An anatomically approximate prosthetic heart valve includes dissimilar flexible leaflets, dissimilar commissures and/or a non-circular flow orifice. The heart valve may be implanted in the mitral position and have one larger leaflet oriented along the anterior aspect so as to mimic the natural anterior leaflet. Two other smaller leaflets extend around the posterior aspect of the valve. A basic structure providing peripheral support for the leaflets includes two taller commissures on both sides of the larger leaflet, with a third, smaller commissure between the other two leaflets. The larger leaflet may be thicker and/or stronger than the other two leaflets. The base structure defines a flow orifice intended to simulate the shape of the mitral annulus during the systolic phase. For example, the flow orifice may be elliptical. A relatively wide sewing ring has a contoured inflow end and is attached to the base structure in such a way that the valve can be implanted in an intra-atrial position and the taller commissures do not extend too far into the left ventricle, therefore avoiding injury to the ventricle.

Two primary types of heart valve replacements or prostheses are known. One is a mechanical-type heart valve that uses a ball and cage arrangement or a pivoting mechanical closure supported by a base structure to provide unidirectional blood flow, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,319 to Kaster. The other is a tissue-type or "bioprosthetic" valve having flexible leaflets supported by a base structure and projecting into the flow stream that function much like those of a natural human heart valve and imitate their natural action to coapt against each other and ensure one-way blood flow.
In tissue-type valves, a whole xenograft valve (e.g., porcine) or a plurality of xenograft leaflets (e.g., bovine pericardium) typically provide fluid occluding surfaces. Synthetic leaflets have been proposed, and thus the term "flexible leaflet valve" refers to both natural and artificial "tissue-type" valves. Two or more flexible leaflets are mounted within a peripheral support structure that usually includes posts or commissures extending in the outflow direction to mimic natural fibrous commissures in the native annulus. Components of the valve are usually assembled with one or more biocompatible fabric (e.g., Dacron) coverings, and a fabric-covered sewing ring is provided on the inflow end of the peripheral support structure.
In most bioprosthetic-type valves, metallic or polymeric structure provides base support for the flexible leaflets, which extend therefrom. One such support is an elastic "support frame," sometimes called a "wireform" or "stent," which has a plurality (typically three) of large radius cusps supporting the cusp region of the flexible leaflets (i.e., either a whole xenograft valve or three separate leaflets). The ends of each pair of adjacent cusps converge somewhat asymptotically to form upstanding commissures that terminate in tips, each extending in the opposite direction as the arcuate cusps and having a relatively smaller radius. The support frame typically describes a conical tube with the commissure tips at the small diameter end. This provides an undulating reference shape to which a fixed edge of each leaflet attaches (via components such as fabric and sutures) much like the natural fibrous skeleton in the aortic annulus. One example of the construction of a flexible leaflet valve is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,281 to Huynh, et al. (Edwards Lifesciences, Corp., Irvine, Calif.), in which the exploded view of FIG. 1 illustrates a fabric-covered wireform 54 and a fabric-covered support stent 56 on either side of a leaflet subassembly 52.
Many other flexible leaflet valve configurations are known, including U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,612 to Jansen (Adiam Medizintechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) which discloses a mitral valve prosthesis having a support housing with a large base ring (12) that bears two stays (18, 19) which substantially extend in the ring axis direction and are connected by curved walls for securing two flexible cusps (leaflets). The free ends of the stays form an inner support for the cusps. The base-ring has in the top view a closed, non-round shape with a common longitudinal axis (15) but two transverse half-axes (16, 17) of different sizes. The valve is symmetric about the combined transverse half-axes. The stays lie on the longitudinal axis and form the transition between the two halves of the valve. The less curved wall (13) carries a mural cusp having a smaller surface and a higher angle of inclination relative to the base ring base surface than the leaflet connected to the more curved wall (14). The material for the cusps (leaflets) can be synthetic resin foils known from the state of the art, preferably thermoplastic elastomers or synthetic resins with elastomeric properties such as a flexible polyurethane foil.
Another flexible leaflet valve configuration is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,335 to Wheatley, et al. (Aortech Europe Limited, Great Britain). This valve includes a generally annular frame with three posts and three scallops. The frame is tri-symmetric with an axis of symmetry defined by the axis of blood flow through the valve. Each leaflet has a truncated spherical surface adjacent to its free edge that is joined tangentially to a truncated conical surface. The leaflet surface is axi-symmetrical with the axis of symmetry being perpendicular to the axis of the valve frame and blood flow. The leaflets can comprise any biostable, biocompatible thermoplastic elastomer including but not limited to any polyurethane or silicone elastomer or any copolymer or blend based on these elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,086 to Moe, et al. (CarboMedics Inc., Austin, Tex.) discloses a tri-leaflet prosthetic cardiac valve with leaflets having an analytic shape in a selected position. The leaflets are connected to a valve body at attachment curves. The shape of the leaflet is selected from a set of geometries that can be represented mathematically. The attachment curve is selected to improve the durability of the tri-leaflet valve by moving the point of maximum loaded stress along the attachment curve away from the commissures. An inner wall of the valve body is given a non-circular shape near the attachment curve, the shape of the inner wall corresponding to the attachment curve.
Unfortunately, some proposed valves deteriorate quickly, and some inordinately restrict flow which undesirably reduces the amount of oxygen supplied to the body. The manufacturing process of tissue heart valves is very mature and complex from the quality control point of view, and only minimal improvements in valve durability have been achieved in recent years. Accordingly, despite much development work on heart valves in the past three decades, there remains a need for a more durable valve that permits more blood to flow.

Anatomically approximate prosthetic mitral valve


A method of advertising includes providing a transparent, tubular sleeve within which a sheet carrying advertising is placed and removably attaching the tubular sleeve to one of the arms of a turnstile.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to methods and devices for displaying indicia. More particularly, the present invention relates to advertising on turnstiles. In a further and more specific aspect, the present invention concerns a device apparatus containing visual information mounted on the arms of turnstile.
2. The Prior Art
Access to public as well as many private facilities is often controlled by devices conventionally referred to as turnstiles. Turnstiles consist of a housing placed in an accessway to define a narrow passageway. This passageway is controlled by an arm extending thereacross. In order to move through the passageway, the arm of the turnstile must be moved aside. Typically, turnstiles have a revolving plate mounted in the housing from which a number of arms extend. An individual moves into the arm presently blocking the passageway, and moves it down and away, rotating the rotating plate. The individual is now free to progress through the passageway, with a subsequent arm rotating up behind the individual to block the passageway from following individuals.
Turnstiles work well to control the flow of a crowd and/or charge and collect admission. However, they also use a large amount of space which could be used for other purposes. Specifically, at the present time, space is at a premium for advertisements. Advertisements generate a large volume of revenue in public event facilities, and are very much an integral portion of our society. Advertisements inform as well as entice individuals. High visibility locations in which to advertise are continually being sought, with prime location subject to a great deal of competition between advertisers.
Advertisements are presented in a wide variety of ways, the most common of which are placing posters in a case or simply tacking a poster to a wall. These are traditional and well established methods, however, these methods are limited by the amount of wall space available. Recently, Video monitors have been used to provide a plurality of ever changing advertisements. This method, while very effective, is also very expensive. Generally speaking, advertisements are prevalent throughout society, with most available space already allocated for advertisements. While there may be some space available, it is generally not highly desirable, being out of the way or less visible than preferred.
Turnstiles occupy a position which is highly trafficked, since everyone must pass through the turnstiles, and highly visible since most people look at the turnstile as they pass through. Conventional turnstiles, however, do not take advantage of their premier location, and while they perform their blocking functions admirably, take up advertising space, and more importantly, take peoples eyes off wall advertisements as they concentrate on passing the turnstile.
It would be highly advantageous, therefore, to remedy the foregoing and other deficiencies inherent in the prior art.

Method of displaying advertising on a turnstile


A traffic radar captures the patrol vehicle return signal by saving the patrol return when the radar system is placed in a standby state. If the radar is in standby for more than a predetermined period of time before reentering a transmitting mode, the system searches for a new patrol signal within a speed window around the saved patrol signal speed. If the radar is in standby for less than the predetermined period of time, the system initially searches for a new patrol signal over a range that excludes an interval around the saved patrol signal speed. If the new patrol signal is not found, then in a subsequent search the interval is included in the searched spectrum.

