An epitaxial growth system comprises a housing around an epitaxial growth chamber. A substrate support is located within the growth chamber. A gallium source introduces gallium into the growth chamber and directs the gallium towards the substrate. An activated nitrogen source introduces activated nitrogen into the growth chamber and directs the activated nitrogen towards the substrate. The activated nitrogen comprises ionic nitrogen species and atomic nitrogen species. An external magnet and/or an exit aperture control the amount of atomic nitrogen species and ionic nitrogen species reaching the substrate.

The invention relates to light emitting devices, and specifically to light emitting III-V nitride devices.
Efforts have been made to prepare mono-crystalline GaN because of its potentially useful electrical and optical properties. GaN is a potential source of inexpensive and compact solid-state blue lasers. The band gap for GaN is approximately 3.4 eV, which means that it can emit light on the edge of the UV-visible region.
Despite the desirability of a mono-crystalline GaN layer, its development has been hampered by the many problems encountered during the growth process. Previous attempts to prepare mono-crystalline GaN films have resulted in n-type films with high carrier concentration. The n-type characteristic is attributed to nitrogen vacancies in the crystal structure which are incorporated into the lattice during growth of the film. Hence, the film is unintentionally doped with nitrogen vacancies during growth. Nitrogen vacancies affect the electrical and optical properties of the film. ECR-assisted metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy gave GaN films that were highly conductive and unintentionally doped n-type (S. Zembutsu and T. Sasaki J. Cryst. Growth 77, 25-26 (1986)). Carrier concentrations and mobilities were in the range of 1×1019 cm−3 and 50-100 cm2 V−1 s−1. Efforts to dope the film p-type were not successful. The carrier concentration was reduced by compensation, that is, the effect of a donor impurity is "neutralized" by the addition of an acceptor impurity.
Highly resistive films were prepared by sputtering using an ultra-pure gallium target in a nitrogen atmosphere. The films were characterized n-type and the high resistivity was attributed to the polycrystalline nature of the films (E. Lakshmi, et al. Thin Solid Films 74, 77 (1977)).
In reactive ion molecular beam epitaxy, gallium was supplied from a standard effusion cell and nitrogen was supplied by way of an ionized beam. Mono-crystalline films were characterized n-type, but higher resistivities of 106 Ω-cm and relatively low carrier concentrations and mobilities (1014 cm−3 1-10 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively) were obtained (R. C. Powell, et al. in "Diamond, Silicon Carbide and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors" Vol. 162, edited by J. T. Glass, R. Messier and N. Fujimori (Material Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1990) pp.525-530).
The only reported p-type GaN was a Mg-doped GaN treated after growth with low energy electron beam irradiation (LEEBI). P-type conduction was accomplished by compensation of n-type GaN (H. Amano et al. Jap. J Appl. Phys. 28(12), L2112-L2114 (1989)).

Semiconductor device having group III nitride buffer layer and growth layers


For detecting a property of at least one layer (301) of a pavement (300), a flux of radiation of energy levels or at least one range selected from an energy spectrum received from the pavement is measured in a position above the pavement. The measured radiation includes g-radiation emitted by at least one radionuclide in or under the pavement. Information regarding the property is determined from the measured flux and a relationship between at least one flux of g-radiation of the energy levels or the range or ranges selected from the energy spectrum and the property. Pavement layers typically contain different concentrations of g-radiation emitting radio nuclides than the roadbed or the soil underneath and this also applies to layers of pavement of different material compositions. Selectively processing measured radiation at different energy levels or in at least one selected energy range allows to determine information regarding properties of the pavement from measured g-radiation intensity more accurately.

The invention relates to a method for detecting a property of at least one layer of a pavement, to a system for carrying out such a method and to a computer program for use in such a method.
It is known from practice, to measure physical parameters of a pavement with ground radar. In this known method, radar waves are emitted by a radar source. The radar waves are partially reflected by the pavement and detected. The properties of the reflected radar waves may then be related to physical parameters of the pavement. For example, the intensity or the phase delay of the reflected radar waves is a measure for the thickness of the pavement.
However, a disadvantage of this known method is its complexity because a radar source and detector are required. Furthermore, it is difficult to identify a boundary between layers having approximately the same density and the emission and detection of radar waves may interfere with and be interfered by other applications involving the use of radar signals, such as navigation and traffic control.
From Soviet patent application 1 617 078 it is known to measure the intensity of γ-radiation before and after the application of a dressing layer and to use the difference between the measured total gamma ray intensities to assess the quality of the layer. However, the accuracy of such measurements is quite unreliable.

Method and system for detecting a property of a pavement by measuring gamma-radiation


Radial magnetic bearings (125) of a centrifugal gas compressor (100) may lose power and fail to support the shaft (120) resulting in damage to the shaft (120). Auxiliary bearings (135) may be used to support the shaft (120) during such a failure. A landing guard (140) may be installed as a sacrificial piece between the shaft (120) and the auxiliary bearings (135). Landing guard (140) includes slots (144) that may be used with pins (121) in the shaft (120) to prevent an angular displacement between the landing guard (140) and the shaft (120).

The use of magnetic bearings in rotary machines such as centrifugal gas compressors is increasing. Magnetic bearings work on the principle of electromagnetic suspension. The use of electromagnetic suspension reduces or eliminates friction losses in centrifugal gas compressors.
Magnetic bearings in rotary machines are generally arranged with multiple windings or electric coils surrounding a shaft formed from a ferromagnetic material. Some magnetic bearings use a ferromagnetic lamination on the shaft when the shaft is not formed from a ferromagnetic material. The windings in a radial magnetic bearing radially surround the shaft and produce a magnetic field that tends to attract the rotor shaft. The attractive forces of the windings may be controlled by varying the current in each winding.
E.P. Patent Ser. No. 2,448,088, to K. Weeber discloses a rotor shaft assembly that includes a rotor landing sleeve shrunk-fit onto each end of the rotor shaft. The landing sleeve engages an inner race of a roller-element backup bearing in the event of a rotor landing.
The present disclosure is directed toward overcoming one or more of the problems discovered by the inventors.


To provide a structure for attaching exhaust control valves near exhaust ports in a two-cycle engine, the exhaust control valves variably controlling open areas of the exhaust ports. The cavity for receiving the exhaust control valves is formed near the upper edges of the exhaust ports on the cylinder block. The holder member is interposed between the cylinder block and the exhaust manifold, is attached to the pivot for supporting the exhaust control valves. A flange is provided for connection with the cylinder block. Therefore, the exhaust control valves are disposed near the upper edges of the exhaust ports. It is not necessary to form bearings on the cylinder block using a complicated process. Complicated parts such as bearings are collectively formed on the holder member that is independent and compact and easily machined. The pivot extends across the exhaust passages that are formed downwardly in order to detour around the pivot. A jet-propelled boat is provided with a saddle seat in which the power unit is neatly and compactly arranged in a limited space.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a two-cycle engine including exhaust control valves for varying open areas of exhaust ports. More particularly, to a structure for mounting the exhaust control valves near the exhaust ports. In addition, the present invention relates to a small boat which is driven by a rider sitting astride a saddle seat, and more particularly to a small boat including a power unit neatly housed in a limited space thereof
2. Description of Background Art
The two-cycle engine has been known as an engine that is compact but can produce a high output because of its relatively simple structure and mechanism. This engine has been widely applied to motorcycles, small boats, and so on.
In this two-cycle engine, valves are disposed near exhaust ports, and are opened or closed in order to control exhaust gases, thereby enabling the engine to operate under optimum conditions.
For instance, the two-cycle engine disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 7-71279 or No. Hei 7-180556 includes exhaust control valves disposed on inner walls of exhaust passages near upper edges of exhaust ports in order to open or close the exhaust ports. When the engine is operating at a low speed or under a low load, the exhaust control valves substantially fully close the exhaust ports, optimally controlling pressure in the cylinders, activating fresh air in combustion chambers using thermal energy of already burnt gases remaining therein, realizing combustion in an active and hot atmosphere in which self-ignition combustion is carried out, and improving fuel economy and purification of exhaust gases.
Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Sho 56-56915 exemplifies the two-cycle engine in which exhaust control valves for varying exhaust emission timing are positioned on inner walls of exhaust passages near upper edges of exhaust ports. When the engine is operating at a high speed, the exhaust control valves are fully opened to advance the timing for opening the exhaust ports (i.e., exhaust emission timing), thereby promoting discharge of exhaust gases. Conversely, when the engine is operating at a low speed, the exhaust control valves are nearly closed to retard the exhaust timing end prevent fresh air from blowing through the cylinders.
In the foregoing two-cycle engines, the exhaust control valves are supported by a pivot, are positioned near the upper edges of the exhaust ports, and are activated to vary the open areas of the exhaust ports.
Each exhaust control valve has an edge (i.e., the edge for opening or closing each exhaust port) which is in contact with an inner surface of the exhaust port. This means that the pivot for supporting the exhaust control valves should be positioned near the exhaust ports. If the pivot is positioned far from the exhaust ports, the exhaust control valves are subject to an increase in their turning radius, and suffer from reduced rigidity in their moving parts and an enlarged structure.
Various proposals have been made in order to rotatably position the exhaust control valves near the exhaust ports. For instance, Japanese Utility Model Publication No. Sho 57-12176 discloses the two-cycle engine, in which a cylinder block where exhaust ports are present comprises main and auxiliary cylinder block parts, and a pivot is disposed between these cylinder block parts in order to rotatably support the exhaust control valves near the exhaust ports.
However, in the foregoing two-cycle engines, the exhaust control valves are directly supported by the cylinder block where the exhaust ports are formed. Therefore, the two-cycle engines have a problem that the cylinder block should be subject to a complicated machining process of forming bearings and so on for receiving the pivot, so that it is difficult to attach the exhaust control valves to the cylinder block. Further, when the pivot is interposed between the cylinder block parts as in the last mentioned publication, the bearings should be precisely formed on surfaces of the cylinder block parts to be joined. This means reduced efficiency in manufacturing engines.
Since the exhaust control valves are exposed to hot exhaust gases, the bearings and so on should have a cooling member. However, such a cooling member is difficult to add because a structure for mounting the exhaust control valves becomes complicated.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Sho 62-35013 discloses the jet-propelled boat including an exhaust system, in which a first exhaust pipe communicating with an exhaust outlet of an engine is connected to an exhaust gas expanding chamber at its one end, and the exhaust gas expanding chamber is connected to an exhaust gas discharging outlet using a second exhaust pipe. The other end of the first exhaust pipe projects to the center of the exhaust gas expanding chamber, and extends substantially vertically in the boat. In other words, this jet-propelled boat prevents water, which enters into the exhaust gas expanding chamber via the exhaust gas discharging outlet because of sudden acceleration or waves, from entering into the engine via the first exhaust pipe.
The jet-propelled boat disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 5-27270 includes a valve which is interposed in an air intake path between an air inlet for introducing fresh air and an air inlet of an engine in order to open or close the air intake path. Further, the valve is interlocked to a float positioned outside the air intake path. When outside water enters into the boat, the float is lifted by the water to let the valve close the air intake path, thereby preventing the water from entering into the engine.
Various measures have been taken in order to protect the jet-propelled boat against water entering thereinto, as described above. Further, there has been a great demand for improving the ease of driving of such a small jet-propelled boat.


