The present invention relates generally to a non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus and method for avoiding blockages in slurry nozzles associated with the jetting of mixtures of soluble and/or insoluble abrasives and high pressure fluids. The apparatus involves the use of a pressure actuator which opens and closes gates of a valve, permitting a compressed gas to enter the nozzle and remove all abrasive material from a nozzle when jetting is interrupted, thus preventing the abrasive material to remain in the nozzle where it may adhere with residual moisture and form blockages. The present invention lessens the opportunity for abrasive material blockages in slurry nozzles and improves the efficiency of cleaning operations by reducing the need to interrupt blasting operations to remove abrasive blockages from the slurry nozzle.

For many decades prior to the mid-1980's, conventional sandblasting using silica sand and compressed air was the preferred cleaning method for removing debris, rust, scale, coatings and corrosion from various surfaces. Conventional sandblasting was used to clean the exterior surfaces of buildings, equipment, vehicles, structures and the interior and exterior surfaces of pipe. Conventional sandblasting was inexpensive, highly effective for specific applications and provided a desirable anchor pattern for sealants and coatings to adhere. During the mid-1980's, the silica dust associated with conventional sandblasting was found to be a leading cause of Silicosis and conventional sandblasting was largely discontinued.
Although conventional sandblasting was greatly reduced, the demand for high pressure abrasive cleaning increased. Sandblasters began to experiment with their conventional sandblasting equipment by adding water to the silica sand to reduce the dust. Water/sandblasters then encountered a new problem of rusting and corroding equipment. Water/sandblasters added rust inhibitor to their water supply to combat the rust and corrosion problems, which increased their operational costs.
Water blasting, using only high pressure jets of water, has been for many years an effective means of removing some forms of debris and scale. Water blasting has many attributes, including: environmental safety, causing little damage to the surface of the object being cleaned, a relatively inexpensive blast medium and requiring little or no clean-up. However, water blasting still does not produce the abrasive forces of conventional sandblasting. Water blasting does not produce anchor patterns for sealants and coatings to adhere and water blasting alone is not practical for "hanging" applications where the operator is suspended by rope or cable above the ground, e.g. cleaning water towers, etc.
The water blast industry has, for the past several years, experimented with diverse high pressure fluid mediums and various types of soluble and insoluble abrasives for cleaning and blasting purposes. The use of abrasives in combination with high pressure fluids, is a well known material for use in water blasting applications. Insoluble abrasives such as plastic pellets and silica sand may not be environmentally safe, routinely clog the slurry nozzle, must be restricted in type and area of use and generally result in an extensive clean-up operation. Experimentation with soluble abrasives such as bicarbonate of soda in combination with a high pressure fluid medium has produced improved abrasive forces, has increased the number of water blast applications and has reduced the time spent on clean-up operations. The use of bicarbonate of soda is however, expensive, produces no anchor pattern and can not compete with the abrasive forces produced by silica sand. The water blast industry is currently experimenting with low cost, soluble abrasives which can produce an anchor patter and can effectively compete with dry silica sand. The problem lies in that both soluble abrasives and insoluble abrasives continue to create blockages in slurry nozzles with tremendous regularity, greatly reducing the productivity of high pressure fluid and abrasive mixture blasting. Therefore, a soluble or insoluble abrasive which may be perfect in every way still can not be effectively used due to the inherent problem of slurry nozzle blockages.
The blockage associated with slurry nozzles while using soluble or insoluble abrasives in combination with a high pressure fluid medium, centers on the contact between the abrasive and the residual moisture in the slurry nozzle, wherein the mixture of abrasive and moisture is not jetted from the slurry nozzle but is permitted to remain at rest in the slurry nozzle. This circumstance is common when the operator momentarily or during an extended amount of time, interrupts the water jetting operation. Contact between the abrasive and the high pressure fluid while the slurry nozzle is jetting the mixture does not generally cause blockage. During periods of interruption, residual moisture from the high pressure fluid medium is inherently present in the nozzle and unless all of the abrasive is removed from the slurry nozzle during the jetting interruption, the residual moisture reacts with the abrasive to bond the abrasive to itself and the surrounding inner nozzle surface and form a blockage. During an interruption in jetting where soluble abrasive is used, the reaction between the residual moisture and abrasive in the slurry nozzle can cause the abrasive to bond together, taking the shape of the interior passage of the slurry nozzle and completely block the nozzle. Such blockages are the most extreme and require the operator to stop the cleaning operation, disassemble the slurry nozzle apparatus, remove the blockage or repair the slurry nozzle and reassemble the slurry nozzle apparatus. Blockages rarely occur near suitable repair areas and normally occur while using the slurry nozzle at a remote location, making repair unpredictible and burdensome. Often, the blockage is so compacted and difficult to remove that the nozzle or components of the nozzle must simply be discarded and replaced.
Slurry nozzle blockages are expensive in terms of time, money and lost opportunity. Of primary importance in the present invention is to enable a slurry nozzle to be interrupted during its jetting operations while using some combination of soluble and/or insoluble abrasive and high pressure fluid, such that all of the abrasive will be removed from the nozzle and blockage normally associated with the residual moisture and abrasive will be eliminated.
It is, therefore, a feature of the present invention to provide a non-clogging high pressure slurry nozzle that prevents blockages in the slurry nozzle.
Yet another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging high pressure slurry nozzle that prevents blockages in the slurry nozzle when the high pressure fluid blasting operations are interrupted.
Yet another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging high pressure slurry nozzle that prevents blockages in the slurry nozzle when the high pressure fluid blasting operations are interrupted without shutting down the cleaning operation or harming the operator or surface to be cleaned.
Still another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus that removes abrasive material from the slurry nozzle, not requiring any affirmative action on the part of the operator.
Yet another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus wherein the means to remove abrasive from the nozzle includes a supply of compressed gas which forces the abrasive out of the slurry nozzle.
Another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus for removing abrasive from the nozzle using compressed gas which forces the abrasive out of the slurry nozzle when high pressure fluid blasting operations are interrupted.
Still another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus which includes a pressure actuator to control the flow of abrasive material and compressed gas through a 3-way valve to the high pressure slurry nozzle.
Yet another feature of the present invention is to provide a non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus which includes a pressure actuator which may function under the principles of electronics, pneumatics or hydraulics.
Another feature of the present invention is to provide a method for preventing abrasive blockages in high pressure slurry nozzles.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Features and advantages of the invention may be realized by means of the combinations and steps particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

Non-clogging slurry nozzle apparatus and method


In a driving circuit apparatus, an input video signal is logarithmically compressed via the logarithmic converting means and outputted to the exponential converting means of the next stage. The exponential converting means outputs the inputted input video signal upon inverse logarithmically converted, to the driving means which controls the image receiving tube. Since the input video signal is logarithmically compressed via the logarithmic converting means, although in case of being inputted the high frequency input video signal for high resolution, the slewing rate does not increase, and accordingly, the wideband pre-drive circuit can be more easily built in the IC.

The present invention relates to a driving circuit apparatus, and more particularly to applying to drive the cathode ray tube (CRT), which is especially required high resolution.
In conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) display device to be used for computer aided design (CAD), it is necessary to display high resolution image on the tube compared with an ordinary CRT display device.
To display high resolution image in the CRT display device for the computer aided design, a high frequency video signal, 150 [MHz] as against an ordinary video signal of 10 [MHz], is supplied to the display device via the voltage output type image output circuit 1A (FIG. 1) and the current output type image output circuit 1B (FIG. 2).
More specifically, the image output circuit 1A amplifies an input video signal V.sub.in quintuple by the first step pre-drive amplifier 2 and further amplifies fifteen-fold at the outer attached cathode drive amplifier 3, and supplies to the CRT 4 as an output image signal V.sub.out.
In a case when an input video signal V.sub.in with a peak value of 0.6 [V.sub.pp ], showing maximum amplitude from positive side wave crest value to negative side wave crest value, is inputted, it is necessary that the input video signal V.sub.in is amplified to 3.0 [V.sub.pp ] when outputted from the pre-drive amplifier 2, and to be outputted to the CRT 4 as approximately 45 [V.sub.pp ] output image signal V.sub.out via the cathode drive amplifier 3.
In case of amplifying this input video signal V.sub.in at the voltage output type pre-drive amplifier 2 (FIG. 1), the cathode drive amplifier 3 supplies a video signal V1 to be outputted from the pre-drive amplifier 2, to the base of transistor Q1 via the buffer circuit 5.
Here, said transistor Q1 is a NPN type transistor and is constituted by an emitter follower amplifying stage as well as resistance R1.
A collector of said transistor Q1 is cascade connected to a transistor Q2 which constitutes constant current source to compensate merits in high frequency band of the transistor Q1 and for having higher pressure proof for high voltage power source.
A collector of the transistor Q2 is connected to load resistance R2 connected to high voltage power source of 60 [V], and is arranged to output an output image signal V.sub.out from the connecting node PO of the collector and load resistance R2 via the buffer circuit 6.
In case of amplifying the input video signal V.sub.in at the current output type pre-drive amplifier 2 (FIG. 2), the cathode drive amplifier 3 supplies electric current outputted from the pre-drive amplifier 2 to an emitter of transistor Q3, and outputs the output image video signal v.sub.out from the connecting node P1 of collector connected load resistance R3 and the transistor Q3 via the buffer circuit 7.
At this time, the base of driving transistor Q3 is supplied with reference power source V.sub.ref and large electric current of 150 [mA.sub.pp ] flows to load resistance R3.
In thus constructed image output circuit 1A (FIG. 1), if the CRT 4 is driven by high frequency video signal V.sub.in, such as 150 [MHz], a signal amplitude of 45 [V.sub.pp ] is necessary at an output terminal of the cathode drive amplifier 3. Thus, a signal amplitude of 3.5 [V.sub.pp ] is needed at an output terminal of the pre-drive amplifier 2, and at this time, a slewing rate SR of the video signal V.sub.in to be outputted from the pre-drive amplifier 2 becomes 2 [V/ns], 1,000 times more than an ordinary slewing rate SR, is necessary.
However, since it is necessary to run much electric current and increase driving voltage to satisfy such a high slewing rate SR, it was difficult to have the voltage output type pre-drive amplifier 2 built in the IC, which is unable to run much electric current, when inputting a video signal of over 100 [MHz] frequency for high resolution.
In case of driving the CRT 4 with 150 [MHz] signal V.sub.in via the image output circuit 1B as shown in FIG. 2, provided that a resistance value of the load resistance R3 connected to the output terminal is 300 [.OMEGA.], it is necessary to drive control the driving transistor Q3 running 150 [mA] (=45 [V]/300[.OMEGA.]) electric current at the output stage of pre-drive amplifier 2. However, if the pre-drive amplifier 2 is built in the IC, it is difficult to control such big electric current as 150 [mA] because an electric current capacity in the IC is as small as about 1 [mA]. Therefore, in case of driving the CRT 4 which requires high resolution, it was difficult to have the pre-drive amplifier 2 built in the IC.