Traffic radar systems are widely used in law enforcement. Since the introduction of the first moving radar system, there have been anomalies known as combining and shadowing. Combining may occur when the combined patrol car return signal and oncoming target's return signal is of greater strength than the actual patrol car return signal. Since there may only be a slight difference between a combined signal and a patrol vehicle signal pattern, it may be difficult for the radar system to discern. As a result, if a police officer is traveling in a city environment at a normal patrol speed of 25–35 miles per hour, for example, and an oncoming vehicle is close when the radar unit transmitter is turned on, it is likely that the patrol speed displayed on the radar unit will be the combined speed of the two vehicles instead of the actual patrol speed.
In another similar situation, radar units typically include a "hold" function in which the radar unit is powered on but in standby and not transmitting. When the officer wishes to measure the speed of an oncoming vehicle the hold is removed and the unit begins transmitting and searching for the strongest return signal as the patrol speed in the range of the patrol limits, such as 10–100 miles per hour. If the patrol vehicle is traveling 20 miles per hour and the target vehicle is approaching at 35 miles per hour, the strongest signal may be the combined signal of the two vehicles at 55 miles per hour.
Shadowing may occur at highway speeds when the patrol vehicle is closing on a vehicle traveling in the same direction. The patrol speed is erroneously determined as the difference between the speeds of the two vehicles.
One method of capturing and tracking the patrol vehicle signal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,023,236 to Shelton. The '236 patent discloses a digital signal processor (DSP) traffic radar with an input from the vehicle's speedometer which is used to narrow a search window to +/− five miles per hour around the speedometer input speed. As a result, the patrol vehicle signal return is searched for in this narrow window eliminating the problems associated with combining and shadowing. One limitation of this and other systems with a speedometer input to the radar unit is that it may not be practical for a police department to easily access the speedometer wiring and make the necessary connection.
Another method that has been used to reduce patrol speed capture anomalies and does not require a hardwired interface to the vehicle is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,871. The patent describes a process for allowing the rejection of an incorrect patrol speed displayed. The operator can manually reject a captured patrol speed if the operator determines that it is incorrect. However, this system does not reduce initial patrol search errors.

Traffic radar system with improved patrol speed capture


A vehicle air-conditioning system, including: a DC-to-AC inverter, for supplying alternating current to the alternator of the vehicle from a battery, for rotating the wheel of the alternator; mechanical connection between the alternator wheel and a wheel of the air-conditioner of the vehicle; and an operating element, for user-operating the DC-to-AC inverter and the clutch of the mechanical connection, thereby operating the air-conditioner without power of the engine wheel.

FIG. 1 is a sketch of the elements receiving the power transmission in a prior art vehicle.
The vehicle's engine wheel 18 transmits its torque by a belt 24A or other means moving along rotational direction 22A, to a wheel 30B of an alternator 34, for producing alternating electric power (shown in FIG. 2); and to an air-conditioner wheel 28, for operating the air-conditioner, for cooling the passenger's compartment (not shown).
FIG. 2 is a prior art electrical circuitry of the alternator of FIG. 1.
Rotation of wheel 30B of alternator 34 produces alternating voltage (such as of three phase), being rectified to direct current (DC) supplied to the vehicle's battery 66.
However, activating the air-conditioner is not available without operating the engine, while operation of the engine without being at the site is regarded dangerous to the public and to the vehicle.
There is a long felt need to provide a solution to the above-mentioned and other problems of the prior art.


In a method and system for controlling a braking system, equipped with an electric parking brake, for a motor vehicle, the electric parking brake is released in response to an identification of a moving-off operation. A release instant of the electric parking brake is defined in dependence on at least one measured parameter of a clutch engagement operation. In comparison with a method and system in which, for example, the electric parking brake is released in dependence on the actuation of the accelerator by a driver, the method and system permit a more precise coordination of the deactivation of the electric parking brake with the clutch engagement operation, and thus with the moving-off operation of the vehicle, particularly in the case of a vehicle equipped with a manual transmission.

The invention relates to a method and a system for controlling a braking system, equipped with an electric parking brake (EPB), for a motor vehicle.
Known in the art, for the purpose of improving driving comfort, is the practice of controlling modern braking systems, that are equipped with an electric parking brake, in such a way that automatic activation and deactivation of the electric parking brake is possible in addition to manual actuation. The EPB is automatically activated, for example, as soon as the vehicle is stationary, and is automatically released again as soon as a moving-off operation of the vehicle is identified. The moving-off operation is identified, for example, on the basis of the detection of an actuation of the accelerator by the driver.
In the case of the automatic release of the electric parking brake in response to the identification of a moving-off operation, however, there is the problem, particularly in the case of fast moving-off operations of a vehicle equipped with a manual transmission, that the electric parking brake, owing to its response time from the start of its deactivation to the complete removal of the braking forces, cannot be fully released with sufficient speed to permit unimpeded moving-off of the vehicle. Owing to the braking forces, applied by the EPB, which have not yet been fully removed at this instant, there is an unpleasant jolt on the rear axle of the vehicle which is perceptible by the driver upon moving-off of the vehicle.

Method and system for controlling a braking system equipped with an electric parking brake


A method of forming a semiconductor device includes forming a first layer over a semiconductor substrate and forming a second layer over the first layer. The second layer includes silicon and has an etch selectivity to the second layer that is greater than approximately 1,000. In one embodiment, the second layer is a porous material, such as porous silicon, porous silicon germanium, porous silicon carbide, and porous silicon carbon alloy. A gate insulator is formed over the second layer and a control electrode is formed over the gate insulator. The first layer is selectively removed with respect to the second layer and the semiconductor substrate.

Semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) devices generally have superior properties over bulk devices. SOI devices are typically formed with SOI wafers, which include a layer of semiconductor material, a layer of oxide overlying the semiconductor material, and another layer of semiconductor material overlying the oxide layer. The semiconductor material can be a variety of different types of semiconductor materials such as, for example, silicon, silicon germanium, etc. However, SOI wafers are more expensive than bulk semiconductor wafers. Furthermore, it is expensive and time consuming to transfer existing circuit designs from bulk substrates to SOI substrates. Therefore, a need exists for a method which provides a cost effective method for providing higher quality SOI devices while allowing for the use of existing circuit designs fashioned for bulk substrates, when desired.
Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention.

Method for removing a semiconductor layer


A technique carries out seed (or key) derivation within an electronic apparatus (e.g., a hand holdable electronic apparatus such as a token, an authentication server, etc.). The technique involves acquiring a stored representation of a derived seed, the stored representation of the derived seed resulting from an earlier-performed cryptographic operation based on a higher-level seed. The technique further involves (i) performing a current cryptographic operation based on a stored representation of the higher-level seed, the current cryptographic operation resulting in a current representation of the derived seed, and (ii) providing a corruption detection signal indicating whether the current representation of the derived seed matches the stored representation of the derived seed.

Within a conventional authentication system, a hardware authenticator (sometimes called a token) and an authentication server work together to grant the token holder with login access using one-time use passwords (OTPs) which are often referred to as OTP codes, one-time passcodes, and pseudo-random numbers, among other terms. To this end, both the token and the authentication server share a symmetric key (i.e., a secret which is not otherwise known). The token uses this key to produce a series of one-time use passwords. Concurrently, the authentication server carries out the same operations on its end to produce the same series of one-time use passwords. Accordingly, at any time, the token holder is capable of providing a matching one-time use password from the token to the authentication server to prove that the token holder possesses the token. An authentication-based arrangement which carries out authentication in a manner which is similar to that explained above is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,985,583, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
For the initially-described conventional authentication system, it is possible for each of the token and the server to generate a set of keys where keys are derived from precursor keys; and where each key may be involved in the derivation of one or more subordinate keys over time, as shown in FIG. 1. Examples of the relationship between the keys in such a structure are often shown as chains of key, a tree of keys, a branch of a tree of key, or some other representation. That is, these authentication devices carry out a first key derivation function to derive a first derived key from a master key. Next, these devices carry out a second key derivation function to derive a second derived key from the first derived key, and so on. Each key derivation function may include, as additional input, extra information (e.g., a nonce value, a predefined value, a group password, etc.) as an additional security measure. The devices then use the lowest-level derived key at the time of authentication to produce a one-time use password.
It should be understood that, if the keys of the token are corrupted (e.g., due to a gamma ray burst, thermal noise, a power glitch, radio frequency interference, etc.), such corruption typically is detected when the token holder tries to authenticate with the authentication server. In particular, the token holder tries to submit a password based on a corrupted key and the authentication server refuses to authenticate the token holder. After several futile authentication attempts, the token holder typically contacts an administrator of the authentication server who eventually determines that the token is defective and no longer useful. The administrator then provides the token holder with a new token to replace the defective token.

Techniques for carrying out seed or key derivation


In one embodiment of a network device, multiple packet sources contend for access to a packet processing pipeline. The packet processing pipeline tracks the usage of lookup resources by each of the multiple packet sources. When a packet source is detected to be using more than an acceptable allocation of the lookup resources, access to the packet processing pipeline for that source is limited or curtailed to bring that source back within an acceptable allocation of resources. This backpressure mechanism can be used to control sources that, although within a bandwidth limit, are submitting a packet type mix that is consuming unfair percentages of lookup resources in an oversubscribed system. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to packet network devices, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for traffic management within such a device based on lookup cost.
2. Description of Related Art
Packet network devices receive and send data in finite-length packets. A packet generally encapsulates the data in a payload section, with one or more header sections providing instructions for delivery and interpretation of the payload. Multi-port packet network devices such as switches and routers use a variety of schemes to direct packets along a network path from a sender to a destination. Virtually all of these schemes involve reading at least one packet header from each packet, and interpreting the header information in order to forward each packet towards its destination. Depending on the types of headers used, one or more headers may also be modified before the packet is forwarded.
FIG. 1 shows a section of a prior art network device 100. The illustrated section of network device 100 processes packets received on four different ports A-D. Each port connects to a port FIFO (First-In First-Out buffer) capable of queuing packets while the packets await processing. Four port A packets A1, A2, A3, A4 are shown in port FIFO 110A, three port B packets B1, B2, B3 are shown in port FIFO 110B, three port C packets C1, C2, C3 are shown in port FIFO 110C, and three port D packets D1, D2, D3 are shown in port FIFO 110D.
An arbiter 120 selects packets from port FIFOs 110A-D according to an arbitration scheme that apportions access to the device among the ports. Arbiter 120 passes the selected packets to packet processing 130, where forwarding actions and packet modifications are performed.
Many switches are capable of operation in an "oversubscribed" bandwidth configuration. In FIG. 1, for example, device 100 may be designed with a merged FIFO 150 that can merge data from only three input ports at full line rate, and yet four ports are served. As long as each of the four ports receives with 75% average utilization or less, device 100 can process all traffic received. There may be some time periods, however, where near-line-rate traffic is received on all four ports at once. When this occurs, some sort of dropping mechanism is needed to manage traffic intelligently. Random early drop unit 140 provides such a service by sensing impending congestion in the device, and randomly dropping packets when congestion is imminent. Sophisticated devices have the capability to determine which of the input ports are exceeding an assigned bandwidth profile, and increase the probability that a packet from an out-of-profile port will be dropped should dropping be necessary.
In FIG. 1, processed packets are queued in merged FIFO 150 to await forwarding to their assigned output ports. FIFO 150 did not have sufficient buffer space for processed packets A0, B0, C0, and D0. Accordingly, random early drop unit 140 selected packet C0 and dropped that packet to keep the device within its capacity limits.

