The present disclosure relates to a search service system and a method thereof, and more particularly, relates to a search service system capable of providing an input ranking of a keyword which is input into the search service system, according to a category to which the keyword belongs, and a method thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a search service system and a method thereof, and more particularly, relates to a search service system capable of providing an input order of a keyword which is input into the search service system, according to a category to which the keyword belongs, and a method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
The most general search service method provided by a search service system is a keyword search service. In case that a keyword is input from a user, the search service system, which provides the keyword search service, provides the user with search results including the keyword (e.g., a web site including the keyword, an article including the keyword, an image with a file name including the keyword, etc).
At this time, the search service system according to the prior art further provides a service of notifying a user of 'a popular search word'. A drawing symbol 101 of FIG. 1 illustrates one example of popular search words provided for the user, in the search service system according to the prior art.
However, the service of providing popular search words according to the prior art is configured to display several popular search words whose frequency ranks high, on a web page or the like, by using the number of keywords input by users per certain period. Thus, there is a problem that it is impossible to provide users with popular search words in real time.
Furthermore, the service of providing popular search words according to the prior art is configured to determine and provide popular search words by using only the number of input keywords, without classifying keywords by categories. Thus, there is a problem that no matter what kind of keyword a user inputs, the user has no choice but to be provided with the same popular keywords such as a singer (Kyoo-chan Cho), a drama (Lady Han), a movie (Ocean's twelve) and the like, as illustrated in FIG. 1.
Furthermore, the service of providing popular search words according to the prior art neither computes how popular each search word is, nor provides the computed results. Thus, there is a limit that users cannot know which popular search word among popular search words is more popular.
Furthermore, in the service of providing popular search words according to the prior art, in case that the keyword input by a user is not a popular search word, there is a problem that the user cannot know how much interest other users have in an issue related to the keyword input by oneself.

Search system for providing information of keyword input frequency by category and method thereof


A distance sensing assembly and a mobile terminal including the same are provided. The distance sensing assembly includes: an emitter array, a receiver array and a reflective mirror. The emitter array, the receiver array, and the reflective mirror are located below a cover plate of the mobile terminal. An orthographic projection of the reflective mirror on a plane of the cover plate covers at least a portion of a gap between the cover plate and an earpiece of the mobile terminal. Infrared light emitted by the emitter array passes, after being reflected by the reflective mirror, through the gap to be emitted out. The receiver array receives returned infrared light which is reflected, after passing through the gap, by the reflective mirror.

With the rapid development of electronic technologies, functions of mobile terminals such as mobile phones, tablet computers and the like have become more and more powerful. In order to sense the distance between a mobile terminal and a user in real time, distance sensors represented by the infrared optical displacement sensors are widely applied to mobile terminals to realize a distance detection function.
Currently, as shown in FIG. 1, usually, an opening is formed in a region other than the display region of the mobile terminal panel, and a distance sensor is arranged below the opening. The distance sensor emits and receives infrared light through the opening to perform distance detection.

Distance sensing assembly and mobile terminal including the same

Beijing Xiaomi Mobile Software Co., Ltd.


An image recording apparatus including: an ink-jet head having a plurality of nozzles which are open in a surface thereof so as to provide a nozzle opening surface and through which ink is ejected, the plurality of nozzles being divided into a plurality of nozzle groups: and a plurality of caps which are provided in correspondence with the plurality of nozzle groups, each of which is formed of an elastic material, each of which has a peripheral portion that comes into close contact with the nozzle opening surface at an end thereof, and which are capable of covering the nozzle opening surface such that the peripheral portion of each of the plurality of caps surrounds nozzles which constitute a part of the plurality of nozzles and which belong to a corresponding one of the plurality of nozzle groups, wherein a first cap among the plurality of the caps has a hardness higher than that of a second cap which is different from the first cap.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image recording apparatus which includes an ink-jet head and a cap that covers a nozzle opening surface of the ink-jet head.
2. Discussion of Related Art
As an image recording apparatus such as an ink-jet printer which includes an ink-jet head that performs recording by ejecting ink to a recording medium, there is known one equipped with a purge device for discharging air-bubbles, poor-quality ink and the like accumulated in the ink-jet head, thereby restoring ink ejecting performance of the ink-jet head. For instance an image recording apparatus disclosed in US Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0001715 A1 (corresponding to JP-A-2004-255861) is arranged such that a suction cap connected to a suction pump covers a nozzle opening surface and is operated to suck ink from nozzles at a prescribed timing during operation of the apparatus, for thereby maintaining or restoring the ink-ejection performance.
In general, the cap is formed of a rubber-like elastic material (rubber or the like) and includes a base portion which is located apart from the nozzle opening surface when the cap is opposed to the nozzle opening surface and a peripheral portion (a lip portion) which extends integrally from the base portion and which is to come into close contact with the nozzle opening surface so as to surround the nozzles. The disclosed image recording apparatus further includes a mechanism for pressing the cap onto the nozzle opening surface.
In view of the recent demands for color printing capability and a higher operating speed of the ink-jet printer, the ink-jet head is arranged to eject inks of a plurality of colors or to have a large number of nozzles. Accordingly, in the image recording apparatus, the above-described cap may cover all of the nozzles. Alternatively, the nozzles may be divided into a plurality of groups depending upon the, color of the ink and a plurality of caps may respectively and individually cover the nozzles of the corresponding groups.


The present invention discloses a method and device for self-adaptively eliminating noises. Said method comprises: filtering the signal received by a first microphone using a first filter, filtering the signal received by a second microphone using a second filter, and obtaining a signal with noises reduced by subtracting the filtered signals; wherein, in a noise segment, the coefficients of the first filter the second filter are updated respectively using the signal with noises reduced such that the noise component contained in the signal filtered by the first filter tends to be the same with the noise component contained in the signal filtered by the second filter; and in a noisy voice segment, the coefficients of the first filter and the second filter are remained unchanged respectively, the first filter and the second filter respectively use a coefficient updated in the noise segment last time to filter the signals received by the first microphone and the second microphone. The present invention can address the problem that noise eliminating effect is poor in the prior art caused by the fact that FIR filter cannot approach the optimal solution for eliminating noises.

LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm in the prior art adopts a single-filter structure as shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, its principle is that a signal received from one of the microphones is filtered, and the filtered signal is subtracted by a signal received from the other microphone to obtain a voice with noises reduced. The filter of the single-filter structure is merely updated in noise segments but remains unchanged in noisy voice segments.
If standard time domain LMS algorithm is used to compute convolutional non-additivity interference noises, the computation will be relatively complicated. In order to reduce the computational complexity, Ferrara proposed FBLMS (Fast Block LMS) algorithm, using a method of combining time and frequency domains, i.e., converting the original convolution operation in a time domain into a product operation in a frequency domain, which greatly reduces the computational complexity.
Hereinafter, the defects in LMS algorithm of the single-filter structure in the prior art will be described.
The defects in the single-filter structure will be expounded by analyzing the theoretical optimal solution of the filter in the single-filter structure. The analysis and calculation of the theoretical optimal solution of a filter is conducted in a frequency domain since the optimal solution of the filter can be clearly analyzed in a frequency domain.
FIG. 3 shows the analysis of the optimal solution of a filter frequency domain in a single-filter structure. In FIG. 3, S1 represents a signal source and S2 represents a noise source. Since FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter can indicate more accurately the transfer function from a signal source to microphones, in the analysis, FIR filters are used to simulate the channel transfer function H11 between a signal source and a first microphone, the channel transfer function H12 between a noise source and the first microphone, the channel transfer function H21 between the signal source and a second microphone, and the channel transfer function H22 between the noise source and the second microphone, respectively. The signal received by the first microphone is X1, and the signal received by the second microphone is X2, W is a filter, and Y1 is a signal with noises reduced.
The following equations can be obtained:
                              X                                                              1                =                              S                                                                          1            ×            H                                                                          11                    +                      S                                                                          2            ×            H                                                                          12                                              Equation                                                  1                                          X                                                              2                =                              S                                                                          1            ×            H                                                                          21                    +                      S                                                                          2            ×            H                                                                          22                                              Equation                                                  2                                                                                Y                                                                                1                            =                                                                            X                                                                                1                                -                                  X                                                                                2                  ×                  W                                                                                =                                                                            (                                                            S                                                                                1                      ×                      H                                                                                11                                        +                                          S                                                                                2                      ×                      H                                                                                12                                                        )                                -                                                                                (                                                            S                                                                                1                      ×                      H                                                                                21                                        +                                          S                                                                                2                      ×                      H                                                                                22                                                        )                                ×                W                                                                                =                                                                            S                                                                                1                  ×                                      (                                                                  H                                                                                11                                            -                                              H                                                                                21                        ×                        W                                                              )                                                  +                                  S                                                                                2                  ×                                                                                (                                                      H                                                                                12                                    -                                      H                                                                                22                    ×                    W                                                  )                                                                        Equation                                                  3
Since noise source S2 will be completely eliminated when W is taken as the optimal solution, it can be inferred that the optimal solution of W is as shown in Equation 4:H12−H22×W=0W=H12/H22  Equation 4Y1=S1×(H11−H21×W)=S1×(H11−H21×H12/H22)  Equation 5
From Equation 5, it can be known that Y1 is a form of S1 that has been filtered in a certain mode and does not contain any component of S2.
From the above-obtained optimal solution as W=H12/H22, it can be seen that the optimal solution of W is not a FIR filter. Nevertheless, in practice, in order to ensure the stability and easy realization of a filter, a FIR filter is usually used, though it may introduce a great error because a non-FIR filter cannot be well approached by a FIR filter.
In a standard single-filter structure LMS algorithm, the optimal solution of a filter is a non-FIR filter. However, in practical application, the filter in this structure usually uses a FIR filter to approach this optimal solution, which may introduce a great error and cause poor noise elimination effect.

