A method and apparatus for use with a motor controller that receives a command velocity and that applies voltages to drive a motor at the command velocity, the apparatus comprising a dual inertia lost motion assembly including a motor and a load couplable to the motor, the lost motion assembly characterized by at least some lost motion between the motor and the load, the motor and load together characterized by a total assembly inertia, an acceleration error determiner for generating an acceleration error that is the difference between a derivative of the command velocity and a motor acceleration value and a low pass acceleration error filter filtering the acceleration error and having a gain set as a percentage of the total assembly inertia, the acceleration error filter providing the filtered signal to the controller, the controller using the filtered signal to adjust the applied voltages.

The field of the invention is control systems for dual inertia lost motion mechanical systems and more specifically optimal acceleration feedback for use by a controller in controlling a system characterized by lost motion.
This section of this document is intended to introduce various aspects of art that may be related to the present invention described and/or claimed below and provides background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present invention. It should be understood that the statements in this section of this document are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
High performance servo drives are used in many different applications and in many different industries. For example, in the media printing industry servo drives are routinely employed to accelerate and decelerate large spools of paper web to wind and unwind and position sections of the web precisely with respect to printer heads and other system components to facilitate application of information on the paper material surfaces. In printing applications and in many other applications precise motor-load control is extremely important.
Typically a velocity command signal is provided to a drive indicating a desired motor load velocity and the drive is configured to apply AC voltages to the motor causing motor velocity to converge toward the command velocity. The relationship between applied voltages and motor velocity is effected by motor-load assembly inertia. For instance, assume first and second motor-load assemblies where a first assembly inertia is half as large as a second assembly inertia. When motor velocity is to be reduced, a much smaller force is required to increase the first assembly than to slow the second assembly at the same rate. Similarly, when motor velocity is to be increased, a much larger force is required to increase the first assembly velocity than to increase the second assembly velocity at the same rate.
Many systems include one or more feedback loops that provide motor-load operating characteristics to the drive for comparison to the command velocity and derivatives thereof so that the drive can adjust motor velocity in a suitable fashion and increase performance. Thus, for instance, some drives include a position feedback loop and/or a velocity feedback loop. In these cases, when the motor position or velocity do not match the commanded position (e.g., the integral of the commanded velocity) and/or the commanded velocity, the drive alters the applied voltages to correct the error.
In theory, in an ideal directly linked motor-load assembly, the load is linked to the motor via an infinitely stiff coupling and the motor and load inertias appear as a single mass or total assembly inertia. A control system for a motor-load assembly including an infinitely stiff coupling is easily constructed with the application of velocity and/or position feedback loops.
In reality, most direct linked motor-load assemblies do not include an infinitely stiff coupling and instead are characterized by some degree of flexibility. In these cases the flexible motor-load coupling can be thought of as a spring between the motor and load masses such that angular load position typically is slightly different than the angular position of the motor.
When a drive includes one or more feedback loops and a motor-load assembly includes a flexible coupling, the combination often causes resonance within the drive-motor-load system. To this end, when a velocity command is received and a drive accelerates a motor toward a command velocity, in the case of a flexible coupling, the motor achieves the desired velocity prior to the lagging load. Because of the spring effect of the flexible coupling, the load often shoots past the command velocity thereby loading the coupling with another spring force that places a torque on the motor which causes the motor velocity to exceed the commanded velocity so that a velocity error is identified by the control system in the drive (e.g., the feedback velocity instantaneously exceeds the commanded velocity). The drive in turn alters the applied voltages to slow the motor-load assembly.
Eventually the spring force within the coupling causes the load velocity to slow such that the load velocity converges toward the motor velocity. However, here again, as the force within the coupling is released, the load velocity may shoot through the motor velocity thereby placing a slowing force on the motor. In response to the slowing motor velocity the drive again alters the applied voltages, this time to increase the motor speed. This oscillating process continues at what is typically referred to as a system resonant frequency.
While many motor-load assemblies include a direct linkage between the motor and the load, other assemblies include some type of indirect coupling such as a gear box, gear train, etc., that introduces lost motion between the motor and the load. Here, the phrase "lost motion" is used to refer to an actual disconnect between the motor and the load that occurs under certain operating circumstances because there is some mechanical "play" or "slack" within the coupling components. For instance, in a simple example, a particularly sloppy gear train may result in a coupling where five degrees of motor rotation separate the relative positions in which the motor engages the load through the gear train in opposite directions. Thus, when rotating in a forward direction the motor-gear train may be engaged with the load at a first angle and the motor may have to be rotated five degrees in the reverse direction relative to the load to engage the load in the other direction. In this case, assume that the motor is initially rotating in the forward direction to drive a coupled load and that the command velocity is reduced to slow motor speed. Unless load friction slows the load at a rate at least as fast as the rate at which the motor speed is reduced, at the instant that the motor speed is reduced, the motor and load become decoupled.
Motor-load assemblies that include lost motion couplings add complex dynamics to drive systems that complicate control tasks appreciably. In this regard, the instantaneous effective inertia associated with the motor changes whenever a lost motion coupling causes the motor-load to couple or decouple. Here, the phrase "effective inertia" is used to refer to the motor inertia alone when the load is decoupled from the motor and to the sum of the motor inertia and the load inertia when the load is coupled to the motor. In many cases the load inertia will be much larger than the motor inertia so that the difference between the effective coupled inertia and effective decoupled inertia is appreciable.
Because inertia effects the relationship between applied voltages and velocity and the effective inertias are different during coupled and decoupled motor-load conditions, drive velocity adjustments that occur during coupled and decoupled motor-load conditions end up causing different velocity modifications. Thus, for instance, given a specific velocity error, independent of whether or not the error occurs when the motor is coupled to the load and when the motor is decoupled from the load, the error will result in the same change in applied voltages to eliminate the error. Here, however, because the coupled and decoupled inertias are different, the effect on velocity is different. Thus each of spring related resonance and lost motion coupling dynamics hamper motor-load assembly control.
One way to eliminate system resonance is to provide filters within the feedback loops that filter out disturbances at the resonant frequencies. Thus, for instance, where a system resonant frequency is known, a notch filter may be provided that specifically eliminates the resonant frequency signal from the feedback loop to the drive.
While filters are routinely used to reduce system resonance, such filters typically have not been employed to minimize the effects of lost motion couplings because they generally do not provide the bandwidth necessary to meet application requirements.

