A grommet member for use with a sports racquet comprises a grommet strip from which a plurality of hollow grommet pegs project for receiving racquet strings. The strip additionally includes at least grommet having at least two holes for receiving a pair of strings. Preferably, such grommet is either a multi-hole grommet or a triple hole grommet. The holes of the multi-hole grommet may be disposed on opposite sides of the grommet strip axis or alternately along the axis. In one embodiment, the multi-hole grommet includes a notch extending from its distal end partially towards said grommet strip to divide the end of the grommet into a pair of separate barrels, each barrel containing one of the two string holes Multi-hole grommets can be used to replace the shared grommet hole presently used on some sports racquets, in which the hole receives two racquet strings, i.e., either a cross-string and main string, or a main or cross-string and a tie-off string end. Triple hole grommets can receive both a main string and a cross-string and, in addition, receive a tie-off string end. The multi-hole grommet offers the same advantages as known shared grommet holes, in terms of reducing the number, and increasing the spacing, of the string holes in the corners of the frame, but overcomes the present drawbacks of the shared grommet hole in terms of difficulty of stringing and possible grommet failure.

The games of tennis, squash, badminton, and racquetball employ racquets having frames that define a generally oval head portion containing strings. The frames are typically made of a composite material such as "graphite", or a metal such as aluminum, and a plurality of string holes are drilled through the head portion to support the ends of the strings. In the case of racquet frames made of composite materials, it is customary to utilize one or more plastic grommet strips along the outer surface of the frame, which include hollow grommet pegs that extend through the string holes in the frame. The purpose of the grommet strips is to prevent direct contact between the strings and the edges of the string holes which, particularly at the points where the strings bend sharply to enter and leave the frame, would otherwise damage the strings.
FIG. 1 shows an example of a tennis racquet having a head portion 10, a pair of converging throat frame members 12, and a handle 14. A throat bridge 15 completes a stringing area which includes a plurality of main strings 16 and a plurality of cross strings 18, the latter being interwoven with the main strings 16. The ends of the strings 16, 18 are contained in grommets as described above, such that the string ends enter and leave the string bed 20 through the hollow barrels of the grommet pegs 22 whose ends project a short distance into the string bed.
Composite materials have a high strength-to-weight ratio, and can be molded into any desired cross-sectional shape, and thus today are the materials of choice for high performance sports racquets. A disadvantage of composite materials, however, is that racquet frames made of composite material can easily be broken by hitting an unyielding surface such as the ground. In order to reduce the incidence of breakage, it is customary in the tip region of the frame to provide the grommet strips with a pair of laterally extending wings to protect the outside surface of the frame. Such grommet strips are normally referred to as bumper strips.
In spite of the protection afforded by conventional bumper strips, frame breakage can still occur upon impact with the ground, particularly in the areas of the string holes where the frame tends to be weakened. Thus, there is always a concern, when designing a new racquet, over the number and placement of the string holes. Too many string holes cause a weakened frame which is more prone to breakage. Too few string holes can result in excess string breakage due to increased string movement and wear, as well as catastrophic string breakage due to having too few strings available to share the forces on the string bed produced by the impact of the ball.
Due to the elliptical shape of the head portion of racquets, in the corners of the head, the string holes for the main strings (longitudinal strings) are interspersed with the string holes of the cross-strings. If the string pattern is not carefully designed, one or more of the cross-string holes can end up being very close to the main string holes. Drilling two string holes in very close proximity is undesirable, because it weakens the frame. Thus, the string pattern needs to be designed to allow sufficient distance between string holes in the corner regions. Alternatively, rather than trying to design a string pattern to ensure adequate separation between the main and cross string holes in the corners, there have been attempts to design the string pattern such that the ends of a cross string and the ends of a main string share the same string holes, thereby reducing the number of holes that need to be drilled through the frame. An example of this is shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 shows three cross strings 18a, 18b, 18c, and three main strings 16a, 16b, 16c, in the upper corner of a racquet having a stringing pattern similar to FIG. 1. The head portion 10 of the racquet frame is formed of a hollow tube of composite material such as to define an outer frame wall 24 and an inner frame wall 26. A plastic grommet strip 28 runs along the outwardly facing surface of the outer frame wall 24, in a stringing groove 30 customarily formed by the outer frame wall 24. The plastic grommet strip 28 includes a plurality of single string grommet pegs 22 and a double string grommet peg 32. As shown, each grommet peg 22, 32 extends through a pair of coaxial string holes formed, respectively, through the inner and outer frame walls 26, 24, and includes an end portion 22a, 32a that projects for a short distance into the stringing area.
As shown in FIG. 2, in a sports racquet, typically a continuous length of stringing forms the cross strings 18a-c and main strings 16a-c. The end of one string, e.g., 18a, exits the string bed and passes through the frame 10 through a grommet hole 32a. Thereafter, string 18a extends along the outer surface of the grommet strip 24 to the next grommet peg 22, whereupon it bends sharply to extend through that grommet peg and the frame 10 to re-enter the string bed. Upon re-entering the string bed, the string 18a interweaves with the main strings 16a-c. By successively passing through adjoining grommet peg holes and crossing the stringing area, the string bed is formed.
The single string grommet pegs 22 are all identical with one another, and are spaced along the grommet strip 24 so as to be aligned with the string holes in the frame, which in turn are located so as to produce the desired spacing between the main and cross strings. The double string grommet peg 32, which contains the shared hole 34, has the same overall configuration as grommet pegs 22, but is typically larger in diameter, in order to have a larger hole 34 for accommodating two strings.
Racquets are generally strung by threading and tensioning the main strings first, followed by the cross strings. Thus, in the example of FIG. 2, the string 16c would be inserted through the shared hole 34 first. Later on in the stringing process, the cross string 18a must be threaded through the same hole 34. Unfortunately, when a main string, e.g. 16c, passes through the grommet 32 and is tensioned, it hugs one wall as it enters the string hole 34, and then hugs the opposite wall as it leaves, crossing the hole 34 in the process. This causes a blockage of the grommet hole 34, and the second string, e.g., cross string 18a, cannot be threaded through the hole 34 without mechanically moving the main string 16c out of the way. This mechanical moving of the diagonally blocking string is carried out by passing a long pointed awl through the shared hole, thus forcing the first string 16c to the side.
If enough force is used, it is possible to maneuver the cross string 18a through the hole 34 and thereafter tension the string 18a without substantial interference from the main string 16c. However, the need to utilize a mechanical crushing force carries a high risk of damaging the string during the stringing process.
Another problem associated with shared holes is that, after the two strings pass through the grommet to enter the string bed, they travel in different directions relative to each other. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, as the string 16c exits the grommet peg 32, it bends so as to extend parallel to the racquet axis, towards the bottom of the string area. String 18a, in contrast, bends so as to extend perpendicular to the racquet's axis, across the string bed. This tends to spread the lip 32a out in opposite directions, causing tension on the lip 32a. Grommet members tend to be made of nylon, and when this tension becomes too great, the strings 16c, 18a can tear the nylon lip 32a. Once the lip 32a tears, the string can come into contact the sharp edge of the frame string hole, causing breakage.
Shared string holes are desirable due to the fact that they reduce the overall number of holes drilled into the frame, and increase the distance between string holes in the corners of the racquet. It would be desirable to provide a grommet which provides the same advantages, but without the above-described drawbacks of the known shared grommet hole.