Multi-port network device using lookup cost backpressure


The present invention provides a grease for a slide contact which comprises (i) a synthetic hydrocarbon oil, (ii) 0.2-3.0 parts by weight of at least one inorganic substance whose mean particle size is 0.36 .mu. or less, selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, ferric oxide, and clay minerals which produce magnesium oxide through thermal decomposition thereof at high temperature, (iii) 3-20 parts by weight of 12-hydroxy lithium stearate, and (iv) 0.1-5.0 parts by weight of phenolic and/or amine primary antioxidants, said blending amounts of the ingredients being based on 100 parts by weight of the grease.

A grease for a slide contact has been used for a sliding switch and the like of a vehicle such as an automobiles and the like. The following properties are required of the grease in particular because it is troublesome and cost much labor to apply the grease to slide contact parts and slide parts made of resins respectively:
(i) It indicates low frictional resistance when it is applied to the slide parts made of resins or metals. PA1 (ii) It does not affect Environment Stress Crack of slide parts made of resins. PA1 (iii) It does not corrode the contact parts made of metals such as copper, and maintains low contact resistance of the contact parts under corrosive environments such as high temperature and humidity conditions. PA1 (iv) It extinguishes arc generated at the time of switching a load-break when it is applied to breaking parts of the slide contact, and is hard to deteriorate and carbonize under arc heat. PA1 (v) It does not change in quality at the temperatures used for soldering a lead wire, and makes a process for soldering the lead wire possible after it is applied to the slide contact. PA1 (vi) It can comprise a coloring agent without losing the aforementioned properties (i)-(v).
In addition to the above, the following property is required of the grease from the viewpoint that a poor dispersion of the ingredients, a bad injection of the grease from an autoapplicator, and the presence of the grease applied to members made of white or whitey resins, which constitute the switch, can visually be confirmed:
Although a grease for a slide contact possessing the aforesaid properties (i)-(v) (cf. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/753,374), there is yet room for improvement in the property (iv), and increase of a repeated durability of the switch is required of said grease in particular. Furthermore, as said grease is nearly colorless, the poor dispersion of ingredients, and the like cannot be confirmed visually.

Kabushiki Kaisha Tokai Rika Denki Seisakusho


A code reader has a predetermined guide groove and is configured to optically read an optically readable code from a predetermined side of a card type recording medium in which data is recorded as the optically readable code along the side, when the card type recording medium is abutted on the guide groove and is manually moved in a side direction along the guide groove. The code reader comprises an image input section configured to pick up an image of a moving code and process the image, and a data read section configured to read the data from the image which includes the code and is output from the image input section. A moving direction of the card type recording medium has a predetermined relation with characteristics concerning the image input section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a code reader which reads data recorded as an optically readable code on a card type recording medium, and such card type recording medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 1, when a handy code reader 104 is manually moved on a recording medium 102 in which data is recorded as an optically readable code 100 to read the code 100, instability of a velocity or incorrectness of a reading position is caused because of manual movement, and it is necessary to solve this problem.
Therefore, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,895, a system has been proposed in which digital data is divided by block unit having predetermined information amounts and recorded in a recording medium to reproduce the data. In the above-described system, each block data divided in an appropriate size is read together with an address, and the block data is combined based on the address to reproduce the information. In a constitution in which the data is divided and recorded/reproduced for each block having an appropriate size in this manner, a moving velocity is not constant, or the reading position is also moved by incorrect manual operation. Even in this case, the system is very superior in that the data can be securely read.
An effect of dividing and recording/reproducing the data for each block is high, but in this code reader 104, as shown in FIG. 2, with the movement, an image pick-up region 106 meanders with respect to the code. Therefore, when the region largely meanders, images of all blocks 108 are not correctly picked up, the data is sometimes missing, and attentions need to be paid to this case. In other words, an allowable meandering amount is a large factor that influences user's operability, and needs to be sufficiently considered in designing. Then, as shown in FIG. 3, when a longitudinal direction W of the image pick-up region 106 is matched with a meandering direction in the code reader 104 in which a size of the image pick-up region 106 on the medium is W×H (W>H), a larger allowable meandering amount (W−B) is secured.
Moreover, as a countermeasure against the meandering, constitutions such as a card type medium and code reader described in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-319846 are usable. As shown in FIG. 4, this is superior in that the code 100 is recorded along one side of a card type recording medium 110 on the medium, this medium is allowed to abut on a guide groove (=card guide 116) disposed in a housing 114 of a code reader 112, and moved along the groove, and accordingly the code 100 can be read without meandering the medium.

Code reader and card type recording medium


A lightweight, high-strength support platform for use in furniture construction, which has superior structural integrity and can be used, by way of example, in portable folding tables, in work tables and in modular furniture of the character typically used in modern office complexes. The support platform which may be rectangular or non-rectangular embodies a novel structural reinforcement core of a unique configuration which is both lightweight and exhibits superior strength and durability characteristics. In one form of the invention, the support platform also includes a reinforcement beam which circumscribes the central portion of the reinforcement core and which is generally "I" shaped in cross section. This latter form of support platform can be used in the construction of a circular shaped, lightweight, readily portable folding table which includes two pair of legs that are pivotally connected to the platform for pivotal movement between an extended operational position and a retracted storage and transport position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to plastic furniture. More particularly, the invention concerns a lightweight plastic folding table having a novel, structurally reinforced support platform providing a work surface.
2. Discussion of the Invention
Lightweight furniture which exhibits superior structural characteristics is in wide demand for many industrial and institutional applications. Entities having great need for such furniture include schools, convention centers, hotels, factories, business offices and various governmental entities. Particularly in demand are lightweight folding tables and lightweight modular units for use in offices and the like which are readily portable and easily storable when not in use.
While many types of lightweight furniture have been suggested in the past, a typical drawback of such furniture is a lack of structural integrity which tends to contribute to limited useful life and to frequent structural failures. As a general rule, when the prior art furniture designers have attempted to correct the structural deficiencies in the prior art designs, the furniture becomes excessively heavy and unduly bulky. As will be discussed in greater detail in the paragraphs that follow, the thrust of the present invention is to provide lightweight, readily portable furniture which embodies a unique structural reinforcement core that provide superior structural integrity to the furniture without unduly increasing its weight or bulkiness.
Exemplary of typical prior art plastic folding tables are those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,951,576 issued to Cobos et al. The Cobos et al tables include upper and lower plastic table top halves and a framework grid, preferably made of wood, sandwiched therebetween. Another example of a prior art folding table is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,394,808 issued to Dutro et al. This table has a unitary table top formed of molded plastic preferably having an outer shell of non-cellular plastic with a filling of lightweight hardened foam. Other examples of prior art table constructions can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,338 issued to Bonham and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,628,470 issued to DeLucas.


A P-wave detector in a single chamber ventricular cardiac pacemaker, which is adapted to perform VDD pacing, senses natural atrial activity in the form of P-waves from a standard lead implanted in the ventricle of the heart. The P-wave detector is electrically coupled to a ventricular sensing lead and, although the electrode of the lead is implanted in the ventricle, circuitry within the pacemaker perceives intrinsic cardiac electrical activity arising from all parts of the heart. The P-wave detector is adapted to differentiate P-wave signals arising within the atrium from other cardiac and non-cardiac signals using template matching techniques in which an acquired signal is compared with a previously stored P-wave template.

