A mold for manufacturing a climate control duct, which has a protrusion formed on an outer peripheral surface thereof and is formed from a foamed resin, includes a groove provided on at least a part of a surface of the mold for transfer of a shape of the protrusion. The groove of the mold satisfies a relation D<W<4×D, in which W represents a width of the groove and D represents a depth of the groove.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a climate control duct for use in automobiles and the like, and also relates to such a climate control duct.
2. Related Art
There has been known a climate control duct for vehicles, which guides climate control air to be supplied from an air conditioner unit into a desired site (e.g., refer to Patent Document 1). The climate control duct for vehicles has lattice-shaped protuberances formed on an outer peripheral surface thereof. The protuberance is allowed to prevent a drop of condensed moisture adhering to the surface of the duct.
There has also been known a duct for air coolers, which is formed of a blow-molded foam (e.g., refer to Patent Document 2). The duct for air coolers is excellent in heat insulating property because of a large number of independent bubbles contained therein. In addition, the duct for air coolers has a groove formed on an outer peripheral surface thereof, and the groove is formed in a "V" shape when being seen in a cross section thereof. The groove is allowed to prevent a drop of condensed moisture because the condensed moisture is retained at a bottom thereof. Herein, the duct has a protrusion formed on an inner circumferential surface thereof in correspondence with the groove. The protrusion is allowed to prevent an increase in amount of condensed moisture adhering to the outer peripheral surface so as to encourage stagnation of air flow near the inner circumferential surface.
The documents that describe the related art are listed below.
Patent Document 1: JP 07-257149 A
Patent Document 2: JP 2006-017392 A
With regard to conventional climate control ducts such as the climate control duct described in Patent Document 1 and the duct described in Patent Document 2, however, when an outer peripheral surface is configured to have irregularities formed thereon, an inner circumferential surface is also configured to have irregularities formed thereon (e.g., see FIG. 10 in Patent Document 1 and see FIG. 4 in Patent Document 2).
These irregularities result in stagnation of air near the inner circumferential surface of the climate control duct to hinder climate control air from passing through the duct. Consequently, there arises a problem that the irregularities formed on the inner circumferential surface causes reduction in ventilation efficiency.
In a case of molding a climate control duct in such a manner that a foamed resin is subjected to blow molding, further, the foamed resin is not embedded so much in a groove of a mold. Consequently, there is a possibility that a shape of a protrusion to be formed on the outer peripheral surface of the duct differs from a target shape. In this case, further, there is a possibility that the duct fails to satisfactorily exhibit the advantage of preventing the drop of condensed moisture.

Method for manufacturing climate control duct, and climate control duct


A method for operating a controller for a plurality of direct access storage devices to minimize rotational misses during data transfer operations. Transferred data is staged into a controller cache when a rotational position sensing miss avoidance reconnection is made. Circumstances are detailed for qualifying an operation pending on direct access storage devices for treatment as miss avoidance candidates. Adjustment of controller response depending upon foreknowledge that a channel command word chain includes a write operation is also accomplished utilizing the present method.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates data storage systems for data processing systems and more particularly relates to controllers for disk drives and to a system and method for rotational position sensing miss avoidance in disk drive units where serving a plurality of host computer systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Data processing systems frequently include large scale storage devices such as Direct Access Storage Devices ("DASD"), located externally to the host computer and sometimes at significant distances therefrom. Communication from the host computer to the DASD is accomplished over signal cables, called channels, extending between the host and the control unit.
DASD units frequently use a Count Key Data architecture (CKD) where records written on the track are provided with a count field (an ID) a key field and a data field. Count-key-data type direct access storage devices are a class of disk drive type data storage devices commonly employed with midrange and main frame computers. Historically, data transfer between count-key-data type disk drive units and host computer systems has been a synchronous operation. The connection of elements providing a communication channel between disk drive and host for the data transfer operations are timed to the rotation of the disk The need for synchronization stems from advantages obtained in utilizing elements of the communication channel between a host computer and a disk drive for more than one function.
Elements of a communication channel may be used for other functions during the quiet between data bursts between drive and host. For example, in main frame systems a disk drive controller is typically interposed between more than one computer and more than one disk drive. Any computer may access any disk drive. Elements of the controller connect a selected disk drive to a selected computer for a data exchange at the point when disk rotational position is appropriate for data exchange.
If the disk is inappropriately positioned for a requested exchange, the elements of the controller that would otherwise be used to establish the connection may be used for another purpose for example, the connection of another host to another disk drive. A "disconnection" between the host and the controller is performed to free elements of the paths for other use. Prior to the selected disk reaching the appropriate rotational position for a data exchange, the elements of a channel between drive an attempt to reconnect host to drive is made to provide a data pathway for the transfer operation. Reconnection requires time, particularly for the controller and the host to exchange control signals down a connecting cable to the host. Failure to establish a reconnection requires an additional rotation of the disk before reading of the data field can occur, or a so-called rotational position sensing (RPS) miss. Recovery from such misses are time consuming and accordingly, are undesirable.
In the count-key-data architecture, a count field and an optional key field always precede the data field. Except in a FORMAT write operation, the count field is in the read mode while the data field may be in either the read or write mode. In writing these fields along a recording track, a gap is provided between each of the fields. Those gaps are then utilized to provide a time period in which the direct access storage device control unit and the host channel can communicate with each other. It is during the gap time that the control unit provides information back to the channel in response to the command that it has received and gets the next command in order to begin the next operation for searching, retrieving or writing records. This process is termed gap synchronous, that is to say, that the particular record on which the direct access storage device is working, is the same record on which the channel has requested work, so that both the channel and the device are synchronous with each other in the sense that they are both working on the same record, either to read it or to write it.
As systems become faster and faster, the delays created by the gaps or by the performance of functions within a gap period have to be shrunk to such an extent that the functions can no longer be adequately performed. This is particularly true of optical fiber channels where the data burst rate is several times the burst rate for copper channels.
Synchronous operations provided good results so long as the propagation time for signals on connecting lines between a host computer system and the disk drive storage controller is not too long. Propagation time is a function of the length of the connecting cable and thus providing synchronous operation between host computer and disk drive imposed a practical upper limit on the physical distance between host and disk drive controller.
Achieving synchronization has been further complicated by the introduction of optical fiber cables connecting DASD controllers and host computers. The data burst rate over optical fiber cables is much higher than previous systems. Rate changing buffers are used to accommodate the burst rate differences between disk drives and the connection to the host computer, but such cables have still introduced even longer propagation delays. Accordingly, such cables are best handled in an nonsynchronous manner.
Establishing a reconnection requires availability of all the elements of the communication path. Some of those elements may have been claimed for another task after the disconnection For example, the required port on the host computer may be busy with another storage path, or the upper port of the controller may have become engaged with another host device. The diminishing duration of the reconnection gap reduces the time available to secure the elements of the channel.
370 extended (370 XA) architecture used in data processing systems available from International Business Machines Corporation provides some capability for overcoming traffic congestion on a desired path. The 370 XA architecture supports connection of a host to a DASD controller on from two to four separate physical linkages. A controller, through parallel storage clusters can be connected to up to sixteen cables. A request need not be responded to over the same channel on which it was received. In other words, upon indication that a disk is ready, the controller can secure any of up to four physical links back to a host to establish a data path.
Nonsynchronous storage subsystems have been developed to enable the channel and the device to transfer data independently of each other. To do that a buffer has been inserted into the data path between the device and the channel with separate data paths for the channel and the device, each under the control of a separate process. In that manner, the device process can access records in one portion of the buffer while another portion of the buffer is being used by the channel process. Channel programs can be executed such that the channel and storage control activities required to end execution of one command and advance to the next do not have to occur during the inter-record gap between two adjacent fields.
In a synchronous system, the device and channel operate on the same record so that the data transferred to the buffer by the device is the same data that the channel wants. In the control unit for such a system, shared variables are all that are required to implement the interface between the channel process and the device process. Simple shared variables are adequate because the channel process and device process are always performing the same operation on the same field. In a nonsynchronous system, however, the device may operate significantly ahead of the channel during read operations. The device process is transferring data into the buffer from the device while the channel process is accessing that data in order to send it on to the channel. The device process is therefore the filling or leading activity, while the channel process is the trailing or lagging activity. The reverse is true during write operations where the channel process fills the buffer with data from the channel and, subsequently, the device process accesses that data to send it to the device for writing the records on the storage disks. In this instance, the channel process is the leading, or filling activity while the device process is the trailing, or emptying activity. Since in a nonsynchronous control unit the channel and the device process can be performing different operations on different fields, a more elaborate communication system between the two is required.

System and method for rotational position sensing miss avoidance in direct access storage devices


An elevator safety brake unit, an elevator including at least two of the safety brake units, and a method for testing the safety brake units are disclosed. Each safety brake unit includes a frame part, a movable composition movably supported on the frame part, a compression spring assembly associated with the movable composition, and adapted to activate a braking by pushing the movable composition forward, and a coil assembly of an electromagnet disposed in the frame part and adapted to deactivate the braking by pulling the movable composition backwards. Each movable composition includes at least two movable elements, one compression spring for each movable element, and at least one coil assembly adapted to deactivate the braking by pulling the at least two movable elements backwards.