A magnet roller includes a cylindrical roller body including a side surface in which a groove is formed, a magnet body which is disposed in the groove, and a magnetic metal member which is attached to a surface of the magnet body, which is remote from an opening of the groove.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnet roller, a magnetic particle-support member, a development device, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus used for copying machines, facsimiles, printers or the like. More specifically, the present invention relates to a magnetic particle-support member, by which an electrostatic latent image on an image carrier is developed with a developer including toner and carrier having magnetic particles to form a toner image, a magnet roller using such a magnetic particle-support member, and a development device having such a magnetic particle-support member. In addition, the present invention relates to a process cartridge and an image forming apparatus having such a development device.
2. Description of Related Art
In general, a development device has a developer-support member as a magnet particle-support member, which is configured to convey developer to a development area facing an image-support member and develop an electrostatic latent image formed on the image-support member to form a toner image. The developer-support member includes, for example, a cylindrical non-magnetic sleeve, that is, a development sleeve as well as a magnetic field-generation device, for example, a magnet roller, which generates a magnetic field to form raised portions or ears of the developer on a surface of the development sleeve.
The developer has toner and carrier including magnetic particles. When forming the raised portion of the developer, the carrier of the developer is raised on the development sleeve along magnetic field lines generated by the magnet roller and the charged toner is attached to the raised carrier.
The magnet roller has a side surface in which at least one magnet is disposed or buried and the magnet forms a plurality of magnetic poles. The magnet forming each of the magnetic poles is formed in a rod-like shape and, in particular, forms a development pole to form the raised portion of the developer on a part corresponding to a development area of the development sleeve. By rotating at least one of the development sleeve and the magnet roller, the developer raised by the pole is moved in a circumferential direction of the development sleeve or the magnet roller. In general, the development sleeve has a surface which is processed by a roughening process such as a groove processing, a sandblast processing or the like so that the developer is easily conveyed. Such a groove processing and a sandblast processing are performed in order to prevent reduction of image density occurring when the developer slips and is interrupted on the surface of the development sleeve which rotates at high speed.
FIG. 19 shows a conventional development device. Reference number 200 denotes a development device. The development device 200 has a developer-support member 204 configured to convey the developer to the development area facing an image-support member 211 and develop an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of the image-support member 211 to form the toner image. In addition, the developer-support member 204 includes a cylindrical development sleeve 202 and a magnet roller 201 which is contained in the development sleeve 202 and generates a magnetic field so as to form raised portions of a developer 208 on a surface of the development sleeve 202. On the developer-support member 204, when the developer 208 is raised, magnetic carrier of the developer 208 is raised on the development sleeve 202 along magnetic field lines generated by the magnet roller 201 and toner of the developer 208 is attached to the raised magnetic carrier.
Such a development device 200 includes a developer container 207 to contain the above-mentioned developer, an agitating screw 206 which agitates the developer contained in the developer container 207, and a developer control member 205 which uniformly controls an amount of the developer picked up on the developer-support member 204.
The development device 200 shown in FIG. 19 is provided with the developer container having a pair of developer-containing tanks 207a, 207b and the agitating screw 206 having a pair of agitating screw members 206a, 206b. The developer in the development device 200 moves in an axial direction of the agitating screw 206 in the developer container 207. The toner supplied from an end portion of the developer-containing tank 207b which is away from the developer-support member 204, is conveyed to another end portion of the developer-containing tank 207b along an axial direction of the agitating screw member 206b by the agitating screw member 206b while being agitated with the developer. The developer is moved from the other end portion of the developer-containing tank 207b to the other developer-containing tank 207a which is close to the developer-support member 204. The developer moved to the developer-containing tank 207a is picked up to the surface of the development sleeve 202 by a magnetic force of the magnet roller 201. That is to say, the developer is attached to the surface of the development sleeve 202. After that, an amount of the developer is uniformly controlled by the developer control member 205, and then the developer is conveyed to a development area where the image-support member 211 and the developer-support member 204 are disposed to face each other with an interval. An electrostatic latent image formed on the image-support member 211 is developed with the developer 208 to form a toner image.
In recent years, colorization of electronic copying machines and printers has been advanced. Since a color copying machine requires four development devices, a reduced size of the development devices is desired to reduce the size of machines. In order to reduce the size of the development devices, the size of developer-support members contained each development device is also required to be reduced. The size reduction of the development device, however, causes problems as follows.
(1) In the development device, in order to prevent the developer from attaching to the image-support member as an electrostatic latent image-support member, it is necessary for a development main pole and adjacent poles to have high magnetic forces (generally, 100 mT or more on the developer-support member). However, because a volume of each magnet of the small size developer-support member is reduced, it is difficult for the small size developer-support member to generate a high magnetic force.
(2) In the case of the small size developer-support member, the developer-support member has low work-stiffness so that the developer-support member is easily deformed when being processed by a sandblast processing, or the like which is used as a conventional surface processing. Accordingly, it is difficult to achieve high accuracy of the developer-support member.
(3) In a case of the developer-support member having a small diameter, the magnetic force greatly changes due to a distance from the support member so that it is difficult to suck and stably maintain the developer onto the developer-support member.
To solve the above problems, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H05-033802 discloses a method in which a magnetic field is virtually oriented in a multi-pole state so that multi poles are disposed to form magnetic poles in spite of an integral construction. However, there are problems in that the main pole may achieve only a magnetic force of about 90 mT on the developer support member, in that complex structures are required in a die because of the multi-pole configuration, and the like.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2000-068120 proposes configurations where a magnet block which is made of a plastic resin and metal powder having high magnetism such as metal powder made of rare earth alloys is attached to a part of a roll made of a plastic magnet.
However, a large quantity of magnetic materials are blended in order to obtain high magnetism, so that such a magnet block has low mechanical strength. Therefore, even after the magnet roll which is formed by the magnet block together with a roll made of a plastic magnet is obtained, the magnet roll is easily affected by, for example, damage or cracks which occur when being treated. In addition, after the magnet roll is attached to the image forming apparatus, the magnet block is possibly affected by shocks causing damage or cracks so that image failure or lack of durability occurs. Furthermore, these problems specifically affect application to long roll requirements, for example, in A3 paper-enabled machines.

Magnet roller and method for the same, magnetic particle-support member, development device, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus


Methods and systems are provided for a backpack system including a frame-less waterproof bag and a backpack frame. In one example, a frame-less waterproof bag may include a frame-cap coupled to an outer surface of the frame-less waterproof bag. The frame-cap may be adapted to couple the frame-less waterproof bag with the backpack frame while maintaining a waterproof quality of the frame-less waterproof bag.

