example, if 0.degree..ltoreq..alpha.<45.degree., the ideal line segment is called as a "line segment whose directional vector included in a first octant". Similarly, if 45.degree..ltoreq..alpha.<90.degree., the ideal line segment is called as a "line segment whose directional vector included in a second octant". Therefore, all ideal line segments having a length of 2 or more are included in any of first to eight octants. However, in order to determine in which octant the ideal line is included, it is not necessary to actually calculate the angle .alpha.. It is possible to classify the line segment, by discriminating a positive/negative sign of three equations: X.sub.E -X.sub.S, Y.sub.E -Y.sub.E -Y.sub.S, and (X.sub.E X.sub.S)-(Y.sub.E - Y.sub.S).
Here, the line segment included in the first, fourth, fifth or eighth octant will be called as an "X-major line segment", and the line segment included in the second, third, sixth or seventh octant will be called as a "Y-major line segment". In addition, in the X-major line segment, an X component will be called a "major component" and a Y component will be called a "minor component". In the Y-major line segment, an X component will be called a "minor component" and a Y component will be called a "major component".
Now, a process to sequentially obtain each point coordinate (X.sub.n, Y.sub.n) of the dot string {X.sub.N, Y.sub.N } on the integer coordinate system as the approximate line segment will be described with reference to FIG. 3. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a line segment included in the first octant. The ideal line segment shown in FIG. 3 is sampled at each coordinate point of the integer X coordinate. Here, it is assumed that a preceding sampling point is (X.sub.n-1, Y.sub.n-1) and a current sampling point is (X.sub.n, Y.sub.n). For the current sampling point C, a fraction of the Y coordinate value Yr, namely, an error between the ideal line segment and the approximate line segment is sought. If the error is less than 0.5, it is deemed that Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n-1. If the error is not less than 0.5, it is deemed that Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n-1 +1. This means that an integer coordinate point (X.sub.n, Y.sub.n) nearest to (X.sub.n, Y.sub.r) is obtained. In FIG. 3, a point A and another point B are shown as an integer coordinate point near to (X.sub.n, Y.sub.r), but since the error is not less than 0.5, Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n- 1 +1 is adopted. Namely, the point A is selected.
The recurrence formula of the major component is ceaselessly X.sub.n =X.sub.n+1. On the other hand, the recurrence formula of the minor component is either Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n-1 or Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n-1 +1, depending upon the value of the error. In ordinary cases, a threshold value of the error is set to 0.5, so that if the error is less than 0.5, Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n-1 is selected, and if the error is not less than 0.5, Y.sub.n =Y.sub.n-1 +1 is selected. The latter will be called as "carry-up by DDA error item". In other words, if there is no carry-up by DDA error item, the minor component will not change, and if the error item changes, the minor component will change.
The above is an explanation about X-major line segment included in the first octant. In the cases of other octants, the recurrence formula is somewhat different. The following table shows a relation of each octant and the associated recurrence formula
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Increment/decrement of minor component Increment/decrement when DDA error item Octant of major component is carried up ______________________________________ 1st octant X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 + 1 Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 + 1 2nd octant Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 + 1 X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 + 1 3rd octant Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 + 1 X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 - 1 4th octant X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 - 1 Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 + 1 5th octant X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 - 1 Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 - 1 6th octant Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 - 1 X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 - 1 7th octant Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 - 1 X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 + 1 8th octant X.sub.n = X.sub.n-1 + 1 Y.sub.n = Y.sub.n-1 - 1 ______________________________________
The line segments included in the first, fourth, fifth and eighth octants are the X-major line segments, and the line segments included in the second, third, sixth and seventh octants are the Y-major line segments. In the case of the Y-major line segment, the line segment is sampled on the basis of the integer Y coordinate, and the X coordinate value Xr at each sampling point is obtained so that the nearest integer coordinate point (X.sub.n, Y.sub.n) is obtained.
The above mentioned method is called a DDA (Digital Differential Analyzer), and is one of the most general methods for depicting a line segment in a discrete XY coordinate system such as in a display memory. In practice, the DDA using the integer type Bresenham algorithm in which the fraction discrimination is placed with an integer sign discrimination is used. The DDA and the integer type Bresenham algorithm are described in detail in "Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics" by David F. Rogers.
In the above mentioned conventional line segment depicting system, when an ideal line segment having a sampling point having the error of 0.5 is converted into an approximate line, the following problem has been encountered. An approximate line obtained by putting the start point and the end point at (X.sub.S, Y.sub.S) and at (X.sub.E, Y.sub.E), respectively, is not consistent with another approximate line obtained by putting the start point and the end point at (X.sub.E, Y.sub.E) and at (X.sub.S, Y.sub.S), respectively.
The problem will specifically be explained with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4A illustrates, by black dots, an approximate line having the start point of (-2, -1) and the end point of (6, 3). approximate line is obtained by using a DDA mechanism adopting an error discrimination condition that when the error item is not less than 0.5, the carry-up is performed. On the other hand, FIG. 4B illustrates, by black dots, an approximate line having the start point of (6, 3) and the end point of (-2, -1), which is obtained by the same DDA mechanism. As seen from comparison between FIGS. 4A and 4B, the solid line of FIG. 4B is a simple replacement of the start point and the end point of the solid line of FIG. 4A by the end point and the start point, respectively, but the black dot patterns of FIG. 4A and 4B are not consistent. This means that the trace of the approximate line depicted or stored in the display memory is different. The line segment on the two-dimensional plane should be uniquely determined on the basis of two opposite ends of the line segment, without changing by exchanging the start point and the end point. However, if the trace of the approximate line depicted or stored in the display memory becomes different by exchanging the start point and the end point for the end point and the start point, respectively, an excessive load is given on a graphic software.
The above mentioned error discrimination condition is that when the error item is not less than 0.5, the carry-up is performed. However, the problem similarly occurs even if the error discrimination condition is changed to that when the error item is greater than 0.5, the carry-up is performed. In the case that the error item is greater than 0.5, the carry-up is performed, FIG. 4A illustrates an approximate line having the start point of (6, 3) and the end point of (-2, -1), and FIG. 4B illustrates an approximate line having the start point of (-2, -1) and the end point of (6, 3). Similarly, the depicted traces are not consistent.
In order to make the depicted traces on the display memory consistent, the following method has been proposed in the prior art. Namely, a line segment depicting system has been configured such that the error discrimination condition can be selected from two different conditions: .a first error discrimination condition that when the error item is not less than 0.5, the carry-up is performed and a second error discrimination condition that when the error item is greater than 0.5, the carry-up is performed. However, in any case, it is necessary to discriminate in which octant a given line segment is included, by means of a graphic software, so that it is determined which of the two error discrimination conditions should be used for depicting the approximate line segment. This discrimination has to be performed for each line segment, and the result of the determination has to be notified to the line segment depicting apparatus. Therefore, the depicting speed lowers inevitably.