In the heart, natural atrial electrical depolarization waves propagate from the sinus node through the atrium to the atrioventricular node to stimulate the ventricle. In some diseased hearts, the electrical conduction pathway breaks down, so that the sinus node triggers the electrical heartbeat process but the electrical impulse does not conduct to the ventricle.
Dual-chamber pacemakers adapt pacing rate and timing to a patient's needs by sensing natural atrial heartbeat signals (P-waves) and by generating electrical stimulating pulses in the ventricle in response to the timing of sensed P-waves. The ideal sensor for determining a proper pacing rate is a normally functioning sinus node. Physiologic pacemakers which employ atrial sensing in VDD and DDD pacing modes, as are standard in the art of pacemakers, are truly rate responsive. Dual-chamber pacing is an effective therapy for high degree atrioventricular block, particularly for patients in which the natural sinus (rate-determining) mechanism is intact and functioning normally. In such cases, the rate-determining response of the pacemaker to emotion or exertion is the same as that of the normal heart's rate-setting mechanisms. Thus, the pacemaker acts as an artificial atrioventricular conducting system to reestablish A-V synchrony.
One disadvantage of a standard dual-chamber pacemaker is that it requires implantation of an atrial lead. An atrial lead presents multiple technical problems which arise from the anatomical and physiological nature of the atrium. The atrial wall is much thinner than the ventricular wall. Implanting a lead in the atrium is more likely to injure cardiac tissue, leading to difficulties in sensing natural atrial signals and possibly causing tissue scarring, resulting in dangerous arrhythmia conditions.
A ventricular lead can hold its electrode position with more stability than can an atrial lead. Leads are difficult to "fix" within atrial tissue in a stable position which is conducive to effective cardiac signal sensing. An atrial electrode which is not firmly affixed may cause intermittent P-wave sensing.
Pacing the atrial chamber is difficult due to the difficulty in affixing the atrial electrode to the thin atrial tissue. Furthermore, atrial stimulation may induce atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation.
Furthermore, the requirement for two leads in standard dual-chamber pacemakers leads to an increase in logical complexity, intensifying the dangers of improper interactions between control operations involved in pacing the two chambers, due to errors in programming variables which control the pacing interaction and the occurrence of unforeseen physiological events which disrupt the control pattern between the two heart chambers. With two leads, twice the danger of injury to heart tissue exists. Furthermore, a dual lead system is inherently more expensive than a single lead pacemaker.
Excessive current drain is an additional disadvantage of dual-lead pacemakers. In addition, a single lead pacemaker is much preferable for patients having a small vein diameter, such as children.
One manner of addressing the disadvantages of standard dual-chamber pacing was to perform single-chamber pacing in the ventricle (VVI) while including an extra sensor in the ventricle which did not generate atrial stimulation pulses, but merely sensed atrial cardiac activity. Knudson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,442, entitled "Atrial Rate Sensitive Cardiac Pacer Apparatus", issued Feb. 2, 1982, described a pacemaker with a single lead implanted in the ventricle of the heart which sensed cardiac atrial signals to determine cardiac demand and altered cardiac output to satisfy that demand. The lead had an electrode at its distal end implanted in the ventricle of the heart for sensing ventricular cardiac electrical signals and for stimulating ventricular pacing pulses. In addition, the lead had a second electrode located proximal to the first in a manner such that it was situated within the atrium of the heart. The second electrode sensed cardiac electrical signals arising from the atrium. Changes in atrial electrical cycle intervals were detected and averaged over multiple cardiac cycles to provide a control signal which was used to modulate the ventricular heart rate and, consequently, cardiac output. Wright et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,007, entitled "Atrial Rate Sensitive Cardiac Pacer Circuit", issued Nov. 3, 1981, described a circuit which performed the operations designated in the Knudson et al. patent. In this pacemaker, the lead was capable of sensing atrial depolarization, but atrial pacing was not possible since the electrode was not in contact with the atrial wall.
A number of problems arose in the Knudson et al. and Wright et al. systems. First, implantation of the ventricular electrode involved critical logistic problems. The ventricular electrode required implantation such that the atrial electrode was positioned where it could properly sense atrial depolarizations. A physician needed to implant the ventricular electrode, then test the atrial electrode for positioning and atrial signal sensing. If the position was not correct, the physician was required to remove the lead and attempt a second lead implantation using a lead with a different distance between the atrial and ventricular electrodes. Changing the leads was extremely difficult. Using subclavian punctures, a large introducing cannula (in situ) was required to confirm the occurrence of adequate atrial sensing. This implantation procedure was extremely difficult, cumbersome, prolonged and expensive. Furthermore, after the operation, atrial sensing was not always reliable and P-wave amplitudes were often inadequate.
A second problem with the Knudson et al. and Wright e al. pacemakers was that, in contrast to single chamber ventricular pacemakers, they required a special lead with separate electrodes for the atrium and the ventricle. A major disadvantage of the lead was its large size which was necessary to enclose three conductors. This lead was not standard for cardiac pacing and required additional electronics within the pacemaker which may increase the size and energy requirements of the electronics within the pacemaker, leading to an increased pacemaker size or a decreased service lifetime. Furthermore, it was often desirable to implant a new pacemaker and attach it to previously implanted leads. The Knudson et al. and Wright et al. pacemakers could not be attached to leads other than the required special leads.
A third problem with the Knudson et al. and Wright et al. pacemakers was that the atrial lead was free-floating in the atrial chamber of the heart, leading to inconsistent sensing of atrial signals.
A fourth problem existed in the Knudson et al. and Wright et al. pacemakers. Because sensing was not reliable, the pacemakers did not provide for P-waves to trigger ventricular pacing, but instead P-wave intervals were detected and averaged to determine the ventricular pacing rate. The pacemakers did not perform synchronous pacing so, unlike the result of a pacemaker operating in VDD or DDD pacing mode, there was no boost to cardiac hemodynamic output. The pacemakers were not as efficient as conventional DDD pacemakers.
J.C.P. Crick in "European Multicenter Prospective Follow-Up Study of 1,002 Implants of a Single Lead VDD Pacing System", PACE. Vol. 14, pages 1742-1744 (1991), discusses a pacemaker which solves the fourth stated problem afflicting the Knudson et al. and Wright et al. system by providing for sensing of P-waves and triggering of ventricular pacing pulse generation. However, the pacemaker discussed by Crick does require a special pacing lead which includes an electrode which is implanted within the atrium, the second stated disadvantage of the Knudson et al. and Wright et al. pacemakers.
When a heart's natural sinus mechanism is not operating properly, a ventricular rate responsive pacemaker may better provide for physiological rate-determination than a DDD pacemaker. However, an important limitation of rate responsive ventricular pacing arises upon the occurrence of retrograde conduction, wherein a depolarizing impulse from the ventricular myocardium is transmitted to the atrial myocardium, possibly triggering dangerous ventricular arrhythmias or generating cannon A-waves. Cannon A-waves are large abrupt waves in the jugular venous pulse that occur when the respectively contract against a closed tricuspid valve and a closed bicuspid valve due to atrioventricular asynchrony or ventricular tachycardia. For patients suffering from retrograde conduction, the addition of a sensor to increase pacing rate with exercise will not improve the cardiac output but rather will depress it even further. Therefore, the implantation of a ventricular rate responsive pacemaker may be contraindicated in some of the patients for whom it has been specifically designed, patients with the sick sinus syndrome and chronotropic dysfunction but who have intact ventriculo-atrial conduction.

Implantable cardiac stimulating apparatus and method employing detection of P-waves from signals sensed in the ventricle


A process for producing vitamin A acid, having useful biological activity, which comprises oxidizing vitamin A aldehyde with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorite in the presence of an acid.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for producing vitamin A acid from vitamin A aldehyde.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vitamin A acid is known to possess the function of curing various diseases and lesions, for example those caused by deficiency of vitamin A. Thus, there has been suggested possibility of vitamin A acid being usable as a therapeutic agent for deficiency of vitamin A and like symptoms.
Many processes are known to produce vitamin A acid (see for example "The Retinoides, Volume 1, Michael B. S. et al., Academic Press"). Among those processes, one that performs the production in the shortest procedure comprises using, as starting material, vitamin A acetate, which is being produced on an industrial scale in a large amount and is readily available, converting it via vitamin A to vitamin A aldehyde and then oxidizing the aldehyde. Vitamin A can readily be obtained by hydrolyzing vitamin A acetate under the usual alkaline condition. A known process for producing vitamin A aldehyde from vitamin A is the Oppenauer oxidation using tertiary aldehyde (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 206076/1991). A known process for converting vitamin A aldehyde or its analogues to vitamin A acid structure comprises oxidizing the former with a catalyst of manganese oxide, manganese oxide and sodium cyanide, silver oxide or the like (see for example Kaneko, R. et al., Chem. Ind. (London) 1971, (36), 1016, and Barua, R. K., Curr. Sci. 37, 364 (1968)). This process for producing vitamin A acid however uses an expensive and toxic heavy metal compound such as manganese or silver and is hence rarely employed on an industrial scale in practice.


An unlocking device for a control device (10) includes an actuating magnet (12) in a coil base (14) and/or in housing elements of the actuating magnet. An actuating element (16) can be displaced along a first axis (20) and releases, in an actuation position, a swivel path (22) for a control unit (24) arranged to swivel about a second axis (26). The control unit (24) has a locking element (30) which, when unlocked by the actuating element (16) via the control element (24), releases the trajectory (32) for the control device (10) to be actuated. The unlocking device also has a swiveling lever (34) guided in a housing part (28) to swivel. The second axis (26) is parallel to the first axis (20). The swiveling lever (34), at its free end and when the actuating magnet (12) is not actuated, contacts the actuating element (16). The locking element (30) is disposed on the other end of the swiveling lever (34) and maintains the control device (10) in the locked position.