Backpack systems often include containers, such as bags, configured to attach to a wearer and shaped to store one or more items to be transported by the wearer. A weight of the bags is often supported by the wearer via a plurality of straps, cables, and the like. Rugged bags for backpack systems often include a rigid, integrated frame configured to increase a load-carrying quality of the backpack systems. The rigid frame is often integrated with the bag via one or more layers of fabric stitched to both of the frame and the bag, resulting in a bag and frame that are non-removably coupled to each other.
However, the inventors herein have recognized potential issues with such systems. As one example, integrating a frame and bag of a backpack system together as a single unit may reduce a packable quality and adjustability of the backpack system. Further, coupling the bag and frame together via stitching results in a plurality of holes or perforations in a fabric of the bag at the locations of the stitching, reducing a water resistance of the bag. During conditions in which the backpack system is submersed in water or utilized in rainy weather, water may flow through the stitching and into an interior of the bag and waterlog the contents of the bag.
In one example, the issues described above may be addressed by a frame-less waterproof bag, comprising: an outer surface of the waterproof bag; and a frame-cap having a plurality of edges coupled to the outer surface without any penetration through the outer surface to maintain waterproof integrity of the outer surface, the frame-cap including a pocket releasably coupleable to a backpack frame. In this way, the frame-cap enables the frame-less waterproof bag to couple to the backpack frame without reducing a waterproof quality of the bag.
As one example, the frame-cap may be radio frequency (RF) welded to the outer surface of the frame-less waterproof bag. The RF welded frame-cap provides a waterproof seal between the frame-cap and the outer surface without stitching, and enables the bag to be quickly coupled and/or decoupled from the backpack frame. In this way, the backpack frame increases a load-carrying quality of the frame-less waterproof bag without reducing the waterproof quality of the bag.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The radiation emitted by the various components in a sample of a fluid wherein the radiation emitted by activated molecules within the sample of the fluid is used to determine the nature of and quantities of materials present in the fluid and a fluid analyser system comprising a receptacle(s) and an analysis apparatus containing a consistent light condition compartment containing temperature detection device(s) into which the receptacle containing the fluid sample may be placed and means are provided for activating the molecules within the sample so that the radiation emitted by the sample may be detected and amplified.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to fluid analysers and in particular it relates to improved forms of fluid analysers capable of determining the composition of the fluid, particularly the chemical composition. In particular the invention relates to analysers which are simple to operate and are both qualitative and quantitative in identification of the components within individual and/or a multitude of fluids. The invention enables analysis to a high degree of accuracy without having to change or put additional fluid analyser sensors into the system.
2. Discussion of the Background Art
Most analysers rely upon sensors gathering information from within frictional flow rates of fluids. However, the analyser of the present invention works by collecting the fluid sample via a non-invasive methodology and thus avoids contamination of the fluid to be analysed. In a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a fluid analyser that is portable and may be used to analyse the samples taken at a remote location and to interact with other fluid analyser systems usually of the same manufacture. This permits use of the analyser in a wide variety of environments and settings.
For the purpose of this document, Fluid means:                i) Consisting of any particles that move freely among themselves;        ii) "particle" means, a minute portion of matter;        iii) "matter" means, any of numerous subatomic and/or atomic constituents of the physical world that interact with each other;        iv) "constituents" means, anything that occupies a space.
Portable fluid analysers are known and the breathalyser used to detect alcohol in a motorist's breath is an example of a portable fluid analyser. Portable, or mobile, analysers are also used for environmental purposes such as the determination of air purity around petrochemical complexes, gas fires and boilers. Portable or mobile analysers are also used in mining and in other hazardous activities to detect the presence of dangerous fluids.
Existing portable fluid analysers consist of a sampler and an analyser. They do however, suffer from certain disadvantages. Firstly the fluid sampler and the analyser make up a unitary apparatus with operators manning and being required to understand the complexities of the analyser. Furthermore, the results of the analysis cannot usually be compared on the spot with previous data because the previous data is generally stored in a remote location. An additional disadvantage is that typically portable analysers can usually detect no more than 4 gases in a fluid sample at any one time and specialty analysers can usually detect no more than 6 at any one time. The traditional analysers are further limited in that when working on gaseous mixtures they cannot detect a concentration above and/or below a saturation limit which depends upon the nature of the gas.
Existing fluid analysers tend to detect fluids in a flow of fluid in a stream as it passes a detection probe or probes. This technique suffers from the drawback that the probe must be cleaned after each analysis before any subsequent use and it is difficult to get the probe sufficiently clean to prevent contamination for the next test. Also it is sometimes necessary to recalibrate the probes between each analysis. In many existing fluid analysers each fluid is detected by means of an electro chemical sensor and the user needs to replace the sensor according to the fluid to be detected. It is then necessary to recalibrate the sensor to detect another fluid.
If the flow rate in one analyser is greater than that of another and the sensors are the same. The device with the greater frictional flow rate will normally provide a more accurate reading. However to obtain an even greater accuracy and a wider range of fluid analysis, a radioactive scan in a predetermined environment has been proposed to provide greater accuracy and quantity analysis report.
Chemiluminescence is sometimes used for gas analysis and involves the capturing and interpretation of emitted light during a chemical reaction. Absorption and desorption rates of molecules on surfaces of fluids and their transfer rates from a surface of a fluid are dependent upon temperature. This action is termed surface diffusion and where there is an equilibrium both absorption and desorption occur creating corresponding fluxes of equal magnitude. This type of analyser suffers from the disadvantage that it relies on thermal or chemical reactions induced or otherwise to analyse the intensity values of fluids and thus determine the amounts of fluids that are present.
Gas Chromatography is also used for fluid analysis. This technique separates a mixture of fluids by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates to enable identification of the different components present in the mixture. The fluid analyser system of the present invention however, has no need to pass the sample in the container through a mixture or suspend it in a liquid in order to assess the identity of the contents or their volume within the sample.
It has also been proposed that fluids may be analysed from the reconstructed gas/fluid emissions formed and identified by the addition of chemicals in a calculated manner. The surface relaxation of fluids has the causal effect of emitting a variable light. The variable light from the chemical reaction helps create the environment where electrons invade the x, y and z axis through a process of spilling. Friedel oscillations are created near the surface of fluids which may or may not screen the ions. Where the ions are allowed to withdraw back into the surface of a material the energy received from the material will be reduced or changed. The changes can be used to indicate the nature of the components of the fluid; this process however suffers from the disadvantage that it relies on a chemical reaction.
The refractive index is used to differentiate the light reflected back from different substances thereby providing an identity; however, the light cannot be clearly identified much beyond 6 decimal places which have the disadvantage of categorising different substances under the same refractive index number.
Mass Spectrometry can also be used. The objective of the Mass spectrometry is to separate each mass from the next integer mass and this can be achieved in several ways the first of which is via Unit resolution mass 50 distinguishable from mass 51, for example. The magnetic sector using the Gaussian Triangle peak method of differentiation. The Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR) system utilises twin peaks with a Lorentzian shape and 10% valley resolution. The Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is resolved to a 50% peak-height definition incorporating the Gaussian triangle shape. The two peaks are resolved to a 50% valley.
Mass Spectrometry is concerned with the separation of matter according to atomic and molecular mass. It is most often used in the analysis of organic compounds of molecular mass up to as high as 200,000 Daltons, (Atomic Mass Unit) and until recent years was largely restricted to relatively volatile compounds. Continuous development and improvement of instrumentation and techniques have made mass spectrometry the most versatile, sensitive and widely used analytical method available today. However, the fluid analyser system of the present invention is capable of a definition of a fluid particle beyond that of a mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the analysis of the present invention utilises captured sample/s where integrity of the sample is maintained. Mass Spectrometry also suffers from the difficulty that integrity is problematic.
In Mass Spectrometry radiation sources, such as lasers, are used, the wavelength of current lasers occurs in approximately the visible wavelengths. Conversion of visible wavelengths into shorter wavelength radiation has many practical applications beyond the intrinsic theoretical interest in production mechanisms, as absorption sources, x-ray heating sources, x-ray lasers. Radiation is amplified through laser energy aimed at the sample. The fluid analyser of the present invention does not require additional energy radiation in order to amplify the signal radiative source of the fluid in the sample container to facilitate the identity of the fluid.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,522 suggests that spectrometry may be used for gas detection. Similarly U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,199 uses infrared and ultra violet radiation to detect the gases present in vehicle emissions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,218 is concerned with spectral absorption to detect and analyse gases. None of those devices enable the simultaneous detection and analysis of a multitude of gases and none of them can detect gases at a low enough concentration to be useful in, for example, comprehensive medical diagnosis.
Our published PCT Application WO 03/044503 relates to a fluid analyser system, in particular a portable fluid analyser system which overcomes the various disadvantages previously described. The analyser of PCT publication WO 03/044503 does not require probes in the fluid to be analysed and operates on a self contained static fluid sample which thus minimises or avoids contamination of the sample. The analyser of PCT Publication WO 03/044503 has the additional benefit that the sample once taken remains sealed to prevent contamination and that the sample can be stirred.


This invention provides an isolated DNA molecule which is at least 30 nucleotides in length and which uniquely defines a herpesvirus associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma. This invention provides an isolated herpesvirus associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma. This invention provides an isolated peptide encoded by the isolated DNA molecule. Further, this invention provides an isolated DNA virus wherein the viral DNA is about 270 kb in size; wherein the DNA encodes a thymidine kinase; and wherein the viral DNA is capable of selectively hybridizing to a nucleic acid probe selected from the group consisting of SEQ. ID NOs:10-12. This invention provides an antibody specific to the peptide. Antisense and triplex oligonucleotide molecules are also provided. This invention provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal and a cell line containing at least a portion of the isolated DNA molecule. This invention provides a method of vaccinating a subject for KS, prophylaxis diagnosing or treating a subject with KS and detecting expression of a DNA virus associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma in a cell.

This invention relates to a novel isolated herpesvirus that is associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma (KS). Methods and compositions relating to the detection and treatment of the virus and KS are described.
Throughout this application, various publications may be referenced by Arabic numerals in brackets. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of the publications cited herein are in their entirety hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
Kaposi""s sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm occurring in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Approximately 15-20% of AIDS patients develop this neoplasm which rarely occurs in immunocompetent individuals [13, 14]. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that AIDS-associated KS (AIDS-KS) has an infectious etiology. Gay and bisexual AIDS patients are approximately twenty times more likely than hemophiliac AIDS patients to develop KS, and KS may be associated with specific sexual practices among gay men with AIDS [6, 15, 55, 83]. KS is uncommon among adult AIDS patients infected through heterosexual or parenteral HIV transmission, or among pediatric AIDS patients infected through vertical HIV transmission [77]. Agents previously suspected of causing KS include cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Mycoplasma penetrans [18, 23, 85, 91, 92]. Non-infectious environmental agents, such as nitrite inhalants, also have been proposed to play a role in KS tumorigenesis [33]. Extensive investigations, however, have not demonstrated an etiologic association between any of these agents and AIDS-KS [37, 44, 46, 90].
This invention provides an isolated DNA molecule which is at least 30 nucleotides in length and which uniquely defines a herpesvirus associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma. This invention provides an isolated herpesvirus associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma.
This invention provides an isolated peptide encoded by the isolated DNA molecule. Further, this invention provides an isolated DNA virus wherein the viral DNA is about 270 kb in size; wherein the DNA encodes a thymidine kinase; and wherein the viral DNA is capable of selectively hybridizing to a nucleic acid probe selected from the group consisting of SEQ. ID NOs:10-12.
This invention provides an antibody specific to the peptide. Antisense and triplex oligonucleotide molecules are also provided. Further, this invention provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal and a cell line containing at least a portion of the isolated DNA molecule.
This invention provides a method of vaccinating a subject for KS, prophylaxis diagnosing or treating a subject with KS and detecting expression of a DNA virus associated with Kaposi""s sarcoma in a cell.

Unique associated Kaposi""s sarcoma virus sequences and uses thereof

The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York


A method and apparatus for generating power in a rotating environment without access to the axis of rotation. A non-center engagement generator is implemented within the rotating reference frame of a vehicle wheel. Further, a method and apparatus detect a potential rollover state and prevent occurrence of a rollover state or eliminate a rollover state once attained.