Line segment depicting system for a display image memory


A driving device for driving a two-dimensional contact image sensor comprising a plurality of pixel forming light-receiving elements that are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix in both main scanning and frame scan directions, charge transfer switching elements for respective pixels that are individually connected to said light-receiving elements and which transfer the charges generated in said light-receiving elements, gate lines that are common to said charge transfer switching elements for respective pixels in the main scanning direction, and data lines that are connected to said charge transfer switching elements for respective pixels and which are common thereto in the frame scan direction, said driving device carrying out a plurality of pre-scans cycle on the same image without producing an output image signal and, thereafter, scanning the image to produce an output image signal. Whereby, imagelags that would otherwise occur in the frame scan direction are eliminated to enable the production of correct output image signals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a two-dimensional contact image sensor that is to be used with a facsimile, a scanner or an optical character reader, etc. More particularly, the present invention relates to a driving device and method for a two-dimensional contact image sensor being capable of reducing the number of driving ICs and also being capable of reading the images accurately.
2. Description of the Conventional Art
A conventional two-dimensional contact image sensor is shown in FIG. 5 which is an equivalent circuit diagram of the sensor.
The sensor portion which is a structural unit of the image sensor that comprises a transparent substrate 1 having formed thereon a light-receiving element (photodiode) 2 which is a photoelectric transducer, a thin-film transistor (TFT) 3 which is a switching element, and a lighting portion. A plurality of such sensor portions are arranged in rows and columns in a two-dimensional matrix to form a sensing area.
The transparent electrode of the light-receiving element 2 in each sensor portion is connected to the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor 3. The gate electrodes of individual thin-film transistors are connected to a common gate line 13 for each row, which gate lines 13 being connected for each row to a shift register 7 which controls the turning on and off of the thin-film transistors for each row. The source electrodes of the thin-film transistors 3 are connected to a common data line 14 for each column, which data lines 14 in turn are connected to analog multiplexers 8 for reading in charges.
In the image sensor having the configuration described above, charges are generated in the light-receiving elements 2 in accordance to the quantity of reflected light from the document surface and, as the thin-film transistors 3 are turned on and off, the charges are transferred sequentially into the analog multiplexers 8 for each row, thence read out to produce output image signals (referring to Unexamined Published Japanese Patent Application No. 62980/1989).
In the conventional two-dimensional contact image sensor described above, the gate lines 13 which control TFTs for each row are provided in one-to-one correspondence with the terminals of the shift registers 7 and, hence, it has been necessary to provide as many terminals on the shift registers 7 as the gate lines 13. In addition, the charges generated in the sensor portions are to be read into the analog multiplexers 8 at a time by means of the operation of the common gate lines 13 and, hence, it also has been necessary to provide as many terminals on the analog multiplexers 8 as the data lines 14.
For example, in the case of a two-dimensional contact image sensor of an M.times.N matrix which consists of M gate lines and N data lines; if the number of terminals on a shift register is m whereas the number of terminals on an analog multiplexer is n, it is necessary to use at least M/n shift registers and at least N/n analog multiplexers.
If M.ltoreq.n and N.ltoreq.n, only one shift register and analog multiplexer need be used to compose a two-dimensional contact image sensor; however, if it is required to enlarge the sensing area in order to increase the reading range as in the case of M=10 m and N=10 n, it has been necessary to use ten each of shift registers and analog multiplexers, leading to a higher production cost.
Another problem with the conventional two-dimensional contact image sensor is that imagelags will be produced in the frame scan direction; this problem is discussed below on the basis of FIGS. 6 and 7 with reference to a method of driving an image sensor composed of photodiodes and thin-film transistors. It should be noted that the "capacitance division" which is described hereunder is just one major cause, and by no means the sole cause, of the occurrence of imagelags. The same explanation as given below will also hold for the case of an image sensor that is composed of photodiodes and blocking diodes.
FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram for one pixel in the image sensor of the type just described above, and FIG. 7 is a timing chart for photodetection from one pixel.
When light falls on a photodiode (PD) supplied with a reverse bias voltage (V.sub.B), a photocurrent ip is generated and supplied to a photodiode capacity (C.sub.PD), an added capacity (C.sub.ADD) and the overlap capacity (C.sub.GD) of a thin-film transistor (TFT), which capacities are all on the PD side. The charges stored for a predetermined time in the capacities on the PD side will turn on the TFT which is a switching element, whereby those charges are transferred to a signal line capacity (C.sub.L) and the overlap capacity (C.sub.GS) of TFT which are both capacities on the signal line side.
Signals are to be fed to the analog multiplexers with high impedance by voltage detection and, hence, all the charges generated are stored in the capacities in the Circuit. In other words, the charges are to be redistributed between the group of capacities on the PD side and the group of capacities on the signal line side. After detecting the potential (V.sub.L) on the signal line side following the end of charge transfer, resetting of charges is effected with a reset switch in order to transfer the charges generated from the PDs in the next row.
The basic characteristics of charge transfer are described below with reference to Equations (1) to (7): ##EQU1## where Ttrans denotes the transfer time; Tstorage, the storage time; V.sub.P0 and V.sub.L0, the potentials on the PD and signal line sides, respectively, at the time of resetting; np, the quantity of light; V.sub.P, the potential on the PD side; and V.sub.L, the potential on the signal line side. In terms of TFT, V.sub.P and V.sub.L correspond to the drain and source potentials, respectively, and they are related to the photocurrent ids expressed by Eq. (7).
V.sub.PP in Eq. (1) is expressed by Eq. (5) and it denotes the potential on the PD side just before charge transfer. .DELTA.V.sub.P and .DELTA.V.sub.L are expressed by Eqs. (3) and (4), respectively, and denote the potentials on the PD and signal line sides, respectively, which will increase on account of the feedthrough that develops when the gate of TFT turns on. F.sub.1 and F.sub.2 in Eqs. (6) and (7), respectively, are functions that denote V.sub.PP, V.sub.P and V.sub.L which will vary with time and they are determined by PD and TFT characteristics.
Charge transfer is continued until V.sub.P becomes equal to V.sub.L across the TFT. If the quantity of stored charges on the PD side (Q0) and the quantity of transferred charges (.DELTA.Q) are considered while omitting the feedthrough, Equation (8) will be derived from Eqs. (1) and (2) taken in combination with the relationship V.sub.P =V.sub.L. The ratio, .eta., between the quantity of charges transferred to the signal line side and the quantity of stored charges on the PD side is expressed by Equation (9), and the proportion of charges left on the PD side, or the relative residual charges .zeta., is expressed by Equation (10). From the relationship between the photocurrent ip generated in the process of charge storage and the photocurrent ids flowing in the process of charge transfer, the ratio .eta. transient is obtained as expressed by Equation (11). ##EQU2##
The case of conducting plural scan cycle is described below using a simplified model of repeated "photo" and "dark" cycles, in which n scans are performed in an illuminated state ("photo"), followed by m scans in a non-illuminated state ("dark").
Suppose first the case of transition from the "dark" to "photo" state The quantity of charges Q1 which are stored in the first scan cycle is expressed by Q1=Qp+Qi, where Qp is the quantity of charges stored by one scan cycle and Qi is the quantity of residual charges that have been left before that scan is started. The quantity of charges transferred to the signal line side (QP1) as a result of the first scan and the quantity of charges left on the PD side (QR1) are expressed, respectively, by QP1=.eta.Q1=.eta.(QP+Qi) and QR1=.zeta.W1=.zeta.(QP+Qi).
If the same reasoning is applied to the second scan cycle, the quantity of stored charges (Q2), the quantity of transferred charges (QP2) and the quantity of residual charges (QR2) are expressed by the following equations, respectively: ##EQU3##
In a similar manner, Qn, QPn and QRn for the nth scan cycle are respectively expressed by Equations (12), (13) and (14): ##EQU4##
In the case of transition from the "photo" to "dark" state, the quantity of charges that have been stored on the PD side before charge transfer for the mth scan cycle is started is expressed by Equation (15). The quantity of charges transferred to the signal line side (q.sub.Dm) as a result of the mth scan and the quantity of charges left on the PD side (q.sub.Rm) are expressed by Equations (16) and (17), respectively: ##EQU5##
In the case where all scans are performed in the "photo" state, the quantity of charges stored on the PD side (Qp) is calculated by bringing n in Eq. (13) for Qpn to infinity (see Equation (18) below). In the case where all scans are performed in the "dark" state, the quantity of charges transferred to the signal line side (q.sub.D) is calculated by bringing m and n in Eq (16) for q.sub.Dm to infinity and zero, respectively, and, hence, q.sub.D is expressed by Equation (19). ##EQU6##
The ratio of capacitance division is calculated by normalizing with Q.sub.p - q.sub.D the charges transferred to the signal line side in each scan cycle. The ratio of capacitance division for the case of "dark" to "photo" transition (imagelag Pn) is expressed by Equation (20) whereas the ratio of capacitance division for the case of "photo" to "dark" transition (imagelag dm) is expressed by Equation (21). The effects represented by Eqs. (20) and (21) are imagelags that develop in the frame scan direction. EQU imagelag.sub.Pn =1-.zeta..sup.n ( 20) EQU imagelag.sub.dm =.zeta..sup.m (1-.zeta..sup.n) (21)
Thus, the charges generated in light-receiving elements are redistributed by the ratios of capacitance on the side of light-receiving elements to capacitance on the signal line side and the charges remaining on the side of light-receiving elements will produce an imagelag. If the next document is read in the presence of residual charges, the generation of charges in response to the new document in addition to the already existing residual charges has made it impossible to produce correct image signals.
One of the methods that have heretofore been adopted to eliminate the production of imagelags in the frame scan direction due to residual charges comprises providing a reset TFT for each pixel, turning on the reset TFT after every scan so that the charges on the side of light-receiving element are brought to zero and then performing the next scan cycle. An equivalent circuit diagram for a two-dimensional contact image sensor that can be used to implement this approach is shown in FIG. 8.
The conventional two-dimensional contact image sensors have had the problem that in order to increase the sensing area, thereby providing more pixels, a greater number of shift registers and analog multiplexers must be used, leading to a higher production cost.
Furthermore, the conventional two-dimensional contact image sensors which provide reset TFTs for eliminating the residual charges have had the problem that the need for providing a reset TFT in each pixel makes it impossible to insure an adequate area for light reception, leading to a lower sensitivity and resolution, as well as a lower yield in the manufacturing process.
In either type of methods adopted to eliminate the residual charges, transition from the "photo" to "dark" state is achieved by resetting charges and, hence, in the subsequent reading of the document in the "photo" state, the ratio of capacitance division dictates that charges are transferred to the capacities on the signal line side in a smaller amount than the charges actually stored in the photodiode, thereby lowering the dynamic range of the image sensor.

Driving device and method for driving two-dimensional contact image sensor


A system includes multiple master devices and at least one memory refresh scheduler. When a master device needs higher priority for memory access, the master device sends a dynamic priority signal to the memory refresh scheduler and in response, the memory refresh scheduler changes its policy for issuing refresh commands.