Method and apparatus for providing optimal acceleration feedback


A first set of test instructions are provided for a first node in a computer network. A corresponding second set is provided for a second node in the network. The test instruction sets are partitioned into modules. The nodes process their respective sets of test instructions independently to generate test results for each module on each node, except when a synchronizing event occurs. Each node stores its test results for each test module. Since the test modules have an ordered processing sequence, each node's test results for corresponding test modules can be compared asynchronously on an ongoing basis.

In computer systems, hardware failures can cause erroneous processing results, such as database corruption, if the failure is undetected. In large computer system networks, the impact of undetected failures is especially severe, since for example, databases maintained on large networks can be very large and can be very difficult to reconstruct.
Hardware signature analysis has been used in processor development to detect failures. In signature analysis, a set of known inputs is dynamically applied to hardware being tested. The outputs of the hardware are then compacted into a signature by a predetermined hardware circuit such as a linear feedback shift register. The signature of the hardware under test can then be compared with a good signature to detect faults in the tested hardware. If the hardware under test is faulty, then the signature obtained will not match that of the known good signature.
It is also known to use such hardware signature analysis in a computer network at run time by running identical applications in a lock step manner on two nodes, and comparing the results. However, the constraint that the two nodes run the code in a synchronized fashion has an impact on normal processing in the two nodes. Therefore, a need exists, for improvements in hardware detection, particularly for large computer networks.

Run time error probe in a network computing environment

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention is related to the method to find the rotor flux angle from stator voltages and currents by injecting high frequency signal. The injected signal is not rotating one but fluctuating one at a reference frame rotating synchronously to the fundamental stator frequency. The difference of impedances between the flux axis and the quadrature axis at high frequency signal injected on the rotor flux angle is explained by the equivalent circuit equation of the induction machine. The difference is verified by experiments on the test motors at various conditions. The sensorless field orientation control method is proposed and experimental results clarify the satisfactory operation of the method with 150% load torque at zero stator frequency.

