Kit of building blocks for constructing educational electronic circuits comprising a ferromagnetic base plate (10) with the diagram (21) of the circuit to construct. A transparent plastic sheet (30) covers the diagram. A group of magnets (40, 41) rest on the plastic sheet attracted by the plate (10). The surface of the magnets (40, 41) is electrically conducting. A plurality of building blocks can be detachably mounted on the magnets (40, 41), each magnet (41) connecting the steel sheets (702) of the building blocks that rest on it. The steel sheets of the blocks are designed so that the attraction forces that arise between the magnets and the sheets drive the modules exactly to a desired equilibrium position.

Several systems are known in the art for learning electronics by setting-up circuits; below can be found a classification of the most important ones following the excellent topological analysis made by Mr. Reinhard Niehoff in his website called Erinacom.
2.1. Classification of the Known Systems
2.1.1. Systems in which the Connections Among Elements is Done through Cables (Verdrahtungssysteme in German).
In these systems the base panel solely accomplishes the function of supporting the modular pieces; the panel does not have any electrical function. Among these we can distinguish:
184.108.40.206. Open systems (Offenes Verdrahtungssystem): in these, the modular elements to be used are chosen from a "warehouse" and are fixed to the panel. The selected elements are later on connected through cables, wires, etc. In many of these systems the electronic components are fixed to small non-conductive cassette decks; this protects the components and makes them easier to use. Devices can be fixed to these cassette decks as a bridge between the leads of the electronic components and the cables that make the connections among decks. Normally, devices that allow connection of more than one cable with a component lead are used to achieve electric contact. Typical systems are those that use clamps (Klemmen in German), or plugs and sockets. When substitution of one element with another is desired, the element is simply disconnected and replaced with the new element, and once again the electric connections are to be done. An advantage of this system is that the elements can be easily laid out either very far or very near from the others. This can be interesting, for example, if one wants to minimize electromagnetic emissions or adapt it to a very large space, respectively. Notable examples of open systems are, among others, the Radiomann system of the German enterprise Kosmos. Initially, the contacts were done with clamps of screws and, later on, with clamps of flexible metal sheets. This system was available from 1934 until approximately 1972, when the Kosmotronik system was introduced and, later on, Electric X, which are characterized by a different set-up method: a network of straps. Another system of this type is that of another German enterprise, Busch.22.214.171.124. Closed systems (Geschlossenes Verdrahtungssystem): in these systems all the electronic components are fixed in an irremovable way to a panel. Next to each component are also fixed the means to connect the component to the interconnection cables. These connection means are permanently joined together to the leads of the electronic components. To achieve a circuit, one simply makes the necessary connections. The advantage of this system is that the components never get lost; the main disadvantage is that once the assembly has been done, it is very difficult to distinguish the electrical plan and understand its operation. Oftentimes the cables form a genuine puzzle and one easily commits errors. Another disadvantage is that many of the connections have to be made with long cables since the components are distant from each other. Still another negative factor is that the components cannot be increased, the assemblies have to be necessarily set up with the parts that come with it from its manufacturing.2.1.2. Contact network systems (Knotenraster): in these systems the contacts among the different elements are not done through cable but rather they are done in specific places of the contact network that the panel has. That is, in these systems the panel does not only undertake a support function but also an electrical function. The contact network of the panel can take different forms and the contacts done through varied means (clamps, springs, clips, screws, etc.). The contact network systems are undoubtedly the most elegant, above all, because the assemblies are very visual and look like the circuit diagram. Another advantage is that it is very easy to substitute an element with that of another of the same family but of different value. There are different types of contact networks and below are mentioned the more important ones:184.108.40.206. Network of contact points (Einfache Knotenraster): This system is also known as grid of contacts. This is the simplest and most basic network. It consists of establishing a network of contacts in the panel, in each one of which it is possible to connect one or various leads of the electronic components. In this way, when two or more leads coincide in one point, the leads become connected. In the network of contact points, the connections occur when two or more leads come in direct contact with each other. What the springs, clamps, etc. do is press together the leads. In order to achieve a network system of contact points, some preliminary conditions should be present. In the first place, the contact points should be made with parts that accept leads, cables, wires, etc. that accede the point from any direction. This is the purpose served, for example, of the springs placed in a vertical position with respect to the panel or the clamps (Klemmen in German). In the second place, the electronic components should be adequate; among others, the electronic components of the SMD type (Surface Mounted Device) are of no use because they do not have any leads. Of no use either are components with short leads that do not manage to reach two adjacent points in the contact network, or components so big that they exceed the distance between two adjacent points in the contact grid. One of the most representative examples of the system of contact points is the Philips system which dominated the sector between the years 1963 and 1983 approximately. What is most distinctive in the Philips system are the springs with which the contacts are done. These springs consist of two parts: a fastener that is introduced through the rear side of the perforated panel, and the spring itself, which surrounds the fastener in the front side of the panel. The spring pushes down the cables introduced by the fastener creating in that manner electrical contact. Although in the Philips system springs are placed only on determined points of the grid, this detail does not alter its operating principle, in such a way that this method can be perfectly classified under this present section.184.108.40.206. Network of crosses (Kreuzknotenraster): in the network of crosses there is no direct contact between leads. Each lead of a component touches a single contact, and each contact touches only a lead, or none. Electrical connection between leads is achieved because the contacts are joined together inside or over the panel. Usually, the contacts are grouped into groups of four. These groups, depending on the system, form a cross, a square, lines, etc. In these networks, the leads of the components are usually not found in a parallel plane to the panel but rather the leads are usually found perpendicular to the panel. The circuits done with these networks are simple and easy to manage. However, it is a system that requires a lot of space, above all for the components which have more than two contacts. The cross system, given the large space it needs, is used above all in the professional sector, such as in schools and universities, and more concretely, to put up assemblies in front of a class, as a demonstration. The usual contacts used are the typical banana connector of 4 mm.22.214.171.124. Network of squares (Quadratknotenraster): this system is similar to the prior one. Their only difference lies in the groups of contacts, whereas before they were a cross, now they are squares. This is achieved simply by rotating the groups 45°. This difference has at least one major consequence: now each contact can accept both horizontal as well as vertical units. This allows the parts to be placed in a more versatile way and occupy lesser space. On the other hand, the assemblies lose some of the clarity that they had in the cross network. A very common example of this type of system is the Spanish system Scatron. The details of this can be found in the patent document number ES 445733 A184.108.40.206.4. Network of strips of contacts (Streifenraster): here the contacts are placed in a linear manner, either horizontal or vertically. The number of contacts in each strip varies from one system to another, but the usual number is that of four or five. As examples of this system we can cite that of "Electronic XN" and "Electronic X", of the German enterprise Kosmos.188.8.131.52. Breadboards: the network of strips of contacts reminds us very much of the breadboards that are found in electronic shops. These boards are usually formed by rows of five contacts and not of four. These rows are very close to each other, the usual distance is that of 2.54 mm, 0.1 inches, which is the standard distance of the pins of integrated circuits. In this way, the integrated circuits can be directly plugged to the board without using any type of adapter. It is important to note that these boards are rather a base to place the components, with an almost one-dimensional layout, unlike the networks that we have been referring to, which have a two-dimensional character. In order to achieve a two-dimensional network with these assembly boards, it is necessary to use more than one board and place them side by side. In these boards it is necessary to use many cables to connect the components that are distant from each other. This is a very usual practice and it can almost be said that even if they geometrically form part of the network of contacts systems, in reality they are a cabled system. Just like in the cabled systems, the assemblies done over these boards are very difficult to follow and distinguish. Nonetheless, they do have some clear advantages, such as that the assemblies occupy very little space, or that integrated circuits can be connected directly.188.8.131.52. Hook-up network (Kopplungsraster): in the networks mentioned up to the moment, each group normally presented four contacts. However, in the hook-up network, each group makes use of only two contacts hence each group allows only the communication of two leads or pins of electronic components. If a ramification needs to be done, special parts need to be connected. The main disadvantage of this system is the cost and the large space necessary for its assembly. A famous example of this type is the Lectron system. In this system the contacts are not done in the panel, but rather take place in the adjacent sides of the parts where the electronic components are contained. The containers are cubical and the contacts take place in the adjacent sides of the cubes which aside from having a metallic side also have magnets so that contact can be easily done.2.1.3. Ideal Characteristics:
Each one of the previous systems has advantages and disadvantages. It seems difficult to find a system that fully complies with all the ideal requirements, which could be the following: That the circuit assembled over the panel be easy to distinguish visually. There are systems wherein once the circuit has been assembled, although it may function, is difficult to visually distinguish the path of the current and appreciate its topology. A quick, simple and intuitive delineation is fundamental in order to capture what the circuit wants to show. This is also very important for distinguishing errors and for comparing the assembly with the model that comes with the instructions.
That the Circuit be Easy to Assemble Following the Enclosed Circuit Diagram:
This point is related to the previous one. When the one that is assembling the circuit does not understand well its functioning, it has to follow the diagram which comes with the assembly instructions. The clearer the graphical representation of the assembly to be done, the easier will be its execution.
That Free Circuits be Easy to Assemble:
Free circuits should be easy to build. Free circuits are those devised by the user. If, in order to assemble one's own circuit, it is necessary to embark on a thorough prior planning, it is possible that such difficulty will hamper the creative and experimental inclinations of the beginner. This is very crucial when there is a need to make some corrections or modifications to the topology.
That Some Elements can be Easily Substituted with Another:
When one is learning electronics or experimenting with new circuits, it is essential that an element can be easily changed with another of different magnitude; this applies to resistors, condensers, inductances, etc.
That the Assemblies Occupy Little Space:
The more compact the assemblies, the less space they occupy, the more complex the circuits that can be assembled in a specific panel. For the same purpose, the less space the assemblies occupy, the lesser the size needed for the panel, and hence, the lesser the space to be occupied by the educational system, game or learning device.
That the Electronic Components be Well Identified:
It is important that the legends or labels of the different units or parts be easy to read. This is essential in order to choose the correct parts and also to understand well the circuit once it has been assembled.
2.1.4. Framework of the Proposed System
Taking into account the previous classification, the system being proposed would topologically be a network of contacts system. Specifically it is about a network of contact points, or a grid of contacts. The contact points are done through magnets with a conductive surface. These magnets are attached to a ferromagnetic panel in specific points of the grid. When the ferromagnetic contact plates of the building blocks coincide in the surface, this gives rise to an electric contact. In each contact point, four different contact plates can coincide, each one from a building block. The plates that meet at one contact point are separated 90° from each other. Similarly to what occurs in the Philips system already mentioned, the grid in this case does not count with a magnet in each point in a fixed way but rather magnets are placed where a contact needs to be done, according to the circuit referred to. In this manner the number of magnets that the system should consist of is reduced, making the product cheaper. The invention can also be considered as a network of crosses since even if the contacts are done in the magnetic surface, which is similar to a point, in general there is no direct plate-to-plate contact but rather the most usual manner of contact is plate-magnet-plate.
2.2. Most Related Documents
What we have done up to this point is to make a general description of the background art. Below follows a commentary of two documents that are considered most related to the proposed invention.
Systems that fix components to a metallic ferromagnetic base with the use of magnets are known in the art. Two documents which are considered most related to the present invention are the French document FR 2412128 A1 of the company Telemecanique Electrique, published on Jul. 13, 1979, and the document WO 98/25253 A1 of L. Black et al., published on Jun. 11, 1998.
2.2.1. Document FR 2412128 A1 offers a system with which to teach Electronics by assembling simple electric circuits. The system is designed for the use of large instruments, such as analogical ammeters and voltmeters, lamps, switches, etc. The components are attached to a ferromagnetic panel which is placed in a vertical or inclined position which can be shown to a class of students. The components are attached to the panel through ferrite magnets. Given that ferrite is not a conductive element, the magnets have a small copper covering on the surface which does not have any contact with the panel, that is, in the surface that the electric components touch. The components are attached to the magnets through ferromagnetic steel sheets which serve the purpose of mechanical fixation and also of electrical connection. When two or more steel sheets of two or more components coincide on the copper covering of the magnet, an electrical union occurs. There are also steel sheets which electrically connect magnets but do not form part of any component. That is, these steel sheets serve the purpose of an electric jumper.2.2.2. The document WO 98/25253 A1 shows a system to construct electrical and electronic circuits for educational purposes. The system is very similar to the one illustrated by the French document mentioned before: it comprises a ferromagnetic base plate on top of which some magnetic strips are fixed. These strips have a conductive layer on the upper side. This layer can be a coating or a metallic sheet. In a preferred embodiment the layer is a conducting adhesive strip of copper or tinned copper. Similar to the French document, the magnetic strips can be connected by conducting plates or by components. The permanent magnets have a mechanical function and at the same time an electrical function, since they electrically connect the different components that meet in them. The electrical or electronic components are mounted on an insulating base and are electrically connected to steel rivets that go through the insulating base. These steel rivets are the ones that make the contact with the conducting layer of the permanent magnets due to the attraction force that arises between them.
In a preferred embodiment, the leads of the components go through the insulating base across perforations that in the opposite side are surrounded by a copper pad connected to a copper track. These copper tracks connect each component lead with the copper pad of a rivet. The assembly is wave soldered. The rivets are fixed after soldering to make an electrical connection with the copper track.
Alternatively, the insulating base of each electronic component may be surfaced on its underside with strips of conductive material which are connected to the component.