Some complex electronic systems, for example multi-media appliances such as cell phones and tablets, or various multi-processor systems, may have multiple master devices (masters) sharing a single large memory. Masters are any circuits capable of initiating a memory access request to the shared memory. For example, masters may be processors (for example, general purpose microprocessors, graphics processors, microcontrollers, etc.), or subsystems or blocks of logic that need to write to memory after receiving data (for example, a camera sensor), or subsystems or blocks of logic that need to read from memory (for example, a display controller).
Two important memory access measures that affect performance are latency and bandwidth. Overall latency is the time from when a master requests memory access until the time that the first portion of the requested data is received by the master. This document focuses primarily on the time from when a master requests memory access until the time that the request is received by the shared memory. Bandwidth refers to the amount of data that passes through one point per unit of time. This document focuses on bandwidth required for transferring large blocks of data to and from memory.
Various types of masters have different latency and bandwidth requirements. High performance processors require the lowest possible latency to provide maximum performance. Caches are used to reduce the number of external memory accesses, which reduces bandwidth requirements and reduces average latency. However, in the case of a cache miss (with some exceptions such as pre-fetching a line or speculatively reading a line), a processor may be stalled, and in the case of a stall, access to external memory must be served with the lowest possible latency to ensure maximum performance. Some other masters require high bandwidth with a guarantee on average throughput, and therefore a guaranteed average latency. For example, graphics processors must read or write large uninterrupted bursts of data, but they have large local memory buffers that store data that are prefetched in advance, so their latency requirements are relatively relaxed. That is, average throughput is important but latency for a single request can be very high. Other masters, for example a real-time controller streaming data from a camera sensor, need some guaranteed maximum latency. Typically, they have known, regular, and predictable bandwidth requirements and they use local buffers that are optimized to reduce overall system cost. However, buffers optimized for cost cannot guarantee latency. If those buffers should overflow or underflow, then the system might fail to perform a requested operation and temporary performance degradation may not be acceptable. Therefore, there is need for a separate hardware mechanism that can guarantee some maximum latency. Finally, for some masters, timely execution and low latency is not required. For example, data transfer to mass storage or data transfer across a serial link interface is usually not time critical.
Currently, the most commonly used large shared memory is dynamic memory. Dynamic memory typically stores information as a charge or lack of charge in capacitors. However, charged capacitors gradually leak charge. Therefore, dynamic memory must be periodically refreshed (read and rewritten to guarantee that data are not lost). Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is typically organized into banks, and banks are organized into rows, and refresh is typically performed on an entire row. A common industry standard specifies that each row must be refreshed every 64 milliseconds or less. There may be many thousands of rows. Refresh may be executed one row at a time at uniformly spaced time intervals during the 64 millisecond interval. Alternatively, multiple rows (or even all the rows) may be refreshed in a burst of activity.
For dynamic memory, refresh schedulers in memory controllers must periodically issue memory refresh commands, which may be disruptive for masters that need to access the memory. Dynamic memories allow some delay of memory refresh commands, which may then be issued in bursts, but there is a specified limit on how much delay can be accumulated, and at some point recovery is needed to execute all required refresh commands in a given period.
Each master, including the refresh scheduler, issue requests for memory access, and those requests must be prioritized. In addition, the relative priorities of the requests may need to change dynamically. For example, if a video processor is being used, the video should not pause while waiting on more video data. Therefore, if a data buffer for a video processor becomes nearly empty, the priority of pending memory access requests from the video processor needs to be increased to prevent buffer underflow. Likewise, if memory refresh commands have been delayed for a long time, then the priority of memory refresh needs to be increased. There is an ongoing need to improve priority management of memory access.

Master circuits having dynamic priority leads coupled with memory controller


One aspect according to the invention can include a headrest operating device including a backside collision detecting device that can produce an operational force upon detection of occurrence of backside collision. The operational force of the backside collision detecting device can be transmitted to an operation member via an interlocking member. A switching device can switch a path of movement of the interlocking member between an inoperative path and an operative path. When no backside collision occurs, the interlocking member can move along the inoperative path, so that the operational force of the backside collision detecting device cannot be transmitted to the operation member. When the backside collision occurs, the interlocking member can move along the operative path, so that the operational force of the backside collision detecting device can be transmitted to the operation member.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to headrest operating devices that are operable to move a headrest toward a head portion of a person seated on a vehicle seat of a vehicle when a backside collision occurs. In this specification, the term "back side collision" is used to mean the situation where an object, such as another vehicle, collides with the backside of the vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
A vehicle seat is known that has a mechanism for supporting a head portion of a seated person by moving a headrest toward the head portion of the seated person when a backside collision occurs. For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-95237 teaches a headrest operating device for moving a headrest based on a load that may be applied to a seat back by a seated person when a backside collision occurs.
According to the headrest operating device of the above publication, a pressure receiving mechanism disposed within the seat back for receiving the load from the seated person is configured not to operate unless the backside collision occurs. Therefore, the headrest may not be accidentally moved even if the seated person leans on the seat back to apply a large load to the seat back. More specifically, the pressure receiving mechanism is coupled to a weight that can move by an inertia force when the backside collision occurs. The weight is coupled to a lock mechanism for locking and unlocking the headrest, so that the lock mechanism maintains the lock condition of the headrest unless the inertia force moves the weight.
However, the headrest operating device of the above publication requires a relatively large installation space for the pressure receiving mechanism, the lock mechanism and a device for detecting the backside collision.
Thus, there is a need in the art for a headrest operating device that has an accidental operation preventing device and has a compact construction.


A contactless shock absorber assembly containing a chamber and a piston disposed therein is disclosed. The chamber is formed by alternating sections of superconductive material and electromagnetic coils; and the interior surfaces of the chamber define a symmetrical shape. The piston contains at least two magnetic sections and at least two nonmagnetic sections.

Devices which were suitable for both absorbing shocks and damping vibration are known to those skilled in the art. Thus, by way of illustration, U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,854 of Hummel discloses a hydraulic shock-absorber and vibration damper.
To the best of applicants' knowledge, no device which adequately absorbs shocks and dampens vibrations at low temperatures is disclosed in the prior art. The hydraulic device of the Hummel patent would not be operative at low temperatures at which its hydraulic fluid would freeze.
Many devices have been invented which are comprised of one or more superconductive materials and, thus, must be operated at low temperatures, which are generally about 150 degrees centigrade below zero. Many of these low-temperature devices are sensitive to vibration. See, for example, Xingwu Wang's Ph.D. Thesis entitled "Superfluid Phase Transitions . . . ," October, 1987, available from University Microfilm International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Mich.
It is an object of this invention to provide an apparatus which, at low temperature, is comprised of means for damping mechanical vibrations in at least three separate directions;
It is another object of this invention to provide a self-regulating shock-absorber assembly which automatically will dampen vibration at low temperature.


An artificial airway device to facilitate the ventilation of the lungs of an unconscious patient and permitting access to the patient's oesophagus consists of a hollow tube which is left open at both ends having an aperture providing fluid communication between the interior and exterior of said tube disposed at a position between its ends. The tube is provided with an inflatable cuff on one side of the aperture for providing a seal in the patient's pharynx and an inflatable cuff at the end of the tube on the opposite side of the aperture to the inflatable cuff for providing a seal in the patient's oesophagus and also releasably closing the end of the tube.

It is known to provide an artificial airway device in the form of a laryngeal mask comprising an airway tube opening into the interior space of a mask portion which is positioned in the hypopharynx of the patient and forms a seal around the inlet to the larynx to form an airway to the patients lungs permitting spontaneous or controlled ventilation thereof.
Such a known artificial airway device suffers from several disadvantages. As the mask portion has to provide a seal around the inlet to the patients larynx, it is necessary for the mask to be formed with a collar engaging in sealing contact with the tissues around the circumference of the patients laryngeal inlet, resulting in the need for the mask portion to be of a relatively large size and complex shape.
The complexity of the shape of the mask portion is further increased by the need to provide restraining means extending across the open space defined by the collar to reduce the risk of a blockage to the airway by the epiglottis falling inwards into said open space.
The size and complexity of shape of the mask portion of this known type of artificial airway device makes it difficult and expensive to produce. In order for this known type of artificial airway to be economically viable in view of its cost, it is therefore necessary to produce the device from materials which allow the device to be re-used which further increase the cost of the known device.
The re-use of such devices is in itself inherently inadvisable due not only to the possibility of eventual failure of parts of the device during use but also to the danger of cross-infection between patients if the device is not completely sterilised prior to re-use.
A further disadvantage of the known device is that the complexity of the shape of the mask portion in particular makes it difficult to ensure that the device is effectively sterilised.
Another disadvantage of the known device results from the need for the mask portion thereof to engage in sealing contact with the tissues around the circumference of the patients laryngeal inlet, resulting in the need for the mask portion to be accurately positioned and the risk of this portion of the device being wholly or partially dislodged during movement of a patient during an operation which can cause difficulties in maintaining said sealing contact.
Yet another disadvantage of the known device is that access to the oesophagus is precluded or at least severely restricted by the mask portion of the known device and the relatively large size of the mask portion of the known device only permits oral introduction into the patients hypopharynx and precludes nasal introduction of the device which may be required for certain operations involving for example dental surgery.

Artificial airway device with sealing cuff for distal end

Quarmby, Huddersfield, W. Yorkshire HD3 4YS


An electromagnetic device, such as a resonator for a filter, incorporates a high-purity polycrystalline alumina. The device may include a superconducting component, which must be cooled significantly below room temperature. The high-purity polycrystalline alumina may be a dielectric slab in a stripline resonator, or may be used as a stand for holding other components. The high-purity polycrystalline alumina exhibits a very low loss tangent at cryogenic temperatures, and therefore will result in an electromagnetic device with superior performance characteristics.