A vehicle seat-mounting structure, of which a cut-out portion is formed at an inner side of a seat frame in the transverse direction of a vehicle and extends from an edge portion of the seat frame behind a vehicle seat. In order that opposite edge portions of the cut-out portion in the transverse direction of the vehicle is fixed indirectly to an adjusting rail, a shaft is rotatably supported to a reclining lower arm so as to secure linking members to both ends of the shaft. Bracket members are rotatably supported to the linking members. The seat frame is secured to the bracket members, and the seat frame is then secured to the adjusting rails.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a seat frame-mounting structure for a split bench type vehicle seat and the like.
2. Background Information
A bench type seat, on which three people can sit, is structured such that the seat cushion and the seat back are continuous from the driver's seat to the front passenger seat. In a split bench type seat, the seat cushion and the seat back of a bench type seat are divided into a driver's seat portion and a front passenger seat portion so that seat back reclining adjustment, seat cushion front-and-back position adjustment and the like can be effected independently for the driver's seat portion and the front passenger seat portion. (See Repair Handbook, Vol. 2/2 for Toyota's Crown series automobiles, issued Sep. 3, 1987 by Toyota Jidosha kabuskiki Kaisha).
As illustrated in FIG. 4 showing a conventional seat frame-mounting structure, each seat portion of a split bench type seat 80 includes: a seat frame 82, which is press-formed from an iron plate and the like; a urethane pad and spring members (both unillustrated), such as a S-shaped springs, the urethane pad and the spring members being mounted to the seat frame 82; and, a covering material 30, such as tricot or a woven fabric, which covers the surfaces of the former components. The seat frame 82 is fastened via brackets 22 to adjusting rails 20, which are disposed on an underbody, by means of bolts (not shown) and nuts 18. (Description and illustration of the seat back portions are omitted).
In order for the seat back reclining adjustment, the seat cushion front-and-back position adjustment and the like to be effected independently for the driver's seat portion and the front passenger seat portion, a total of four reclining lower arms 26 are necessary, one being provided respectively at left and right sides of each seat portion. The position of the reclining lower arm 26 is determined by the position of the seat back, and the reclining lower arms 26 must be positioned at the rear side of the seat frames 82. As a result, the portions of the seat frames 82, which correspond to the reclining lower arms 26 located at central sides in the transverse direction of the vehicle, protrude toward the rear. If the seat frames 82 are not protruded in this way, the rear side of the seat frames are divided at the reclining lower arm 26 portions, and strength of the seat frames 82 cannot be ensured. Therefore, it is difficult to provide a design in which strength is ensured without portions of the seat frames 82 protruding toward the rear.


A copy timing control circuit capable of concurrently controlling a copy operation timing of one video deck by application of control signals supplied from a mode switch of the other video deck as well as a timing signal thereof. The copy timing control circuit used in a double-deck video cassette recorder having at least two video cassette decks capable of tape-to-tape copying of video data therebetween, is provided with a mode signal input means for receiving a plurality of mode selection signals produced by application of mode switches in either one of the video cassette decks, a copy signal input means for receiving a copy signal produced by application of a copy key, a microprocessor (15) operably connected to the mode signal input means and the copy signal input means for producing a servo control signal dependent upon receipt of a given state of the mode selection signals and the copy signal, and two servo motor drivers (5,10), connected to receive the servo control signal, for controlling the drive of the respective video cassette deck in response to the servo control signal.

The present invention relates to a copy timing control circuit for use in a double-deck video cassette recorder (VCR), particularly to a timing control in a desired operation mode during execution of tape-to-tape copying operation in the VCRs.
In case a tape-to-tape copying operation with a double-deck VCR or two VCRs connected to each other, prior art decks require one deck or one VCR to be set to a playback mode and other deck or VCR to be set to a record mode, when a video signal from the former deck in playback mode is recorded onto the latter deck in record mode. Such prior art however, has a drawback that a precise position control of tape upon copying between both decks or VCRs is hardly provided because of lack of synchronism therebetween. This drawback mostly results in not only waste of tape in using the copy mode, but also occurrence of discontinuity in recording or playback of video signal.

Copy timing control circuit for double-deck video cassette recorder


Methods of storing and accessing data using a header portion of a file are disclosed. In an embodiment, a method of storing content in a non-volatile memory is disclosed. The method includes reading a content file including media content and including a trailer, storing information related to the trailer together with secure data in a header portion of a file, and storing the file to a storage element of the non-volatile memory or a memory area of a host device coupled to the non-volatile memory device.

The present disclosure is generally related to non-volatile memory systems that include access to a header portion and a content portion of a file. Memory systems, such as memory cards that include non-volatile memory devices, have many purposes and can be used to store media content, such as audio or video files. In such systems, information related to the media content, such as a title of a song or a movie, may be stored in a last sector of the memory. A host device of the memory system, such as a mobile phone or a host computer, may need to retrieve the last sector of a file for multiple data files, and a file system at the host device may be required to traverse a memory cluster to find the last sector data associated with one or more of the multiple data files. This task may consume a considerable amount of valuable processing resources and take a large amount of time, reducing performance of the device. For example, a processor may be requested to traverse through a file access table (FAT) that has thousands of files during an initialization process, leading to a prolonged initialization period, which creates the perception of degraded performance. In addition, with media files, customers may wish to find music information for display. Conventional systems can take a long time to read the designated sector and check the frame before the media file starts to play. This problem can be more severe with certain processors and for memory that contains a large number of encrypted files. Hence, there is a need for improved control of stored media content.

Method of storing and accessing header data from memory


A phase lock loop circuit includes a phase detector, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, and a divider. The divider includes a controller and a memory that stores a lookup table of signal levels for a sinusoidal feedback signal. The divider receives an output signal from the voltage controlled oscillator and generates an output signal corresponding to the values in the lookup table in a predetermined order to generate a sinusoidal feedback signal. The divider generates a new output for each cycle of the output signal from the voltage controlled oscillator and enables PLL bandwidth that meets or exceeds a frequency of the reference signal.