A new and distinct cultivar of Impatiens plant named ‘Balbigery’, characterized by its dark cherry-red colored flowers, medium green-colored foliage, and vigorous, mounded-spreading growth habit, is disclosed.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Impatiens plant botanically known as Impatiens × hybrida and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name 'Balbigery'.
The new cultivar originated in a controlled breeding program in Cartago, Costa Rica during December 2010. The objective of the breeding program was the development of Impatiens cultivars that perform well under both sun and shade conditions and have a vigorous, mounded-spreading growth habit.
The new Impatiens × hybrida cultivar is the result of cross-pollination. The female (seed) parent of the new cultivar is the proprietary Impatiens flaccida breeding selection coded N813-1, not patented, characterized by its light orchid-colored flowers, medium green-colored foliage, and vigorous, prostrate growth habit. The male (pollen) parent of the new cultivar is the proprietary Impatiens hawkeri breeding selection N784, not patented, characterized by its dark red-colored flowers, medium green-colored foliage, and moderately vigorous, mounded growth habit. The new cultivar was discovered and selected as a single flowering plant within the progeny of the above stated cross-pollination during April 2011 in a controlled environment in Cartago, Costa Rica.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar by terminal stem cuttings since April 2011 in Cartago, Costa Rica, Arroyo Grande, Calif., and West Chicago, Ill. has demonstrated that the new cultivar reproduces true to type with all of the characteristics, as herein described, firmly fixed and retained through successive generations of such asexual propagation.


An apparatus is provided for forming bag edges in a layered plastic film. The apparatus includes a heated seal bar and a seal bar anvil. The seal bar anvil has a resilient tube configured to deform as the seal bar is driven into the tube to seal and sever a bag edge therebetween. According to one construction, the resilient tube is pressurized pneumatically from the inside so as to impart a specific, desired resilience to the tube as the tube and seal bar co-act on either side of the layered plastic film.

A number of machines have been manufactured for heat forming bags or pouches from a continuous roll of thermoformable plastic film material. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,244 is directed to a manual bag sealer having a lift bar. The heat sealing apparatus includes a fixed upper clamping jaw that has a continuously energized resistance-type heater. The heat sealing apparatus also includes a lower clamping jaw that is pivotally supported for movement about a substantially horizontal axis to upwardly engage the upper jaw and clamp a mouth of a filled, preformed bag between the upper and lower jaws in order to seal the bag. However, the present bag sealing apparatus is a manual device for sealing a filled bag. Accordingly, such construction will not work well with an automated thermoforming line for packaging stacks of accumulated articles in individual bags.

Heat seal apparatus, bag machine, and bag edge forming apparatus with resilient tubular anvil


A quick connect coupling is disclosed for use with a tubular conduit having a radially outwardly extending bead adjacent a free end of the tubing. The coupling includes an elongated tubular and cylindrical housing having an axial passageway formed through it which forms a fluid passageway and is open at both ends. One end of the housing has a enlarged diameter internal bore portion adapted to axially receive the free end of the conduit including the conduit bead as the conduit is inserted to a magnet position. A retainer within the internal bore portion of the housing lockingly engages the conduit bead when the conduit is moved to its connected position while fluid seals engage the outer periphery of the conduit. A one way valve is also contained within the housing passageway which permits fluid flow in only one direction through the housing passageway.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to fluid couplings and, more particularly, to a quick connect coupling adapted to receive a tubular conduit having a radially outwardly extending bead adjacent a free end of the conduit.
II. Description of the Prior Art
There are many previously known quick connect coupling which are adapted for use with tubular conduits having a radially outwardly extending bead adjacent the free end conduit. Such quick connect couplings are used extensively in the automotive industry.
These previously known quick connect couplings typically comprise an elongated tubular and cylindrical housing having an axial through bore which forms the fluid passageway. This through bore is open at both ends.
One end of the housing includes an enlarged diameter portion which is adapted to axially slidably receive the free end of the tubular conduit until the conduit bead in positioned within the interior of the housing. Furthermore, upon insertion of the conduit into the housing, a retainer contained within the housing lockingly engages the bead to retain the housing and the conduit together.
In many applications, however, it would be advantageous for the invention to include a one way valve. There are no prior quick connect couplings that include a simple, effective, inexpensive one way valve within the connector housing.
A still further disadvantage of many the previously known quick connect couplings is that, unless the fluid conduit is fully inserted into the connector housing during the assembly operation, the coupling may become disconnected in use. Such disconnection of the fluid coupling can create serious problems, particularly where the quick connect coupling is used in the fuel system of an automotive vehicle.