There are several alternatives for providing power to electrical systems implemented within a rotating reference frame (e.g., the rotating reference frame of a wheel). The electrical power may be commutated from a stationary reference frame (e.g., a vehicle), however, this requires multiple different implementations to accommodate the different geometries and configurations of various vehicle and wheel combinations. Batteries provide an alternative for supplying power, but replacing or recharging batteries, even on an infrequent basis, may be undesirable.
A third option is to generate electrical power within the rotating reference frame of the wheel. A number of schemes have been devised to independently generate electrical power on the wheel of a vehicle. An independent source of electrical power on the wheel provides many advantages. For example, emergency lighting or other safety features can be more readily and reliably effected with an independent, on-wheel, power source.
Schemes to realize such a power source have typically taken the form of an inertia-based, on-wheel generator that derives energy from the rotation of the wheel.
Examples of such schemes include the following.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,728 to Tremba discloses a generator on a vehicle wheel. The generator is composed of a first member and a second member. The first member is mounted coaxially with the wheel's axis of rotation and contains a permanent magnetic element. The second member contains an inductor and is mounted to the wheel so that is can be rotated proximate to the first member. The second member rotates free of the first member and has a mass center which is displaced from the axis of the first member, resulting in a pendulum or vertical position seeking affect. The difference in angular velocities is used to generate electricity.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,496 to Thomas discloses a generator attached to one end of an elongated arm, the other end of which is attached to a rotationally free structure that is coaxial with the axis of the wheel. The rotationally free structure allows the wheel to rotate without causing the elongated arm to rotate. The generator has a drive wheel that attaches to its axis. This drive wheel engages the surface of the wheel. Therefore as the wheel turns the generator axis turns and electrical energy is generated. The generator and additional counterweight supplies a torque, which prevents the elongated arm and attached mechanisms from rotating with the wheel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,919 Pearsall discloses a means of generating power as part of a hubcap lighting system. Two housings are implemented within the hubcap. The first housing contains the armature coils, and is attached to and rotates with the wheel. The second housing contains the magnets, and is attached to the center axis of the hubcap and rotates freely with respect to the first housing. Power is generated by the difference in velocity of the two housings. A counterweight to the second housing is implemented to increase resistance to rotation.
Such schemes are disadvantageous in that access to the wheel's axis of rotation is required. This drawback is addressed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,232 to Thomas et al., which discloses a generator characterized by a circular track attached to the relieved circumferential surface of a wheel, a carriage coupled to the track by rotary bearings, a generator supported by the carriage, and a clutch wheel coupling an armature of the generator to the track. The track, which preferably has a T shaped cross section, has a driving surface which causes the clutch wheel to rotate when there is relative motion between the track and the carriage and/or between the carriage and the air within the tire. The generator, then, is not subjected to centrifugal forces, but only to normal gravitational forces.
An additional disadvantage of typical prior art schemes is that they are subject to a rollover state. The rollover state is the condition in which a counterweight of the generator's stator is carried over a critical angle and begins to rotate with the wheel.
This disadvantage is recognized and addressed with some success by U.S. Pat. No. 4,761,577 to Thomas et al., which discloses a generator contained within a wheel-mounted hub. The generator is pivotally supported in arms of a yoke. The yoke and generator have an offset center of gravity, tending to give the yoke and generator a pendulum-like behavior within the housing. During wheel rotation, the generator tends to remain along a gravitational line of force, forcing a small contact wheel, associated with the generator, to turn against the hub.
At high speeds, the generator assembly tends to rotate with the wheel due to electromagnetic torque coupling between the small contact wheel and the hub on which it turns. Such rotation of the generator assembly with the wheel can lead to the rollover state.
To address the situation a current limiter switch is implemented for the generator such that if the axis of the small contact wheel exceeds a specified angle, the switch is activated and the excitation current of the stator ceases. When the stator is not sufficiently excited, the generator is disabled, thus minimizing the friction between the rotor and the stator. In this condition the generator tends to fall toward a gravitational line of force.
This scheme addresses one way of attempting to avoid entering the rollover state when such state is approached gradually (i.e., smooth road surface). In many cases the rollover state is entered suddenly, for example, driving over a pothole in the road may cause a sudden transition to the rollover state. This scheme does not address methods for terminating the rollover state once it has been achieved. Moreover, this scheme, like many prior art schemes requires access to the wheel's axis of rotation.

Methods and apparatuses for generating electrical power in a rotating reference frame


A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) supports multiple slot times. A Basic Service Set (BSS)/Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) of the WLAN services a plurality of WLAN devices (STAs) and at least one STA of the plurality of STAs supports multiple slot times. Operation is initiated using a short slot time. Then, the a determination is made that operation of the BSS/IBSS requires use of a long slot time, wherein the long slot time is longer than the short slot time. Operation of at least one of the plurality of STAs is modified to be consistent with the long slot time. In altering the operation the STA sets a local Long Slot Termination Time (LSTT). When a Target Beacon Transition Time (TBTT) is before the local LSTT, a beacon is transmitted that indicates that the long slot time is to be used and that includes the local LSTT. When the TBTT is after the local LSTT, a beacon is transmitted that indicates that the short slot time is to be used.

Communication technologies that link electronic devices in a networked fashion are well known. Examples of communication networks include wired packet data networks, wireless packet data networks, wired telephone networks, wireless telephone networks, and satellite communication networks, among other networks. These communication networks typically include a network infrastructure that services a plurality of client devices. The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) is probably the best-known communication network that has been in existence for many years. The Internet is another well-known example of a communication network that has also been in existence for a number of years. These communication networks enable client devices to communicate with one another other on a global basis. Wired Local Area Networks (wired LANs), e.g., Ethernets, are also quite common and support communications between networked computers and other devices within a serviced area. Wired LANs also often link serviced devices to Wide Area Networks and the Internet. Each of these networks is generally considered a "wired" network, even though some of these networks, e.g., the PSTN, may include some transmission paths that are serviced by wireless links.
Wireless networks have been in existence for a relatively shorter period. Cellular telephone networks, wireless LANs (WLANs), and satellite communication networks, among others, are examples of wireless networks. Relatively common forms of WLANs are IEEE 802.11(a) networks, IEEE 802.11(b) networks, and IEEE 802.11(g) networks, referred to jointly as "IEEE 802.11 networks." In a typical IEEE 802.11 network, a wired backbone couples to a plurality of Wireless Access Points (APs), each of which supports wireless communications with computers and other wireless terminals that include compatible wireless interfaces within a serviced area. The wired backbone couples the APs of the IEEE 802.11 network to other networks, both wired and wireless, and allows serviced wireless terminals to communicate with devices external to the IEEE 802.11 network. Devices that operate consistently with an IEEE 802.11 protocol also typically support ad-hoc networking in which wireless terminals communicates directly to one another without the presence of an AP.
WLANs provide significant advantages when servicing portable devices such as portable computers, portable data terminals, and other devices that are not typically stationary and able to access a wired LAN connection. However, the data rates provided by IEEE 802.11(b) networks are less than those data rates provided by even older wired LANs. Thus, in order to provide greater data rates, WLANs are often upgraded to newer available technologies, e.g., IEEE 802.11(g). WLANs that are upgraded to meet the IEEE 802.11(g) standard typically must also support legacy IEEE 802.11(b) devices in the shared 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Problems exist when supporting legacy devices. One particular problem relates to the differing slot times supported by the IEEE 802.11(b) and the IEEE 802.11(g) devices. IEEE 802.11(g) devices, which use a 9 μs slot time, have an advantage over IEEE 802.11(b) devices, which use a longer 20 μs slot time, when accessing a shared channel. Such is the case because in the Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) with Collision Detection and Random Backoff operations employed by both IEEE 802.11(b) and IEEE 802.11(g) devices, the IEEE 802.11(g) devices will attempt to access the shared channel sooner after a collision than will the IEEE 802.11(b) devices. Thus, the IEEE 802.11(g) devices will have an unfair advantage in accessing the shared channel.
Thus, there is a need in the art for operations that will allow legacy devices and next generation devices to share channels in a service area supported by a WLAN in a fair and equitable manner.

Wireless local area network supporting multiple slot times


An inexpensive, miniaturized and thin image reading apparatus reads various types of images, such as fingerprints. The apparatus includes a transparent substrate. A light-emitting unit emits light to pass through the transparent substrate and to be applied to a subject pressed against the substrate. A plurality of light-receiving units are disposed on the substrate in the vertical and horizontal directions with intervals therebetween and receive the light which is emitted from the light-emitting unit and is reflected from the subject. A reading device reads an image of the subject in accordance with the amount of light received by the light-receiving units.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for reading images of various subjects, for example, fingerprints, documents, patterns, etc.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fingerprints have long been used as means for identifying individuals, and a great amount of research and development on automated fingerprint identification systems is being made. As society becomes more and more information-oriented, there is an increasing demand particularly for security in respect of the identifications of individuals who attempt to enter or exit important administration areas, such as computer rooms, or to access various information terminals and banking terminals.
A variety of fingerprint readers used for the above kind of identifications of individuals, which instantaneously detect high-contrast images formed in accordance with the irregularities of the fingerprint patterns, have been developed.
As an example of the fingerprint readers, the one shown in FIG. 32, which is operable according to the total reflection method, is known. This fingerprint reader is constructed of a light-emitting unit 10, a lens 11, a rectangular prism 12, and a CCD camera 13. In operation, total reflection occurs to a beam emitted from the light-emitting unit 10 on the slanted surface of the rectangular prism 12, and the light reflected from the prism 12 is then received by the CCD camera 13. When a finger 14 is placed on the slanted surface of the prism 12, total reflection is caused on the slanted surface corresponding to depressions 15 of the fingerprint, which are not in contact with the slanted surface, and incident on the CCD camera 13, while irregular reflection rather than total reflection occurs on ridges of the fingerprint in contact with the slanted surface of the prism 12 due to a disparity in the refractive index between the finger 14 and air. Thus, the contrast of the totally reflected light and the scattered light is detected by the CCD camera 13, thereby obtaining a high-contrast fingerprint image.
In addition to the above total-reflection method, the optical-path separation method and the photoconductive method using a glass conductive plate are known.
However, the above-described methods require a rectangular prism and a lens, thereby making it difficult to reduce the size of the overall fingerprint reader. What is worse, these prism and lens are expensive, thus increasing the cost. Further, scattered light from the ridges of a fingerprint, as well as totally reflected light from the depressions 15, inconveniently impinges on the CCD camera 13, which makes it hard to clearly distinguish the ridges from the depressions 15 of the fingerprint, resulting in a low-contrast image.
To overcome the aforedescribed problems inherent in a conventional reader, a fingerprint reader using a fiber optic plate (FOP) 19 formed by a bundle of a numerous optic fibers, as illustrated in FIG. 33, has been developed. This fingerprint reader is constructed of a light-emitting unit 18 formed of a light emitting diode, a fiber optic plate 19, and a CCD 20 intimately contacting the output surface of the FOP 19. In this reader, as illustrated in FIG. 34, total reflection occurs to the light emitted from the light-emitting unit 18, and a light pattern representing a fingerprint image is formed according to the irregularities of the fingerprint pattern. The light pattern is then directly transmitted to the CCD 20 via the FOP 19.
Since a lens is not employed for the above fingerprint reader using a fiber optic plate, a space originally required for image formation can be saved, thereby enhancing the downsizing of the image reader. On the other hand, a light-emitting unit, such as a light-emitting diode, should be disposed in the vicinity of the input surface of the fiber optic plate 19. This does not necessarily satisfy the requirements of reducing the size, in particular, the thickness, of the fingerprint reader. Additionally, this type of reader is costly.

