A system which records and reproduces a digital signal in the form of a magnetic reversal on and from a recording medium includes a magnetic head for reproducing data recorded on the recording medium; an automatic gain control unit for controlling the reproduced signal so as to have a constant amplitude; an equalizer for processing the output waveform from the automatic gain control unit; a differentiator for changing the output from the equalizer to a differentiated waveform; a low pass filter for limiting the signal band of the differentiated waveform; a low pass filter for limiting the signal band of the equalizer output; a pulser for receiving the equalizer output, the band of which is limited by the low pass filter and the differentiated waveform, the band of which is limited; a differentiator for receiving the output from the automatic gain control unit and producing a differentiated signal from the output signal; an attenuator for attenuating the differentiator output; and a waveform processor for adding the attenuated differentiated signal to the band-limited differentiated waveform and inputting the resulting signal to the pulser.

The present invention relates to digital magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus using a thin film magnetic head, and more particularly to an equalized signal processing system in a peak sense type reproduced signal processing apparatus for eliminating an undershoot in a signal waveform reproduced by a thin film magnetic head.
A digital magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus using a peak sense system uses a thin film magnetic head to obtain a sharp recording magnetic field as the recording density becomes higher. However, if a thin film magnetic head is used, peaks 401, 402 (FIG. 3) of the reproduced waveform called undershoots and opposed in polarity to a main peak of the reproduced waveform appear in the vicinity of the outer edges 404 of a thin film magnetic pole 409, as shown by the broken lines 403, because the pole length is limited. When pattern data are recorded and reproduced, the undershoots interfere with the reproduced waveform in the vicinity thereof, so that the pattern peak shift increases.
Conventionally, such an undershoot is eliminated using a transversal equalizer disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication JP-A 61-59664. The equalizer creates an echo signal comprising a timewise deviated version of the input signal through a delay circuit and adds the echo signal and the input signal at a particular ratio. To level off the undershoot portion, the undershoot eliminating unit performs the following functions. The first is to delay the echo signal to the position of the undershoot portion of the input signal using the delay circuit, and the second is to add the echo signal and the input signal. A compensating signal for leveling off the undershoot is deviated to the position of the undershoot by a fixed delay element.

Data reproducing apparatus for eliminating undershoots in the vicinity of the outer edges of a magnetic pole


The tabbed edge of a divider sheet has at least one strip releasably attached thereto. The strip helps the printer (or copier) sense the sheet when being fed strip end first or last (landscape direction) into the printer or copier. When fed in the portrait direction, the strip guides the sheet along the feed tray guides thereby preventing skewing of the sheet. After the printer or copier has printed the desired indicia on the tabs and/or body of the sheet, the strip is removed from the sheet and discarded. The strip can be attached to the sheet with adhesive or by a microperforation line.

This invention relates to tabbed index dividers, business cards, Rolodex.RTM. cards, holiday or greeting cards, uneven sheets and the like and particularly those for use in three-ring or similar notebooks. It also concerns methods for printing on them by feeding them through standard laser or ink jet printers, photocopiers or other common printing apparatus.
The width of a standard index tab divider for a three-ring notebook containing sheets of pre-punched 81/2 by eleven inch notebook paper is nine by eleven inches, which includes the width of the tab. Unfortunately, many standard laser-jet or ink-jet printers or photocopiers can only accept rectangular sheets of widths not exceeding 81/2 inches. Accordingly, there has been a need for an assembly and accompanying method for conveniently printing upon the face and tab portion of a nine by eleven inch divider using a laser or ink-jet printer or photocopier which has an 81/2 inch width restriction.
One approach has been to print on a standard 81/2 by eleven inch sheet and then adhere a pre-punched spine strip along an edge of the sheet. The sheet can then be inserted into a ringed binder. However, this arrangement is somewhat inconvenient to a user for two reasons. First, for assemblies in which the spine strips are entirely separate from the divider sheets, the user must separately store both components, and storage areas can become cluttered and the spine strips misplaced. Second, the user must very carefully attach the pre-punched spine strip to the divider sheet. If the spine strip is misaligned, the user must reposition the strip or may even need to discard the entire assembly, particularly if a permanent pressure sensitive adhesive is used on the spine. Additionally, this arrangement is somewhat user-unfriendly due to the time it takes to remove a release liner from the spine strip and apply the spine strip to the divider.
Common printers and copiers may have a thickness restriction as well as a width restriction, due to interior clearances and due to the radii of bends in the sheet path through those machines. Uneven thicknesses can cause skewing in the transport of sheets through the printer and possibly jamming. It is therefore important to minimize nonuniformity of thickness over the entire assembly. Holmberg, U.S. Pat. No. 4,447,481 teaches that assemblies for feeding into common printers should have a substantially uniform thickness. (This patent and all other patents, publications and patent applications mentioned anywhere in this disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.)
Different brands of software are currently available and others are being developed for causing laser, ink-jet and other printers to automatically print the desired indicia directly on tabs of dividers. The dividers can be approximately 81/4 inches by eleven inches when folded before printing and unfold the standard nine inches by eleven inches after printing, as described in the above-mentioned '370 application. They are typically constructed of medium weight paper reinforced along one longitudinal edge by an adhered layer of plastic film. This edge may include three through-holes or apertures for filing the divider in a ring binder. Extending out from the opposite edge is a tab, having a length of about 11/4 inch to 17/8 inch (or 11/8 inch to 31/4 inches) and a width of one-half inch and which may be reinforced with an adhered layer of plastic film. The tabs on different dividers in a set are typically provided at between three to eight different positions.
In the past when such dividers were fed (in the portrait direction of the divider sheet) using multipurpose or cassette trays into ink-jet, electrophotographic or laser printers, the dividers tended to skew as they entered the printer. This skewing occurs because (1) the tabs of the dividers stick out one-half inch from the body of the paper and thus do not provide full continuous contact of each divider to the paper guide of the (multipurpose) printer tray and (2) the paper guide of the multipurpose tray is much shorter than the paper divider itself. This, means that the dividers with the last few tab positions do not contact the paper guide, specifically, the fourth and fifth tabs of a five tab set and the fifth through eighth tabs of an eight tab set.
Even when an insert feed tray as described in copending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/511,879 ('879), filed Aug. 4, 1995, is used, a perfectly straight feed in the portrait direction may not result. In fact, that insert feed tray works perfectly with only about one half of the printers. For example, it does not work well with vertical feed trays and with the older HPII and HPIII printers where the insert tray tends to move around a bit causing shifting of the print and skewing. The tray tends to move around when it is only 81/4 inches wide and the cassette tray is 81/2 inches. A two-sided insert tray works better in that situation.
Within the past year a new office printer--the Hewlett Packard 4V printer--has been made available. The HP4V printer is a high speed, network shared printer adapted for office use. Unlike prior printers, except a few used in the graphic arts business for large format printing, the HP4V printer handles sheets as wide as eleven inches. It thus allows 81/2 by eleven inch sheets to be fed therein in the landscape direction. Thus, 81/2 by eleven inch tabbed divider sheets can be fed in tabbed edge or binding edge first. And the available software allows the printer to print both along the tab and across the body of the sheet in a single pass through the printer.
A problem, however, is that unless the tab of the sheet happens to be aligned with the printer's start-of-the-page sensor, the sheet, if fed in tab edge first (or sheet edge first with a trailing tab), will not be detected or sensed and will not be fed into the printer for a printing operation thereon. More accurately, the tab will not be sensed and printing on the tab does not occur. The HP4V printer has center sensors to sense the beginning and trailing edges of the paper. Thus, for the HP4V printer when a five-position tabbed divider system is used, only the dividers with their tabs in the third position will be sensed for printing on the tabs when fed in tab edge first (or as a divider with a third-position trailing tab). That is, those dividers whose tabs are in the first, second, fourth and fifth positions do not cause the tabs to be sensed for printing thereon. Thus, the divider must be fed in a hole punched side first, on the side opposite the tab. Also, if the dividers are fed in binding (hole punched) edge first, all of the sheets are fed through, but only the ones with the tabs near the center would be printed. That is, for sheets having uncentered tabs, the printer will not sense the trailing edge and print on the tab.

Index divider sheet assembly and the like


An improved call for use in calling waterfowl or game in which the call has a unique set of interchangeable chokes so that the volume of the call can be easily varied by the user. The precisely designed chokes provide the user the ability of changing the volume by replacing the choke so as to better fit the particular conditions of the environment without changing the reed size or thickness. The call also contains an opening in the side of the barrel which opening is normally closed by a plug which can be removed to allow the user to simulate different calls.