Electromagnetic filters commonly use various dielectric materials in resonators in order to filter unwanted frequencies from an input signal. By loading, or placing a conductor in or adjacent to the dielectric material, the size and thus the cost of such components can be reduced. Because of higher resistance, the use of ordinary conductors will result in significant electromagnetic losses in the component. Superconducting materials have therefore been substituted for the ordinary conductors because of their extremely low surface resistance, and thus low loss.
The use of superconducting materials results in other complications for manufacturing such devices. First, superconducting materials must be cooled to a temperature at or below their critical temperatures in order to have the desirable low surface resistance. Second, in order for superconducting materials to have a significant benefit, the dielectric material used in conjunction with those superconducting materials must have a low loss tangent. The loss tangent of a dielectric material is defined as the ratio of the imaginary term in its permitivity, .di-elect cons.*, to the real term in its permitivity .di-elect cons..sub.r, or tan .delta.=.di-elect cons.*/.di-elect cons..sub.r. It is manifest as a material property in the form of the Q of a resonator made from the dielectric. If a piece of the dielectric is suspended in free space and allowed to resonate, the quality factor Q, of such a resonator will be Q=1/tan .delta.. Thus, loss tangent may be measured by placing a sample of the material on a polytetrafluoroethylene (virtually invisible to RF) pedestal and measuring its Q factor. Since a superconducting device will operate at cryogenic temperatures, the dielectric material must exhibit such a low loss tangent at those temperatures.
In most materials, the loss tangent of a dielectric material will decrease as the temperature of that dielectric material decreases. See Shield, T. C. et al., "Thick Films of YBCO on Alumina Substrates with Zirconia Barrier Layers," Supercond. Sci. Technol. 5 (1992). However, a dielectric material which exhibits a relatively low loss tangent at room temperature may not have a relatively low loss tangent at cryogenic temperatures.

High-purity polycrystalline alumina cryogenic dielectric


An electric motor assembly includes an electric motor, a fan assembly coupled to the electric motor and configured to rotate therewith about an axis. The bower assembly also includes a shroud coupled to the electric motor and extending about the fan assembly. The shroud includes a central hub coupled to the electric motor, an inlet ring, and a plurality of arms extending between the central hub and the inlet ring. Each arm of the plurality of arms includes a curved radial portion extending from the central hub and a planar axial portion extending from the radial portion to the inlet ring.

The following disclosure relates generally to electric motor assemblies and, more particularly, a fan shroud configuration for electric motor assemblies.
Electric motor assemblies are used in commercial refrigeration equipment, such as display cases, reach-in coolers, ice machines, and others to blow air for cooling products within the equipment. At least some known motor assemblies are relatively large with respect to the size of the equipment in which it is to be used and therefore limits placement of the motor assembly within the equipment and also the available space for products within the equipment. Additionally, at least some known motor assemblies channel a less than desired amount of air at a predetermined speed and static pressure, and are therefore less efficient. In order to channel the desired amount of air, some such known motor assemblies rotate at higher than desired speeds, which generates undesired noise.

Fan shroud for an electric motor assembly


A receiver-dryer of an integrated receiver-dryer-condenser for an air-conditioning system that maximizes a liquid phase of refrigerant therein for return to a sub-cooling stage of a condenser. A receiver-dryer vessel includes a base wall, a side wall extending from the base wall, and a concave end wall terminating the side wall. A refrigerant inlet pipe extends into the interior of the vessel and terminates in an exit end that faces the concave end wall of the vessel. The refrigerant inlet pipe is adapted for directing refrigerant into contact with the concave end wall such that the refrigerant impinges on the concave end wall for improved dispersion into a gaseous phase that accumulates in the upper portion of the vessel and a liquid phase that flows down the walls of the vessel to accumulate in the lower portion of the vessel and for improved separation of the liquid phase and to return to the sub-cooling stage of the condenser for improved sub-cooling of the liquid phase of the refrigerant.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to automotive air conditioning systems. More specifically, this invention is directed to a receiver-dryer for use in an automotive air conditioning system wherein the receiver-dryer includes unique features for improving the efficiency of the separation of a gas phase from a liquid phase of a refrigerant fluid and for redirection of the liquid phase so as to improve sub-cooling of the refrigerant through the receiver-dryer and a condenser.
2. Description of the Related Art
Air-conditioning systems for motor vehicles are well known. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a typical air-conditioning system 10, which essentially includes a compressor 12, a condenser 14, a thermal expansion valve 16, an evaporator 18, a refrigerant line 20 connecting the aforementioned components together, and a refrigerant fluid flowing therethrough (as represented by the various arrows). It is also known to provide a receiver-dryer 22 in a refrigeration circuit between the condenser 14 and the thermal expansion valve 16 to remove particulates and moisture from the refrigerant fluid and thereby protect the downstream components.
At the beginning of a refrigeration cycle, an upstream side 24 of the compressor 12 receives a gaseous phase of the refrigerant fluid. Powered by an engine of the motor vehicle (not shown) via a belt drive 26 and clutch 28 or electrically driven system, the compressor 12 compresses the refrigerant fluid to increase the temperature and pressure to create a superheated vapor and to pump the refrigerant downstream through the refrigerant line 20 to the condenser 14.
Within the condenser 14, the superheated refrigerant fluid changes from its gaseous phase to a mostly liquid phase. The superheated vapor of the refrigerant fluid flows through interior passages 30 of the condenser 14 while ambient air flows over exterior surfaces 32 and cooling fins 34 of the condenser 14. The superheated vapor is much hotter than the ambient air. Thus, the heat of the superheated vapor is given off to the surrounding ambient air flowing over the exterior surfaces 32 and cooling fins 34 of the condenser 14, thereby cooling the refrigerant fluid in accord with heat transfer principles. As the refrigerant fluid continues to flow through the condenser 14 and lose more heat to the surrounding ambient air, it begins to condense from its gaseous phase into a liquid phase. Eventually, the refrigerant fluid exits the condenser 14, mostly in a liquid phase (X) but typically including some gaseous portion, and flows downstream through the refrigerant line 21, and enters the receiver-dryer 22.
The receiver-dryer 22 includes an adsorbent unit 36 therein for dehydrating or removing water from the refrigerant fluid. The receiver-dryer 22 includes an outlet line 38 having a pickup end 40 disposed in a lower region 42 for communicating only liquid phase, and not gaseous phase, refrigerant out of the receiver-dryer 22 and downstream to the thermal expansion valve 16.
The thermal expansion valve 16 "expands" the refrigerant fluid so as to suddenly reduce the pressure of the refrigerant fluid. This sudden reduction in pressure causes the refrigerant fluid to be sprayed through the refrigerant line 20 downstream to the evaporator 18.
Within the evaporator 18, the evaporation process extracts the required evaporator heat from an incoming stream of fresh or recirculating interior air, thereby cooling the air. The now latent heat of liquid fluid phase of the refrigerant fluid changes back into a gaseous phase as a result of the heat received from the fresh or recirculating interior air. While the now relatively cool refrigerant fluid flows through interior passages (not shown) of the evaporator 18, relatively hot ambient air flows over exterior surfaces (not shown) of the evaporator 18, in similar fashion as the condenser 14. The evaporator 18 cools the hot moist ambient air because the humidity or water vapor in the hot ambient air collects or condenses on the exterior surfaces of the evaporator 18. The evaporator 18 also dehumidifies the hot moist ambient air because the moist ambient air is given off to the relatively cold refrigerant flowing through the evaporator 18, thereby warming the refrigerant fluid and cooling the air flowing over the exterior surfaces of the evaporator 18. Thus, a supply of cool, dry, dehumidified air flows away from the evaporator 18 and into a passenger compartment of the motor vehicle (not shown), while the heated gaseous refrigerant flows out of the interior passages of the evaporator 18, through the refrigerant line 20 downstream back to the compressor 12 where the refrigeration cycle repeats.
Referring to prior art FIGS. 5 and 6, there is shown a pressure vs. enthalpy diagram of the prior art refrigeration cycle with pressure depicted along the ordinate and enthalpy depicted along the abscissa. Schematic points O, A, D, and F of FIG. 5 are graphically represented in FIG. 6 as points O, A, D, and F of the refrigeration cycle. In general, path O–A represents the compression stage of the refrigeration cycle, path A–D represents the condensing stage, path D–F represents the expansion stage, and path F–O represents the evaporation stage of the refrigeration cycle. Point B represents the transition point at which the refrigerant condenses from a superheated vapor to a saturated vapor. Point C represents the transition point at which the refrigerant further condenses from a liquid-vapor mixture to a saturated liquid.
In prior art air-conditioning systems, under vehicle usage conditions there may—or may not—be sub-cooling at the output side (range X—in FIG. 6, B–C) of the condenser (14 in FIG. 5), depending upon the state of the refrigerant fluid due to various vehicle performance variables. In other words, and referring to FIG. 6, range X represents the variable nature of the refrigerant fluid temperature at the downstream or output side of the condenser 14 at range X in FIG. 5 and Y1 represents the sub-cooling of prior art refrigeration cycle. Whereas point A is well defined and fixed at the location on the pressure vs. enthalpy diagram as shown, range X is not so well defined and varies along the condenser path A–D of the pressure vs. enthalpy diagram depending upon the vehicle performance variables of vehicle speed and load on the air-conditioning system. The slower the vehicle speed, or at idle condition and, the higher the load on the air-conditioning system, the sub-cooling range Y1 diminishes and may approach zero. Under these conditions, the refrigeration cycle looses sub-cooling capability and operates only in the "X" range. Likewise, point D is dependent upon the amount of sub-cooling that can be performed on the refrigerant beyond point C. In other words, point D is incrementally dependent upon the cooling load and quantity of ambient air flow when the air conditioning system is properly charged with refrigerant.
Referring to FIG. 6, the amount of heat (Q) that can be removed by the condenser (14) is represented by the equation Q=MR134a* (h2−h1). MR134a is the variable mass flow for R134a refrigerant while h2 is the enthalpy at the beginning of the refrigerant entering into the condenser, 14 and h1 is the enthalpy at the receiver dryer outlet D. Assuming a constant mass flow, the greater the range in enthalpy that the air-conditioning system can produce, the greater the heat that can be removed.
More recent advancements in automotive refrigeration suggest structurally integrating a receiver-dryer with a condenser. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,927,102 to Matsuo et al. teaches a receiver that is integrally mounted to a condenser in such a manner as to maintain a constant sub-cool temperature. The '102 patent discloses the condenser as including a pair of opposed and vertically extending first and second header tanks and a core composed of a plurality of tubes extending between the header tanks in a generally horizontal fashion. At the top of the first header tank, an inlet joint is disposed into which superheated refrigerant from the compressor flows. At the bottom of the second header tank, an outlet joint is disposed out of which substantially condensed refrigerant flows. Inner spaces of the header tanks are divided by separators into an upper space into which the superheated refrigerant flows and a lower space into which flows refrigerant cooled down in the core. The receiver is mounted to the condenser in fluidic communication between the upper and lower spaces of the condenser. More specifically, the receiver-dryer is mounted to the condenser such that the receiver does not overlap with the upper space in order to minimize heat transfer from the incoming superheated refrigerant to the refrigerant fluid collected in the receiver, thereby minimizing evaporation of the refrigerant fluid. Accordingly, a "whole" space of the receiver can be reserved for adding make up refrigerant to compensate for loss of refrigerant due to leakage, while maintaining a constant sub-cool temperature.
From the above, it can be appreciated that receiver-dryers of the prior art are not fully optimized. For example, while the '102 patent does teach passive stabilization of the sub-cooling temperature of the condenser, it does not teach active optimization of sub-cooling of the condenser. In other words, the '102 patent focuses on passively avoiding evaporation of the liquid phase of the refrigerant fluid within the condenser, rather than actively maximizing condensing of the gas phase into the liquid phase. Moreover, the performance of the prior art receiver-dryer of FIGS. 5 and 6 is excessively dependent upon vehicle operating conditions and air conditioning demand. Thus, there remains a need for an integrated receiver-dryer that is less dependent upon vehicle operating conditions and air conditioning demand, and that not only minimizes evaporation of a liquid phase therein, but also maximizes the liquid phase so as to return relatively more liquid phase to the condenser for additional sub-cooling, thereby enabling the condenser to consistently output 100% sub-cooled liquid phase refrigerant.