Phase lock loop circuits (PLLs) are electronic control circuits that are widely employed in radio, telecommunications, computers and other electronic applications. A few common applications of PLLs include signal demodulation, signal recovery from a noisy channel, generation of a stable frequency at multiples of an input frequency (frequency synthesis), and distribution of precisely timed clock pulses in digital logic circuits such as microprocessors. Since a single integrated circuit can provide a complete phase-locked-loop building block, the technique is widely used in modern electronic devices. These circuits can produce output frequencies from a fraction of a hertz up to many gigahertz.
FIG. 7 depicts an arrangement of functional units in a prior art PLL 700 that is configured to generate a higher frequency output signal with reference to a lower frequency input signal. The PLL 700 includes phase detector/phase frequency detector 708, a low-pass loop filter 712, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 716 and a frequency divider 720. An external frequency generator produces a reference input signal 704 that is applied to an input of the phase detector 708. The output of the phase detector passes through a loop filter 712 and the filtered output operates the VCO 716. The VCO 716 generates an output signal 740, which is passed to a frequency divider 720 and the output of the frequency divider 720 provides feedback to the phase detector 708. In some embodiments, the phase detector 708 is a multiplier circuit that downconverts the feedback signal to DC (0 Hz) or near DC by modulating it with the reference frequency signal. The VCO 716 is tuned to a range of frequencies corresponding to the higher frequency harmonic so the output of the PLL 740 is a higher frequency multiple of the input reference signal 704.
In situations where the PLL 700 is generating a multiplied frequency output, the higher frequency output signal 740 would not correspond to the lower-frequency input signal 704. The frequency divider 720 receives the higher frequency output 740 and generates a lower frequency output at the same frequency as the input reference signal 704 for the phase detector 708. The phase detector 708 identifies deviations between the phase of the output signal from the frequency divider 720 and the input reference signal 704. If the input reference signal and feedback signal are locked in phase, then the two signals are orthogonal to one another (separated by 90°). The phase detector 708 generates a corrected output signal in response to any errors between the phases of the input and output signals. Thus, the PLL circuit uses a negative feedback loop to correct phase differences between the input reference signal and an output signal.
PLLs that have a wide bandwidth operate with reduced phase noise due to the VCO. As used herein, the term "bandwidth" refers to a frequency that corresponds to the rate at which a PLL circuit can recover from a perturbation between the difference in the phase of the output signal and the input reference signal. A wide bandwidth enables a PLL circuit to operate more efficiently than a PLL circuit with narrower bandwidth because a wide bandwidth PLL filters noise in the output signal from the VCO noise more efficiently and hence for the same noise performance, can use a a VCO that has a higher level of phase noise. The noisier VCO devices also consume less power during operation than lower-noise VCOs that are required for use with narrower bandwidth PLL configurations. In the PLL, the phase noise VCO is a significant power consumer in a PLL, often in excess of >50% of the PLL power, and the high power consumption is needed to reduce the standalone VCO's phase noise. Additionally, a wide PLL bandwidth reduces the phenomenon of VCO pulling, which occurs when a strong RF signal that is close to the VCO frequency, such as a radio transmitter signal, changes the VCO frequency. A wide PLL bandwidth also helps the PLL transition from one frequency to another frequency very quickly.
Existing PLL circuit designs with high bandwidth often have difficulty operating in a stable manner. For example, the maximum theoretical bandwidth in a typical prior art PLL is one-half of the input reference frequency, but practical PLL embodiments must operate with much narrower frequency bandwidths (typically one-tenth of the reference frequency) because the output signal from the frequency divider is not a continuous-time phase signal but is typically sampled at discrete time intervals. For example, as depicted in FIG. 9, a high frequency VCO output signal 904 completes four cycles 908A-908D during a single cycle 912 of a lower-frequency divider that is depicted by the samplings signal 920. The lower-frequency divider samples at rising edges 924 and 928, which can only effectively identify an average for the jitter and other high-frequency characteristics of the signal 904 over four cycles instead of identifying the jitter for individual cycles of the high-frequency VCO signal 904. The lower-frequency sampling frequency 920 for the divider results in aliasing of the higher-frequency VCO signal 904 where information about phase errors that are introduced due to jitter and other signal noise is lost in the feedback signal. As is known in the art, sampling of an output signal, especially high-frequency output signals, is prone to generation of aliased output signals due to the high frequency content in the output signal from the VCO. Inaccuracies in the output of the divider due to the aliasing in the divider often accumulate to produce an unstable output signal.
To overcome limitations in bandwidth, prior art circuits often include a series of two or more PLLs to generate an output signal. FIG. 8 depicts a configuration of two PLLs 820 and 850 that are connected in series. In FIG. 8, the first PLL 820 has a bandwidth of approximately 200 kHz and the second PLL 850 has a bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz. However, requiring a series of PLLs increases the complexity of circuit design. Consequently, improvements to PLLs that enable stable operation of a single stage PLL with wide bandwidth would be beneficial.

Phase lock loop circuit having a wide bandwidth


A vibration speaker layout is disclosed to maximize vibration quantity as vibration member is made feasible of resonation in vertical direction by individually furnishing signal input devices for sound generation and vibration generation respectively, which layout comprises a case 10; a vibration plate 20 in order to generate sound, the outside edge of which vibration plate is adfixed to top part of case 10; a voice coil 30 wound cylindrically whose top is adfixed to vibration plate 20; a vibration member 40 composed of magnet 41 and yoke 42 which vibration member is furnished under voice coil 30, which magnet is polarized up and down into N and S poles respectively, and which yoke constitutes magnetic circuit, having been attached to the magnet; an elastic member 50 that elastically supports between the vibration member and the case so that the vibration member may move up and down vertically; and a coil 60 of single phase to generate vibration which coil is attached to bottom surface of the case, facing the vibration member at bottom part of the vibration member so that this coil may drive the vibration member up and down vertically by interaction with the vibration member; whence formation is so that sound be generated by oscillating vibration plate 20 making high-frequency electric current to be applied through voice coil 30 at time of high-frequency signal input while vibration be generated by driving vibration member 40 up and down making low-frequency electric current to be applied through coil 60 to generate vibration at time of low-frequency signal input.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vibration speaker contained in portable communication instruments such as a portable telephone or pager, which speaker performs not only sound function but also vibration function at the same time.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally speaker is sound-generating instrument that outputs sound signal received electrically and electronically or bell or melody inputted beforehand into sound hearable by man.
Such speaker is usually not only used as large size phonation media that greatly amplifies sound volume as being connected to audio system or amplifier but also used very much as small size phonation media as having been very much miniaturized.
Particularly speaker applied at small size communication instruments such as portable telephone or pager is usually called also microspeaker as size is formed innovatively small.
By the way, as small size communication instruments such as portable telephone or pager are becoming more and more miniaturized, microspeaker is also more and more miniaturized to adequately correspond to trend.
FIG. 1 shows an example of microspeaker mainly used in existing portable communication instruments which speaker is composed of largely case 1, magnet 2 contained in this case 1, voice coil 3 and vibration plate 4.
Speaker generates sound as voice coil 3 moves up and down owing to magnetic field formed by interaction between voice coil 3 and magnet 2 if high-frequency electric current is applied at voice coil 3 through lead wire from outside, whence vibration plate 4 where an end of voice coil 3 is attached vibrates finely.
To make a more detailed explanation, because high-frequency electric current applied at voice coil 3 through lead (wire) is alternating current, if magnetic field generated by voice coil 3 according to electric current applied at voice coil 3 is formed in same directionality with that formed according to magnet 2, voice coil 3 moves downward to magnet 2 side as attractive force is generated that attracts each other between magnet 2 and voice coil 3.
Contrarily if magnetic field generated by voice coil 3 according to electric current applied at voice coil 3 is formed in opposite directionality with that formed according to magnet 2, voice coil 3 is pushed upward from magnet 2 side as repulsive force is generated that pushes out each other between magnet 2 and voice coil 3.
As voice coil 3 goes up and down according to magnetic field variation applied at voice coil 3 as explained above, vibration plate 4 attached to voice coil 3 vibrates up and down which phenomenon is discharged outward so that sound is generated to perform phonation function.
On the other hand, vibration means is also made to be furnished at the same time together with the above speaker in portable communication instruments in aspect of care of ambiend people so that alarm may be felt not by sound but by vibration; whence the most often used vibration means is vibration motor.
But because recently there is essential need for miniaturization and slimmerization of communication instruments as described before, each part materials contained in these communication instruments must also correspond to it.
What is recently suggested for this is vibration speaker where vibration function is added to speaker, whose typical examples are reported in Japanese Published Official Patent Notices Heisei 10-14195, Heisei 10-117472 and Heisei 10-229596.
All those already applied for invention patent generate sound or induce vibration according to action by which high- or low-frequency electric current is selectively applied to voice coil 3 as shown in FIG. 2 to FIG. 4.
Namely sound is generated or vibration is induced according to frequency of electric current applied at voice coil 3 by way of vibration width. of vibration plate 4 where an end of voice coil 3 is attached in FIG. 2, while in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, sound is generated by vibrating vibration plate 4 when electric current applied at voice coil 3 is high frequency but vibration is to be felt as vibration member 5 vibrates where magnet 2 is integrally attached so that this vibration is transmitted to outer case when low-frequency electric current is applied.
Magnetic field must be precisely considered which shall be generated at voice coil 3 in order to induce sound and vibration by making electric current to be inputted only at voice coil 3 as explained above.
Namely sound generation is lowered as vibration width is decreased as vibration plate 4 weight is increased where voice coil 3 is attached if coil winding number goes to be increased while the coil winding number should be large enough to increase electric current amount flowing at voice coil 3.
Contrarily vibration amount is decreased as vibration width of vibration member 5 is decreased that shall resonate when electric current is inputted if voice coil 3 winding number is reduced.
Therefore the above previous applied invention patents have demerit that vibration amount is decreased in relatively low frequency band and the output vibration sensitivity is not good because voice coil 3 is wound with reference to sound loudness according to vibration plate 4.
On the other hand this applicant has already proposed Korean Patent applications No. 98-22244, Nos. 98-23812 through 98-23815 and No. 98-22659 in order to solve the above disadvantage in which propositions this applicant has separately furnished coils where high- and low-frequency electric currents are inputted respectively.
Namely here high-frequency electric current to generate sound by oscillating the vibration plate is applied to voice coil attached at vibration plate while low-frequency electric current to generate vibration is applied to vibration coil separately furnished at vibration member bottom so that electric current supply (amount in low frequency band is maximized for vibration force to be maximized.
But in those prior applications there is a problem that the vibration amount is not made large enough to be sensed outside because the vibration induced by electric current applied to the vibration coil as a vibration member furnished upon the vibration coil exhibits a seesaw or rocking action.
Namely if vibration member is to be oscillated by seesaw action, vibration member will move in direction of mutual balance of both sides so that weight cannot be made of maximum utilization; and particularly action shaft at time of the seesaw action acts as vibration load so that it rather causes vibration volume reduction.
Main purpose of present invention is to maximize vibration quantity as vibration member is made feasible of resonation in vertical direction by individually furnishing signal input devices for sound generation and. vibration generation respectively.
This invention to achieve the above purpose comprises a case, a vibration plate in order to generate sound, the outside edge of which vibration plate is affixed to top part of the case, a cylinder-shaped voice coil whose top is fixedly connected to lower surface of the vibration plate, a vibration member where magnet and yoke is combined integrally, which magnet is polarized up and down at bottom of the voice coil, and which yoke constitutes magnetic circuit, having been attached to the above magnet, a vibration coil wound in single phase so as to resonate in up-and-down direction by interaction with the vibration member, which vibration coil is attached to bottom surface of the above case at bottom part of the vibration member connecting this vibration member with the case.