Elevators are commonly used to carry people up and down in buildings. The passenger safety in elevators is one of the most important aspects. It must be controlled that the elevator car cannot fall freely downwards or move uncontrolled upwards. Also, all accelerations and decelerations must be kept in certain safe limits. And further, an elevator car must stop substantially smoothly in a correct place at the floor where it is landing. Additionally, the elevator car must be able to leave the floor substantially smoothly. In addition, the elevator car must stay in its position in a floor also in overload situations.
For the reasons mentioned above the authorities in different countries have drafted various regulations related to elevator safety issues. The basic principle is that the brake arrangement of an elevator must be able to stop the elevator car from its nominal speed and keep the elevator car in its position in a floor also in overload situations. In addition, the brake arrangement must be fault tolerant so that one mechanical fault is not able to make the brake arrangement totally inoperative.
Among other things, some safety regulations request that the elevator brake must be mechanically doubled so if one part of the brake failures another part of the brake still works properly. Mechanically doubled elevator brakes are used in normal operation so that both the brakes are always used at the same time. A problem with this kind of a use is that a mechanical failure of one of the brakes in the pair is not necessarily discovered. In that case the elevator may operate a long time hinging on one brake only. This may cause surprisingly dangerous situations.
Some other safety regulations request that the elevator must have one driving machine brake or operating brake and one emergency brake. In some solutions safety brakes, operating in contact with elevator guide rails, act as emergency brakes. If the driving machine operating brake failures the safety brake has to stop the elevator car within a predetermined displacement so that an uncontrolled acceleration of the elevator car will not arise. A problem with these solutions is that the emergency brake is activated only when a considerable speed or acceleration has already been achieved and a dangerous situation has grown up. The emergency brake can prevent fatal injuries of the passengers, but it is not able to prevent down fallings and/or all nonfatal injuries.
Traction sheave elevators have a hoisting machinery with a traction sheave to move the elevator car up and down in an elevator shaft. Due to the safety regulations mentioned above the hoisting machinery usually comprise one or more electromechanical brakes to be used as safety devices. Preferably, the brakes are arranged to apply braking force to the rotating traction sheave or its rotating axis to decelerate and/or stop the motion of the elevator car. Usually there are two separate brakes, which must be dimensioned to stop and hold the elevator car with 125% load at standstill in the elevator shaft. This means that the brakes must handle an overload of 25%.
Further, the same brakes are also used in rescue situations and also in emergency braking situations to stop the elevator car if an operational fault occurs. A typical example of that kind of operational fault is an over speed of the elevator car.
Still further, the same brakes are used to protect elevator passengers from unintended car movement at the landing and to provide safe operating environment for the servicemen inside the elevator shaft. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the brakes are operating correctly. That is done by testing the operating condition of the brakes. An advantageous method for testing the operating condition of the elevator operational brakes is presented in the European patent publication No. EP1701904B1.

Elevator safety brake, elevator and method for testing elevator safety brakes


A ratchet tool includes a housing having an oval inner peripheral surface, and a core rotatably engaged in the housing for forming two curved slots between the housing and the core. The curved slots each includes two narrower end portions and a wider middle portion. Two pairs of wedges are slidably engaged in the curved slots and are biased to engage with the narrower ends for allowing the housing to drive the core. The wedges may be selectively moved toward the wider middle portions for allowing the housing to be rotated relative to the core in a reverse direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tool, and more particularly to a ratchet tool.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A typical tool cartridge is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,606 to Headen and comprises a core rotatably received in a housing. The housing includes a number of ramps for engaging with roller bearings. However, it will be difficult to machine so many ramps in the housing such that the actuation of the roller bearings on the core may not be balanced.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional ratchet tools.


In an optical connector fitting structure, a first optical connector includes a first fixing member which fixes a first optical fiber to a first housing by being attached to the first housing while its locking state is changed from a temporarily locked state to an actually locked state, and a second optical connector includes a second fixing member which fixes a second optical fiber to the second housing by being attached to the second housing while its locking state is changed from a temporarily locked state to an actually locked state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical connector and an optical connector fitting structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there have been cases where optical fibers are used instead of electric wires in order to reduce noise caused from electric wires used for communications between electric components of a car. These optical fibers are optically connected by an optical connector fitting structure.
In the optical connector fitting structure, two optical connectors holding optical fibers in housings are connector-fitted, whereby the optical fibers of the optical connectors are optically connected.
In some optical connectors, in order to facilitate the attachment and detachment of the optical fibers to and from the housing, a fixing member provided separately from the housing is attached to the housing to thereby fix the optical fibers to the housing, and the fixing member is detached from the housing to thereby detach the optical fibers from the housing (see JP-A-2002-182075).
In the optical connector fitting structure described in JP-A-2002-182075, the fixing member detects the fitting state and absorbs the fitting looseness.

Optical connector and optical connector fitting structure


A method of forming contact holes is provided. A substrate having a plurality of device structures is provided. A first dielectric layer and a conductive layer sequentially cover the device structures and the surface of the substrate. A recess is formed in the conductive layer between every two neighboring device structures. A pair of composite spacers is formed in the recess. By using the composite spacers as a mask, a portion of the exposed conductive layer is removed to form a plurality of openings between every two neighboring device structures. A second dielectric layer is then formed on the sidewalls of the openings. A third dielectric layer is formed over the substrate. Portions of the third dielectric layer and the first dielectric layer above the openings are removed to form a plurality of self-aligned contact holes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor process, and more particularly, to a method of forming a contact hole and a method of fabricating a semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
The technology of the present Ultra-Large Semiconductor Integrated (ULSI) circuit has developed under 0.18-μm. In other words, the metal and semiconductive contacts are to be smaller and smaller. Therefore, how to overcome misalignment of contact resulting from the small line widths is an important issue in the semiconductor industry.
In order to overcome the smaller line width and prevent misalignment of the contacts, self-aligned contact (SAC) design has been widely adopted in fabricating semiconductor device processes. The SAC technique can also be used to electrically connect doped regions in the substrate and the conductive lines over the substrate.
FIGS. 1A–1D are schematic cross sectional views showing progression of a prior art SAC process.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a substrate 100 is provided. A source region 108 is formed in the substrate 100. A trench-type gate structure 102 is partially formed in the substrate 100. A silicon oxide dielectric layer 104 and a polysilicon conductive layer 106 are sequentially formed over the gate structure 102 and the surface of the substrate 100. A silicon nitride spacer material layer 110 is then formed over the conductive layer 106.
Referring to FIG. 1B, an anisotropic etch process is performed to remove a portion of the spacer material layer 110 so as to form spacers 110a on the sidewalls of the conductive layer 106 of the gate structure 102. By using the spacers 110a as a mask, the exposed conductive layer 106 is removed to form openings 112 in the conductive layer 106 between every two neighboring gate structures 102. Drain regions 114 are then formed in the substrate 100 at the bottoms of the openings 112.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a silicon nitride dielectric layer 116 is then formed on the sidewalls of the conductive layers 106a of the openings 112. A dielectric layer 118 is formed over the substrate 100.
Referring to FIG. 1D, portions of the dielectric layer 118 and dielectric layer 104 at the bottoms of the openings 112 are removed to form a plurality of self-aligned contact holes 120, and the dielectric layers 104a and 118a. Conductive plugs 122 are formed in the self-aligned contact holes 120.
Because of the low etching selectivity, about 10, of the polysilicon conductive layer 106 to the silicon nitride spacer material 110, the silicon nitride spacer material 110 adjacent to the openings 112 (area 124 in FIG. 1B) is gradually removed during the step of forming the openings 112. As a result, the spacer material layer 110 is thinner than the other areas. In the subsequent step of forming the self-aligned contact holes 120, the spacers 110a at the area 124 cannot effectively protect the conductive layers 106a thereunder and exposes the conductive layers 106a as shown in FIG. 1D. A subsequent process of forming conductive plugs will short the conductive plugs and the exposed conductive layers 106a. Accordingly, device performances are affected.

Method of forming contact hole and method of fabricating semiconductor device


A system and method for identifying changes in a state or activity is described. A real-time event monitoring application, implemented in a hardware processor, computes features over varying sampling periods, which are stored in cascading buffers. The various sampling periods enable determination of trends of a computed feature, comparison of the trends of the computed feature with trends of other features, normalization of the computed feature based on the same or different features at the same or different time scales, scaling of the normalized computed feature relative to other features at the same or different time scale, and identification of a change in state or activity based on a scaled normalized computed feature.

The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to the processing of data. Specifically, the present disclosure addresses systems and methods for analyzing data in real-time using embedded or mobile systems with relatively low memory and/or computational power.
A fundamental problem with real-time biometric feedback of oscillatory phenomena, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG), is the long duration analytics timeframe for data that are most informative in the frequency domain (e.g., 1 second for one cycle in the case of low delta) versus the requirement for much faster feedback times for user utility (<=250 ms). In addition, detection of biologically-relevant voltage deflection events requires comparison of incoming data to an ongoing, often shifting, baseline.