The invention relates to a call for use in calling waterfowl or game. These calls commonly have a barrel one end of which provides a mouth piece into which the user blows. Extending from the opposite end of the barrel is an insert which contains a reed that vibrates in the sound chamber, provided by the barrel, and a bore that controls the air escape rate thereby producing the desired sound to call ducks or geese, for example. In calls of this type, the volume or loudness of the sound produced by the call is dependent upon a number of factors. These include the amount of air pressure applied by the user, the forward flow rate of the air through the call and the escape rate of the air from the bore. Also important in the loudness of the call are the internal dimensions of the sound chamber which affect the amount of internal displacement of the air. The prior art discloses means for varying the tone of the call, and one example of such a call is shown in Bicocchi U.S. Pat. No. 2,556,388. However, it is desirable for the ordinary user who may not be skilled in using calls to be able to greatly vary the volume of the call depending upon the acoustical environment and conditions in which the call is being used. This capability is important whether the call is used in the field or in competitive tournament calling. Without changing from one call to another, there is no known way of easily varying the loudness of a call significantly. Because high quality calls are not inexpensive there is therefore a need for a way in which a single call can be used to produce the desired variation in volume which is very important to the effectiveness of calls used both in the field and in tournament calling.
Also, there are times when the user may wish to create the sounds associated with calling the Mallard and similar type ducks but be able to quickly switch to simulating the call given by the whistling type ducks, such as the Wood Duck. This can be accomplished, of course, by changing from one call to another, but there is no known way of quickly and easily changing between these two quite different calls using a single call.
There is therefore a need for a relatively inexpensive call, the loudness of which can be quickly and easily varied by the user depending upon the acoustical environment and conditions in which the call is being used. There is also a need for a single call which can be used to produce sounds associated with calling different types of waterfowl, such as the whistling type duck.


In some implementations, a radio access provider (RAP), e.g., of a wireless telecommunications network, can identifying matching data in two data flows associated with respective, different terminals. The RAP can determine a common wireless-resource allocation for the matching data, and respective allocation messages for the terminals. Each allocation message can indicate the common resource allocation. The RAP can transmit the allocation messages to the terminals. In some implementations, a wireless communications device can receive two allocation messages, one for a common and one for a terminal-specific resource allocation. The device can receive the common-allocation data before the terminal-specific data, and assemble a packet with at least some of the terminal-specific data before some of the common-allocation data. The device can decrypt the common-allocation data using a key associated with the common allocation.

Conventional wireless devices are designed to work or operate in a specified frequency range or band with limited transmit power levels. Government agencies, e.g., the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), license specific bands to specific network operators. The FCC limits transmit power for each of the licensed bands to provide public safety and to reduce potential co-band and adjacent band interference levels. Therefore, each band has a limited capacity for data transmission. Moreover, licensees to a licensed band usually have an exclusive right to provide services with the band in a specified geographic area, for a defined term and within specified times. The license is exclusive in the sense that no other service providers are typically allowed to provide services in the same band, in the same area and at the same time.
Example licensed frequency bands include cellular telephony or Personal Communication Service (PCS) bands, as well as Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) bands, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) bands, and other bands, such as those supporting Third Generation (3G) wireless communications. Other licensed bands include, but are not limited to, a licensed band identified as allocated for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX).
Many wireless networks provide communication services to multiple types or generations of devices. For example, a cellular network may provide connectivity to second-generation (2G) cellular devices using, e.g., the GSM standard, 3G cellular devices using, e.g., the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard, or fourth-generation (4G) cellular networks using, e.g., the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Within the any particular cell of such a network, cellular devices may be operating using multiple network types or standards. Moreover, a particular cellular device may switch between network types in operation, e.g., due to a handover operation, e.g., single-radio voice call continuity (SRVCC) when leaving LTE coverage during a call but still within GSM coverage. As a result, the demand for data-transmission resources within a particular cell may change rapidly or unexpectedly over time.

Common network resource allocation for matching data


A method and apparatus for achieving a three-dimensional high density warp-resistant integrated circuit module is provided. Selected individual integrated circuit packages which comprise the module are mounted with a thin stiffener, or a thin layer of material having a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) less than or equal to that of silicon, and/or are lapped to reduce the package profile, and/or are mounted with a thin layer of material having a CTE greater than that of silicon, and preferably approximately equal to that of the casing material.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a three-dimensional warp-resistant integrated circuit module. In particular, the invention relates to thin layers of material mounted to selected integrated circuit packages within the module to balance moments of inertia around a selected neutral thermodynamic axis within the module to prevent thermal and mechanical warping of the module.
2. Discussion of the Related Technology
In an attempt to configure electronic systems in ever smaller packages, new methods and apparatus comprising three-dimensional stacked integrated circuit packages have been developed as more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,751, entitled "Ultra High Density Integrated Circuit Packages," and U.S. Pat. No. 5,367,766, entitled "Ultra High Density Integrated Circuit Packages Method," both having the common assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/990,334, filed Dec. 11, 1992, now allowed, entitled "High Density Lead-on-Package," assigned to the common assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein, discloses the use of a stiffener to prevent the mechanical warping of a thin integrated circuit package. Methods and apparatus for controlling thermally induced warpage are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,056, entitled "Warp-Resistant Ultra Thin Package" and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,058, entitled "Warp-Resistant Ultra Thin Packages Method," both assigned to the common assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein for all purposes.
In contrast to such prior art technology, the present invention includes a three-dimensional warp-resistant integrated circuit module that is thermally and mechanically balanced to prevent ultra-thin profile packages comprising the module from warping.

Three-dimensional warp-resistant integrated circuit module method and apparatus


A display apparatus for displaying a virtual image superposed upon a real world image, which can automatically set the focus of a lens to the virtual image, a virtual world image object having a high importance degree or a real world image object having a high importance degree. The display apparatus has a lens for capturing light from a real world, a lens state control unit for controlling a state of the lens including a focus, a storage unit for storing computer image data, a computer image generation unit for generating a computer image by using the computer image data stored in the storage unit in accordance with lens state information of the lens state and the like; and a synthesis display unit for synthesizing an image captured via the lens and the generated computer image and displaying a synthetic image.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to synthesizing a real image and a created image.
2. Description of the Related Art
A telescope placed at an observation platform or the like captures a scene viewed from the platform, optically enlarges and presents it to a user. A telescope optically enlarges a scene and presents it to a user so that it can present only an object existing in a real world. For example, a telescope can neither present information such as an address and a name of a building existing in the real world nor provide the real world with virtual characters.
The following related art solving such problems is known.
Japanese Patent No. 2833206 "Display at Observation Platform" discloses techniques of synthesizing a real scene taken with a telescope and virtual characters and images. The display disclosed in this patent synthesizes real world light in front of the display and image display light from a plane on which virtual characters and images are displayed by using a combiner constituted of a half mirror and the like, and presents the synthetic image to a user. The techniques of displaying a real world image and a computer generated image synthesized by a half mirror and the like are called an optical see-through display method.
There is another conventional system in which a HMD (head mount display) with a built-in camera is mounted on a head and real scenes captured while the HMD is moved as the head moves and computer images are synthesized. The techniques of displaying a scene image photographed with a camera and an image generated by a computer or the like synthesized together are called a video see-through display method.
With both the optical see-through and video see-through display methods, a zoom lens is sometimes used for enlarging a real world scene. Most of such zoom lenses are equipped with a mechanism for adjusting a focus. The focus is adjusted manually by a user viewing a scene through a display apparatus or automatically with an auto focusing mechanism.
It is, however, difficult to adjust the focus of a zoom lens to a virtual character displayed in a real world scene. With the auto focusing mechanism, the focus is adjusted always to a real world scene beyond virtual characters, and it is impossible to adjust the focus to the virtual characters. This point has been desired to be improved.

Display apparatus and information processing method


Provided is a method of preparing dye-based reference materials useful for calibrating or qualifying instrument systems that are diagnostic spectroscopically for hemoglobin and CO-ox fractions. The dye-based reference materials are non-proteinaceous and may be interpreted by CO-oximeter instrument systems as providing a spectrum substantially equivalent to the spectrum of blood, particularly with regard to hemoglobin and hemoglobin CO-ox fractions. Dye-based reference materials may be formulated to provide CO-ox fractions approximating those seen in a clinical setting, including normal physiological CO-ox fractions. The dye-based reference materials may be combined with other ingredients thus making the materials useful as references for pH and blood gas instruments and/or electrolyte instruments in addition to CO-oximeter instrument systems.