Image reading apparatus containing light receiving transistors and switching transistors


A neural stimulator includes an electrically non-conductive carrier and at least two electrically conductive electrodes disposed on opposite sides of the carrier. The electrodes on the opposite sides of the carrier are not electrically connected together. Instead, a signal source is connected to one of the electrodes on one side of the carrier and a return path to the signal source is connected to a corresponding electrode on the other side of the carrier. The corresponding electrode can, but need not be, directly opposite the electrode on the other side of the carrier. The electrodes can be rings, disks, other shapes or combinations thereof. Optionally, the carrier includes low-impedance shunts therethrough.

Electrical stimulation of neural tissue is used for several purposes, including pain control, diagnosis and neural rehabilitation. For example, a cochlear implant (CI) is a small electronic device, part of which is placed under the skin, behind the ear, of a profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing person. The cochlear implant receives signals from a microphone and electrically stimulates auditory nerves of the wearer. Although hearing through a CI may be different than normal hearing, the wearer perceives sounds and another person can orally communicate with the wearer.
CI and other neural stimulation is accomplished by placing at least one electrode near neural tissue and sending an electrical signal to the electrode. The electrical signal is produced with reference to a second (ground) electrode. That is, the signal is delivered across the two electrodes. The second electrode may be placed near the neural tissue or some distance from the neural tissue. The neural tissue is typically stimulated with a bi-phasic pulse, i.e., first a positive pulse is sent to the electrode, followed almost immediately thereafter by a negative pulse.
Better results are obtained from better focused electrical stimulation. Neural tissues are typically very small. To achieve desired results, selected individual nerves should be stimulated. However, prior art neural stimulation apparatus is unable to deliver well-focused electrical stimulation to neural tissue.
A conventional longitudinal bipolar neural stimulation scheme includes two conducting electrodes arranged side-by-side on an insulated carrier. A signal is fed to a first of the two electrodes, and the other electrode acts as a ground. During the positive phase of the stimulation signal, current flows from one of the electrodes, through the stimulated tissue, into the other (ground) electrode. During the negative phase of the stimulation signal, the current flows in the opposite direction, i.e., out of the ground electrode, through the stimulated tissue, and into the first electrode. Consequently, each of the electrodes acts as a stimulation point, and the stimulation is not well focused.
A conventional longitudinal tripolar scheme includes two ground electrodes flanking a center electrode. In this case, the amount of current that flows through each of the two flanking electrodes is one-half the amount of current that flows through the center electrode. Tripolar schemes produce reasonably well focused stimulation, however they require three electrodes.


Provided are a device for training swimmers and performing physiotherapeutic exercises, a method for assembling a device for training swimmers and performing physiotherapeutic exercises, a unit for measuring parameters of a swimmer, and a method for assembling a unit for measuring parameters of a swimmer. The device for training swimmers and performing physiotherapeutic exercises comprises a tank configured to accommodate a swimmer and a cover connected to the tank. The device for training swimmers and performing physiotherapeutic exercises further comprises a restraining element. A first end of the restraining element is connected to the tank and the second end of the restraining element is configured to be connected to the swimmer. The unit for measuring parameters of a swimmer comprises a housing, within which a motive force sensor, a processing unit, and a transmitter are enclosed.

The approaches described in this section could be pursued but are not necessarily approaches that have previously been conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.
One of the approaches for treating spinal disorders involves straightening the vertebral column supported by spinal muscles. It is a well-established fact that swimming provides for rehabilitation with few contraindications of persons having spinal disorders. Swimming is also an optimal training exercise for people of any age. These are some of the reasons why pools are very popular.
When teaching persons to swim, training swimmers, or performing physiotherapeutic exercises with persons having spinal injuries or disorders, it is important to create pool conditions that allow the swimmer to feel comfortable. Traditional pools intended for simultaneous training of several persons do not allow adjusting the conditions in the pool to the needs and preferences of each person.
Furthermore, it is important to register the physical parameters of the person during swimming. Such parameters may be used for selecting a swimming or therapeutic program for the swimmer. Traditional pools do not allow monitoring the swimmer and registering physical parameters of the swimmer during physical activity in the pool.

Device for training swimmers and performing physiotherapeutic exercises


A ceramic substrate part comprising on its upper surface pluralities of external electrodes comprising wire-bonding electrodes, each of which comprises a primer layer based on Ag or Cu, a Ni-based lower layer, an intermediate layer based on a Pd—P alloy containing 0.4-5% by mass of P, and a Au-based upper layer formed in this order on a ceramic substrate, the upper layer containing Pd after heated by soldering, and having a Au concentration of 80 atomic % or more based on the total concentration (100 atomic %) of Au and Pd.

When semiconductor devices are mounted on a dielectric or magnetic ceramic substrate, soldering is conducted by coating the substrate with a Sn-based solder, mounting the semiconductor devices on the solder, and heating the solder. As semiconductor devices are mounted on a ceramic substrate part at higher density, wire bonding has become used for electric connection between the ceramic substrate part and the semiconductor devices. In high-density wire bonding, gold wires as thick as 100 μm or less are connected to the wire-bonding electrodes of a heated ceramic substrate part with ultrasonic vibration.
The wire-bonding electrode generally comprises a primer layer of silver, copper, etc., a nickel plating layer, a substituted gold plating layer, and a reduced gold plating layer formed in this order on a ceramic substrate. In such terminal structure, the nickel plating layer acts as a barrier layer for protecting the primer layer from a solder. The gold plating layer provides improved connectability with gold wires. Reduction gold plating makes it possible to form a gold layer having any thickness, but because its plating solution is vulnerable to Ni, the substituted gold plating layer should be formed below the reduced gold plating layer.
However, part of the Ni plating layer corroded by substitution gold plating remains as pinholes after reduction gold plating. Accordingly, when the substrate is heated, nickel hydroxide generated by water intruding through the pinholes is exposed to the gold surface, extremely lowering wire bondability. To close the pinholes, an expensive reduced gold plating layer should be formed to a thickness of 0.2-0.7 μm, suffering high cost. In addition, even a thick reduced gold plating layer may not be able to bury the pinholes, resulting in bonding strength deteriorated by heat treatment.
Proposed to solve such problems is a method of forming only a substituted gold plating layer as thick as 0.1 μm or less, and removing nickel hydroxide from a gold layer surface by a plasma treatment before wire bonding. However, the substituted gold plating layer has many pinholes, and nickel much diffused to the gold surface during heat treatment cannot easily be removed by a plasma treatment, resulting in poor bonding reliability. Therefore, this method cannot be used for electronic parts needing high reliability.
JP 2004-55624 A discloses the formation of a Pd layer between a Ni layer and a Au layer to prevent the diffusion of Ni. However, Pd is thermally diffused to the Au layer while soldering devices such as inductors, etc. to mounting electrodes before the wire bonding of semiconductor devices, so that the wire bondability of the Au layer is deteriorated. This is because the existence of other metals than gold deteriorates the strength of bonding between gold wires and a gold plating layer, which is achieved by mutual diffusion with ultrasonic vibration. As lead-free, high-melting-point solders are widely used recently, the diffusion of Pd to a Au layer during soldering has become a serious problem.