The sensorless drive of an induction machine has been studied for last two decades. And some of the results are applied to industrial fields (Reference 1,2). But the performance of the drive is still much inferior to that of the sensored drive. Especially, at low or zero stator frequency the torque control ability of the drive is still far from the satisfaction. At higher stator frequency, practically higher than 10% of rated frequency, simple direct vector control method based on the integration of the stator terminal voltages gives satisfactory torque control performance (Reference 3). Most of the sensorless drive algorithms are based on the assumption of d-q equivalent circuit of the induction machine (Reference 4-7), and hence they are dependent on the machine parameters and measurement errors. At low stator frequency region, signal to noise ratio of the stator voltage measurement is very poor and stator resistance voltage drop is dominant. At zero stator frequency, even theoretically no rotor dynamics can be measured at the stator terminals (Reference 8). With these reasons the sensorless algorithm based on d-q circuit fail at low and zero stator frequency region no matter how algorithm is superior. Another group of sensorless algorithms is using non ideal phenomenon of the machine characteristics such as eccentricity of rotor, rotor slot harmonics, and rotor unbalance (Reference 9,10). These algorithms need. frequency spectrum analysis, and they are time consuming and need some machine construction data such as number of rotor and stator slot, which can not be easily obtained from off the shelf. Even with newly developed FFT algorithm, still the performance of the speed control bandwidth of the drive looks like unsatisfactory (Reference 11). Third category of the algorithm is injecting some signals to the motor and checking the response of the motor to the injected signals (Reference 12.about.15). Most of these algorithms depend on the variation of rotor leakage inductance according to the intensity of the main flux. This algorithm gives reasonably satisfactory performance for the open rotor slot motor. But in the case of closed rotor slot, unfortunately most of small and medium power squirrel cage induction machine is the case, the algorithm does not work well especially at loaded operating condition because of similar saturation effect on the leakage inductance with load current flowing in rotor circuit. The torque controllability at low and zero frequency region could be a great asset to off-the-shelf general purpose inverter feeding conventional squirrel cage induction motor. So far, most algorithms do not work well with mass produced closed rotor clot motor in zero or low stator frequency region under heavily loaded condition.

Sensorless field orientation control method of an induction machine by high frequency signal injection

108-401, Hyundai Apartment, 1694, Sillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu


A power transmission mechanism includes a first pinion gear meshed with a first sun gear coupled to a first output shaft; a second pinion gear meshed with a second sun gear coupled to a second output shaft and meshed with the first pinion gear; a differential case coupled to an input shaft and supporting the first and second pinion gears; an internal gear rotatable about the axes of the first and second output shafts; a motor generator coupled to the internal gear; a first one-way clutch including a first inner ring member configured to move in conjunction with the first pinion gear and a first outer ring member meshed with the internal gear; and a second one-way clutch including a second inner ring member configured to move in conjunction with the second pinion gear and a second outer ring member meshed with the internal gear.

The disclosure relates to a power transmission mechanism that transmits power of a drive source to a wheel.
In a vehicle such as a hybrid electric vehicle, a rotation shaft of a motor serving as a drive source is coupled to an input shaft of a differential mechanism, and output shafts of the differential mechanism are coupled to wheels, for example (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-298802).