Improvements in instrumentation have made the determination of blood pH, gas, electrolytes and CO-ox fractions relatively routine in clinical laboratories. Typically, pH and blood gas instruments measure blood pH, pCO.sub.2, and pO.sub.2. CO-oximeter instruments typically measure the total hemoglobin concentration (THb); the hemoglobin fractions such as oxyhemoglobin (O.sub.2 Hb); methemoglobin (MetHb); carboxyhemoglobin (COHb); and reduced hemoglobin (HHb) (collectively referred to herein as "CO-ox fractions"). Electrolyte instruments measure any number of flood electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and so on. Instrument systems currently available may combine the measurement of blood pH, gases, electrolytes, various metabolites, and CO-ox fractions in one instrument for a comprehensive testing of the properties of blood, as is particularly useful in respiratory and pulmonary ailments. Vigorous therapeutic treatment is often dictated by such test results.
Quantitative determination of the various CO-ox fractions in clinical settings is desirable as CO-ox fractions relate to the loading of oxygen onto the hemoglobin of red blood cells circulating through the pulmonary capillaries. The actual amount of oxygen loaded onto the hemoglobin is determined not only by the concentration of total hemoglobin (THb), but also by the amount of non-oxygen-binding derivatives of hemoglobin such as carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and methemoglobin (MetHb). Reduced hemoglobin (HHb) is an unoxygenated form of normal hemoglobin and elevations in the arterial fractional HHb indicate that lesser amounts of oxygen have been bound as a result of ventilation and/or perfusion defects.
Blood, hemoglobin and hemoglobin CO-ox fractions absorb visible light. A normal blood spectrum has a main absorption peak at 578 nm and decreases rapidly close to zero at wavelengths greater than about 610 nm as shown in FIG. 1. The second absorption peak of blood is at 542 nm. Absorbance maxima of hemoglobin derivatives are oxyhemoglobin, 541, 568-572 nm; reduced hemoglobin, 555 nm; carboxyhemoglobin, 537, 568-572 nm; and methemoglobin 540, 578, 630 nm.
Generally, optical type of CO-oximeters measure the absorbance of the blood sample at multiple wavelengths on the spectrum. Ultimately, based on the known CO-ox fraction absorption wavelengths regions, CO-oximeters analyze blood samples by the collection of absorption data at specific wavelengths. The data are then typically recorded and a process called multicomponent analysis is used to simultaneously calculate the concentrations of the each of hemoglobin CO-ox fraction present in the blood sample.
CO-oximeter instruments are typically designed to measure CO-ox fractions with values broader than the ranges observed in patient samples. For example, instruments may have the capability to measure CO-ox fractions in the defined instrument ranges of: about 4 to about 25 g/dL of THb, about 30% to about 98% oxyhemoglobin (O.sub.2 Hb); 0 to about 50% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb); 0 to about 40% methemoglobin (MetHb); and 0 to about 50% reduced hemoglobin (HHb), with all CO-ox fraction percentages herein based on the total amount of hemoglobin. Within the range of instrument capability is a clinically meaningful CO-ox fraction range and a normal physiological CO-ox fraction range. The clinically meaningful range is defined herein as: total hemoglobin 8 to 20 g/dL, 60 to 98% oxyhemoglobin (O.sub.2 Hb); 0 to 20% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb); 0 to about 20% methemoglobin (MetHb); and 0 to about 20% reduced hemoglobin (HHb). The normal physiological range is defined herein as: total hemoglobin.14 to 17 g/dL for men and 12 to 15 g/dL for women, oxyhemoglobin 94 to 98%, carboxyhemoglobin 0 to about 1% for nonsmoker, methemoglobin 0 to about 1.5%, and reduced hemoglobin from about 1 to about 5%.
Reference materials generally function to validate the performance of a diagnostic instrument. For CO-oximeter instrument systems, ideal quality control standard materials are formulated to provide pre-determined CO-ox fraction values not only within the broad instrument capability range, but also within the normal physiological range.
The prior art teaches two general types of CO-oximeter quality control standard materials. The first type are aqueous dye-based materials, where dyes are used in an attempt to match the spectrum of blood. The second type are blood-based materials, where the presence blood allows for the direct match of the spectrum of blood. Both types of materials have been associated with a variety of problems as discussed below.
In developing dye-based quality control standard materials for CO-ox instrument systems, to more closely approximate the spectrum of blood, combinations of dyes have been used. The combinations of dyes have been used because no single synthetic dye has a spectrum sufficiently similar to the absorption bands of a blood spectrum. Because the spectrum of blood has multiple distinctive bands of absorption, it is challenging to prepare a quality control standard material to mimic these characteristics. Although one dye might contribute an absorption characteristic that is present in the normal blood spectrum, it may also present other absorption characteristics that are dissimilar to blood at other portions of the spectrum.
Prior art methods teach dye combinations that only partially simulate blood's visible spectrum. Consequently, the CO-ox fraction values of the prior art quality control standard materials are often not clinically meaningful. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,013 teaches a combination of dyes for a CO-ox quality control standard, however, as shown in Cols. 6 and 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,013, the described quality control standard provides negative values for some of the CO-ox fractions. A negative value for a CO-ox fraction would never appear in a blood sample and thus these control standards have limited usefulness in qualifying CO-oximeters in a clinical setting. There has been a long-felt commercial need for dye-based quality control materials that may be formulated in a predictable manner to provide pre-determined clinically meaningful CO-ox fractions, particularly in the normal physiological range.
Blood-based reference materials provide clinically meaningful CO-ox fraction values, however, numerous limitations have been associated with using blood in the quality control standard materials. For example, a significant problem encountered by users of the proteinaceous blood-based materials is that blood-based materials are very susceptible to bacterial contamination and have a limited shelf life. Consequently, in most cases, users of blood-based materials must refrigerate the products during storage. Additionally, blood-based reference materials are generally classified as biohazardous materials, thus requiring the user to take additional safety precautions.
There is a need to provide non-proteinaceous dye-based reference materials that provide clinically and physiologically meaningful CO-ox fraction ranges.

Method to prepare dye-based reference material


The disclosure provides for receiving a downlink transmission for wireless communications. A user equipment (UE) may receive, on a primary component carrier, an indication that a subframe of a secondary component carrier includes a discovery reference signal. During the subframe, the UE may receive, on the secondary component carrier over an unlicensed spectrum, a transmission including the discovery reference signal. The UE may rate match the transmission based on the indication. The disclosure further provides for discovering timing information during wireless communications. The UE may receive on a primary component carrier, an indication that a set of subframes of a carrier of a neighboring cell includes a discovery reference signal. The UE may determine a subframe to receive the discovery reference signal based on the indication. The UE may receive during the subframe, the discovery reference signal from the neighboring cell in an unlicensed spectrum.

Aspects of this disclosure relate generally to telecommunications, and more particularly to techniques for configuring and scrambling discovery signals in unlicensed spectrum.
A wireless communication network may be deployed to provide various types of services (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, etc.) to users within a coverage area of the network. In some implementations, one or more access points (e.g., corresponding to different cells) provide wireless connectivity for access terminals (e.g., cell phones) that are operating within the coverage of the access point(s). In some implementations, peer devices provide wireless connectively for communicating with one another.
Some modes of communication may enable communications between a base station and a user equipment (UE) over an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, or over different radio frequency spectrum bands (e.g., a licensed radio frequency spectrum band and/or an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band) of a cellular network. With increasing data traffic in cellular networks that use a licensed radio frequency spectrum band, offloading of at least some data traffic to an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may provide a cellular operator with opportunities for enhanced data transmission capacity. An unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band may also provide service in areas where access to a licensed radio frequency spectrum band is unavailable.
In some wireless networks, the timing of certain reference signals may vary or otherwise be unknown in advance to a UE. For example, for a UE configured with a licensed-assisted access (LAA) secondary cell (SCell), the timing of the SCell can be derived from the timing of a corresponding primary cell (PCell) through a carrier aggregation (CA) framework. As such, for the serving SCell, the scrambling sequences used in each subframe can be determined using this relationship. In contrast, when a UE performs neighbor cell measurements to detect other LAA cells, e.g., belonging to either a serving public land mobile network (PLMN) or a neighboring PLMN, the timing of such cells may not be known by the UE.
As such, in this instance, the UE may listen for reference signals during a discovery window. However, these reference signals may be received at a variable position within the discovery window. As the scrambling of such reference signals may be based on a specific timing, the UE may consume vast resources processing different hypothesis for the scrambling sequence used in transmitting the received reference signals. Thus, given the growing use of the unlicensed spectrum, improvements in reference signal transmission and reception may be desired.

Discovery reference signal configuration and scrambling in licensed-assisted access


A high molecular weight polycarbonate resin is continuously produced by subjecting an aromatic polycarbonate prepolymer and an aliphatic diol compound to a linking and highly polymerizing reaction. Even an aliphatic diol compound having a comparatively low boiling point can be allowed to efficiently contribute to the linking and highly polymerizing reaction. An aromatic polycarbonate prepolymer is produced by a polycondensation reaction between an aromatic dihydroxy compound and a diester carbonate, adding an aliphatic diol compound having an aliphatic group bonding to a terminal hydroxyl group to obtain a prepolymer mixture, and subjecting the resulting prepolymer mixture to a linking and highly polymerizing reaction under reduced pressure. The aliphatic diol compound is added at a pressure exceeding 200 torr, and the prepolymer mixture is subjected to a linking and highly polymerizing reaction before the terminal hydroxyl group concentration of the aromatic polycarbonate prepolymer in the prepolymer mixture reaches 2000 ppm.