Ceramic substrate part and electronic part comprising it


The present invention includes phosphoramidate derivatives, compositions containing the same, and methods of using them as NAALADase inhibitors, particularly for the treatment of glutamate abnormalities and associated nervous tissue insult in a animal and for treatment of prostate disease and prostate cancer by inhibition of NAALADase enzyme.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel compounds and compositions which inhibit N-Acetylated .alpha.-Linked Acidic Dipeptidase (NAALADase) enzyme activity, and in particular to phosphoramidate derivatives and compositions containing the same which inhibit NAALADase enzyme activity in humans and warm-blooded animals. The present invention is also directed to novel compounds and compositions which inhibit NAALADase enzyme activity and are useful as novel agents for treatment of glutamate abnormalities in animals, particularly the prevention or alleviation of brain damage caused by strokes and other types of ischemic damage. Furthermore, the present invention is also directed to novel compounds and compositions useful as novel agents for treatment of cancer and related diseases of the prostate, particularly prostate cancer.
2. Description of the Prior Art


A pommel horse device for gymnastic training does not require younger users to be constantly supervised with a spotter when using them. The pommel horse device has a height lower than conventional pommel horse devices, typically at about 15 inches as compared to about 63 inches for conventional pommel horse devices. The pommel horse device has three holes in the top for the optional attachment of pommel handles.

The present invention relates to a pommel horse device for gymnastic training and, more particularly, to a low height pommel horse device.
Current pommel horse devices for gymnastic training are very difficult to use—especially for young or inexperienced users. Current pommel horse devices stand approximately 64 inches above the floor, requiring the use of a spotter for younger users and significant expensive matting requirements. In addition, current pommel horse devices are too long for practical use for young users. The cost of a current pommel horse device is so high that it makes the entry into boy's gymnastics difficult for many gyms to justify. Unfortunately, current pommel horse devices are not safe and younger users are required to be constantly supervised when using them. This greatly inhibits the potential development of pommel horse skills.
As can be seen, there is a need for a pommel horse device that does not require that younger or less experienced users be constantly supervised by the coach when using them. This sort of pommel horse device can also allow gyms to offer boys gymnastics more readily—at a fraction of the standard competition sized pommel horse.


A method and apparatus are disclosed for determining the lengths of one or more substrings of an input string that matches a regular expression (regex) The input string is searched for the regex using an non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA), and upon detecting a match state a selected portion of the input string is marked as a match string. The NFA is inverted to create a reverse NFA that embodies the inverse of the regex. For some embodiments, the reverse NFA is created by inverting the NFA such that the match state of the NFA becomes the initial state of the reverse NFA, the initial state of the NFA becomes the match state of the reverse NFA, and the goto transitions of the NFA are inverted to form corresponding goto transitions in the reverse NFA. The match string is reversed and searched for the inverted regex using the reverse NFA, and a counter is incremented for each character processed during the reverse search operation. The current value of the counter each time the match state in the reverse NFA is reached indicates the character length of a corresponding substring that matches the regex.

Packet classification is employed by Internet routers to implement a number of advanced Internet services such as policy-based routing, rate-limiting, access control in firewalls, service differentiation, traffic shaping, and traffic billing. Each of these services requires the router to classify incoming packets into different classes and then to perform appropriate actions depending upon the packet's specified class. For example, in packet routing applications, an incoming packet is classified to determine whether to forward or filter the packet, where to forward the packet to, what class of service the packet should receive, and/or how much should be charged for transmitting the packet. A packet classifier embodies a set of policies or rules that define what actions are to be taken based upon the contents of one or more fields of the packet's header. The packet header, which typically includes source and destination addresses, source and destination port numbers, protocol information, and so on, can match more than one rule. For example, one rule in a firewall application can specify either a "permit" or "deny" action for a given set of source and destination addresses, another rule in the firewall application can specify either a "permit" or "deny" action for a given protocol, and yet another rule in the firewall application can specify either a "permit" or "deny" action for a particular source address and protocol.
In addition, security is increasingly becoming a critical issue in enterprise and service-provider networks as usage of public networks such as the Internet increases. Many organizations continue to rely upon firewalls as their central gatekeepers to prevent unauthorized users from entering their networks. However, organizations are increasingly looking to additional security measures to counter risk and vulnerability that firewalls alone cannot address. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) analyze data in real time to detect, log, and stop misuse or attacks as they occur. More specifically, network-based IDSs analyze packet data streams within a network searching for unauthorized activity, such as attacks by hackers. In many cases, IDSs can respond to security breaches before systems are compromised. When unauthorized activity is detected, the IDS typically sends alarms to a management console with details of the activity and can often order other systems, such as routers, to cut off the unauthorized sessions.
The parsing of data packets for an IDS is typically performed in software by a dedicated module or library executed by a processor. These modules or libraries may be written in any number of well-known programming languages. The Perl programming language is often selected because of its highly developed pattern matching capabilities. In Perl, the patterns that are being searched for are generally referred to as regular expressions. A regular expression can simply be a word, a phrase or a string of characters. More complex regular expressions include metacharacters that provide certain rules for performing the match. The period ("."), which is similar to a wildcard, is a common metacharacter. It matches exactly one character, regardless of what the character is. Another metacharacter is the plus sign ("+") which indicates that the character immediately to its left may be repeated one or more times. If the data being searched conforms to the rules of a particular regular expression, then the regular expression is said to match that string. For example, the regular expression "gauss" would match data containing gauss, gaussian, degauss, etc.
To search an input string for a regular expression, the regular expression is typically converted into a search tree such as a non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA) that includes a number of states interconnected by goto or "success" transitions. Then, to search the input string for the regular expression, a state machine starts at an initial state of the NFA and transitions states of the NFA according to its goto transitions. If in a given state the input character matches the goto transition, the goto transition is taken to the next state in the string path and a cursor is incremented to point to the next character in the input string. If the input character does not match the goto transitions at any given state, which results in edge failure, a failure transition may be taken.
For example, FIG. 1 shows an NFA 100 that embodies the regular expression R1="ab([a-f][a-d])+def." The NFA 100 includes an initial state or root node S0, intermediate states S1-S6, and a match state S7. The sequence of states S0-S7 are connected by goto transitions representing character matches with an input string, as indicated in FIG. 1. For example, if an input character "a" is received at the initial state S0, the state machine transitions to S1 along the "a" goto transition, and the cursor is incremented to the next input character in the input string. If the next input character is a "b," the state machine transitions from S1 to S2 along the "b" goto transition. Then, if the next input character belongs to the character class [a-f], the state machine transitions from S2 to S3 along the "[a-f]" goto transition. Conversely, if at S1 the next input character is anything other than a "b," or if at S2 the next input character is not 'a,' 'b,' 'c,' 'd,' 'e,' or 'f,' then the state machine returns to the initial state S0, which typically remains active for the NFA, as indicated by the arrow 101.
The regular expression R1="ab([a-f][a-d])+def" is a complex regular expression for which multiple portions of the corresponding NFA 100 can be active at the same time. For example, upon a character class match with [a-d] at state S3, the state machine transitions to both states S2 and S4, and therefore states S2 and S4 are simultaneously active. For example, Table 1 depicts a search operation between an input string IN1="abbababccdefg" and R1 according to the NFA 100 of FIG. 1.
TABLE 1CycleInput CharacterActive StatesAction1a12b23b34a1, 2, 45b2, 36a1, 2, 3, 47b2, 3, 48c2, 3, 49c2, 3, 410 d2, 3, 4, 511 e3, 612 f7match13 gnone
As shown in Table 1, in response to the first three input characters "abb," the state machine transitions from the initial state S0 to state S3 along goto transitions "a," "b," and "[a-f]," respectively. The fourth input character 'a' of IN1 matches "[a-d]" and causes the state machine to transition from state S3 to both states S2 and S4 at the same time. Further, because 'a' is the first character of R1, the state machine also transitions to state S1 (not shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity). Thus, in the fourth cycle, states S1, S2, and S4 are simultaneously active in NFA 100. The next input character 'b' causes the state machine to simultaneously transition from S1 to S2 and from S2 to S3. The search operation proceeds as depicted in Table 1 until the match state S7 is reached upon a match with the input character 'f' in the twelfth cycle. The state machine reaches the match or accept state S7, which indicates a match condition between the input string and the regular expression. Thereafter, the last input character 'g' does not match the goto transition from S1, and thus does not result in an additional match. Note that although not indicated in Table 1 for simplicity, the initial state S0 remains active during search operations so that a match sequence can be initiated at any point in the input string.
To determine the length of the portion of the input string that matches the regular expression, the number of state transitions taken between the initial and match states of the NFA during the string search operation are typically counted. However, for complex regular expressions such as R1 in which multiple states of the corresponding NFA can be active at the same time, the number of state transitions between the initial and match states of the NFA does not provide the lengths of any overlapping or nested substrings that also match the regular expression, and therefore may also complicate identification of such substrings. Further, use of the NFA search operation to calculate the lengths of all matching substrings may require a separate counter for each potentially matching substring, which is impractical.
Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the drawing figures.

Determining regular expression match lengths


A improved process for preparing 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone of the formula ##STR1## which is characterized in reacting a 4-halogeno-3-hydroxybutyrate and an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal azide, to produce a 4-azido-3-hydroxybutyrate and hydrogenating an azide group of the ester compound and then cyclizing a hydrogenated compound. 4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone is useful for an intermediate of medicines and agricultural chemicals.