Method and device for self-adaptively eliminating noises


A fish passage system having flexible textile materials forming a conduit to transport fish across river barriers encountered during migration. The system can include modular support structures that can be independently secured to riverbeds to form conduit supports, dams, hydropower structures, and the like.

Hydropower or water power is power derived from the energy of falling or fast-running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices. In the late 19th century, hydropower became a source for generating electricity. Since the early 20th century, the term has been used almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern development of hydroelectric power. International institutions such as the World Bank view hydropower as a means for economic development without adding substantial amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, but dams can have significant negative environmental impacts. One of the most problematic environmental issues is blocked passage for migratory fish, particularly anadromous and catadromous species. Hydropower licensing agencies—such as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in the USA—routinely require as a condition of operation that safe, timely and effective fish passage equipment at any hydropower plant be provided for. The problem is that doing so in a manner that is acceptable to authorities and stakeholders is extremely expensive, especially at smaller hydropower facilities where it becomes a disproportionate part of project cost and as such can render such efforts financially unworkable. As such, a lower cost approach that is effective at passing fish safely is of the utmost importance to owners and developers of small hydropower installations.


A fixing structure capable of adjusting the dimensions in the vertical direction of a vibration generating device including a circuit board in combination with the circuit board without reducing the size or the diameter of the vibration generation device. A fixing holder in a holder shape for holding or including at least a part of the outer circumference of a vibration generating device has an inner circumferential surface substantially identical to the external shape of the vibration generating device. Groove-like rail parts are provided partially in the outer circumferential surface of the holder at the opposite ends thereof in the same linear direction, and the side end part of a notched circuit board or a part on the housing side of the apparatus is inserted into each of the groove-like rail parts, thus holding and securing the vibration generating device at an arbitrary vertical position against the surface of the circuit board in the apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a device for generating vibration that is mainly mounted in a portable apparatus (including such electronic devices as a mobile phone, a PHS, a small wireless communications device, and other various portable information communications terminals) to perform a soundless alarm function, specifically to a holding structure of a circuit board in a housing of a portable communication device and the device for generation vibration mounted on the circuit board, and a fixing holder to position the fixing point of the device for generation vibration.
2. Description of Related Art
A sudden incoming ring tone of a portable apparatus may sometimes disturb others in, for example, a quiet public space such as an art gallery and a concert hall with many people in a room for important commercial negotiations or conferences. Therefore, a wireless alarm function using a device for generating vibration to report an incoming signal with sensible vibration (generally called "manner mode") is mounted in various portable apparatuses.
The devices for generating vibration can mainly be classified into two types from the viewpoint of structures. One of these is a so-called motor for generating vibration using a cylindrical or flat type small motor (hereafter briefly referred to as a vibration motor, as required), and the other is a so-called multi-functional device equipped with both sound and buzzer functions of a speaker drive type in which a magnetic circuit section is reciprocated by low frequency signals (or a vibration linear device specialized for vibration function hereafter collectively referred to as a vibration actuator, briefly, as required).
In the case of the aforementioned vibration motor, a portable apparatus such as a mobile phone is vibrated by providing a rotating shaft driven by the motor with a weight having an eccentric center of gravity or with a deflecting member to utilize an unequal load due to centrifugal force caused by eccentric rotation of the weight etc. having an eccentric center of gravity during rotor operation. As such various portable apparatuses are used more popularly, the percentage of apparatuses equipped with such mechanism and frequency of using such mechanism are increasing day by day.
Similarly, the aforementioned vibration actuator equipped with both the vibration generating function of the magnetic circuit section by low frequency signals and the sounding function within a human voice range can be replacing the existing speaker and can realize highly efficient use of installation space because of adoption of a flat type multifunctional integral part and is more widely used corresponding to each application. Especially recent mobile phones and PHSs, which have become popular and of which the size is greatly reduced, are efficiently equipped with these two types of devices for generating vibration in their limited mounting spaces in the housings.
In the housings of these portable apparatuses, a power supply method from a power source (mainly circuit board) to a main unit of a device for generating vibration and its holding structure is improved day by day. For example, instead of a conventional connecting method such as using a soldered lead wire or a connector, a structure having a combination of an elastic pressing body and a leaf spring-like power supply terminal or a structure having a power supply terminal directly connected to a circuit board by soldering are newly examined.
For instance, a power supply terminal structure shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 is conventionally used as a method in which the aforementioned vibration motor can be built into a housing of a main unit of a portable communication apparatus (hereafter briefly referred to as an apparatus main unit, as required) in relatively few man-hours for assembly and which enables a direct power supply from a circuit board to a motor main unit.
Power supply terminals 104 shown in FIG. 7 are arranged on a terminal block 110 on which an end of a housing case 103 of a vibration motor 101 having a weight 106 is to be mounted and comprises leaf springs, one end of each of which is soldered to the terminal at a connecting portion 104e and in which a part of each strip plate extending from the aforementioned terminal block 110 to a contact portion 104d is bent at a bending portion 104f.
The contact portion 104d at a forward end of a movable portion of the power supply terminal 104 is pressed onto a power supply land 55 of a circuit board 50 provided in the apparatus main unit housing 200 by allowing the power supply terminal 104 to be elastically deformed at this bending portion 104f as shown in FIG. 8. In addition, there is a method in which an elastic spring body 130g is arranged between the power supply terminal 104 and a housing case 103 as a part of a holder 130 covering the aforementioned housing case 103 and is combined with a housing of the apparatus main unit housing 200 to press the contact portion 104d of the power supply terminal 104 onto the power supply land 55 utilizing the interaction between the rubber elasticity of a convex section of the aforementioned elastic pressing body 130g and leaf spring elasticity of the aforementioned power supply terminal 104 as shown in FIG. 8 (b) (for example, see patent references 1 through 3).
Patent reference 1: JP 2000-78790A
Patent reference 2: WO99/23801A
Patent reference 3: JP 2001-95200A
Since the vibration motor 102, for example, shown in FIG. 8 according to the Patent Reference stated above is mounted on a plate of a circuit board 50 with a power supply terminal 104 inserted between an elastic pressing body 130g of a holder 130 for holding the vibration motor 102, there is a problem that an excessively large space is occupied in a direction of the height inside a housing of a portable apparatus 200, leading to dissatisfaction of a development criterion that requires a compact mobile communications device.
In fact, the minimum outside diameter of a current cylindrical vibration motor is 4 mm, while a total height of the vibration motor with the elastic holder 130 in between is approximately 5 mm, which is extremely large compared to other electronic parts mounted on a circuit board. In particular, with the demand for a reduction in the size and height of a mobile communications device represented by a mobile phone, the problem to overcome was an arrangement of a device for generating vibration for the vibration motor enabling a compact mobile device. Moreover, there were many problems in a mounting method of the vibration motor 102 such that it is difficult to obtain a sufficient level of vibration for a user because a diameter of an eccentric weight 106 was decreased along with a decrease in a diameter of the vibration motor 102.

Fixing holder for vibration generating device

Namiki Seimitsu Houseki Kabushiki Kaisha


A resource allocation method and device in a communication network. The method includes: determining the carrier aggregation (CA) mode of the communication network; and selecting a resource allocating mode for the communication network according to the CA mode of the communication network. The method can select different resource scheduling modes according to different CA scenarios, thereby providing system frequency diversity gain and multi-user diversity gain.

Under the case that the recourses of a communication network is limited, a resource scheduling algorithm may be used to allocate the available resources in the communication network flexibly according to the user's requirements and the channel properties, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of the radio frequency spectrums. Due to the emergence of the carrier aggregation technologies, conventional resource scheduling algorithms do not meet the new requirements. A scheduling method under carrier aggregation is critical for improving the whole system performance and faces many challenges.
CHENG et al. presented in "Study of performance of carrier aggregation technology in LTE-Advanced system" (Modern Communications Science and Technology, Vol. 4, April, 2009) a method of combined queue scheduling to be applied in the case of carrier aggregation, in which it is supposed that the base station side has a combined queue scheduler, i.e. data on a plurality of carriers share the same queue. All the carriers share a same resource scheduler which allocates the user accessed to the system directly with the resource blocks of a plurality of separate carriers.