Polycarbonates have recently come to be widely used in numerous fields due to their superior heat resistance, impact resistance and transparency. Numerous studies have previously been conducted on methods for producing these polycarbonates. Among these, polycarbonates derived from 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (to be referred to as "bisphenol A"), for example, have been industrialized by both interfacial polymerization and melt polymerization production methods.
According to this interfacial polymerization, polycarbonate is produced from bisphenol A and phosgene, but it requires the use of toxic phosgene. In addition, this method also has problems such as corrosion of equipment by chlorine-containing compounds such by-product hydrogen chloride and sodium chloride as well as methylene chloride used in large amounts as a solvent, and difficulty in removing impurities such as sodium chloride as well as residual methylene chloride that have an effect on polymer properties.
On the other hand, melt polymerization, consisting of polymerizing, for example, bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate in a molten state by a transesterification reaction while removing by-product aromatic monohydroxy compounds (phenol in the case of reacting bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate) has long been known as a method for producing polycarbonates from aromatic dihydroxy compounds and diaryl carbonates.
Differing from interfacial polymerization, melt polymerization offers advantages such as not using a solvent, but it also has the intrinsic problem of polymer viscosity in the system increasing rapidly as polymerization progresses, thereby making it difficult to efficiently remove by-product aromatic monohydroxy compounds outside the system while also making it difficult to increase the degree of polymerization due to an extreme decrease in the reaction rate. Accordingly, an effective method is sought for producing high molecular weight aromatic polycarbonate resin using melt polymerization.
Various contrivances have been proposed for extracting aromatic monohydroxy compounds from highly viscous polymers for use as methods that solve the aforementioned problems (Patent Document 1: Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. S50-19600, Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H2-153923, and Patent Document 3: U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,275).
However, in the methods disclosed in these publications, it is not possible to adequately increase the molecular weight of the resulting polycarbonate. When highly polymerization is conducted by a method that uses a large amount of catalyst (Patent Document 2, Patent Document 3) or under severe conditions in the manner of applying high shear (Patent Document 1) as previously described, there are considerable detrimental effects on the physical properties of the resin, such as inferior resin hue or the progression of crosslinking reactions.
In addition, methods have also been proposed for enhancing the degree of polymerization of polycarbonates by adding a polymerization promoter or linking agent and the like to the reaction system during melt polymerization (Patent Documents 4 to 10). In addition, although the objective is not necessarily the same, methods consisting of the addition of a diol compound to a reaction system between a dihydroxy compound and diester carbonate have previously been proposed (Patent Documents 11 and 12).
However, these methods also have problems such as failure to inadequately increase the degree of polymerization or causing decreases in the inherent physical properties of the resulting polycarbonate resin (such as thermal stability, impact resistance or hue).
In this manner, since conventional methods for producing high molecular weight aromatic polycarbonates have numerous problems, there is a strong desire for the development of a production method capable of retaining the inherent favorable qualities of polycarbonates while achieving an adequate highly polymerization.
The inventors of the present invention previously proposed a method for producing a high molecular weight aromatic polycarbonate resin capable of retaining the favorable qualities of aromatic polycarbonate resins while adequately highly polymerizing (Patent Document 13). This method consisted of highly polymerizing by linking an aromatic polycarbonate prepolymer having an extremely low terminal hydroxyl group concentration with a linking agent composed of an aliphatic diol compound, which has a specific structure and has an aliphatic group that bonds to a terminal hydroxyl group contributing to the formation of a carbonate bond by transesterification (to simply be referred to as an "aliphatic diol compound"), by copolymerizing in the presence of a transesterification catalyst under a reduced pressure condition, thereby making it possible to obtain an adequately highly polymerized polycarbonate resin provided with the inherent physical properties of aromatic polycarbonate resins. The following indicates an example of the specific reaction scheme of this linking and highly polymerizing reaction using an aliphatic diol compound.

On the other hand, the step for subjecting an aromatic polycarbonate prepolymer and an aliphatic diol compound to a linking and highly polymerizing reaction can also be said to be a step for producing a copolymer of the aromatic polycarbonate prepolymer and the aliphatic diol compound. In general, in the case of obtaining a copolymer by continuously copolymerizing copolymerization components with each other, all of the materials (copolymerization components or reaction components) are normally preliminarily adequately mixed over a comparatively long period of time at normal pressure with a mixer, followed by transferring to a reaction vessel and copolymerizing. In a transesterification reaction during ordinary production of aromatic polycarbonate resins in particular, although a large, horizontal stirred reaction vessel having a large reaction surface area is preferably used to enhance devolatilization effects on by-product phenol and accelerate the reaction, since the stirring capacity of the horizontal stirred reaction vessels is not large, reaction components are typically introduced into the horizontal stirred reaction vessel after having been adequately mixed in advance.
Continuous multistage polymerization methods are also known in the prior art that consist of arranging a plurality of polymerization tanks in series in production of an aromatic polycarbonate resin (Patent Documents 14 to 16).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method for continuous production of high molecular weight polycarbonate resin


A temperature monitoring device for protecting the winding of an electronically commutated electric motor from being heated over a specified limit temperature TG regardless of the rotational speed includes a phase current detection device for detecting the phase current IWinding for the motor windings, an overcurrent switch-off device for switching off the electric motor if a maximum permissible phase current IShutdown is exceeded, and an overcurrent monitoring device, which is connected to the overcurrent switch-off device, in order to transmit to it a switch-off signal if the detected phase current IWinding exceeds the maximum permissible phase current IShutdown ascertained by a detection and computing device, wherein an algorithm in which the measured ambient temperature TU is incorporated is used when ascertaining the maximum permissible phase current IShutdown.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and several definitions for terms used in the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
In electric drives and motors it is almost unavoidable for heat losses to occur in the motor, resulting in a temperature rise. Accordingly, an upper limit temperature exists for the electric motor, and once this is exceeded the motor may become damaged or shut down, e.g., because of failure of the insulation of a winding. The upper limit temperature depends, among other things, on the insulation class of the winding. The insulation classes and the maximum permissible limit temperatures are determined according to DIN 0530 Part 1, among others, while the maximum limit temperatures are established by DIN EN 61558 for the different classes of insulation.
As a result of operational disturbances at a drive unit or at the electric motor it-self, an unacceptably high temperature may occur in the electric motor. Such instances occur during anticipated high loading of the machine, such as during running difficulties or blocking of the mechanism, for example. Fouled ventilation grilles at the electric motor may also result in unwanted temperature rises. If the winding of the motor exceeds the permissible temperature, the electric motor will become damaged, possibly entailing a breakdown of the entire machine. There-fore, a determination of the winding temperature is necessary in order to protect the electric motor against overheating.
Furthermore, in the design of the motor one is forced to make a compromise between model size and loading torque. Especially when the motor is operated practically constantly below its rated torque and only brief load peaks occur above this, it makes economic sense not to design the motor for the load peaks, but rather for the anticipated mean value plus a safety margin. In order to avoid a needless overdimensioning, it is also necessary for this reason to ascertain the motor temperature or at least to monitor the upper limit temperature. Thus, solutions have been proposed at present in the prior art which propose, e.g., the measurement of the winding temperature and comprise a shut-off device that is triggered upon exceeding the limit temperature. Another procedure calls for limiting the winding current in dependence on the motor's rotational speed. The temperature rise of the windings of a motor is determined by the motor design of its winding impedance and the winding current. In a known type of motor with known winding impedance, the temperature rise of the winding may be determined in dependence on the winding current during a type testing. These current values so determined may then be used during the operation to protect the motor winding against thermal overload.
From patent application WO 93/23904 A1, for example, there is described a method for monitoring an electric motor in regard to a thermal overloading, where the purpose is to keep low the technical expense and the design volume of the required overload protection of the electric motor. For this, the loss power of the electric motor or a quantity proportional to this is calculated with the aid of measured motor data during the on time of the motor and then integrated. The integration value is compared to a predetermined threshold value, and if the integration value exceeds the threshold value the electric motor is switched off. This method does not allow for environmental factors, which are also responsible for the temperature behavior of the electric motor. An important factor of influence is the ambient temperature, so that one objective of the present disclosure is to provide a solution which takes account of the ambient temperature.
In other methods which try to make do without a temperature sensor the current drawn by the electric motor is monitored. If the motor current exceeds the permissible continuous current for a lengthy time, the motor is switched off by the motor protection switch or, in the case of rotary current motors with speed regulation, by the frequency converter.
Other methods for the protection of an electric motor against overheating call for a temperature measurement by means of a temperature sensor, which is primarily installed in the motor winding. Thus, e.g., thermal switches are installed in the winding in known designs of motors with molded stators prior to the molding process and the pigtails are connected to a circuit board. If the temperature determined in this way in the vicinity of the motor winding exceeds a given maximum permissible limit value, once again the shutting off of the electric motor is produced. Such a method is described in patent application DE 199 39 997 A1.
The devices and methods described in the prior art have a number of drawbacks, resulting in problems in practice. When using a temperature sensor, an adequate insulating layer is needed between the latter and the winding for the electrical insulation. At the same time, this insulating layer constitutes a thermal insulation, so that especially in event of overloading by high currents a temperature difference occurs between the electrically active portion of the winding itself and the temperature sensor. The result is a delayed switching off of the electric motor when the motor winding has already become overheated. This effect is further intensified by increased demands on the electrical insulation for the protection of personnel. Furthermore, a temperature sensor installed in the winding can only detect the temperature at a single point of the winding.
Therefore, the problem which the present disclosure proposes to solve is to over-come said drawbacks and to provide an assembly as well as a method for protecting an electric motor regardless of the rotational speed which can be realized with cost effectiveness and which also improves the load utilization of the motor, as well as reliably detecting an impermissible temperature of the windings of the electric motor in order to undertake a timely reduction of the motor load or a switching off of the motor at or before a thermal overloading.