4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone is used as an intermediate for medicines, agricultural chemicals, etc. The following processes for preparing it are known. These are a process for preparing it from a 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate and ammonia Japanese Patent Publication No. 183756/1982, Tetrahedron Lett., 41,5603(1985), Japanese Patent Publication No. 176564/1986!, a process for preparing it from a 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate and benzylamine (Japanese Patent Publication No. 45360/1989), a process for preparing it from a cyclobutanone derivative and optically active .alpha.-methylbenzylamine (Synthetic Comm., 21,693(1991), a process for preparing it from 3,4-epoxibutyramide and optically active .alpha.-methylbenzylamine (J. Chem. Research(s), 376, 1990), a process for preparing it by heating and dehydrating 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid (abbreviated to GABOB hereinafter) Tetrahedron Lett., 21,2443(1980), J. Org. Chem., 19,1-589(1954)!, a process for preparing it from optically active GABOB and hexamethyldisilazane (Synthesis, 1978, 614), a process for preparing it from optically active 4-hydroxyproline (Japanese Patent Publication No. 250352/1988) and a process for preparing it from a 4-bromo crotonic acid ester J. Org. Chem., 44,2798(1979)!.
These processes, however, have following disadvantages industrially: The process from a 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate and ammonia produces many kinds of by-products and it is difficult to achieve high yield. The process from benzylamine or .alpha.-methylbenzylamine needs debenzylation or demethybenzyllation procedure after constructing a pyrrolidone skeleton and this procedure is so troublesome as it uses an alkali metal in liquid ammonia at low temperature. The process by heating and dehydrating GABOB is low in the yield and in case using an optically active compound, the racemization occurs. The process from optically active GABOB and hexamethyldisilazane is high in the yield, but the hexamethyldisilazane is expensive and the process needs desilylation procedure after constructing pyrrolidone skeleton. The process from optically active 4-hydroxyproline or a 4-bromo crotonic acid ester comprises many steps, and it is not practical. Therefore, a more efficient process for preparing 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone was desired.

Process for preparing 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone


The present invention relates to an automatic fire extinguisher capable of automatically discharging a fire-extinguishing agent upon the occurrence of a fire. More particularly, the present invention relates to an automatic fire extinguisher which is capable of automatically discharging a fire-extinguishing agent to a fire site without using power upon the occurrence of a fire to thus efficiently extinguish the fire, and which is also capable of sounding an alarm at an early stage upon the occurrence of a fire, to thus enable people to take swift action. The automatic fire extinguisher of the present invention may ultimately serve as a sprinkler, and can be reused after operation.

In general, a fire extinguisher may be classified into a mobile-type fire extinguisher and a fixed-type fire extinguisher. Example of the mobile-type fire extinguisher includes a usual dry powder fire extinguisher equipped in an office or at home and example of the fixed-type fire extinguisher includes a sprinkler, an automatic dispersion-type fire extinguisher etc.
The mobile-type fire extinguisher is a fire extinguisher which can be operated only by a person when the fire breaks out; therefore, such an extinguisher does not work at all in case of fire when a person is not present.
The fixed-type fire extinguisher such as the sprinkler and automatic dispersion-type fire extinguisher sprays fire-extinguishing agent in four unspecified directions at a fixed position or sprays toward a predetermined target or range when the fire extinguisher senses heat in case of fire or when an enclosure of the fire extinguisher is molten or destroyed by the heat as the fire already spreads to be close to the fire extinguisher; therefore, the fire extinguisher has a problem that it cannot spray a sufficient fire-extinguishing agent in the direction of fire to that extent.
Furthermore, conventional fire extinguishers are not provided on themselves with means for automatically sounding an alarm when the fire breaks out and have to be provided with a separate alarm device using electrical power etc., and thus have a problem that they are inefficient and cannot sound the alarm when abrupt power failure and electrical discharge occurred in case of fire.

Automatic fire extinguisher capable of discharging fire-extinguishing agent to fire site


A material for dielectric films is a polymerizable composition containing an adamantanepolycarboxylic acid represented by following Formula (1):

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a material for the formation of a polybenzazole (imidazole, oxazole or thiazole) film having high heat resistance and a low dielectric constant, as well as a polymer and a dielectric film using the material. More specifically, it relates to a material for the formation of a dielectric film which is useful as a semiconductor part, as well as a polymer and a dielectric film using the material.
2. Description of the Related Art
Polybenzazoles having an adamantane skeleton are useful as highly heat-resistant resins (Journal of Polymer Science, Part A-1 (1970), 8(12), p. 3665–3666). In particular, highly crosslinked polybenzazoles using a trifunctional or tetrafunctional adamantane derivative involve a multitude of molecular-scale voids, have a low relative dielectric constant and satisfactory mechanical strength and heat resistance and are thereby very useful as materials for interlayer dielectrics (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (JP-A) No. 2001-332543). These highly crosslinked polybenzazoles can be prepared, for example, by heating a material in the presence of a condensing agent such as a polyphosphoric acid. However, the resulting highly crosslinked resin is hardly soluble in solvent and cannot be significantly applied to a substrate by coating to form a thin film.
A thin film of a wholly aromatic chain polybenzazole is formed by a method, in which an aldehyde derivative as a material monomer is spread over an aqueous solution of an amine as another material monomer to form a film by polymerization on a gas-liquid interface; the film is laminated on a substrate by a horizontal attachment method and is subjected to a thermal treatment in the air to form a thin film of a polybenzazole (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (JP-A) No. 62-183881). However, the method is not suitable for industrial production, since it takes quite a long time to form the thin film. In addition, the precursor polyimine is subjected to an oxidative thermal treatment in a final process, and the resulting polybenzazole film may be possibly oxidized, thus a lower dielectric constant as a dielectric film is not expected.

Abstract: wherein X is a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group or a hydrocarbon group; and Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are the same as or different from one another and are each a single bond or a bivalent aromatic cyclic group; an aromatic polyamine represented by following Formula (2):wherein Ring Z is a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring; and R1 and R2 are each a substituent bound to Ring Z, are the same as or different from each other and are each an amino group, a mono-substituted amino group, a hydroxyl group or a mercapto group; and a solvent other than ketones and aldehydes, in which the adamantanepolycarboxylic acid and aromatic polyamine are dissolved in the solvent


Method for scrubbing flat disc-like work pieces in a running wash liquid, by the use of a wash liquid flow vessel 2 maintaining a continuous flow of a wash liquid in one direction, a work carrier 18 for holding a plural number of work pieces 4 in an immersed state and in parallel relation with the flow direction of the wash liquid, a slidable carriage 28 for transferring the work carrier 18 in a direction reverse to the flow direction of the wash liquid, and a scrubber means 20 having scrubbing brushes 38 for washing and scrubbing the work pieces 4 on the carrier 18 in an immersed state in the flow of the wash liquid.

1. Field of the Art
This invention relates to method and apparatus for scrubbing work in a running wash liquid, especially suitable for washing and scrubbing articles of substantially flat disc-like shapes such as magnetic disc substrates including glass substrates and other ceramic substrates, and various electronic, optical or mechanical parts of such shapes.
2. Prior Art
Scrubbers which are arranged to wash work of flat shapes like magnetic disc substrates by the use of scrubbing brushes have been known in the art, for example, from Japanese Laid-Open Patent Specification S61-8734 and Japanese Utility Model Publication H4-22411.
Generally, prior art scrubbers of this sort are provided with spray nozzles thereby to spray a shower of wash liquid on work pieces while being washed and scrubbed by the scrubbing brushes.
Washing work pieces in a shower of a wash liquid which is sprayed from a spray nozzle or nozzles is effective as long as contamination of work is relatively light and of such a degree as would not require supply of a large amount of wash liquid. However, a wash liquid spray nozzle or nozzles of this sort normally can spray only a limited amount of wash liquid and therefore are not necessarily suitable for use in scrubbing relatively heavily contaminated articles which need a large amount of wash liquid supply to wash away deposited contaminants in an assured manner without permitting once removed contaminants to re-deposit on scrubbing brushes, as in the case of buffing work pieces which still bear abrasive powder or other foreign matter deposited in an immediately preceding machining operation or operations.
Besides, the wash liquid spray nozzles have to be enclosed in a hood or other splash guard means in order to block splashes of the wash liquid which tend to scatter around a scrubbing apparatus considerably especially in a case where a large amount of wash liquid is spurted and hit against work pieces at a high velocity.

Method for scrubbing work in running wash liquid


A system and method for wafer-level inspection using on-valve inspection detectors to detect defects on a semiconductor wafer surfaces during a semiconductor device manufacturing process is disclosed herein. In some exemplary embodiments, a method for wafer-level inspection includes: transporting a semiconductor wafer through a transfer port of a processing chamber; scanning a surface of the semiconductor wafer automatically using at least one on-valve inspection detector arranged on a vacuum valve providing access through the transfer port; generating at least one surface image of the surface of the semiconductor wafer; and analyzing the at least one surface image to detect defects on the surface of the semiconductor wafer.