Receiver-dryer for improving refrigeration cycle efficiency


Disclosed is a catalyst composite containing a metal catalyst and a specifically defined carbon support containing a carbonaceous material. For example, the carbon support may have a total pore surface area of about 800 m2/g or more and about 2,000 m2/g or less where about 20% or less of the total pore surface area is micro pore surface area. Alternatively the carbon support may have a total pore volume of at least about 0.75 cc/g where about 15% or less of the total pore volume is micro pore volume. Alternatively, the carbon support may have a phosphorus content of about 0.75% by weight or less. Also disclosed are methods of making and using the catalyst composite.

Catalytic processes are indispensable in the chemical industry. Frequently, catalytic processes employ a catalyst that is incorporated on a support. Effective use of the catalyst often corresponds to the quality of the catalyst support. Poor quality catalyst supports, due to at least one of poor structure, physical degradation, chemical degradation, undesirable properties, and inconsistent properties, limit the effectiveness of catalysts incorporated therein. Conditions such as high temperatures, high pressures, and high or low pH environments present challenges to the integrity of catalyst supports.
Palladium catalysts are employed in synthetic organic chemistry, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, for debenzylation. Commercially available palladium debenzylation catalysts are made on a carbon support having a surface area below 1,000 m2/g, wherein about 50% of the surface area is located in micro pores (below 20 Å). Such carbon supports also have a ratio of micro pore volume to total pore volume of 20% or more.
Non-carbon catalyst supports are employed in catalytic processes in attempts to overcome the disadvantages associated with conventional carbon supported catalysts. Non-carbon supports include alumina supports, silica supports, alumina-silica supports, various clay supports, titania, and zirconium supports. However, there are at least one of two disadvantages associated with non-carbon catalyst supports; namely, that they may loose physical strength, and that they are dissolved in corrosive environments (such as acidic solutions).
Debenzylation involves separating a benzyl group from a functional group. One attractive use for debenzylation is cleaving a benzyl protective group from an amino or hydroxy functional group during organic synthesis. For example, during the synthesis of a multifunctional organic compound, reactive sites must be temporarily blocked until completion of the compound. Otherwise, reactive sites such as amino or hydroxy functional groups undesirably participate in reactions designed to create the compound of interest. Benzyl groups are consequently often employed as protective groups to prevent unwanted reactions.
The effectiveness and usefulness of a given protective group is determined, in part, by the ease in which it can be attached and subsequently removed from the organic compound being synthesized. Using conventional palladium debenzylation catalysts, it is sometimes difficult to reach a sharp end point for deprotection using benzyl protective groups. As a result, synthetic organic chemists sometimes select non-catalytic techniques for deprotection.
The effectiveness and usefulness of a given protective group is also determined, in part, by the selectivity associated with deprotection (removal of the protective group from the compound of interest). There are two notable aspects to selectivity.
First, in some instances, the same protective group may be employed to protect two or more different functional groups. Selectivity thus refers to the ability to remove the protective group from one functional group without removing it from another, different functional group. For example in organic synthesis, it may be desirable to cleave a first benzyl protective group from an amino functional group while not cleaving a second benzyl protective group from a hydroxy functional group located at a different position on the compound of interest.
Second, selectivity may refer to the ability to remove the protective group from a functional group without causing any unwanted side reactions. In this connection, deprotection using palladium debenzylation catalysts involves hydrogenolysis of the benzyl protective group. However, hydrogenolysis may hydrogenate a number of functional groups that may be present in the organic compound of interest. Groups such as C═C, C≡C, C≡N, —RNO2, -aryl-halogen, and the like can be hydrogenated under relatively mild conditions using palladium catalysts.
Finally, the effectiveness and usefulness of a given protective group is determined, in part, by cost considerations. Deprotection of amine groups often requires relatively large amounts of palladium catalyst. This coupled with the high cost of palladium metal, sometimes works to disfavor the use of palladium catalysts.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Precious metal catalyst for debenzylation


A degassing system for an accumulator includes a corso with a degassing opening, a pin that is arranged in the corso, at least one flap that is mounted such that it can rotate around the pin, a spring that is arranged to exert a torque on the at least one flap, and a seal that is arranged such that the at least one flap rests on the seal in a rest position and closes the degassing opening.

The invention relates to a degassing system for an accumulator, in particular for hybrid accumulators, nickel-metal-hydride accumulators and lithium-ion accumulators.
The invention furthermore relates to an accumulator having a degassing system.
High-power accumulators with high energy densities in the electrochemical cells are used in particular in hybrid vehicles and in electrical vehicles.
The high energy densities lead to a large amount of heat being developed. In order to maintain the performance of the accumulators and to make it possible to ensure the performance in a wide operating window, effective cooling of the accumulators is necessary. It is furthermore necessary for the accumulators to have a safety system which acts in the event of overheating of the accumulators, in order in particular to prevent an explosion of the cells.
In addition to effective cooling and a safety system for protection against overheating, high-power accumulators require a safety system for protection of the accumulator against excessive gas pressure in the accumulator. The excessive gas pressure can lead to sudden reactions and to ignition of the accumulator. This can endanger people and the surrounding area.
Furthermore, the interior of the accumulators must be protected against dust and against water splashes caused, for example, by high-pressure cleaners or steam jets.
One object of the present invention is therefore to provide a degassing system for an accumulator, which offers effective protection against excessive gas pressure and against external contamination. A further object of the present invention is to provide an accumulator housing and an accumulator which are effectively protected against excessive gas pressure and against external contamination.