Resource allocation method and device in communication network


The invention pertains to the field of reaction systems generating malodor, particularly from constituents of human sweat. Specifically, the invention pertains to proteins for generating malodors, substrates for generating such malodor, inhibitors of such malodor generation and test and screening systems for measuring their malodor inhibition efficacy and finding substances previously not known to inhibit malodor generation. Thus, the invention also pertains to the field of deodorants.

It is generally accepted that fresh human sweat is odorless, and that the smell of sweat is generated by microorganism colonizing the human skin and particularly the axilla. The smell thus generated from human sweat is considered characteristic in the sense that upon smelling such scent it is immediately clear that the scent indicates human sweat. The smell is widely and according to the present invention considered to be a malodour and can be very pronounced.
It has thus been tried for ages to inhibit the generation of sweat malodour to reduce the malodour or to mask it. In the context of the present invention, "inhibition" designates all means to prevent the formation of sweat malodour from human sweat, including means for slowing down such malodour generation. "Reduction" refers to means for treating the constituents of sweat malodour to render them less intense, e.g. by binding to and immobilizing on a matrix. "Masking" designates those means and efforts intended to affect the human perception of sweat malodour, e.g. by overwhelming a human nose with other, more intense and less malodorous scents, or otherwise reducing or impairing the ability of the human olfactory system to detect one or more malodorous compounds of sweat malodour.
It is desirable to inhibit the formation of sweat malodour and not only to reduce or mask such malodour. One way frequently tried is the application of antiperspirants to human axilla to prevent the formation of sweat. The reasoning is that when no sweat is formed, no sweat malodour will be generated. However, there are concerns that such influencing of human physiological processes may not be sustainable or lead to undesired side effects. In the context of the present invention "inhibitors" therefore are only those substances which are effective to slow down or prevent the formation of one or more constituent of sweat malodour from human sweat other than any relying predominant by on the suppression of secret formation.
There is thus a general need to find effective inhibitors of sweat malodour generation. The search for such inhibitors is hampered by the fact that little is known about the actual formation of sweat malodour, particularly the physiological processes of microorganisms responsible for malodour generation. Further, there is a lack of standardized procedures to compare efficacy of potential malodour generation inhibitors.
Document EP 1 387 891 (also published as WO 02/092024 A2) discloses an isolated N-alpha-acyl-glutamine-aminoacylase reportedly involved in the transformation of odorless precursor compounds found in sweat into malodorous fatty acids. The document further describes the application of this enzyme in high throughput screening for inhibitors.
A disadvantage of the enzyme disclosed in the aforementioned European patent document and correspondingly also of the test system described therein is that the enzyme requires as a cofactor a zinc ion and is thus easily affected by the presence of chelating agents. However, zinc chelating agents like EDTA are not efficient for inhibiting the generation of human sweat malodour when applied to human sweat in vivo. Thus, the test system requires great care when preparing the reagents used therein, and potential inhibitors identified by the test system have to be reanalysed to rule out that their malodour inhibitory effect as determined by the test system is not merely a result of their interference with zinc ions.
It was therefore a problem of the present invention to provide a test system for reproducing a representative pathway of sweat malodour generation without being dependent upon the presence of zinc ions.


A wheeled jack, comprising a chassis shaped like an articulated parallelogram in which a lower horizontal side is provided, at its two front sides, with respective pairs of tilting wheels and the front end of the upper horizontal side is provided with an articulation for the centerline of a transverse arm for supporting clamps for gripping a pair of wheels of a vehicle, each one of the pairs of front tilting wheels being fitted at the ends of a rocker lever and able to swivel about vertical axes, the articulation of the transverse clamp-supporting arm being provided with an assembly for locking at different angles.

Wheeled jacks are used normally to attach, lift and carry motor vehicles for short stretches, especially inside car repair workshops and in any case when it is difficult to have direct access with a normal breakdown truck.
In the past, the Applicant has devised and patented a wheeled jack comprising a chassis which is predominantly longitudinally elongated and is provided with two rear wheels and two front wheels: said wheeled jack allows to work easily even on very low and very heavy motor vehicles. This known jack allows to reach even points of the motor vehicle that are not easily accessible. An object of said jack is to provide the wheeled jack with a coupling device, which allows to easily engage the motor vehicle by means of a pair of its wheels even when it is placed at a very short distance laterally with respect to a footpath, wall or other vehicle. Another object is to provide the jack with a motor vehicle engagement device by means of which it is possible to engage effectively the motor vehicle by means of a pair of its wheels in any orientation and/or regardless of their condition.
By continuing with experimentation, the Applicant has found some drawbacks in these last two aspects and has devised improvements which solve these problems effectively.


An automated method of performing exponentiation is disclosed. A plurality of tables holding factors for obtaining results of Exponentiations are provided. The plurality of tables are loaded into computer memory. Each factor is the result of a second exponentiation of a constant and an exponent. The exponent is related to a memory address corresponding to the factor. A plurality of memory addresses are identified for performing the first exponentiation by breaking up the first exponentiation into equations, the results of which are factors of the first Exponentiation. The exponents of the equations are related to the memory addresses corresponding to the factors held in the tables. A plurality of lookups into the computer memory are performed to retrieve the factors held in the tables corresponding to the respective memory addresses. The retrieved factors are multiplied together to obtain the result of the first exponentiation.

In many computer applications it is necessary to perform certain calculations many times. Since computers carry out these calculations as functions, the speed with which these functions can be completed becomes very important to the overall system performance. For example, financial applications often require the calculation of the exponentiation function and their performance often relies critically on the performance of the exponentiation calculation. In finance, slower calculations can result in algorithms that suggest trades after the market is no longer well suited for such trades.
Transcendental functions require complex calculations because they cannot be calculated exactly using only addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Instead of performing a complex calculation, it is possible to simply lookup the input value in a table, where each table entry has been pre-calculated to hold the correct output value for the given input. While this method works for inputs that require relatively few bits, such as a 16-bit input, since only a few values need to be stored, in the case of 32-bit inputs, the table must hold over 4-billion entries, which is costly to store and access in efficient memory. In the case of 64-bit inputs, or two 64-bit inputs, the tables would be extremely large and would not fit in a practical memory.
Accordingly, it is desirable to carry out the exponentiation function, which raises the natural number "e" (a constant defined by nature, similar to pi approximated by 2.71828 . . . ) to the power of x in multiple calculations. It is further desirable to reduce the memory requirements that would typically be needed to carry out the exponentiation function with multiple lookups.

Methods and systems for performing exponentiation in a parallel processing environment


Shallow trench isolation silicon-on-insulator (SOI) devices are formed with improved charge protection. Embodiments include an SOI film diode and a P+ substrate junction as a charging protection device. Embodiments also include a conductive path from the SOI transistor drain, through a conductive contact, a metal line, a second conductive contact, an SOI diode, isolated from the transistor, a third conductive contact, a second conductive line, and a fourth conductive contact to a P+-doped substrate contact in the bulk silicon layer of the SOI substrate.

In modern integrated circuits, the number and density of individual circuit elements, such as field effect transistors, is steadily increasing and, as a consequence, performance of these integrated circuits is currently improving. The increase in package density and signal performance of integrated circuits requires the reduction of critical feature sizes, such as the gate length and the channel length of field effect transistors, to minimize the chip area occupied by a single circuit element and to reduce signal propagation delay resulting from a delayed channel formation. However, currently critical feature sizes are approaching 0.1 μm and less and a further improvement in circuit performance by reducing the sizes of the transistor elements is partially offset by parasitic capacitances of the transistors formed in bulk silicon substrates.
To meet the ever-increasing demands with respect to device and circuit performance, circuit designers have proposed new device architectures. One technique to improve performance of a circuit, for example of a CMOS device, is to fabricate the circuit on a so-called silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, as illustrated to the left of line 101 in FIG. 1. An SOI substrate comprises an insulating layer 103 formed on a bulk substrate 105, for example, a silicon substrate. The insulating layer is generally formed of silicon dioxide and is sometimes referred to as a buried oxide layer or "box" layer. Bulk substrate 105 is typically P-doped. An active silicon layer 107 is formed on the insulating layer. Active regions 109 for a field effect transistor device, defined by shallow trench isolation structures 111, are formed in active silicon layer 107. For an N-MOS transistor, the active regions 109 (the source and drain of the transistor) are N-doped and the region 113 between active regions 109 is P-doped. Further, a gate electrode 115, e.g., of polysilicon, formed on a gate insulation layer 117, and sidewall spacers 119, on both sides of the gate electrode, are formed on region 113 of active silicon layer 107. The resulting transistor is entirely electrically isolated from the regions surrounding the transistor area. Contrary to a conventional device formed on a bulk semiconductor substrate, the isolation of the active region of the SOI device significantly suppresses parasitic effects known from conventional devices, such as latch-up and leakage currents drifting into the substrate. SOI devices are also characterized by lower parasitic capacitances compared to devices formed on a bulk semiconductor substrate and, hence, exhibit an improved high-frequency performance. Moreover, due to the significantly reduced volume of the active region, radiation-induced charge carrier generation is also remarkably reduced thereby rendering SOI devices extremely suitable for applications in radiation-intensive environments.
However, it is also well known that during operation undesirable charges may accumulate below the channel region of the transistor, thereby adversely affecting the transistor characteristics, such as the threshold voltage, single-transistor-latch-up, and the like.
Furthermore, undesirable charge damage on devices may also occur during the course of fabricating such SOI structures. For example, the use of plasma-based etching processes may result in undesirable charge damage to components of the SOI device, such as the gate insulation layer.
A conventional approach to the problem of charge damage entails the formation of a substrate N+ diode to protect plasma process charging for SOI devices connected to a non-VSS node, as shown to the right of line 101 in FIG. 1. Specifically, an N+ contact 121 is formed in P-doped substrate 105 and connected to the SOI device via conductive contacts 123 and 125 and metal line 127 (with inter layer dielectric 129 insulating the transistor from metal line 127). However, it was found that such an approach engenders implementation problems due to poor N+ junction diode properties or to interaction with substrate properties and connections. In addition, as the design creates a virtual VSS node which is higher than VSS, a P+ substrate contact lightning rod approach fails to provide appropriate charging protection for the SOI device.
A need therefore exists for efficient methodology and device providing plasma charging protection for SOI devices which are connected to a non-VSS circuit node, particularly for advanced technology designs and beyond.