A special sealing arrangement provides a chamber between hot metallic internals attached to cold wall pressure vessel shells to preserve the integrity of the lining and to minimize thermal stresses imposed on the shell and the internals. The sealing element of this invention is a mesh blanket composite having opposite ends secured by different brackets to the internal structure and the cold wall pressure vessel shell. The membrane composite allows gases to escape from a heat transfer chamber between the internal structure and the pressure vessel shell while blocking the passage of catalyst into the chamber. This catalyst seal device is particularly useful in FCC units where fine catalyst particles can migrate into expansion chambers provided between an internal cone and the regenerator shell.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the attachment of internal equipment to pressure vessels. More specifically, this invention relates to pressure vessels containing high temperature particulate material and the attachment of high temperature internal partitions or baffles to relatively cold pressure vessel walls.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Common methods of processing chemicals and hydrocarbons routinely contact such materials with particulate materials comprising catalyst or adsorbents. High temperatures are frequently encountered in such processing so that containment vessels in which the particulate material and fluids undergoing processing or treatment are contacted often utilizing internal insulating lining on the inside of the metal containment vessel. The metal lining supports the insulating material and the insulating material lowers the temperature of the metal lining thereby permitting fabrication of the pressure vessel from less expensive metals.
Processing steps conducted within such vessels often require internal partitions to divide the internal area of the vessel into separate zones for carrying out processing steps or supporting internal equipment. The partitions often have a continuous circumferential attachment to the pressure containing vessel to seal different sections of the vessel from fluid or particulate flow. The continuous attachment of a partition that extends into the high temperature region of the containment vessel creates differential expansion between the relatively cold containment vessel shell and the much hotter partition attached thereto. This differential expansion deteriorates the structural integrity of the partition as well as any adjacent refractory lining.
One common form of such partition is in a regeneration vessel for the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) of hydrocarbons. In this process, the interior of the regeneration vessel operates at temperatures in excess of 1300.degree. F. A rigid concrete-like lining, referred to as a refractory lining, covers the inside of the regeneration vessel to insulate the containment vessel from the high internal temperatures. Many of the regeneration vessels are divided by an internal structure into an upper regenerator and a lower regenerator section. The internal structure normally has a frusto conical or cylindrical form with the lowermost point rigidly attached, in most cases welded, about a circumferential section of the regenerator shell. The higher temperature of the internal cone with respect to the colder regeneration vessel sometimes results in bulging of the vessel wall section, spalling or breakage of the refractory lining, and most often localized deformation of the internal structure, all at the point of attachment to the pressure vessel wall. The prior art has tried a number of arrangements to alleviate the deformation of pressure vessels and attachments at their junction; in particular, soft insulating linings, and air spaces to solve the aforementioned problems. Soft insulation with or without a flexible containment liner has replaced the rigid refractory lining at the localized section of a junction between a cold external shell and an internal partition. In addition, other arrangements interpose a flexible element at the junction of the cold vessel shell to the internal structure to permit expansion of the partition without imposing deforming stresses on the shell of the pressure vessel. The air space at the junction often loses its effectiveness due to the migration of particulate material, lining, or other debris into the air space.

Attachment for securing high temperature internals to refractory lined pressure vessels


A coil component having a magnetic core together with a coil is precisely and correctly positioned on a printed circuit board by using an automatic mounting machine, which has a vacuum nozzle (6) for lifting the coil component, and a pair of adjusting chips (7,7) for finely adjusting the location of the coil component by pushing a wall of the coil component. The coil component comprises a dielectric support (insulator) (1), a plurality of terminal pins (2) molded in said support, each having a first end (2a) along a first side of the support for coupling with an end of a coil wound around a magnetic core, and a second end (2b) along a second side which is perpendicular to said first side for coupling with an external circuit on a printed circuit board. The coil component further comprises a rectangular housing (5) positioned on the support (1) through a projection (1h) on the support (1) and a recess (5c) which engages with the projection (1h) at the bottom of the housing (5) so that external wall (5d) of the housing (5) extends beyond said first end (2a) of the terminal pin (2). Thus, adjusting chips (7) adjusts the position of the coil component by pushing wall (5d) of the housing (5) where a soldered first end (2a) does not contact with adjusting chips (7).

The present invention relates to a coil component, like an inductance coil, and/or a transformer, which is mounted on a printed circuit board through soldering; in particular, the invention relates to a coil component which is mounted automatically on a printed circuit board by using an automatic mounting machine which has a vacuum nozzle for holding a component.
A prior coil component, which is mounted on a printed circuit board, has a dielectric support on which are provided a magnetic core with a coil and a plurality of terminals projecting outward of the support. An end of a coil is engaged with a terminal which is then dipped into melted solder for soldering the end of the coil with the terminal. In this case, it should be noted that a small solder chip projects from the end of the terminal when the melted solder becomes solid. The length of the solder chip is not uniform.
An automatic mounting machine for mounting components on a printed circuit board has been used. In that machine, a component is attached on a vacuum nozzle, which is located by using a numerical control apparatus, and is placed on a desired location on a printed circuit board. The component is then fixed on the board through soldering. In this case, as the component must be located precisely and correctly on a desired location on a printed circuit board, the mounting machine adjusts the location of the component by using an adjusting chip which adjusts the location by pushing the component by the adjusting chip.
However, the prior coil component has a disadvantage in that a correct location, by an automatic mounting machine, is difficult because of said nonuniform small solder chips formed on the terminal pins. When an adjusting chip of an automatic mounting machine pushes the end of the terminals, each of which is covered with solder, the component is not located correctly because of the different lengths of the solder chips.


A head-mounted display (HMD) system includes a projector system configured to emit a structured light (SL) pattern onto one or more objects in a local area, the projected SL pattern comprises at least a first SL pattern having a first field of view (FOV) corresponding to a first tileable boundary, and a second SL pattern having a second FOV corresponding to a second tileable boundary. Each of the projected SL patterns contains fiducials at predetermined locations within the SL pattern. An imaging device captures images of the local area including at least portions of the first SL pattern or the second SL patterns. The detected locations of the fiducials in the captured images is used to determine the boundary locations of the first and second SL patterns. Depth information of the local area is generated based upon the determined locations of the first and second SL patterns.

The present disclosure generally relates to systems that emit structured light patterns, and specifically relates to a projection system that generates a tileable structured light projection for wide field-of-view (FOV) depth sensing.
Structured light (SL) patterns may be used in generating depth maps for a local area. Conventional depth mapping systems typically use a single structured light pattern that is projected over some portion of a local area. However, generating a structured light pattern over a wide field of view can be difficult. For example, brightness, distortion, and/or resolution may be reduced as a field of view of a structured light pattern is increased.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Tileable structured light projection system


A body armor vest, the principle components of which are SPECTRA SHIELD packages sandwiched between SPECTRA woven fabric packages, and the combination of the carrier, packages, groin protector and the securing devices contribute a more adaptable vest of increased projectile resistance, reduced weight and improved wearability.

This invention relates to an improved body armor vest having improved protection against projectiles while at the same time providing increased comfort over armor of the prior art offering similar protection. Protective body armor, made from ballistic textile materials, is known to the prior art. Many workers in this art use aramid fibers sold by Dupont under the trademark KEVLAR.
Another protective body armor formed of ballistic textiles utilizing polyethylene based fibers is sold by the Allied Fibers Division of Allied Signal, Inc. under the trademark SPECTRA. SPECTRA fiber is an ultra high modular weight polyethylene fiber having extraordinary strength and a low specific gravity. In addition to its high strength to weight ratio, SPECTRA fiber exhibits several outstanding properties such as moisture and chemical resistance. The product is severed by special cutting devices so that it can be configured into a wide variety of protective equipment.
Allied Signal markets ballistic SPECTRA fiber in two formats: woven ballistic fabric and non-woven SPECTRA fiber Shield. The SPECTRA fiber Shield product has two layers of fibers bonded with a resin at 0.degree. to 90.degree. orientation. The fibers and resin are packaged between upper and lower polyethylene film layers.
Products such as Spectra Shield have an advantage over woven systems in that the individual fabric fibers are maintained in tension by the resinous packaging material in which they are secured. This causes a projectile to engage more fibers at impact. The resin in which the Spectra fibers are bonded inhibits the projectile from pushing fibers from the projectile's path.
The woven ballistic SPECTRA fiber fabric is available in various styles and deniers which offer protective qualities essential to producing lightweight and pliable body armor. When Spectra fabric and SPRECTRA SHIELD are combined as described herein, increased levels of protection are achieved at reduced weight and bulk yielding greater comfort to the wearer.