Assembly for monitoring a winding threshold temperature


An apparatus for cleaning a CVD apparatus that can efficiently remove a by-product such as SiO2 or Si3N4 stuck and deposited onto the surface of an internal wall, an electrode, or the like in a reaction chamber in a film forming process, and a method for cleaning a CVD apparatus. A control monitors luminous intensity data of an F radical in a reaction chamber by optical emission spectroscopy and compares the data with calibrated prestored luminous intensity data, and ends cleaning after a predetermined time passes from reaching a luminous intensity saturation point. Furthermore, concentration data of SiF4 in a gas discharged from the reaction chamber are monitored by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and compared with prestored concentration data of SiF4 to decide that the predetermined time has passed when a predetermined cleaning end point concentration is reached, thereby ending the cleaning.

Conventionally, a thin film such as silicon oxide (SiO2) or silicon nitride (Si3N4 or the like) has been used widely for a semiconductor device such as a thin film transistor, a photoelectric converting device or the like. The following three kinds of methods are mainly used as a method of forming the thin film such as the silicon oxide or the silicon nitride.
(1) Physical Vapor Phase Film Forming Method Such as Sputtering or Vacuum Deposition
More specifically, in the method, a solid thin film material is set to be an atom or an atomic group by a physical technique and is deposited over a surface on which a film is to be formed, and a thin film is thus formed.
(2) Thermal CVD Method
More specifically, in the method, the thin film material of a gas is set to have a high temperature, to form a thin film by chemical reaction.
(3) Plasma CVD method
More specifically, in the method, the thin film material of a gas is changed into a plasma to form a thin film by chemical reaction.
In particular, the plasma CVD method (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition) in (3) has been used widely because a dense and uniform thin film can be efficiently formed (see Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 9-69504 and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-28362).
A plasma CVD apparatus 100 to be used in the plasma CVD method is generally constituted as shown in FIG. 15.
More specifically, the plasma CVD apparatus 100 comprises a reaction chamber 102 maintained under reduced pressure, and an upper electrode 104 and a lower electrode 106 are provided to be opposed to each other at a constant interval in the reaction chamber 102. A film forming gas supply path 108 connected to a film forming gas source which is not shown is connected to the upper electrode 104 in such a manner that a film forming gas is supplied into the reaction chamber 102 through the upper electrode 104.
Moreover, a high frequency applying device 110 for applying a high frequency is connected to the vicinity of the upper electrode 104 in the reaction chamber 102. Furthermore, an exhaust path 114 for discharging an exhaust gas through a pump 112 is connected to the reaction chamber 102.
In the plasma CVD apparatus 100 thus constituted, monosilane (SiH4), N2O, N2, O2, Ar or the like in the formation of the film of the silicon oxide (SiO2) and monosilane (SiH4), NH3, N2, O2, Ar or the like in the formation of the film of the silicon nitride (Si3N4 or the like) are introduced through the film forming gas supply path 108 and the upper electrode 104 into the reaction chamber 102 maintained in a pressure, for example, 130 Pa.
In this case, for example, a power having a high frequency of 13.56 MHz is applied through the high frequency applying device 110 to a portion between the electrodes 104 and 106 provided opposite to each other in the reaction chamber 102, thereby generating a high frequency electric field. In the electric field, an electron is caused to collide with the neutral molecule of a film forming gas so that a high frequency plasma is formed and the film forming gas is decomposed into an ion and a radical.
By the action of the ion and the radical, a thin silicon film is formed on the surface of a semiconductor product W such as a silicon wafer which is provided on the lower electrode 106 to be one of the electrodes.
In such a plasma CVD apparatus 100, a thin film material such as SiO2 or Si3N4 is also stuck and deposited onto the surface of an internal wall, an electrode or the like in the reaction chamber 102 not only the semiconductor product W on which a film is to be formed. By a discharge in the reaction chamber 102, a by-product is formed in a film forming process.
The by-product is peeled by a dead weight, a stress or the like when it grows to have a constant thickness, and particulates are mixed as foreign matters into a semiconductor product, thereby causing a contamination in the film forming process. Thus, a thin film of high quality cannot be manufactured so that the disconnection or short circuit of a semiconductor circuit might be caused, and furthermore, a yield or the like might also be deteriorated.
For this reason, conventionally, such by-product is removed after the end of the film forming process in the plasma CVD apparatus 100 by using a cleaning gas, a fluorine containing compound such as CF4, C2F6 or COF2 and O2 or the like are added if necessary, for example (see the Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 9-69504 and the Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-28362).
More specifically, in the conventional cleaning method for the plasma CVD apparatus 100 using such a cleaning gas, a cleaning gas constituted by a fluorine containing compound such as CF4, C2F6 or COF2 is introduced in place of a film forming gas in the film formation together with a gas such as O2 and/or Ar through the film forming gas supply path 108 and the upper electrode 104 into the reaction chamber 102 maintained under reduced pressure after the film forming process is ended as shown in FIG. 15.
In the same manner as in the film formation, a high frequency power is applied through the high frequency applying device 110 to a portion between the electrodes 104 and 106 provided opposite to each other in the reaction chamber 102, thereby generating a high frequency electric field, and an electron in the electric field is caused to collide with the neutral molecule of the cleaning gas to form a high frequency plasma so that the cleaning gas is decomposed into an ion and a radical.
Then, the ion and the radical react to a by-product such as SiO2 or Si3N4 which is stuck and deposited onto the surface of the internal wall, the electrode or the like in the reaction chamber 102 so that the by-product is changed into a gas as SiF4. Consequently, the SiF4 is discharged together with an exhaust gas to the outside of the reaction chamber 102 through the exhaust path 114 by means of the pump 112.
In such cleaning, under the existing circumstances, a time required for the cleaning is determined experientially to end the cleaning.
If the time required for the cleaning is too short, accordingly, the by-product such as SiO2 or Si3N4 stuck and deposited onto the surface of the internal wall, the electrode or the like in the reaction chamber 102 remains. When the CVD apparatus is used repetitively, consequently, particulates are mixed into a semiconductor product, resulting in a contamination as described above. Therefore, a thin film of high quality cannot be manufactured so that the disconnection or short circuit of a semiconductor circuit is caused, and furthermore, a yield or the like is also deteriorated.
To the contrary, if the time required for the cleaning is too long, the cleaning gas introduced into the reaction chamber 102 is exactly discharged without contributing to the cleaning. For this reason, a cleaning gas constituted by a fluorine containing compound such as CF4 or C2F6 is discharged into the air. Consequently, there is a possibility that an environment might be adversely influenced.
More specifically, the fluorine containing compound such as CF4 or C2F6 to be used as a cleaning gas has a long lifetime and is stable in the air. Moreover, there is a problem in that a gas discharging process is hard to perform after the cleaning and the cost of the process is high. Furthermore, a global warming potential (an integral period 100-year value) is very great, that is, 6500 with CF4, 9200 with C2F6 and 23900 with SF6 so that the global warming is greatly influenced.
If the time required for the cleaning is thus prolonged, moreover, a throughput is reduced so that a productivity is deteriorated.

Device for cleaning CVD device and method of cleaning CVD device

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology


A developer material container includes a holding body, a shutter member movably, an operation member, and coupling member. The holding body holds developer therein and includes a developer outlet. The shutter member movably is assembled to the holding body. The shutter member is movable either to an opening position where the shutter member opens the developer outlet or to a closing position where the shutter member closes the developer outlet. The operation member is operated to move the shutter to either the opening position or to the closing position. Depending on the orientation of the discharging opening, an enabling-and-disabling member allows or does not allow the operation member to move the shutter relative to the holding body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a developer material container, an image forming unit, and an image forming apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Among conventional image forming apparatuses are electrophotographic printers, copying machines, facsimile machines, and multi function peripheral (MFP) devices capable of various tasks such as printing, faxing, and copying. For example, a printer includes image forming units each of which includes, for example, a photoconductive drum, a charging unit, an exposing unit, and a developing unit. The charging unit charges the surface of the photoconductive drum uniformly. The exposing unit includes an LED print head that illuminates the charged surface of the photoconductive drum to form an electrostatic latent image. The developing unit develops the electrostatic latent image with toner into a toner image. A transfer roller transfers the toner image onto paper. Then, a fixing unit fixes the toner image on the paper into a permanent image.
A toner cartridge serves as a developer material container and is detachably attached to the image forming unit. The developing unit has a toner receiving opening formed therein. The toner cartridge has a toner outlet formed in its bottom wall. The toner outlet is closed and opened with a shutter. When a user operates an operation lever of the shutter to open the shutter, the toner is discharged from the toner cartridge into the developing unit through the toner receiving opening.
A conventional toner cartridge is configured such that the shutter may be opened and closed with the toner outlet facing upward. Therefore, opening the shutter inadvertently may allow foreign matter to enter the toner cartridge.