An ECC block is constituted by RS(248, 216, 33). Of a data length of 216 bytes (symbols), only 16 bytes are allocated to BCA data and the remaining 200 bytes are used for fixed data having a predetermined value. Using the fixed data of 200 bytes and the BCA data of 16 bytes, parities of 32 bytes (symbols) are calculated. Only the BCA data of 16 bytes and the parities of the former 16 bytes of the 32-byte parities, that is, a total of 32 bytes only, are recorded in a burst cutting area of an optical disc. In decoding, error correction processing is carried out by using the fixed data of 200 bytes. The unrecorded parities of 16 bytes are processed as having been erased. Thus, the error correction capability in a burst cutting area of an optical disc can be improved.

As a disc recording medium on which, for example, digital data such as a high-quality digital video signal is optically recorded, a playback-only DVD (digital versatile disc or digital video disc) has been broadly known. Moreover, as disc recording media which enable writing once or rewriting by using the DVD format, a DVD-R (DVD-recordable), a DVD-RW (DVD-rewritable) and a DVD-RAM (DVD-random access memory) are being popularized.
Furthermore, a next-generation optical disc is to be commercialized which can realize a large capacity of approximately more than 23 gigabytes with a track pitch of 0.32 μm, a scanning density of 0.12 μm/bit and a diameter of 120 mm, by using a combination of a blue laser beam with a wavelength of 405 nm and an objective lens with NA of 0.85. With respect to this next-generation optical disc, a recording layer is formed on a substrate, and a transparent cover layer with a thickness of approximately 0.1 mm is formed on the recording layer. The transparent cover layer has an excellent optical characteristic and it is hard-coated so as to be scratch-proof, for example. The laser beam is cast onto the recording layer via the transparent cover layer having the above-described thickness of 0.1 mm.
By reducing the thickness of the transparent cover layer, the spot diameter of the laser beam on the recording layer can be reduced. However, if the spot diameter is thus reduced, the optical disc becomes more susceptible to a dust particle of a size which would not cause any problem when the spot diameter is large.
Therefore, in the case of recording data onto the next-generation optical disc with a thin transparent cover layer, reinforcement of an error correcting code is necessary. This also applies to a BCA (burst cutting area) on an optical disc where the disc ID is recorded, as well as a data area where content data is recorded.
However, if the error correcting code in the BCA is to be reinforced, the redundancy is increased and the quantity of recordable data is reduced.
On the other hand, if the redundancy is reduced, the error correction capability is lowered.

Information recording device and method, information reproducing device and method, recording medium, program, and disc recording medium


A non-washing soldering flux which is capable of minimizing corrosion and insulation defects due to precipitation of metal salts and cracking of the base resin is disclosed. The flux includes an activator including a dibasic acid with a molecular weight of 250 or less, and a monobasic acid with a molecular weight of from 150 to 300 and/or a dibasic acid with a molecular weight of from 300 to 600. The dibasic acid of molecular weight 250 or less in the flux exhibits sufficient activity, thus ensuring satisfactory solderability. The monobasic acid of molecular weight from 150 to 300 and the dibasic acid of molecular weight from 300 to 600 which are combined therewith promote the activity while also uniformly dispersing the metal salt of the low molecular weight dibasic acid in the flux residue, allowing it to be enveloped by the hydrophobic base resin. For greater cracking resistance, the flux includes at least an acrylic resin of molecular weight 10,000 or less and an activator.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a soldering flux used, for example, for soldering connections of circuit parts and the like to circuit boards provided with suitable metal wiring.
2. Description of the Related Art
Soldering of circuit parts on metal wiring sections of circuit boards requires subsequent removal of solder and metal oxides, etc. on the surface of the boards and prevention of reoxidation of the metal surface during soldering, while it is also necessary to lower the surface tension of the solder in order to accomplish satisfactory soldering. Soldering flux is used for this purpose.
A flux used for this purpose has conventionally incorporated inorganic acids as activators and particularly dibasic acids with relatively low molecular weights (for example molecular weights of 250 and less) have been employed as activators. However, when a synthetic resin is used as the base material, such as in recently used non-washing flux which requires no washing, or even when a rosin is used, when the proportion of rosin is low as with low-residue flux, the organic acid metal salt fails to totally dissolve in the resin and precipitates out in beads on the board. The organic acid in this precipitate is readily decomposed by moisture, becoming a cause of corrosion and insulation defects.
As a result, such non-washing flux is used with a minimal content of the dibasic acid or by replacing the dibasic acid with a monobasic acid. However, although such measures result in improvement from the standpoint of precipitation of the metal salt, the activating power is reduced, and this reduction in the activating power results in many soldering defects.
Conventional fluxes have employed rosins as the base resins However, when a residue remains on the board as in the case of non-washing flux, consequent results are cracking at low temperatures and peeling of the residue by vibrations, etc., thus leading to poor reliability with increased moisture penetration. Therefore, a synthetic resin is sometimes used either alone or in combination with the rosin in the non-washing flux. Yet, although the synthetic resin gives an improved quality to the residue film compared to the rosin alone, cracking and peeling still occur upon repeated temperature cycle tests and impact tests.


A method of retrofitting a probe station having a head plate (12), so that the probe station (10) is adapted to mate with a predetermined probe card dish (16) and any tester (18) out of a set of testers. A depression is then machined into the head plate to create a head plate-tooling plate attachment region. Next, fastening and alignment items are provided and installed in this region. Further, a set of tooling plates (110) are provided, each having fastening and alignment items adapted to mate to the fastening and alignment items on the attachment regions and defining an aperture designed to engage the predetermined probe card dish. The user may then select a desired one of the tooling plates and mate and fasten the selected tooling plate to the head plate-tooling plate attachment region using the alignment and fastening items.