An image processing apparatus, includes an image reading part configured to read an image of a document; and an image storage part configured to store image data read by the image reading part; wherein the image reading part includes a part configured to read a range of a part of the image of the document; the image processing apparatus further includes: a first calculating part configured to calculate image data of a one surface of the document based on a size of the image data of the range read by the image reading part; and a second calculating part configured to calculate the number of pages of image data of the document which can be stored by the image storage part based on the result of calculation by the first calculating part.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to image processing apparatuses, and more specifically, to a image processing apparatus where, for example an image forming apparatus such as a digital copier, a printer, facsimile, or scanner can be installed in or connected to the image processing apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In digital copiers, for example, in order to realize sort function or the like for processing image data of plural documents, it is necessary to provide an image storage part such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) having a storage capacity for storing the image data of plural documents.
However, in a digital copier including only an image storage part having a small storage capacity, the amount of storage of image data of the document is limited, and the storage capacity may be exceeded during reading the document image. In other words, while the image data are being read, a case may happen where a request of a user cannot be accomplished such as a case where image data of all documents cannot be stored.
Because of this, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 5-37747 describes an image storage device wherein an expected data size of the entire document is calculated based on the amount of image data actually read from a part or a specific page of a document or the expected data amount of a single document based on past information and the number of the documents. If there is no sufficient free storage capacity in the storage part (image storage part), a warning is issued.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 5-37747 also describes that compressibility of the image data is made high for storage by converting multi-value data to binary data in a case where the free storage of the storage part is expected to be small.
However, in the image storage device described in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 5-37747, only whether all the image data of the document can be stored is determined. In other words, in this image storage device, whether a part of the image data can be stored is not shown to the user. In addition, a specific value of the part of the image data is not shown to the user.
This is because the device described in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 5-37747 is merely the image storage device and only whether all the image data of the document can be stored is important in the request for this device.
In the image forming apparatus having a copier function such as a digital copier, output is performed with input (storage) and therefore the user wishes to know not whether all the image data of the document can be stored but whether a divided part can be stored.
However, such demand cannot be met by the image storage device described in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 5-37747. In addition, in order to read the image data of one page of the document, it is necessary to read all the image data of one surface of the document. Therefore, it takes time and effort of the user for determining whether storing the image data can be achieved.


In a liquid containing vessel inserted in a −Y axis direction, a substrate support member includes a first engaging section engaging with the liquid containing vessel from a +Z axis direction side at a position more to the −Y axis direction side than a contact section of a substrate, a second engaging section engaging with a liquid containing section at a position more to a +Y axis direction side than the substrate and is provided more to a −Z axis direction side than the contact section, a first pressed section receiving a first pressing force with a component in the −Z axis direction at a position more to the −Y axis direction side than the contact section, and a second pressed section receiving a second pressing force with a component in the −Z axis direction at a position more to the +Y axis direction side than the contact section.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid containing vessel, a liquid containing body, a substrate support member, and a unit
2. Related Art
A liquid containing vessel (an ink cartridge) is disclosed in WO 2004/037541 (PTL 1) which is mounted in a liquid ejecting apparatus (a printer) so as to be able to be attached and detached and which contains a liquid containing body which has flexibility (an ink pack) inside a casing section which is rigid. In the liquid containing body in PTL 1, a substrate is provided through a substrate support member. Information relating to a liquid which is contained in the liquid containing body is stored on the substrate. In a case where the liquid containing vessel is mounted in the liquid ejecting apparatus, the liquid ejecting apparatus receives supply of the liquid from the liquid containing body and is connected with the substrate with which access is possible.

Liquid containing vessel, liquid containing body, substrate support member, and unit