Real-time biometric detection of oscillatory phenomena and voltage events


A steel rule die including holders providing a holding force assisting in retaining the die rules in their rule slots. The holders include a plurality of resiliently compressible polyurethane plugs positioned adjacent the rules at desired spaced apart locations in cavities formed in the die base member. The plugs are compressibly received in the cavities and have associated portions thereof extending from the cavities which positively urge against the sides of the rules.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of diemaking and particularly dies used to cut and score cardboard, paperboard, and other materials to produce folding carton blanks.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
Steel rule dies have been used for many years to cut and score cardboard, paperboard and certain plastic materials used to produce folding carton blanks. It is conventional to manufacture such dies by cutting slots in a die base and inserting steel rules in the slots which extend above the surface of the die base and thereby perform the cutting and scoring operations on the carton blanks. The slots are generated by jig saws, and more recently, by the use of laser beams.
For many years, the practice used to retain the steel rules within the slots has been to control the width of the slots so that the steel rules are held in place by frictional fit contact with the slot sidewalls. Once in place, a side force is exerted by the slot walls against the rules which serves to positively hold them in position. This arrangement has not been entirely satisfactory however because the die base, which is typically wood, is inherently susceptible to dimensional changes, i.e. expansion, contraction and warping, due to changes in the moisture content of the wood, temperature, and other environmental conditions. These dimensional changes can cause the rules to become loosened in their slots, necessitating unscheduled repairs and machine downtime.
Because of problems such as these, base materials other than wood have been tried, as well as other types of die constructions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,886 for example describes a steel rule die having a base which is cavernous to receive a filler material which is poured therein and cured to a semi-rigid state to anchor the rules. This arrangement is disadvantaged in that it requires repouring of the die to resecure any loosened rules and does not provide for any side holding force on the rules to retain them in their slots.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,863,550 discloses a steel rule die having a sandwich type base including two plates between which is poured a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin material capable of being cured to a semi-rigid structure. In addition to being expensive to manufacture, this arrangement does not provide any side force against the rules to retain them inside the rule slots.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,029,505 discloses a holder for holding rules in steel rule dies. The holder comprises a ball/spring assembly which exerts a side force against the rule which serves to retain the rule in its associated slot. Although this design provides a side force to positively retain the rule in its slot, there are other disadvantages which reduce the desirability of this arrangement. For example, the holders have dimensional limitations owing to the ball/spring/housing assembly which make them difficult or impossible to install in conjunction with rule segments of relatively short length. Further, corrosion can build up on the spring and ball assembly and reduce its effectiveness. During cutting or creasing operations it is not unusual to create samll particles of paper dust which can become lodged in the spring so as to jam the spring mechanism. In addition, the holders can themselves become loose and possibly dislodge from their holding channels as a result of the expansion or contraction of the base material defining the holding channels.

Steel rule die having improved rule holders


A battery connector comprises an insulative housing comprising mounting surface and a top surface opposite to the mounting surface. A receiving chamber is defined in the housing from the top surface with first and second conductive terminals spatially arranged within the chamber. The chamber features at least a rounded corner for conforming to a rounded edge of a battery to be inserted so as to prevent the battery from being inserted incorrectly. The rounded corner has a curve surface tangent to two inner side walls of the chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a battery connector, and more particularly to a batter connector provided with polarized arrangement so as to prevent incorrect insertion of a battery to be inserted therein.
2. Background of the Invention
Electrical connectors are widely applied to the electronic industry. For example, the electrical connector is used for electrical connection and signal transmittance between elements, assemblies or systems of an electronic device. The electrical connector is a necessary and basic component for constituting a whole system.
Chinese Utility Patent No. CN2466796 issued to Deyou He on Dec. 19, 2001 (hereinafter, referred to as He's '796 patent), discloses an battery connector for holding a button battery therein. Referring to the figures in the '796 patent, the battery connector comprises an insulative housing 1, a positive terminal 2 and a negative terminal 3. The insulative housing 1 disposes a flange 15 respectively in two corners of an inner wall for preventing the button battery from being inserted into the insulative housing with incorrect polarization, so as to assure correct insertion of the battery therein, ensuring battery electrodes properly in contacts with the contacts, i.e. anode for anode contact, and cathode for cathode contact. However, in additional to the flanges 15 provided, the insulative housing further comprises a narrow slit 9 for securing a contact therein respectively disposed in two corners thereof. The arrangement of the He's '796 patent is too complicated for mold design as well as the manufacturing process. This is not a cost-effective way to make it.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,901 issued to Liu et al. on Feb. 16, 2000 (hereinafter, referred to as Liu's '901 patent) discloses another battery connector for accommodating a button battery therein. Referring to the figures in the '901 patent, in order to prevent incorrect orientation of the battery 70 during insertion into the battery-receiving portion 24, the battery connector forms a pair of protrusions 26 vertically on a respective junction of a front wall 16 and two side walls 14. However the protrusion 26 is too vulnerable to be worn out easily, and is not friendly for manufacturing.

Battery connector having polarized arrangement


Disclosed is a simulated moving bed (SMB) adsorptive separation system in which at least one component of a fluid mixture is brought into contact with a solid adsorbent and the adsorbed component is desorbed with a desorbent, wherein the improvement comprises an inert ball layer is formed on the upper part of the solid absorbent filled in the simulated moving bed.

The generally used batch chromatography is a separation process using the principle of adsorption mechanism and is suitable for high-purity separation and laboratory analysis. Thus, it is widely used for the separation and purification of high-purity biosynthetic compounds, fine chemicals, food additives and the like. However, this separation process using batch chromatography has problems in that it requires the use of a large amount of solvents and is difficult to separate components when a difference in adsorption between the components is small. Furthermore, it is unsuitable for large-scale separation and continuous separation.
In an attempt to solve these problems, a true moving bed (TMB) adsorptive separation process is used. This TMB process utilizes the countercurrent concept, which is effectively applied in heat exchangers or extraction processes. In this TMB process, when flow is introduced to a fixed bed countercurrently to a moving bed so that a solution of a mixture to be separated is introduced into a column, a component having a strong adsorption property to the fixed bed will flow out of the column by the fixed bed flow while a component having low adsorption will move along the moving bed.
The TMB process has an advantage in that it allows pure separation of two components if they can be separated only at both ends of their concentration distribution curve, even when there is no great difference in resolution between the two components. However, the TMB process has shortcomings in that it requires the use of a larger amount of filler than that of the existing fixed-type separation process and is very difficult to be performed in normal conditions due to the friction and release of the filler. To overcome these shortcomings, a simulated moving bed (SMB) adsorptive separation process has been developed in which a adsorbent, as a fixed bed, is filled into a separation column, and ports located along the separation column are moved at given time intervals so as to simulate the countercurrent movement of the fixed bed.
The SMB process has been developed to solve a problem in the fixed-bed flow of the TMB process and is applied for the purification of p-xylene, separation of ethylbenzene, and preparation of chiral compounds from a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, and the like. This process is typically disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,326,092 and 5,382,747, assigned to UOP Inc.
In the separation of p-xylene by the prior SMB process, high-temperature and high-pressure conditions need to be maintained in order to maintain adsorption/desorption rates at suitable levels and to maintain fluid at a liquid phase. Due to such process characteristics, the rate of fluid flowing through each bed can greatly change suddenly in a moment, thus making the flow of the fluid unstable. When eddy current flow occurs due to the instability of fluid flow, adsorbent particles in the upper portion of each bed will be fluidized so that fine particles will occur due to the friction between the adsorbent particles. These fine particles are built up in the upper portion of each bed so as to cause pressure drop, and particularly when the fine particles are locally concentrated in the upper portion of each bed without uniform distribution, a channeling phenomenon will occur to cause a further increase in pressure drop. This increase in pressure drop makes the system going beyond its mechanical limit. Also, increased channeling will have a fatal adverse effect on the purity and recovery of p-xylene separated.
Thus, in order to solve the above-described problems occurring in the prior SMB adsorptive process, the present inventors formed an inert ball layer in the upper portion of each bed, i.e., on an adsorbent layer, so as to prevent the fluidization of adsorbent particles in the upper portion of each bed, thereby completing the present invention.

Simulated moving bed adsorptive separation process for preventing increase in pressure drop and system thereof


A combination differential and static pressure switch utilized in a test system for detecting the occurrence of a differential pressure condition within the test system. The test system includes a valve assembly in flow communication with the pressure switch for determining the working pressure applied to a workpiece being tested. The pressure switch includes a first tubular-shaped member and a second tubular-shaped member axially aligned therewith and adapted for removable securement to the first tubular-shaped member. A differential piston is disposed for slidable reciprocal movement within the first tubular-shaped member and a preset piston is disposed within the second tubular-shaped member and is adapted for slidable reciprocal movement therein. Both pistons are axially aligned to each other, and the differential piston has a magnet mounted to the face end thereof. An elongated passage extends substantially into and through the second tubular-shaped member and a cylindrical support member is adapted for removable and adjustable placement within the passage. A reed switch is emplaced within the support member and is actuated by the proximity of the magnetic field of the magnet. The reed switch is actuated to a signaling, conducting state when the magnetic field is proximate thereto; and when a differential pressure occurs within the test system, the differential piston backs away from the preset piston upon detecting the differential pressure, thus disposing the reed switch to a nonsignaling state indicating that the workpiece has failed the test.