A system and method is presented for enciphering information using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in which a subprocessor is configured to manipulate data as it is being loaded into the subprocessor memory. Thus, unlike implementations in the prior art, which require complete loading of data into a subsystem memory before data manipulation thereby creating a potential bottleneck in memory, this invention reduces the potential bottleneck in memory.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm
Electronic communications media allow for transmission and reception of vast amounts of information in the form of digital data. While much of the communications are rather mundane, there are several instances where sensitive or confidential information is communicated through electronic media. In such instances, it is desirable to encrypt the information such that only authorized persons would have access to the sensitive or confidential information. The Department of Commerce recently accepted the Rijndael algorithm, with very minor modifications, as the official Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
The Rijndael algorithm, which was developed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, is described in detail in their proposal "The Rijndael Block Cipher—AES Proposal: Rijndael" (hereinafter referred to as the "Rijndael proposal" or the "AES proposal") to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). While not all of the details are provided herein, the following provides the relevant portions of the AES algorithm.
The AES algorithm is an iterative algorithm, meaning that the cipher as a whole involves multiple encryption iterations (or rounds) of certain encryption operations. Each of the rounds produces an encrypted state that is further encrypted in subsequent rounds. In the AES algorithm, the number of rounds is defined by a combination of a block size (i.e., the size of the data block to be encrypted) and the key size (i.e., the size of the encryption key). Each of the rounds, with the exception of the last round, includes four steps, and a "state" is produced at the end of each round. This is shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a general overview of the steps involved in the AES algorithm. Prior to actually encrypting any data, the system has knowledge of the block size Nb, the key size Nk, and the number of rounds Nr (which is a function of the block size and the key size such that Nr=f(Nb,Nk)). Since this aspect are described in detail in the AES proposal, and since this aspect is only peripherally related to the invention, it will not be further discussed herein. As shown in FIG. 1, the process may be seen as having Nr−1 normal rounds 115 and one final round 150. The steps in each normal round 115 are a "ByteSub" 120 step, a "ShiftRow" 125 step, a "MixColumn" 130 step, and a "AddRoundKey" 135 step, which are described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 2 through 5. The MixColumn 130 step is removed in the final round 150, thereby making it a three-step round having the ByteSub 120 step, ShiftRow 125 step, and AddRoundKey 135 step.
FIG. 2 shows the ByteSub 120 step in greater detail. The ByteSub 120 step of the AES algorithm is a non-linear byte substitution, which operates independently on each byte of an input state matrix 210. The substitution table 220 (hereinafter referred to as "S-box" 220) is invertible and is constructed by the composition of two transformations, which are described in detail in the AES proposal. The S-box 220 transformation produces a byte-substituted matrix 230 that is the same size as the input state matrix 210, but with byte values that are defined by the S-box 220. Further details regarding this aspect of the AES algorithm may be found in the AES proposal. However, it is worthwhile to note that, using hardware configurations in the prior art, the S-Box 220 and the raw data (e.g., the input state matrix 210) are moved from a main memory location to a cipher memory location before performing the ByteSub 120 step (or any other data manipulation). The significance of this will become clearer with reference to an example hardware configuration of the prior art, as shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 3 shows the ShiftRow 125 step in greater detail. In the ShiftRow 125 step, the rows 232, 234, 236, 238 of the byte-substituted matrix 230 are cyclically shifted over different offsets to produce a row-shifted matrix 330 having shifted rows 332, 334, 336, 338. These offsets are described in greater detail in the AES proposal, and, thus, only a truncated discussion is presented here. However, it is worthwhile to mention again that, in prior art systems, the entire data set is moved from the main memory to the cipher memory prior to any data manipulation.
FIG. 4 shows the MixColumn 130 step in greater detail. In the MixColum 130 step, every column 342, 344, 346, 348 of the row-shifted matrix 330 is transformed by multiplying each column 342, 344, 346, 348 of the row-shifted matrix 330 with a specific multiplication polynomial, c(x) 420. This multiplication operation produces a mixed-column matrix 430 having columns 442, 444, 446, 448 that are each a function of their respective row-shifted matrix 330 columns 342, 344, 346, 348. Since this operation is only peripherally related to this invention, and, also, since details related to this operation may also be found in the AES proposal, the MixColumn 130 step will not be further discussed.
FIG. 5 shows the AddRoundKey 135 step in greater detail. In the AddRoundKey 135 step, a bit-wise XOR (logical exclusive OR) operation 510 is performed between the mixed-column matrix 430 and a round key 520 (which has been derived from a cipher key). The derivation of the cipher key and the round key are only peripherally related to this invention, and are described in detail in the AES proposal. Thus, the AddRoundKey 135 step will not be further discussed.
Since the current hardware configurations move the raw data and byte-substitution table from the main memory to the cipher memory prior to performing any data manipulation, inefficiencies may arise due to memory access and byte manipulation. Additionally, since the operation involves shifting bytes across entire words (i.e., byte-shifting across four bytes) as shown in FIG. 3, straightforward implementation of the cipher subsystem is not efficient. These are shown in detail with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B, and FIG. 13, which show a hardware configuration and a method of the prior art.
Prior Art Hardware Configuration for Executing the AES Algorithm
FIG. 6A is a hardware configuration of the prior art that may be used in the execution of the AES algorithm. As shown in FIG. 6A, data 602 and a key 618 are input to a control unit 601 by way of 32-bit interfaces. The data 602 is stored in a 128-bit input register 604, which, in subsequent rounds of the AES algorithm, is used to store intermediate state cipher text. The data 602 stored in the 128-bit input register 604 is input to the cipher subsystem 600 via 32-bit data buses 613 in a sequential manner. The encryption (or decryption) begins automatically after reception of the fourth 32-bit data (i.e., encryption or decryption is "triggered" upon complete loading of the 128 bits). Once encryption or decryption is complete, the cipher text is written to a 128-bit output register 608 via 32-bit data buses 614 in a sequential manner. The cipher is managed using a control register containing an encryption/decryption flag (not shown), run flag (not shown), and a reset bit (not shown). Data and control registers are accessible using /CS_DATA 622 and /CS_CTRL 624 signals. Read and write are realized at the rising edge of /READ 632 and /WRITE 628 signals, respectively. Key memory is organized in 256 32-bit words, and pre-calculated sub-keys can be entered to the cipher via a separated 32-bit local interface that can be connected, for example, to the local memory. New sub-keys are written to the internal memory at the rising edge of a KEY_STRB 638 signal when /WR_KEY 634 is low. As seen from FIG. 6A, the cipher subsystem 600 may be inefficient because all of the data is moved from main memory to the cipher subsystem 600 memory prior to execution of the AES algorithm steps. This is shown in greater detail in FIG. 6B.
FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a prior art cipher subsystem 600. The cipher subsystem 600 comprises a memory access unit 620 having a host direct memory access (DMA) unit 611 and a cipher DMA 621. The host DMA 611 of the memory access unit 620 is configured to access a main data memory 851 to retrieve plain text in a sequential manner using a 32-bit data bus 613. In the first round of the AES algorithm, the retrieved data cascades through a first multiplexer (MUX) 630, which sends the data to a first cipher data memory bank 650 (hereinafter referred to as memory bank 0 650) or a second cipher data memory bank 660 (hereinafter referred to as memory bank 1 660). The data in bank 0 650 and bank 1 660 is then sent to a second MUX 670 using 32-bit data buses 653, 663. The second MUX 670 selectively transmits the data from one of the cipher data memory banks 650, 660 to a register file 680, which then sends the selected data to an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) 690, which produces a cipher text. The ALU 690 performs the ShiftRow, ByteSub, MixColumm, and AddRoundKey steps in the cipher subsystem 600 of the prior art, thereby producing the cipher text (or state matrices). This cipher text is relayed back to a third MUX 640 and a fourth MUX 676 for the second iteration (or round) of the AES algorithm. The data is then cascaded through third MUX 640, fourth MUX 676, bank 0 650, bank 1 660, second MUX 670, register file 680, and ALU 690, which produces the next state matrix for the third iteration. This system repeats this procedure until the initially input data has been enciphered using the AES algorithm.
The inefficiency associated with this system arises from the fact that the host DMA 611 and the cipher DMA 621 are nothing more than data pass-through devices that retrieve the data for processing. In this respect, data is retrieved from main data memory 851 and completely loaded into memory before any calculation is performed on the data. This, in turn, results in a potential bottleneck at memory access and byte manipulation. This is shown using the flow chart of FIG. 13.
FIG. 13 is a flow chart showing method steps associated with the execution of the AES algorithm as it is performed in the prior art. In step 1320, the cipher subsystem 600 (FIG. 6B) loads the state data (e.g., plain text) into the cipher subsystem memory, and, in step 1330, the cipher subsystem 600 (FIG. 6B) manipulates the loaded state data after it has been completely loaded into cipher subsystem memory. Thus, since the cipher subsystem 600 (FIG. 6B) waits for complete loading of the data into the cipher subsystem memory, a potential bottleneck is created at memory access and byte manipulation.
Accordingly, a heretofore unaddressed need exists in the industry to improve cipher performance.

System and method for executing Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm


A receptacle for particulate matter to be supplied to an apparatus. The receptacle includes a container, adapted to store particulate matter. The container has an opening defined therein. A substantially rigid, relatively nondeformable flange has a portion permanently connected to the container within the defined opening so as to facilitate placement and removal of the receptacle with the apparatus.