Generally, a number of guides and associated docking equipment pieces are needed to successfully dock a tester to a probe station, a probe card dish and the wafer that the probe card dish supports. Probe stations are generally sold to semiconductor manufacturing facilities with this docking equipment already installed. Accordingly, when a new tester is purchased it is typically necessary to purchase a new probe station fitted with docking equipment to facilitate docking with the new tester. Unfortunately, the docking equipment, which is typically installed by the probe station vendor or a secondary source, generally permits docking to a single make of tester. The installation of docking equipment to permit the use of a different tester with the probe station is referred to in the industry as "hardware swap-out" and results in extensive use of technician time and equipment down time.
It is known to machine a single prober to accept a single tooling plate that permits docking to a desired tester. There appears, however, not to have been an effort in the prior art to produce a set of standardized tooling plates that could each be used on any one of a set of differing probe stations. As a result, only very limited flexibility was gained by this method.
Another issue facing semiconductor manufacturers is the lack of uniformity of head plate apertures, between the various commercial lines of probe stations. The unfortunate result is that there is currently no known technique for mating a probe station having a first head plate aperture size with a tester designed to mate with a prober having a second head plate aperture size.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The present invention provides a method and apparatus for wave field separation. The method includes determining a first operator using marine seismic data acquired at a first depth and receivers deployed at a second depth, determining a second operator using marine seismic data acquired at a second depth, wherein the second depth is greater than the first depth, and forming a de-ghosted data set from the marine seismic data set based upon the first and second operators.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to marine seismic surveying, and, more particularly, to adaptive over/under combination of seismic data acquired in a marine seismic survey.
2. Description of the Related Art
Seismic exploration is widely used to locate and/or survey subterranean geological formations for hydrocarbon deposits. Since many commercially valuable hydrocarbon deposits are located beneath bodies of water, various types of marine seismic surveys have been developed. In a typical marine seismic survey, such as the exemplary survey 100 conceptually illustrated in FIG. 1, marine seismic streamer 105 is towed behind a survey vessel 110. The seismic streamer 105 may be several thousand meters long and contain a large number of sensors 115, such as hydrophones and associated electronic equipment, which are distributed along the length of the each seismic streamer cable 105. The survey vessel 110 also includes one or more seismic sources 120, such as airguns and the like.
As the streamer 105 is towed behind the survey vessel 110, acoustic signals 125, commonly referred to as "shots," produced by the seismic source 120 are directed down through the water column 130 into strata 135, 140 beneath a seafloor 145, where they are reflected from the various subterranean geological formations 150. Reflected signals 155 are received by the sensors 115 in the seismic streamer cable 105, digitized, and then transmitted to the survey vessel 110. The digitized signals are referred to as "traces" and are recorded and at least partially processed by a signal processing unit 160 deployed on the survey vessel 110. The ultimate aim of this process is to build up a representation of the subterranean geological formations 150. Analysis of the representation may indicate probable locations of hydrocarbon deposits in the subterranean geological formations 150.
During a marine seismic survey, the high-frequency content of the acquired seismic data may be increased by deploying the streamer 105 at a shallow depth relative to a surface 165 of the water column 130. However, the low-frequency content of the acquired seismic data, which may be important for stratigraphic and/or structural inversion, may be attenuated when the streamer 105 is deployed at the shallow depth. Thus, the low-frequency content of the acquired seismic data may be enhanced by alternatively deploying the streamer 105 further beneath the surface 165. However, this approach enhances the low-frequency content at the expense of the high-frequency content of the seismic data.
Some of the advantages of deploying the streamer 105 at the shallow depth and some of the advantages of deploying the streamer 105 at a greater depth may be realized in a marine seismic survey that includes streamers 105 deployed at the shallow depth and at the greater depth. For example, a streamer 105 may be deployed at a depth of 6 meters and another streamer 105 may be deployed at a depth of 9 meters. This arrangement of the streamers 105 is sometimes referred to as an over/under combination of the streamers 105. The term "over" is typically associated with the shallow streamer 105 and the term "under" is typically associated with the deep streamer 105. The over/under combination technique is also known as a dual-streamer de-ghosting technique, an acoustic wave field decomposition, and the like. Moreover, the vertically-separated seismic sensors 115 may be referred to as a vertical receiver array.
FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates an alternative embodiment of a conventional system 200 that may be used to perform a marine seismic survey using an over/under combination technique. The system 200 includes a survey vessel 205, which tows a shallow streamer 210(1) and a deep streamer 210(2). The shallow and deep streamers 210(1-2) each include at least one receiver 220(1-2). A source 215 provides a seismic signal 225 that is received by receivers 220(1-2). As indicated in FIG. 2, the source 215 is typically deployed at a different depth than the receivers 220(1-2). One or more ghost signals 230(1-2) are also received by the receivers 220(1-2). Thus, seismic data acquired by the receivers 220(1-2) includes contributions from at least the seismic signal 225(1-2) and the one or more ghost signals 230(1-2).
FIGS. 3A-D conceptually illustrate received seismic signals. In particular, FIGS. 3A and 3B conceptually illustrate a seismic signal that may be received by the shallow streamer 210(1) as a function of time (in FIG. 3A) and as a function of frequency (in FIG. 3B). As shown in FIG. 3A, the seismic signal includes an up-going wave field 310, which is approximately a delta-function corresponding to a flat amplitude spectrum seismic signal 315 in the frequency domain shown in FIG. 3B. A down-going wave field 320, corresponding to a ghost signal, is depicted in FIG. 3A as an approximate delta function with a negative amplitude that arrives at a later time than the up-going wave field 310. The "over" recorded seismic data 325 acquired by the shallow streamer 210(1) is a combination of the up-going wave field 310 and the down-going wave field 320. Accordingly, the "over" recorded seismic data 325 may include one or more notches 330 that may not be present in the flat amplitude spectrum seismic signal 315.
FIGS. 3C and 3D conceptually illustrate a seismic signal that may be received by the deep streamer 210(2) as a function of time (in FIG. 3C) and as a function of frequency (in FIG. 3D). As shown in FIG. 3C, the seismic signal includes an up-going wave field 350, which is approximately a delta-function corresponding to a flat amplitude spectrum seismic signal 355 in the frequency domain shown in FIG. 3D, and a down-going wave field 360, corresponding to a ghost signal, which is depicted in FIG. 3C as an approximate delta function with a negative amplitude that arrives at a later time than the up-going wave field 350. The "under" recorded seismic data 365 acquired by the source 215(2) on the deep streamer 210(2) includes one or more notches 370 that may not be present in the flat amplitude spectrum seismic signal 355.
The notches 330, 370 may result in resolution loss in the acquired seismic data. Thus, over/under combination technique attempts to estimate the up-going and down-going wave fields 310, 350 and 320, 360 by combining the "over" recorded data 325 and the "under" recorded data 365. For example, the up-going wave field 350 and a down-going wave field 360 of the deep streamer 210(2) are separated by a different time lag than the up-going wave field 310 and the down-going wave field 320 of the shallow streamer 210(1). The location of the notches 330, 370 depends on the depth of the streamers 210(1-2) and, consequently, the frequencies of the notches 370 are different than the frequencies of the notches 330. This property may be used to combine the "over" and "under" recorded data 325, 365 to reduce the effect of the notches 330, 370 in the combined data set.
However, independent determinations of the depth of the streamers 210(1-2) are not typically available. Thus, conventional over/under data processing techniques do not account for variations in acquisition parameters, acquisition perturbations, sea height and non-ideal reflectivity, noise, streamer positioning errors, and the like that may reduce the quality of the over/under combination. For example, conventional techniques typically assume a nominal acquisition geometry in which the seismic cables are at a constant depth and are deployed precisely above one another. For another example, one conventional technique further assumes that the sea surface is a flat perfect reflector and applies the corresponding flat sea boundary condition to separate the up-going and down-going wave fields 310, 320, 350, 360, e.g. this conventional over/under data processing technique assumes boundary conditions corresponding to a surface reflectivity of −1 and a 180° phase difference between the up-going and down-going wave fields 310, 320, 350, 360.
The present invention is directed to addressing the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.

Method and apparatus for adaptive over/under combination of seismic data


Focusing that abundant class genes abundantly present in a nucleic acid sample can comparatively easily be analyzed and readily be removed in a selective manner, a nucleic acid sample for expression analysis of rare expressed genes can be obtained by removing abundant genes therefrom, and analyses based upon the sample can be achieved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a preparation method of nucleic acid sample, in particular to a preparation method of nucleic acid sample suitable for analysis of rare expressed genes in the sample, to nucleic acid samples obtained by the preparation method and to an analyzing method using the prepared nucleic acid samples.
2. Description of the Related Art
Constitutive cells of a human body can be classified into 200 or more species, and each one cell type has subtly different subtypes. Each of the cells has a common genome coding for about 10xc3x97104 genes and several ten thousands genes are expressed therein according to its cell type. Investigations on such gene expression have become more important not only for obtaining findings on functions of individual genes but also for clarifying biological phenomena. Detailed analyses on comparatively limited few genes have revealed that plural genes operate in coordination in majority of the biological phenomena. In the course of the human genome project, investigations on networks of genes for macroscopic comprehension of relations between genes and biological phenomena are to start. Under these circumstances, demands have been made to provide techniques for further detailed analyses of a multitude of genes.
Recently, there have been developed analyzing methods of gene expression by the comparison between RNA fingerprintings (e.g., differential display method (Liang, P., and Pardee, A. B. (1992) Science 257,967-971) and molecular index method (Kikuya Kato (1995) Nucleic Acids Res., 23,3685-3690)) and methods using DNA chips, suggesting the possibility of complete analysis of expressed genes.
Expressed Genes can be roughly classified according to its expressing amount into three classes, i.e., abundant class where a gene is expressed 12,000 copies or more per cell, intermediate class where a gene is expressed about 300 copies per cell and rare class where a gene is expressed about 15 copies. In mammals, species of expressed genes amount to several ten thousands per cell and most genes belong to the rare class. In other words, expressed genes in a cell comprise enormous species of rare expressed genes coresident with extremely few species of abundant expressed genes yet expressed on three or four orders of magnitude greater than the rare expressed genes (e.g., Alberts, B., et al. (1989) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd edition, Garland Publishing Inc., NY, USA).
As analyzing methods of rare expressed gene are known an equalized library (Minoru S. H. Ko (1990) Nucleic Acids Res., 18,5705-5711), methods based upon multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction) including the differential display method and the molecular index method, and methods using DNA chips. It is known, however, that the equalized library technique would lose information on expression amounts because the amounts of genes are made uniform among gene species; and that in an analysis using multiplex PCR such as in the differential display method a comparative PCR has a strong bias towards abundant expressed genes to result in less sensitivity than a usual PCR and thereby to fail to detect rare expressed genes (David J. Bertioli, et al. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res., 23,4520-4523).
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a preparation method of nucleic acid sample suitable for analyses of rare expressed genes, and nucleic acid samples prepared thereby, and to provide an analyzing method of rare expressed genes using the prepared nucleic acid samples.
The present inventors focused that abundant expressed gene (abundant class) in a nucleic acid sample can relatively easily be analyzed and readily removed in a selective manner, as there is a strong bias towards abundant expressed genes in the process of gene expression analysis using the differential display method, and hence the expression analysis of rare expressed genes using a nucleic acid obtained by removing abundant expressed genes in advance from a nucleic acid sample to be analyzed is expected to achieve higher precision. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of the above findings.