Developer material container, image forming unit, and image forming apparatus


An auxiliary connector (14) has cavities (35) for receiving terminal fittings (13) and resilient locks (40) that deform in a deforming direction (DD) that extends along an arranging direction of the cavities (35). The locks (40) are configured for holding the terminal fittings (13) in the cavities (35). A retainer (39) is formed integrally with the auxiliary connector (14) via a hinge (75) at an opening edge of a retainer accommodating hole (73) in a side surface of the auxiliary connector (14) facing a direction intersecting the deforming direction (DD) of locks (40). The retainer (39) has locking protrusions (78) for redundantly locking the terminal fittings (13) in the cavities (35). The locking protrusions (78) of the retainer (39) are arranged at substantially the same positions for all cavities (35).

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a connector.
2. Description of the Related Art
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2001-332332 discloses a connector that has a housing formed with cavities for receiving terminal fittings. A lock is formed in each cavity for resiliently locking and retaining the terminal fitting. A retainer accommodating hole opens in an outer wall of the housing that is opposite the wall where the locks are formed. A retainer can be accommodated into the retainer accommodating hole to achieve redundant locking of the terminal fittings. The retainer is joined integrally to the housing by a hinge at the opening edge of the retainer accommodating hole, and can swing with the hinge as a support. Thus, the number of parts can be reduced as compared to the case where the retainer is formed separately. The retainer is accommodated into the retainer accommodating hole in the deforming direction of the locks.
The cavities of a connector often are arranged in the deforming direction of locks, and the above-described retainer that is swung about the hinge can be used with such a connector. However, the retainer then is advanced into the retainer accommodating hole in the deforming direction of the locks and in the arranged direction of the cavities.
The above-described retainer that is swung around the hinge for advancement into the retainer accommodating hole has a substantially fan-shape with a radius equal to a distance between the opening edge of the retainer accommodating hole at a side where the hinge is formed and the opening edge at a side opposite to the side that has the hinge-formed side when viewed in a direction intersecting the deforming direction of the locks to prevent an end of the retainer from getting caught by the opening edge of the retainer accommodating hole.
Thus, the positions of the retainer in the respective cavities gradually change at each stage of the cavities due to the substantially fan-shape of the retainer. As a result, engaging portions of the terminal fittings with the retainer must be at different positions depending on the stage at which the terminal fittings are arranged. This is not practical.
The present invention was developed in view of the above problem and an object thereof is to provide a connector and corresponding connector assembly having an improved construction in which cavities are arranged in the resiliently deforming direction of locking portions.


A fiberglass laminate used in fabricating a composite pile comprising a plurality of fiberglass type layers and an impervious tube array. A tubular composite pile construction includes the laminate as well as plastic inner and outer skins and a resin injected into the laminate. A method of fabrication includes providing a mandrel, wrapping a plastic inner sleeve about a bladder on the mandrel, wrapping the fiberglass laminate and wrapping a plastic outer skin about the laminate. Lastly, a resin is injected into the laminate to substantially fill between the inner and outer skins.

Pilings or piers that have been fabricated for marine use have most typically been constructed either of wood or of steel pipes. Refer, for example, to U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,142 to Shiraishi et al. One problem associated with wood piles is that they will rot over time even when treated. One of the problems associated with steel pipes is their substantial weight, many times requiring special heavy duty equipment for driving or setting the pipe. Also, steel pipes are subject to corrosion and are not readily cut into smaller length sections.
Lighter weight composite piles or piers have been manufactured previously, however, such piles, pilings or piers have not been fabricated with satisfactory manufacturing techniques and have thus tended to be non-uniform in structure. These piles or piers have also been quite fragile and difficult to manufacture in mass quantities.

Composite structure and method of manufacture


A laser emitting device (9) includes a light emitting portion (4) that emits light of a wavelength λ1 (approximately 405 nm), a light emitting portion (5) that emits light of a wavelength λ2 (approximately 650 nm), and a light emitting portion (6) that emits light of a wavelength λ1 (approximately 780 nm). The light emitting position of the light emitting portion (4) and the light emitting position of the light emitting portion (6) are approximately on the same position as seen in the direction of an optical axis of emitted light of the laser emitting device (9). An optical axis adjusting element (18) is provided for adjusting an optical axis of return light of at least one of the wavelengths among return lights of the wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λ3 so that respective return lights emitted by the light emitting portions (4, 5 and 6) of the laser emitting device (9) and reflected by an optical recording medium (16) are received by a common light detector (20).

Conventionally, a two-light source type optical pickup device is used to perform recording, reproducing or the like (recording, reproducing or both) of information on a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) and a CD (Compact Disk). The two-light source type optical device includes a laser emitting device for DVD that emits light of the wavelength of approximately 650 nm and a laser emitting device for CD that emits light of the wavelength of approximately 780 nm. Furthermore, in order to reduce the sizes of the respective light sources, a two-wavelength integrated laser emitting device capable of emitting two kinds of wavelengths with one package has become practical. As the two-wavelength integrated laser emitting device, there are known a monolithic laser emitting device having two laser diodes formed on a monolithic semiconductor, a hybrid-type laser emitting device having two bonded semiconductor substrates on which laser diodes are respectively formed, or the like.
In the case of the two-wavelength integrated laser emitting device, respective emitting positions of the two laser diodes (laser diodes for DVD and CD) are slightly apart from each other, and the distance therebetween is approximately 110 μm in general. Therefore, when the optical axis of one of the laser diodes is aligned with a system optical axis passing through an objective lens or a collimator lens of an optical pickup device, the optical axis of the laser light emitted by the other laser diode is shifted from the system optical axis. In this state, it is not possible for a common light detector to receive both return lights emitted by the laser diodes for DVD and CD and reflected by the optical recording medium. Therefore, it is proposed to diffract both of or either of the return lights of the emitted lights from the laser diodes for DVD and CD using a diffraction grating or the like so as to introduce both return lights to the common light detector (see Patent Document Nos. 1 and 2).
Further, as the optical recording medium is recently required to have a large capacity, an optical recording medium such as an optical disk for a blue-violet laser or the like having a capacity several times that of DVD or CD has become practical. As a result, in terms of the reduction in size and cost, it is demanded to enable the recording, reproducing or the like of information on optical recording media (such as DVD, CD, an optical disk for blue-violet laser or the like) using a common optical pickup device. Therefore, a three-light source type optical pickup device having the laser diode for blue-violet in addition to the laser diodes for DVD and CD has been developed.
The following first and second configurations have been proposed as examples of the three-light source type optical pickup device. The first configuration includes three laser emitting devices emitting lights of different wavelengths. Optical axes of the lights (of the different wavelengths) emitted by the respective laser emitting devices are aligned with a system optical axis using prisms provided corresponding to the respective wavelengths, and the lights of the respective wavelengths are introduced to an optical recording medium. The return lights of the three kinds of wavelengths reflected by the optical recording medium are introduced to a common light detector via the respective prisms, and are detected by the light detector (see, for example, a Non-Patent Document No. 1).
The second configuration uses a three-wavelength integrated laser emitting device including three semiconductor substrates emitting lights of different wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λ3 integrated in one package. The emitting position of the light of the wavelength λ1 (405 nm) and the emitting position of the light of the wavelength λ2 (660 nm) are approximately the same, as seen in the direction of the optical axis of the emitted light of the laser emitting device. The emitting position of the light of the wavelength λ3 (785 nm) is apart from the respective emitting positions of the lights of the wavelengths λ1 and λ2 by approximately 110 μm. Among the return lights emitted by the three-wavelength integrated laser emitting device and reflected by the optical recording medium, the return lights of the wavelengths λ2 and λ3 are detected by a common light detector. The return light of the wavelength λ1 is separated by the prism and is detected by another light detector (see, for example, a Non-Patent Document No. 2).
Patent Document No. 1: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-143312.
Patent Document No. 2: Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-256670.
Non-Patent Document No. 1: "Philips, Netherlands, has developed an optical head capable of performing recording and reproducing on CD, DVD and Blu-ray Disk" [online], Jul. 16, 2004, Nikkei BP corporation [accessed on Feb. 20, 2005], internet <http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/members/NEWS/20040716/104521/>.
Non-Patent Document No. 2: "An optical head for three-wavelength recording and reproducing corresponding to Blu-ray disk, DVD and CD has been developed" [online], May 17, 2004, Sony corporation [accessed on Feb. 20, 2005], internet <http://www.sony.co.jp/SonyInfo/News/Press/200405/04-026/>.