In the semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry, there is a continuing demand for smaller device dimensions and higher circuit packing densities. This demand has driven the semiconductor industry to develop new materials and complex processes. Manufacturing an IC at such dimensions and complexity generally uses advanced techniques to inspect the IC at various stages of the manufacturing process for quality control purposes.
For example, when a feature (e.g., a gate/drain/source feature of a transistor, a horizontal interconnect line, or a vertical via, etc.) is to be formed on a wafer, the wafer typically goes through a production line which comprises multiple processing stations typically using different process tools to perform various operations such as cleaning, photolithography, dielectric deposition, dry/wet etching, and metal deposition, for example. Prior to being transferred to a next step (e.g., a next processing station) in the production line, the wafer is typically inspected for defects.
In general, such an inspection is manually performed by a human using an optical instrument to determine the presence of defect(s) such as, parametric (e.g., line width), random (e.g., individual via), and area-dependent failures (e.g., "killer defect" particles) that may be caused by one or more malfunctioning processing stations along the production line. This manual inspection typically relies on sampling a certain amount of positions on surfaces of a certain amount of wafers randomly selected from a box of wafers, which is typically known as an "offline inspection." Such an offline inspection disadvantageously causes various issues.
For example, a time-resource trade-off leads to a trade-off between an inspection resolution and a sampling rate, e.g., a high sampling rate (i.e., a high throughput of the inspection) is typically subjected to a low inspection resolution, and vice versa. Further, because of the "manual" operation, such an offline inspection often interrupts an automatic production line, which also increases the possibility of wafer contamination.
Therefore, in contrast to the offline inspection, an "inline" inspection that can automatically detect defects can provide critical insights into a wide variety of process characteristics (e.g., tools and conditions) without significantly interrupting the production line or affecting its throughput has been desired by the IC industry. Despite this long felt need, no suitable systems meeting these requirements are available.

Wafer-level inspection using on-valve inspection detectors

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.


A gauge with indicating pointer has three light sources on a printed circuit board. A rear dial plate has rear markings such as MPH indicia. The first light source illuminates the pointer length, which points to the rear indicia. The second light source illuminates a front dial assembly located on an opposite side of the indicator as the rear dial plate by passing light through the thickness of the indicator. The front dial assembly is cantilevered over the rotating pointer to permit pointer rotation. The third light source illuminates the rear indicia. The front dial assembly has a front dial plate with front indicia illuminated by the second light source and to which the pointer points. The three light sources may be different colors since each illuminates a specific area of the gauge. The front dial assembly may display a separate lighted scale, such as KPH from the rear markings.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art. A conventional vehicle gauge, such as a speedometer gauge, typically has a light source positioned on a printed circuit board ("PCB") to direct light to the gauge face or through the gauge face to make any indicia, such as numbers, visible to a person viewing the gauge. Additionally, gauges known in the art may have a pointer that is illuminated when light is directed through the pointer length from one end of the pointer.
While current vehicle gauges have generally proven to be satisfactory for their applications, each is associated with its share of limitations. One limitation of current gauges is that light can not be directed onto a second gauge face in front of the pointer using a light source behind the pointer. Another limitation of current gauges is that light can not be passed to a second gauge face in front of the pointer using current gauge structures, such as a single PCB. Still yet another limitation is that projecting light to a gauge face in front of a pointer traditionally requires wiring or electrical leads in front of the pointer, which may limit gauge function, such as pointer rotation sweep angle. Finally, current pointers do not permit light to pass through their thicknesses, so that such light may be further used in other areas of the gauge.
What is needed then is a device that does not suffer from the above limitations. This, in turn, will provide a device that permits a second gauge face in front of a gauge pointer to be illuminated but that does not require a printed circuit board or wiring in front of the pointer to illuminate the second face. Additionally, a device will be provided with a face in front of the pointer that does not interfere with pointer rotation operation. Finally, a device will be provided that has a gauge face in front of the pointer that permits indicia to be illuminated with a different color as the main or rear scale indicia and different from the pointer.


System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to lane keeping in a vehicle. In one embodiment, a method includes determining lane boundaries according to at least the sensor data and a map. The method includes defining a reference system over a lane defined by the lane boundaries. The method includes evaluating vehicle boundary points within the reference system as a cost in optimizing a trajectory of the vehicle and using an R-function that defines geometric relationships between the vehicle boundary points and the reference system. The method includes providing an indicator about the trajectory to control the vehicle.

Vehicles may be equipped with many sensors that allow the vehicles to perceive other vehicles, obstacles, pedestrians, and other features of a surrounding environment. Using information from the noted sensors permits the vehicle to perform various automated or autonomous tasks that may function to broadly improve safety (e.g., collision avoidance, lane keeping, etc.) or wholly control the vehicle in place of a driver.
However, routines that process the sensor information and provide for deriving determinations on which the noted improved functionality rests can suffer from difficulties in being overly complex and thus computationally intensive. As such, tradeoffs between accuracy and computational load may be necessary, thereby resulting in systems that are less robust. Consequently, accurately and efficiently generating determinations for such functions as lane keeping presents many difficulties.

Systems and methods for using R-functions and semi-analytic geometry for lane keeping in trajectory planning


The present invention provides an oven range. In the present invention, a method for coating an oxidation protective layer for a carbon/carbon composite, comprising: dissolving a polymer resin in a solvent to form a solution of polymer resin; dispersing ceramic powders in the solution of polymer resin to form a mixed solution; coating the mixed solution on a carbon fiber; performing a first heat-treatment to treat the carbon fiber by heat in air; and performing a second heat-treatment to treat the carbon fiber by heat under an inert gas.

Carbon fibers (CFs) are materials comprising 92% or more carbon, and having high values in thermal conductivity, specific strength and elasticity, and low values in modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion and density. Also, carbon fibers are materials suitable for use in a high temperature structure by virtue of relatively good processability, and in particular, interest in carbon fibers as a reinforcing material for high-tech composites having high processability is increasing. In addition, carbon fibers are highly resistant to thermal shock, and thus have been widely used in various industry fields as materials for an ultra-high temperature structure such as friction materials for aircrafts, nose cones for space shuttles, heat resistant materials for nuclear reactors and nozzles for rockets, which take a great of heat in a very short time.
However, although carbon fibers (CFs) have favorable engineering properties, a surface of carbon fiber are oxidized by reacting with oxygen when exposed to air at a temperature of 500° C. or more, or gases such as CO or CO2 are generated, resulting in an erosion (ablation) of material. Thus, pure carbon fibers are not suitable for use in these applications. That is, as shown in FIG. 1, when carbon fibers are treated by heat (1000° C.) in air, pores are formed on a surface of carbon fiber by CO or CO2 are generated, resulting in an erosion (ablation) of material. Thus, pure carbon fibers are not suitable for use in these applications. That is, as shown in FIG. 1, when carbon fibers are treated by heat (1000° C.) in air, pores are formed on a surface of carbon fiber by CO or CO2 which are oxidized by reacting with oxygen at a high temperature. Further, a decrease in weight and strength of carbon fibers thereby may limit their applications. Then, when a carbon fiber having unstable surface is exposed to an ultra-high temperature of 2000° C. or more, portions attenuated due to oxidation are cut off by thermal conduction, which is called 'ablation'. Therefore, the surface and structure of carbon fiber as well as intrinsic properties thereof should be protected in an oxygen atmosphere.
As described above, to use carbon fibers at a high temperature, they have to be separated from an oxygen atmosphere to prevent oxidation from being generated. Therefore, to prevent the oxidation of carbon fibers (CFs) at a high temperature and improve heat and ablation resistances thereof, it is very important to ensure a technology for making a composite with carbon fibers.
Generally, there are two approaches to prevent carbon fibers from being oxidized and improve heat and ablation resistances thereof. One approach is a method of adding an oxidation inhibitor to carbon, and the other approach is a method of coating an oxygen-impermeable layer on a surface of carbon fiber. The former can inhibit oxidation at up to about 1000° C. but this method has a disadvantage that an effect of inhibiting oxidation is greatly lowered at a high temperature of 1000° C. or more. Therefore, it may be necessary to form a coating layer to prevent carbon fibers from being oxidized at a high temperature of 1000° C. or more.
Generally, as methods for coating an oxidation protective layer for a carbon fiber, when a temperature in use is about 1000° C. or less, a cheap phosphoric acid-based coating layer is used. When a temperature in use is about 1000° C. or more, boron-based coating layer is used. However, the use of boron is limited due to a high equilibrium vapor pressure of boron at a high temperature of 1500° C. or more.
Therefore, to solve this problem, at a temperature of 1500° C. or more, the oxidation of carbon fiber is inhibited by forming an amorphous SiO2 layer having a low oxygen transmittance rate on a surface of carbon fiber.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0258839 relates to "a method for forming an oxidation protective coating layer to impart oxidation resistance to a carbon/carbon composite". The above-mentioned patent discloses a method of forming two or more oxidation protective coating layer by impregnating only Si on a carbon/carbon composite using a pack cementation technology, and in particular, a composite coating method capable of controlling the thickness of coating layer by 10 μm to 2,000 μm. However, this method fails to achieve a satisfactory effect in terms of a coating process or fire resistance. Further, the method has a disadvantage that a chemical vapor reaction is used in coating ceramics, and thus a process is complicated and expense.

Method for coating oxidation protective layer for carbon/carbon composite, carbon heater, and cooker