Degassing system for an accumulator, and accumulator comprising a degassing system

Johnson Controls Hybrid and Recycling GmbH


A new jerky hanging rack for facilitating the curing of meat strips which have been seasoned with a preferred recipe of ingredients by supporting the meat strips a finite distance apart allowing aeration of the meat strips until cured. The inventive device includes a rack structure formed into an elongated U-shaped structure with a first upper member and a second upper member secured to the cornice of the rack structure in opposition to one another, where the upper members include a plurality of skewer slots which receive a plurality of skewer members.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cooking devices and more particularly pertains to a new jerky hanging rack for facilitating the curing of meat strips which have been seasoned with a preferred recipe of ingredients by supporting the meat strips a finite distance apart allowing aeration of said meat strips until cured.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of cooking devices is known in the prior art. More specifically, cooking devices heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art cooking devices include U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,764; U.S. Pat. No. 4,112,833; U.S. Design Pat. No. 260,227; U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,344; U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,528 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,942,288.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not disclose a new jerky hanging rack. The inventive device includes a rack structure formed into an elongated U-shaped structure with a first upper member and a second upper member secured to the cornice of the rack structure in opposition to one another, where said upper members include a plurality of skewer slots which receive a plurality of skewer members.
In these respects, the jerky hanging rack according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of facilitating the curing of meat strips which have been seasoned with a preferred recipe of ingredients by supporting the meat strips a finite distance apart allowing aeration of said meat strips until cured.


The present invention provides a transfer assembly for transferring a fluid between a vessel and a vial and a method for using same. The vial may be a maximum recovery vial. The vessel has a body with an open end and a slidable piston positioned within the body through the open end. The maximum recovery vial has an inner chamber with an open end and a closed end and a penetrable seal covering the open end of the inner chamber. The transfer assembly includes a housing having first and second open ends and a bore extending between the first and second open ends. The housing is connectable to the piston. The transfer assembly also includes a conduit having first and second ends and first and second apertures adjacent to the first and second ends, respectively. The conduit is longitudinally slidable within the bore between a retracted position in which the first aperture is positioned within at least one of the housing and the piston when the housing is connected to the piston, and an activated position in which the first aperture protrudes through the piston into the body of the vessel when the housing is connected to the piston. The transfer assembly also includes a vial socket assembly having a vial socket and a hollow piercing member. The vial socket is sized and shaped for receiving and engaging at least a portion of the maximum recovery vial including the penetrable seal. The hollow piercing member has a first open end in fluid communication with the conduit and a second open end for piercing the penetrable seal of the maximum recovery vial. The hollow piercing member is sized to extend substantially the full length of the inner chamber of the maximum recovery vial when the maximum recovery vial is fully engaged in the vial socket. The vial socket assembly is moveable longitudinally relative to the housing in concert with the conduit.

Traditionally, a syringe is filled manually by aspirating a liquid pharmaceutical component from a pharmaceutical vial having a neck with a penetrable closure into the syringe through a needle that penetrates the penetrable closure. The method of manually filling the syringe typically includes the following steps: (a) drawing air into the body of the syringe by pulling the syringe's plunger away from the needle end of the syringe until the volume of air in the body approximately equals the volume of pharmaceutical component to be loaded into the syringe; (b) carefully aligning the needle with the vial's penetrable closure and inserting the needle through the penetrable closure into the vial; (c) inverting the vial and forcing the air from the body of the syringe into the vial by advancing the syringe's plunger; (d) withdrawing the plunger to draw out the desired volume of the pharmaceutical component into the syringe; and (e) removing the needle from the vial.
This method suffers from various disadvantages. Firstly, the user is exposed to the unprotected needle tip, which can result in accidental stabbings or prickings to the user. Secondly, if the user wishes to draw a large volume of the pharmaceutical component into the syringe (e.g., 10 cc) an equivalent volume of air must be forced into the vial. This can increase the pressure in the pharmaceutical vial to the point where the pharmaceutical component may spray through the puncture point made by the needle in the penetrable seal and onto the user. These accidents are particularly dangerous if the pharmaceutical component is unsafe to the user, for example where it includes toxic oncology pharmaceuticals. Thirdly, the sterility of the needle may be compromised during the process of transferring the pharmaceutical component from the vial to the syringe.
Additionally, many pharmaceutical preparations must be distributed and stored as two or more separate components, for example such as a solid lyophilized component and a liquid component. The two components are mixed just prior to administration. In the case of a solid and liquid component, the pharmaceutical preparation may be reconstituted by: (a) providing a first solid component packaged in a pharmaceutical vial having a neck closed by a penetrable closure; (b) providing a second liquid component in a syringe; (c) injecting the second liquid component into the vial through the penetrable closure; (d) swirling the vial impaled on the syringe to dissolve, dilute or suspend the first solid component in the second component; and (e) aspirating the combined components back into the syringe. Alternatively, the two or more components may be liquid and require mixing just prior to administration. The mixing may be accomplished in an analogous manner. These methods suffer from many of the disadvantages described above.
Some medical treatments require the administration of a relatively small dosage of a pharmaceutical composition. Examples of such medical treatments include, but are not limited to, ocular treatments, ovulation induction treatments, tuberculin tests, and diabetes treatment. In some cases, the composition can be relatively viscous, which may tend to cause some of the composition to remain or be "held up" in the vial. These types of pharmaceutical compositions tend to be very expensive both to manufacture and administer. For these reasons, it is desirable to minimize the volume of pharmaceutical composition that is "held up" or left behind in the dispensing container.
For vials containing a pharmaceutical component in lyophilized form, there can be a tendency of the pharmaceutical component to cake onto the inner walls of the vial during lyophilization. Such caking of the lyophilized pharmaceutical component on the vial walls can make mixing of the component with a diluent more difficult.

Fluid transfer assembly for pharmaceutical delivery system and method for using same


A ball bearing for rectilinear sliding, in which balls can be easily placed. The ball bearing includes a slide guide member which is slidably fitted onto a raceway track base and which has a slide member. A ball retaining material retains one side portion of the balls placed in load ball grooves of an inner surface of the slide member, and ball retaining flexible materials are provided on the inner surface of the wing portions of the slide member while another side portion of the balls is being retained. Thus, the balls placed in the load ball grooves are retained by the ball retaining material and the ball retaining flexible materials.

For example, as disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Unexamined Publication No. Hei 1-174625 and Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 57-38812, a ball bearing for rectilinear sliding shown in FIG. 1 is conventional.
These conventional art ball bearings include a raceway track base 51 having ball rolling grooves 50 on the upper and lower portions of both sides thereof and a slide guide member, wherein wing portions 54 are formed at the both sides of a horizontal portion 53 extending downwardly in a perpendicular direction so as to form a concave portion 55 by the horizontal portion 53 and the wing portions 54. Load ball grooves 56 are provided at upper and lower portions on the inside surface of the respective wing portions 54, and no-load ball raceway tracks 57 are provided, corresponding to the load ball grooves 56, through the respective wing portions 54 so as to form a slide member 58. Plastic caps (not illustrated) having respective return grooves, corresponding to the load ball grooves 56 and the no-load ball raceway tracks 57, at right and left portions thereof are provided at the front and rear end surfaces of the slide member 58, so that four endless ball (hereinafter referred to as "ball endless") circulation passages are formed by the load ball grooves 56, the ball rolling grooves 50, no-load ball raceway tracks 57 and the return grooves. A ball retainer 60 having ball projecting windows 59 shown in FIG. 2 is fixed on the concave portion 55 formed by the horizontal portion 53 and both wing portions 54. Balls 52 are placed into the ball endless circulation passages, and the balls 52 are retained by the ball retainer 60. The slide guide member which comprises slide member 58 with balls 52 and ball retainer 60 is fitted onto the raceway track base 51, and as a result, the slide guide member is provided slidably relative to the raceway track base 51.
Since these conventional structures shown in FIG. 1 and 2 have the above-described structure, they have a disadvantage in that it is very difficult to place the balls 52 into the ball endless circulation passages.
To describe the placing work for balls 52 concretely, firstly, a cap having return grooves is fixed to one end surface of the slide member 58. Secondly, the ball retainer 60 shown in FIG. 2 is fixed on the inside surface of the slide member 58, the balls 52 are inserted, being supported by the slide member 58, one by one into the gaps, formed by the ball retainer 60 and the load ball groove 56, and into the no-load ball raceway tracks 57. After the predetermined number of balls 52 have been inserted, finally, another cap is fixed to another end surface of the slide member 58.
However, since the balls 52 are inserted into the gaps formed by the load ball groove 56 and the ball retainer 60 and the no-load ball raceway track 57, which are approximately equivalent in diameter with the balls 52, the balls 52 cannot be inserted adequately into the gaps and the no-load ball raceway tracks 57 and such placement is very difficult.
Moreover, since the predetermined number of the balls 52 must be placed into the ball endless circulation passages, when the cap is fixed to another end surface of the slide member 58 at last, grease is applied in the return grooves of the cap, and several balls 52 are attached to the grease so that the predetermined number of the balls are placed into the ball endless circulation passages. Subsequently, the cap is fixed to another end surface of the slide member 58 so that the balls 52 are prevented from fallingout. Even, under this condition, i.e., in the conventional manner, it is difficult to place balls into the ball endless circulation passages and to automate such a process.


A control method for a hybrid vehicle includes a generator and an electric motor, the generator being configured to charge a battery by use of power of an engine, the electric motor being configured to drive driving wheels by electric power of the battery. The control method having driving the engine at a first rotation speed when a charging amount of the battery decreases to a first charging threshold; changing the engine to driving at a second rotation speed larger than the first rotation speed when the engine is driven at the first rotation speed and the charging amount decreases to a second charging threshold smaller than the first charging threshold; and continuing driving of the engine until the charging amount becomes equal to or more than a charging end threshold larger than the first charging threshold.