Typical commercial reproduction apparatus include electrostatographic process copier/duplicators or printers, for example. With such reproduction apparatus, pigmented marking particles are utilized to develop an electrostatic latent image of information to be reproduced on a dielectric support member for transfer to a receiver member, or directly onto a receiver member. The receiver member bearing the transferred marking particle developed image is transported through a fuser device where the marking particle image is fixed (fused) to the receiver member, for example, by heat and pressure to form a permanent reproduction.
The marking particles for developing the electrostatic latent image are supplied to the reproduction apparatus development station in a receptacle removably connected to a replenisher supply sump for the development station. U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,385 (issued Dec. 13, 1977, in the names of Katusha et al), shows a marking particle receptacle having a particle-containing portion with a base. The base has an opening facing downward in use with the replenisher supply sump, and a flange extending outward from the opening. A cover is slidably secured to the flange. A receiving apparatus with the development station for the receptacle includes a sump for receiving marking particles through the base of the receptacle when the opening of the receptacle is positioned directly above the sump. The receptacle, with the cover in place over the opening, is positioned beside the sump. The receptacle portion is slid off the cover and over the sump with the flange sliding on a receiving surface that surrounds a sump opening. A web seal, generally of plastic or paper, attached to the underside of the flange around the opening, is folded once and then extends between the cover and flange to a position outside the receptacle where it may be grasped by an operator and removed to release the marking particles into the sump. The web seal is discarded, but the containing portion is moved back over the cover after the receptacle is emptied to prevent the escape of residual marking particles in the marking particle receptacle during removal and further handling in recycling of the receptacle.
In the above structure, the receptacle is locked to the sump by sliding the flange surrounding the base opening of the receptacle into slots in the receiving apparatus. In high speed/high volume reproduction apparatus, it is desirable to provide as large a supply of marking particles as possible to limit the necessity to shut the reproduction apparatus down for resupply of the marking particles. However, it has been found that the size of the receptacle, and thus the amount of marking particles stored for use in the reproduction apparatus, has been limited by the above described structure. That is, the strength of the flange formed with the receptacle base has to be adequate to enable the necessary sliding movement of the receptacle into the supply location of the receiving apparatus. As the size of the formed receptacle increases, the flange tends to become relatively weaker to the point that it can no longer enable the receptacle to reliably slide into the supply location of the receiving apparatus, and may not maintain a proper seal with an associated cover. Therefore, the receptacles have been kept to a reasonable limited size, and thus have to be replaced more often than would otherwise be desired. This decreases reproduction apparatus throughput and efficiency. U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,024 (issued Aug. 13, 1991, in the names of Fukuda et al) shows a separate flange for a marking particle container. However, there is no indication that the container or the flange could be constructed in a manner to optimize the respective functions thereof.


The present invention provides an optical isolator module, including: a plurality of optical devices, each comprising a Faraday rotator and being configured to have an optical isolator function upon application of a magnetic field, a magnet to apply the magnetic field to the Faraday rotator in each of the plurality of optical devices, wherein at least two optical devices of the plurality of optical devices are configured to have the optical isolator functions in different directions from each other, and each magnetic field applied with the magnet is in the same direction. This provides an optical isolator module that can be prevented from degradation of the performance such as increase of insertion loss and degradation of isolation due to magnetic field interference even when a plurality of optical isolators are close to each other.

In optical communication and optical measurement, laser oscillation becomes unstable when the light emitted from a semiconductor laser of a light source returns to the semiconductor laser by the reflection from the surface of a component, the tip of a fiber, or the tip of a lens disposed in the transmission path. In order to cut off such reflected return light, an optical isolator has been used, which uses a Faraday rotator to rotate a plane of polarization non-reciprocally (PATENT LITERATURE 1).
An example of a basic constitution of a polarization dependent optical isolator is shown in FIG. 13. The polarization dependent optical isolator is usually configured to dispose a Faraday rotator 3 between two polarizers (the first polarizer 1, the second polarizer 2), and to apply a magnetic field parallel to the light traveling direction to the Faraday rotator 3 with a magnet.
When light enters in a forward direction as in FIG. 13(a), the incident light becomes linearly polarized light by passing through the first polarizer 1 to pass the Faraday rotator 3. The entered linearly polarized light is rotated by 45° through this Faraday rotator 3, and is emitted through the second polarizer 2, which is provided so as to tilt the transmission direction by 45° from the vertical direction.
On the other hand, when light enters in a reverse direction as in FIG. 13(b), the second polarizer 2 transmits only the polarized component that is rotated by 45° from the vertical direction among the various components of the return light. This polarized component is additionally subjected to optical rotation by 45° through the Faraday rotator 3 and becomes polarized light that is perpendicular to the direction of transmission through the first polarizer 1. Accordingly, the light is not returned to the light source.


A liquid crystal television receiver includes a DC power supply to generate and output tuning DC power, a receiving portion, a display portion, and a series regulator. Preferably, the receiving portion is fed the tuning DC power and receives a video signal, the display portion includes an active-matrix liquid crystal panel, a gate driver to generate a gate-on signal and drive a gate line and a data driver to drive a data line, allowable ranges of voltage of the tuning DC power and the gate-on DC power share a common range in which a voltage of the tuning DC power is set, the tuning DC power is fed to the gate driver, and the series regulator is provided on at least one of power supply paths to feed the tuning DC power from the DC power supply to the gate driver and to the receiving portion, and removes noise component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal television receiver having a receiving portion, which uses a variable-capacitance diode as an element of a receiving tuning circuit, and a display portion using a liquid crystal panel as a display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 3, in a television receiver (hereunder referred to as first related art) employing a liquid crystal panel as a display device, a display portion 91 for displaying video signals outputted from a receiving portion 2 is provided with a gate driver 11 for driving gate lines of the liquid crystal panel 12, and with a data driver 14 for driving data lines thereof. Further, the display portion 91 is also provided with a DC power supply portion 3 for generating and outputting 3.3 V DC power 21 needed by the receiving portion 2. Moreover, the DC power supply portion 3 generates and outputs 3.3 V tuning DC power 22 required to generate tuning signals applied to a variable-capacitance diode 18 of a tuning circuit 17 of a tuner 16 provided in the receiving portion 2. On the other hand, in a display portion 91, a DC-DC converter 15 using the 3.3 V DC power 21 as operating power thereof is provided and generates 12 V DC power needed by the data driver 14. Also, a charge pump 92 employing 12 V DC power 23 as operating power thereof is provided therein and generates 33 V gate-on DC power, which is needed by the gate driver 11 for generating gate-on signals.
Furthermore, the following related art (hereunder referred to as second related art) has been proposed. That is, in this related art, a tuner unit (22a) is configured in such a way as to be able to be attached to various kinds of liquid crystal display units (21). Further, the tuner unit (22a) is provided with a power supply portion (90) for generating power needed by the liquid crystal display unit (21). Furthermore, this related art is adapted so that "a liquid crystal display kind signal (MS) from a liquid crystal display kind signal generating portion (64) is outputted to the power supply portion (90) of a tuner unit (22a), and drive power associated with the kind of a liquid crystal display portion (60) is supplied to the liquid crystal display portion (60)" (see for example, JP-A-8-5986 (Paragraph No. [0056], and FIGS. 1 to 3)).


A charging member has a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having a first unit, a second unit and a third unit each of which is represented by a specific formula. The ratio of the sum of the mole numbers of the first and second units to the sum of the mole numbers of the first to third units is in a specific range.

At present, a contact charging method has been put into practical use as one of methods for charging the surface of an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
The contact charging method is a method in which a voltage is applied to a charging member disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, to cause micro-discharge at the contact part between the charging member and the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the vicinity thereof to charge the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.
In the contact charging method, a method having come into wide use is one in which a voltage created by superimposing an alternating-current voltage on a direct-current voltage is applied to the charging member (hereinafter referred also to as "AC+DC contact charging method"). In the case of the AC+DC contact charging method, a voltage having a peak-to-peak voltage that is twice or more the voltage at which the charging is started is used as the alternating-current voltage.
The AC+DC contact charging method is a method in which stable charging high in charging uniformity can be effected because of the use of the alternating-current voltage. However, insofar as an alternating-current voltage source is used, this method results in a charging assembly and an electrophotographic apparatus which are large in size and an increase in cost, as compared with a method in which only a direct-current voltage is applied to the charging member (hereinafter referred also to as "DC contact charging method").
That is, the DC contact charging method is superior to the AC+DC contact charging method in respect of minituarizing the charging assembly and electrophotographic apparatus and achieving cost reduction.
The shape of the charging member is commonly roller-shaped (hereinafter the roller-shaped charging member is referred also to as "charging roller").
In the case of the contact charging method, it is also necessary to sufficiently and uniformly secure a contact nip between the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging member, and hence the charging member used in the contact charging method is required to have a low hardness to a certain extent.
For such a requirement, a charging member has been proposed which has a support and an elastic layer (conductive elastic layer) provided on the support.
The elastic layer (conductive elastic layer), however, often contains low-molecular weight components in a relatively large quantity, and hence such low-molecular weight components may bleed out to contaminate the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The low-molecular weight components may include reaction initiator residues, reaction by-products, raw-material unreacted matter, vulcanizing agents, softening agents, plasticizers and conducting agents.
Accordingly, at present, in order to keep the low-molecular weight components from bleeding out, it is also prevalent that a surface layer is provided on the conductive elastic layer.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-173641 discloses a technique in which an inorganic-oxide film formed by a sol-gel process is used as the surface layer.