Devices of this type are known and are disclosed, for example, in DE 102 15 054 A1. Unlocking devices such as these can be used for a plurality of applications. Especially wherever it is important to execute an actuating process for a technical component in a dedicated and reliable manner, unlocking devices with actuating magnets are preferred. This actuating magnet even in rough, everyday operation, for example, when exposed to vibrations or impacts, is reliable in use, as experience shows. With this unlocking device, in particular in the motor vehicle domain, safety-relevant parts can be unlocked and caused to operate, whether in the form of a roll bar to be deployed or in the form of a headrest movable forward in case of a crash to reduce the free impact path between the back of the head of the seat occupant and the head impact surface on the headrest, etc.


The present invention relates to a volume phase hologram recording material excellent in transparency, sensitivity, low curing shrinkage, and transparency, a volume phase hologram recording medium, and a volume phase hologram. A photosensitive resin composition for volume phase hologram recording contains a low-molecular-weight solvent-soluble aromatic copolymer (A) having a structural unit of a divinyl aromatic compound and a structural unit of a monovinyl aromatic compound, a photoradical polymerizable compound (B) which is copolymerizable with the soluble aromatic copolymer (A), and a photopolymerization initiator (C) as essential components. The photosensitive resin composition further contains, one kind or more of a polymer binder (D) and a plasticizer (E), and the soluble aromatic copolymer (A) is incorporated in an amount of 5 to 60% by weight.

Conventionally, holograms have mainly been used in the fields of stereoscopic image display and security. As materials for the holograms, wet-type materials that require development such as silver salt photosensitive materials and dichromate gelatin, have been mainly used in old times. Recently, however, a dry-type photopolymerizable hologram recording material excellent in environment resistance and light resistance after recording, which does not require any development process, has become the mainstream. A recording mechanism of the photopolymerizable hologram recording material, which is different from that of the silver salt photosensitive material, the dichromate gelatin, and the like, is generally considered as follows. That is, when an interference pattern composed of the interference of light excellent in coherence is irradiated onto a recording material, substances having different polymerization abilities respectively diffuse and migrate to a bright part of the light (higher light intensity area) and a dark part of the light (lower light intensity area) to form a refractive-index modulated structure as the photopolymerization proceeds, thereby recording a hologram. There are three types of polymerization forms of photopolymerizable hologram recording materials: (1) a radical polymerization type; (2) a cationic polymerization type; and (3) a radical/cationic polymerization combination type. The photoradical polymerization-type materials are commonly used. However, there is a disadvantage in that even though the sensibility is high, shrinkage attributable to the polymerization form is as high as several percents. Currently, among the photopolymerizable hologram recording materials, OMNIDEX manufactured by DuPont is the only photosensitive resin composition available in the market.
In recent years, for the realization of a ubiquitous information society, studies aiming at using photopolymerizable hologram recording materials for holographic data storages have become active again all over the world, and various photopolymerizable hologram recording materials have been proposed. Drastic progressions in technologies of laser optical sources, spatial light modulators, and so on while promoting national projects Holographic Data Storage System (HDSS, 1955-1999) and Photorefractive Information Storage Materials (PRISM, 1994-1998) that have started in the United States from the mid 1990s are contributable to such movements. A conventional technology for recording data on an optical disk such as a CD or a DVD is carried out such that laser beams are converged on a recording material through a lens to record data thereon bit by bit. The data-recording capacity defined by a size of a beam-converged spot has already come to its theoretical limit, so a new technology has been expected for a further increase in recording capacity. One of the technologies that has been attracting attention in recent years is holography.
The holographic data storage can perform volume recording instead of in-phase recording such as in CDs and DVDs, and data to be handled is page data, so the holographic data storage can record a large amount of data in comparable to the conventional CDs and DVDs. Currently, in each research institution, material development and recording technology development are actively performed toward putting the Write Once Read Many (WORM) type hologram optical disc capable of performing 1 terabyte (TB) recording to practical use. According to a basic design concept of a material for the holographic data storage, the material to be used is the same as the photopolymerizable hologram recording material for use in stereoscopic image recording or security as mentioned above. However, for use in the photographic data storage, requirements for the material, particularly sensitivity to an optical source to be used and cure shrinkage, are extremely strict. Typical examples of the photosensitive resin composition for the holographic data storage include one available from DCE Aprilis, Inc. in the United States affiliated with Polaroid Corporation in the United States and one available from InPhase Technologies Inc. in the United States affiliated with Lucent Technologies.
First, for example, as described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, DCE Aprilis, Inc. in the United States discloses materials with controlled polymerization shrinkage prepared by using Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization (CROP) monomers having oxirane and oxetane rings and obtained through pre-photoirradiation. However, although cationic polymerization shows a small degree of enzyme inhibition as in radical polymerization, the sensitivity thereof is slightly deteriorated in a long-wavelength region. In contrast, for example, as described in Patent Document 3, 4 or 5, InPhase Technologies Inc. in the United States discloses a material having an extremely small polymerization shrinkage of 1% or less, which is attained by using cyclohexane oxide in combination with an expanding agent (diphenylfuran carboxylate). Also in this case, however, cure shrinkage is prevented by whole-area exposure before or after recording using a cationic ring-opening polymerizable monomer. However, no proposal has been made to improve the sensitivity. For putting the holographic data storage to practical use, a further improvement in photosensitivity, a reduction in cure shrinkage, and an improvement in thermostability are expected.
Patent Document 1: U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,721                Patent Document 2: U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,300        Patent Document 3: U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,485        Patent Document 4: U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,076        Patent Document 5: JP 2000-086914 A        Patent Document 6: JP 5-94014 A        Patent Document 7: JP 9-106242 A        Patent Document 8: JP 2004-123873 A
In Patent Documents 6 and 7, a hologram photosensitive resin composition containing as a blended mixture of radically polymerizable ethylene monomers, a photopolymerization initiator, and an epoxy resin is described. In this composition, the radically polymerizable ethylene monomers are preferentially polymerized from the bright portion of an interference pattern at the time of hologram exposure with laser. A hologram is formed by using the phenomenon in which the ethylene monomers migrate to the bright portion. Note that the epoxy resin is cured after that. Patent Document 8 describes a soluble aromatic copolymer aromatic copolymer having a structural unit of a divinyl aromatic compound and a structural unit of a monovinyl aromatic compound, but does not disclose the use of the hologram.

Photosensitive resin composition for volume phase hologram recording and optical information recording medium using the same


The present invention provides a light emitting diode, which comprises a first LED die, a second LED die, and a dummy LED die, wherein the second LED die is disposed between the first LED die and the dummy LED die, and each die comprises a first semi-conductive layer, a second semi-conductive layer, and a multiple quantum well layer disposed between the first and the second semi-conductive layers. The first semi-conductive layer of the first LED die is coupled to the second semi-conductive layer of the second LED die, and the first semi-conductive layer of the second LED die is coupled to the first and second semi-conductive layers of the dummy LED die.

With rapid technical progress in light emitting diode (LED) technology, LEDs nowadays present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, smaller size, and lighter in weight. Recently, light emitting diodes are available in a wide range of colors with the most common being RED, BLUE and GREEN and are thus widely used in the backlight modules for displaying devices, such as cellular phones and LCDs. Nevertheless, heat dissipation is always the main issue restricting the improvement in LED luminous efficiency. Thus, with rising power output, it has grown increasingly necessary to shed excess heat with efficient heat transfer to maintain reliability for all LED manufacturers.
When a conventional LED is excited by the flow of current, generally the temperatures of components in the LED can be raised to above normal due to leakage current effect inside the semiconductor die of the LED and also inefficient heat transfer from the semiconductor die to the surrounding environment. Such above-normal temperature not only will cause damage to the components and speed the aging of the same as well, but also the optical properties of the LED are going to change with the temperature variation. For instance, the power output of an LED may reduce with the increasing of its temperature. In addition, as the color of light emitted from an LED, and thus its wavelength is determined by the energy gap of it semiconductor die, and since the energy gap is varying with the temperature variation of the semiconductor die, the wavelength of light emitted from the LED will change with the temperature variation.
In view of the heat dissipation problem that are common to the conventional LEDs, it is in need of an innovative LED that is able to reduce the leakage current and lower the in the LED economically and effectively.
Conventionally, as a voltage of 3V is usually the voltage required for exciting an LED, the drivers for LED excitation generally are configured with a voltage conversion circuit for dropping voltage to 3V from 110V. However, since the driver will have to be built large enough so as to accommodate the voltage conversion circuit, the application flexibility of LEDs is diminished.


A splicing method and apparatus is provided to facilitate efficient identification of cable wires to be spliced. Multiple wires are coupled to a test circuit, and a test signal is selectively applied to wire pairs with a switch. The wire carrying the signal in the cable to be replaced is then cut and spliced to a corresponding wire in a replacement cable.