Preparation method of nucleic acid sample for rare expressed genes and analyzing method using the prepared nucleic acid samples thereby


The present disclosure relates to a distribution board ventilation system including a circulation chamber serving as a passage for air circulation and arc discharge; a first compartment provided at one surface of the circulation chamber; a second compartment which is adjacent to the first compartment and provided at the other surface adjacent to the one surface of the circulation chamber; a first discharge door mounted on the one surface of the circulation chamber to open the first compartment; a second discharge door mounted on the other surface of the circulation chamber to open the second compartment; and a linking means which is mounted between the first discharge door and the second discharge door and ensures that the open states of the first discharge door and the second discharge door are mutually exclusive.

In general, a distribution board (or a switchboard) is a device used for monitoring, controlling and protecting power system. The distribution board accommodates therein various electric devices such as a circuit breaker, a current transformer, and the like for driving or controlling a power plant, a substation, etc., driving an electric motor, and the like.
When an arc is generated in such distribution board due to a short-circuit, a ground fault, dielectric breakdown, or the like, arc gas of high temperature and high pressure is generated in the distribution board. The distribution board shall be capable of rapidly discharging arc gas of high temperature and high pressure generated due to such faults to outside so as to protect electric devices thereof and lives.
Therefore, the distribution board is provided with a duct to construct a route (or path) through which arc gas is discharged. Arc gas generated inside the distribution board may be discharged to outside through the duct provided in the distribution board.
In order to reduce damage to surroundings caused by the high-temperature gas discharged outside, the arc gas needs to be cooled or slowed down when discharged through such an arc ventilation passage or a duct.
In addition, in the distribution board, each of compartments is provided with a discharge door so that the arc is discharged from each of the compartments to the outside.
FIG. 1 shows a distribution board structure according to the related art.
A distribution board 1 according to the related art includes a first compartment 2 provided at a lower stage, a second compartment 3 provided at an upper stage, a bus bar compartment 4 and a cable compartment 5 provided at rear sides of the first compartment 2 and the second compartment 3 to accommodate therein electric devices such as a circuit breaker. A low voltage compartment 6 is interposed between the first compartment 2 and the second compartment 3.
Further, an arc ventilation duct 7 is interposed between the first compartment 2 and the second compartment 3.
A first discharge door 8a is provided between the first compartment 2 and the arc ventilation duct 7, and a second discharge door 8b is provided between the bus bar compartment 4 and the arc ventilation duct 7. When an arc is generated in the first compartment 2 or in the bus bar compartment 4, the first discharge door 8a or the second discharge door 8b is opened so that the arc is discharged through the arc ventilation duct 7.
Meanwhile, a third discharge door 8c, a fourth discharge door 8d, and a fifth discharge door 8e are each provided at an upper surface of each of the second compartment 3, the bus bar compartment 4, and the cable compartment 5, so that high-temperature and high-pressure gas is discharge when an arc is generated.
Meanwhile, there is also needed a cooling system for lowering temperature inside the distribution board. In other words, a vent or a door for air circulation shall be provided to facilitate ventilation inside the distribution board 1. And, the door shall be opened.
In summary, in the distribution board, the door needs to have conflicting functions because the door should be closed in a steady state from a viewpoint of preparing for an arc accident, and should normally be opened from a viewpoint of internal ventilation.


The present invention discloses a system and a method for creating, editing, reusing and presenting of scenarios. The scenario may comprise events, where each event nay comprise instance and/or class components. The system may comprise a processor and a GUI that is object oriented. The GUI may allow a user to graphically edit, create and define operations upon scenarios, events and events' components; and static and dynamic presentations of the scenario, the events that are associated with the scenario and the events' components. The processor may enable translating the graphical operations into programming code to be executed by a computer. The system may enable a multiplicity of users to reuse and customize template scenarios where upon downloading a template scenario the system may replace all the instance components with their associated class components.

More and more users use software solutions for various types of processes and scenario management. Some processes may be complex and involve a multiplicity of actions, events, people, a multiplicity of services' providers, participants, tools, materials and the like.
A patent number WO2006055803, by Kulatilake Siranjana discloses a system for projects management, where the GUI provides a plurality of selectable project-parameters. The user may select parameters from a plurality of object parameters and display the objects chronologically.
A patent number U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,911, by Berg William C. and Newman Reynaldo W. Discloses a method and a system for managing of workflows. The workflows include a number of steps having step encapsulations and dependency relationships.
Although the two above patent applications disclose methods or systems for representing of project related parameters in a time-schedule representation that associates the objects or tasks to the time frame and to the projects and the projects parameters—none of the above patents and patent applications discloses a graphical operation, creating and managing of the parameters, where the tasks and/or the scenarios are reusable and may be distributed by users, created by users and/or downloaded as templates. Furthermore, none of the applications above discloses a system or a method that includes a dynamic graphical representation of the relation between the scenario's or processes parameters and objects—where the tasks relating to the same project are presented in a movie-view.
Moreover, the above patents and patent applications do not relate to sharing of informative data between users and do not allow users to customize templates.
A patent number US2004199369, by Freidman Jonathan Michael and Fishman Flynn Devynn discloses a time-based modeling system and method that comprises a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables displaying of time-related properties selectable by the user. Additionally, Freidman and Fishman's application discloses an optional feature that allows the user to investigate changes to the model and directly view the results of the changes that were made.
Although Freidman and Fishman's application enables the users to view selected properties in a graphical presentation as well as changes made in the model, Freidman and Fishman's application does not allow a dynamic graphical presentation of the entire flow of the model, and/or sharing of properties and services between users.
A patent number U.S. Pat. No. 5,893,074, by Hughes Michael and Gira Glen discloses a network based task management system where each task involves a contract between a supplier and a receiver, and results in production of a "products". The suppliers as well as the receivers can enter data concerning of products.
Additionally, a patent number U.S. Pat. No. 6,810,383, by Loveland James B, discloses an automated task management and evaluation system that allows a remote access to interested parties, such as services providers, to perform estimates or to bid on projects.
Although Hughes and Gira's as well as Loveland's patent applications disclose tasking systems that allow sharing of databases that relate to providers of services according to the activity type selected by the users—their applications do not disclose dynamic or static graphical management operation or representation of the providers of services and/or of the tasks that relate to the project along the timeframe. Meaning that to create or edit a template the user uses graphical tools that can be translated into operational functions of the computer.
Hughes and Gira's as well as Loveland's patent applications do not disclose systems that include GUI options that allow the user to create manage and view a project and its tasks graphically. Moreover, Hughes and Gira's as well as Loveland's patent applications do not disclose systems that allow saving or sharing templates of projects or tasks.
A patent number EP1650700, by Hatoun George E. and Aziz Imran discloses a system that allows users to create templates of workflows and to turn a template into an actual procedure. However, Hatoun and Imran's system does not include graphical icons and tools by which the project workflow is performed, created or presented. Moreover, the presentation of the workflow is static and does not include a dynamic presentation of the flow. Additionally Hatoun and Imran's system does not allow reuse of objects and components of the workflow and/or sharing of said objects in an object oriented design.

System and method for graphical creation, editing and presentation of scenarios


A cable management unit having a base section and a top section, the base section and the top section defining a space therebetween, a plurality of distribution walls coupled between the base section and the top section and having a front surface facing the space and a back surface facing away from the space, an electronic device disposed within the space, and a plurality of ports disposed on the back surface of the contiguous section of the plurality of distribution walls and each having a port surface extending beyond the back surface of the contiguous section.

1. Field of Invention
The disclosure relates to providing a high-density power distribution unit with an integrated cable management. More specifically, the disclosure relates to a novel power distribution unit enabling multiple cables to be received at one unit with minimal cable interference.
2. Description of Related Art
In a conventional power distribution unit, input receptacles are located in the front and rear faces of the conventional power distribution unit because there often is an inadequate amount of space in the rear of the conventional power distribution unit to handle all of the input receptacles.
For example, the conventional 1 U power distribution unit may not have enough space to have 24 receptacles in the rear for 24 cables. However, by having the cables plugged into the front and the rear of the conventional power distribution unit, the cables in the front of the conventional power distribution unit need to be routed to the rear of the power distribution unit for connection to the power supplies or other components. This could cause problems with the cable lengths, access, airflow, tangling, or dislodging of the connections between the cables and the ports.
Therefore, there is a need for a method and apparatus to provide a high-density power distribution unit with improved cable management ability.

Method and apparatus for high-density power distribution unit with integrated cable management


An apparatus and a method for maintaining an output voltage of a charge pump circuit near a target voltage is disclosed. A regulated supply voltage is generated based on the output voltage of the charge pump. The regulated supply voltage is applied to a voltage input to the charge pump circuit and to a voltage input of a clock driver that provides a regulated clock signal to the charge pump circuit.