The present invention relates to pressure responsive switches, and more particularly pertains to a combination differential and static pressure switch for determining a minimum static pressure within a test system, and also for detecting when a differential pressure condition occurs within the test system.
For a variety of industrial purposes the working pressure of pipe, such as drill pipe, gas pipe, plastic pipe, and water pipe, etc., must be accurately measured and tested to determine their reliability and structural integrity during their working life. In addition, the standard working pressure of plastic containers and glass bottles must also be measured and determined in order to determine their reliability and structural integrity during their working life. In fact, it can be broadly stated that any item of manufacture in commerce that has the possibility of breaking, rupturing, and splitting, thus causing a leak, can be measured to determine their standard working pressure and psi. rating.
A prominent method of measuring and determining the standard working pressure of a workpiece, such as the above-mentioned items, is by a time-to-failure test. The workpiece is held at a constant pressure at a predetermined psi. for a given time period so that data points can be collected. What is being measured is hoop stress: the stress generated in the workpiece by pressure being exerted thereon and occurring along the circumference of the workpiece during the testing. Hoop stress is the force that attempts to tear apart and split the pressurized pipe or tubing when the pipe is subjected to pressure.
As an example of a time-to-failure test, if seven pieces of industrial pipe are held at 600 psi., they may fail in ten hours; if six pieces of industrial pipe are held at 400 psi., they may fail in one hundred hours; and, if six more pieces of industrial pipe are held at 300 psi., they may fail after one thousand hours. By calculating out this curve, it can be determined that the industrial pipe being tested at a working pressure of 200 psi. will last fifty years. Therefore, if the working pressure is limited to 200 psi. based on the above curve calculation, the industrial pipe will last fifty years. The industrial pipe can be rated at 200 psi. and sold as a 200 psi. pipe. Furthermore, data points are collected along the curve which is developed during pipe testing, and then a line is drawn through all the data points; this represents a statistical analysis of the failure points. By determining how wide the data point spread is, confidence limits can be ascertained for the particular industrial pipe being tested at a predetermined psi. for a given time period. Essentially, the pipe is being tested for a leak, and some tests are timed to run for years.
The above-described test is not a production test; it is an experimental test. The test is undertaken to determine when the workpiece fails. The test continues until the workpiece fails --the workpiece develops a detectable leak while being held at a predetermined constant pressure. Also, it should be noted that this is destructive testing: the workpiece to be tested is chopped off, tested, and then discarded after the testing is completed. The differential pressure switches used in such testing are only one component of a larger test system which includes metering valves, a pumping unit, regulators, pressure gauges, control panels, and a visual display in the form of LED lights or a computer display screen.
While the prior art discloses a number of pressure switches used in pressure testing, there is a need for a differential pressure switch which detects both a differential and the static pressure condition and also has an extremely high degree of repeatability and a high degree of accuracy. In addition, there remains a need for a differential pressure switch which is responsive to a high pressure and a low differential as well as a low pressure and a low differential.

Combination differential and static pressure switch


Methods of initiating a fracture tip screenout, that comprise pumping an annulus fluid into an annulus, between the subterranean formation and a work string disposed within a wellbore penetrating the subterranean formation, at an annulus flow rate; and reducing the annulus flow rate below a fracture initiation flow point so that the fracture tip screenout is initiated in the one or more fractures in the subterranean formation, are provided. Also provided are methods of fracturing a portion of a subterranean formation and methods of estimating a fracture initiation flow point.

The present invention relates to subterranean fracturing operations. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods of initiating a fracture tip screenout and of determining the fracture initiation flow point during hydraulic fracturing operations.
Hydrocarbon-producing wells are often stimulated by hydraulic fracturing operations, wherein a fracturing fluid is introduced into a hydrocarbon-producing zone within a subterranean formation at a hydraulic pressure sufficient to create or enhance at least one fracture therein. One hydraulic fracturing technique involves discharging a work string fluid through a jetting tool against the subterranean formation while simultaneously pumping an annulus fluid down the annulus surrounding the work string between a work string and the subterranean formation. The stimulation fluid may be jetted against the subterranean formation at a pressure sufficient to perforate the casing and cement sheath (if present) and create cavities in the subterranean formation. Once the cavities are sufficiently deep, jetting the stimulation fluid into the cavities usually pressurizes the cavities. Simultaneously, the annulus fluid may be pumped into the annulus at a flow rate such that the annulus pressure plus the pressure in the cavities is at or above the fracture initiation pressure so that the cavities may be enlarged or enhanced. As referred to herein, the "fracture initiation pressure" is defined to mean the pressure sufficient to enhance (e.g., extend or enlarge) the cavities. The cavities or perforations are enhanced, inter alia, because the annulus pressure plus the pressure increase caused by the jetting, e.g., pressure in the cavities, is above the required hydraulic fracturing pressure.
As this hydraulic fracturing technique is often used in cases where other portions of the wellbore besides the enhanced fracture are taking fluid, commonly referred to as "fluid loss," it may be important to know the flow rate of the annulus fluid at which the fracture initiation pressure occurs. As the flow rate is being increased, the added flow contributes to an increase in pressure. This pressure increase, in turn, causes an increased fluid loss, since fluid loss is a direct function of the differential pressure between the annulus pressure and the pore pressure in the formation. Further, increasing the flow will eventually allow the pressure inside the perforation cavity to be larger than the fracture initiation pressure, which may cause the cavities to be enlarged or enhanced as discussed above. As referred to herein, the "fracture initiation flow point" is defined to mean the flow rate of the annulus fluid, or other fluid that is experiencing fluid loss, at which the fracture initiation pressure occurs. For instance, if the flow rate exceeds the expected fluids loss at the fracture initiation pressure, then fracture initiation will occur. Therefore, the flow rate needed to combat fluid losses is the fracture initiation pressure.
Generally, the stimulation fluid suspends particulate propping agents, commonly referred to collectively as "proppant," that are placed in the fractures to prevent the fractures from fully closing (once the hydraulic pressure is released), thereby forming "propped fractures" within the formation through which desirable fluids (e.g., hydrocarbons) may flow. The conductivity of these propped fractures may depend on, among other things, fracture width and fracture permeability. The permeability may be estimated by the size of the proppant. To generate sufficient fracture width, however, it may be necessary to obtain a fracture tip screenout in the formation. In a fracture tip screenout, the proppants bridge the narrow gaps at the tip of the fracture and are packed into the fracture, thus restricting flow to the fracture tip, which may terminate the extension of the fracture into the formation, inter alia, because the hydraulic pressure of the stimulation fluid may not be transmitted from the wellbore to the fracture tip.
Being able to control the initiation of a fracture tip screenout may be an important aspect of a successful fracturing operation. Without control of the fracture tip screenout, the fractures may not be packed with proppant as needed, e.g., to have the desired fracture width near the wellbore. Conventionally, to initiate a fracture tip screenout, the flow rate of the fracturing fluid is reduced while increasing proppant concentration therein, with the anticipation that this combination will cause a fracture tip screenout. However, this methodology does not consistently cause fracture tip screenouts. While increasing the proppant concentration and decreasing the flow rate does increase the probability that a fracture tip screenout may occur, this methodology assumes that there is one fracture taking all of the fluid. But, where there are competing fractures, the initiation of a fracture tip screenout may be difficult to control and/or predict using conventional methodologies. For example, in deviated wellbores, where only a portion of the perforations communicate with the dominant fracture that is being extended (when using conventional technologies), fluid is lost (e.g., leaking off) into other portions or fractures in the well besides the dominant fracture. Dependent upon the rate of fluid loss into the formation, these conventional methodologies may not successfully generate a tip screenout in the fracture. Furthermore, the conventional methods cannot predict when the screenout occurs, and, therefore, while it is desirable for the proppant to bridge at the tip of the fracture and pack therein, the bridging of the proppant and thus the screenout may occur anywhere in the fracture. Oftentimes, this may happen near the wellbore, before the high concentration proppant reaches the fracture, causing an undesirable screenout inside the wellbore. If the screenout does not occur at the tip, and the fracture is not gradually filled with proppant afterwards, the fracture may not be packed with proppant as desired.


Method, wireless communication apparatus, and computer program products are provided for adapting at least one transmission setting to be applied by a first transceiver, which is adapted to be operative in a predetermined frequency band, in response to communication by a second transceiver, which is adapted to be operative in the predetermined frequency band. It is determined whether prioritized data traffic is communicated by the second transceiver. If prioritized data traffic is communicated by the second transceiver, the transmission setting is adapted in dependence of the prioritized data traffic.

The Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) frequency band can be used for wireless communication of data. One communication standard specifying the ISM frequency band for operation is the Bluetooth standard. Another communication standard specifying the ISM frequency band for operation is WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), e.g. according to IEEE standard 802.11b.
Transceivers adapted according to different communication standards but being operative in a single frequency band may be provided in a single wireless communication apparatus. The wireless communication apparatus may sometimes be relatively small, such as a mobile telephone. If the wireless communication apparatus is relatively small, the transceivers will be located in relatively close proximity. Thus, antennas for the two transceivers will also be located in relatively close proximity. When the transceivers are located in close proximity, they will be sensitive to all incoming signals independent of channel. Thus, the transceivers must process all incoming signals in the frequency band of interest. This could desensitize or block the RF front-ends of the transceivers.
One approaching to avoiding such problems is the Medium Access Control (MAC) sub-layer based Packet Traffic Arbitration (PTA) scheme. PTA implements a control supervisor that acts like a time division traffic controller between WLAN and Bluetooth MACs. The control supervisor controls that each MAC protocol uses a handshake mechanism to authorize transmission before actually sending out information. One problem with the PTA scheme is that it suits asynchronous traffic from both Bluetooth links and WLAN links, but fails to accommodate synchronous or time-critical types of data traffic and applications, e.g. from the Bluetooth transceiver. Synchronous data traffic and time-critical data traffic are generally prioritized data traffic, i.e. the audio data packets should be delivered within a predetermined time period. Prioritized data traffic may e.g. include voice, audio, video or file data.
One situation where problem could occur due to Bluetooth-WLAN coexistence is simultaneous transmission of voice, which is prioritized audio data traffic, over a
Bluetooth link and asynchronous TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) traffic, such as emailing and Internet access, over a WLAN link. The prioritized data traffic may be transmitted over a Bluetooth SCO (Synchronous Connection-Oriented) link using HV3 packets. The TCP traffic may be transmitted over a WLAN link as specified e.g. in IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g. Using the SCO link, the Bluetooth transceiver will be active during 1.25 ms (milliseconds). Then, the Bluetooth transceiver will be inactive for 2.5 ms, leaving a window during which the WLAN transceiver may be active before the Bluetooth transceiver is active again.
Typical frame exchange durations of WLAN 802.11b are listed in the table of FIG. 1. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the total frame exchange duration may under certain conditions exceed the time period during which the Bluetooth transceiver is inactive when an SCO link is used.
This is e.g. the case if the PHY (PHYsical channel) rate is 5.5 Mbps or less, wherein the frame exchange duration may be 2.695 ms or more depending on PHY rate. Thus, the MAC layer frame exchange will not be finalized during the inactive period of the Bluetooth transceiver. As the traffic over the SCO is prioritized, the Bluetooth transceiver will start transmit or receive at the next active period, which may cause the problems mentioned above due to simultaneous transmission by the Bluetooth transceiver and the WLAN transceiver.
Another situation where problem could occur due to Bluetooth-WLAN is transmission of Bluetooth Advance Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) data traffic and asynchronous WLAN TCP data traffic. The A2DP data traffic is prioritized data traffic and could be communicated using a Bluetooth ACL link and DH5 packets. With an ACL link, the Bluetooth transceiver will be active for 3.75 ms, and inactive for 3.75 ms before it is active again. As can be seen from FIG. 1, this could cause problem when the PHY rate is 2 Mbps or less, wherein the frame exchange rate may be 6.636 ms or more depending on PHY rate.
If a PTA scheme is used, there can be further consequences if the frame exchange duration of the WLAN traffic exceeds the time period, during which the Bluetooth transceiver is inactive. Firstly, the lower PHY rates are normally used for access from longer distances or at the edge of a cell. Thus, any device using the PTA scheme may lose a WLAN link to the access point if prioritized Bluetooth traffic is communicated. Secondly, for any reason when the WLAN transceiver cannot get its MAC ACK (ACKnowledge message) back after a few retries, its auto-rate-fallback mechanism will switch the transmission rate to a lower one. This will obviously worsen the situation. The transmission rate will thus be further reduced until the lowest basic transmission rate is reached. Finally, the device containing the Bluetooth transceiver and the WLAN transceiver will be disconnected. Consequently, the PTA scheme will not solve the co-existence problem between prioritized BT traffic and asynchronous WLAN traffic. In such a case, only the Bluetooth communication is guaranteed.
A further solution to some of these problems may be provided by a MAC layer approach. However, a MAC layer approach would require that certain modifications be made to access points that are already deployed, such as in hotspots.

Method, apparatus, and computer program products for adapting a transmission setting


A method and computer-readable medium perform a pre-boot scan of an emulated binary to detect a function that is above a predetermined complexity threshold. The detected function may then be precompiled during a boot-up process. The pre-boot scan may also detect a function that falls below a second predetermined complexity threshold. The detected function may be placed inline with the code body. Just-in-time translation may then be performed at runtime.

When a software application such as a video game or the like is compiled, it is typically converted into virtual code, such as an intermediate emulated binary that provides a description of the application as well as instructions as to how the application is to run. A software emulator performs a binary translation of a software application's intermediate binary at some point before the application is executed. Binary translation refers to the process of converting the intermediate binary into a machine-executable binary that is specific to the type of processor that will execute the code. The executable binary is then ready to be executed by the processor for which it has been formatted.
One such binary translation method is referred to as "just-in-time" ("JIT") binary translation, which, as the name suggests, is a binary translation of software code that occurs just before the code is to be executed. As a result, a particular intermediate binary may be used on a variety of processors and computing platforms, as the processor-specific changes that need to occur for the code to run successfully do not happen until just prior to execution. JIT translation also provides relatively quick load and boot times because binary translation does not occur during boot-up.
Unfortunately, JIT translation may adversely affect the execution of the code at runtime. For example, a typical gaming system may be able to perform JIT translation during runtime for most average-complexity graphics functions within the code without having adverse effects on the code's execution (i.e., without affecting graphics rendering). However, if a particularly complex graphics function is encountered—such as one involving a large segment of artificial intelligence ("AI")—there may not be sufficient processor resources available to perform both the function translation and the code execution. A user may therefore notice a momentary pause in code execution as a visible "flicker" or "stutter" during playback. As programmers constantly strive for increased graphics realism, such delays are becoming more and more undesirable.
Another translation method involves the use of a software precompiler. A precompiler performs a binary translation of the entire static intermediate binary that represents a software application's code prior to execution. The translation typically occurs when the software is being loaded during a boot-up process (at "load time"). While the use of a precompiler provides for faster, interruption-free execution at runtime, the initial load time when the precompiler performs the binary translation is lengthened. Thus, a user may experience an unreasonably long system boot time and, as a result, precompilers are typically not used for large programs.
Another problem occurs at runtime in connection with executing relatively simple functions within a machine-executable binary. For example, many functions involve calls from the main body of the code to a subroutine. The call to the subroutine and the call return from the subroutine (referred to as "context switching") require processing time. For most functions, the processing time required for the context switch is negligible when compared to the processing time required to execute the function itself. However, if the function is very small the processing time required for the context switch may become a sizable percentage of the overall execution time required for the function. As a result, the execution of such a function as a subroutine is less efficient than if the function was simply executed within the main body of the code. This inefficiency can adversely affect the performance of JIT translation as well as code execution because of the extra processing time that is taken up by the context switch. While executing such a function as a subroutine may be inefficient, such subroutines in general typically serve as a convenient tool for software developers. Thus, simply creating code that has all such functions located in the main body of the code is undesirable.
Accordingly, there is a need for a mechanism that overcomes the above shortcomings and drawbacks. The present invention satisfies this need.

Selective pre-compilation of virtual code to enhance boot time emulator performance


The raw natural gas is pretreated in treating unit 30. The treated gas is then purified by adsorption of the mercaptans in first enclosure 31. The various cuts that make up the purified gas are separated in fractionating unit 34. Part of the methane making up the purified gas is saturated with a C5+ hydrocarbon in contactor 33, then it is fed into second enclosure 32 so as to regenerate the adsorbent material contained in this second enclosure. The gas from the second enclosure is washed in unit 35, then recycled.

A raw natural gas containing water, heavy hydrocarbons, acid compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and sulfur derivatives such as mercaptans, can be treated by means of the methods described by documents FR-2,605,241 and FR-2,636,857. These methods use a physical solvent such as methanol for dehydration, gasoline extraction and removal of the acid compounds and of the mercaptans. After this treatment, the gas meets the requirements as regards the CO2 content, typically below 2% by mole, and the H2S content, typically 4 ppm by mole.
Another gas treatment solution consists in carrying out deacidizing by means of a method using an amine solvent. Part of the light mercaptans, notably methylmercaptan, is removed during this stage. The heavier mercaptans, such as ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-mercaptan, are not sufficiently acid to significantly react with the amines and therefore remain in the gas in a large proportion.
The gas is then dehydrated by means of a method using a solvent such as glycol, for example the method described by document FR-2,740,468. Dehydration allows the water content of the gas to be lowered to a value close to 60 ppm by mole.
Besides, a TSA (Thermal Swing Adsorption) type adsorption method on a molecular sieve, for example of 3, 4A or 13X type, or on silica gel or alumina, can be used. In this case, the water content of the gas is typically below 1 ppm by mole.
The aforementioned methods allow to obtain a natural gas whose water, acid compound and heavy hydrocarbon contents in the natural gas treated meet the commercial requirements. However, the methyl- and ethyl-mercaptans still remain predominantly in the gas, in proportions that can reach 200 ppm or more in sulfur equivalent. For certain uses, these mercaptan proportions are too high.
One object of the present invention is to provide a natural gas purification method in order to obtain a mercaptan molar content below 10 ppm in sulfur equivalent.
It is possible to use a removal method using mercaptan adsorption. The conventional gas phase adsorption methods are the methods commonly referred to as TSA (Thermal Swing Adsorption) wherein the adsorption stage takes place at ambient or moderate temperature typically ranging between 200° C. and 350° C., in a purge gas sweep stream (in general part of the purified gas) whose flow rate ranges between 5% and 20% of the flow rate of the feed gas. The desorption gas containing a large amount of mercaptans then has to be treated prior to being recycled, for example by treatment with a basic solution (soda or potash), or it can be sent to the flare, which is neither economically nor ecologically advantageous. The pressure is either kept substantially constant throughout the cycle, or lowered during the regeneration stage so as to favour regeneration. After this stage of purification by adsorption, the water content of the gas is below 1 ppm by mole, and the gas meets the total sulfur requirements.
However, adsorption of the mercaptans by means of a conventional TSA method used in the industry, and notably to purify a natural gas, has several drawbacks. The following can be mentioned in particular:    long cycle times, in general rarely less than 4 hours, more often ranging between 8 and 12 hours, sometimes more, because of the thermal inertia of the adsorbent material,    immobilization of the adsorbent material because of the long cycle times, only the material transfer zone consisting of the adsorption fronts of the various compounds in the adsorber being really used, for adsorption as well as for regeneration,    necessity to heat to high temperatures, which leads to premature aging of the adsorbent material, notably during the desorption of thermally fragile products (under the effect of the thermal treatments regularly applied during the adsorbent material regeneration stage, the mercaptans can form reactive compounds and react with the co-adsorbed hydrocarbons so as to eventually lead to premature aging of the adsorbent material, which may require frequent renewal thereof, and thus an additional cost),    use of a large amount of purge gas, generally ranging between 5% and 20% of the flow rate of gas to be treated,    necessity to treat the purge gas containing the desorbed products and to recycle the purge gas.
The present invention provides a method of purifying a natural gas by mercaptan adsorption, avoiding the drawbacks of the methods from the prior art.