Consumers and businesses rely heavily on telecommunication networks for transmission of data. Telecommunication lines comprise thousands miles of telephone cable. Each cable often includes as many as 3,000 insulated copper wires. When first deployed, transmission line cable wires were insulated with paper pulp, and such pulp insulated wires were used for many years thereafter. Later, in the 1950's, polyethylene insulated (PIC) wires were deployed. Today, pulp-insulated wire cables still carry a significant amount of telecom traffic, although the manufacture of such cables has been discontinued.
Typically, pulp insulated wires have the same color insulation so each is visually indistinguishable. Accordingly, identity particular wires in such cables can be difficult.
Typically, all the wires in a cable are divided into binder groups of twenty five pairs each. In a PIC cable (i.e., a cable including PIC insulated wires), each pair within a binder group has its own color code. For example, white/blue, white/orange, and black/orange are some commonly used color codes in a PIC cable. Typically, in both pulp and PIC cables, each binder group may be identified as a unit with a binder string, a tape, or by twisting wires within a binder group together.
To ensure reliable transmission of data, existing telecommunication cables require continuous maintenance. A common telecommunication cable maintenance routines involves replacement of worn, deteriorated, or damaged sections of cable with new cable sections. Another common maintenance routine involves confirming integrity of the cable section to isolate a defective portion of the cable. Both maintenance routines may require replacement of cable portions by splicing, or joining pieces of cable together. Splicing requires that each wire in one segment of cable be joined with a matching wire in another segment. Due to the extensive deployment of pulp cable, many splicing operations require joining new PIC cable, for example, with pulp cable. In existing telecommunication lines, a maintenance splicing task requires splicing portions of an existing pulp cable and replacing those portions with new PIC cable.
Typically, to insure high quality connections between spliced cables, splicing modules such as the 710 Module commercially available from 3M Corporation are used. Splicing module connectors may contain an insulation displacement connection device enabling simultaneous electrical connection of multiple pairs of two copper conductor cables. Such splicing modules can connect up to twenty-five such pairs at a time. A half-tap connector may be employed to join two cables without cutting the existing cable wires, thereby maintaining service during splicing. Users may also use straight connectors to make a straight or through splice. When a three-way splice is required, a user may incorporate a bridging connector to make an electrical connection between wire pairs in three cables simultaneously.
To identify and match wire pairs, a user may use tone tracing or other electronic identification techniques for each uncolored wire pair in a pulp or PIC cable. Conventional tone tracing test devices include commercially available Throwmaster, Side-Kick, or Dynatel pair testers. Picking one binder group at a time, a user may first attach a test lead to each included wire pair. A test probe including a sensitive amplifier may then be used to detect a tracing tone sent to each pair to identify a matching connection. Once a pair is identified, a matching connection may be made and the test lead is then moved to the next pair. This process is then repeated until all pairs are identified and matched. Since each pair is handled individually, tone testing each wire pair can be a time consuming task. In addition, the tone of the test device may not be detected due to a poor contact between the wires and the test lead. In which case, the test lead is reattached and wire pairs are retested until each is properly identified. Testing wire pairs thus can be a lengthy and complicated process. Moreover, repeated re-connections of the test probe may damage wire insulation, especially in an old pulp cable. It is therefore desirable to provide a method for more efficient, reliable, and less time consuming identification of unmarked cable pairs during cable splicing.


Synthetic fibers that have a round cross-section and three round longitudinal voids.

The present invention was made in the course of developing improvements in polyester fiberfill. Polyester fiberfill filling material is sometimes referred to as polyester fiberfill and has become well accepted as a reasonably inexpensive filling and/or insulating material especially for pillows, and also for cushions and other furnishing materials, including other bedding materials, such as sleeping bags, mattress pads, quilts and comforters and including duvets, and in apparel, such as parkas and other insulated articles of apparel, because of its bulk filling power, aesthetic qualities and various advantages over other filling materials, so is now manufactured and used in large quantities commercially.
Polyester fibers with longitudinal voids have generally been preferred for use as filling fibers over solid filaments, and improvements in our ability to make such polyester fiberfill with a round periphery has been an important reason for the commercial acceptance of polyester fiberfill as a preferred filling material. Examples of fiber cross-sections with longitudinal voids are those with a single void, such as disclosed by Tolliver, U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,137, and by Glanzstoff, GB 1,168,759, 4-hole, such as disclosed in EPA 2 67,684 (Jones and Kohli), and 7-hole, disclosed by Broaddus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,725, all of which have been used commercially as hollow polyester fiberfill filling material. Most commercial filling material has been used in the form of cut fibers (often referred to as staple) but some filling material, including polyester fiberfill filling material, has been used in the form of deregistered tows of continuous filaments, as disclosed, for example by Watson, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,952,134, and 3,328,850.
We use herein both terms "fiber" and "filament" inclusively without intending use of one term to exclude the other.
Practically all of the polyester fiber that has been manufactured commercially hitherto has been based on ethylene glycol (2G) and on terephthalic acid (T), and ethylene terephthalate polymers have sometimes been referred to as 2G-T, accordingly. Such polyesters have been preferred because of cost and availability, but others have been mentioned in the literature, such as 3G-T (sometimes referred to as PTT) and 4G-T for example. The present invention is not limited to fibers of 2G-T polyesters, but may be applied to other glycol terephthalate polyester fibers, such as of 3G-T or 4G-T, for example, and copolyesters. Indeed, the present invention is not limited to polyester fibers, but is believed broadly applicable to synthetic fibers, generally, and especially to those prepared by spinning filaments from a melt of the synthetic polymer, including polyamides, such as nylon 6,6 and nylon 6, polyolefins, such as polypropylene and polyethylene by way of example, but, as will be understood, since the invention was made in the course of melt-spinning polyester filaments, most of the description hereinafter discusses application of the invention to polyester filaments, and especially to bicomponent filaments such as are described and claimed in our previous applications, referred to hereinbefore.
Champaneria et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,745,061 disclosed synthetic filaments having at least three continuous non-round voids. FIG. 2 of Champaneria is an enlarged sectional view taken from a photomicrograph of a nylon filament spun through an orifice similar to Champanerial's FIG. 1 except for omission of one segment. FIG. 1 of Champaneria represents a spinneret orifice for spinning filaments containing four, substantially equi-dimensional and equi-spaced, parallel continuous voids, such as nylon filaments of cross-section as shown in FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c of Champaneria. As indicated, all the voids of Champaneria's filaments were "non-round". Champaneria did not illustrate any spinneret orifice for spinning filaments with three voids. The spinneret orifice shown in Champaneria's FIG. 1 was segmented with slot segments and spokes. Such spokes are shown terminating toward the center of the orifice with squared ends. Champaneria did not disclose any filaments with round voids, i.e., of essentially circular cross-section. All the filament cross-sections illustrated by Champaneria in his FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 and 3 had the non-round voids desired by Champaneria. Champaneria did not teach how to spin filaments with round voids.


An apparatus for assisting a user to maintain a correct posture is provided. The apparatus includes a determining unit configured to determine whether the user is using a portable terminal in a correct posture based on a user's face image captured by the portable terminal, an angle of inclination of the portable terminal, or any combination thereof, and an alarming unit configured to provide a predetermined alarm according to a result of determination by the determining unit.

1. Field
The following description relates to an apparatus and a method for assisting user to maintain correct posture.
2. Description of the Related Art
An increasing number of users are experiencing a variety of contents through a portable terminal including, for example, a smartphone, a tablet PC, or the like. The contents may include digital media broadcasting, games, movies etc. In particular, younger users may select to use their smartphone or a tablet PC while lowering their head and placing the portable terminal close to their waist or on their knees while traveling, for example, on the bus or subway. In response to a user using the portable terminal for a long period of time in such a posture, the user's cervical spine may be strained. A cervical spine normally has a C-shaped curve, and in response to a person viewing a screen while lowering or craning his or her neck for prolonged period, the user may be highly likely to have a forward head posture. Due to the prolonged period of having a forward head posture, the user may develop a straight cervical spine. A straightened cervical spine may reduce the ability of the neck to absorb an impact. Thus, an increase in the occurrence of a cervical disc may be likely.
According to a Korean spinal pain clinic report, in an analysis on the number of cervical disc patients in October 2009, when smartphones were first released in Korea, and April 2010, around which the smartphones were considered to be widely used, the analysis indicates that the number of cervical disc patients under thirty increased from 38 to 149, which is a 390 percent increase. In addition, the number of patients in the 41-49 age group, which was 69 in October 2009, increased to 129 in April 2010. On the other hand, there were only a 39 percent increase and 37 percent increase in the number of cervical disc patients in their 50s and 60s, respectively. In addition, a user of the smartphone may be subject to dry eyes (xerophthalmia). Dry eyes may be caused by watching a screen too closely. In response to a person having dry eyes, the person may feel their eyes burning, stinging or the like. Also, their eyes may tire very easily, making it difficult to keep their eyes open. A decrease in the secretion of tears is one common cause of dry eyes. People may forget to blink while watching TV, reading books or the like with concentration, and this lack of blinking may result in a reduction of tear secretion. Accordingly, a user of the smartphone having a smaller display than a TV may concentrate even more on the display of the smartphone at a closer range. Thus, a higher probability for the smartphone users to have dry eyes may exist.
To prevent a smartphone user from having a forward head posture and dry eyes, the smartphone user may need to reduce usage time of the smartphone, and, during use of the smartphone, keep the smartphone at eye level. In addition, in response to the user using the smartphone for more than ten minutes, the user may need to regularly stretch or intentionally blink their eyes frequently.
As another aspect, reducing the usage time of the smartphone/tablet PC in light of the advanced mobility and a variety of functions and contents served by the device may not be practical. Many users may not recognize such risks, and even when the users dothe risks, many users may not pay enough attention to maintain a correct posture. Thus, a device to actively promote a user to take a correct posture or to alarm the user of the possible risk may be needed.