A hybrid vehicle disclosed in JP 2010-173389 A is an electric vehicle in which driving wheels are driven by a motor, and a generator is driven by an engine, the generator being configured to charge a battery serving as a drive source for the motor. Such an electric vehicle is called a series hybrid vehicle because the engine, the generator, and the motor are connected in series.

Hybrid vehicle control method and hybrid vehicle control device


A visualization system, in the case where a prediction target is expressed by a sum of a plurality of partial prediction targets, includes: a reception unit 81 for receiving designation of a method of compiling the partial prediction targets into a plurality of groups; a learning unit 82 for learning, for at least one of the groups, a model having, as an objective variable, a sum of partial prediction targets included in the group; and a first display control unit 83 for causing a display device to display parameters constituting the model.

To obtain a prediction result as a whole, instead of generating a prediction model for each individual target, a plurality of targets may be grouped to perform prediction for each group.
For example, Patent Literature (PTL) 1 describes a method of constructing a model for demand prediction. With the method described in PTL 1, a plurality of contract units are classified into any number of groups based on a feature of demand that changes in chronological order and corresponds to each element capable of influencing the demand regarding the contract unit. A prediction model that is a demand model is then constructed for each group, and the constructed prediction model and a prediction model list that is a list of the prediction models of the groups are output. For each prediction model in the prediction model list, demand in the prediction model is predicted, and all predicted demands are combined to calculate total demand prediction and the calculated total demand prediction is output.

Visualization system, visualization method, and visualization program


A range extinction simulator system that simulates an outdoor laser test range in a relatively small area, which provides for a computer controlled, electronic laser range simulator used to test laser rangefinders. The system evaluates a laser rangefinder's output energy and programs a laser transmitter to fire into the rangefinder at a specific optical power level needed to simulate a return signal from a target for a given range, atmospheric attenuation, and target reflectivity. This invention allows laser rangefinders to be tested without the necessity of a long distance (typically outdoor) laser range. The system provides for a significant cost savings over current test systems and improves the ability to perform varied tests on laser rangefinders. The specific advantages that are realized are the elimination of the outdoor, fixed range, laser test facility with its associated maintenance and safety problems; the elimination of the necessity to move hardware to be tested from the manufacturing floor or development laboratory to the outdoor laser range for testing; the ability to test laser rangefinders during bad weather; and the ability to test laser rangefinders at variable ranges, target reflectivities, and atmospheric conditions, rather than at a single fixed range, single target reflectivity, and uncontrolled atmospheric conditions.

The present invention relates generally to manufacturing test equipment, and more particularly, to laser rangefinder test equipment that provides for laser range simulation.
In the early 1970's, the assignee of the present invention developed a range simulator known as a simulated optical range target (SORT). This range simulator utilized a long aluminum clad optical fiber, a termination mirror, and a thick lens collimator to simulate a target at a given distance. In operation, the SORT is placed in front of a laser rangefinder under test, the center of the laser rangefinder's reticule is superimposed on the SORT's optical fiber and the laser rangefinder is fired. The output pulse of laser light from the laser rangefinder is attenuated and focused by the thick lens collimator onto the single long optical fiber. The light travels down the fiber until it reaches the termination mirror, i.e., the simulated target, placed at the end of the fiber. Upon striking the termination mirror, the laser light is reflected back up the fiber, back through the thick lens collimator, and into the laser rangefinder. The rangefinder then calculates the range of the simulated target so that an operator may compare the calculated range to the calibrated range for the particular SORT being used. A laser rangefinder determines target range by calculating the time needed for the laser light emitted by the laser rangefinder's laser to travel to a target and return to the laser rangefinder. Although the simulated optical range target is still in limited use, it suffers from several major drawbacks.
Because the glass optical fiber used in the SORT does not transmit light at mid and far infrared wavelengths, i.e., wavelengths beyond 2,000 nanometers (nm), the simulated optical range target cannot be used to test laser rangefinders which operate at wavelengths beyond 2,000 nm. A common example of a laser rangefinder which operates in the far infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is the CO.sub.2 laser rangefinder which operates at 10,060 nm. Optical fibers which transmit light in the infrared wavelengths currently do not exist in a form that could be adapted for use with the SORT. Another limitation is the physical length of the optical fiber cannot be increased once a SORT is manufactured, the simulated target range is therefore not variable but limited to that range established at the time the particular SORT was constructed.
Other limitations with SORT revolve around its calibration. A laser target range facility is needed to calibrate the simulated optical range target. This facility, usually constructed outdoors, typically requires at least one laser target placed at a visually unobstructed minimum surveyed distance in excess of 200 meters (typically 500 meters) from the operational laser rangefinder which will be used in the SORT calibration. The laser rangefinder is first fired at the real target and its calculated range compared to the surveyed range of the test target. This verifies the proper operation of the laser rangefinder. The rangefinder is then used to calibrated the SORT. Since real laser target range facilities are extremely costly to construct and maintain and since the propagation of laser radiation through the atmosphere is susceptible to adverse weather conditions, the calibrated value, of a particular SORT, is typically verified only once (at the time of manufacture) and is only as good as visibility and other weather conditions on the day of calibration. Atmospheric conditions, such as (light) scattering, (light) transmission, etc., vary daily (or even hourly), an absolute, repeatable, calibration of a particular SORT can therefore rarely be accomplished.
A final major problem with the simulated optical range target is its difficulty in accurately simulating multiple target returns. Most factory acceptance tests require that a laser rangefinder demonstrate its ability to distinguish between two targets placed in close proximity (typically 10-20 meters apart) to each other. Although adequate for in field testing of laser rangefinders, the lack of a reliable absolute calibration and the difficulty in simulating multiple targets has rendered the use of SORT unacceptable for factory acceptance testing.
In the late 1970's, the assignee of the present invention worked on an electronic simulated range device (SRD). This device utilized a laser diode to opto-electrically simulate the return signal that a laser rangefinder would see when fired at a target. In operation, the SRD was placed in front of the laser rangefinder to be tested and the laser rangefinder was connected to the simulated range device through a test connector. The test connector allowed access to the laser rangefinder's "A-trigger" signal. This is the signal generated when the laser rangefinder's laser is fired; it is the signal that starts the laser rangefinders range counter circuit. A return signal delay time was set into the SRD's electronics prior to testing the laser rangefinder. This delay time would correspond to the time it would normally take for the laser rangefinder's emitted laser light to travel a particular distance (target range) and return to the laser rangefinder under test.
An operator would then fire the laser rangefinder to begin the test. Upon firing, the laser rangefinder's "A-trigger" started the simulated range device's counter and at the selected delay time, the simulated range device fired its laser diode into the laser rangefinder's receiver to simulate the target's return signal. The operator could then compare the laser rangefinder's calculated range to the range for the specific delay time set on the simulated range device. For convenience, the SRD's delay time was displayed on the SRD's control panel as a range. Although the simulated range device allowed limited testing with laser rangefinders that utilize non-common transmitter and receiver optics, SRD development was suspended after several years because of its inability to successfully test laser rangefinders that utilize common optical paths. The simulated range device suffered from several shortcomings.
The simulated range device would not work with laser rangefinders that utilize common optical paths because with common optical paths, the SRD's diode laser was destroyed by its exposure to the laser radiation generated by the laser rangefinder's output beam when the laser rangefinder under test was fired. The SRD only operated at two wavelength (694.3 nm and 1060 nm) and could therefore only be used to test laser rangefinder's operating at these wavelengths. Since the output energy of the laser rangefinder under test was not measured, no attempt was made to set the SRD laser diode's pulse to an output energy level that would represent the amount of energy that the laser rangefinder would see reflected from a real target. No attempt was made to set the optical characteristics (polarization, pulse width, etc.) of the SRD's diode laser's output pulse to represent the optical characteristics of that the laser rangefinder would see reflected from a real target.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide for a target range/extinction simulator that can be electronically calibrated and eliminates the need for an outdoor laser test facility. It is another objective to allow a laser rangefinder that utilizes a common transmitter and receiver optical path to be tested against both single and multiple simulated targets. It is a further objective to provide for manufacturing test equipment that permits increased production flow (thus reducing cost) by eliminating the necessity to move laser rangefinders to and from a laser test facility and to further provide for field test equipment that permits testing of laser rangefinders in areas where laser operation would otherwise be prohibited because of eye injury hazards.

Laser rangefinder testing system incorporationg range simulation


A preservation method for biological material having cell membranes includes microinjecting the cells with sugar; preparing the cells for storage; storing the biological material; and recovering the stored biological material from storage. The invention also features a method of culturing a cell in vitro using a hypertonic medium. Carbohydrate sugars such as trehalose, sucrose, fructose, dextran, and raffinose, may be used as bio-protective agents or in the culture medium.