Optical pickup device and optical disk device


A data storage device includes a memory including a plurality of memory banks, a data storage processor that initially arranges data in the plurality of memory banks based on an access pattern including a plurality of desired pixels of data to be read simultaneously so as to store pixels of data between access candidates constituting the access pattern in an identical memory bank, and a data read and storage processor that reads the data initially arranged in the plurality of memory banks of the memory. The data read and storage processor reads a pixel of data from a memory bank, and stores the read pixel of data in a memory bank in which pixels of data in an adjacent range defined in ranges, which are defined by locations of the access candidates of the access pattern, based on a direction in which the access pattern is moved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data storage device, a data storage control apparatus, a data storage control method, and a data storage control program in which data is stored in a memory including a plurality of memory banks and a plurality of desired portions of the data are read simultaneously.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 19, a semiconductor memory is configured to access a memory cell MC by designating a word line WL and a bit line BL, and data stored in a memory cell MC located at an intersection of a word line and a bit line that are activated is read.
In the semiconductor memory having such a configuration, one bit line is shared by a plurality of word lines of data. As shown in FIG. 20, if a plurality of word lines WL1 and WL2 are designated, data on a bit line defined by the designated word lines WL1 and WL2 is broken, and it may therefore be impossible to simultaneously access different word lines of data.
It is possible to simultaneously read data from independent memory banks. As shown in FIG. 21, a memory is divided into n memory banks BK0 to BKn-1, and these memory banks are assigned different addresses so that a plurality of word lines of data are simultaneously accessed. However, it may be impossible to simultaneously access different word lines of data in a memory bank. It is therefore possible to simultaneously read data stored on the same word line from memory banks, whereas, it is impossible to simultaneously read data stored on different word lines in one memory bank.
Here, the memory bank is an area having a fixed capacity, which is used as a unit for managing the memory. Therefore, access conflicts of data do not occur between independent memory banks. The memory is composed of one or more memory banks.
In the related art, a specific data sequence contained in input data is identified for image data processing, e.g., pattern recognition.
In the related art, a specific data sequence contained in input data is also identified for image data processing, e.g., pattern recognition and motion detection.
For example, a data conversion device disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-203236 includes a buffer memory that stores several lines of image data and that outputs the image data in units of pixels, a data processor that includes a plurality of processor elements capable of processing several bits of data and that simultaneously processes the data in parallel using the plurality of processor elements, and a control information memory that stores matching reference data and control data. In this data conversion device, each of the processor elements of the data processor converts a matrix of image data groups in the image data output from the buffer memory that is centered around a given pixel allocated to this processor element into target binary data using a threshold value so that the binary data is divided into serial bits of data so as to be processed by this processor element. It is determined whether or not a match is found between the binary data and the reference data stored in the same form in the control information memory.
In the field of video processing, motion, that is, the motion direction and size (or speed), of an object in different images separated in time is used. The motion is used for, for example, motion compensation inter-frame coding for use in high-efficiency video coding and for parameter control in the case of motion performed using an inter-frame temporal filter in a television noise reduction system. One known motion detection method for detecting motion is a block matching method.
A two-step motion detection method for detecting motion in an image signal has been proposed by Sony Corporation, including (a) a step of extracting one or a plurality of candidate vectors for each screen or each relatively large block divided from one screen using an accumulation table that is generated for each screen or each relatively large block divided from one screen using matching, and (b) a step of performing matching on the candidate vector or vectors to detect a motion vector for each pixel or each relatively small block. In the two-step motion detection method, it is necessary to simultaneously read a plurality of arbitrary pixels of data in an image in the two-step operation including representative point matching for detecting motion of the image using two-step representative point matching and vector allocation (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-61152).

Data storage device, data storage control apparatus, data storage control method, and data storage control program


A drive pinion for an engine starting motor having a lead-in chamfer of the starter pin defined by a geometry formed by rotating the radial gear tooth involute form through 90 degrees across the end of the tooth. The radius and axis of rotation are selected such that the cam surface is full across the height of the tooth and the cam surface intersects the back side of the tooth at the leading edge of the tooth.

The drive pinion on an engine starting motor must extend and mesh with an engine ring gear prior to cranking. However, because of the flat shape of the face of the ring gear, the pinion and ring gear occasionally abut, thereby preventing the pinion from extending fully and engaging the ring gear. This is undesirable in all applications as it can cause damage to both the ring gear and the starter pinion and is especially critical in emergency starting applications. The problem is particularly enhanced when the starter pinion is moved into engagement with the flywheel or ring gear prior to rotation of the starter.
The foregoing illustrates limitations known to exist in present devices and methods. Thus, it is apparent that it would be advantageous to provide an alternative directed to overcoming one or more of the limitations set forth above. Accordingly, a suitable alternative is provided including features more fully disclosed hereinafter.


A single-plate color projector includes a color wheel for chromatically separating light emitted from a light source in time series. An image forming device optically modulates each separated color light in sequence. A driving mechanism rotates the color wheel in a circumferential direction. A reflective marker is rotated together with the color wheel. A detector circuit detects movement of the reflective marker to generate a signal. A driving mechanism control circuit drives the driving mechanism in synchronization with the signal generated by the detector circuit. An image forming device control circuit drives the image forming device in synchronization with the signal generated by the detector circuit, and a time adjusting mechanism moves either the reflective marker or the detector circuit or both the reflective marker and the detector circuit to change a relative positional relationship therebetween.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a single-plate color projector and a method to adjust synchronization of a color wheel and an image forming device.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 illustrates the basic configuration of a conventional single-plate color projector (also referred to as "color projector") using a color wheel. In color projector 10 illustrated in FIG. 1, white light emitted from light source 11 is converged by reflective mirror 12, and irradiated to color wheel 13. Color wheel 13 comprises a disk which is formed with an optical filter (red filter) for transmitting only red light and reflecting or absorbing the remaining color light, an optical filter (green filter) for transmitting only green light and reflecting or absorbing the remaining color light, and an optical filter (blue filter) for transmitting only blue light and reflecting or absorbing the remaining color light. These filters are arranged along the circumferential direction of the disk. Color wheel 13 is driven by driving motor 23, controlled by motor control circuit 22, at high speeds. The filters in respective colors are sequentially inserted into a light path of the light emitted from light source 11 in association with the rotation of color wheel 13, so that white light irradiated to color wheel 13 is separated into red light, green light, and blue light in time series. Each of the separated red, green, and blue light is sent to light valve 14 then to reflective mirror 15 for irradiation to image forming device 16 such as a liquid crystal panel, DMD (registered trademark), etc. On the other hand, image forming device 16 is driven under the control of image forming device control circuit 17. Image forming device control circuit 17 drives image forming device 16 in accordance with a video signal applied thereto. Image forming device control circuit 17 turns ON or OFF each of the cells or miniature mirrors of image forming device 16 in accordance with a video signal applied thereto to reflect the irradiated single-color light pixel by pixel for optical modulation to form image light. The formed image light is directed into projection lens 18 which projects the image light onto a screen etc., not shown, in an enlarged view.
The color projector having the configuration described above must synchronize a color separation performed by color wheel 13 with an optical modulation performed by image forming device 16. In color projector 10 illustrated in FIG. 1, highly reflective marker 19 is attached onto color wheel 13, and reflection-type photo-interrupter 20 is disposed near color wheel 13. Reflection-type photo-interrupter 20 is a sensor having a light emitting element integrated with a light receiving element. Light emitted from the light emitting element impinges on and is reflected by reflective marker 19 each time color wheel 13 rotates once. The reflected light is then received by the light receiving element, and the light receiving element generates a signal. The signal generated by the light receiving element is detected by detector circuit 21, and is applied to motor control circuit 22 and image forming device control circuit 17 as a synchronizing signal. Motor control circuit 22 and image forming device control circuit 17 drive driving motor 23 and image forming device 16 respectively in accordance with the synchronizing signal applied thereto. The foregoing operation accomplishes the synchronization of the color separation performed by color wheel 13 with the optical modulation performed by image forming device 16. Details on a color projector which accomplishes the synchronization in the foregoing manner are described in the specification etc. of Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-337390 (reference document No. 1).
Another technique for accomplishing the synchronization of the color separation performed by the color wheel with the optical modulation performed by the image forming device may involve detecting a light color transmitted by the color wheel with a pair of sensors each detecting different color light, and detecting a time at which light beam from a light source passes through the boundary between the two color filters. For example, a pair of sensors may be composed of a photodiode for detecting blue light and a photodiode for detecting red light, and the beam spot is determined to have passed the boundary between the red filter and blue filter, when the outputs of the respective photodiodes become equal to each other, i.e., when a magenta color is detected. In this way, the boundary between the red filter and blue filter is detected as a reference position for the rotation of the color wheel, and the image forming device is driven based on the result of the detection, thereby accomplishing the synchronization of the color separation performed by the color wheel with the optical modulation performed by the image forming device. Details on a projector which accomplishes the synchronization in this manner are described in the specification etc. of Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 127437/97 (reference document No. 2).
However, there will be errors in the position to which the reflective marker is attached, and the position at which the sensor is disposed. Further, the boundary between the respective color filters includes errors associated with manufacturing. When these errors exist, the technique described in reference document No. 1 fails to fully accomplish the synchronization of the color separation performed by the color wheel with the optical modulation performed by the image forming device, resulting in a failure in to correctly to reproduce the colors.
The technique described in reference document No. 2 cannot accurately detect a magenta color unless the pair of sensors (photodiodes) match each other in characteristics and are equal in detection sensitivity to each other, thus experiencing difficulties in detecting the reference position for the rotation with a high accuracy. Further, since the pair of sensors must detect color light under equal conditions, the pair of sensors are required to be disposed at optically equivalent positions. It is therefore difficult to detect the reference position for the color wheel with high accuracy in a simple configuration to control the rotation time. Consequently, colors are not correctly reproduced as is the technique described in the reference document No. 1.