A connector pin which has a structure wherein a pin which can be moved by a spring is kept in contact with a casing by way of connecting member, an electrically conductive magnetic fluid is sustained in the casing, and the casing and the connecting member are magnetized. Owing to this structure, the connector pin is capable of extremely reducing production of metal powders in the casing and has a prolonged service life. Since the electrically conductive magnetic fluid can be sustained by magnetizing the parts composing the connector pin, no sealing member is required for sealing the electrically conductive magnetic fluid and the connector pin has a remarkably simplified structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electric connector unit which is comprised in a tester for semiconductor elements and used for connecting a probe card to the tester, and more specifically a connector pin which is to be built in the electric connector unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
LSI chips which are formed on a wafer at a manufacturing step of the LSI chips are subjected to a function test before they are cut off into individual chips. A tester used for this function test will be described with reference to a schematic diagram shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, a tester 100 is composed of a test head 101, a connecting ring 104 and a probe card 106. The test head 101 comprises a power source and a measuring instrument which are used for the test, and a test board 102 which is to be connected to the connecting ring 104 is attached to the test head 101. Probes 105 which are to be brought into contact with a pellet (an LSI chip) 108 on a wafer 107 are disposed at a center of the probe card 106 and connected to pads 110 through wires (not shown). The connecting ring 104 is a part used for electrically connecting the test board 102 to the probe card 106, and connector pins 103 which are studded on a top surface and a bottom surface of the connecting ring 104 are connected to each other in the connecting ring 104. Further, the connector pins 103 are disposed at locations which correspond to pads 109 on the test board 102 and the pads 110 on the probe card 106 respectively. Actually, the connector pins are disposed in 100 to 1000 pairs on the connecting ring 104.
FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of the connecting ring 104. In this drawing, however, only two pairs of connector pins are shown and parts which correspond to those shown in FIG. 1 are represented by the same reference numerals. In FIG. 2, connector pins 103a and 103b which are disposed in the connecting ring 104 are set in directions reverse to each other and connected by way of a connecting pipe 111. Each of the connector pins 103a and 103b is composed of a pin 112 which is kept in contact with the pad 109 of the test board 102 or the pad 110 of the probe card 106 and a casing 113 which is kept in contact with the connecting pipe 111. A main body of the connecting pipe 104 has an insulating property though the connector pins 103a, 103b and the connecting pipe 111 are made of a metal. In other words, the connecting pipes 111 for the connector pins are insulated from one another.
In each of the connector pins 103a and 103b, the pin 112 is kept in contact with the casing 113 inside the casing. Accordingly, an electric current path is formed from the pad 109 on the test board 102 to the pad 110 on the probe card 106.
The connector pin 103a or 103b described above has a structure wherein the pin 112 and the casing 113 are kept in contact with each other. Therefore, the connector pin poses a problem that portions of the pin 112 and the casing 113 which are kept in contact with each other are abraded due to friction between the metal parts, thereby causing poor contact or malfunction of the pin 112 due to metal powders.

Connecting pin having electrically conductive magnetic fluid


The invention acquires a destination corresponding to a group to which an authenticated user belongs by searching a user management unit configured to manage a plurality of destinations respectively corresponding to a plurality of users and information of a group to which each of the plurality of users belongs, and sets to transmit data to the acquired destination.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus for executing an application designated by an authenticated user, a control method therefor, and a storage medium storing a program.
2. Description of the Related Art
An information processing apparatus is known which includes a user authentication apparatus, and provides an application dedicated to an authenticated user. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-101484 describes an image transmission apparatus for transmitting read image data to the e-mail address of an authenticated user. This document also describes a button for automatically setting the e-mail address of the authenticated user as a transmission address.
The above-described conventional technique, however, cannot transmit data by automatically setting the addresses of the members of a group (for example, a section) to which the authenticated user belongs.

Information processing apparatus, control method therefor, and storage medium storing program


A power supply voltage adjusting apparatus includes a voltage setting part that, according to a characteristic variation of a semiconductor integrated circuit, sets a first power supply voltage of a first power supply domain module among a plurality of modules in the semiconductor integrated circuit, each module respectively having a different power supply voltage; a detecting part that compares phases of a first clock signal flowing through the first power supply domain module and a second clock signal flowing through a second power supply domain module to detect a phase difference; and a voltage adjusting part that adjusts a second power supply voltage supplied to the second power supply domain module to reduce the phase difference detected by the detecting part.