Apparatus and method for assisting user to maintain correct posture


In a microphone cartridge, a flexible printed circuit board serves two functions, separating the diaphragm and backplate, and electrically connecting the cartridge and the buffer amplifier. The flex-print includes a spacer portion that maintains the appropriate distance between the diaphragm and backplate, and an integral lead portion having a conductor serving as the signal path for transmitting the signal from the cartridge to the amplifier. The spacer portion has a conductor that electrically contacts the diaphragm or backplate and is connected to the conductor of the integral lead portion. The integral lead portion may optionally include a second electrical conductor providing a reference path from the cartridge to the amplifier. Further, the flex-print may be used as the carrier for the amplifier, its associated circuitry, and for other circuitry within the listening device. And, the flex-print may be used as a portion of the diaphragm subassembly and/or the backplate subassembly

Electroacoustic transducers, which convert electrical energy into sound energy and vice versa, have been known for decades. They are useful for various purposes, including telecommunications equipment and hearing instruments, such as hearing aids (or generally "listening devices") that are located outside the ear or that fit within the ear canal. A conventional listening device includes a miniature microphone that receives acoustic waves and converts the acoustic waves to an audio signal. That audio signal is then processed (e.g, amplified) and sent to the receiver of the hearing aid or listening device The receiver then converts the processed signal to an acoustic signal that is broadcast towards the eardrum.
In addition to the size of the microphone becoming smaller, the amount of electronic equipment fitted with a microphone is rapidly growing. For many applications, including telecommunications equipment and hearing instruments, there is a demand for low cost, high performance miniature microphones.
The state-of-the-art transducer type used for these applications is the electret microphone. Generally, the construction of the electret microphone consists of three parts a microphone housing, an impedance conversion circuit, and the microphone cartridge. Such a cartridge typically consists of a rigid plate ("backplate") and a metallized polymer diaphragm separated by a thin spacer. The diaphragm and the backplate form the plates of a variable capacitor. A dielectric layer in either the backplate or diaphragm is permanently electrically charged ("electret"). An incoming sound wave causes the diaphragm to move relative to the backplate, resulting in a capacitance change. The change in capacitance alters the electrical field strength from the fixed charge and, thus, causes a voltage change across the capacitor.
Because the capacitance between the backplate and diaphragm is very small, the impedance of the electrical signal source is very high, and the signal is very sensitive to interference. Therefore, electret microphones typically include an internal buffer amplifier (or impedance conversion circuit). Both the backplate and the diaphragm of the cartridge must be connected with the buffer amplifier. Generally, either the backplate or the diaphragm ("reference") is connected with the amplifier via the microphone housing. The other ("signal") is connected with the amplifier by a wire, which requires the use of a soldering process and/or a small drop of electrically conductive adhesive. This is often a manual step subject to human error and is time consuming.
As such, a need exists for a new type of electroacoustic transducer that is easier to manufacture and requires less parts.

Microphone having a flexible printed circuit board for mounting components


A method for distributing information includes producing a symbol to be overlaid on at least one primary image presented on a first display screen, the symbol encoding a specified digital value in a set of color elements having different, respective colors. A message is received from a client device containing an indication of the specified digital value decoded by the client device upon capturing and analyzing a secondary image of the first display screen. In response to the message, an item of information relating to the primary image is transmitted to the client device, for presentation on a second display screen associated with the client device.

The term "second screen" commonly refers to the use of a personal electronic device, such as a tablet computer or smartphone, to enhance the experience of a person viewing content on another device, referred to in this context as the "first screen." (A second-screen device is sometimes referred to as a "companion device," and software applications supporting second-screen functionality may be referred to as "companion apps.") A second screen of this sort may include features that enable the viewer to interact with the content shown in the first screen, such as television shows, movies, music, or video games. For this purpose, the information displayed on the second screen is typically synchronized with the content being transmitted to the first screen.

Display synchronization using colored anchors


The present disclosure includes methods, systems, and non-transitory computer-readable media for validating data in a data structure used for forwarding packets by a network device comprising sending a data packet probe identifying a destination and including a segment ID, wherein the segment ID maps to a first interpretation by a receiving router to perform an action on the data packet probe to rewrite a portion of a destination address in a header of the data packet probe, and to redirect the data packet probe to the network device that initiated the data packet probe.

Management of networking environments without the interference of the control plane is an increasingly desirable feature of enterprise operations. With software-defined networks (SDNs), new tools make management without control plane interference more readily attainable, whether through centralized or distributed management. One area where demand is present but supply is lacking involves operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) of path monitoring. Path monitoring often requires the use of control plane intervention for validation of equal-cost multi-path (ECMP) routing. Another area involves the validation of next hop nodes along a path, or other attributes of path monitoring. The current state of network management does not minimize control plane involvement, and furthermore does not allow such management to take place in the data plane.


A method for implementing a virtual Network Element (NE), including: constructing type definition information of a virtual NE and a virtual board, which has all type parameters of an actual NE and board of the same type; obtaining the type definition information to construct a virtual NE entity and a virtual board entity which has property information of an actual NE; configuring service and protection information for the constructed virtual NE entity. A network management system for implementing a virtual NE is also disclosed. It is possible to construct and maintain a virtual NE which can simulate actual NE devices completely in accordance with the present invention.

In an optical network, such as a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) and a Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), constituted by different manufacturers, each device provider would provide its own network element management system or sub-network management system for device maintenance and service allocation. At present, network element management systems or sub-network management systems of a manufacturer can not manage the devices of other manufacturers due to the differences among the devices of different manufacturers and the un-unified software interface standards adopted by different manufacturers. When devices of different manufacturers connect with each other, Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring (MS SPRING), Linear Multiplex Section Protection (Linear MSP), Dual Node Interconnection (DNI), and etc are adopted to protect services. These protecting methods relate to devices of many different manufacturers in different management domains. Therefore, the problem that faces the network element management system and the sub-network management system is how the network element management systems and the sub-network management systems of different manufacturers effectively manage the above-mentioned services on the borders of sub-networks as well as the protection features in their own management domains.
To solve the problem, the method of configuring a virtual NE in the network element management system or the sub-network management system is usually adopted. The virtual NE is a kind of logic "NE" which is configured in the network element management system or in the sub-network management system, (both are referred to as network management system hereinafter), and is used to facilitate the management of services or protections in the network or in the sub-network by the network management system. The "NE" is usually used to simulate all or some of the management functions, such as services and protection functions of devices of one or more other manufacturers. It does not always correspond to a certain actual physical device in an actual network. The device maintenance and service allocation on the border of the network and the sub-network are made more convenient through the virtual NE, thereby enhancing the efficiency of device maintenance in the network and the sub-network.
In the prior art, the adopted simulation methods of virtual NE mainly are Black-box and Gray-box simulation methods.
The Black-box simulation method is shown in FIG. 1. One or more Black-box virtual NEs can be used to simulate one or more physical devices which are in sub-network 2 consisting of devices of manufacturer B and are outside the management domain of the network management system of sub-network 1, which consists of devices of manufacturer A.
In the Black-box simulation method, the Black-box virtual NE is only a constituent element of network topology. It is used to constitute the network topology with other topology elements, such as NEs and links. However, the Black-box virtual NE is not provided with internal service features, so it can not provide device management functions, such as device configuration, service, and protection, for the maintenance personnel of the network.
The Gray-box simulation method is shown in FIG. 2, which can also be used to illustrate the networking of White-box virtual NEs. As shown in FIG. 2, one or more Gray-box virtual NEs can be used to simulate one or more physical devices which are in sub-network 2 consisting of devices of manufacture B and are outside the management domain of the network management system of sub-network 1, which consists of devices of manufacturer A.
The Gray-box virtual NE is a constituent element of network topology while supporting some NE management functions, such as services. Compared with the Black-box virtual NE, the device simulation function provided by the Gray-box virtual NE is much stronger. For instance, the Gray-box virtual NE supports virtual NE service configuration, simple end-to-end circuit allocation, and etc. However, a Gray-box virtual NE can not simulate some complicated management functions, such as MS SPRING, Linear MSP and DNI protection, due to less information contained in the Gray-box virtual NE.

Method for implementing virtual network element and system thereof


An automatic screw-driving device including a sliding box and a sprocket to move a screw belt through the sliding box, the sprocket being locked at one of various positions to keep a screw on the screw belt at a secured position for a driver rotated by an electric motor to fix in something, the sprocket being rotated by a shaft rotated by pulling the sliding box forward and backward forcing an orienting rod to move along in a non-straight groove in the shaft fixed through a side wall of the sliding box contained in a housing so that the shaft is rotated.

There are automatic screw driving tools such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,059,034 and 3,930,297, include a sprocket member to move a screw belt and a pawl and a pin to prevent the sprocket member from rotating reversely. But stopping function of the pawl and the pin is not good, and in addition, a slide member has a cylindrical recess unadjustable so that each screw-driving device only suite for one size of screws. So a user has to prepare a plurality of screw-driving device for 13-41 mm screws. One more drawback is that the sprocket member does not work accurately to move a screw belt because of difficulty in locking the sprocket member firmly.
The U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,930,297, and 3,910,324 can only fix screws in a horizontal direction, limited in practical function.