In a hard disk unit, a disassembling and assembling unit disassembles and assembles data in accordance with the size of data to be written from host equipment to the hard disk unit and a sector size and a cluster size as a unit to be read or written. An encoder performs predetermined arithmetic operation to generate a specific bit string as an encoding key based on at least the identification information on the host equipment or on a CPU of the host equipment, and encodes the write data by using the encoding key. The encoding process is performed by flipping bits having a predetermined correspondence with the contents of the encoding.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hard disk unit, an information processing method and a program which provide excellent data security by encoding write data with an encoding key specific to host equipment.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, with the progress of information processing technology and high-accuracy magnetic recording technology, a hard disk unit has been in widespread use as a large-capacity external storage which is connected to or mounted on various information equipment (hereinafter referred to as host equipment) such as a personal computer or a car navigation system and which is used for reading and writing data.
On such a hard disk unit, file-based encoding has been made or input of an ID or a password specific to a user has been requested for authentication by a BIOS, an OS, or an application program in order to protect copyrighted material including an image, a music, a moving picture and an application program as well as personal information and secret information on business from illegal duplication or unauthorized duplication by a third party (see JP-A-2000-311114).

Hard disk unit, information processing method and program


A gain stage and offset voltage elimination method. The gain stage includes an amplifier, condensers and a number of switches. The switches are arranged to discharge the condensers and then charge the condensors to the offset voltage during an initialize period. When an input voltage is applied to the gain stage, the condensers do not act as capacitive loads for the amplifier. The gain stage can thus more quickly charge the condensers since the charging speed is approximately equal to the slew rate of the amplifier. The period for initializing the gain stage can be shortened while minimizing the current consumed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a gain stage having a switch action condensor and an offset voltage elimination method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally it is very effective to use a condensor and not to use a simple resistor as the component to obtain controllability of the gain of a gain stage having an OP-amp. FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the gain stage mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,525. In FIG. 1, an input terminal 1 is coupled to one node X of a condenser 15 through an MOS switch 13, and a reference input terminal 29 is also coupled to the node X through an MOS switch 25. The other node Y of the condenser 15 is coupled to an inverting input node 7 of an OP-amp 5, and a reference input terminal 30 is coupled to a non-inverting input node 9 of the OP-amp 5. An output node 11 of the OP-amp 5 is coupled to an output terminal 3. Also, the output node 11 and the input node 7 of the OP-amp 5 are coupled through an MOS switch 17 and through the serial connection of an MOS switch 21 and a condensor 19. A reference input terminal 31 is coupled to node Z through an MOS switch 27. Each of the MOS switches has a control gate, and control signal .phi.10 is input the control gate of the MOS switches 17,25,27, and control signal .phi.20 is input the control gate of the MOS switches 13,21.
The control signals .phi.10, .phi.20 turn the MOS switches OFF at the time of "L" level, and ON at the time of "H" level. FIG. 2 is a timing diagram where the control signals .phi.10, .phi.20 are shown, and FIG. 2 is divided into an initialize period and an output period.
In the initialize period (from t0 to t3), the control signal .phi.20 is "L" level, thus the MOS switches 13,21 are OFF. At time t0, the control signal .phi.10 is at the "H" level, so the MOS switches 17,25,27 are turned ON. The node X is charged to the reference input voltage level(Vref) through the MOS switch 25, the node Z is charged to Vref through the MOS switch 27, and the node Y is charged to Vref plus the characteristic offset voltage level(Voff) of the OP-amp 5 (Vref+Voff) through the MOS switch 17, so that the OP-amp 5 outputs Vref+Voff since it acts as a voltage follower circuit due to the connection of the output node 11 with the inverted input node 7 through the MOS switch 17. At time t2, .phi.10 drops to the "L" level and the MOS switches 17,25,27 turn OFF.
In the output period (from t3 to t5), the control signal .phi.10 is at the "L" level and the MOS switches 17,25,27 are still in the OFF-state. At time t4 the control signal .phi.20 rises to the "H" level, so the MOS switches 13,21 turn ON. So, the input voltage level(Vin) is applied to the node X through the MOS switch 13, and the output voltage level(Vout) is applied to the node Z through the MOS switch 21. During this period, the node Y is in High-Impedance-state.
The charge on the condensers 15,19 is determined by the below equations, where q1 is the charge of the condensor 15 in the initialize period, Q1 is the charge of the condensor 15 in the output period, and q2 and Q2 describe the charge on the condensor 19 at same conditions mentioned for the condensor 15. C1 and C2 are the respective capacitances of the condensors 15, 19.
In the initialize period: EQU q1=C1*((Vref+Voff)-Vref) Equation (1) EQU q2=C2*((Vref+Voff)-Vref) Equation (2)
In the output period: EQU Q1=C1*((Vref+Voff)-Vin) Equation (3) EQU Q2=C2*((Vref+Voff)-Vout) Equation (4)
According to the law of charge conservation, the following equation holds. EQU (1)+(2)=(3)+(4) Equation (5)
Thus, EQU Vout=Vref+(C1/C2)*(Vref-Vin) Equation (6)
So, as Voff is missing from equation (6), the offset voltage is eliminated in this circuit.
In one particular case of above, in which Vref is GND level (0V), equation (6) is simplified as below. EQU Vout=-(C1/C2)*Vin Equation (7)
And in more particular case, C1=C2, equation (7) is simplified as below. EQU Vout=-Vin Equation (8)
As equation (8) the gain stage is also used as simple inverting amp which eliminates the offset voltage.
However, in the gain stage mentioned above there is the following problem. FIG. 3 is an example of a timing diagram showing the problem. In the initialize period, the nodes X,Z are charged to Vref, and the node Y is charged to Vref+Voff by the output 11 of the OP-amp 5. When the control signal .phi.10 rises to "H" level, then the nodes X,Z are charged to Vref, and the node Y is charged to the latest output level of the gain stage, and after that the node Y is charged to Vref+Voff by OP-amp 5. During charging of the node Y, both of the condensors 15,19 act as a capacitive load for the OP-amp 5. So the charging speed is slower than the speed determined by slew rate of the OP-amp 5. On this account, a method of shortening the initialize period may consist of improving the slew rate of OP-amp 5. Using the slew rate to determine the electrical voltage change velocity of above the node Y is good if the operating current of the OP-amp 5 can be increased to shorten the charging time. In the present situation where low power consumption is required, however, this method is not practical.
The characteristic offset voltage Voff needs to be applied to the node Y, between the condensers 15,19 shown in FIG. 1, to remove the characteristic offset voltage of the OP-amp 5 as explained with the above technique. Accordingly, in the initialize period, the nodes X and Z need to be set to Vref. But, a certain amount of time is necessary because in actuality the Vref supply has input impedance and there is the electric wiring resistance in an MOS integrated circuit, before the nodes X and Z becomes stable at Vref.

Gain stage and offset voltage elimination method


Macrocyclic chelators for chelation of alpha-emitting radiometal ions, such as actinium-225 are provided. Also provided are radiometal complexes containing an alpha-emitting radiometal ion bound to the macrocyclic chelator via coordinate bonding, and radioimmunoconjugates containing the radiometal complexes covalently linked to a targeting ligand, such as an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof. The radioimmunoconjugates can be produced by click chemistry reactions. Methods of using the radiocomplexes and radioimmunoconjugates for selectively targeting neoplastic cells for radiotherapy and for treating neoplastic diseases and disorders are also described.