Recently, demand for portable devices such as mobile telephones, portable music players, and digital still cameras increases year by year. Since these portable devices are battery-driven, low power consumption is particularly required of LSI used in circuit portions of the portable devices. Further, to achieve cost reductions by reducing heat generating elements, lower power consumption is similarly demanded of LSI in stationary devices.
A multiple power source LSI has been developed to address such demands for lower LSI power consumption. The multiple power source LSI includes multiple modules of power supply domains in the LSI. Therefore, a circuit requiring high-speed operation is disposed in a module supplying a higher voltage and a circuit not requiring high-speed operation is disposed in a module supplying a lower voltage. Thereby, the multiple power source LSI may execute processes satisfying requested performance and achieve lower power consumption.
On the other hand, semiconductor integrated circuits tend to have a longer signal delay time of elements due to manufacturing variations and increased variations in the leakage current accompanying the miniaturization of minimum processing dimensions. If a constant voltage is supplied regardless of the variations of element characteristics, a semiconductor integrated circuit having large manufacturing variation is unable to satisfy an objective operation frequency when the element delay is shifted to a value greater than the design value. When the element delay is shifted to a smaller value, the leak current of the element increases and power consumption increases as a result.
A technique of preventing the increase in the leak current due to process variation is known as an adaptive supply voltage (ASV) technique of adaptively adjusting the power supply voltage depending on the process variation while satisfying an objective operation frequency (see e.g., Tshanz, J.; Narendra, S.; Nair, R.; and De, V., "Effectiveness of Adaptive Supply Voltage and Body Bias for Reducing Impact of Parameter Variations in Low Power and High Performance Microprocessors", IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 826-829, May 2003).
FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram of a principle of achieving lower power consumption with the ASV technique. A chart 1601 of FIG. 16 indicates the dependencies of the power consumption on manufacturing variation and the critical path delay for a fixed power supply voltage. A chart 1602 of FIG. 16 indicates the dependencies of the power consumption on manufacturing variation and the critical path delay for the ASV technique.
As depicted in the chart 1601, a chip supplied with a fixed power supply voltage under the fast manufacturing variation condition is supplied with a voltage that is more than necessary regardless of low critical path delay. This excessive supply of the power supply voltage increases the leakage current, resulting in an increase in the power consumption. Therefore, as depicted in the chart 1602, if the power supply voltage is adjusted to be reduced as much as possible within a range of the critical path satisfying the objective operation frequency according to the manufacturing variation, the power consumption may be reduced unless a chip has the slow manufacturing variation condition.
Such an ASV technique is applicable not only to an LSI made up of a single power supply domain module but also to a multiple power source LSI made up of multiple power supply domain modules, for example, by allocating the process variation and the power supply voltage as parameters and performing a delay analysis such as static timing analysis (STA) to obtain the ASV.
FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an exemplary configuration of a conventional single power source LSI. FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an exemplary configuration of a conventional multiple power source LSI. Although a single power supply LSI 1700 may be adjusted through power supply to a power supply domain A by the ASV technique as above, a multiple power supply (triple power supply) LSI 1800 is adjusted appropriately through power supply voltages to power supply domains by the ASV technique taking into consideration logical paths within and between power supply domains A, B, and C.
A circuit has been disclosed that uses a selector to switch a clock signal output from a PLL circuit to suppress clock skew generated when the power supply voltage is changed in some of the cores (see e.g., Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-100269). A circuit has also been disclosed that, to eliminate malfunction, enables operation voltage sources to be individually set for a first group of circuits that generate clock signals and a second group of circuits that transfer signals and execute logical processing operations according to the clock signals (see e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-312058).
However, the technology disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-100269 is not suitable for a multiple power source LSI having multiple power supply domains. In the case of a multiple power source LSI, a circuit may be configured across power supply domains of different voltages. When a power supply voltage is obtained according to process variations in the multiple power source LSI, consideration may be given to combinations for each type of the power supply voltages. Therefore, as compared to the single power supply LSI, the number of processes for obtaining the power supply voltage increases considerably.
For example, assuming that the process variation conditions are J conditions, the power supply voltage conditions are K conditions, and the number of power supply domains is L, to obtain the ASV of the power supply domains, the number of times I delay analysis is performed may be expressed by equation (1).I (number of times delay analysis performed)=J×KL [times]  (1)
Therefore, the number of times delay analysis is performed exponentially increases as the number of power supply domains increases, arising in a problem of heavy processing load on the functional part obtaining the ASV.
Although the clock skew (mismatch of clock timings) of the power supply domains of the multi power supply LSI may be corrected according to Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-100269, the power supply voltage is not automatically adjustable according to process variations. Similarly, with Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-312058, although the operation voltage sources are individually settable for the first group of circuits that generate clock signals and the second group of circuits that transfer signals and execute logical processing operations according to the clock signals, the power supply voltage is not automatically adjustable according to process variations.
When the ASV of a multiple power source LSI is obtained, the manufacturing variation dependency and the power supply voltage dependency may be different for delay times of a clock tree circuit and a logic circuit due to factors such as a RAM macro, different logic cells, and different transistor types, for example. If the manufacturing variation dependency and the power supply voltage dependency are different for delay times of the clock tree circuit and the logic circuit, malfunction may occur even when the clock skew is corrected.
FIG. 19 is an explanatory diagram of delay times of a clock tree path and a logic path. A chart 1901 of FIG. 19 depicts an example in which the manufacturing variation dependency and the power supply voltage dependency are similar for the delay times of the clock tree circuit and the logic circuit. In such a case, the logic path may be operated at the objective operation frequency by obtaining the AVS based on the characteristics of the clock tree path.
However, if the manufacturing variation dependency and the power supply voltage dependency are different for delay times of the clock tree circuit and the logic circuit, behavior different from the chart 1901 is exhibited. A chart 1902 depicts an example in which the dependency of the logic path delay is smaller. A chart 1903 depicts an example in which the dependency of the logic path delay is greater.
As depicted in charts 1802 and 1803, the manufacturing variation dependency and the power supply voltage dependency may be different for delay times of the clock tree path and the logic path, and the difference may not be negligible in many cases. In particular, as depicted in the chart 1903, when the manufacturing variation dependency of the logic path is greater, if the AVS is obtained based on the characteristics of the clock tree path, a problem arises in that the logic path is unable to operate at the objective operation frequency, causing malfunction.

Power supply voltage adjusting apparatus, recording medium, and power supply voltage adjusting method


The invention relates to a system for controlling at least a first and a second remote mailbox located in at least one e-mail server, in a terminal. Between the terminal and the e-mail server maintaining the first remote mailbox, and between the terminal and the e-mail server maintaining the second remote mailbox, at least partly simultaneous connection is arranged to be established, wherein the remote mailboxes are arranged to be controlled by means of the terminal substantially simultaneously by means of the connections.

1. Field of the Invention
The disclosed embodiments relates to the system, method and terminal according to independent claims.
2. Brief Description of Related Developments
At present, the GSM mobile network (Global System for Mobile Communications) is one of the most popular and most extensive wireless networks. In addition to the conventional speech connection the network provides its users with other data services. The utilization of a signalling channel enables the transmission of text messages between subscribers, and the GSM data service provides for a 9.6 kbit/s connection via a conventional circuit-switched connection, or a considerably faster connection via a high speed circuit-switched connection HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) developed for the GSM mobile network. In current data transmission, the same basic method as in the speech transmission is used, i.e. the connection is provided with one TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) time slot, by means of which a 9.6 kbitis circuit-switched service is attained, or with several time slots if a high speed circuit switched connection is used.
The GSM Data service is used nearly in all GSM networks and its popularity is clearly increasing. The current service is suitable to be utilized for the transmission of facsimiles, reading of e-mails and possibly for the transmission of files of smaller size. In the future, one of the most important embodiments will likely be the remote use of Internet in a wireless communication device. For this purpose, and for example for the transmission of images, faster connections are required. The expansion of Internet on a growing number of fields also increases the number of potential users. Wireless networks have to keep up with the landline networks, and thus it has to be possible to transfer data even faster. One solution for this need is the GPRS technology (General Packet Radio Service), by means of which it is possible reach a connection of even 184 bit/s in solutions of prior art.
One aim of the GPRS is to provide the users of the GSM system with high quality packet network services by utilizing the already existing GSM infrastructure and protocols as much as possible. The GPRS packet service efficiently utilizes the capacity of the radio link and it can quite well be applied in the transfer of burst data. GPRS is a general packet service based on the development of the GSM system, which enables the act of applying different packet protocols in one network. In practice, the most important protocol is IP (Internet protocol), but the standards also support X.25.
One GPRS subscriber can have several different PDP (Packet Data Protocol) connections. When the subscriber activates a PDP connection according to IP, an IP address is activated for the subscriber, on the basis of which it is possible to transmit packages for the subscriber, and on the basis of which the packages of the subscriber are transmitted to an external IP network. The GPRS backbone network conducts the transform between the IP address and the internal addressing of the GSM, and it is capable of controlling the mobility of the subscriber. Thus, the GPRS system looks externally like an ordinary subnetwork of the Internet network. The mobility of the terminals cannot be detected outside the GPRS system either.
The use of e-mail in communication has become considerably more common in the recent years. Typically, one person can send and receive several e-mail messages within one day. At present, e-mail is used not only for transmission of messages related to work but also for transmission of personal messages. The ease and cheapness of sending e-mail messages have for their part also increased the use of e-mail in communication. Furthermore, e-mail is at present used for the transmission of such messages which are of low importance and whose transmission with other kinds of transmission methods is thus not reasonable at all.
Because the use of e-mail is so common, at present several people have a number of various e-mail addresses and remote mailboxes (electronic mailbox, e-mail box) related thereto. The concept of an remote mailbox refers to a property, such as a memory provided in an e-mail server, by means of which the owner of the remote mailbox can receive e-mail messages. For this remote mailbox an unique address is determined, which is typically of the format firstname.lastname@example.com, wherein the e-mails can be directed from the receiving e-mail server to the correct remote mailbox by means of this address. The e-mail server is a computer (server) which communicates with the data transmission network. The e-mail server can, for example, be a server connected to the local area network of a company, or a server of an operator providing for e-mail services, which is known as such.
Generally, such a person has at least one e-mail address provided by the employer, which e-mail address is primarily used for taking care of matters related to work. For personal purposes, such a person usually has an e-mail address provided by a service provider e.g. by an Internet operator. In addition to these addresses, e-mail addresses provided by different schools and other organizations may also be available.
Persons, who have several remote mailboxes in their use, often want to actively use several of the remote mailboxes available. The reason for this may be, for example, that one wishes to keep matters related to work and personal matters apart, or some remote mailboxes are only intended for a particular field of the work, e.g. for customer feedback. Thus, the problem is how the person in question receives information on the messages that have arrived in the different remote mailboxes. Another problem is how the person in question can easily send messages from different remote mailboxes.
At present, it is known that from the remote mailboxes it is possible to forward all messages or messages fulfilling a certain condition to another e-mail address. Thus, it is possible to collect the e-mail messages from all remote mailboxes in use for example to only one remote mailbox. In that case, it is, however, quite difficult to determine in which remote mailbox the message has already arrived. Another problem in this case is that e-mail messages that have arrived can be answered easily only from the remote mailbox to which the message has finally been transmitted. There are also programs which check the desired remote mailboxes at intervals, and send a notification if at least one message has arrived in any of the remote mailboxes. However, these programs merely function as signalling devices, and thus they cannot be used for handling e-mail messages.
Many e-mail programs are capable of simultaneously handling only one remote mailbox. Thus, the remote mailbox has to be changed from the settings of the program, and thus the change cannot be conducted very rapidly and/or very easily. Furthermore, one has to remember a number of various settings, which are usually different for every remote mailbox. There are also e-mail programs, which are capable of handling several remote mailboxes. In these programs, the mailbox to be used is typically selected when the program is activated, i.e. several remote mailboxes cannot be used simultaneously. When the application is running, it is only possible to move from one remote mailbox to another by reactivating the program and by selecting another remote mailbox.
The patent publication U.S. Pat. No. 5,956,486 discloses one such e-mail program (accessor) in which the aim is to gain access to more than one remote mailbox by means of the same e-mail program. This is implemented in such a manner that settings necessary for using several remote mailboxes, such as the address of the remote mailbox, access settings of the messages, etc., are determined in the e-mail program. The user can also determine how often the e-mail program checks whether new messages have arrived in the remote mailbox (polling). Even though it has been presented in this publication that it is possible to use several remote mailboxes with one e-mail program, they are not, in fact, used simultaneously. In practice, the e-mail program may communicate with only one of the selected remote mailboxes at a time. When the examination is switched to another remote mailbox, the e-mail program has to make the terminal first to disconnect the existing connection, and thereafter the setting up of a new connection has to be started. The connection is advantageously set up by means of a modem, or if the terminal is a working station connected to a local area network, the connection can be established also via a server of the local area network.
There are known devices, such as notebook computers, small handheld computers or PDA devices (Personal Digital Assistant) available for storing different kind of information. In these devices it is possible to store for example calendar information, notes, address information, phone numbers or corresponding information given by the user. Data is typically entered in these devices by means of a keyboard. Data can also be entered by using a computer connected to the device. In some devices it is also possible to store text information also by writing it directly on a touch screen for example with a pen-like object. The capacity of these devices is constantly increasing, and they already contain various properties known from PC devices (Personal Computer). For some devices there are expansion cards according to the PCMCIA standard (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) available for the purpose of connecting these devices e.g. to mobile phones. Thus, for example by means of PDA devices it is for example possible to utilize radio waves for wireless transmission and reception of telefax messages, short massages (SMS, Short Message service) and other text files. In this description, the concept of a PDA device refers to devices according to the description above.
As is well known, there are also devices available in which the functions of the wireless communication device and a PDA device are combined together, wherein it is not necessary to use separate auxiliary devices, such as PCMCIA cards. One such known device is the Nokia Communicator 9110, by means of which it is possible to communicate with the Internet network, conduct mobile phone functions, such as the reception of a call and selection of a phone number, and to receive for example telefax messages. The properties of wireless communication devices, such as mobile phones are constantly increasing, and they typically comprise functions e.g. for presenting images on the display of the wireless communication device. In this description, the concept of a wireless communication device refers to such a wireless communication device, which can contain functions of the above-described PDA device or a corresponding device.
One purpose of the invention is to attain a method and apparatus by means of which it is possible to use several remote mailboxes simultaneously in such a manner that different remote mailboxes are not, however, mixed with each other.
It is possible to attain this purpose in such a manner that each e-mail server, which one wishes to use simultaneously, is advantageously provided with a PDP connection with its own. Thus, it is possible to provide the user interface of the e-mail program with a possibility to control several different remote mailboxes simultaneously. In the e-mail program, the different remote mailboxes are distinguished from each other by means of unique identifications, such as icons and/or names of the remote mailboxes, wherein the user can determine the remote mailbox to which each function and notification relates.