High voltages are commonly used in certain integrated circuit applications, such as non-volatile memory. Typically, lower voltages that are more readily available are boosted to produce the higher voltage levels used by such applications. In the specific case of non-volatile memory, the high voltages are used to program or erase memory cells. For example, a high positive voltage can be used to program a non-volatile memory cell, while a high negative voltage can be used to erase a memory cell.
A charge pump is one type of circuit that can be used to generate these high positive and negative voltages. Although many types of charge pumps exist, most charge pumps generally operate in similar fashion. A typical charge pump receives an input from a voltage source, then boosts the input voltage to produce a higher output voltage.
The boosted output voltage of a charge pump is not perfectly stable, but may be characterized by variation in the voltage level called a ripple voltage. Excessive ripple in the output voltage can cause problems in applications for which the output voltage is used. For example, a non-volatile memory may specify a minimum voltage level to reliably program a cell. If excess ripple causes the voltage level to drop below this minimum voltage level, the reliability of a programming operation using the output voltage can be degraded.
In addition, ripple in the output voltage can also inject noise to the rest of the circuit. The output voltage may ripple at a particular frequency, thus generating noise at that frequency. In some cases, the ripple frequency is not constant, such that noise resulting from the ripple voltage is more difficult to filter.


This invention relates to a lubricating composition comprising a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and at least one metal-free thiophosphorus acid ester, at least one amine salt of the thiophosphorus acid ester, or a mixture thereof, wherein the thiophosphorus acid ester contains at least one hydrocarbyl terminated oxyalkylene group, at least one hydrocarbyl terminated polyoxyalkylene group, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the thiophosphorus acid ester is a thiophosphorus acid ester represented by the following formula ##STR1## wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.3 are oxygen or sulfur, provided that at least one of X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.3 is sulfur; R.sub.1 is a hydrocarbyl group; R.sub.2 is an alkylene group; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group; x is a number from 1 to about 40; and a is 0, 1, or 2, or at least one salt of the thiophosphorus acid ester. The lubricating compositions, functional fluids and greases have improved antiwear/extreme pressure properties and improved antioxidation properties. In functional fluids, the thiophosphorus acid esters and their salts act as antiwear agents and rust inhibitors.

An ongoing problem in the area of lubricating machinery is improving the lubricants ability to prevent metal-on-metal contact. Previously, phosphorus esters were used, often in combination with other additives, to provide antiwear and extreme pressure protection to lubricants. Additionally, today the design of equipment has forced the operation temperatures into higher regions. These increased temperatures in combination with oxygen may oxidize the lubricant. It would be advantageous to have additives which improve the antiwear and extreme pressure protection of the lubricant while also providing good antioxidation protection.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,905,683, issued to Goldsmith, relates to ether containing esters of dithiophosphoric acids and salts thereof. The dithiophosphric acid esters have ether containing radicals.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,214,423, issued to Zech et al, relates to thiophosphates of polyoxyethylene compounds. The thiophosphates are derived from the reaction of polyoxyethylene derivatives of fatty alcohols, fatty amines, fatty amides, fatty acids, hydroxy esters of fatty acids and alkyl phenols having from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. The thiophosphates are water soluble and are useful as an aqueous coolant for metal cutting.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,032, issued to Wiley et al, relates to metal dialkyl dithiophosphates. The dialkyldithiophosphates are prepared from oxyalkylated long straight chain alcohols, acid, and mercaptans. These materials are useful in lubricants such as automatic transmission fluids.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,672, issued to Brecker et al, relates to functional fluids and lubricants with improved water tolerance by including alkoxypolyethyleneoxy acid phosphite ester additives.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,531, issued Walters et al, relates to polyalkylene glycol lubricants compositions. The lubricants include (a) sulfur containing antiwear or extreme pressure agent, (b) an amine salt of a partially esterified monothiophosphoric acid, and (c) an amine salt of a partially esterified phosphoric acid.

Lubricating compositions, functional fluids and greases containing thiophosphorus esters or their salts with a oxyalkylene group, and methods of using the same


A rotary valve thermal oxidizer including an interfacial seal disposed between rotating and fixed valve portions to prevent the mixing of treated and untreated gas streams. In a preferred embodiment, the valve sealing device includes a flowable sealing material contained within a receptacle, and contacted by a partition nested within the receptacle. Other sealing devices, as well as purge and/or sealing gases, may be employed to prevent leakage, while avoiding the use of machined parts.

This invention generally relates to multi-chambered thermal oxidizers that employ a rotary valve. More specifically, the invention relates to sealing apparatus used with such devices for preventing the unwanted mixing of treated and untreated gases.
Thermal oxidizers such as regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) are known (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,026,277 and 5,352,115), and are used for oxidizing pollutants, such as hydrocarbon vapors in air. In a conventional "reverse flow" RTO, a pollutant-laden gas to be cleaned is directed through a first "hot" heat exchanger and then into a combustion chamber; the oxidized gas is then directed out of the combustion chamber and through a second "cool" heat exchanger. This flow through the heat exchanging beds is then reversed. By alternating the flow of cool gas to be cleaned through the "hot" heat exchanger, and moving the hot cleaned gas from the combustion chamber and through the "cool" heat exchanger, an RTO can continuously operate to efficiently oxidize pollutant-laden gases.
Manufacturers always seek higher destruction efficiencies for thermal oxidizers, while balancing the costs toward obtaining this goal against fabrication and use costs. The destruction efficiency of an RTO is dependent, in part, on the effectiveness of the valve seals in preventing the untreated, pollutant-laden process stream from exiting the exhaust stack without first passing through the combustion chamber. With conventional, multi-bed RTOs, multiple poppet and butterfly valves and/or diverter dampers are used, which typically employ either a tadpole or metal-to-metal seat.
Rotary valve, "single-can" RTOs have also become commercially available. These are multi-chamber thermal oxidizers that employ a rotary valve assembly, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,280,416 to Edgerton, 5,016,547 to Salem and 5,460,789 to Eisenmann. Rotary valve RTOs have several advantages over conventional RTOs. They can be made more economically, and do not require multiple butterfly or poppet valves. Also, rotary valve RTOs provide a smoother flow of the process gas through the device than conventional RTOs, since there are lower pressure fluctuations in the process duct work as a result of the absence of abrupt flow reversals.
Rotary valve RTOs present a new and different sealing problem, however, since sealing must be accomplished across the interface of the rotating and fixed valve portions, to avoid unwanted mixing of the untreated and treated gas streams. Rotary valve RTOs have used either a metallic wiper seal and/or a close-tolerance (machined) gap seal to minimize leakage between the fixed and rotating portions of the device, with or without the use of "sealing" or "purge" gas. There are disadvantages to each of these approaches.
With a "wiper" seal design, a wear surface is placed on a fixed portion of the valve while the rotating section is allowed to make sliding contact with the wear surface. However, the wear surface eventually needs to be replaced. Also, the nature of the valve design and the placement of flow passages make it difficult to access the inner sealing surfaces for repair or replacement.
A close-tolerance seal may also be used, but it is difficult and expensive to fabricate, particularly with the large valves used in RTO applications, which may be 5-12 feet in diameter. Since a precisely-machined valve seal is difficult to achieve, past rotary valve devices have also used a volume of clean, pressurized "sealing" or "purge" gas to minimize cross-contamination.
As used here, "purge" gas refers to a clean gas used to displace untreated vapors in the oxidizer bed, while "sealing" gas refers to a separating clean air curtain provided at a higher pressure than the process stream, to prevent one gas from mixing with another adjacent gas. As used here, purge gas under either negative (vacuum) or positive pressure may be employed.
As discussed below, a primary advantage of the present invention is realized through the use of a "sand seal". Sand seals have long been used in kiln applications as a draft seal. However, it is not believed known to use a sand seal in connection with a rotary valve thermal oxidizer.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a more efficient yet economical rotary valve thermal oxidizer that employs superior valve sealing devices.


A window covers a display panel including a display area for displaying an image and a non-display area neighboring the display area by a resin. The window includes a window main body including a transmitting area corresponding to the display area and a blocking area neighboring the transmitting area and corresponding to the non-display area; a light blocking layer provided on the window main body corresponding to the blocking area; and a contamination preventing layer provided on a region of the window main body located near or at a border line between the transmitting area and the blocking area. The contamination preventing layer contacts the resin.

1. Field
The described technology relates generally to a window for covering a display device, and a window manufacturing method.
2. Description of the Related Technology
As a display device which displays an image, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display has come into the spotlight in recent years.
Since the organic light emitting diode (OLED) display has a self-light emitting characteristic so that a separate light source is not required, unlike a liquid crystal display (LCD), its thickness and a weight may be reduced. Further, because the OLED display has high quality characteristics such as low power consumption, high luminance, and high reaction speed, the OLED display is appropriate for use in a mobile electronic device.
Recently, a touch sensor has been formed on a display panel such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display so as to manufacture a slim display module such as a smart phone, and a display panel array manufactured by laminating a window on a display panel by using a resin is supplied to display module manufacturers.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the described technology and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Window for covering display device, method for manufacturing window, display device, and method for manufacturing display device


A temperature monitor which determines the operating temperature of an integrated circuit chip. The temperature monitor includes a delay line made up of serially connected delay cells. The propagation time of a signal through the delay cells is determined and this value is correlated to a signal representative of chip temperature. Chip temperature values are stored in a memory to produce an operating history of chip temperatures.