Single-plate color projector and synchronization adjusting method therefor


Mechanisms for reducing the number of block masks required for programming multiple access control lists in an associative memory are disclosed. A combined ordering of masks corresponding to multiple access control lists (ACLs) is typically identified, with the multiple ACLs including n ACLs. An n-dimensional array is generated, wherein each axis of the n-dimensional array corresponds to masks in their requisite order of a different one of the multiple ACLs. The n-dimensional array progressively identifies numbers of different masks required for subset orderings of masks required for subsets of the multiple ACLs. The n-dimensional array is traversed to identify a sequence of masks corresponding to a single ordering of masks including masks required for each of the multiple ACLs.

The communications industry is rapidly changing to adjust to emerging technologies and ever increasing customer demand. This customer demand for new applications and increased performance of existing applications is driving communications network and system providers to employ networks and systems having greater speed and capacity (e.g., greater bandwidth). In trying to achieve these goals, a common approach taken by many communications providers is to use packet switching technology. Increasingly, public and private communications networks are being built and expanded using various packet technologies, such as Internet Protocol (IP).
A network device, such as a switch or router, typically receives, processes, and forwards or discards a packet based on one or more criteria, including the type of protocol used by the packet, addresses of the packet (e.g., source, destination, group), and type or quality of service requested. Additionally, one or more security operations are typically performed on each packet. But before these operations can be performed, a packet classification operation must typically be performed on the packet.
Packet classification as required for, inter alia, access control lists (ACLs) and forwarding decisions, is a demanding part of switch and router design. The packet classification of a received packet is increasingly becoming more difficult due to ever increasing packet rates and number of packet classifications. For example, ACLs typically require matching packets on a subset of fields of the packet header or flow label, with the semantics of a sequential search through the ACL rules.
Access control and quality of service features are typically implemented based on programming contained in one or more ACLs. To implement features in hardware, these multiple ACL lists are typically combined into one list, which can be used for programming and associative memory. Various techniques are known for combining these items, such as Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) and Order Dependent Merge (ODM). For example, if there are two ACLs A (having entries A1 and A2) and B (having entries B1 and B2, then ODM combines these original lists to produce one of two cross-product equivalent ordered lists, each with four entries: A1B1, A1B2, A2B1, and A2B2; or A1B1, A2B1, A1B2, and A2B2. These four entries can then be programmed into an associative memory and an indication of a corresponding action to be taken placed in an adjunct memory. Lookup operations can then be performed on the associative and adjunct memories to identify a corresponding action to use for a particular packet being processed. There are also variants of ODM and BDD which may filter out the entries which are unnecessary as their values will never allow them to be matched. Merged entries which are order independent can be sorted based on common masks, and programmed into the block masks of an associative memory (which typically does not significantly reduce the number of block masks required), or can be programmed in any order in an associative memory where each entry has its own mask field. Nonconsecutive merged entries which remain order dependent must maintain their ordering when programmed into an associative memory, and thus cannot be rearranged to reduce or eliminate redundant masks when entries are masked using block masks. Also, one or more of these techniques may produce an increased number of entries and/or block masks required for programming the resultant entries into an associative memory.
An example of an associative memory using block masks is described in Ross et al., "Block Mask Ternary CAM", U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,506, issued May 12, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In a nutshell, a block mask is a mask that is applied to each entry of a block of entries. Such an associative memory typically has numerous blocks and corresponding block masks. FIG. 1A shows one such prior art associative memory 100, having multiple blocks 110, 120, and 130, each with corresponding block masks 111, 121, and 131 for blocks of associative memory entries 112, 122, and 132.
FIG. 1B illustrates a prior art approach for combining masks of two ACLs 150 and 152, having masks as shown with their corresponding required ordering. The result of a first approach for combining these lists is shown in ordering 155, in which entries of ACL-2 152 are concatenated at the end of entries of ACL-1 150 to produce an ordering that requires m masks, where m is the sum of the number of masks required for each of ACLs 150 and 152. The results 156 and 157 of a second approach is similar, but allows the mask at the end of a list to be used by both ACLs 150 and 152 if the last required mask of one ACL is the same mask as first required by the other ACL, then the number of masks required is m minus a small number of overlapping masks. However, this does not significantly reduce the overall number of masks required, which can be a problem as the number of different masks in the required order is directly correlated to the number of ACL entries which can be stored in a block mask associative memory. Thus, an efficient way of allocating these masks is desired.

Reducing the number of block masks required for programming multiple access control list in an associative memory


A steering column device comprises a bracket of the column body having mounting flanges with a cut-away groove opening in the backward direction of car body, a collar having a flange part and a cylindrical part, an elastically deformable ring which the cylindrical part of the collar can be inserted in, and a bolt for compressing the ring, putting the mounting flange of the column body between the ring and the flange part, thereby the steering column is mounted on the car body but allowed to be detached from the car body in the secondary collision.

In view of reducing the shock which a driver receives when an automobile collides with the other automobile and thereby the driver runs into a steering wheel as the secondary collision due to the inertia, a steering column device has been proposed, in which the steering column is separated from the body together with the steering shaft, if the driver dashed against the steering wheel in the form of the secondary collision.
In such steering column device, a body mounting bracket integrated with the steering column is fixed to a body via a capsule made of an aluminum alloy or the like in the structure that the body mounting bracket is removed from the capsule with a shock load by the secondary collision.
To this body mounting bracket, an almost U-shape cut-away groove is formed with the body backward side thereof opened. The internal surface of this cut-away groove is external engaged with a concave groove formed in the external surface of the capsule. Moreover, a resin pin is formed, with the injection molding process, to the through-holes formed to the capsule and body mounting bracket. Accordingly, a separating load is generated and the body mounting bracket (namely, steering column) can be removed from the capsule integrated with the body by shearing off this resin pin when the secondary collision occurs (JP-A No. 301127/1996).
However, the capsule of the conventional steering column device explained above is coupled with the body mounting bracket with the resin pin, resulting in the problem that not only the coupling rigidity of the body mounting bracket to the body, particularly rigidity to vibration becomes insufficient but also it becomes troublesome to attain sufficient conductivity between the body mounting bracket and the body.


A communication system according to the present invention includes a plurality of terminal devices that are able to communicate mutually. Each of the terminal devices includes a voice input conversion device, a voice transmitting device, a voice receiving device, and a voice reproducing device. When there is a plurality of voice signals which has not been completed reproduction, the voice reproducing device reproduces after arranging the voice signals so that respective voices corresponding to the respective voice signals do not overlap.

A system is known, in which, when a number of users each input transmission contents in characters, such as what they would like to tweet etc., by use of terminal devices such as cell phones etc., a server delivers the transmission contents to each of the terminal devices in a state where the transmission contents are arranged in order (see Patent Document 1, for example).

Communication system and terminal device


A dispenser adapted to dispense sheet material therefrom is provided and includes a housing including a base and a cover. The base includes a platform configured to support sheet material. The platform includes a dispensing disk and the platform has an outer perimeter intersected by a slot thereby providing an opening into the platform and dispensing disk. The housing is formed to include an exit port spaced apart from the platform and dispensing disk. The cover includes a rotatable disk having a plurality of user interchangeable dispensing slots of differing diameters intersecting an outer periphery of the rotatable disk. Sheet material positioned on the platform flows through the dispensing opening of the dispensing disk and through a selected one of the plurality of dispensing slots. The selected one of the plurality of dispensing slots is aligned with the exit port. The sheet material disposed in the dispenser flows between the opening in the dispensing disk, through at least one space, through the selected one of the plurality of dispensing slots and through the exit port to be dispensed.

Dispensers for rolls or stacks of sheet material have an exit port which usually permits one sheet material at a time to be dispensed therethrough. Many dispensers which dispense sheet materials are sufficiently complicated to load and re-load that excessive or inadequate dispensing of sheet materials occurs.
Even when a dispenser is operating properly, it can be difficult for an operator to thread newly loaded sheet material through a small or difficult to access opening in a dispensing port. Therefore, reloading provides difficulties for an operator each time new sheet material is disposed in the dispenser.
Problems are also caused in many dispensers when different products are used. That is, sheet material products from various manufacturers often have their own characteristics. The caliper and basis weight of the sheet material of each product will likely be different. Further, the machine direction tensile of the sheet material will vary in different products. Moreover, the tab strength of each sheet material will also vary product-to-product. These differing characteristics of each product type often result in excessive or inadequate dispensing of sheet materials as well.
Therefore, in view if these issues, it would be advantageous to have a dispenser for sheet material which permits an operator to quickly and easily load and thread different product types of sheet material using, for example, one hand, and which is easy to adjust for different product types. In addition, it would be advantageous to have a dispenser which permits easy and rapid adjustment for proper dispensing of one sheet at a time to a user based on the characteristics of the sheet material. Such easy and rapid adjustment would desirably be accomplished without the need for threading sheet material through one or more closed orifices.