Charging member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus


The present disclosure relates to a method and a device for acquiring a transaction record, and a computer readable storage medium, which pertains to the field of internet technology. The method includes: determining a target transaction page to be recognized, the target transaction page originating from an application of a terminal and containing at least one transaction record of at least one transaction event acquiring a Document Object Model (DOM) structure of the target transaction page; and extracting the at least one transaction record from the DOM structure. In the present disclosure, by acquiring the DOM structure of the target transaction page, it may realize automatic extraction of a transaction record in the target transaction page, eliminating the need for the user to manually select a transaction record for extraction one by one. Moreover, the process is simple and will not miss any transaction record. The process may improve the efficiency for acquiring a transaction record, and may extract a huge number of transaction records in a short time. It is more operative and more intelligent.

Nowadays, in order to facilitate a user to learn about their own consumption status, after the user performs a transaction operation involving currency transfer through a financial application, a terminal will inform the user in form of a transaction record. For example, if a user triggers a transaction event through a financial application, the application correspondingly generates a transaction record for the transaction event for the user after the transaction event is completed. The transaction record may include information such as a transaction time, a transaction amount, and the like.
In actual scenarios, in order to learn about his or her consumption status over a recent time period or certain time period, the user may generally acquire the transaction records generated for the consumption events, and manage the transaction records. The specific process may be as follows. The user manually searches for transaction bills in the applications storing the transaction records one by one. Afterwards, the user manually exports each transaction record included in the transaction bills provided by the applications. Eventually, the user manually calculates statistical information of all the transaction records, to acquire all the transaction records over a recent time period or certain time period.
In carrying out the present disclosure, the inventors have found at least the following problems existing in the related art.
When the number of transaction records is huge, there may be a risk that the above-mentioned manual acquisition of transaction records may miss part of the transaction records, resulting in a defect that the calculated statistical information about the consumption status is not accurate. In addition, since the user has to manually acquire each transaction record, the operation is complex and cumbersome. Especially when the number of transaction records is huge, it will involve a huge amount of work. Therefore, such method for acquiring a transaction record is low in efficiency.

Method and device for acquiring transaction record, and computer readable storage medium

BEIJING XIAOMI MOBILE SOFTWARE CO., LTD.


A recording mechanism is disclosed for automatically capturing high level events on user interface (UI) components of a set of software. In one implementation, the recording mechanism registers with a UI component to receive notification when an event occurs on the UI component. When an event does occur, the recording mechanism receives notification thereof from the UI component. In one implementation, the notification includes some high level event-specific information. After the notification is received, the recording mechanism creates and stores a record of the event, which includes at least a portion of the event-specific information, as well as information indicating the UI component as the target of the event. The record may further include information indicating a component hierarchy in which the UI component is contained. Overall, the record contains all of the information needed to reproduce the event on the UI component of the software at a later time.

Complex computer software is typically developed incrementally. That is, as functionality is added, and as bugs are detected and fixed, different "builds" of the software are created. With each build (which represents an intermediate version of the software), the software is tested, enhanced, and refined. Through a series of builds, the software is incrementally improved until a final, fully operational version of the software is derived. For a highly complex set of software, there can be hundreds or even thousands of builds before the final version of the software is derived.
As noted above, each build is tested to ensure that it is working properly. This usually involves the running of a series of tests on each build. Even if a test passes on one build, that test is still run on subsequent builds to make sure that whatever was done in the most recent build has not broken any functionality that was working properly in previous builds. As a result, in many cases, the same tests are run over and over again on different builds.
The testing of builds is often done manually. That is, a build is often tested by having a user execute the software on a computer, and then having the user select certain functionality through a series of user interface actions (e.g. mouse clicks, keyboard actions, etc.) on certain user interface components (e.g. buttons, menus, etc.). The user then observes the results of the selections to determine whether the software operated properly. Testing a build manually is fine if the number of builds is relatively small. However, as noted above, there can be hundreds or even thousands of builds for a complex set of software. Having a user manually test this many builds is slow, tedious, costly, and generally wasteful.
To reduce the amount of manual effort required, some testers have written testing programs. A testing program basically takes the place of the user by programmatically initiating the user interface actions (e.g. keystrokes, mouse clicks, etc.) on the software that the user otherwise would have had to initiate manually. With a testing program, the amount of user involvement can be significantly reduced. However, the testing program approach has some significant drawbacks. One drawback is that it requires a user with sufficient programming skills to write the program. Many testers do not have such skill. Another drawback is that it requires the tester to have intimate knowledge of the internals of the software to be tested. Often, the tester is not the person who developed the software, and hence, does not have such familiarity with the software. Furthermore, the testing program may have to be changed to accommodate changes in the software, which means that the testing program may have to be constantly updated. In some cases, the amount of time and effort required to write and to update the testing program may be almost as great as testing the various builds manually. In view of these shortcomings, an improved methodology is needed.

Mechanism for capturing high level events on user interface components


A trailer retainer assembly having a riser section extending above a ball mount area and a retainer member arranged to move along the riser section from an upper position to a lower position; wherein when the retainer member is placed in a lower position it at least partially covers the ball mount area such that a trailer coupler secured to the ball mount area is retained by the retainer member.

Ball-type hitch assemblies are commonly used to connect a trailer to a vehicle. Such hitch assemblies us a metal ball-shaped hitch on the vehicle ("the ball"), combined with a corresponding recessed receptor on tongue of the trailer. The ball is received by the receptor on the trailer and locked into place, typically by a clamping force from a lever mechanism inside the receptor on the trailer tongue. This lever mechanism is engaged by moving a handle on the outside of the receptor between an open "up" position and a closed "down" position. The lever mechanism can also typically be locked in place through a hole at its base, allowing a pin to be inserted to prevent unlocking of the trailer, or even a padlock to provide a degree of prevention of theft by stopping unauthorized opening of the receptor.
Although ball-type hitch assemblies have been in use for many years and are quite useful and successful, they suffer from the problem of potential decoupling of the trailer if the ball and receptor do not have a proper connection. For example, during travel sometimes the lever mechanism can inadvertently work its way loose, especially if no pin is inserted in the locking hole or if the pin works its way loose. Similarly, sometimes the lever mechanism is inadvertently left open, causing the ball and receptor to only loosely connect and risking disconnection during use, such as when a bump is run over on a road. Also, this problem can occur, for example, when the ball is undersized relative to the receptor. The balls and receptors come in various sizes, and sometimes a hitch receptor that is too large for the ball is improperly used. For example, a 1 and ¾ inch ball may be improperly used with a 2 inch receptor. Such situations can lead to the hitch assembly not making proper connections, and the trailer disengaging.
Thus, a need exists for an improved hitch assembly, especially one that prevents a trailer from disconnecting when the primary ball-receptor connection fails.


A fireplace draft eliminator is provided for a fireplace having an opening in a front face about a hearth, and consists of a rear plate being of the same size and shape as the opening, so as to fit into the opening. An internal support frame is slightly smaller in size and shape as the rear plate and is attached to a front surface of the rear plate. A resilient gasket is mounted on the periphery of the internal support frame. The internal support frame and the gasket together are of the same size and shape as the rear plate, so as to also fit into the opening, with the gasket forming a seal about the opening and the hearth. A front plate is of generally the same shape as, but of greater marginal extent in height and width than the opening. The front plate is attached to a front surface of the internal support frame, so that the front plate can cover the opening and rest flat against the front face of the fireplace to eliminate the draft through the opening, when the fireplace is not being used. When the draft eliminator 10 is fabricated out of all fireproof materials it can also be used to choke out a fire in a fireplace when unusual down draft conditions cause smoke and gases to be undesirably forced back into a dwelling.

The instant invention relates generally to fireplace accessories and more specifically it relates to a fireplace draft eliminator.
Numerous fireplace accessories have been provided in the prior art that are adapted to be ornamental covers for hiding openings of fireplaces when the fireplaces are not in use. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,736,024 to Wooland; 3,894,527 to Ickes and 4,160,442 to Fox et al. all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purpose of the present invention as hereafter described.