Method and system for controlling multiple remote mailboxes simultaneously connected to a plurality of PDP connections of a GPRS system


An attitude control device for a three-axis stabilized satellite in terrestrial orbit embodies an attitude sensing system adapted to deliver roll, yaw and pitch attitude signals, a set of at least three non-parallel axis momentum wheels and a set of at least two magnetic coils oriented at least approximately in two non-parallel directions in the roll/yaw plane. A primary control loop embodies a processor and controller connected between the attitude sensing system and the set of at least three momentum wheels. It is adapted to determine from attitude signals and attitude set point signals attitude correction signals for the momentum wheels so as to apply to the satellite primary attitude correction torques. A secondary control loop embodies a coil controller connected between the processor and controller, the set of at least three momentum wheels and the set of at least two magnetic coils. It is adapted to determine from attitude correction signals addressed to the momentum wheels and from signals representative of the behavior of the wheels compensation signals to be applied to the magnetic coils so that by interaction with the terrestrial magnetic field secondary attitude correction torques are applied to the satellite. A circuit for desaturation in pitch of the set of at least three momentum wheels is connected between the set of at least three momentum wheels and a pitch actuator.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention concerns the stabilization of the attitude of a satellite (or, more generally, a spacecraft station carrying a payload) in terrestrial orbit, in practice a circular orbit and preferably a geostationary orbit.
2. Description of the Prior Art
At present three-axis stabilized geostationary satellites are almost exclusively all telecommunication satellites for which pointing in yaw and stability with regard to high-frequency vibration are not critical criteria.
Such satellites in practice carry momentum wheels conferring upon them sufficient gyroscopic stiffness to reduce yaw errors (this applies in particular to the ARABSAT, EUTELSAT-2 and TVSAT-2 satellites).
This attitude control principle is insufficiently accurate for meteorological remote sensing satellites for which the accuracy of the attitude of the satellite is a critical parameter; similar precision is also a requirement, to which no more satisfactory a solution has yet been found, in the case of scientific experiment spacecraft, for example.
Broadly speaking, the first criterion which must be satisfied by a telecommunication satellite is that it should be cost-effective, and therefore of low cost, whereas remote sensing and "scientific experiment" satellites must meet performance criteria irrespective of the cost implications.
The previously mentioned solution using momentum wheels for stabilization has drawbacks including a high level of vibration even though the passive gyroscopic yaw control that it provides is necessarily imprecise.
The invention is directed to enabling highly accurate attitude control of a three-axis stabilized geostationary satellite or spacecraft of the active control type, but offering high reliability; minimizing use of thrusters and so improving the stability of the spacecraft; minimizing transient orbit control conditions; facilitating seasonal 180.degree. slew maneuvers; enabling compensation of internal disturbances on these three axes; and minimizing the problems of onboard resonance.

Attitude control system for a three-axis stabilized satellite especially a remote sensing satellite

Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle


A device to aid the unloading of support elements, the support elements comprising a lower shaft and an upper shaft telescopically coupled to each other. The device includes annular first and second bodies coaxially couplable with each other. Each annular body is provided with a through-hole that allow the upper shaft to extend through the through holes. The upper shaft is also supported by the first annular body using a transversely extending member. The second annular body rests on the lower shaft. An intermediate unloading wedge is positioned between the first and the second annular bodies coupled together, and is able to slide transversally with respect thereto. The sliding of the unloading wedge causes the first annular body and the second annular body to come together or move apart in the longitudinal direction and, therefore, reduce or increase, respectively, the total length of the support element.

Props are vertical support elements whose height can be adjusted, normally used in construction, comprised of a vertical exterior base tube, known as the lower shaft, which has a support base at its lower end and an interior tube, or upper shaft, that is removable to a lesser or greater extent from the lower shaft to adapt the length of the prop to the distance between the surfaces or elements to be supported by the prop, such as formwork elements.
The props are provided with fastening means that allow the position of the upper shaft to be fixed, once it has been extracted enough from the lower shaft (base tube). These means are normally comprised of a transversal pin that passes through the upper shaft and that at the same time rests on an adjusting nut with handles and attached to the thread that the upper end of the lower shaft has externally.
When the structure that supports the prop on the site has acquired sufficient resistance, the prop is unloaded, i.e. the prop is uncoupled from the formwork element that it supports. To uncouple the prop it is very difficult to manually loosen the adjusting nut in the opposite direction to that of adjustment, since the pressure that the loaded prop is under hinders the turning of said nut with respect to the thread of the lower shaft. It is usual therefore, that the operator hits the nut handles with a hammer or similar, in the direction to loosen it, but this is often the cause of faults in the props. Therefore, to aid the unloading manoeuvre, devices are used for the rapid unloading of props.
Devices are known to aid the unloading of support elements, such as props, based on parts connected to the upper end of said prop, wherein the upper edge has indentations that have a straight step, determining an appreciably horizontal area for the support of a transversal pin that passes through the upper shaft, this state corresponding to the operative or working position of the prop. The parts in question have a recess adjacent to the step, this recess being designed to receive the pin during the descent or fall thereof in the unloading position of the prop. This type of devices for aiding the unloading have the drawback that, due to an accident or a bad manoeuvre, the pin can move towards the edge of the step falling in the recess, which causes the unloading of the prop whilst in working position and the dangers that this involves. Also, to unload the prop, it is necessary to hit the pin strongly so that this falls into the recess, due to the lack of inclination of the surface wherein it is initially supported since if it were more inclined it would increase the risk of the pin accidentally falling in the recess.
Another example of embodiment of a device to aid the unloading of props is disclosed in document ES 2140280, wherein it provides a sliding holder on the prop shaft, that is supported by the adjusting nut and which has two indentations diametrically opposite one other, each one having on one of its sides a sloping step, the bottom of the indentation being rounded, adapted to receive the prop pin. The device is complemented by another part, a sliding cylindrical device on the exterior of the prop shaft, which holds different diametrically opposite extensions, which can fit, for the operative position of the prop, in the holder indentations, preventing the accidental falling of the pin therein. Thus, to aid the unloading of the prop, it is necessary to elevate the cylindrical element, so that the extensions come away from the bottom of the indentations and therefore the pin can slip, due to gravity or being hit, in the sloping step until it penetrates the bottom of the indentations.
In said device to aid the unloading of props, it is necessary to first position the holder, then put the pin through the upper shaft of the prop and keep this supported on the sloping step of the holder, until the complementary part has been positioned on top so that its extensions fit into the bottom of the holder indentations, which complicates the construction of the unit.
The lack of a device for unloading support elements such as props or falsework, that overcomes the drawbacks of the existing devices and that improves the speed and ease of the positioning thereof, is therefore evident.

Device to aid the unloading of support elements


The present invention relates to network transmission technologies, and provide a Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)-based add/drop multiplexing (add/drop multiplexing) method, apparatus and system to improve add/drop multiplexing utilization, in which multiple Gigabyte Ethernet (GE) connections among multiple nodes are multiplexed in GFP to a byte synchronous interface for transmission, wherein a bandwidth of the byte synchronous interface is smaller than a sum of peak bandwidths of the group of GE connections borne on the byte synchronous interface; statistical multiplexing is carried out on effective data borne on the multiple GEs by means of buffers, and the effective data are treated by priority in the case of network congestion. The present invention implements statistical add/drop multiplexing for multiple data services in various types, and can be used in implementing a statistical ADM for diverse data services in burst mode, even a statistical ADM for multiple mixed services.

As the Internet grows continuously, the data volume transported through the Internet become increasingly huge. Since conventional narrow band networks can not meet people's demands any more, many typical broadband technologies have emerged. Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), defined in ITU-T G.7041/Y.1303, is a new data link framing protocol mainly for block codes based on byte synchronous transmission channels or packet-oriented data streams.
Unlike High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol that determines frame border by a frame header padded with specific characters, GFP adapts the frame positioning method in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and employs a Header Error Check (HEC)-based self-description technology to determine frame border by two-byte of the current frame for payload length and two-byte of the current frame for HEC. Therefore, it overcomes defects in the frame positioning which depends on a frame tag and is suitable for high speed processing. Since the frame header in GFP is also a payload length indicator, the GFP frame encapsulation may be in a flexible form and support data in fixed or variable length, and can completely encapsulate the user's Protocol Data Units (PDUs) in variable length. Therefore, it avoids data parsing, restructuring and frame padding, simplifies operations, and improves system processing speed and stability.
Another feature of GFP is the introduction of IDLE frame: in the case that GFP doesn't receive any data from the service side, it will create an IDLE frame to solve the problem of mismatch between the service data rate and the data rate of lower transport service layer, and thereby avoid any limitation to the byte synchronous transmission on lower layer or the data service on upper layer. The IDLE frame feature of GFP makes it applicable to adaptation from any service to any byte synchronous stream when it is used as an adaptation layer (of course, the transmission bandwidth for byte synchronous stream on lower layer must be wider than that required by the service on upper layer), and reduces complexity resulted from FLAG byte application in Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and Link Access Procedure-SDH (LAPS). That feature is the basic reason why GFP is now widely applied.
In another aspect, to solve the problem regarding wavelength utilization, in a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) system, the conventional Optical Transponder Unit (OTU) used for point-to-point optical connections has been replaced by an optical transponder unit with multiplexing or add/drop multiplexing function. Although multiplexing multiple services to a single wavelength for transmission can improve wavelength utilization, such an application is still in a point to point application model, in which the wavelength utilization can be improved by service multiplexing only when there are multiple services between two points. However, such an application mode is rarely seen in practice.
In the applicant's Chinese patent application no. 200310121902.2 and entitled "Method for Improving Wavelength Utilization", a method for improving wavelength utilization in WDM system by means of add/drop multiplexing is put forward. At present, there are two ways to implement add/drop multiplexing: Virtual Container (VC) and GFP Channel ID (CID). The VC method is to utilize the above-mentioned GFP or another similar adaptation protocol (e.g., PPP or LAPS) to encapsulate an upper layer service into virtual containers and then perform add/drop multiplexing on the VCs to implement add/drop multiplexing for the service. For example, a Gigabyte Ethernet (GE) signal can be encapsulated in GFP into a Virtual Concatenation Group (VCG) including 8 VC4s; then, those VCs are multiplexed into Synchronous Transfer Mode-N (STM-N) frames; at the destination node, the VCs are treated by add/drop multiplexing, so that the Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM) for the GE signal is implemented. For example, STM-16 data can be encapsulated into an Optical Data Unit of level 1 (ODU1); then, 4 ODU1s can be encapsulated into an ODU2; by treating the ODU1s through add/drop multiplexing, an STM-16 ADM function can be implemented. Compared with the VC method, GFP CID method is simpler. For example, before GEs are encapsulated into ODU1 frames, they are encapsulated into GFP frames first; by assigning different CIDs to different GEs and treating the GEs with different CIDs in different ways at the destination node (for example, a GFP frame with a CID identical to the GE to be dropped at the destination node is terminated at the node and dropped, and a GFP frame with a CID different from the GE to be dropped at the destination node will pass through that node and be transferred to the next node in the original direction), so as to implement the add/drop multiplexing for GEs.
Though both the above VC method and GFP CID method can implement ADM operations for services, they have their drawbacks respectively. In the VC method, separate VCs are assigned to each service. No matter whether a service makes full use of the corresponding VC bandwidth, the VC bandwidth is reserved for the service. According to a carrier's network including multiple GE ADMs, the typical bandwidth utilization for each GE is about 30%. Therefore, the bandwidth reserved for each GE is actually wasted and can not be used for other services. Though the VC bandwidth occupied by each service can be adjusted (e.g., a GE required 8 VC4s originally but now is adjusted to have 4 VC4s), that method has poor flexibility in that it can not provide enough bandwidth to GE services on upper layer at peak traffic times and also reduces the traffic through GE ports of routers on upper layer in disguised form, and the service capability of upper layer equipments are not fully utilized. Furthermore, the method of reducing VC bandwidth does not attain the purpose of utilizing "peak-valley effect" among the services to balance traffic demands among the services and implement statistical multiplexing. Though the GE ADM implemented with the GFP CID method enables multiple GE services to share the physical bandwidth of the same bearer pipe, the drawback of the GFP CID method is apparent, because the traffic for each GE is unpredictable and no traffic control mechanism is defined in GFP, and the existing implementation method actually reserves bandwidth for the sum of the respective peak traffics of GEs in the lower layer bearer pipe. Though the method simplifies the implementation of GE ADM, it reduces bandwidth bearing efficiency at individual wavelengths.

Add drop multiplexing method, apparatus and system based on GFP


There is provided a radio transmitting apparatus capable of improving spectrum efficiency and a transmission rate while maintaining communication quality. The present apparatus adaptively selects space multiplex where different information (transmission signal A≠transmission signal B) is transmitted from a plurality of antennas with the same frequency, frequency multiplex where different information (transmission signal A≠transmission signal B) is transmitted from the plurality of antennas with different frequencies, space diversity where the same information is transmitted from the plurality of antennas with the same frequency, and frequency diversity where the same information (transmission signal A=transmission signal B) is transmitted from the plurality of antennas with different frequencies according to circumstances of a propagation path.

Preparations for broadband radio access system are currently underway to aim at a world-wide unified standard. Moreover, there has been desired the establishment of mobile broadband radio access system for next generation, which makes good use of abundant frequency sources, toward submillimeter wave bands.
As the current broadband radio access system, there is used one in which a modulation method is orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) using a frequency band of 5 GHz under the world-wide unified standard and a modulation multiple value number corresponding to each subcarrier is adaptively controlled according to the circumstances of a propagation path. According to this method, a large modulation multiple value number can be obtained under good circumstances of the propagation path. For this reason, a transmission rate of 54 Mbps using 64-value QAM in, for example, a frequency band of 20 MHz can be attained.
In recent years, application of SDM (Space Division Multiplex) method in which space division multiplex is performed with the same frequency using a plurality of antennas has been considered in order to improve effective use of the frequency ("PDM-COFDM Scheme for Broadband Mobile Communication Systems" Sugiyama, Umehira, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Communication Society Meeting, 2001, SB-3-7). In this type of method, the modulation is the same as the conventional case, but different information is transmitted from the plurality of antennas with the same frequency to perform space multiplex. For this reason, for example, in a case where two antennas are used, the transmission capacity is doubled without increasing the frequency band to be used, so that the transmission rate is also doubled.
However, in the aforementioned conventional method, there is a case in which a receiving side cannot perform separation and reproduction of the transmission signal subjected to space multiplex in principle depending on interference from another cell and the circumstances of the propagation path. For this reason, the communication capacity is not always increased, and there is a possibility that such a case will occur where a demand for an expected transmission rate will not be met. In addition, there is a possibility that a communication impossible state will occur depending on the case.

Radio transmission apparatus and radio communication method

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A network management service for facilitating the management of networked devices by network management applications (a.k.a., agents) is described. In a first embodiment, the network management service for facilitating the management of networked devices by network management applications (a.k.a., agents) comprises an agent discovery service for discovering and registering remote management agents, and a file transfer service operative to send information to and receive information from remote systems.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of networked systems and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for facilitating the management of networked devices.
2. Background Information
Networking of computing elements and, in particular, the implementation of client/server networks, wherein the client is the initiating node and the server is the responding node (i.e., not necessarily referring to a file "server" or an application "server"), are known. Examples of these networks include local area networks (LANS), wide area networks (WANS), global networks (Internet), and the networking of telecommunications devices (i.e., cellular networks, PCS networks, wireline telephony networks), and the like. Many of these networks comprise a variety of client computers having different processor architectures and Operating Systems (OS) using Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Internetwork Packet exchange (IPX), and User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP), or other suitable networking protocols (cumulatively referred to as the Internet communication suite) to produce a seemingly transparent network. Although it may appear to an end-user that the network is seemingly indifferent to computer type (e.g., Intel.RTM.-based PC, a Macintosh, or a UNIX system), the useable interface to the network protocols providing the communication interface between the heterogeneous computer systems still rely on the host OS. Therefore, for each of the popular OS, a corresponding "flavor" of the Internet communication suite must be developed in order to network a host computer system operating with any of these OS.
Thus, despite this seemingly transparent operation, the reality is that these heterogeneous computer networks can be very cumbersome to manage and, consequently, expensive to maintain. While the standards-based communication protocols of the Internet communication suite (e.g., TCP/IP, UDP/IP, IPX) have facilitated the promulgation of such heterogeneous networks, those who manage these networks must duplicate a number of resources to account for a variety of processor architectures and corresponding OS disposed throughout the network. That is to say that the file management, processor communications and the interface to the network communication suite rely on the OS as the user interface to provide a functional computer system (at least from the perspective of the end-user). Accordingly, in most instances where the OS "hangs" (i.e., seemingly "freezes" in an unrecoverable state), the user is, in essence, locked out from the operational state of the computer and the only recourse is to restart the OS (e.g., by rebooting the computer).
Producers and consumers of computer systems have begun to quantify the costs associated with the purchase and maintenance of computer systems and, to some, the results are surprising. One generalization drawn from such study is that the initial cost of purchasing a computer system and software (regardless of size and complexity) is quite small compared to the cost of maintaining such systems. That is to say, the cost of system management, lost productivity due to computer/network downtime and the like are significantly higher than the initial cost of purchasing the hardware and software elements comprising the network.
It is not surprising then, that consumers of large networks of computing devices are placing more pressure on the computing industry to drive down the cost associated with the management and maintenance associated with computer systems, i.e., to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) associated with the purchase and maintenance of the computer systems. Despite their best efforts, however, prior art network management solutions (sometimes referred to as network management tools) to these problems have not had a significant impact on reducing the total cost of ownership.
While the introduction of these tools have improved the general state of network management, fundamental limitations in their effectiveness remain. An example of one such inherent limitation in prior art management tools is the fact that they rely on an operational operating system (OS) at the client computer. That is to say, the prior art network management tools are unable to interface with a "frozen" client computer, much less perform remote diagnostics and maintenance on a client computer in such a state. Rather, many of the prior art management tools created by third party developers merely generate usage statistics, or information readily available from networked computers (or the individual processors of the networked computers), i.e., they merely collect and provide commonly available information via a graphical user interface (GUI).
To further illustrate this limitation with an example, if a user calls a corporate help desk complaining of computer problems, and the network manager determines that the user's OS is "frozen", there is little the network manager can do remotely via the network management software. Consequently, the network manager is often relegated to the rather impotent suggestion of having the user "reboot" the computer and, consequently, losing all of the data stored in volatile memory (i.e., not saved on the hard drive).
Thus a need exists for a method and apparatus for facilitating the management of networked devices, unencumbered by the deficiencies and limitations commonly associated with the prior art.

Method and apparatus for facilitating the management of networked devices


Disclosed is a lower track for mounting rubber pads on a track shoe to be attachable and detachable after assembling a steel plate which is adhered with divisionally formed rubber pads as a single unit without additionally perforating coupling through-holes in the track shoe when the rubber pad which forms the lower track and the track shoe which is formed of a metal material are coupled. The lower track of a crawler excavator according to the present invention comprises: first and second rubber pads which are divisionally formed; a first steel plate which supports the bottom surface of the first rubber pad by surrounding the same, and has first hooks formed on the bottom surface thereof and coupling holes formed in a connection stepped-portion, which is formed at the opposite side of the first hooks; a second steel plate which supports the bottom surface of the second rubber pad by surrounding the same, and has second hooks formed on the bottom surface thereof, connection protrusions formed at the opposite side of the second hooks so as to be secured on the connection stepped-portion, and connection through-holes formed in the protrusions so as to correspond to the coupling holes; and coupling members sequentially passing through the through-holes formed in the second rubber pad and the through-holes formed in the second steel plate so as to be fixed in the coupling holes of the first steel plate.

A lower track of a general crawler type excavator shown in FIG. 1 includes:                a plurality of track shoes 1 each configured to form a ground plane of a crawler to allow an orbital motion of the track shoes to be performed by a drive wheel (i.e., referring to a sprocket) connected to a travel motor (not shown);        a pair of opposed track links 3 and 4 each mounted on the track shoe 1 by means of a bolt or the like and including a plurality of link segments consecutively connected to each other by a plurality of track pins to allow the orbital motion of the track shoes to be performed by the drive wheel;        a plurality of bushings 5 engaged into associated ones of engagement holes 3a and 4a formed to confront each other in the track links 3 and 4 in such a manner that the bushings are spaced apart from each other at equal distances, and configured to surroundingly support the track pins 2.
Since such a crawler type excavator causes damage to an asphalt or concrete surface when it travels on the asphalt or concrete surface, a rubber pad is mounted on a track shoe by a bolt or the like to prevent damage of a road surface due to its travel.
A means for mounting a rubber pad to a track shoe of a crawler type excavator in accordance with the prior art as shown in FIG. 2(a) includes a plurality of fastening members 7 (for example, four bolts are used) protrudingly formed on the underside of the rubber pad 6, a plurality of fastening holes 1a penetratingly formed on the track shoe 1 to correspond to the fastening members 7, and a plurality of fastening nut 8 fastened to the fastening members 7 engaged into the fastening holes 1a.
As described above, the lower track of the conventional crawler type excavator in accordance with one embodiment of the prior art entails a problem in that the fastening holes 1a are required to be separately drilled on the track shoe 1 in order to mount the rubber pad 6 to the track shoe 1, leading to an increase in the manufacturing cost and a degradation of the strength of the track shoe 1 due to the drilled fastening holes 1a.
A means for mounting a rubber pad to a track shoe of a crawler type excavator in accordance with the prior art as shown in FIG. 2(b) includes a pair of hooks 9 formed on one side of the underside of a rubber pad 6 so as to allow a track shoe 1 to be fixedly seated thereon, and a pair of fastening members 10 (for example, two bolts are used) engaged into screw holes (not shown) formed on the other side of the underside of the rubber pad 6 via through-holes 1a formed on one side of the track shoe 1 seated on the hooks 9.
As described above, the lower track of the conventional crawler type excavator in accordance with one embodiment of the prior art entails a problem in that the fastening holes 1a are required to be separately drilled on the track shoe 1 in order to mount the rubber pad 6 to the track shoe 1, leading to an increase in the manufacturing cost and a degradation of the strength of the track shoe 1 due to the drilled fastening holes 1a.
A means for mounting a rubber pad to a track shoe of a crawler type excavator in accordance with the prior art as shown in FIG. 2(c) includes a pair of hooks 9 formed on one side of the underside of a rubber pad 6 so as to allow a track shoe 1 to be fixedly seated thereon, a bottom plate hook 11 mounted on one side of the rubber pad 6 so as to support the other side of the track shoe supported at one side thereof by the hooks 9, and a pair of fastening members 10 engaged into screw holes 6a formed on a side of the rubber pad 6 via through-holes 1a formed on the bottom plate hook 11.
As described above, the lower track of the conventional crawler type excavator in accordance with one embodiment of the prior art entails a problem in that the heads of the fastening members 10 are protrudingly exposed to the outside in order to mount the rubber pad 6 to the track shoe 1, the fastening members 10 may be damaged due to a shock applied thereto from the outside, leading to an escape of the rubber pad 6 from the track shoe 1.


A cascode amplifier includes a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, a fourth transistor and a bias circuit. Each of the transistors has a gate electrode, a first electrode and a second electrode, a first electrode of the first transistor is coupled to a second electrode of the second transistor, a first electrode of the third transistor is coupled to a second electrode of the fourth transistor, and gate electrodes of the third and the fourth transistors are coupled to gate electrodes of the first and the second transistors, respectively. The bias circuit is coupled to the first electrode of the fourth transistor, and is used for biasing a voltage level at the first electrode of the fourth transistor to make the second and the fourth transistors operate in a same region.

The present invention relates to a cascode amplifier, and more particularly, to a cascaded amplifier and method for controlling a current of the cascode amplifier.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a conventional cascode current mirror 100. The cascode current mirror 100 includes four transistors M1-M4 and a current source I1. The function of the cascode current mirror 100 is to make the transistors M1 and M2 replicate (or mirror) currents flowing through the transistors M3 and M4 (i.e., current provided by the current source I1). However, in the cascode current mirror 100, the transistors M2 and M4 may not be operated in the same region: for example, the transistor M2 is in a saturation region of operation while the transistor M4 is in a triode region of operation. As a result, voltage levels of nodes N2 and N4 may not be close to each other, and a voltage level of a node N1 thus could not track to a voltage level of a node N3, causing the currents of the transistors M1 and M2 to not well correspondingly mirror the current provided by the current source I1.
In addition, short channel devices, of which the channel has the minimum length in its design rule, are typically chosen in order to achieve good amplifier performance, such as gain and noise figure (NF). However, a transistor with a shorter channel length is more likely to suffer from the well-known channel-length modulation effect. FIG. 2 shows an Id-VDS characteristic of the transistor, where Id is a current of the transistor and VDS is a voltage difference between drain and source electrodes of the transistor. With a serious channel-length modulation effect, Id rapidly increases with VDS (i.e., a slope of a curve 210 is great when the transistor operates in the saturation region). Therefore, in deep sub-micro process, even when both the transistors M4 and M2 operate in the saturation region, it is hard to keep a stable current mirror ratio because of the short channel length. That is, currents of the transistors M1 and M3 may not meet the request due to the disparity between the voltages of the nodes N2 and N4 shown in FIG. 1.

Cascode amplifier and method for controlling current of cascode amplifier


The lateral electric field liquid crystal display device (1) includes a first insulating layer (5) that has at least one first reflection enhancing film layer which is made up of two films having respective different refractive indexes and being adjacent to each other. From this, it is possible to provide the lateral electric field liquid crystal display device (1) which can reflect incoming light at a reflectance higher than an original reflectance of a reflective electrode.

In the field of liquid crystal display devices, it is demanded to secure a further brightness and a wider viewing angle characteristic in order to further enhance image quality.
In recent years, improvement in image quality of a liquid crystal display device has been achieved by some techniques. Among such techniques, a lateral electric field liquid crystal display device which utilizes a fringe-field switching (hereinafter, referred to as "FFS") is known to concurrently secure both a brighter display and a wide viewing angle characteristic.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a lateral electric field liquid crystal display device which is of a reflection type and utilizes FFS.
FIG. 15 is a view schematically illustrating a configuration of the lateral electric field liquid crystal display device of Patent Literature 1, which is of the reflection type and utilizes FFS.
As illustrated in FIG. 15, the lateral electric field liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate 101, a second substrate 102, and a liquid crystal layer 103 which is provided between the first substrate 101 and the second substrate 102.
Further, an alignment film 104 is provided between the first substrate 101 and the liquid crystal layer 103, and a second electrode 107 and an insulating film 108 are provided between the second substrate 102 and the liquid crystal layer 103 so as to be stacked in this order on an entire surface of the second substrate 102. On the insulating film 108, a plurality of first electrodes 106, each of which has a linear shape with a predetermined width W1, are provided at intervals L1, and an alignment film 105 is provided so as to cover the plurality of first electrodes 106 and the insulating film 108.
At least the second electrode 107 is formed by a reflective material. As illustrated in FIG. 15, therefore, incoming light 109 is to be reflected by the second electrode 107 in an area between the plurality of first electrodes 106 (i.e., in the area defined by the interval L1).
In a case where the plurality of first electrodes 106 are also formed by a reflective material, the incoming light 109 is to be reflected also by the plurality of first electrodes 106 in an area in which the plurality of first electrodes 106 are formed. Alternatively, in a case where each of the plurality of first electrodes 106 is a transparent electrode, the incoming light 109 is to be reflected by the second electrode 107 which is a reflective electrode provided under the plurality of first electrodes 106.
As such, Patent Literature 1 discloses that high display image quality can be achieved by the lateral electric field liquid crystal display device which is of the reflection type and utilizes FFS.


An image forming apparatus includes a main memory, and a controller. The main memory stores mode information indicating whether the image forming apparatus is set to a contract mode, upper limit information indicating an upper limit to which printing can be performed during a prescribed period, and actual print sheet number information indicating an actual print sheet number actually printed during the prescribed period. The performs a printing permission process in a case that mode information indicates the contract mode and the actual print sheet number is less than the upper limit when the controller receives a print job even in a case that a sum of a specific print sheet number specified in advance in the print job and the actual print sheet number is greater than the upper limit, the printing permission process permitting printing for the specific sheet number as a permission print sheet number.

A printing apparatus known in the art includes a processor, a first module, and a second module. The first module and the second module are electrically connected to the processor. The first module receives credit data from a computer system via a first communication channel. The credit data includes a print sheet number that is stipulated by a contract, and etc. The second module receives print job data via a second communication channel. A printing system known in the art performs a printing process based on determination as to whether a contract regarding the print sheet number and etc. is made.

Image forming apparatus performing printing permission process to permit printing


The present invention describes a game projectile having an energy dissipative core having an irregular shape, a pliant moisture-resistant cover enclosing said core to form an irregularly-shaped inner body and a pliant, substantially puncture-resistant, exterior casing enveloping said inner body. The game projectile is used to play a soccer-like game on ice.

Traditional outdoor winter games on ice such as ice hockey and ice skating depend upon reasonably favorable ice surfaces.
The traditional game of ice hockey requires at a minimum, hockey skates, hockey sticks, a hockey puck and goal structures. In addition, the hockey playing field preferably is encircled by a wall to keep the puck in play on the ice. Without this wall, the hockey puck travels great distances when struck reasonably hard by the hockey player.
In playing the game of ice hockey on frozen lakes, it is necessary to create some wall or barricade around the hockey playing field to keep the puck from traveling too far. If snow is present on the frozen lake, snow can be used to form adequate barriers or walls around the periphery of the hockey playing field to limit the travel of the hockey puck outside the playing area. In addition, the playing of ice hockey on frozen lakes requires a relatively smooth frozen ice surface for skating and adequate control of the hockey puck during play.
In contrast, the game of soccer requires a hard, non-slippery playing field. This non-slippery playing field is commonly a grass or astroturf surface. In playing soccer, nothing more is required except a soccer ball and goal structures. The soccer ball is typically an inflated, spherical ball.
Common to both traditional games, hockey and soccer, is a goal area or structure typically defined by two vertical poles and a horizontal pole forming a goal area with a net extending behind to catch either the hockey puck or the soccer ball. Backyard hockey and soccer enthusiasts often lack formal goal structures and instead use a pair of simple goal members spaced apart.
A typical indoor soccer ball is disclosed by Galarza in U.S. Pat. No. 3,927,882. Galarza's soccer ball is comprised of a solid spherical core of aluminum foil, an outer spherical core of plastic, two inner covers of thin knitted material and an outer cover of cotton or leather.
Ritch U.S. Pat. No. 3,851,880 discloses a hockey-type game apparatus wherein a hockey stick is fitted with a unique blade for hitting a dumbbell-shaped hockey projectile. The dumbbell-shaped hockey projectile is relatively lightweight and made of a resilient material.
Indoor soccer balls, as disclosed by Galarza are designed especially for playing the traditional game of soccer, and require a substantially spherical projectile that readily rolls on the ground or whatever surface is being utilized and has particularly low energy dissipative characteristics that allow rebounding of the ball after impact a great distance. In contrast, a hockey puck is a relatively solid projectile of a particular shape well suited for the game of hockey. The hockey puck travels relatively long distances when struck by a hockey stick while the puck is on ice.
The game projectile of the present invention is utilized with a new game that incorporates the playing surface and relative field size of hockey and modified rules of soccer. The new game incorporates a game projectile, which is not struck by a hockey stick or any similar game device, but is propelled by kicking, like a soccer ball. However, unlike a soccer ball, this projectile neither rolls nor has any rebounding characteristics. The object of the game, as in both hockey and soccer, is to advance the game projectile of the present invention across the playing field and into an opponent's goal area. The playing surface is contemplated as a surface of ice or other similar smooth hard slippery surface such as a resin covered gymnasium floor. Unlike hockey, however, a smooth, uniform ice condition is not required. One or more players per side make up opposing teams and attempt to propel the game projectile through the opponent's spaced apart goals.

Game projectile and method of playing a game


A real-time signal processing technique for ultrasonic imaging of tissue vibrations for localizing the source of a bruit in a 2D image with respect to the anatomy and/or for obtaining simultaneous information about vibrations and the underlying blood flow. The bruit can be quantitatively assessed using an ensemble of ultrasound echoes. Signal processing enables estimation of wall displacement and the display of time-resolved vibration spectrum. Vibrations are detected and color-coded according to their amplitude and frequency and overlaid on the B-mode and/or color-flow image in real time. Proposed vibration imaging algorithms use data acquired during conventional ultrasonic color-flow imaging and the clutter signal, normally suppressed in color-flow imaging, to detect and characterize tissue vibrations. Three vibration imaging algorithms based on parametric modeling of vibrations and other criteria distinguish between clutter, blood flow, and vibrations. The techniques are usable to detect, locate, image, and quantitatively grade stenoses in blood vessels.