Method of purifying a natural gas by mercaptan adsorption


An inkjet head including an ink channel unit defining a network of ink channels which provides at least one common ink chamber and a plurality of nozzles held in communication with the at least one common ink chamber. The ink channel unit includes a laminated structure body that is provided by a plurality of metal plates superposed on each other. The laminated structure body has at least the at least one common ink chamber and an atmosphere communication channel which diverges from the network of ink channels. The atmosphere communication channel extends toward an exterior of the laminated structure body, so as to open outside the laminated structure body. The atmosphere communication channel is sealed at its opening. Also disclosed is a process of manufacturing the inkjet head.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an inkjet head operable to eject an ink onto a recording medium, and a process of manufacturing the inkjet head.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Conventionally, there is known, as an inkjet head operable to eject an ink, an inkjet head including an ink channel unit which defines a network of ink channels and which includes a laminated structure body provided by a plurality of plates superposed on each other. US 2004/0183867 A1 (corresponding to JP-2004-276562A) discloses such an inkjet head including an ink channel unit defining a manifold chamber, a plurality of individual ink channels and a plurality of nozzles which are held in communication with the manifold chamber via the respective individual ink channels. This ink channel unit consists of a laminated structure body provided by a plurality of metal plates that are superposed on each other. The superposed metal plates may be fixed to each other by suitable means such as adhesive and diffusion welding.
Where the plurality of metal plates providing the laminated structure body are fixed to each other by diffusion welding, the metal plates are heated at a high temperature (about 1000° C.) under a vacuum condition while being gripped by a pair of jig members having respective flat contact surfaces such that the flat contact surfaces are respectively held in contact with opposite end ones of the superposed metal plates, so that the metal plates are fixed at their mutually contacted surfaces to each other, by causing diffusion of metallic atoms between the mutually contacted surfaces. This diffusion welding enables the plurality of metal plates to be fixed to each other in a single step, thereby making it possible to simplify the manufacturing process.
In a process of the diffusion welding, when the laminated structure body is gripped by the pair of jig members, a gas (e.g., air) is shut up in cavities such as the manifold chambers and pressure chambers that are formed in the laminated structure body, since the cavities are tightly closed by the pair of jig members. If the laminated structure body is heated at the high temperature to carry out the diffusion welding and is then cooled, the gas shut up in the cavities is caused to expand and contract, leading to considerable fluctuation of a pressure of the gas in the cavities and accordingly causing a risk of partial deformation of the laminated structure body. Further, increase of the pressure of the gas in the cavities would cause failure of fixation of the metal plates in vicinity of the cavities, thereby causing a risk of leakage of an ink from the ink channels.

Inkjet head and process of manufacturing the inkjet head


For frame synchronization, the time position of a synchronization sequence in a received data stream is determined before the frequency and phase synchronization according to the principle of the maximum likelihood theory; the maximum amount of the correlation between the differentially decoded, received data sequence with the conjugated-complex, differentially decoded synchronization sequence known at the reception side is thereby taken into consideration.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to and proceeds from a method for determining the time position of a synchronization sequence in a received data stream (frame synchronization) according to the preamble of the generic claim.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A frame synchronization method of this general type is known (James L. Massey, "Optimum Frame Synchronization", IEEE Trans. on Comm., Vol. Corn. 20, April 1972, pp. 115-119 and R. Mehlan, H. Meyr, "Optimum Frame Synchronization for Asynchronous Packet Transmission", ICC 1993 in Geneva, Vol. 2/3, pp. 826-830). This type of frame synchronization method has the disadvantage that a clock, carrier and phase synchronization must be implemented before the actual frame synchronization. A carrier and phase synchronization without previously implemented frame synchronization and, thus, without knowledge of the data sequence, is only possible with methods known as Non-Data-Aided (NDA) methods. The theoretically allowed frequency deviation between transmitter and receiver given the transmission of higher level MQAM signals amounts to 12.5% of the symbol rate in such NDA methods and even amounts to only 1/M .multidot.50% in MPSK. In TDMA transmissions, only the burst itself is available to be employed for clock, phase and carrier synchronization, and in known frame synchronization methods, the further problem exists of the time position of the burst being unknown, since the frame synchronization has not yet been implemented and can only be determined by additional auxiliary measures.


A portable device and a control method thereof are disclosed that enable a user to more conveniently and accurately control a flexible display. The portable device includes a main display, a flexible display, a measurement unit configured to measure a first length of the flexible display, the first length being a measurement of the flexible display that is extended from the housing unit, when the flexible display is extended from the housing unit, and a control unit configured to obtain a second length of the flexible display, compare the second length with the width of the main display, and to display an indicator configured to indicate the second length on the main display according to the comparison result. The second length is a measurement of the flexible display that is not extended from the housing unit using the first length when the flexible display is extended from the housing unit.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments relate to a portable device and a control method thereof, and particularly to a portable device including a flexible display. More particularly, embodiments relate to a portable device that measures the extended length of a flexible display, obtains the remaining length of the flexible display using the measured length of the flexible display, and displays an indicator configured to indicate the remaining length of the flexible display to notify a user of the additional extension length of the flexible display and a control method thereof.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In using electronic devices, mobility is one of the most important issues. In recent years, various portable electronic devices exhibiting the same performance as desktop computers as well as mobile phones have been sold. These portable electronic devices are reduced in size and weight with the result that users may obtain various kinds of electronic information during movement.
These portable devices perform various functions in addition to basic functions, such as transmission and reception of data. For this reason, it is necessary for users to more conveniently and accurately control the devices. Particularly for recent portable devices, extension of a display is possible according to the popularization and use of a flexible display panel. Consequently, there is a necessity for a control method that is capable of providing user convenience according to the extension of the display.

Portable device and control method thereof


A bearing assembly (100) includes a split inner race ring (115) configured to be installed on a shaft (25) and defines two raceways (135, 140) for supporting rolling elements (150,155). A split clamping band (170) is configured to be installed over the split inner race ring (115) to secure the split inner race ring (115) on the shaft (25). A split seal wear ring (290, 295) is configured to be installed on an outer diameter surface of the split clamping band (170). An engagement interface between the split clamping band (170) and the split seal wear ring (290, 295) includes a boss (340) on one of the split clamping band (170) and the split seal wear ring (290, 295), and an aperture (355) on the other one of the split clamping band (170) and the split seal wear ring (290, 295). The aperture (355) is sized and configured to receive the boss (340) for positioning the split seal wear ring (290, 295) on the split clamping band (170).

The present invention relates to bearings, and more specifically to split bearings or pillowblock bearings.
Split bearings are advantageous when the supporting shaft ends cannot be accessed for normal bearing removal or replacement. Split bearings are often used in industries such as power generation, pulp and paper, mining, cement, metals, marine and waste water. Common applications are pulverizers, crushers, fans, blowers, centrifuges, conveyors, and marine propulsion shafts. Another common application is split pillowblock bearings used for supporting a mainshaft of a wind turbine.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional wind turbine drive train configuration 10 including a three-point mounting system 12. Specifically, the wind turbine drive train configuration 10 supports turbine blades 15 coupled to a nosecone 20, which in turn, is coupled to a wind turbine mainshaft 25 on three points of support. A first support is an upwind pillowblock 30 that normally contains a two-row spherical roller bearing 32 and is attached to a bedplate 35. Second and third supports are downwind and are two attachment points 40, 45 (e.g., torque arms) that are attached to the bedplate 35. Each torque arm 40, 45 is positioned on a side of a gearbox 50.
FIG. 2 illustrates a four-point mounting system 55 of another conventional wind turbine drive train configuration 10′. The four-point mounting system 55 supports the mainshaft 25 upwind and downwind on two pillowblocks 30. Each pillowblock 30 contains a two-row spherical roller bearing 32. Combined, there are four-supporting bearing rows in a four-point mounting.
In service, it often becomes necessary to perform maintenance and to replace the spherical roller bearing 32 in at least one of the pillowblocks 30. It has become known to replace existing bearings (e.g., spherical roller bearings) with split, tapered roller bearings. Using split bearings enables the bearings to be replaced without having to disconnect the mainshaft from the rest of the wind turbine. A double row tapered roller bearing inside the pillowblock housing has been used as a preferred design because it can be preloaded to optimize load zones in both rows for improving bearing life and controlling the radial and axial motion of the rotor assembly. One such double row tapered roller bearing is described in PCT Published Application No. WO 2017/007922, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.