An apparatus for connection to a rod and reel, comprised, in its preferred embodiment, of (1) an emergency flotation bladder, (2) a compact container in which said bladder is stowed, (3) connection means for connection of said container to the rod portion of a rod and reel, (4) monofilament line severing means for severing the line of the rod and reel to which the container is connected, and (5) means for automatically triggering monofilament line severing means and inflating said bladder when the article with attached container falls into water by some mishap or is otherwise immersed therein.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to the field of flotation devices, and more specifically to the field of flotation devices for the rescue/recovery of equipment washed overboard or otherwise lost in the water. More precisely, it is concerned with flotation devices for the recovery of a fisherman's rod and reel. In particular, it deals with a device for connection to a fishing rod and reel having an automatically inflating bladder with automatic means for severing the connection between the fishing line and the rod and reel.
2. Prior Art in the General Field of the Invention
Prior art in the general field of automatic flotation devices for the rescue/recovery of equipment washed overboard or otherwise lost in the water has focussed on the provision of small detachable buoys that are attached to the equipment to be recovered via light weight lines and, at least theoretically, provide a marker for the equipment's location and a means for drawing it back to the surface and out of the water-i.e.-for recovery of same. A typical example of same is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,982,294, issued to Hicken in 1976 for a "Retriever." The Hicken patent describes a "retriever device" with connective means adapted for connection to the base of the handle of a rod and reel. It is comprised of a float which is connected by a spool of line to the connective means which, if functioning properly, detaches automatically upon immersion of the rod and reel and floats to the surface of the water, marking the position of the rod and reel and allowing its recovery. The float is attached to the connective means via a water soluble adhesive. Detachment is effected when this adhesive dissolves, allowing the float to seek the surface of the water. In its preferred embodiment, this device also utilizes a "gas generating tablet" positioned so as to generate gases (and internal pressure between the float and the connective means) upon contact with the water and to thereby assist in the separation of the float from the connective means.
Similar ideas are seen in the patents that follow. The "Spar Float Recovery Capsule" issued to Fish in 1978, and the patent for "Sportsman's Retriever" issued to McLennan et al. in 1981, both feature floats which serve as buoys. (In the Fish patent the float also serves as a spool for the attaching line). This buoy is housed in a case which is attachable to an item of equipment and is retained in this case (against the force of a compressed spring which would serve to eject it therefrom) via, once again, an adhesive which dissolves in the presence of water. Likewise, the patent issued to Fuller in 1987 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,031) for a "Submerged Bobber Release Device for Fishing Rods and the Like" focuses on a spring ejected buoy attached by line to an item of equipment. In the case of Fuller, however, the ejection is accomplished not via the dissolution of a water soluble adhesive, but when an aspirin tablet or other water soluble object blocking release dissolves in the presence of water. Another prior art device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,562, issued to Pearson et al. for a "Submerged Article Marker and Retriever" in 1992. The Pearson device is, once again, similar in overall nature to those that preceded it. In this case, however, the float used (which like the float in Fish, supra, also serves as the spool) is not forcibly discharged via a spring, but is released when the case holding it falls into two pieces upon the dissolving of (predictably) a "water soluble adhesive." Further examples of art which may have some relevance to the general field of the invention may be seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,979,740 issued to Walker in 1957; 3,127,624 issued to Kubit in 1964; 3,682,354 issued to Witte in 1972; and 5,419,725 issued to Crowder in 1995.
All of these devices have problems when utilized in the context preferred for the instant device-i.e.-the recovery of fishing rods and reels lost overboard. These problems appear to arise from several factors. To begin with, most are intended to be extremely compact in configuration so as to be unobtrusive and not to interfere with the convenient operation of the equipment in question. Thus, they often are not intended to provide a flotation means for maintaining the position of the equipment itself on the surface of the water. Indeed, most (in keeping with their goals of extreme compactness) rely on small "floats" that do not displace enough water to create the buoyancy necessary to carry much more than their own weight (and a connecting line) to the surface. These are likewise limited by the amount of line they can carry. Thus, an object lost in water that is deeper than the line provided is lost for good. (This limitation is specifically noted in the Fish patent). Most do not provide compact devices adapted for connection to equipment that are both extremely compact in configuration and can provide (at need) the flotation necessary to maintain a relatively heavy object at the surface of the water. Moreover, even those that are purported to provide such an apparatus lack an important feature characteristic of the preferred embodiments of the instant invention--means for terminating the connection between the fishing line and the rod and reel. This is an important deficit as: (a) the tackle on the line is generally far less expensive than the rod and reel while being disproportionately heavy in comparison thereto (making flotation for the combination of rod, reel and tackle difficult); and (b) the rod and reel of a fisherman is often lost due to the activity of a fish on the line or because the tackle has been caught on a submerged object while trolling. Thus, it is extremely advantageous to terminate the connection between the line and the rod and reel as well as providing flotation means for the rod and reel. This is particularly true when it is remembered that the fish or submerged object may be able to overcome the buoyancy of the flotation means provided and (in the case of the fish) tow the rod and reel to a different location.

Automatically inflating bladder and line severing means for rod and reel


An image pickup apparatus including a first photoelectric conversion circuit that has a photoelectric conversion area and is used for performing focus adjustment; a second photoelectric conversion circuit that has a photoelectric conversion area and is used for performing exposure amount adjustment; and a control circuit for controlling a power supply such that power is supplied to the first photoelectric conversion circuit and the second photoelectric conversion circuit independently, in which the first photoelectric conversion circuit and the second photoelectric conversion circuit are formed on a same semiconductor substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image pickup apparatus having a photoelectric conversion function.
2. Related Background Art
FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an example of an autofocus (AF) sensor circuit for multipoint distance measurement which is used in a conventional single-lens reflex camera. An AF sensor using this AF sensor circuit was published by the inventors of this application in the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers Technical Report Vol. 25, No. 28, pp. 1 to 6, March 2001. In FIG. 11, reference numeral 900 denotes a semiconductor chip (semiconductor substrate); 901, an AF sensor circuit block; 902, an analog circuit block; and 903, a digital circuit block.
In this AF sensor, the AF sensor circuit block 901 is composed of eight linear sensor circuits 1A (1B) to 8A (8B) to enable seven-point distance measurement (cross distance measurement in the center). The analog circuit block 902 is composed of AGC circuits 1 to 8 for controlling accumulation time of each linear sensor circuit, a signal amplifying circuit 902A for amplifying a signal from the AF sensor circuit block 902 to output the signal, a band gap circuit (reference voltage generation circuit) 902B for generating a reference voltage, and an intermediate voltage generation circuit 902C for generating voltages required in sensor circuits and analog circuits.
The digital circuit block 903 consists of an input/output communication circuit (I/O) for communicating with a microcomputer, a timing generator circuit (T/G) for generating a drive pulse of a sensor, and a multiplexer circuit (MPX) for selecting various analog signals. Since high-speed autofocus is required in a single-lens reflex camera, an AF sensor realizes a high-speed operation by driving the eight linear sensor circuits and the AGC circuits in parallel.
However, in the above-mentioned conventional autofocus sensor, current consumption in operation is increased by driving each circuit simultaneously. Although a significant problem is not caused in a single-lens reflex camera because a battery with a large current capacity can be mounted thereon, since only a battery with a small current capacity can be mounted on a compact camera, a battery life of the compact camera is extremely reduced.
In addition, AE and AF in the compact camera are those of an external measurement system unlike a TTL system of the single-lens reflex camera. Thus, an unnecessary AF sensor circuit may operate depending upon a zoom range of a photographing lens used in the compact camera (a distance measurement point of an AF sensor is located outside a photographing range).

Sensor device for automatic exposure and automatic focus


A manually guided implement having a motor unit and a tool unit driven by the motor unit. The motor unit includes an internal combustion engine having a carburetor, and a butterfly valve. A throttle acts upon the butterfly valve via a transfer mechanism. A speed regulator is provided for the internal combustion engine. The transfer mechanism is divided into two transfer portions. The speed regulator is a mechanical speed regulator and is disposed between two transfer portions such that the throttle, via the first transfer portion associated therewith, as well as the speed regulator together act upon the second transfer portion, which is associated with the butterfly valve, whereby as its speed increases, the speed regulator effects a closing of the butterfly valve.

The present invention relates to a manually guided or portable implement having a motor unit and a tool unit driven by the motor unit.
Manually guided implements, such as power tillers, brushcutters, trimmers, pruners, chain saws or the like, must be easy to handle. For this purpose, a compact construction and a low weight are desirable. To nevertheless be able to achieve a high output with a small and lightweight combustion engine, it is necessary, among other features, to have a high operational speed. During operation, this results in a high generation of noise, which must not exceed a certain limiting value.
As measures to limit the generation of noise, in addition to mufflers and other means, speed regulators are also known that when low load is present at the driven tool prevent an excessive speeding-up of the internal combustion engine. During operation, the tool that is driven by the internal combustion engine is subjected to fluctuating loads, which cannot always be absorbed by the user by means of an adaptation of the throttle position. In particular at full throttle, and suddenly declining operational load, the speed regulator prevents an excessive increase in speed. In addition to limiting the generation of noise, the tool and the drive train are also protected against overloading caused by speed.
To limit or regulate the speed, various arrangements are known according to which an adjustment of the choke valve, the actuation of a speed-regulating valve in the carburetor, an ignition influence or the like is provided. To the extent that such a speed regulator interferes in the operation of the internal combustion engine, the result is a disadvantageous influence upon the mixture or exhaust gas formation as well as upon the running conditions of the internal combustion engine. For different implements having different tools, different threshold speeds can be required, which necessitate an adaptation of the speed regulator to the respective implement or application thereof. A higher construction and development expenditure is associated therewith.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to further develop an implement of the aforementioned general type in such a way that a straightforward and reliable speed regulation is possible under different operating conditions.


The invention relates to a method for topical application of a pharmaceutically or therapeutically active agent through the use of a covalent chitosan derivative or chitosonium polymer. The present invention is particularly well suited for the topical delivery of pharmaceutically active quaternary ammonia compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is alkyl having between 5 and 11 carbon atoms.