In an integrated circuit chip, the various functions performed by the logic elements on the chip are dependent on variations in chip operating conditions. These chip operating conditions include the chip operating temperature. Chips are often contained in enclosures which experience extreme variations in temperature that can lead to poor chip performance or even chip failure.
When a chip fails to perform properly or crashes, any one of a variety of factors could be the cause. In order to determine the exact cause of a chip failure, complex recorders may be used to store information on the operating state of the chip before the failure. These recorders can store specific information on the chip temperature, chip operating voltages and other process variables. However, this may require the use of complex analog sensors or fast analog-to digital (A/D) converters which can detect and report the status of these variables on a real time basis. These recorders may also store the states in various registers located on the chip at predetermined intervals.
A drawback with such recorders is the large amount of space that they consume on the chip and the increased amount of processing necessary to continually update the status of all the variables. Another drawback is that analog sensors are often sensitive to noise caused by digital switching operations and other factors. Additionally, the cost of such recorders with a number of analog sensors increases with the complexity of the particular device.
Hence, a need exists for providing a temperature monitor that can monitor the temperature conditions of the chip itself without requiring extensive processing or memory space. It additionally is desirable to provide a temperature monitor using digital logic elements that can be updated based on current chip conditions and can be integrated into a digital design.

Chip temperature monitor using delay lines


This information processing system (100) comprises an information processing device (1) and a display input device (2). The information processing device (1) generates workflows (5) for using a preset second object to perform second processing on the condition that preset first processing has been performed using a preset first object. The information processing device (1) displays, on the display input device (2), a list of the written workflows (5). The information processing device (1) displays combined images (90) representing the workflows (5) in the list. The combined images (90) are images combining an image representing the first object and an image representing the second object.

Software often incorporates a plurality of functions (components). It is often allowed to select desired components out of one software package to build one piece of software. One example of technology that allows the building of component-based software is disclosed in Patent Document 1 identified below.
Specifically, Patent Document 1 discloses an information processing apparatus in which: for each component program that is created in advance as a program component, a set of function information indicating the function of the component program and the belonging group of the function and group information indicating belonging groups compatible with the component program is stored; after an icon to which one set out of respective sets for component programs is displayed on a display screen, sets having the function information on the function belonging to the belonging group indicated by the group information included in the one set that is set are searched for; set information indicating the found sets is displayed in a list on the display screen; an icon corresponding to the belonging group indicated by the group information included in one set is displayed as a subsequent icon; out of the set information displayed in a list on the display screen, one piece of set information is selected based on a selection instruction from a user; the set indicated by the selected piece of set information is set as the subsequent icon; and sets respectively set for icons are output as setting information for coupling together the component programs respectively corresponding to the sets. With this configuration, an environment for the building of component-based software is proposed (see Patent Document 1; claim 1, paragraph [0006], etc.).

Information processing system, information processing method, and information processing apparatus


A method of providing an engine family includes providing a first engine having a low pressure turbine driving a low pressure compressor at a first speed ratio, and a high pressure turbine driving a high pressure compressor. The method includes providing a second engine by changing the first speed ratio of the first engine to a second speed ratio.

In pursuit of achieving a high performance engine, several legacy engine designs are based on a point design philosophy for a given power level. This approach is typically combined with the use of specific technologies, e.g. engine architecture, compressor design and turbine technologies, and tailor-scaling them to address the desired engine power size. The scaling approach reduces the cost of the technology development but still requires recurrent engine development and certification cost for each application. An example case illustrating this design approach is PW300 turbofan engine family.
Optimized to the customer request, these engines are optimized for low fuel consumption at its output power category. Any re-use of a given design at a different power level to cover a larger power range may however result in overweight/underperforming engine at the bottom power range or, conversely, a potential compromise in durability at the top power range.


Air gap-insulated exhaust pipe (2) with a sliding fit (16) between two inner pipe sections (12, 14) in a middle area of the length of the exhaust pipe (2). A radial mounting (26) of the inner pipe (6) in the outer pipe (4) is provided in the area of a bend (20) or beyond the bend (20), which joins the leg (18) of the exhaust pipe (2) in which the sliding fit (16) is located. In terms of manufacturing technique, the radial mounting (26) may be prepared before or after the bending of the double-pipe arrangement. The sliding fit (16) may be prepared, even in the case of a straight exhaust pipe, manifold, or the like, by using a spacer sleeve (40) and joint calibration of the pipe ends of the inner pipe sections (12, 14), and the spacer sleeve burns off at the time the exhaust pipe is put into operation for the first time. As an alternative, the sliding fit (16) may also be prepared by polygon calibration and rotating the pipe ends by half the pitch of the polygon.

Air gap-insulated, double-walled exhaust pipes have been increasingly used especially in exhaust systems of motor vehicles, primarily for the area between the internal combustion engine or its exhaust manifold, which collects the exhaust gases from a plurality of cylinders, and an exhaust gas catalytic converter; the latter normally has one or more exhaust gas treatment bodies of large inner surface, through which bodies exhaust gas can flow. The treatment bodies are coated with a catalytically active substance, wherein the exhaust gas treatment bodies are mounted in a sheet-metal housing. Air gap-insulated exhaust pipes bring about a reduction in the release of heat by the exhaust gases to the environment, so that the exhaust gas flows into the exhaust gas catalytic converter at a higher temperature than in the case of a single-walled exhaust pipe. This is significant especially during the warm-up period of the internal combustion engine, because the exhaust gas treatment body will thus rapidly reach its operating temperature. In addition, a relatively thin-walled inner pipe made of a high-temperature-resistant material and an outer pipe of greater wall thickness made of a less expensive material can advantageously be used.
Since the inner pipe of air gap-insulated exhaust pipes reaches considerably higher operating temperatures than the outer pipe, and it frequently consists of a material different from that of the outer pipe, there will be differences in thermal expansion between the inner pipe and the outer pipe during operation. Depending on the length of the air gap-insulated exhaust pipes and the temperature difference between the inner pipe and the outer pipe, there will be differences in length between the inner pipe and the outer pipe, which may easily amount to a few mm. Such differences in length must be compensated, and the provision of a sliding fit between the inner pipe and the outer pipe at one end of the exhaust pipe has hitherto been a common practice. However, particularly if the exhaust pipe has a bend, problems will arise in this simple design, because some areas of the inner pipe will come very close to the outer pipe during heating, which entails the risk of noise generation due to metallic impacts.
The idea of rigidly connecting the inner pipe at both ends to the outer pipe and of providing a sliding fit between two inner pipe sections somewhere between the ends of the exhaust pipe has already been proposed. However, such exhaust pipes have not yet been able to be manufactured economically if a radial mounting of the inner pipe in the outer pipe is to be present somewhere between the ends of the exhaust pipe. Such a radial mounting is especially advantageous in the case of relatively long or bent exhaust pipes. In such cases, the only possibility has hitherto been to cut through the double-walled exhaust pipe, bent to its final shape, at right angles at a point, and to subsequently prepare the sliding fit there between the two inner pipe sections, as well as a radial mounting of the inner pipe in the outer pipe, after which the exhaust pipe was again welded together at the point of separation. Thus, the sliding fit and the radial mounting are practically inherently located at the same point of the length of the exhaust pipe. The described manner of manufacture is cumbersome and expensive.

Air gap-insulated exhaust pipe and process for manufacturing same


Disclosed herein are multicomponent fibers, and particularly sheath-and-core type multicomponent fibers including elastic polymers. The multicomponent fibers have at least three cross sectional elements, wherein a first cross sectional element is an outer sheath element, the second cross sectional element is an inner sheath element, and the third cross sectional element may be either a hollow element or a filled core element.

Many of the medical care garments and products, protective wear garments, mortuary and veterinary products, and personal care products in use today are partially or wholly constructed of extruded filamentary or fibrous web materials such as nonwoven web materials. Examples of such products include, but are not limited to, medical and health care products such as surgical drapes, gowns and bandages, protective workwear garments such as coveralls and lab coats, and infant, child and adult personal care absorbent articles such as diapers, training pants, disposable swimwear, incontinence garments and pads, sanitary napkins, wipes and the like. Other uses for nonwoven web materials include veterinary and mortuary products and materials, geotextiles and house wrap materials. For these applications nonwoven web materials provide functional, tactile, comfort and/or aesthetic properties that can approach or even exceed those of traditional woven textiles or knitted cloth materials.
The composition of the fibers in a fabric such as a nonwoven web has a significant impact on the functional, tactile, comfort and/or aesthetic properties of the fabric or material. As an example, the fibers of nonwoven webs are often made of or include one or more thermoplastic polymers having different physical properties that can affect the properties of the web material. For example, nonwoven web materials made from elastic polymer fibers may desirably impart properties of stretch and recovery, which can provide for articles or selected portions of articles having improved wearer body fit or body conformance.
However, elastic polymers and fibers and fabrics made from elastic polymers tend to have unpleasant tactile aesthetic properties, such as feeling rubbery or tacky to the touch, making them unpleasant and uncomfortable against a wearer's skin. Nonwoven webs and fibers made from non-elastic polymers, on the other hand, tend to feel more cloth-like to the skin, having better tactile, comfort and aesthetic properties. Therefore, it would be desirable to be able to make elastic-containing elements of nonwoven fabrics which have improved tactile or skin-feel aesthetics. In addition, because nonwoven materials are often utilized in limited- or single-use disposable products, and elastic polymers generally are considerably more expensive than the non-elastic polymers typically used in nonwoven materials, there remains a need for reducing the cost of producing elastic-containing elements of nonwoven fabrics.

Multicomponent fiber including elastic elements