A snap ring includes a body made of iron or steel, which has a fixing ring on its head in a semicircular or triangular shape and a rotatably and laterally joined rope guiding pulley on its inner lower portion. The snap ring further includes a link bar hinged to open or close the body, and a locking device for locking or unlocking the link bar. The closing procedure is performed by the link bar's hook and the locking device's locking hole provided with a resilient force by a coil spring. In unlocking, the link bar is released by raising the locker with a finger put into the locking device's unfastening hole. This prevents the rope from escaping from the snap ring, contrary to the prior art, as well as providing simplified and easy-to-operate structure. Accordingly, the snap ring of the present invention prevents industrial damages.

An existing snap ring is formed to have a detachable downwardly slant portion on one side of its body, through which a rope passes. This structure causes for the rope to easily escape from the snap ring due to the imperfect slant portion. In addition, the possibly escaping rope is very dangerous for people. Despite many modifications on the snap ring part where a rope is inserted, they are defective in structure so that the rope is inconveniently inserted or drawn out.


Technologies and implementations for writing data to a solid state drive are generally disclosed.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Memory locations within a solid-state drive (SSD) may be grouped into sections of memory (e.g., 1 kB blocks, 4 kB blocks, or the like), referred to as "pages". When a file is written to a page or pages in an SSD, any memory within the page(s) that is not needed to store the file may be kept at an initial state (e.g., logic 1, or the like). As a result, after repeated write cycles, some portion of the pages may experience stress due to repeatedly storing the same logic value. This stress may result in wear bias or failure of the corresponding memory cell in the pages.


A color filter for a transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) includes a transparent substrate (2011), a color filter layer (2012) covering the transparent substrate, a transparent layer (2013) covering the color filter layer, and a transparent electrode (2014). The color filter layer comprises a plurality of black matrix units (2016) and a plurality of color units (2015). Each color unit has two first portions (r) that correspond to a reflective mode, and a second portion (t) that corresponds to a transmissive mode. The second portion is preferably twice as thick as the first portions. A transflective LCD using the color filter is also described.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display, and more particularly to a transflective liquid crystal display device.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Liquid crystal display (LCD) devices are in wide use as display devices capable of reducing the overall size, weight and thickness of electronic apparatuses in which they are employed. In general, LCD devices are divided into two categories—transmissive LCD devices and reflective LCD devices—according to whether the display uses an included or an external light source.
A transmissive LCD device displays images using light from a back light device, and is usable under any ambient light conditions. Because the transmissive LCD device requires a back light having high brightness, it has high power consumption. Further, the back light device cannot be used for a long time.
Unlike the transmissive LCD device, a reflective LCD device utilizes ambient light beams from a natural light source or from an external artificial light source. The reflective LCD device can be used for a long time. However, the reflective LCD device is useless when the weather is unfavorable or when the external light source is not available.
To overcome the problems described above, a transflective LCD device has been developed. The transflective LCD device can compensate for the respective shortcomings of the reflective LCD device and the transmissive LCD device. That is, the transflective LCD device can selectively provide a reflective or transmissive mode, depending on the needs of users.
FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional transflective LCD device 1. For the sake of convenience, just one sub-pixel portion of the transflective LCD device 1 is shown. The transflective LCD device 1 includes an upper plate 10 having a color filter 101, a lower plate 12 spaced apart from the upper plate 10, a liquid crystal layer 11 between the upper plate 10 and the lower plate 12, and a back light 13 disposed below the lower plate 12.
Referring also to FIG. 9, in the transflective LCD device 1, a conventional color filter 101 is employed. The color filter 101 includes an upper transparent substrate 1011, a color filter layer 1012, and a transparent electrode 1013. The color filter layer 1012 includes a plurality of black matrix units 1015 regularly disposed on the upper transparent substrate 1011, and color units 1014 covering the black matrix units 1015. The color units 1014 are divided into R, G and B color units. In the upper plate 10, the color filter layer 1012 is formed on a bottom surface of the transparent substrate 1011, and the upper transparent electrode 1013 is formed on the color filter layer 1012. The upper transparent electrode 1013 serves as a common electrode. In addition, a half wave plate 102 is formed as a retardation film on a top surface of the transparent substrate 1011, and an upper polarizer 103 is formed on the half wave plate 102.
In the lower plate 12, an insulating layer 122 is formed on a top surface of a lower transparent substrate 121, and a lower transparent electrode 123 is formed on the insulating layer 122. A passivation layer 124 is formed on the lower transparent electrode 123, and a reflective electrode 125 is formed on the passivation layer 124. A transmitting hole (not labeled) is defined through the passivation layer 124 and the reflective electrode 125. A lower polarizer 120 is formed on a bottom surface of the lower transparent substrate 121.
The transflective LCD device 1 has a transmissive portion "t" that corresponds to a portion of the lower transparent electrode 123 exposed via the transmitting hole, and a pair of reflective portions "r" that correspond to the reflective electrode 125. The transmissive portion "t" has a first cell gap "a" between the upper transparent electrode 1013 and the lower transparent electrode 123. The reflective portions "r" have a second cell gap "b" between the upper transparent electrode 1013 and the reflective electrode 125. The first cell gap "a" is configured to be larger than the second cell gap "b," such that incident light rays have the same efficiency for the transmissive and reflective modes. Specifically, the first cell gap "a" is preferably about twice as large as the second cell gap "b."
In the reflective mode, an ambient light ray "d" from an external light source such as natural sunlight passes through the upper polarizer 103, the half wave plate 102, the color filter 101 and the liquid crystal layer 11 in that order, and is then reflected by the reflective electrode 125 to pass back through the liquid crystal layer 11, the color filter 101, the half wave plate 102 and the upper polarizer 103 in that order. That is, the ambient light ray "d" passes through the color filter 101 twice.
In the transmissive mode, an incident light ray "c" from the back light 13 passes through the lower polarizer 120, the transparent substrate 121, the insulating layer 122, the lower transparent electrode 123, the liquid crystal layer 11, the color filter 101, the half wave plate 102 and the upper polarizer 103 in that order. That is, the incident light ray "c" passes through the color filter 101 only once.
The light ray "c" is only colored once by the color filter 101 in the transmissive mode, but the light ray "d" is colored twice by the color filter 101 in the reflective mode. Thus, in the transflective LCD device 1, the reflective mode has a better color purity than the transmissive mode. That is, there is a difference in color purity as between the reflective mode and the transmissive mode.
For the above reason, an improved transflective LCD having high color purity is desired.

Transflective liquid crystal display using transflective color filter


This door construction for a vehicle has a door main body which includes: an inner panel on a cabin interior side; an outer panel on a cabin exterior side; and an interior decoration cover disposed on the cabin interior side of the inner panel. The interior decoration cover is joined to the outer panel through an opening formed in the inner panel.

Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-378022, filed Dec. 28, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a door construction for a vehicle, such as a back door.
2. Description of the Related Art
An ordinary door for a vehicle is constructed by: unitarily joining an inner panel on a cabin interior side and an outer panel on a cabin exterior side; and attaching an interior decoration cover facing the cabin interior side, thereto (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2004-27563).
In this conventional door construction, since the interior decoration cover is fixed to a cabin interior side face of the inner panel by screws and clips, it was necessary to secure a face on the inner panel for attaching the interior decoration cover thereto. As a result, space for forming openings in the inner panel is limited; therefore, it was difficult to lighten the weight of the door.
In addition, in the case in which openings formed in the inner panel are enlarged, additional brackets or the like are required to be installed thereto, in order to attach the inner panel. As a result, the number of parts increases; and therefore a concern arises with regard to increases in weight and manufacturing cost thereof.
The present invention was made in view of the above-mentioned circumstances, and has an object of providing a door construction for a vehicle which enables reductions in total weight of a door and manufacturing cost by attaching an interior decoration cover to an interior side of an inner panel without causing a limitation of space for forming openings in the inner panel, and an increase in the number of parts.


Here is presented a novel formulation of a topical treatment containing cannabidiol (CBD), as well as shea butter, cocoa butter coconut oil, aloe vera, body butter, lavender, lemongrass and tangerine. Such formulation may be applied to the skin in a variety of applications. The formulations are made with nearly no THC. Formulations include massage oil, pain relief cream, gardener's relief cream, warming cream, hand and body lotion grip, massage lotion glide and a gardener's relief oil.