Traditionally, pharmaceutically and therapeutically active agent agents can be administered to the body by a number of routes, including ingestion, injection, inhalation, and topical application. Absorption of an active agent by ingestion, injection, or inhalation generally gives systemic distribution of the agent throughout the body. Systemic distribution of the agent may be unsatisfactory for three reasons. First, these modes of administration produce non-specific distribution. The active agent is distributed through the entire body and not localized. Second, there may be undesirable effects such as toxic or irritating reactions on non-target organs or regions. Finally, to achieve the desired effect at the target organ or region, a higher dosage than might otherwise be desired must be administered to compensate for systemic dilution of the active agent.
In contrast to systemic delivery, topical delivery is application of an active agent in a manner so that it acts primarily at the site of application. This type of application is used typically for dermatological disorders. The above-described deficiencies of systemic delivery are not encountered when an active agent is applied topically. Rather, topical application affords the opportunity to minimize the dosage and confine the active agent to the region of the body to which it is applied. Thus, systemic distribution of the agent throughout the body is obviated. For example, ingestion of acetone could cause fetal problems which dermal delivery should avoid. Typical sites of topical delivery include application to the dermal, opththalmic, and mucous membranes and tissues, such as the hair, skin, eyes, ears, mouth, nose, throat, rectum, vagina, and urethra.
However, despite these advantages of topical delivery, most current topical delivery formulations are inefficient and therefore have limited utility. There are four reasons for this inefficiency of current topical delivery technology. First, skin and mucous membranes possess good barrier properties and the permeability of most active agents through these barriers generally is poor. Second, active agents applied topically are subject to migration and loss due to perspiration, natural tissue lavation, and mechanical action. Third, because most pharmaceutically or therapeutically active agents are relatively simple, low molecular weight compounds or mixtures, these agents are not applied alone, but in combination with a variety of additives to deliver the active agent to the application site and control the dosage. Fourth, the choice of a proper delivery system can minimize undesirable crystallization of the active agent, and hence optimize its availability in its active form. Most known topical delivery systems are petrolatum-based cremes and ointments. These unetuous formulations are unsatisfactory because they are at best uncomfortable and messy when applied.
A topical delivery system cannot be considered fully satisfactory if it is deficient with regard to any of the above-described criteria. For example, a delivery system which does not ensure that the active agent efficiently penetrates the application site is not satisfactory because it requires that an excess of agent be incorporated into the delivery system to ensure delivery of an effective quantity. The remaining active agent, i.e., that which does not penetrate the application site, is wasted. Similarly, agent which is allowed to migrate from the application site, or to crystallize before it penetrates the site, is wasted. Further, a delivery system which satisfies each criterion will be adjudged a failure by a consumer who is dissatisfied because the delivery system leaves an unpleasant residue. For example, an unctuous residue, which is unpleasant to the touch and messy, may cause a consumer not to utilize the treatment. Thus, such delivery systems are unsatisfactory.
The advantages of topical application of active agents which are bacteriostatically or fungistatically active are manifest. It also is advantageous, as described above, to apply topically treatments for lesions which result from infections such as herpes virus (types 1 and 2). Such treatments are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,296 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,760,079. The former discloses a suspension of tannic acid, boric acid, and salicylic acid as the active agent, while the latter discloses that tetraethylammonium ion inhibits herpes symptoms. However, each of these treatments is unsatisfactory because each utilizes a delivery system which does not ensure that the active agents are retained at the treatment site.

Delivery systems for quaternary and related compounds

Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation


A drying machine has a degree-of-dryness detecting circuit which detects the degree of dryness of clothes in a drying chamber and a temperature detecting circuit which detects the temperature of the air exhausted from the drying chamber. Two heaters are turned on until the degree of dryness reaches 65%. After that, the temperature is controlled in a range of 40.degree. to 53.degree. C. until the degree of dryness reaches 90%. After that, one heater is actuated intermittently so that the temperature of the air which is drawn into the drying chamber decreases.

The present invention relates to a drying machine for drying clothes or the like contained in a drying chamber.
A prior drying machine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,034. In the disclosed drying machine, the drying machine comprises a heater for heating the air and a fan for supplying the heated air to a drying chamber within a drum. Since the water included in washed clothes is evaporated, and the humidified air is exhausted from the drying chamber, the clothes in the drying chamber are dried. The drying machine has a detector of degree of dryness of clothes in the drying chamber, also. When the drying operation of clothes progresses and the degree of dryness has reached a predetermined value, for example, 95%, the heater and the fan are deenergized, that is, the drying operation is completed.
General speaking, there are three stages in the drying operation, comprising an initial stage I, a middle stage II and a final stage III, as shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 shows the relation of the temperature of the air exhausted from the drying chamber and the time.
In the initial stage I, the air heated by the heater is supplied to the clothes, the temperature of clothes rises gradually, and the temperature of the air exhausted from the drying chamber rises gradually, also.
In the middle stage II after the initial stage I, the heat supplied to the clothes, that is, the heat supplied from the heater is equivalent to the heat needed for drying the clothes, so that the temperature of the air exhausted from the drying chamber is constant.
In the final stage III after the middle stage II, the heat supplied to the clothes is more than the heat needed for drying the clothes. Because the evaporation of the water included in clothes is substantially completed, and the heat absorbing water included in the clothes is minimal, the temperature of the air exhausted from the drying chamber increases rapidly.
In the prior arrangement, the heater and the fan work continually from the beginning of the drying operation to the end of the drying operation. The temperature of the air in the drying chamber becomes too high especially in the final stage III of the drying operation. As a result, in the case that clothes are made of a synthetic fiber, for example, acrylic fiber or polyester fiber, since the melting point of the synthetic fiber is relatively low, there is a problem that clothes shrink or the appearance of clothes are damaged, for instance, a feeling of touching clothes is tough, a luster of clothes is lost, a nap of the clothes is raised, and pilling may occur.
On the other hand, in the case that the clothes are made of a natural fiber, for example, cotton fiber, which includes water inside of the fiber as a characteristic of the natural fiber, there is a period II.sup.+, when the speed of the dryness of clothes is reduced, in the latter portion of the middle stage II. In the period II.sup.+, the water on the surface of the natural fiber has already been evaporated, the water held inside of the natural fiber comes to the surface thereof, and the water which come to the surface is evaporated. However, the speed of the water coming to the surface of the natural fiber is slower than the speed of the evaporation of the water coming to the surface, so the surface of the clothes becomes too dry. As the heated air is supplied to clothes continuously during the drying operation, the amount of heat supplied to the clothes is excessive. Therefore, the speed of the evaporation and the speed of water coming out from the inside of the natural fibers are not balanced. As a result, the natural fiber shrinks and the appearance of the clothes made with the natural fiber is damaged.


An automotive component manufacturing method includes a molding process of pressing a portion of a hollow tube formed from a metal material, or a composite material including a metal and a resin, so as to deform the portion of the hollow tube, from a tube outer side toward a tube inner side, to beyond an axial center of the hollow tube, and mold the portion of the hollow tube into a deformed section deformed with a concave profile; and a deformation process of deforming a location having a high level of residual stress in a closed cross-section configured by the deformed section so as to deform the location out-of-plane.

Pressing in which a hollow tube (tube stock) is squashed inward from the tube outer side, and plastically-formed components obtained through such pressing, are widely employed in automotive components. Explanation follows regarding an example of a torsion beam as a representative of such automotive components.
Torsion beam suspension units are configured by a torsion beam, trailing arms, and the like. Torsion beams include plate torsion beams and pipe torsion beams. In the case of pipe torsion beams, an axial direction end portions of the pipe torsion beam are provided with pipe-end joining portions that are joined to the trailing arms. Moreover, the vicinity of an axial direction center of the pipe torsion beam is provided with a torsion section molded into a V-shaped or U-shaped cross-section profile in order to secure roll stiffness of the vehicle body. Manufacturing methods for such pipe torsion beams may involve pressing so as to squash tube stock along an axial direction such that the tube stock is squashed inward from the tube outer side in order to obtain the cross-section profile of the torsion section (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2011-635).
Since torsion beams are deformed and suffer from fatigue as a result of external force received from the road surface during use, there is a need to research materials, shapes, and processes that do not suffer fatigue failure. Moreover, reductions in torsion beam weight are demanded from the perspective of improving fuel efficiency. It is therefore important to achieve both improved fatigue characteristics and a reduction in weight. To such ends, various technology has been proposed, which can be broadly split into the following four categories.
(1) Technology relating to the shape of a torsion beam, which improves fatigue characteristics by avoiding concentrations of stress and localized deformation (for example JP-A Nos. 2007-76410, 2013-52740).
(2) Technology that raises material strength by quenching after molding, in which fatigue characteristics are improved without removing residual stress (for example JP-A No. 2001-321846).
(3) Technology in which residual molding stress is removed by annealing in order to improve fatigue characteristics (employing a material that does not soften at the surface when annealed; for example JP-A No. 2009-155730).
(4) Technology relating to molding methods capable of reducing residual stress (for example JP-A No. 2013-91433).

Automotive component manufacturing method and automotive component