Alpha particle-emitting radionuclides have great promise for cancer therapy due to their combination of high energy with short-range action, providing the possibility of potent killing that is mostly localized to tumor cells (Kim, Y. S. and M. W. Brechbiel, An overview of targeted alpha therapy. Tumour Biol, 2012. 33(3): p. 573-90). Targeted delivery of alpha-emitters, using an antibody, scaffold protein, small molecule ligand, aptamer, or other binding moiety that is specific for a cancer antigen, provides a method of selective delivery of the radionuclide to tumors to enhance their potency and mitigate off-target effects. In common practice, the binding moiety is attached to a chelator which binds to the alpha-emitting radiometal to produce a radiocomplex. Many such examples use a monoclonal antibody (mAb) as the targeting ligand, to produce what is known as a radioimmunoconjugate.
Actinium-225 (225Ac) is an alpha-emitting radioisotope that is of particular interest for medical applications (Miederer et al., Realizing the potential of the Actinium-225 radionuclide generator in targeted alpha particle therapy applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2008. 60(12):71-82). The 10-day half-life of 225Ac is long enough to facilitate radio-conjugate production, but short enough to match the circulation pharmacokinetics of delivery vehicles such as antibodies. As such, 225Ac radioimmunoconjugates are of particular interest. Additionally, 225Ac decays in a series of steps that ultimately emits 4 alpha particles before reaching a stable isotope, 209Bi, thereby increasing the potency. Another radioisotope of interest for medical applications is Lutetium-177 (177Lu), which emits both gamma-irradiation suitable for imaging and medium-energy beta-irradiation suitable for radiotherapy. It has been shown that 177Lu-labeled peptides demonstrate reduced normal tissue damage, and that 177Lu-labeling makes it possible to use a single radiolabeled agent for both therapy and imaging (Kwekkeboom D J, et al. [177Lu-DOTA0,Tyr3]octreotate: comparison with [111In-DTPA]octreotide in patients. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001; 28: p. 1319-1325). Other radioisotopes that are used for therapeutic applications include, e.g., beta or alpha emitters, such as, e.g., 32P, 47Sc, 67Cu, 77As, 89Sr, 90Y, 99Tc, 105Rh, 109Pd, 111Ag, 131I, 149Tb, 152Tb, 155Tb, 153Sm, 159Gd, 165Dy, 166Ho, 169Er, 186Re, 188Re, 194Ir, 198Au, 199Au, 211At, 212Pb, 212Bi, 213Bi, 223Ra, 255Fm and 227Th. Other radioisotopes that are used for imaging applications include gamma-emitting radioisotopes, such as, e.g., 62Cu, 64Cu, 67Ga, 68Ga, 86Y, 89Zr, and 111In.
Currently, the most widely used chelator for Actinium-225 and lanthanides is DOTA (1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; tetraxaten), and previous clinical and pre-clinical programs have largely used 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) for actinium chelation. However, it is known that DOTA chelation of actinium can be challenging (Deal, K. A., et al., Improved in vivo stability of actinium-225 macrocyclic complexes. J Med Chem, 1999. 42(15): p. 2988-92). For example, DOTA allows for a chelation ratio of at best >500:1 DOTA:Actinium-225 when attached to targeting ligands, such as proteins or antibodies, and often requires either harsh conditions or high levels of DOTA per antibody. Other macrocyclic chelators for lanthanides and actinium-225 have been described in, for example, International Patent Application Publication WO 2018/183906; Thiele et al. "An Eighteen-Membered Macrocyclic Ligand for Actinium-225 Targeted Alpha Therapy" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2017) 56, 14712-14717; Roca-Sabio et al. "Macrocyclic Receptor Exhibiting Unprecedented Selectivity for Light Lanthanides" J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2009) 131, 3331-3341.
Site-specificity has become a key area of focus in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) field (Agarwal, P. and C. R. Bertozzi, Site-specific antibody-drug conjugates: the nexus of bioorthogonal chemistry, protein engineering, and drug development, Bioconjug Chem, 2015. 26(2): p. 176-92), as it has been demonstrated that both efficacy and safety of ADCs can be increased with site-specific methods as compared to random conjugation. It is thought that similar safety and efficacy benefits could be achieved for radioimmunoconjugates.

Macrocyclic chelators and methods of use thereof


A vehicle wiper apparatus for wiping a windshield glass with a wiper blade includes drive means for reciprocating the wiper blade in an arcuate wiping area, and a first washer fluid spray means, provided on the drive means, for spraying a washer fluid. The first washer fluid spray means sprays the washer fluid onto a area in an upward wiping direction of the wiper blade when the wiper blade is located near its stop position, and sprays the washer fluid onto a area in a downward wiping direction of the wiper blade when the wiper blade is located near its inversion position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a vehicle wiper apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A vehicle wiper apparatus is mounted in the vicinity of a windshield glass of a vehicle. A wiper blade of the vehicle wiper apparatus is reciprocated in an arcuate wiping area so that a blade rubber attached to the wiper blade wipes off deposits, such as rainwater or snowflakes, adhering to the surface of the windshield glass. Moreover, the surface of the windshield glass is sprayed with a washer fluid to allow the smooth motion of the blade rubber and improve the wiping of the deposits.
Examples of a spray nozzle for spraying the washer fluid include that fixed to a wiper arm, that fixed to a stay for connecting the wiper blade and the wiper arm (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-177539), and that fixed to an engine hood of a vehicle (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1998-6933).
The vehicle wiper apparatus having the spray nozzle fixed to the wiper arm, however, faces the following problem: If the spray nozzle is set to spray the washer fluid in the upward wiping direction of the wiper blade, it follows that during downward wiping with the wiper blade, the washer fluid is sprayed rearwardly in the downward wiping direction of the wiper arm. As a result, the washer fluid keeps remaining on the surface of the windshield glass until the wiper arm wipes upward, thereby deteriorating a vehicle driver's field of vision. Furthermore, if the washer fluid is sprayed when the wiper arm is located in proximity to the position of its inversion (i.e., the position of a change in the direction of its movement), the washer fluid is sprayed onto a area where the blade rubber does not wipe. Thus, the problem arises that a surplus of the washer fluid is used.
With the vehicle wiper apparatus described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-177539, the washer fluid is sprayed from the spray nozzle, whereby the wiper blade is allowed to move smoothly and easily wipe off deposits on the surface of the windshield glass. However, when the washer fluid is sprayed from the spray nozzle during the downward wiping action of the wiper arm, the washer fluid is sprayed rearwardly in the downward wiping direction of the wiper arm. This washer fluid remains on the surface of the windshield glass until the wiper arm wipes upward, thereby deteriorating the vehicle driver's field of vision. Furthermore, if the washer fluid is sprayed when the wiper arm is located in proximity to the position of its inversion, the washer fluid is sprayed onto the area where the wiper arm does not wipe. This poses the problem that a surplus of the washer fluid is used.
With the vehicle wiper apparatus for the windshield glass described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1998-6933, the position of spraying and the timing of spraying of the washer fluid can be controlled according to the position of the wiper arm. However, the spray nozzle has to be provided on the engine hood, and mechanisms for controlling the spray position and the spray timing for the washer fluid are provided within the washer nozzle, thus posing the problem that the apparatus per se is complicated.
The present invention has been proposed in light of the above-described problems. It is an object of the invention to provide a vehicle wiper apparatus which has a simple structure, and which can spray the washer fluid onto an optimal area regardless of the position of the wiper blade.

Mitsubishi Jidosha Engineering Kabushiki Kaisha

Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha


A self-help test book or similar device incorporating quiz cards is disclosed. The test book comprises question display elements, each of which bears printed questions. Each question is identified by an answer identification code having a first graphic designation and a second numeric designation. The test book is also provided with an answer display element, bearing answers to the questions. The answers are arranged in blocks according to the graphic designation of the particular question to which the answer belongs, and are further organized within each block by the numeric designation of that question. The questions are assigned answer identification codes in a non-ordered fashion so that answers to adjacent questions are displaced from one another. Questions and answers thereto are fully and simultaneously visible. According to another embodiment, a quiz card device comprises a stackable plurality of quiz cards bearing a vertical array of question and answer pairs, slidably and removably disposed within a housing. The housing is provided with a window through which the uppermost quiz card can be viewed, and is further provided with a screen that is captured and slidably disposed within said housing immediately behind the window, such that the screen can be manipulated to obstruct the view of all or a portion of the uppermost quiz card. A user then manipulates the position of the screen to sequentially reveal first a question and then an answer, thereby quizzing himself on the material.