Cannabidiol is the main non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid present in the Cannabis sativa plant, constituting up to 40 percent of its extract. CBD is a safe compound with a wide range of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
While CBD oil has been used in other topical treatments, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 11,040,017, entitled "Cannabidiol formulation" to Elizabeth Merritt, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. One of the undesirable characteristics of these cannabidiol formulations is that they contain a significant presence of THC. While this patent mitigates the euphoric effect of THC, the mere presence of THC is undesirable to some consumers. In particular, a presence of greater than 0.3 percent by weight classifies the substance as a 'controlled substance; according to current US law. It would be desirable to have a therapeutic lotion containing CBD oil that has no—or a nominal amount—of THC so that it can be sold, distributed and used in the US without a specific license.
Without the presence of THC, CBD is a safe compound with a wide range of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of psychiatric disorders These findings make this substance an attractive candidate for therapeutic use. However, such use has some limiting factors. In addition to its low and variable oral bioavailability in humans, pure cannabidiol possesses a narrow therapeutic dose range. It would be desirable to have a wider therapeutic dose range and a more bioavailable form of cannabidiol. Here are presented mixtures, lotions, creams and tinctures that have adjuvants and additives that widen the therapeutic dose range as well as make CBD oil more bioavailable to humans when used topically while having little or no THC present to avoid the complications of that substance.

Lotion and tinctures containing CBD oil including preparation and use thereof


A wideband dual polarized antenna array system, with minimal number of RF ports that enables wideband array frequency ratios of 25:1 to 120:1. Reduced grating lobe performance is enabled by employing antennas-within-antennas. Orientation and spacing of antennas in novel methodologies further reduces sidelobes and grating lobes. Finally, this technology reduces the number of RF ports, compared to Tightly Coupled Dipole Antenna (TCDA) arrays by 10× to 25× times.

Prior to attempting to define the array/bandwidth/gain problem or limitation, it is prudent to define a common metric to describe and/or characterize antenna array bandwidth and performance, to a useful system metric. There are many sources in the literature that describe antenna element functional bandwidth, usually in either impedance bandwidth, gain bandwidth, or some other bandwidth metric. Often, many of the antenna (element) characteristics are extended to the array characteristics, since most phased array systems utilize a single common antenna type, used throughout the array. For example, there are many wideband antenna elements or antenna technologies that claim impedance bandwidth performance up to a 10:1 frequency ratio, or greater. This bandwidth component, that is impedance bandwidth, is only one term in the three term expansion, or for the three product terms for antenna Absolute Gain. These three terms are Matching Efficiency, Radiation Efficiency, and Directivity. The product of these three terms gives the resultant Antenna Absolute Gain, as a function of frequency, and azimuth, and elevation (directions). Therefore, impedance bandwidth, which only describes the antenna matching efficiency, is a relatively incomplete characterization of any antenna and especially an array of antennas. Additionally, an antenna with huge impedance bandwidth, could have very low radiation resistance across its full impedance bandwidth as well as having very large ohmic resistance across this same bandwidth, such that the sum of the radiation resistance and the ohmic resistance is equal to the transmission line resistance or impedance (for example: 50 ohms). In this case, the antenna would have very good matching efficiency, but very low radiation efficiency, and thus be considered a poor antenna. An array of such antennas, would thus have very large impedance bandwidth, but have very low array bandwidth and efficiency. (Example: https://www.mobilemark.com/faqs/how-do-you-specify-the-bandwidth-of-an-antenna/)
A much better metric to use is Gain Bandwidth. The Gain Bandwidth of an antenna takes into account all three components of Absolute Gain, and not simply the impedance bandwidth. However, even the use of Gain Bandwidth has been distorted in many sources and texts. The greater perpetrators here use "Peak" Antenna Gain to specify the operating range of their antenna. However, for example, for a dipole antenna of major axis length of a half-wavelength, operation of this antenna past 1 to 1.5 wavelengths produces a split in the E-Field Pattern, where the maximum Gain (Peak Gain) is no longer in the direction broadside (or boresight) to the major axis of the physical antenna, but changes elevation value (phi angle) as the antenna frequency increases. This characteristic is similar for Vivaldi antennas, as well as many other antenna types, commonly used in antenna arrays. Therefore, the best overall performance metric for describing the bandwidth of an antenna is Gain Bandwidth, such that the maximum Gain is always in the Broadside (or boresight) direction.
Additionally, in terms of Impedance Bandwidth and Gain Bandwidth, what should be the minimum VSWR or Return Loss acceptable across the operating range of the antenna and the resulting array, as well as the minimal acceptable Broadside Gain Bandwidth? IEEE sets this to a VSWR of 2:1, which is a Return Loss (RL) of −10 dB. However, will an antenna operate below a VSWR of 2:1? Of course it will. Most transmitter systems follow the exciter with an RF Power Amplifier (RFPA), and most RFPA manufacturers specify that the worst VSWR, from the PA looking into the antenna (port) should be no worse than a 3:1 VSWR, or equivalently a −6 dB Return Loss. What is the difference between a 2:1 VSWR and a 3:1 VSWR (or a RL of −10 dB and −6 dB) in terms of throughput loss? This only 1 dB of loss! A 1 dB loss in most systems is not considered catastrophic. While academics usually assign an acceptable antenna VSWR of 2:1 across the operating band, most systems design engineers easily accept a 3:1 VSWR (RL of −6 dB) for antenna performance.
Finally, what would be the minimal Broadside directed Antenna Gain. This actually is a relative value which depends on the application, with no real definitive value. However, with 1 dB of Throughput Loss, due to reduced antenna VSWR, and with a few ohms of Ohmic Resistance (present in any real antenna), it is safe to say that achieving an Antenna Broadside Gain of +0 dBi is likely considered to be a very good omni-directional antenna. With a reflector, this would be raised to +3 dBi.
Therefore, we finally have a good metric for antenna performance, to be applied to our array, to help specify the array performance. Good Antenna Bandwidth is specified as:
Absolute Gain, in the Broadside Direction, equal to or better than +0 dBi across the full operation frequency range of the antenna.
An absolute worst of 3:1 VSWR at the antenna feed (or equivalently an antenna RL of −6 dB), with a desired VSWR of 2:1 (RL of −10 dB) throughout.
Now that we have a reasonable definition of a good antenna (element), we can address desired attributes of an antenna array. A highly desired antenna array system would have the following characteristics:                Greatest operational frequency range, or frequency ratio, measure in Broadside Gain Bandwidth for all antennas within the array        All array antennas (elements), within the array, have a VSWR no worse than 3:1 (RL of −6 dB) across the full operational range of the full Gain Bandwidth        Fully dual or diversely polarized, at each and every element, so that the array can transmit or receive signals in any polarization. This capability would be most utilized in fully digital arrays, where element pairs (in diverse or orthogonal polarization) can be easily [digitally] quadrature summed to exploit any incident or transmitted signal polarization.
High array scanning volume. This metric depends on the application, however, as a minimum we would want +/−45 degree scan volume.
Vivaldi antennas, while having up to 12:1 Impedance Bandwidth, actually only have Broadside Gain Bandwidth of 4:1, or an upper maximum of 6:1 as claimed in some technical papers. A major implementation issue with Vivaldi antennas is their deep lengths, consuming multiple wavelengths at the lowest frequency of operation.
Interleaving Vivaldi structures, horn antennas, or even dipole antennas, to achieve a wideband antenna array, has been found to have many significant performance issues. One of these is that above 3:1 operating bandwidth (Gain Bandwidth), that the un-suppressed grating lobes become significantly large. There are means to suppress grating lobes, after digitization of the signal, such as Taylor Filtering, however these methods tend to reduce the main beam power (amplitude) or widen the main beam. The best results have been found with single polarization antenna and array systems. However, when attempting to design a dual or diversely polarized antenna array system, most sources have only been able to achieve a 2:1 or maximum 3:1 ratio operation frequency range.
A recent innovation in array design is the Tightly Coupled Array (TCA) or Tightly Coupled Dipole Array (TCDA) technology. This has witnessed significant development and innovations since 2008, and has produced wideband arrays with measured bandwidths up to 20:1. Implementation of these arrays have found shown that many actual designed systems have significantly reduced Absolute Broadside Gain at the lower operational frequencies, with as much as 5 to 15 dB of loss in many systems. However, one of the worst problems with this technology is the number of RF ports required, per Low Frequency Cell (LFC). This (LFC) is the minimum size of a structure (cell) that generates a single full antenna that operates, with Broadside Absolute Gain of greater than +0 dBi, at the lowest operational frequency of the array. For a 25:1 bandwidth TCDA system, will require roughly 25×25=625 distinct RF ports simply for a single polarized LFC. This becomes 1250 RF ports for dual polarization LFC. For an array of 16 such LFC's, which enables an array of 4×4 LFC elements, this would require 20,000 RF ports. This becomes extremely expensive as a function of array bandwidth, and requires very high SWAP (Size, Weight, and Power).
Therefore, the ideal Wideband Dual Polarized Antenna Array solution would have the following characteristics:                Array operation bandwidth, with broadside gain above +0 dBi, over a 4:1 ratio bandwidth or greater.        Zero to low RF grating lobes, across the full operational bandwidth, prior to any digital grating lobe filtering or grating lobe suppression techniques.        Far less RF ports (at least an order of magnitude less) than the TCDA solution.

Wideband dual polarized antenna array system