An accessory to be attached to a base section of trunking for routing electrical cables is provided with a wall for concealing, inside the trunking, any longitudinal gap beyond an edge of at least one length of cover section. The wall has an effacable projecting finger on the front. Applications include the fitting of electrical devices.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to accessories adapted to be attached to a base section of trunking for routing electrical cables, and in particular to so-called xe2x80x9cfinishingxe2x80x9d accessories providing continuous protection of the cables where there are interruptions in the lengths of trunking closure cover section where a device is fitted, or at the end of the trunking, or at a corner.
The invention relates more particularly to an accessory adapted to be attached to a base section of trunking for routing electrical cables provided with a wall for concealing, inside the trunking, any longitudinal gap beyond at least one edge of at least one length of cover section.
2. Description of the Prior Art
French patent No. 89 11267, publication No. 2 651 387, describes an accessory of the above type, commonly referred to as a cover section joint, including a plane wall adapted to be positioned under adjacent lengths of cover section to close the gap that can occur between the cut edges of the cover sections if the lengths of cover section are not cut perfectly.
A cover section joint of the above kind prevents an object passing between the two lengths of cover section and provides continuous insulation so that the trunking continues to comply with the applicable standards.
Although a cover section joint of the above kind is entirely satisfactory, in particular in terms of the trunking complying with the applicable standards, and also in terms of the speed of fitting for trunking installers, who attach great importance to this parameter, it is not always satisfactory from the aesthetic point of view, especially if the trunking is relatively wide.
In this case the lengths of closure cover section are also relatively wide and all the more difficult to cut because the cut edge can be more askew.
Accordingly, the gap between the two juxtaposed lengths of cover section can be relatively large, clearly showing the cover section joint, so that the finished appearance of the trunking is somewhat unaesthetic.
To overcome the aforementioned problem it has already been proposed, especially in the case of relatively wide trunking, to associate the cover section joint with a joint cover covering the joint and the cut is edge(s) of the length(s) of cover section, which can then be cut without requiring the installer to take undue care.
To facilitate fitting the joint cover, a joint cover support is used which generally includes, at each end to be covered by a length of cover section, a step extending across its entire width and against which the cover section abuts.
A support of the above kind is described in particular in French patent application No. 97 15282, publication No. FR 2 772 200.
A solution of the above kind is satisfactory in terms of the system complying with the applicable standards, and also from the aesthetic point of view if the joint cover reproduces the external appearance and colorway of the cover section of the trunking.
However, if the cover section of the trunking carries a decorative pattern formed either when extruding it or by reworking it, for example by applying a covering imitating various textures, such as the textures of wood, stone or other materials, the presence of an injected joint cover at the interruption in the cover section, even if its colorway is coordinated with that of the decoration of the cover section, is not always to the taste of the installer, who will prefer to fit contiguous lengths of cover section cut carefully to the appropriate length.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,562,402 describes a joint to be positioned between two lengths of cover section, with no joint cover, the joint having substantially the shape of a podium with a junction part flush with the outside surface of the lengths of cover section and a sealing part under the lengths of cover section.
The junction part, which can constitute an abutment surface for an edge of a length of cover section, is bolted to the sealing part. Thus it cannot be removed at will, for example to fit contiguous lengths of cover section.
Compared to the aforementioned prior art, the present invention proposes a new accessory, adapted to be attached to a base section of trunking for routing cables, which is simple to manufacture, of low cost, and which provides the installer with a marker for positioning the cut edges of lengths of cover section or other elements to be juxtaposed along the length of the base section, enabling the cut edges to be covered with a joint cover, or not, according to the care that the installer wishes to take in cutting the cover section or other elements to lengths, and according to the required aesthetics of the installation as a whole.
According to the invention, the accessory adapted to be attached to a base section of trunking for routing cables is more particularly provided with a wall for concealing, inside the trunking, any longitudinal gap beyond an edge of a length of a cover section, the wall including an effacable projecting finger at the front, i.e. a finger adapted to be cut off or bent.
Thus, in accordance with the invention, when there is an interruption in the closure cover section of the trunking that requires an installer to cut the cover section to length, and if the installer wishes Lo install a joint cover, the projecting finger on the wall of the accessory mounted on the base section is used to measure the appropriate lengths of cover section to be cut, so that the cut edges of the lengths of cover section, when mounted on the base section of the trunking, are located against the projecting finger, there remaining between them at most a gap the same width as the finger.
Clipping means of the joint cover can then be passed through the gap to attach the joint cover to the accessory.
If the installer does not wish to use a joint cover, it is easy to cut off the projecting finger using a cutting tool such as side cutters, a knife or a saw.
Other advantageous and non-limiting features of the accessory according to the invention are stated hereinafter.
The finger is formed in one piece with the wall and is adapted to be bent.
This latter feature is particularly advantageous if the installer cuts a length of cover section so that it abuts edge-to-edge with another element juxtaposed to it along the length of the base section. In this case, when fitting the length of cover section to the trunking, the projecting finger of the accessory mounted on the trunking is pushed back under the length of cover section covering the accessory.
A hinge of the finger can be operative between one edge thereof and one edge of a window in the wall receiving the finger.
The finger can advantageously include on one free edge at least one lug adapted to abut against the rib provided on the wall to immobilize the finger when it has been effaced.
The joint cover according to the invention can have on an inside face that faces towards the wall of the accessory a rib adapted to push the finger back into the wall when it is fitted.
In another embodiment of the invention, the joint cover can have on its inside face that faces towards the wall of the accessory a housing to receive the projecting finger of the wall when it is fitted.
The accessory according to the invention can constitute a cover section joint mounted transversely on the base section of the trunking to assure continuity between two overlying lengths of cover section and can also constitute a trunking termination with a flange carrying the wall so that it is transverse to the flange.
Finally, it can also constitute a corner, a branch or a support for mounting an electrical device to be attached to the base section of the trunking.
The following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of non-limiting example, explains in which the invention consists and how it can be put into effect.

Accessory adapted to be attached to a base section of trunking for routing electrical cables


The present invention provides a method for preparation of poly(o-phenylenediamine) nano-belt comprising mixing aqueous solutions of o-phenylenediamine and of oxidant in a mole ratio of 1:0.1–1 under stirring; standing for 0.5–2 hrs at room temperature; and obtaining poly(o-phenylenediamine) nano-belt. The method is suitable for large-scale production. In the absence of template and surfactant, aqueous solutions of o-phenylenediamine and of oxidant are mixed in a specified mole ratio and thus obtain a poly(o-phenylenediamine) nano-belt with length of several hundred micrometers, width of several hundred nanometers and thickness of tens nanometers. The method is simple, quick and suitable for large-scale manufacture. The poly(o-phenylenediamine) nano-belt thus prepared possesses excellent semiconductor properties and is one of the most promising conductive polymer materials.

In recent years, conductive polymers apply in many fields extensively. Polyaniline became one of the most studied conductive polymers due to its good chemical stability and good conductivity. At the same time, polymers based on aniline derivatives attracted wide attentions from the chemical community. Poly(o-phenylenediamine) possesses high aromaticity and high thermal stability. Such kind of conductive polymer was used as the catalyst for electrochemical reduction of dioxygen as well as sensor for many chemical species. Poly(o-phenylenediamine) can be obtained by electrochemical polymerization of monomer o-phenylenediamine or by the chemical oxidative polymerization of monomer o-phenylenediamine.
Since the discovery of carbon nanotube, scientists focused their attention on molecular conductive wire. Conductive polymers possess long conjugation length and good conductivity. They have wide potential applications in the field of molecular conductive wire. Therefore preparation of conductive polymers having ID structure has not only important theoretical significance but also huge applied value. Zhang et al fabricated conductive polymer nanowire with soft lithography (2000 Nano Lett. 2:1373). Jang et al. prepared polypyrrole nanotube by using inverse micro-emulsion polymerization in non-polar solvent (2003 Chem. Commun. 720). Wan's research group prepared polyaniline and polypyrrole nanotube by using β-naphthalene sulfonic acid as dopant and surfactant (Wan et al., Chinese Patent No. 98109916.5; Wei et al., 2002 Langmuir, 18:917; Zhang et al., 2002 Macromolecules, 35:5937). Alternatively, many research groups used hard template technology such as using porous Al2O3 etc. as the template to form 1D structure of conductive polymer in the empty space of the template. However, the method has the following drawbacks: it is necessary to perform quite complicated post-synthesis process to remove the templates. At the same time, the 1D structures already obtained might easily be destroyed or be turned into aggregate in the course of their release from the hard template. For example, see following literatures: Martin et al., 1991 Adv. Mater., 3:457; Cai et al., 1989 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111:4138; Martin et al., 1990 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112:8976; Cai et al., 1991 Chem. Mater., 3:960; Wu et al., 1994 Chem. Mater. 6:1109; Wu et al., 1994 Science, 264:1757; Martin et al., 1993 Synth. Met., 55–57:1165; Parthasarathy et al., 1994 Nature, 369:298; Van Dyke et al., 1990 Langmuir, 6:1118; Penner et al., 1986 J. Electrochem. Soc., 133:2206; Cepak et al., 1999 Chem. Mater., 11:1363.

Method for preparation of poly(o-phenylenediamine) Nano-belt

Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences