A method of weighting a chess piece, comprising the steps of creating a first cavity in a base of the chess piece, and filling the first cavity with a powdered metal. The method also includes the step of creating a second cavity in the base, and filling the second cavity with an electronic sensor so that the piece may communicate electronically with a sensory chess board.

Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chess board, a checkered game board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide in homes, parks, clubs, online, by correspondence, and in tournaments.
Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one King, one Queen, two Rooks, two Knights, two Bishops, and eight Pawns. One player plays with "white" pieces, while the other player plays with "black" pieces, although the pieces may not actually be black and white in color. The two different sets of pieces of each player are always in contrasting colors. Each of the six piece types moves differently. Pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, with the objective to "checkmate" the opponent's King by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by the voluntary resignation of the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also be won when one player runs out of time as measured by a chess clock. It is also possible for a game to result in a draw, or stalemate, where neither player wins.
The chess pieces themselves are made of many different materials, including, but not limited to plastic, wood, ceramic, ivory, bone, stone, glass, marble, and metal (including precious metals). Common woods used to make chess pieces include Boxwood, Ebony, Rosewood, Sandalwood, Sheesham, Maple, Palm, Cedar, African padauk, and Olive wood. Virtually any wood can be used to make chess pieces, although some are better than others due to weighting and cracking concerns discussed further below. Ebony and Rosewood are among the most common woods used for high end chess sets. They are very expensive woods. Thus, the sets made out of these woods are very desirable.
Chess sets made of metal are mainly made of alloys of zinc, tin, copper and aluminum. Pewter, another alloy of tin (about 85% to 95%) and copper (about 1% to 5%) are also used to make good metal chess sets. In appearance, pewter has the appearance of silver and provides a high profile look. Apart from the mentioned metals, alloys like bronze (copper and tin) and brass (copper and zinc) are also used to make metal chess sets. Marble chess pieces are made of either artificial marble or pure marble. The making of stone chess sets is done in the same process as marble. Chess sets are also made of deer antler, camel bone and ivory. The United States banned the import of ivory in 1989, and other countries have followed suit. Ivory chess sets are usually both rare and valuable.
During the first half of the 19th century, a surge in the global popularity of chess brought about the demand for a uniform model of chess pieces. While the variety and styles of chess pieces that were in use at the time were extensive, they were decorative in nature and considered unsuitable for play. Chess has historically been enjoyed by the wealthy, a fact that is reflected in the artistic designs of chess sets that dominated the marketplace. While aesthetically beautiful, the chess pieces of the period were not very practical. The chess pieces were expensive to produce, cumbersome to use, prone to tipping over and had such ornate details that they were unable to withstand the wear and tear of regular use. However, the greatest disadvantage of these chess sets was the lack of uniformity of the pieces within a chess set—a player's unfamiliarity with a particular chess set could affect the outcome of the game and were prone to tipping over due to poor stability. Complaints such as these led to the search for a standard design of chess pieces. On Sep. 1, 1849, An Ornamental Design for a Set of Chess-Men (No. 58607) was registered by Mr. Nathaniel Cook under the British Ornamental Designs Act of 1842.
Our research has lead us to conclude that the basis for this new design of chess pieces was the Northern Upright Chess Set, ©1840, by Lord John Hay. Complaints about the contemporary designs of chess pieces were well established in chess circles. By starting with an extremely popular yet highly artistic chess set, Mr. Cook was able to focus his energies solely on correcting those deficiencies. The ornate features that were most susceptible to damage were removed, resulting in a chess set that was durable and less expensive to produce. The diameter of the bases was widened for increased stability and the chess pieces were weighted with lead for ballast. Before the commercial launch of these new chess pieces, Mr. Cook convinced Howard Staunton to lend his prestigious name to the new design. Mr. Staunton was England's most celebrated chess personality and the unofficial World Champion. The Staunton Pattern Chessmen, as they were officially known, became commercially available on Sep. 29, 1849 and quickly became the world standard of chess pieces. Their lower production cost brought chess to the masses and did much to popularize the game. Its clean, simple design has never been equaled—the Staunton pattern chess set looks as modern today as it did upon its introduction more than 150 years ago. As a result, the Staunton style chessmen is the standard used in tournament play today, and is most common in club/casual play as well.
Chess designs are often identified using the Camaratta codex (named for the present inventor) by the appearance of the Knight, and enjoy interesting names, including that of Nathaniel Cook himself, as well as many famous players, ("Cook", "Morphy", "Harrwitz", "Paulsen", "Anderssen", "Anderssen drop jaw", "Steinitz", "Tarrasch", "Zukertort", "Lasker", "Pre-Hartston", "Hartston", "Marshall", "Nimzovich", "Broadbent" and "Lessing".) More recent sets are known by names of cities where they were produced (e.g., "Zagreb", "Reykjavik"), in honor of modern champions ("Capablanca", "Marshall", "Fischer") or to commemorate certain important tournaments ("Fischer-Spassky", "Sinquefield Cup").
Frank A. Camaratta, Jr., the present inventor, is an internationally recognized expert in antique Staunton and other playing sets. He has been a serious collector and researcher of antique playing chess sets, their design and history, since 1986. This research, which began in 1989, was centered on Jaques and other Staunton chessmen and quickly expanded into Pre-Staunton playing sets. In 1990, he founded The House of Staunton, offering the finest manufactured and antique chess equipment in the Staunton pattern. He has also written several articles and given numerous lectures on the subject of Staunton chessmen. His research includes categorizing the various Staunton designs and their evolution starting with their introduction in September of 1849. He is widely known and respected as a designer and manufacturer of chessmen. Mr. Camaratta's chess pieces, available from The House of Staunton, are well known and used in some of the most prestigious chess tournaments in the world, such as the U.S. Chess Championship, and the Sinquefield Cup (a tournament that usually boasts the highest rated players in the world, including World Champion Magnus Carlsen.)
A long-felt problem associated with the manufacture of chessmen has to do with weighting them, and with problems that weighting causes. Chess players like to play with "heavy" pieces. It is common, then, for both plastic and wood pieces to be weighted. Wooden chessmen crack because manufacturers use lead, steel, plaster of Paris, and concrete in solid form to add ballast to the chessmen to improve their stability and tactile qualities during play. Unweighted chessmen almost never crack, regardless of the size of the piece or the species of wood used. It has very little to do with how well the wood is seasoned. Poorly seasoned wooden chessmen will usually tend to warp or bend rather than crack. The cracks almost always emanate from the base outward, then upward as the crack begins to open.
The actual mechanism behind the tendency of weighted wooden chessmen to crack is shrinkage due to loss of moisture in dry environments combined with the presence of the solid weighting material which hinders this contraction. This loss of moisture can be caused by climatic and geographic factors as well as the type of heat used during the winter months. The mechanics of the problem can be explained by looking at what happens when a chessman loses moisture. To add weight to a chess piece, a hole is bored into the base and a solid slug of metal, usually lead, is inserted into the base. There are two methods by which this can be accomplished. First, molten lead can be poured into the cavity. This is the most common method employed today by manufacturers of chessmen in India. It has the major disadvantage of scorching the wood locally and drastically changing its material properties. This method can also significantly embrittle the wood. Second, the weighting media can be cast or machined to shape outside the wooden cavity, then glued or screwed into place. This would be a good solution if the manufacturing process used could control the tolerances in the wood and maintain a uniform "gap" between the wood and the weight. This has been marginally successful in preventing cracking.
When the wood loses moisture, it shrinks That means the diameter of the bore gets smaller. However, the weighting material, which is a solid cylindrical slug, does not shrink. So, the wood needs to "stretch" in order to fit around the weight. This induces hoop strains in the wood. The second mechanism which works in concert with the "stretching" is the presence of small flaws which are dispersed throughout any piece of wood. Then, these flaws, which can't be seen with the naked eye, appear at the outer edge of the bore, and become potential crack initiation sites.
If the wood is reasonably compliant and has a low notch sensitivity, or if there is sufficient space between the lead weight and the inside edge of the bore, these induced hoop strains can be kept relatively low. Certain woods, like Rosewood (genus Dalbergi, a large species of small to medium-size trees) and its close relatives like Cocobolo and African Blackwood, are relatively compliant (they have a relatively shallow stress/strain curve), have good notch sensitivity, and can stretch without inducing hoop strains sufficient to exceed its modulus of rupture. Think of a rubber band or some such material. It can stretch with little effort. However, in certain very strong woods, like Ebony, which are very notch-sensitive, its strength and steep stress/strain curve work against it. It has very little "give", so it takes high hoop strains to force the Ebony base to conform to the solid lead weight. If those strains exceed the modulus of rupture, of if they are sufficient to cause those minute flaws to grow into fatigue cracks over time, the wood will fail. Boxwood (actually Indian Whitewood), which is almost universally used for the light colored chessmen, is relatively forgiving in this respect, but not quite as good as woods in the Rosewood family. In all cases, however, the praxis of pouring molten lead into the base cavity of the chessmen exacerbates this problem by significantly altering the mechanical properties of the wood, making it more brittle, and opening the minute fissures (flaws) normally present.
Another problem with weighting chess pieces stems from the fact that black pieces in a chess set are traditionally made of a wood that is denser than that used for the white pieces. For example, Ebony has a higher density than Boxwood. This means that, if a manufacturer uses the same unitary weight (e.g., a lead slug) to weight each piece, each black piece will likely weigh more than its white counterpart. This is not desired and another problem to be solved by the present invention.
Since 1972, when Bobby Fischer defeated Boris Spassky to become the World Chess Champion, the game of chess has enjoyed a surge in popularity that continues even today. As computer technology and the Internet have evolved, chess players and aficionados are now able to watch top Grand Masters play in international tournaments via the Internet. Sophisticated sensory chess boards are able to sense the location of each piece on the board, transmit these locations to a computer, and then broadcast the game, move by move, over the Internet. These high-level games are usually accompanied by live expert commentary by Grand Masters and International Masters.
One such manufacturer of a sensory chess board is DGT Projects, B.V., of Enschede, Netherlands. This company's products, known as "DGT Boards" are commonly used in many top level chess tournaments. In 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,158 (Bulsink) issued for an invention entitled, "Device for Detecting Playing Pieces on a Board," incorporated herein in its entirety. The patent was assigned to DGT Projects, B.V. The patented invention uses chess pieces which include a resonance coil (sensor) embedded in each piece, and a board having a plurality of transmit and receive resonance coils embedded in the board which, together with an electronic circuit and software, are able to detect the position and identity of each piece on the board, and display it on a computer monitor. That is, the DGT Board and system, described in the patent, is able to correctly identify each piece, white and black, on each of the 64 squares on a chess board.
A problem with the DGT technology is that it has heretofore been thought impossible to weight the DGT chess pieces in such a way that does not interfere with the sensor/coil communication between the pieces and the coils embedded in the board. The traditional weighting material, lead, is a metal, and eddy currents on the surface of the lead weighting element create an electromagnetic field that interferes with the transmission of the signals between piece and board. It is not obvious that these pieces can be weighted with a metal. After all, Faraday's law would seem to suggest to an electrical engineer and chess piece designer alike that metal weights in the base of a "sensory" chess piece would induce current and generate electromagnetic fields that would interfere with communication between the sensor and board. As a result, chess pieces that are compatible with the DGT sensory chess board are notoriously light in weight, as shown in the table below:
Black KingWhite KingSetChess PiecesWeightWeightWeightDGT Classic Chess Pieces1.4 oz.1.3 oz.23.6 oz.DGT Ebony Chess Pieces1.6 oz.1.2 oz.24.8 oz.
By comparison, a traditional weighted wood chess set, such as the Frank Camaratta Signature Series Luxury Chess Set, with a 4.4″ King, and two extra Queens, made of Boxwood and Ebony and distributed by the House of Staunton, with only the Ebony pieces weighted by the method of the present invention, weighs 86 ounces (not including the extra Queens). Moreover, the House of Staunton Imperial Set, with a 3.5″ King, and two extra Queens, which is DGT-Enabled, meaning that each piece includes an electronic sensor (coil) that can communicate with a DGT Sensory Chess Board, where each piece is weighted according to the method of the present invention, weighs 54 ounces (again, not including the extra Queens). The weight of the black King in this DGT-Enabled set is 3.7 ounces, and the white King is 3.6 ounces, whereas the heaviest King heretofore available for this set from DGT Projects is 1.6 ounces.
In summary, then, wooden Staunton Style chessmen have been made and used for at least 165 years, and other styles of wooden chessmen have been known and used for long before this. The problem of cracking wooden chess pieces has been well-known and ever-present for as long as wood chess pieces have been made, and yet no one, before now, has solved the problem of weighting wood chess pieces in such a way as to prevent cracking. Moreover, it has always been known that the species of wood traditionally used to make black chess pieces is traditionally more dense than wood used to make white pieces, and that white pieces are usually lighter in weight than black pieces in any given set. Thus, a long-felt need has existed for a method of weighting chess pieces that prevents cracking of the pieces, does not interfere with the electronics in sensory type chess boards, and equalizes the weights of black pieces versus white pieces in any given set. A need has obviously also existed for the pieces produced by this method.


A game may be provided which is capable of allowing a user to continuously play a game by allowing users to cooperate with each other on the basis of owned game media. A game program for running the game may include a game medium storage function, an extraction function, an extracted user storage function, a fluctuation determination function, a processing function, and a parameter value storage function. The processing function allows a parameter value of a corresponding game medium to automatically vary on the basis of a result of the determination by the fluctuation determination function.

Recently, a game in which a battle with an opponent character is performed by using a game medium such as a character card has been actively provided.
For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a game in which a deck is set with a game medium, and is then used to defeat a raid battle game and a stage defeating type game. In the game, the game medium is newly provided to a user, for example, as a defeating reward of the raid battle game or the stage defeating-type game. Alternatively, the game medium may be provided to the user on the basis of reduction of an in-game currency.
[Patent Literature 1], referenced above, is Japanese Patent Application No. JP-A-2017-108817

Program, information processing device, and control method


A sheet processing apparatus of the invention includes a post-processing unit that applies post-processing to sheets supplied from an image forming apparatus, a conveying tool that guides the sheets subjected to the post-processing to a discharge port, a sheet discharge tray that receives the sheets discharged from the discharge port, and a control unit that controls an operation of the conveying tool and stops a discharge operation for new sheets, when a quantity of the sheets stacked on the sheet discharge tray reaches a full state set in advance. The sheet processing apparatus further includes a pressing unit that temporarily prevents movement of the sheet on the conveying tool, when a sheet is present on the conveying tool in the full state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet processing apparatus for performing post-processing for sheets discharged from an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, a printer, or a multifunction peripheral (MFP).
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, among image forming apparatuses, there is an image forming apparatus in which a sheet post-processing apparatus is provided adjacent to an image forming apparatus main body in order to perform post-processing such as processing for sorting sheets after image formation and processing for applying staple processing to the sheets.
In such a sheet post-processing apparatus, the sheets subjected to the post-processing are discharged to a sheet discharge tray. However, when sheets on the sheet discharge tray are in a full state, in removing the sheets in the full state, the sheets may fall.
In JP-A-2006-89198, a sheet stacking apparatus that stacks sheets outputted from an image forming apparatus is described. In this example, a sheet stacking apparatus that can perform warning of full stack or detection of full stack is described.
However, means for preventing fall of sheets in removing sheets in a full state is not described.
The present invention provides a sheet processing apparatus that takes measures when a volume of sheets stacked on a sheet discharge tray is in a full state.

Sheet processing apparatus and sheet processing method


The invention provides a multi purpose soap bar which can be used for cleaning the human body and shampooing and conditioning the hair consisting of the following ingredients in the volume % as specified:. ______________________________________ Caproic Acid 0.10-0.26 Caprylic Acid 1.41-3.48 Capric Acid 1.00-2.48 Lauric Acid 7.0-17.4 Myristic Acid 2.47-6.7 Palmitic Acid 1.21-31.7 Stearic Acid 0.15-14.5 Oleic Acid 1.3-57.1 Linoleic Acid 0.31-19.2 Linolenic Acid 0.01-4.8 Alpha Linoleic Acid 0.0-0.7 Vitamin E 0.0-3.6 Water/Sodium Hydroxide Mixed 3:1 27.0-27.2 Honey 0.0-1.0 Citric Acid 0-0.4 Lecithin 0-0.2 Palmitoleic Acid 0-0.11 Erucic Acid 0-0.65 Arachidic Acid 0-.29 ______________________________________

The invention relates to a multi purpose soap bar that can be used for cleaning the human body and shampooing and conditioning the hair The term "conditioning" refers to a process to reduce chances of tangling or clumping of the hair after the hair has been washed, as well as providing the hair with nourishment.
In the past, the basic ingredient of soap was animal fat or tallow with wood ash based lye used in the saponification process. Ideally a bar of soap is of suitable hardness to maximize user cycles and resistance to water reabsorption when not in use, while at the same time providing sufficient lather to enhance the cleaning ability of the soap. Animal fat or tallow as the active ingredient in the soap making process will generally meet these user demands to a greater or lesser degree. Current soap production continues to rely heavily on animal fats in their products to meet consumer demand and production requirements. In addition, various synthetic compounds and mixtures of compounds have become very popular additions in modem soap making technology to improve soap quality and user satisfaction. However, animal fat and synthetic based soaps are generally resistant to the natural breakdown processes (i.e. biodegradability) and are thus relatively persistent in the environment.
In most cases soap is used solely for a single purpose, that is as a hygienic skin cleansing agent. Bar soap is generally unsuitable as a hair shampoo and/or conditioner as bar soap can leave an undesireable residue on the hair which is difficult to rinse out, generally provides insufficient cleaning of the hair and can leave hair difficult to manage and dried out particularly after repeated use.
Over the years attempts have been made to develop a hard soap bar having acceptable hair cleansing characteristics, primarily through the use of various synthetic components. One such soap bar is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,341 (Orshitzer). The Orshitzer patent provides a asynthetic all detergent shampoo bar in which a mixture of an anionic and non-ionic detergent together with a fatty acid monoethanolamide, preferably the stearic acid, comprise the primary active ingredients. These ingredients are relatively non-biodegradable and, once used by consumers, will persist in the environment.
There is a need for a hard soap bar which:
1. is produced using readily biodegradable natural all vegetable oils and containing no animal products, manufactured chemicals or synthetic compounds PA0 2. provides a copious satisfying lather in a variety of water conditions PA0 3. leaves the skin soft and smooth and adequately cleansed; and PA0 4. possess necessary hair cleansing and hair conditioning qualities. PA0 1. If Hydrogenated Canola Oil is used for ingredient C, then Palm Oil will be used for ingredient E. PA0 2. If Hydrogenated palm oil is used for ingredient C, then Canola Oil will be used for ingredient E. PA0 3. If a mixture of Hydrogenated Canola Oil and Hydrogenated Palm Oil is used for ingredient C, then equal and opposite proportions of Palm Oil and Canola oil will be used for ingredient E.
Such a soap bar would permit use and transport of hair shampoo and conditioner in a solid form, obviating the need for separate liquid shampoo and the resultant problems associated with transporting liquid shampoo and disposing of liquid shampoo containers. Consumers can use the hard soap bar for both skin cleansing and for hair cleansing and conditioning.


1,3-butadiene is obtained by extractive distillation with a selective solvent from a C4 cut comprising C4 acetylenes as secondary components in a dividing wall column having a bottom evaporator, in which a dividing wall is disposed in the longitudinal direction of the column to form a first subregion, a second subregion and a lower combined column region. The column is disposed upstream of an extractive wash column. The energy input into the dividing wall column via the bottom evaporator is controlled in such a way that a bottom stream containing solvent, C4 acetylenes and 1,3-butadiene restricted such that the loss of 1,3-butadiene is economically acceptable, is drawn off and fed to an acetylenes outgasser where the C4 acetylenes are stripped out overhead and purified solvent is obtained as the bottom stream.

Owing to the small differences in the relative volatilities of the components of the C4 cut, obtaining 1,3-butadiene from a C4 cut is a complicated distillation problem. Therefore, the separation is carried out by extractive distillation, i.e. a distillation with addition of an extractant which has a higher boiling point than the mixture to be separated and which increases the differences in the relative volatilities of the components to be separated. The use of suitable extractants allows a crude 1,3-butadiene fraction to be obtained from the C4 cut mentioned by means of extractive distillation, and said fraction is subsequently further purified in purifying distillation columns.
In the present context, crude 1,3-butadiene refers to a hydrocarbon mixture which has been obtained from a C4 cut from which at least 90% by weight of the sum of butanes and butenes, preferably at least 98% by weight of the sum of butanes and butenes, more preferably at least 99% by weight of the sum of butanes and butenes, and simultaneously at least 90% by weight of the C4 acetylenes, preferably at least 96% by weight of the C4 acetylenes, more preferably at least 99% by weight of the C4 acetylenes, has been removed. Crude 1,3-butadiene contains the 1,3-butadiene product of value frequently in a proportion of at least 80% by weight, preferably 90% by weight, more preferably more than 95% by weight, remainder impurities.
Accordingly, pure 1,3-butadiene refers to a hydrocarbon mixture which contains the 1,3-butadiene product of value in a proportion of at least 98% by weight, preferably of at least 99.5% by weight, more preferably in the range between 99.7 and 99.9% by weight, remainder impurities.
DE-A 101 05 660 discloses a process having simplified constructional design of the apparatus compared to prior processes: the C4 cut is separated in a dividing wall column having a dividing wall extending up to the upper end of the dividing wall column and an extractive wash column upstream of the dividing wall column. According to the process of DE-A 101 05 660, a semidegassed solvent stream is drawn off from the bottom of the dividing wall column used for the extractive distillation. The term "semi-degassed solvent" is familiar to those skilled in the art who work in extractive distillation to obtain 1,3-butadiene and refers to a selective solvent which still contains dissolved components from the C4 cut to be separated, specifically the components which have the greatest affinity for the selective solvent. These include in particular the C4 acetylenes, in particular ethylacetylene and vinylacetylene.
However, a solvent stream which has merely been semidegassed cannot be recycled into the extractive distillation, since the acetylenes damaging to the specification would otherwise accumulate. It was therefore necessary to feed the bottom stream drawn off from the dividing wall column, before the recycling into the extractive distillation, initially to an outgasser column, as disclosed, for example, by DE-A 27 24 365, which is operated at lower pressure compared to the column from whose bottom the semidegassed stream is drawn off. In the outgasser column, the semidegassed solvent stream is processed to obtain a purified, i.e. fully degassed, solvent at the bottom and a gaseous hydrocarbon stream at the top of the outgasser column, which is recycled via a compressor into the lower region of the extractive distillation column. The acetylenes are discharged via a sidestream.
However, according to the process of DE-A 27 24 365, the bottom stream which is drawn off from the dividing wall column and is fed to the outgasser column contains, in addition to the C4 acetylenes, also considerable amounts of the 1,3-butadiene product of value. The 1,3-butadiene goes into the top stream of the outgasser column, which, in an economic operating mode, cannot be discarded, but rather is recycled via a compressor into extractive distillation which is operated at higher pressure compared to the outgasser. The compressor has high energy consumption; the process of DE-A 27 24 365 was therefore actually an advance over prior processes, in which compressors having triple the energy consumption were required. However, at the application date of DE-A 27 24 365, it was unknown to those skilled in the art that a process version which can fully dispense with the compressor can be realized in a technically simple manner.
DE-A 103 22 655 describes a process in which the control of the energy input into the dividing wall column via the bottom evaporator thereof and the configuration of the number of theoretical plates in the lower combined column region can be used to adjust the operation of the dividing wall column in such a way that a bottom stream can be removed from the dividing wall column and already contains purified solvent.
Accordingly, both the outgasser column and the compressor for recycling 1,3-butadiene-containing stream into the extractive distillation become unnecessary.
In the present context, the term purified solvent or fully degassed solvent refers to a solvent which has been depleted in components from the C4 cut to such an extent that it is suitable for use as a selective solvent for the extractive distillation of a C4 cut, while the predefined specifications for crude 1,3-butadiene and raffinate 1 are complied with. Key components in this context are C4 acetylenes, especially ethylacetylene and vinylacetylene.

Process for obtaining crude 1,3-butadiene from a C


A swept forward wing for aircraft comprising an inner wing portion and an outer wing portion in which the upper surface curvature of the inner wing portion is designed to create three dimensional flow thereover to manipulate the sweep of the isobars and prevent desweeping thereof, the inner wing portion including a wing root section (4) having a far aft maximum thickness position (14) coupled with high camber in the region of said maximum thickness position, said wing root section (4) further including a negatively cambered leading edge portion (10) and a nose-down twist configured to suppress high leading edge velocities, the combination of thickness and camber forms aft of the leading edge region (10) causing the flow to accelerate until a maximum velocity is reached relatively far back on the wing.

This invention relates to the design of the inner wing region of a forward swept wing for transonic flight regimes. More particularly it relates to the design of the wing sections towards the wing root which suppresses the tendency of the isobars to desweep over the inner wing, so maintaining shock wave sweep far inboard.
Forward swept wings have some potentially attractive aerodynamic features including a higher geometric sweep at the shock position, `good` stalling characteristics due to the more highly loaded inner wing, and lower wing root bending moments leading to a lighter wing structure than the `equivalent` aft swept wing. They do have some disadvantages, not the least of which is the aerodynamic design of the inner wing region. The outer wing design is fairly straight forward and it is not difficult to maintain well swept isobars. Over the inner wing, however, there is a tendency for a very strong, unswept shock to form at high subsonic Mach numbers and at high lift coefficients.

Wing root aerofoil for forward swept wings

British Aerospace Public Limited Company


An abnormality detecting device of a fuel cell system according to the invention includes a hydrogen off-gas circulation passage for making hydrogen off-gas discharged from a fuel cell flow back to an anode; a discharge passage for discharging part of the hydrogen off-gas, which is circulated through the hydrogen off-gas circulation passage, from the hydrogen off-gas circulation passage; a hydrogen discharge valve provided in the discharge passage; abnormality determining means for determining whether an abnormality has occurred in opening/closing of the hydrogen discharge valve and gas state quantity detecting means for detecting a gas state quantity of the hydrogen off-gas, the gas state quantity detecting means being provided in the discharge passage at a position downstream from the hydrogen discharge valve. The abnormality determining means determines whether an abnormality has occurred in opening/closing of the hydrogen discharge valve based on the gas state quantity of the hydrogen off-gas.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an abnormality detecting device for detecting an abnormality in a hydrogen discharge valve provided in a fuel cell system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a fuel cell system in which electric power is generated by supplying fuel gas and oxidizing gas to a fuel cell stack constituted by stacking plural cells in series, there is a known structure in which unreacted hydrogen gas is reused for a cell reaction by making hydrogen off-gas (anode off-gas) discharged from an anode gas channel flow back to an anode. A hydrogen discharge valve for discharging part of the hydrogen off-gas is provided in a hydrogen off-gas circulation passage. By regularly opening the hydrogen discharge valve when a concentration of ingredients other than hydrogen contained in hydrogen off-gas becomes high, a concentration of hydrogen to be supplied to the anode is maintained appropriately. However, if an abnormality occurs in the hydrogen discharge valve and opening/closing operation of the valve cannot be performed properly, a problem occurs in a cell operation. Accordingly, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-92125 discloses a technology for detecting a hydrogen discharge command to a hydrogen discharge valve, and determining whether a failure has occurred in the hydrogen discharge valve based on a target pressure of a fuel supply portion of a fuel cell stack and an actually detected value.
According to the technology disclosed in this publication, however, the determination as to whether a failure has occurred in the hydrogen discharge valve is made only when the fuel cell is being operated normally. Accordingly, when the fuel cell is in a transition state, for example, when an accelerator pedal is depressed abruptly, an appropriate failure determination cannot be made.
Document U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,821 discloses an electric power generation system having a regulated vacuum ejector for recirculating the fluid fuel stream. The system includes a fuel cell stack, a pressurised fuel supply having a pressure control valve for regulating the pressure of the fuel supply, a vacuum ejector interposed between the fuel supply and the stack fuel stream inlet, a pressure transducer interposed between the ejector discharge outlet and the stack fuel stream inlet, and a pressurised oxidant supply with a pressure transducer. The ejector suction inlet is fluidly connected to the fuel stream outlet of the fuel cell stack. The fuel stream pressure transducer transmits a signal to the pressure control value to adjust the pressure of the fuel supply when detected pressure of the fuel stream deviates from a predetermined value. The oxidant stream pressure transducer transmits a signal to the pressure control value to adjust the pressure of the fuel supply when the detected pressure of the oxidant stream changes.
Further, document JP 09-209810 discloses a failure detector for intake air control valve mechanism of an engine to easily detect a failure condition of an intake air control valve mechanism without accompanying complexation of construction and control, and to externally display the failure condition rapidly and certainly, by composing a driving means control part and a failure judging part in an ECU, and externally displaying the failure condition of the intake air control valve mechanism on an display. In this detector, an engine operating condition detecting means is arranged which judges whether or not an engine operating condition is in regular condition. Further, a pressure sensor detects pressure in an intake air pass when the intake control valve is opened/closed. When pressure difference in opening/closing periods between the detected pressure is at a predetermined value or more, failure judging means in the ECU judges that the engine operating condition is normal, and when pressure difference is smaller than the predetermined value, it judges that the engine operating condition is normal, and when pressure difference is smaller than the predetermine value, it judges that the engine operating conditions is in failure condition. Displaying means externally displays whether or not the engine operating condition is in failure condition on the basis of these judgement.
A fuel cell system form an underwater vehicle is further disclosed in documents U.S. Pat. No. 3,748,180. This fuel cell system has at least one fuel cell module for supplying electrical power for said vehicle. A first tank containing hydrogen is connected to one reactant chamber of a fuel cell module and second tank containing oxygen is connected to another reactant chamber of the fuel cell module. The hydrogen product water output from the hydrogen reactant chamber is condensed and separated and the water produced is stored in the first tank containing hydrogen. The fuel cell module is placed in a containment vessel which is pressurised with nitrogen. A catalytic reactor is provided in the containment vessel to form water in the event that there are simultaneous leaks in both the hydrogen and oxygen high pressure supply lines. A pressure transducer is also provided in the containment vessel for shutting down the system if there is a high pressure leak in either the hydrogen or oxygen line.
Further, document EP 1 223 631 A2 discloses a method and apparatus for detecting leakage current in the coolant of a fuel cell stack between said stack and the ground stack chassis, using a voltmeter to measure the voltage across the coolant. If the coolant voltage is at or below a predetermined level, an excessive level of conductivity in the coolant exists, and the presence of leakage current is reported.
Further, document US 2003/077487 A1 discloses methods for improving the cold starting capability of an electrochemical fuel cell wherein temperature dependant methods can be used to improve the cold start capability of fuel cell electric power generation systems. A method of ceasing operation of an electric power generation system improves the cold start capability and freeze tolerance of a fuel cell stack by reducing the amount of water remaining within the passages of the stack. The method involves purging one or more of the fuel cell stack oxidant and fuel passages at shutdown prior to allowing the fuel cell stack to drop to temperatures below the freezing point of water. Preferably purging at shutdown is conducted at a temperature below the stack operating temperature. Another method, used at start-up, involves directing a coolant fluid stream to the fuel cell stack only after a predetermined temperature above the freezing temperature of water is exceeded. Preferably, after freezing the fuel cell stack is heated to a temperature above its normal operating temperature before the operation is commenced.
It is therefore an object of the invention to solve the above-mentioned problem, and provide an abnormality detecting device for detecting an abnormality in a hydrogen discharge valve regardless of an operation state of a fuel cell.

Abnormality detecting device of fuel cell system


A mounting system comprises a generally cylindrical mounting plate. The mounting plate has an outer circumference. The outer circumference has a plurality of concave regions and a plurality of convex regions between the concave regions. The convex regions each have male threads. The male threads are adapted to releasably couple to the internal threads of a cylindrical member. At least one hole is provided through the mounting plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mounting system and more particularly pertains to coupling internally threaded cylindrical members including rods, pipes and tubes to flat surfaces and to each other.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of coupling devices of conventional designs and configurations is known in the prior art. More specifically, coupling devices of conventional designs and configurations previously devised and utilized for the purpose of joining items of hardware through known methods and apparatuses are known to consist basically of familiar, expected, and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which has been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
While the prior art devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, they do not describe a mounting system that allows coupling internally threaded cylindrical members including rods, pipes and tubes to flat surfaces and to each other.
In this respect, the mounting system according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of coupling internally threaded cylindrical members including rods, pipes and tubes to flat surfaces and to each other.
Therefore, it can be appreciated that there exists a continuing need for a new and improved mounting system which can be used for coupling internally threaded cylindrical members including rods, pipes and tubes to flat surfaces and to each other. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of coupling devices of conventional designs and configurations now present in the prior art, the present invention provides an improved mounting system. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new and improved mounting system and method which has all the advantages of the prior art and none of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises a vertically oriented, rigid, planar, recipient surface. A cylindrical member is provided. The cylindrical member has an interior surface and an exterior surface. The cylindrical member further has a first end. The first end has a first edge. The first end also has female threads. The female threads are formed in the interior surface adjacent to the first edge. A mounting plate is provided next. The mounting plate has an interior face and an exterior face. The mounting plate has a generally cylindrical, thin, outer circumference. The circumference of the mounting plate has three arcuate concave regions. Each region is about 60 degrees, equally spaced around the circumference. The circumference of the mounting plate has three arcuate convex regions. Each region is about 60 degrees, equally spaced around the circumference between the concave regions. The convex regions each have male threads. The male threads are adapted to releasably couple to the threads of the cylindrical member. The mounting plate further has a central extent with three beveled holes symmetrically located adjacent to the circumference in proximity to the convex regions. The beveled holes have a large aperture opening in the exterior face of the mounting plate and a small aperture opening in to the interior face of the mounting plate. The interior face is adapted to lie flush with the recipient surface. One of the three concave regions is adapted to be positioned at the upper most extent of the recipient surface. In this manner the adjacent edges of the convex regions lie laterally spaced when coupled to the planar surface such that their adjacent edges lie in a horizontal plane for supporting a level.
Provided last are three set screws. Each screw has a pointed end and a head end. Each screw also has a flared top portion. The flared top portion has a coupling recess and male threads there between. The screws are adapted to threadedly couple through the mounting plate into the recipient surface. In this manner the pointed end and threads pierce the planar surface and the head end lies within the beveled holes with the flared top portion lying flush with the top face of the mounting plate. The mounting plate may then threadedly receive and support the cylindrical member.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims attached.
In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of descriptions and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mounting system which has all of the advantages of the prior art coupling devices of conventional designs and configurations and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mounting system which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
It is further an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mounting system which is of durable and reliable constructions.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved mounting system which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such mounting system economically available to the buying public.
Even still another object of the present invention is to provide a mounting system for coupling internally threaded cylindrical members including rods, pipes and tubes to flat surfaces and to each other.
Lastly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved mounting system comprising a generally cylindrical mounting plate. The mounting plate has an outer circumference. The outer circumference has a plurality of concave regions and a plurality of convex regions between the concave regions. The convex regions each have male threads. The male threads are adapted to releasably couple to the internal threads of a cylindrical member. At least one hole is provided through the mounting plate.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.


A deinking agent for regenerating waste paper, which comprises a reaction product obtained by reacting a compound having an OH group, which is represented by the following (A) or (B) with a dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof as an active ingredient:. (A) a compound obtained by adding ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to a higher fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms in such a manner as to control the molar ratio of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide to from 1 to 4 and to control the total amount of the added ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to from 10 to 50 moles on average; or PA1 (B) an incomplete ester of a polyhydric alcohol, to which ethylene oxide and propylene oxide have been added in such a manner as to control the molar ratio of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide to from 1 to 4 and to control the total amount of the added ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to from 10 to 50 moles per OH group on average, and a higher fatty acid having 8 to 22 carbon atoms;. is disclosed. With the use of this deinking agent, a deinked pulp having a high degree of whiteness and a small residual ink number can be obtained.

The regeneration of waste paper such as used newspapers and magazines has been performed for a long time. Recent shortage in pulp resources and a rise in the pulp price have further elevated the importance of the effective utilization of waste paper. Furthermore, the application of deinked pulp has been enlarged and advanced. On the other hand, recent waste paper differs from conventional ones in the printing techniques, printing systems and ingredients of printing inks. Furthermore, waste paper which was never recovered and regenerated is now employed. As a result, the regeneration of the waste paper becomes more and more difficult, from the viewpoint of deinking. In order to promote deinking, therefore, attempts have been made to improve deinking devices.
These attempts comprise, for example, providing a tower aiming at high concentration aging, using a despicer or a kneader for promoting the liberation of an ink through the application of a physical force or providing a high consistency defibering pulper.
Examples of chemicals, which have been employed for separating and removing inks and other impurities from waste paper for a long time, include alkaline agents (for example, caustic soda, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate), bleaching agents (for example, hydrogen peroxide, hyposulfite, hypochlorite), sequestering agents (for example, EDTA, DTPA) and deinking agents (for example, anionic surfactants such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, higher alcohols sulfuric acid esters, .alpha.-olefinsulfonates, dialkylsulfosuccinates; nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of higher alcohols, alkyl phenols and fatty acids, alkanolamides). One of these substances or a mixture thereof have been used. Although these deinking agents are excellent in foamability at the flotation treatment, they are poor in the ability of collecting inks. In the case of the washing system, furthermore, the detergencies of these deinking agents are limited. In addition, the high foamability causes a trouble of foaming at the drainage step. Therefore, the deinked pulp obtained by using these deinking agents has poor qualities. Even though the resulting deinked pulp has a high degree of whiteness, it looks dark and dull, which reduces the amount of the deinked pulp to be used, for example, in millboard, newspapers. Alternately, in order to reduce darkness and dullness of the resulting deinked pulp, it is required to add a bleaching agent thereto in an elevated amount.

Deinking agent for regenerating waste printed paper comprising reaction product of compound having an OH group, a dicarboxylic acid, or an anhydride thereof


The crystal (10), in the inner surface of which contact zones (17) are structured, includes close to its edge a hollow (14) machined in one of its faces (11, 12) or a groove (25) machined in its thickness and provided with an enamel deposition (20) for concealing said contact zones (17) after bonding.

The most common way of assembling a tactile crystal, generally made of sapphire, on a wristwatch case is explained hereinafter with reference to FIG. 1 and to the schematic cross-section of FIG. 2, in which the contrasts and thicknesses have been greatly exaggerated for better comprehension.
The wristwatch shown includes, in a known manner, a case 1 formed of a middle part 3 closed on its bottom part by a back cover 5 and on its top part by a crystal 10 delimiting a compartment 7. Compartment 7 is for housing a watch movement 8 for the display of timer data on a dial 6. In the example shown, the display is an analogue display by means of hands for the hours 6a, minutes 6b and seconds 6c.
It can also be seen that the bottom face 11 of crystal 10 includes five electrodes 15 forming, for example, capacitive sensors, the electrodes 15 each being connected via conductive paths 16 to contact zones 17 made close to the edge 12 of crystal 10. The conductive network 15, 16, 17 is made in a known manner by structuring a transparent conductive oxide, such as indium and tin oxide (ITO), deposited for example by vapour deposition and having a thickness comprised between 25 and 75 nm. Electrodes 15 and conductive paths 16 can be made practically invisible by depositing dielectric layers in the spaces comprised between the electrodes 15 and paths 16, as disclosed for example in EP Patent No. 1 457 865. However, contact zones 17, which are placed in contact with a connector 19 passing through an insulating connector ring 2 and connecting an electronic module 9, capable of detecting the presence of a finger above one electrode 15 and of sending a control signal to movement 8, are much more visible.
When crystal 10 is assembled on case 1 by means of a bezel 13 secured to the middle part, bezel 13 need only be given sufficient width to conceal contact zones 17.
However, there exist cases, particularly for wristwatches, wherein crystal 10 extends to the outer edge of middle part 3. Crystal 10 is assembled for example via bonding on the shoulder of the middle part 3 or on an insulating connector ring 2. In order to conceal the adhesive joint, metallising has to be carried out by depositing at least one very thin anchorage layer, generally by chromium evaporation, and possibly other metals or alloys, close to the edge of the crystal, in order to try to harmonise the hue of the middle part shoulder seen through the crystal with that of the rest of the middle part. For tactile crystals, there is thus a significant risk of short-circuiting two neighbouring contact zones 17, or of creating stray capacitance.

Device for assembling a touch-type crystal on a case


A novel one-piece fluid reservoir assembly for use in conjunction with an insulin infusion pump. The single piece fluid reservoir assembly includes a barrel body, a male luer fitting integral with the barrel body, a sealing surface integral with the barrel body, the sealing surface for sealing against the pump housing when the fluid reservoir assembly is inserted into the pump housing. Further, the barrel includes, as part of the one-piece fluid reservoir assembly, threads for engagement with threads on an opening in the fluid pump so that the fluid assembly can be inserted into the fluid pump, engage the threads and rotation therewith will locate the fluid reservoir assembly within the pump. Thereafter, a piston in the pump may be incrementally advanced to act upon a plunger in the barrel assembly to force a fluid within the barrel assembly through the male luer fitting and through a conduit engaged therewith to a remote infusion set.

Infusion pumps are provided for diabetic patients to allow for the infusion into the body of the patient of a regulated amount of insulin or other medication. Existing pumps provide a piston for acting on a fluid reservoir and for urging fluid, such as insulin, from the reservoir through a conduit to an infusion set and into a patient.
Some of the existing infusion pumps, such as that illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,093 (incorporated herein by reference), have an O-ring or other means for providing waterproof or water resistant sealing between the fluid reservoir, insertable into the pump, and the pump housing. By providing a waterproof or water resistant engagement between an insertable fluid reservoir and the housing, the pump user may engage in activities, such as showering or other behavior that will subject the pump to water. It can be appreciated that the pump and reservoir combination would, advantageously, be water resistant.
Currently, fluid reservoirs that are used with water resistant pumps have a septum sealed reservoir or a luer nosed reservoir. A reservoir having a septum requires engagement with a piercing member to pierce the septum and provide fluid to a conduit for delivery to an infusion pump. The current reservoirs having a male luer fitting integral therewith, require a separate piece, engageable to the fluid reservoir for adapting the fluid reservoir to the water resistant pump. Thus, both of the current types described need a separate piece, either with or without a piercing member, to adapt the fluid reservoir in water sealing relation to the pump housing. While there are some advantages to this arrangement, Applicants have found advantages in providing in a single piece, integral unit, a fluid reservoir with a male luer fitting at a removed end thereof, which one-piece reservoir is adapted to fit in water sealing relation to an opening in a pump housing.
It is more convenient for a consumer to use with a single piece rather than having to engage one piece (an adaptor) to another (a fluid reservoir) and then the combined assembly to a pump housing. Further, there are some advantages in the manufacturing process for providing a single piece of Applicants' novel design. Further, advantages result from Applicants' use of a single piece design, combined with a luer fitting, which luer fitting can be adapted to receive a needle for removing fluid from a larger insulin container, which same luer fitting may subsequently, after the reservoir is engaged with the pump, accept a common female lure fitting attached to a conduit having an insulin set at the removed end thereof.
Applicants provide a novel one-piece fluid reservoir for engagement with an infusion pump, which one-piece fluid reservoir will achieve, in a single unitary piece, a number of functions. Some of these functions, achieved in a one-piece fluid reservoir engageable with an infusion pump, and the associated structure include the following:

One piece sealing reservoir for an insulin infusion pump


A refrigerator has an evaporator to discharge cold air into a food storage chamber by rotation of a fan as the cold air is generated during circulation of a coolant, and a temperature detecting unit to detect the temperature of the evaporator and generate a signal related to the evaporator temperature. The fan is controlled to initially rotate at a low speed (when the evaporator is warmest) and then at a progressively increasing speed. The increasing speed is independent of the temperature of the food storage chamber. The speed could be increased in response to detected decreases in the evaporator temperature. Alternatively, the speed could increase automatically for a predetermined time period.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a refrigerator, and more particularly to a refrigerator driving control apparatus and method thereof to control the rotation speed of an air blowing fan, thereby improving cooling efficiency and reducing power consumption.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In general, a refrigerator, as shown in FIG. 1, is provided with spaces divided by an intermediate member(20) into two, an upper space(30) for freezing food and a lower space(40) for refrigerating the food at storage containers, cold air circulating means(50) disposed at the rear portion of a freezing chamber(30) for compulsorily circulating air current, and a damper(60) installed on the rear wall of the cabinet(10) at a predetermined interval with a cold air discharge hole(61) and a cold air suction hole(62) for forming a cold air circulation route in which the cold air blown by the cold air circulating means(50) is guided and, at the same time, discharged upward and sucked downward the freezing chamber(30).
At this time, the cold air circulating means(50) comprises an air blowing fan motor(51) driven as power is applied, an air blowing fan(52) rotated as the air blowing motor(51) is driven, and a bracket(53) to fix the air blowing fan motor(51) on the cabinet(53).
A evaporator(70) is installed under the cold air circulating means(50) for repeatedly heat-exchanging the air at the freezing chamber(30) and refrigerating chamber(40) into cold air, a defrosting heater(80) installed under the evaporator(70) to be turned on and off for removing the frost formed at the surface of the evaporator(70), and a water drain hose(90) connected from the defrosting heater(80) along the rear wall of the cabinet(10) for discharging out the water during the defrosting operation.
An evaporating dish(110) is installed under the water drain hose(90) at the machine room(100) formed at the lower rear part of the cabinet(10) for collecting the water discharged along the water drain hose(90) and for vaporizing the collected water with the compressing heat of a compressor. The compressor(120) is installed under the evaporating dish(110) for compressing into a coolant of high temperature and high pressure, and a concentrator(130) is disposed at the rear outer surface of the cabinet(10) for condensing the compressed gas coolant of high temperature and high pressure by natural convection.
On the other hand, there are provided a first cold air pass(150) formed at a rear part of the intermediate member(20) at a predetermined interval on a cold air flow guiding plate(140) for discharging cold air heat-exchanged at the evaporator(70) toward the refrigerating chamber(40), a second cold air pass(160) formed at another rear part of the intermediate member(20) at a predetermined interval for passing the cold air of the refrigerating chamber40) through the evaporator(70), and a temperature control apparatus(170) assembled at the rear upper end of the refrigerating chamber(40) for controlling supply of the amount of the cold air discharged through the first cold air pass(150) to the refrigerating chamber(40) in a plurality of steps (for instance, strong cooling, weak cooling, etc.).
Unexplained numerals, 180 and 181, are respectively a freezing chamber door and a refrigerating chamber door hinged at the freezing chamber(30) and the refrigerating chamber(40) in an opening and closing manner, and 190 is a shelf member to put the food containers with selective vertical mobility.
Here, an air blowing control apparatus, as shown in FIG. 2, is to drive the air blowing fan motor(51) and to rotate the air blowing fan(52) including a relay driving element(53) for transmitting a predetermined level of alternating current voltage (VAC) input from a power source to the air blowing motor(51) as the relay(54) is turned on or off according to a control signal sent from a control unit (not shown).
Next, operational procedures of the refrigerator is described below. First of all, when the temperature at the freezing chamber(30) and the refrigerating chamber(40) is manually set with a temperature selection key (not shown), the chamber temperature is detected by a chamber temperature detecting unit (not shown). If the detected chamber temperature is higher than the set chamber temperature, the compressor(120) (not shown) is driven.
If the compressor(120) is driven, a coolant is compressed into the gas coolant of high temperature and high pressure, thereby vaporizing the defrosted water collected at the evaporating dish(110) as passing through the condenser (not shown). The coolant passed through the concentrator(130) is cooled and liquefied into the liquid coolant of low temperature and high pressure as the coolant is heat-exchanged with outside air in natural convection or compulsory convection.
The liquid coolant of low temperature and high pressure is changed into the frosty coolant of low temperature and high pressure which is easy to be vaporized as it is passed through a capillary tube (not shown) where the coolant is expanded to reach vaporization pressure. Then, the frosty coolant is infused into the evaporator(70).
Accordingly, the frosty coolant of low temperature and high pressure is passed through a plurality of pipes of the evaporator(70) to be evaporated to get the chamber air heat-exchanged into cold air, and the gas coolant of low temperature and low pressure cooled at the evaporator(70) is sucked into the compressor(120). The aforementioned cooling cycle is repeatedly performed.
At this time, the control unit discriminates whether the chamber temperature detected by the chamber temperature detecting unit is higher than the chamber temperature set by an user. If so, the control unit sends a control signal to turn on the air blowing fan(52) to the air blowing driving element(53). Then, a relay driving element(53) starts the operation of a relay(154) to supply a predetermined level of alternating current voltage (VAC) input from outside to the air blowing fan motor(51).
The air fan motor(51) is subsequently driven to rotate at high speed (for instance, about 3000 rpm) the air blowing fan(52) connected to a rotating shaft. The air blowing fan(52) rotated at high speed discharges the cold air heat-exchanged at the evaporator(70) through the cold air discharging hole(61) and the first cold air pass(150), thereby cooling the freezing chamber(30) and the refrigerating chamber(40).
Here, the temperature of the evaporator(70) is relatively high at an initial operation stage of the compressor(120), where the evaporator(70) does not generate much cold air.
However, there is a problem of the conventional refrigerator in that the air blowing fan(52) is rotated at high speed at an initial operation stage of the compressor(120), so that hot air is blown from the evaporator(70) into the chambers, causing to consume in cooling unnecessary power the chamber temperature to a chamber temperature set by the user.

Refrigerator driving control apparatus and method thereof


The embodiments of the present invention provide a kind of optical lens and a kind of miner's helmet lamp. A kind of optical lens, comprising a reflective surface and a light exit surface; wherein, in a circle with the central position of the said reflective surface as its center, at least a light distribution camber and a reflective camber are set up along the radius direction of the said reflective surface; in a circle with the central position of the said light exit surface as its center, at least a Fresnel annular surface and a surface are set up along the radius direction of the said light exit surface; the said light distribution camber is used for refracting the light incident on the said reflective surface to the said Fresnel annular surface and the said surface; the said reflective camber is used for reflecting the light incident on the said reflective camber to the said surface in collimation; the said Fresnel annular surface is used for reflecting the light incident on the said Fresnel annular surface through the said light distribution camber from the said light exit surface in collimation; the said surface is used for wholly reflecting the incident light through the said light distribution camber to the said reflective camber and for reflecting incident light through the said reflective camber from the said light exit surface in collimation.

Most condensing components currently used in miner's helmet LED lamps adopt parabola-shaped reflectors or total-reflection secondary optical lens to converge light emitted from LED.
For miner's helmet LED lamps using total-reflection secondary optical lens, as shown in FIG. 1, when a current lens with a diameter of 20 mm-30 mm is fitted with a 1-3 W LED with a 1 mm×1 mm chip, usually the minimal beam angle that can be obtained is about 8°-10°, which makes it impossible to produce an illuminance of 4,000-6,000 Lux at a distance of 1-3 meters. In order to meet the said illuminance requirement, usually at least 3 to 4 LEDs are needed, which makes it fast for batteries to be used up when the lamps operate for a long period of time. For a single LED, to meet the said illuminance requirement, its beam angle has to be kept below 5°. Nevertheless, to realize a beam angle below 5°, the diameter of the lens has to be increased to more than 50 mm-60 mm. If the total-reflection lens structure as shown in FIG. 1 is adopted, the thickness of the lens will have to be greatly increased. In such a case, the lens will have a large shrinkage during the process of injection molding, making injection molding very difficult to realize. Moreover, with the increase of the thickness of the lens, the weight of the lens will be increased greatly as well.
Therefore, at present, a kind of optical lens that can output beams at a narrow angle is urgently needed.

Kind of optical lens and a kind of miner's helmet lamp


Disclosed herein is an acrylic resin film having excellent heat resistance and mechanical strength, less fish-eyes, and high transparency. The acrylic resin film is obtained by molding a resin composition containing a glutarimide acrylic resin (G) and a (meth)acrylic resin (F) obtained by polymerization of a vinyl group-containing compound in the presence of alkyl acrylate-based cross-linked elastic particles having an average particle size of less than 80 nm.

Acrylic resins have excellent transparency and can be easily processed, and are therefore widely used as films, sheets, or general molded articles.
Particularly, acrylic resins having a glutaric anhydride structure or a glutarimide structural unit have excellent transparency and heat resistance and a small photoelastic constant, and therefore their use as optical materials has been studied. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses an optical film composed of a glutarimide acrylic resin. Patent Document 2 discloses a phase difference film composed of a glutarimide acrylic resin. However, a glutarimide acrylic resin generally has a problem that its mechanical strength is not always sufficient.
Various studies have been made to improve the mechanical strength of a glutarimide acrylic resin. Particularly, impact resistance is preferably improved using an impact resistance-improving agent of a type called "core-shell type", which is obtained by graft polymerization of a vinyl-based monomer onto a rubbery polymer. Specific examples of the rubbery polymer include butadiene-based rubber, acrylic rubber, and polyorganosiloxane-based rubber. However, addition of butadiene-based rubber causes a problem that the weather resistance of the resin is significantly impaired. Patent Document 3 discloses that polyorganosiloxane-based rubber is added to improve impact resistance, but this causes a problem that a resulting resin has impaired transparency.
Patent Document 4 states that a resin composition having excellent heat resistance and mechanical strength (especially, bending resistance) can be obtained by mixing a glutarimide acrylic resin and an acrylic graft copolymer.


A side (or heel seat and side) lasting machine comprises two lasting rollers (232; 232') arranged one at either side of a shoe support (20) by which a shoe is supported bottom up. Each roller (232; 232') has a helical rib arrangement (294) which, when rotated while in pressing engagement with the shoe bottom, effects an inwiping movement on the lasting marginal portions of the shoe upper. The rollers (232; 232') are inclined to the longitudinal center line of the shoe support, with their free ends directed heelwardly; the acute angle subtended between each center line and the roller axis of rotation is in the order of 50.degree. to 62.degree., preferably 57.degree.. The lasting rollers (232; 232') are of non-metallic material, preferably synthetic polymer or ceramic material, and have a single helical rib the pitch of which is in the range of 10 to 15 mm.

This invention is concerned with a machine for lasting side portions of shoe uppers comprising a shoe support for supporting, bottom up, a shoe on a last with an insole on the last bottom, and two side lasting assemblies, arranged one at each side of the shoe support, for operating progressively along opposite side portions of a shoe supported by the shoe support in a direction from the heel end to the toe end, wherein each side lasting assembly comprises a lasting roller having a helical rib arrangement which, as the roller is caused to rotate in engagement with a lasting marginal portion of the upper of such shoe, effects an inwiping action on said portion and presses it against a corresponding marginal portion of the insole of such shoe.
One such machine is described e.g. in GB-A 1 493 937.
In lasting side portions of shoe uppers using a lasting roller of the aforementioned type desirably the surface of the lasting roller should lie firmly against the flat surface of the shoe bottom or, where the surface of the shoe bottom is curved, the surface of the roller should lie tangentially thereto. In order to achieve such an arrangement six separate movements can be identified, namely:
movement lengthwise of the shoe (X-axis movement); PA1 movement widthwise of the shoe (Y-axis movement); PA1 movement heightwise of the shoe (Z-axis movement); PA1 movement about an axis extending parallel to the Z-axis PA1 movement (swing movement); PA1 movement about an axis extending parallel to the Y-axis PA1 movement (tilt movement); and PA1 rotation of the roller.
In the machine described in GB-A 1 493 937 clearly X-axis movement, Z-axis movement and also tilt movement can be effected, but the rollers are arranged with their axes of rotation parallel with each other and with the direction of the Y-axis. Moreover, in said machine, because of the width of the rollers in relation to the width of the lasting marginal portions of shoe uppers to be operated upon, no requirement for Y-axis movement was perceived.
While said machine carried out satisfactory lasting operations in a wide range of cases, nevertheless in certain cases, notably where the shoe upper patterns were poorly cut in relation to the shape of the last, problems occurred in particular at the "outside" of the shoe in the ball region thereof, where the region to be lasted meets the previously toe-lasted portion of the shoe upper, in that a so-called "loop" was frequently found to arise.
One of the problems in determining optimum conditions for operating upon shoe bottoms arises in that different requirements can be identified for the "inside" and "outside" of a shoe bottom. For example it has been established that in order to avoid the formation of a loop at the ball region on the outside of the shoe, as discussed above, preferably the axis of the lasting roller should be inclined to a longitudinal centre line of the shoe support, with the free end of the roller directed towards the heel end of the shoe. For operating on the inside of the shoe, on the other hand, ideally inclining the axis of the roller towards the longitudinal centre line of the shoe support, with the free end of the roller directed towards the toe end of the shoe would appear to give beneficial results, in terms of tightly lasting the upper material to the shape of the last in especially the inside waist region. Moreover, it has further been found that it is beneficial when operating on the outside of the shoe for the direction of rotation of the roller to be such that the surface in engagement with the shoe is moving toewardly, while in the case of the inside of the shoe, as described above, preferably the surface of the roller in engagement with the shoe should be moving heelwardly.
One solution would of course be to provide two rolls at each side of the shoe bottom and utilise one or other, according to whether the shoe being operated upon is a left or a right. Not only is such a solution expensive, however, but also there is a question of space for accommodating two rollers at each side, especially in a situation where such rollers are angled significantly from one another.

Machine for lasting side portions of shoe uppers


A solidified water soluble wood preservative characterized by a solidified elongate body of a boron compound known as having beneficial effects as a wood preservative, in combination with copper oxide. The method of making the solidified water soluble wood preservative includes the following steps. Firstly, mixing powder-form copper oxide (CuO) and a powder-form boron compound known as having beneficial effects as a wood preservative to form a powder mixture. Secondly, heating the powder mixture at temperatures in excess of 700 degrees celsius until the powder mixture melts to form a homogeneous liquid mixture. Thirdly, forming the homogeneous liquid mixture into a body. Fourthly, annealing the body at temperatures of between 300 and 550 degrees celsius.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,875 which issued in 1981 describes a novel method for preserving timber pioneered by Carl C. Beckgaard of Denmark. This method involves the insertion of solidified water soluble wood preservative rods into holes drilled in timber. The rods are made from boric oxide. The solidified rods have numerous advantages. They are easier to use in solidified form, gloves are not required. The wood preservative, being water soluble, is released over time by moisture in the wood. The strength of the wood preservative on a weight basis is increased, as the moisture in the wood combines with the boric oxide and produces boric acid in a ratio of 1:1.45.
The formation of boric oxide into water soluble rods is a three step process. The first step involves melting the boric oxide. The second step involves moulding the boric oxide into the desired shape. The third step involves annealing the rods to make them suitable for the intended use.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,875 Carl C. Bechgaard observes that some fungi are controlled more effectively by copper oxide or one of the other metal oxides, in combination with boric oxide. He contemplated making the rods from a combination of boric oxide and copper oxide. In the fifteen years since the issue of the patent neither Mr. Bechgaard, nor any of his licensees have been successful in fabricating a rod that contains a combination of boric oxide and copper oxide.
The addition of copper oxide changes the physical properties of boric oxide, creating numerous problems. Some of the problems are relatively minor, such as the mixture sticking to the mould. Other problems are of critical importance, such as bubbling, crystallization or a failure of the mixture to anneal. The result has been failed attempts that are totally unsuitable for use. These failed rods tend to crumble into dust.
Boric oxide and copper have been combined in other forms. For example, wood preservative pastes exist that contain both boric oxide and copper. These wood preservatives utilize solvents. This methodology is not transferable to the manufacture of wood preservative rods. The use of solvents is precluded due to the low flash point of such solvents.

Solidified water soluble wood preservative and method of making the same


The present disclosure relates to a system and a method for distinguishing a driver and passengers in an image captured inside a vehicle. The system may perform the method to: obtain a face set from the image, the face set including at least one human face inside the vehicle and coordinates of the at least one human face; obtain a candidate driver face set from the face set based on the coordinates of the at least one human face, the candidate driver face set including at least one candidate driver face and coordinates of the at least one candidate driver face; and identify a target driver face from the at least one candidate driver face based on the coordinates of the at least one candidate driver face.

Images captured inside a vehicle often include faces of a driver and passengers. Recognizing the face of the driver and faces of the passenger (especially a face of a passenger seating at a first officer's seat of the vehicle) may be used for other applications. For example, the recognized faces may be further used for identifying a count of passengers, safety driving, such as preventing drivers from driving tiredly or distractedly, seat belt warning, etc. Therefore, it is desirable to provide systems and methods for distinguishing a driver and passengers in an image captured inside a vehicle quickly and accurately.

Systems and methods for distinguishing a driver and passengers in an image captured inside a vehicle

BEIJING DIDI INFINITY TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.


An image forming apparatus which reads a test pattern formed by ejecting liquid droplets onto a recording medium to adjust an ejection timing of the liquid droplets is disclosed. The image forming apparatus includes a reading unit including a light emitting unit and a light receiving unit; a sensitivity adjusting unit; a relative movement unit; a first correction unit which detects a position of the test pattern; a second correction unit which detects the position of the test pattern; and a correction method selecting unit which selects the first correction unit or the second correction unit based on adjusting results of sensitivity adjusted by the sensitivity adjusting unit.

Image forming apparatuses (below called liquid-ejecting image forming apparatuses) are known which eject liquid droplets onto a sheet material such as a sheet of paper to form an image and produce printed matter. The liquid ejecting image forming apparatuses may generally be divided into a serial-type image forming apparatus and a line-head type image forming apparatus. In the serial-type image forming apparatus, a recording head thereof moves in both main scanning directions perpendicular to a direction of sheet conveying while the sheet conveying is repeated to form an image over the sheet of paper to produce printed matter. In the line head-type image forming apparatus with nozzles being aligned in a length which is almost the same length as a maximum width of the sheet of paper, when timing arrives at which the sheet of paper is conveyed and the liquid droplets are ejected, nozzles within the line head eject the liquid droplets to form the image.
However, it is known that, in the serial-type image forming apparatus, when one ruled line is printed in both directions of an outward path and a return path, an offset of the ruled line is likely to occur between the outward path and the return path. Moreover, it is known that, in the line head-type image forming apparatus, parallel lines are likely to appear in the sheet-conveying direction when there is a nozzle whose position of impacting is constantly offset due to a mounting error, finishing accuracy of the nozzle, etc.
Therefore, in the liquid-ejecting image forming apparatus, it is often the case that a test pattern for self-adjustment to adjust the position of impacting the liquid droplets is printed on the sheet material, the test pattern is optically read, and an ejection timing is adjusted based on the read results (see Patent Document 1, for example.)
Patent Document 1 discloses an image forming apparatus which includes a pattern forming unit that forms, on a water-repellent member having water-repellent properties, a reference pattern including multiple independent liquid droplets and a pattern to be measured that includes multiple independent liquid droplets ejected under an ejection condition different from the reference pattern such that they are arranged in a scanning direction of a recording head; a reading unit including a light emitting unit which irradiates a light onto the respective patterns and a light receiving unit which receives a regular reflected light from the respective patterns; and a correction unit which measures a distance between the respective patterns based on read results of the reading unit for correcting of a liquid droplet ejection timing of the recording head based on the measurement results.
FIG. 1A is an example of a diagram which schematically describes a light receiving element which reads test patterns. When a spotlight which is irradiated by an LED scans the test pattern in an arrowed direction, a reflected light in accordance with a density of a scanning position of the spotlight is detected at the light receiving element. As is well known, light is absorbed well by a black object, so that it is difficult for the spotlight to be absorbed when the test pattern is scanned if a sheet material is white and the test pattern is black. If the reflected light received by the light receiving element is shown in voltage, as shown, a voltage when the spotlight is superposed on the test pattern is substantially lower than a voltage when what is other than the test pattern is scanned.
FIG. 1B is an example of a diagram showing voltage changes in an enlarged manner. The horizontal axis is time, or a scanning position of the spotlight. An elongated circle shows regions in which the voltage is sharply changing. It is inferred that an edge of the test pattern is within the region, so it is determined, for example, that a center of gravity of the spotlight scans the edge of the test pattern when the voltage value shows a center value of a local maximum and a local minimum. Therefore, when the voltage value shows the median of voltage amplitudes, for example, the image forming apparatus may determine that there is the edge position of the test pattern at the scanning position and specify a position of the test pattern.
However, there is a problem that, when a sheet material is a material with a low reflectance (or a high transmittance) such as a tracing paper, it is difficult for an output voltage of the light receiving element to be stable, so that the edge position of the test pattern may not be specified accurately. In other words, for the sheet material with the low reflectance, a decrease in the amplitude of the voltage value, a variation in the transmittance of the sheet material, or an amplification of sensor sensitivity or transmittance fluctuations of the sheet material causes the voltage value to be unstable. When the amplitude of the output voltage of the light receiving element decreases or becomes unstable, specific accuracy of the edge position of the test pattern decreases, so that accuracy of adjusting liquid droplet ejection timing decreases.
While changing a process of correcting an ejection timing in accordance with a type of sheet of paper may be considered, as the type of sheet of paper is set by a user operation, a case may occur that an adjustment operation suitable for the type of sheet is not possible, leading to a problem that desired adjustment accuracy is not obtained. Moreover, a problem may occur that down time of the image forming apparatus increases when a correction process is performed regardless of the type of paper.

Image forming apparatus, program, and image forming system


A multipurpose vented funnel is a device for funneling liquid, wherein the device includes a conical hollow body having open top end directed into an outlet spout end, with an inner and outer wall wherein the inner wall of the conical hollow body includes a linear pattern of grooves extending vertically from the bottom of the overflow guard and ended at the spout opening. The conical hollow body has a handle with is integrated and part of tubular rectangular vent passageway structure for the venting of air or gas from a reservoir and/or container. In addition, a plurality of stabilizer tabs outwardly project from the down spout for the stable supporting of a containers.

Conventional funnels are typically used to facilitate the pouring of liquids, powders, or any other filler material into reservoirs and/or containers that have multiple size opening. A funnel typically includes inverted hollow cones or tapering or cylindrical tubes having a wide opening at the top and a narrow spout opening designed to be fitted into the openings of associated receptacles into which material is to be poured.
Closed or sealed fluid systems such as the cooling and oil system of a motor vehicle include a fill port or nozzle through which fluids are introduced or added. Similarly containers, such as bottles include an opening through which the fluid or solid material is introduced to fill the container. It is common practice to use a funnel inserted into the container opening or system port/nozzle to fill or add the material to these containers or sealed systems.
Funnels are often used in the filling process of liquids, powder and/or filler material into household containers. Funnels are commonly known and used to prevent spilling in pouring liquids into containers with small openings. A household funnel may include a small tapering tube with a wide, cone-shaped mouth; however, this common design often causes liquid to bottleneck and backup therein.
In food dispensing establishments, such as restaurants, cafeterias, luncheonettes, and coffee shops may have problems in the use of relatively viscous liquid condiments, such as ketchup, mustard and the like. These problems arise from the fact that conventional packaging for these condiments are done in clear glass bottles having a relatively narrow neck. In view of the forgoing aspects, traditional funnels are undesirable for many reasons. Specifically, when liquid backs up in the funnel it causes difficulty arises from the fact that the surface tension of the relatively viscous fluid is such as to preclude facility of flow through the neck of the bottle, thus making it necessary to shake the bottle vigorously, often with disastrous results.
For most prior art funnels, venting is accomplished in one of two ways. In one case, the venting is accomplished primarily through the fill hole in the funnel. That is, the funnel's fill hole is used to add material to the container/system as well as to vent the air. Depending upon the sealing ability of the funnel to the opening/nozzle some venting also may occur in the space between the funnel and the inside surface of the opening port or nozzle. Alternatively, the funnel is held so it does not contact the nozzle or opening while adding the material. This leaves a space between the funnel and the inside surface of the opening port or nozzle in which the funnel is inserted. The air from the container system vents through this space.
In view of the above descriptions, traditional funnels are undesirable for many reasons. Specifically, when liquid backs up in the funnel it causes unwanted spillage due once the air traps inside the reservoir or container. It is also known to provide funnels in sets of different sizes for different applications. However, heretofore, such sets of different-sized funnels have not been characterized by designs which facilitate compact, nested storage. It is also known to provide funnels with handles to facilitate grasping in use. However, heretofore, such handles have tended to impair the nesting of sets of funnels and have either been relatively large or have been difficult to grasp, securely, particularly for people with impaired grasping ability.


In a live audio presentation system, a stage rack and a front of house rack are interconnected by a transmission medium that transmits digital audio data and control information between them. Packets of digital audio data and control information are sent at the audio sampling rate. The packets of data are encoded using an encoding technique that provides unique codes that may be detected, thus enabling clock recovery of a clock signal embedded in the data packets. Data packets may include data for error checking. A serial digital transmission medium may be used as the transmission medium. Such a transmission medium uses low voltage signals and supports high bit rates. The system is synchronized by the FOH rack which transmits data to the stage rack according to a local audio sample clock or an external audio sample clock to which it synchronizes. This clock is embedded in data packets sent to the stage rack. The stack rack recovers the audio sample clock from data received from the FOH rack and synchronizes its receive and transmit operations to this recovered clock. The FOH rack recovers the audio sample clock from data received from the stage rack and synchronizes its receive operations to this recovered clock. The FOH rack may include an embedded computer that processes the digital audio data, and may include DSP processing that handles so-called plug-in software. A digital audio workstation or sequencer also may be connected to the FOH rack to either record the live presentation or to inject edited, recorded audio into the live presentation.

In live audio presentations, equipment such as microphones, speakers, amplifiers, instruments and other audio devices have inputs and outputs that are connected, whether through wired or wireless connections, to a central location called a stage rack. The stage rack commonly includes significant audio processing. A console (often referred to as the front of house) is connected to the stage rack to provide controls for mixing, level controls and other operations. The audio processing is generally limited to the capabilities of the stage rack and/or the front of house console.
The connection between the stage rack and the front of house console typically is a cable carrying analog signals. The reliability of the cabling is important so that the live audio presentation is not adversely affected. Most data loss in such environments is due to catastrophic failures, typically of the cabling or connectors for the cabling. Data loss between the stage rack and front of house due to noise or interference occurs less frequently in a properly installed system.
Digital interconnects between the stage rack and the front of house console have improved audio performance over analog interconnects, with reduced noise and distortion. However, current digital interconnects have their own drawbacks. For example, a (MADI) interconnect requires separate synchronization and control streams. Ethernet and other network based connections tend to have high latency and some protocols do not guarantee data delivery. Digital interconnects are still subject to data loss due to catastrophic failures of the cabling or connectors.


If only an operating button 14 is pushed, an electrically opening and closing mechanism 1 disengages a first clutch K1 while engaging a second clutch K2 to operate an electrically driving means 2 to automatically open or close a second member (e.g., a liquid crystal display panel) 4 which is rotatable with respect to a first member (e.g., a body having a plurality of keys) 3. If the operating button 14 is pushed, the second member 4 automatically rotates to an optional angular position with respect to the first member 3, and if the operating button 14 is released (if the operating button 14 is returned to the original angular position by the spring force of a second spring 23), the first clutch K1 is engaged at the optional angular position to hold the attitude of the second member 4.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an electrically opening and closing mechanism. More specifically, the invention relates to an electrically opening and closing mechanism for opening and closing a foldable image display part of a portable telephone, a portable information terminal or the like with respect to its body, or for opening and closing a lid member or the like which is mounted on an opening portion of a body.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There is known a portable telephone or portable information terminal which has a body serving as an operating part on which a plurality of keys are mounted, and an image display part having a liquid crystal display panel mounted on the end portion of the body so as to be capable of being open and closed, the liquid crystal display panel of the image display part being foldable so as to be piled on the body to be stored. When such a portable telephone or portable information terminal is used, a user generally holds the body in his one hand and opens the image display part with his other hand, so that it is not always easy to handle the portable telephone or portable information terminal with his one hand. Therefore, there has been developed a technique for allowing a user to handle a portable telephone with his one hand so that the folded portable telephone can be open by the force of a spring if only an operating button (an unlocking button) is pushed (see, e.g., Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-314654).
However, since such a portable telephone is designed to open an image display part, which is folded on a body, by spring force, the body and image display part are designed to be open to a predetermined angular position at a stroke, so that the opening angle between the body and image display part can not be optionally adjusted. Therefore, when a user handles a portable telephone with his one hand, it is desired to provide a technique for allowing an image display part to be rotated to an optional opening angle to be held.

Electrically opening and closing mechanism