In recent years, chemotherapy and radiation therapy of patients with cancer has been increasingly successful and sustained remissions have been achieved. However, the chronic side effects of these therapies to the reproductive systems of long-term survivors is of particular concern. These effects for women include depletion of ovarian germ cells and sterility. Due to the potential loss of future fertility of those exposed to cancer therapy, a need for oocyte banking has developed. Oocyte freezing, when combined with in vitro fertilization, may be beneficial to women desiring future fertility who are anticipating loss of gonadal function from extirpative therapy, radiation, or chemotherapy. Oocyte freezing may also provide a possible alternative to human embryo freezing, thus avoiding many of the legal and ethical problems encountered in embryo freezing.
The first successful cryopreservation of human embryos was achieved in 1983 and embryo freezing is now a routine procedure. In contrast, very limited success has been reported with cryopreservation of human oocytes. Only five successful pregnancies have been reported with more than 1500 cryopreserved oocytes. Therefore, the current methods of freezing are still considered experimental and novel approaches are needed to overcome the difficulty encountered by cryopreservation of the human oocyte.
Traditional cryopreservation techniques include penetrating cryoprotectants at concentrations of 1 to 2 M with, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or ethylene glycol, followed by a slow freezing rate (0.3 to 0.5° C./min). Typically, oocytes are damaged due to long-term exposure to deleterious freezing conditions, including excessive dehydration and high electrolyte concentrations. An alternative approach, called vitrification (i.e., formation of glassy material without crystallization of ice, uses high concentrations of cryoprotectant mixtures (6 to 8 M) followed by rapid cooling in order to avoid the lethal effects of freezing on oocytes.
Though an attractive alternative, vitrification procedures suffer from the toxic and osmotic effects of high cryoprotectant concentration on sensitive cells. Neither of these two approaches (slow freeze-thaw and rapid vitrification) has resulted in a reliably successful outcome for cryopreservation of human oocytes. Thus, there is a need for a reliable technique for human oocyte storage. In order to provide the preservation of mammalian cells necessary for application of living cells as a therapeutic tool in clinical medical care, new protocols for preserving living nucleated cells using low levels of non-toxic preservation agents and having simple procedures applicable to a variety of cells must be developed.

Microinjection of cryoprotectants for preservation of cells


To provide a resist polymer comprising, as a structural unit, an acid-decomposable unit having a structure represented by formula (1) or (2) which exhibits a small line edge roughness and produces little defects in DUV excimer laser lithography or the like.

In recent years, in the field of microfabrication in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and liquid crystal devices, a finer fabrication technique is rapidly advancing due to the progress of a lithography technology. Typically, shorter wavelength of irradiation light has been used as the finer fabrication technique. Specifically, the irradiation light has been changed from conventional ultraviolet rays typified by the g-line (wavelength: 438 nm) and the i-line (wavelength: 365 nm) to DUV (Deep Ultra Violet) rays.
Presently, KrF excimer laser (wavelength: 248 nm) lithography technology has been introduced into the market, and ArF excimer laser (wavelength: 193 nm) lithography technology, which is directed toward a laser with a shorter wavelength, is being introduced. Moreover, F2 excimer laser (wavelength: 157 nm) lithography technology is studied as a next generation technology. Furthermore, electron beams lithography technology and EUV lithography technology using an extreme ultra violet light (EUV light) around a wavelength of 13.5 nm are also intensively studied as lithography technologies somewhat different from the technologies.
As a resist with high resolution for such an irradiation light with a short wavelength or electron beams, a "chemically amplified resist" containing a photo acid generator has been proposed, and at present, improvement and development of a chemically amplified resist have vigorously been progressing.
As a resist resin used in ArF excimer laser lithography, an acryl resin that is transparent to a light with a wavelength of 193 nm has received attention. As such an acrylic resin, Patent Document 1 discloses a chemically amplified resist composition containing a polymer which exhibits alkali solubility by the decomposition of a side chain thereof.
However, when such a polymer is used as a resist composition for ArF excimer laser lithography, there is a problem in the solubility thereof in a developer. The problem causes defects and large line edge roughness.
On the other hand, in KrF excimer laser lithography, Patent Document 2 describes a resist composition having high resolution and excellent etching resistance. In this document, a hydroxylstyrene resin prepared by copolymerizing a crosslinking agent having an acid-decomposing tertiary ester structure is used as a raw material.
However, since the resin described in Patent Document 2 is a styrene resin, it cannot be used for ArF excimer laser lithography. An acrylic resin prepared by copolymerizing the crosslinking agent having a tertiary ester structure as described in Patent Document 2 may be used. However, line edge roughness or defects cannot sufficiently be improved even if the crosslinking agent having an acid-decomposing tertiary ester structure is simply copolymerized with an acrylic resin.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-122007    Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-62656

Resist polymer, resist composition, process for pattern formation, and starting compounds for production of the resist polymer

Abstract: In formulas (1) and (2), n represents an integer of 2 to 24; J represents a single bond or a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent/heteroatom when n=2, or represents an n-valent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent/heteroatom when n≧3; E represents a residue of a polymerization terminator, a chain transfer agent or a polymerization initiator; K1 and K2 each represent at least one selected from alkylene, cycloalkylene, oxyalkylene, arylene, a divalent thiazoline ring, a divalent oxazoline ring and a divalent imidazoline ring; L1 and L2 each represent at least one selected from —C(O)O—, —C(O)— and —OC(O)—; M1, M2 and M3 each represent at least one selected from alkylene, cycloalkylene, oxyalkylene and arylene; Y, Y1 and Y2 each represent an acid-decomposable linkage; k1, k2, l1, l2, m1, m2, and m3 each represent 0 or 1; and R1 represents H or a methyl group.


An organic light emitting display device includes a first electrode formed on a substrate and being a reflective electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode and being a semi-transparent electrode, and red, green and blue emission layers formed between the first and second electrodes, wherein a maximum electroluminescent peak of the redemission layer and a maximum photoluminescence peak of a host included in the red emission layer satisfy Equation 1 below:REDELλmax−RHPLλmax≧120 nm  <Equation 1>wherein REDELλmax is a maximum electroluminescent peak of the red emission layer, and RHPLλmax is a maximum photoluminescence peak of a red host included in the red emission layer.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic light emitting display device with enhanced color purity according to viewing angle.
Discussion of the Related Art
Organic light emitting display devices, which one form of flat panel display device, are self-emissive devices and have faster response speed, higher luminous efficacy, higher luminance, and wider viewing angle than other flat panel display devices. An organic light emitting display device includes an anode, a cathode facing the anode, and an organic emission layer (EML) disposed therebetween. Holes injected from the anode and electrons injected from the cathode are recombined in the organic EML, forming excitons, which are electron-hole pairs and the excitons return to the ground state, thus releasing energy, whereby light is emitted.
As a method of enhancing optical efficiency by effectively extracting light emitted from an organic EML, microcavity is used. In a top emission structure, microcavity is based on a principle in which light is repeatedly reflected by a reflective electrode (e.g., an anode) and a semi-transparent electrode (e.g., a cathode) spaced a set distance apart (i.e., an optical path length), and strong interference effects between these light beams occurs and thus light having a particular wavelength is amplified and light having other wavelengths excluding the particular wavelength is eliminated.
In a microcavity structure, however, an optical path at the front and an optical path at the side differ and thus a wavelength of light that causes resonance is changed. Accordingly, the optical path at the side with a greater viewing angle than that of the front is relatively long and resonance light emitted is shifted towards short wavelengths. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, a maximum electroluminescent peak of a red light emitting cell is shifted towards short wavelengths by about 75 to 85 nm at a viewing angle of 60° as compared to a viewing angle of 0°, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, a maximum electroluminescent peak of a green light emitting cell is shifted towards short wavelengths by about 36 to 50 nm at a viewing angle of 60° as compared to a viewing angle of 0°, and as illustrated in FIG. 1C, a maximum electroluminescent peak of a blue light emitting cell is shifted towards short wavelengths by about 10 to 14 nm at a viewing angle of 60° as compared to a viewing angle of 0°. This is because, when a non-uniform doping region is formed in an EML, light is emitted by an undoped host. Accordingly, a color shift phenomenon according to viewing angle occurs and thus a conventional organic light emitting display device has reduced reliability in color purity.


Provided is a system and method for generating job posting content through machine learning. In one example, the method may include storing text content of previous postings, receiving target attributes of a candidate that is a subject of a new posting, identifying, via a machine learning model, a subset of previous postings from among the previous postings which are most closely related to the new posting based on the target attributes of the candidate with respect to content of the previous postings, and detecting text objects from the identified subset of previous postings and outputting a display of the detected text objects.

Hiring professionals often turn to the Internet when trying to attract new employees. One of the roles of the hiring professional is to create job postings which may be posted to online resources (websites, mobile apps, etc.). While the process of creating a job posting is rather simple, creating an effective job posting can be difficult. For a job posting to be successful, the job posting often requires a clear explanation of the job requirements and target attributes of the ideal candidate. However, in many cases, job postings include corporate jargon which prevents job seekers from understanding if they are qualified for the job opportunity. This leads many people to simply press a button and send their resume. As a result, a hiring professional may receive and must review a significant amount of unqualified candidates which creates delays in the overall hiring process.
Throughout the drawings and the detailed description, unless otherwise described, the same drawing reference numerals will be understood to refer to the same elements, features, and structures. The relative size and depiction of these elements may be exaggerated or adjusted for clarity, illustration, and/or convenience.

Machine-learning creation of job posting content