For more than two centuries, arterial stenoses have been associated with sounds known as bruits that are audible using a stethoscope. Auscultation (passive listening using a stethoscope) is routinely used to qualitatively assess the loudness and pitch of bruits and murmurs in many vascular diseases, such as renovascular hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and internal bleeding.
It has now been established that vascular sounds associated with stenoses, aneurysms, arteriovenous fistulae and pseudoaneurysms are produced by the forces exerted on vessel walls by eddies produced when blood flows from a high-pressure region to a low-pressure region through a narrow orifice. The luminal area is reduced by a stenosis; therefore the flow velocity in the throat of the stenosis is increased. This local increase in the flow velocity creates a post-stenotic jet, if the post-stenotic expanse region is not sufficiently streamlined to prevent flow separation (i.e., the stenosis is not a "venturi tube"). Regions of high fluid shear are produced due to the difference in velocity across the boundary of the jet. These shear forces produces eddies in the flow, which in turn produce a resistance to the laminar fluid flow. The presence of eddies cause fluctuations in the flow velocity and pressure in the post-stenotic region, which cause a corresponding motion in the vessel walls. The energy produced by the pressure drop across the stenosis is therefore dissipated through these mechanical vibrations of the vessel wall as well as minor heating of the blood. The local vibrations in the vessel wall and surrounding tissue manifest either as audible "bruits" and "murmurs" or palpable "thrills" when they reach the skin surface. The elasticity of the artery walls also introduces a capacitance into the circuits. The post-stenotic capacitance causes the pressure distal to the stenosis to rise during systole. For less severe stenosis, the pressure drop across the stenosis is significant only during the peak systolic pressure phase, thus the bruit lasts only during the systolic phase. However, for more severe stenoses, the pressure drop distal to the stenosis is low, thus a significant pressure gradient exists across the stenosis even during the diastolic phase causing the bruit to extend into the early diastolic phase.
The power spectrum of the vibration exhibits a frequency peak called the "break frequency" that is directly related to the diameter of the orifice and the local flow velocity through the Strouhal number. In other words, the break frequency is inversely proportional to the residual lumen diameter at the stenosis. Phonoangiography and phonocardiography were developed to quantify the spectral content of bruits and murmurs recorded with a sensitive microphone, and carotid phonoangiography has been successfully used to estimate the degree of carotid artery stenosis in multiple clinical trials. However, auscultation and phonoangiography lack sensitivity and specificity because they are limited to diagnosing high-intensity vibrations that reach the skin surface, and the origin of the vibrations cannot be clearly resolved. Currently, there is no diagnostic tool to quantitatively image the vibrations associated with bruits at their origin. Therefore, although tissue vibrations have been shown to be important in diagnosis, their clinical use is currently limited. It would be desirable to provide noninvasive techniques for analyzing bruits and wall vibrations associated with stenosed blood vessels that are not limited to analyzing vibrations that reach the skin surface.
Advances in duplex and color-flow ultrasound in the last two decades have had a significant clinical impact on vascular diagnosis, with the simultaneous availability of anatomy and flow images in real time. Ultrasonic tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has been used for assessment of abnormal wall motion in the cardiac wall as well as in arteries. In conventional color-flow ultrasound images, tissue vibrations from abnormal blood flow produce characteristic speckled artifacts in the surrounding tissue. These artifacts indicate tissue vibrations and are useful for recognizing stenoses. However, they are difficult to interpret and are not quantitative.
With the introduction of duplex ultrasound, criteria for non-invasive assessment of stenosis severity were developed based upon flow velocity. Although these criteria have been quite useful, such techniques do not analyze the turbulence information present in the wall vibration spectra. It would be desirable to provide non-invasive ultrasound based techniques for evaluating stenosis severity that factor in wall vibrations, as well as flow velocity, to achieve enhanced diagnostic tools.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop new tissue vibration detection and imaging modes for ultrasound instruments in which vibrations produced by stenosed blood vessels can be detected and color-coded according to their amplitude and frequency and overlaid on a B-mode and/or a color-flow image in real time. The tissue vibration-imaging mode might then be used for locating the origin of the vibration more precisely, relative to the patient's anatomy and/or for obtaining simultaneous information about vibrations and the underlying stenosis.

Ultrasonic technique for assessing wall vibrations in stenosed blood vessels


Disclosed is a semiconductor wafer and method of fabricating the same. The semiconductor wafer is comprised of a semiconductor layer formed on an insulation layer on a base substrate. The semiconductor layer includes a surface region organized in a first crystallographic orientation, and another surface region organized in a second crystallographic orientation. The performance of a semiconductor device with unit elements that use charges, which are activated in high mobility to the crystallographic orientation, as carriers is enhanced. The semiconductor wafer is completed by forming the semiconductor layer with the second crystallographic orientation on the plane of the first crystallographic orientation, growing an epitaxial layer, forming the insulation layer on the epitaxial layer, and then bonding the insulation layer to the base substrate.

1. Technical Field
The subject matter described herein is concerned with wafers for fabricating semiconductor devices and methods of fabricating the same. In particular, the subject matter relates to a wafer in which a semiconductor layer is formed on an insulation film, and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Active and passive elements constituting a semiconductor device are usually fabricated on a semiconductor wafer having a single crystalline orientation. High-performance semiconductor devices are needed to have high-frequency operations, lower power consumption, and to be free from malfunctions caused by undesired current paths. Those requirements for the semiconductor devices may be accomplished by adopting low-resistive interconnections, improving junction structures, providing high mobility of charges, reducing leakage currents, interrupting abnormal current paths, and so forth.
Transistors as typical kinds of the semiconductor devices are classified into NMOS transistors using electrons as carriers, and PMOS transistors using holes as carriers. It is known that electrons have a higher mobility when traveling normal to the (100) crystallographic orientation while the holes have a higher mobility when traveling normal to the (110) crystallographic orientation. The NMOS transistors are dominantly used in a general semiconductor device. The mobility of holes in a substrate with the (100) orientation is lower than that of electrons by two to four times. In order to compensate such a difference of mobility between electrons and holes, the PMOS transistor is designed to have a wider channel width, which increases an area of the semiconductor device. To the contrary, the mobility of holes is mostly twice that of electrons in the (110)-oriented substrate. Accordingly, the PMOS transistor is ideally fabricated in the (110)-oriented substrate, while the NMOS transistor is ideally fabricated in the (100)-oriented substrate.

Semiconductor wafer and method of fabricating the same


The compounds of formula I: ##STR1## wherein X is H.sub.2 or O;. R.sup.1 is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, alkoxy, aralkoxy, alkanoyloxy, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino, alkanamido or alkanesulfonamido; PA1 Z is defined by ##STR2## wherein R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are as defined in the specification; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are useful for the treatment of brain dopamine dysregulation.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application No. 60/28,409, filed Oct. 15, 1996 and is a continuation-in-part of that prior application which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
PCT Int. Appl. WO 91 13,872 discloses dioxino2,3-e!indole derivatives of the formula I, in which R.sup.1 is H, alkyl, CO.sub.2 R.sup.2, CONHR.sup.2, cyano, halo, CHO, etc.; R.sup.2 is H, alkyl, (CH.sub.2).sub.m Y; Y is cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, (substituted)phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl, indolyl; m is 0-6; A and B are O, CH.sub.2, S; and X is defined by formulas a, b or c, in which R.sup.2 and m are defined as above, R.sup.3 is hydrogen, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.2, --CONHR.sup.2, --CN, --NHR.sup.2, --CHO, --((CH.sub.2).sub.m --Ar, --NR.sup.2 Ar or 1-benzimidazol-2-one, and R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 alkenyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 alkynyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --(C.sub.3 -C.sub.8) cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl, --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --Ar, --CO.sub.2 R.sup.2, --CONHR.sup.2, --CN or --CHO, as serotonergic and dopaminergic agents useful for the treatment of CNS and cardiovascular disorders. ##STR3##
U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,988 discloses 2-aminomethyl-chromans of formula II as useful for treatment of diseases of the central nervous system. In this group of compounds, A, B and D are identical or different and represent hydrogen, halogen, cyano, azido, nitro, di- or tri-fluoromethyl, di- or tri-fluoromethoxy, hydroxyl or carboxyl, straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, acyl, alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl, or a mono- or di-substituted or unsubstituted amino, amido or sulfonamido, or A may be so defined and B and D taken together to form a 5 to 7-membered saturated, partly unsaturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring ##STR4## having up to two S, N or O atoms, optionally one or two carbonyl functions in the ring and optionally ring substituted by alkyl, branched alkyl or cycloalkyl; E represents a direct bond or represents straight chain or branched chain alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene; G represents aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms or a 5 to 7-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring which is not bonded via N and has up to 3 hetero atoms from the series comprising N, O or S, to which a further saturated, partly unsaturated or aromatic 6-membered ring can optionally also be fused or cycloalkyl or a bridged bicarbocyclic ring. U.S. Pat. No. 5,371,094, related to the above, replaces NR.sup.1 -E-G in formula II with substituted piperidine, substituted tetrahypyridine or substituted dihydroisoindole and claims utility in the treatment of anxiety.

Azaheterocyclymethyl derivatives of 2,3,8,9-tetrahydro-7h-1,4-dioxino (2,3-e) indol-8-one