Quiz books and similar self-help testing materials are well known in the educational field. Such materials are designed to allow a student to pursue self-directed studies in a particular subject while at the same time allow the student to gauge his or her progress in mastery of the material being studied.
Perhaps the greatest obstacle to self testing materials is the arrangement of questions and answers so that the answer to a particular question is not discoverable merely by passive inspection, such as when the answer appears with the question. Rather, it is necessary in some way to separate the answer from the question so that the answer is not immediately apparent but also so that undue time is not wasted when the answer is intentionally sought.
Various solutions to arrangement of questions and answers have been proposed, but all suffer limitations. With quiz books, the answers are provided rearward of the question material, such as in an appendix, and are generally presented in the same order as the questions. This approach does prevent answer discovery while a question is being read and considered, but nevertheless suffers from some serious deficiencies. First, because the answers are in the same order as the questions, noticing the answer to the next question is often unavoidable. Thus, the student is forced to answer a block or group of questions before consulting the answers in order to avoid inadvertent discovery of answers if she were to consult the answer column on a question by question basis. The inability to consider and answer each question individually, thereby learning individually from each mistake, is a serious pedagogic impediment to standard quiz books.
To overcome this problem, some workers arrange the answers to questions more or less randomly, by arranging the answers in a different numerical order which is then cross-referenced with the numerical order of the original questions. Such a system is very cumbersome, requiring a great deal of time to locate an answer, and often results in one or more "false starts" when the cross reference is forgotten or miss-remembered during a search.
Another problem encountered with known quiz books is the general inability to display questions and answers simultaneously. In standard arrangements, a quiz book user must flip back and forth between the desired question and the answer section of the book. One approach to solving this problem has been to print answers to questions in small type, place the answers in a block and print them upside down at the bottom of the page displaying the relevant questions. This approach is generally unsatisfactory because it is often easy to inadvertently discover the answer to a question not yet considered and because reading an answer often requires inversion of the text, which is awkward and time consuming.
Although stacks of quiz cards are known, they are awkward and time-consuming to use. In order to avoid inadvertent discovery of an answer, each card is generally provided with but a single question prompt on one face and an answer on the reverse face. Such devices have two significant limitations. First, as it is not possible to view the question and answer simultaneously, mental association of the question and answer is impaired. Second, such presentation of learning material is very cumbersome and inefficient in that a relatively small amount of information can be presented in any single set of cards and in that such cards are difficult to manipulate when in use.
Several workers have attempted to address these problems, but without complete success. In one device, a transparent sleeve overlying the top page of a book holds a slidable page masker that can alternately conceal and reveal the answers printed alongside the questions on the top page. When all the questions on the top page have been answered, it is removed to reveal the next one which then becomes the top page. Different embodiments of this device address the traditional limitations of quiz cards, but without permitting multiple use and easy rearrangement of information display elements.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that there is a need for improved self testing materials in which both questions and answers can be displayed simultaneously; in which the answer to a particular question cannot be discovered by mere passive inspection but can be intentionally determined with a minimum of effort.


A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell unit including at least one semiconductor memory cell, a voltage generating circuit which produces an operating voltage to which reference is made in performing a predetermined operation on the memory cell unit. The device further includes a constant-current circuit capable of a current trimming operation and adapted to supply a constant current to the voltage generating circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device. More particularly, the present invention relates to a NAND cell type of electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) which is provided with a constant-current circuit having a current trimming function and suitable for use in a power supply circuit or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a NAND cell type of EEPROM is well known as a nonvolatile semiconductor memory device (see, for example, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 10-275481). A voltage-to-current conversion circuit is usually used in the power supply circuit of a NAND cell type of EEPROM.
In recent years, attention has been paid to a constant-current circuit having a current trimming function as the voltage-to-current conversion circuit (see, for example, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 11-346127). Application of such a constant-current circuit to the power supply circuit of a semiconductor memory device has also been examined.
Although application of a constant-current circuit having a current trimming function to the power supply circuit of a NAND cell type of EEPROM has also been considered, however, it has not yet been put to practical use.

Semiconductor memory device provided with constant-current circuit having current trimming function


A process is described for preparing 3-phenyl(thio)uracils or 3-phenyldithiouracils of the formula I, by reacting a phenyl iso(thio)cyanate of the formula II with an enamine of the formula III and, if appropriate, in a further step, the resulting 3-phenyl(thio)uracil or 3-phenyldithiouracil of the formula I where R1=R1a, when R1=hydrogen, is reacted with an aminating agent of the formula IV to give 3-phenyl(thio)uracils or 3-phenyldithiouracils of the formula I where R1=amino

3-Phenyluracils of the formula I and the corresponding thio- and dithiouracils are known in principle from WO 01/83459. They are prepared in accordance with the teaching given in WO 01/83459 by the following processes A to C. In the following schemes A to C, the variables Ar and A are each as defined above, Hal is halogen and Q is an optionally substituted uracil, thiouracil or dithiouracil radical:    (A) condensation of a substituted benzoic acid with a substituted sulfuric diamide in the presence of N,N-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or conversion of the carboxylic acid to its acid chloride and subsequent reaction of the acid chloride with the sulfuric diamide in accordance with the following scheme A:

A disadvantage of this procedure is that the benzoic acid used is only obtainable from the precursor ester by cleavage using boron tribromide with corresponding salt formation. In addition, the yield of the condensation with sulfonic diamides is only between 16 and 45%. The detour via an acid chloride prepared beforehand also leads in only 26% yields to the desired benzoylsulfuric diamide, which additionally has to be freed of its impurities by chromatography.    (B) Replacement of a halogen atom by a uracil, thiouracil or dithiouracil radical by the following scheme B:

The process B has the disadvantage that the haloaromatic used first has to be prepared in a complicated manner by a Sandmeyer reaction. In addition, the selectivity of the reaction with respect to the halogen radical is unsatisfactory when further halogen substituents are present on Ar.    (C) Reaction of an aniline compound with an oxazinone and subsequent alkylation of the resulting 3-phenyluracil in the presence of a base according to the following scheme C:

In this scheme, the variable R1is as defined above.
It is disadvantageous that the oxazinone used first has to be prepared in a costly and inconvenient manner by reacting an aminocrotonic ester with a dialkylcarbamoyl chloride and subsequently cyclizing with phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride or oxalyl chloride. This process is likewise not sufficiently economically viable as a consequence of the starting materials used and the reaction stages.
It is known that 3-phenyluracils can be prepared by reacting phenyl isocyanates with aminoalkenecarboxylic esters; see, for example, EP 0 831 091. However, the phenyl isocyanates used in EP 0 831 091 do not have an acylsulfonamide group.
Moreover, it is known that iso(thio)cyanate groups may enter into a multitude of different reactions with sulfonamide groups. For instance, iso(thio)cyanante groups may react with sulfonamide groups which bear a hydrogen atom on the nitrogen atom to form sulfonylureas. For example, J. Cervello and T. Sastre in Synthesis 1990, 221-222, describe the reaction of tolylsulfonamides with aryl isocyanantes to form the corresponding N-tosylurea.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,309,209 discloses that phenyl isocyanates react with chloromethane(N-methyl)-sulfonamide (═ClCH2SO2NHCH3) to form a 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-1,1,3-trione.
P. Schwenkkraus and H.-H. Otto in Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) 326, 437-441 (1993) describe the reaction of 3-haloalkyl-β-sultams, i.e. cyclic sulfonamides, with phenyl isocyanate to form carbamoyl compounds.
DE 3433391 discloses the reaction of the cyclic sulfonamide saccharin with acyl isocyanates to give N-acylated saccharin derivatives.
B. A. Arbuzov, N. N. Zobova and N. R. Fedotava in JZV Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser Khim 1990, 2874 (engl. translation: Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Sciences, vol. 39, (1990) p. 2610) describe the N- and O-acylation of saccharin by reacting with a trifluoroacetyl isocyanate.

Method for producing 3-phenyl(thio)uracils and 3-phenyldithiouracils

Abstract: where the variables R1, R1a, R2, R3, R4, X1, X2, X3, Ar, A and L1 are each as defined in claim 1.


Closure means for fastening a cover over the open end of a cylindrical drum, utilizing an annular split ring contoured to mate the cover to the drum. Included are a pair of depending lugs, extending from the ring on opposite sides of the split. Each of the lugs has a substantially parallel lateral face and a transverse opening therethrough. Spacer means are provided between the lugs. A tie bolt mounted through the openings of the lugs is tightened so the lugs are drawn together, contracting the ring. The spacer means between the lugs form a pivot point with the lugs, drawing the ring in a direction toward the pivot point.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to closure assemblies for securing associated lids or covers over the open heads of cylindrical storage drums, and more particularly to improvements in lugs associated with split metal closure rings as utilized for securing lids to drums.
2. Background Art
A search of the records of the U.S. Patent Office directed to the subject matter of this application discovered the following U.S. Pat. Nos.:
3,346,139 PA1 3,447,825 PA1 4,129,151 PA1 4,219,125 PA1 4,741,453 PA1 4,890,756 PA1 4,982,864 PA1 5,201,437 PA1 5,215,206 PA1 5,584,410
A review of the above patents determined that none of the patents disclosed or claimed a closure arrangement including lugs and spacer means as taught within the present application.
Storage drums as utilized in connection with the present invention are frequently employed because of their reusability. The drums typically have a semi-cylindrical bead rim about their upper ends and an associated lid has a mating peripheral lip which fits over the drum bead and, in many instances, a gasket seal is included therebetween. Typically, metal closure rings are mounted over the lids, lip and the drum bead and then compressed to bring the ends of the ring together in an abutting relationship to secure the lid in place. This arrangement typically provides a seal between the drum and the lid.
The problem typically facing the industry is leakage of liquid under pressure at the opening where the split ring is joined together and at the bolt utilized for securing the lugs on either side of the split. Such leakage is caused by tightening of the ring. Another problem is the damage and leakage at the ring when a so-called drop test is performed. Most corrective attempts made so far have been by changing the gasket materials as well as shape of the ring. The lugs and clips used throughout the industry are made and welded in such a way that cause the ring to twist as the bolt is tightened, raising the lip of the ring in the area of the lugs and clips. This fault typically occurs because the tightening occurs below the center line of the ring. The lugs of the present invention are designed to provide a lever action between a projecting area on each lug and the bolt head to force the ring down in the area of the ring opening.


Methods and systems for reconfigurable soft-output bit demapping, reconfigurable for different modes of operation (i.e., different transmitter/receiver configurations) and for different modulation schemes are provided. In an embodiment, a reconfigurable soft-output bit demapping system includes a mode/modulation independent equalizer, a plurality of mode/modulation independent soft-slicers coupled to the outputs of the equalizer, a plurality of mode/modulation independent post-scalers coupled to the outputs of the soft-slicers, and a mode-dependent coefficient calculator. The coefficient calculator generates parameters for configuring the equalizer, the soft-slicers, and the post-scalers according to the used mode of operation and modulation scheme.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to soft-output bit demapping of data symbols.
2. Related Art
Soft-output bit demapping is a process of converting received data symbols to soft bit values in a coordinate system. The soft bit values represent a probability that a given data symbol resides at a particular point in the coordinate system. A subsequent decoding process will convert soft bits to hard bits, based in part upon a decryption scheme.
Transmission and reception systems operate in one of a variety of modes of operation. For example, data can be transmitted and received with a single transmit antenna and a single receive antenna, a single transmit antenna and multiple receive antennas, or with multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas. Conventional demapping systems are designed for a single mode of operation.
Data can be transmitted using a variety of modulation schemes, such as binary phase shift keying ("BPSK"), quadrature phase shift keying ("QPSK"), and quadrature amplitude modulation ("QAM"), including 16 bit QAM, 64 bit QAM, and 256 bit QAM. Conventional demapping systems utilize separate detectors for each modulation scheme.
Soft-bit demapping for single input/single output systems is taught in Tosato and Bisaglia, "Simplified Soft-Output Demapper for Binary Interleaved COFDM with Application to HIPERLAN/2," ICC 2002—IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol. 25, no. 1, April 2002, pp. 664-668, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Soft bit demapping has not been applied to systems having multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas.
What are needed therefore are methods and systems for soft-bit demapping that are reconfigurable for different modes of operation and for different modulation schemes.

Methods and systems for soft-bit demapping


A novel synthetic route to the syn-azido epoxide of formula 5 includes cobalt-catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution of a racemic mixture of the azido-epoxide. Reaction steps include subjecting an allylic alcohol to epoxidation with mCPBA to obtain a racemic epoxy alcohol; ring opening the epoxy alcohol with azide anion to obtain an anti-azido alcohol, which can then be selectively tosylated at the primary alcohol; treating the tosylate with base to obtain the racemic azido-epoxide; and subjecting the racemic azido-epoxide to cobalt-catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution to obtain the syn-azido epoxide of formula 5. The compound of formula 5 may be used as a common intermediate for the asymmetric synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors, such as Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, Saquinavir, and formal synthesis of Darunavir and Palinavir.

The etiologic agent, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), encodes for a specific aspartyl proteinase (HIV-protease). The inhibition of HIV-proteases by peptidomimetic structures incorporating a hydroxyethylamine (HEA) isostere offers a promising approach for the treatment of AIDS.
Many potent drugs, such as amprenavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, darunavir, and palinavir which belong to the HEA class, have complex structures equipped with multiple stereogenic centers. Due to the potential biological importance of these HIV inhibitors, considerable effort has been directed at methods for their synthesis.
HIV protease inhibitors have been developed as some of the most promising chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of AIDS, and they exhibit complex structures equipped with multiple steriogenic centers. Thus, synthetic organic chemists have been attracted towards development of an efficient and practical synthetic route for these inhibitors. Amprenavir 1 developed by Vertex and GlaxoSmithKline, is an HIV protease inhibitor that was approved by the FDA in 1999. Fosamprenavir 2, launched in 2003, is a prodrug with increased therapeutic efficacy.
Several publications have disclosed the synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors, and some relevant documents are mentioned below.
WO 2000/018384 discloses a pharmaceutical combination comprising (S)-2-ethyl-7-fluoro-3oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoxaline-1-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester or a physiologically functional derivative thereof and 4 amino 4-amino-N-((2-syn,3S)-2-hydroxy-4-phenyl-3((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxycarbonylamino)butyl)-N-isobutylbenzenesulfonamide (amprenavir) or a physiologically functional derivative thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,989 discloses fosamprenavir calcium and other salts of fosamprenavir, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium, their pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of treating HIV infection and inhibiting aspartyl protease activity in a mammal. U.S. Pat. No. 6,514,953 discloses polymorphic Form I of fosamprenavir calcium, its pharmaceutical composition, and its method of use for treatment of an HIV infection, wherein the process for the preparation of a fosamprenavir or its salts comprises reacting a compound of formula (II) with a phosphorylating agent and further reduction.
Further preparation of saquinavir is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,196,438 and also European Patent No. EP432695, wherein (3S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid was hydrogenated with hydrogen gas at higher pressure in presence of Rhodium on carbon as catalyst using 90% acetic acid. The final step involves treatment of (2S)—N-[(1S,2R)-3-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-octahydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl]-1-benzyl-2-hydroxy-propyl]-2-amino-butanediamide with quinaldic acid in presence of hydroxybenzotriazole and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide using N-ethylmorpholine as base.
Also, the preparation of darunavir is reported in WO 99/67417 and WO 99/67254.
The multistep stereoselective synthesis of palinavir, a potent HIV protease inhibitor, is disclosed in J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62 (11), pp 3440-3448 by Pierre L. Beaulieu et al.
Although several methods have been tried for the syntheses of HIV protease inhibitors, some of them require chiral auxiliaries or use of chiral building blocks and exotic reagents, involve longer reaction sequences, and expensive catalysts coupled with low enantiomeric excess, making the processes non feasible industrially.
Additionally, several synthetic approaches of azido epoxide (5), the key chiral building block in the synthesis of HEA-based HIV protease inhibitors, have been reported in the literature.
An article titled "Efficient Synthesis of 2(S)-[1(S)-Azido-2-phenylethyl]oxirane" by Sangwoo Park, Sangmi Lee, and Ho-Jung Kang in Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2008, Vol. 29, No. 5 1073, discloses efficient synthesis of 2(S)-[1(S)-azido-2-phenylethyl]oxirane (1) from acetonide 2 as a starting material by 9 steps with two purification steps at alcohol 3 and oxirane 1, respectively, in overall yield of 48%, providing an expedient route to the facile, practical, and large-scale production of the desired epoxide 1 and other related structural motiffs from the cheaper D-isoascorbic acid.
WO 99/67254 provides a retroviral protease-inhibiting compound represented by formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a prodrug, or an ester thereof, wherein A is a group of formula (II), (III), (IV), or (V);

The said patent application further provides a method of synthesizing the multidrug-resistant, retroviral protease-inhibiting compounds, such as for example, ritonavir, saquinavir, indinavir, amprenavir, AZT, ddl, ddC, d4T, 3TC, ABV (abacavir), DLV (delaviridine), and PFA (foscarnet), of the present invention.
The said synthesis method is generally illustrated in FIG. 4 of WO 99/67254, wherein a compound of Formula (I) is synthesized in several steps starting from azidoepoxide (i), amine (ii) is nucleophilically added to azidoepoxide (i) to afford aminoalcohol (iii), which is then reacted with intermediate (iv), which can be displaced by the amine of aminoalcohol (iii), to provide azide (v); reduction of azide (v), provides intermediate (vi), which is subsequently coupled with activated bicyclic ligand (vii) gives compound (I)(c.f. below scheme).

However, the few methods that relate to the synthesis of the azido epoxide compound suffer from limitations, such as the use of chiral building blocks, introduction of chirality in the early stages, long reaction sequences, the use of expensive catalysts, low % ee, and so on, and hence are not amenable for scale-up studies.
Therefore, there is a need in the art to provide an efficient method of synthesizing azido epoxide compound (5), which can be further used to provide an efficient synthetic method for the preparation of HIV protease inhibitors, such as amprenavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, darunavir, palinavir, and their structural analogues, that proceed with high enantioselectivities (99% ee), in a concise manner.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a new synthetic route for the preparation of racemic azido epoxide (5) from commercially available allylic alcohol.
Accordingly, the present inventors have further developed a new synthetic route for the preparation of HIV protease inhibitors, comprising hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of a racemic azido epoxide as a key step to obtain the HIV protease inhibitors in high yield and high enantioselectivity. Further, the process developed by the inventor is efficient, cost effective as it involves simple organic reagents and water, and industrially viable, as well as socially important.

Process for synthesis of syn azido epdxide and its use as intermediate for the synthesis of amprenavir and saquinavir

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research


One routing device which connects plural networks on which a plurality of other routing devices, including a parent router, are connected. The parent router manages network identification data to identify the plural networks. Master router data is included for each corresponding other routing device. Master router data includes master router identification data identifying whether the corresponding other routing device is a “master router” located on a path to the parent router or a “slave router” which is a routing device other than the master router, and includes network identification data identifying a network to which the corresponding other routing device connects. Upon startup of the one routing device, the master router data is acquired from the other routing devices on the networks to which the one routing device connects. It is determined whether a router function of the one routing device is enabled based on the acquired master router data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a routing device for connecting multiple physically discrete networks into a single system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently various home networks connecting multiple electronic devices over a network have been introduced. The devices connected to these home networks are generally low-cost home appliances for which high reliability operation is required. The devices connected to such home networks enable the network to be used for a variety of applications, including security systems and remote control systems.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a typical home network. As shown in FIG. 1 a refrigerator 1, a washing machine 2, an air conditioner 3, a television 4, a controller 11, and so on are connected to a powerline communication network 15. A microwave 5, a bath (hot water heater) 6, a gas range 7, and so on are connected to a wireless communication network 16. A sleep sensor 8, an entry sensor 9, a telephone 10 and so on are connected to a dedicated line 14. The powerline communication network 15 and the dedicated line 14 are connected to a router 12, and the powerline communication network 15 and the wireless communication network 16 are connected to a router 13. These network connections complete the in-home network.
Other devices that might also be connected to this network include lighting fixtures and other home appliances. Infrared and other transmission media could also be used in addition to or instead of electrical power lines, wireless transmission, and dedicated lines. Multiple controllers for specific services could also be used instead of using a single controller as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 is a system diagram showing the conceptual arrangement of devices and routers connected to this home network. As shown in FIG. 2 a subnet A 21 is connected to a subnet B 22 through a router 31 and to a subnet C 23 through a router 32. Network devices 21a to 23d are connected to subnets 21 to 23. The routers 31 and 32 could be any device that functions as a router. Various standards and concepts have been proposed for effectively running and using such networks. These include, for example, ET-2010 and ECHONET Specification Ver.1.00, proposed by the Electronic Industries Association of Japan (EIAJ) and the ECHONET Consortium.
Assume, for example, that the router 31 shown in FIG. 2 is operating and network device 21a functions as a router ("parent router" below) that assigns "Net ID" as a subnet identifier. If a new router 32 is then added to the system, the router 32 must first start up as a network device 21c and 23d recognizable by subnet 21 and subnet 23, respectively, and must then query subnet 21 and subnet 23 to determine if a router already exists on the respective subnets. If a router is found on each subnet, the router 32 starts up as a network device of both subnets without activating its functionality as a router.
If on at least one (21) of the plural subnets (21 and 23) there is a router (31) and on at least one (23) of the subnets there is no router, the router 32 queries the detected router to acquire data about the parent router (i.e. network device 21a in this example). The router 32 then requests the parent router (network device 21a) for the information required for the router 32 to function (i.e., a router identifier and Net ID for the new subnet added to the system), and based on this router information obtained from the parent router (network device 21a) passes the Net ID to all network devices 23a to 23c on the subnet 23 to which a new Net ID was allocated.
The Net IDs uniquely allocated as subnet identifiers and the node ID numbers allocated as identifiers uniquely identifying each device on a particular subnet enable each device to be uniquely addressed within the overall system formed by linking plural subnets via routers.
Conventional network methods and routers function adequately when the routers start up in the same order previously used. Problems such as those described below occur, however, if Net IDs are already assigned to the subnets by the router (that is, the same Net ID is allocated to all network devices connected to a particular subnet), since all network devices on the subnet use the assigned Net ID to exchange data with other devices in the domain, if, for example, the power supply suddenly shuts down due to a power outage, then a system-wide reset occurs.
If the subnet identifiers (i.e., Net IDs) are assigned in the sequence that the routers start up in a system having three or more subnets, a subnet identifier (Net ID), that is different from the subnet identifier assigned before the reset, could be assigned when the system resets depending upon the startup sequence of the routers. If in the network configuration shown in FIG. 2, for example, the router 31 starts up first and is therefore assigned a Net ID identifying subnet B, the router 32 then starts up and is assigned a Net ID identifying subnet C, when due to a power failure the system restarts and the router 32 starts up first and the router 31 then restarts, the router 32 will be set as subnet B and router 31 will be set as subnet C. In other words, Net IDs assigned to the routers may change when the system resets due to the power outage.
Furthermore, if only one of the routers in the system resets or is replaced and there is another router on any of the subnets to which the reset or replaced router belongs, the reset or replaced router will start up simply as a network device other than the router on the subnets and its router function will not restart.
This can result in excessive time being required for the overall system to restart when a short-term power outage occurs on a home network, and the controllers and user could be confused by device identifiers that differ before and after the power outage, thus necessitating a service call by a trained technician.
Replacing a router is also not a simple task. The user (i.e., a typical homeowner) must acquire the subnet data for the subnet(s) formed by the router connection before replacing the router by, for example, connecting a display to the router to display the information, and must then reset the same information to the replacement router by setting switches, for example. The need for a person to intervene to make these settings introduces the potential for setup errors which can then prevent the system from functioning normally.
A problem with the router and router startup procedure according to the prior art as described above is that when there is another router on any of the subnets to which a router that is replaced or reset belongs and a Net ID is already assigned to those subnets, the replaced or reset router does not function as a router but simply as another network device. Communication with the subnets that should be connected by the replaced or reset router is thus not possible.
A further problem with the router and router startup procedure according to the prior art as described above is that while a router that is replaced or reset (referred to below as the "target router") will function as a router when there is another router on one or more of the subnets to which the target router connects but there is not a router on a different one or more such subnets, the parent router allocates a new Net ID to the subnet that does not have a router. The Net ID may thus be different before and after the router is replaced or reset, and the parent router, subnet router, and network devices use a different Net ID to uniquely identify each network device on the subnet within the network system. As a result, network devices on another subnet that had been communicating with network devices on the subnet for which the router was replaced or reset before the router was replaced or reset are unable to recognize that the network device identification information (Net ID) changed, and an error results when communication is next attempted because the addressed network device cannot be found on the network.
A further problem with the router and router startup procedure according to the prior art as described above occurs. That is, if communication with the parent router is not possible because there is another router on one or more subnets to which the target router that is replaced or reset connects and there is not a router on another one or more subnets, or because, even though there is a router operable to start up as a router, the parent router is separated via several subnets from the target router but there is a malfunctioning router somewhere between the target router and the parent router, then the target router cannot activate its router function and can only startup as another non-router network device. Communication between network devices on subnets previously connected by the target router is also disabled until the entire system resets.

Routing device for connecting multiple physically discrete networks into a single system and startup method thereof


In the method and apparatus of controlling power of a transmitted communication signal, a communication signal is amplified and transmitted. At least one parameter on the transmitted signal is received, and a measure of interference with the transmitted signal is determined based on the received parameter. An average power level of the communication signal is increased by clipping the communication signal prior to amplification by an amount based on the determined measure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of telecommunications, and more particularly, a method and apparatus for controlling the power of a transmitted signal.
2. Description of Related Art
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a special form of multi-carrier modulation having inherent robustness against multipath effect. For example, IEEE 802.11a specifies the Physical Layer Entry for an OFDM system that provides a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) with data payload communication capabilities from 6 to 54 Mbits/sec in the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) frequency band. The system uses 52 sub-carriers which are independently modulated by using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) or 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) associated with different coding rate for different data speed.
A major challenge for an OFDM-based communication system is the inherent high crest factor (peak-to-average ratio) of multi-carrier systems. Considerable output power back-off from the power amplifier (PA) saturation region will be needed to avoid distortion and spectral regrowth. The back-off for the power amplifier, however, reduces its efficiency. Because the peak transmitted power is usually constrained by regulatory limits, a large back-off of the power amplifier design to deal with the high crest factor has the effect of significantly reducing the average transmit power. The low average transmit power introduces several problems such as reducing radio coverage and making the transmitted signal more susceptible to interference.
So far, several crest factor reduction techniques have been proposed such as Reed-Muller codes, Golay sequences, subsets of block coding that avoid transmitting codewords with a large crest factor, and selective sub-carrier mapping to reduce the crest factor. However, as the number of sub-carriers increases, the coding rate slows and the coding process becomes more complicated (e.g. extensive computation, search, look-up tables). Unlike cellular/PCS systems that can afford costly power amplifiers, the power amplifier used in a wireless LAN needs to be simple and cheap. Clipping the OFDM signal is another way to reduce the crest factor. Clipping can be described as limiting the peak amplitude of an OFDM signal to the power amplifier input so that the undesirable effect of the amplifier non-linearity problem can be controlled. However, inadequate clipping introduces excessive out-of-band distortion.

Method and apparatus for controlling power of a transmitted signal