The shapes of the photo-resist layer “banks” which define pockets for inkjet printing or other patterned processes are optimized to provide a more uniform drying profile for substances which are to be deposited in those pockets and dried therein. Preferably, the shapes of the banks are “mushroom” shaped such that a portion of the photo-resist layer overhangs the exposed lower electrode layer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the art of thin film device processing and fabrication. More specifically, the invention relates to the fabrication of Organic Light Emitting Diode based displays and other electronic devices which use selective deposition.
2. Related Art
Display and lighting systems based on LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) have a variety of applications. Such display and lighting systems are designed by arranging a plurality of photo-electronic elements ("elements") such as arrays of individual LEDs. LEDs that are based upon semiconductor technology have traditionally used inorganic materials, but recently, the organic LED ("OLED") has come into vogue for certain applications. Examples of other elements/devices using organic materials include organic solar cells, organic transistors, organic detectors, and organic lasers. There are also a number of bio-technology applications such as biochips for DNA recognition, combinatorial synthesis, etc. which utilize organic materials.
An OLED is typically comprised of two or more thin at least partially conducting organic layers (e.g., an electrically conducting hole transporting polymer layer and an emissive polymer layer where the emissive polymer layer emits light) which are sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. Under an applied forward potential, the anode injects holes into the conducting polymer layer, while the cathode injects electrons into the emissive polymer layer. The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode and recombine to form an exciton in the emissive polymer layer. The exciton relaxes to a lower energy state by emission of radiation and in process, emits light.
Each of the OLEDs can be a pixel element in a passive or active matrix OLED display. Such pixels can be arranged in a row-column fashion and would be addressed and switched on/off differently depending upon whether the display was active or passive matrix. In the passive matrix case, each pixel is not individually controlled by a transistor, but rather pixels are addressed using a combination of row lines and a column lines. In active-matrix displays, each pixel is controlled by its own switch (e.g. transistor based) which allows it to remain on until switched off.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical OLED based passive matrix display during its manufacture. FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of a passive matrix OLED display 100 midway in the manufacturing process. Display 100 includes a patterned anode layer 102 (typically the columns.) that are patterned into stripes on top of a substrate 101. Anode layer 102 is typically composed of a transparent conducting oxide such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) or Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide. After anode patterning (usually via a photolithography and etching step), metal lines (not shown) may be patterned upon part of the anode pattern using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g. metal deposition, photolithography and/or etch).
Thereafter, cathode separators 110 are formed upon the surface of the substrate. These cathode separators are typically photo-resist layers that are patterned as shown using a photolithographic and etch step. Other steps such as pre-baking and post-baking and so on are well known in the art and will not be discussed in detail. One of the purposes of the cathode separators is to provide electrical separation of the individual rows of the top electrode layer, namely the cathode layer. The cathode layer is typically evaporated using a thermal or an electron-beam evaporation system or alternately it can be deposited using a sputtering system.
FIG. 1 depicts a metal cathode layer 104 that is laid down, typically on top of various polymer layers 108 and 109, to provide electrical connection for the active pixel area formed consequently. The intersection of cathode layer 104 and anode layer 102 creates a matrix of active pixels such as pixel 106 (shown with diagonal shading). The pixel 106 illuminates under an application of a forward biased voltage as discussed above. The polymer layers 108 and 109 are typically formed by depositing a gel or liquid substance and then spinning the OLED display 100 to spread out the deposited substance. This is referred to as spin coating. In other cases, the gel or liquid can be deposited and simply evaporated/dried for a period of time. In selective deposition techniques, such as inkjet printing (described below) pockets are formed into which the gel or liquid can be deposited drop by drop.
In the configuration shown, polymer layer 109 is usually an emissive polymer layer. Typically, polymer layer 108 is a conducting polymer layer which is also called a hole transport layer because it transports holes from the anode layer into the emissive polymer layer 109. The order in which layer 108 and 109 are deposited would be reversed if layer 104 were the anode layer and layer 102 the cathode layer. As mentioned above, one method of fabricating polymer layers is to drop a liquid or gel and allow it to dry. Typically, the polymer layers are deposited over the anode layer after the cathode separators have been fashioned. However, these cathode separators can often affect the spreading/flow/shape of the deposited polymers, especially in the case of selective deposition such as inkjet printing (discussed below). The polymer liquid or gel is deposited in drops and allowed to spread out on the exposed surface of the anode layer and then dry into a film.
This process/structure is slightly modified for an OLED display that is to have a pattern of pixels emitting different colors rather than a monochrome light emission. While spin coating of polymers may be appropriate for monochrome light emission, it is generally not used when a pattern of pixels of different colors is desired. For instance, if a particular pixel is to emit red light, a red emissive polymer material would be deposited in the region of that pixel, while for a blue emission a blue emissive polymer material would be deposited. In such cases, it is typical to have an extra layer of photo-resist other than the cathode separators that form "pockets" as shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 illustrates an anode line 210 that has a layer of photo-resist 220 above it. The photo-resist 220 is patterned (in case of photolithography the photo-resist is developed away, while for screen printing, the photo-resist can be deposited where needed) to define a pocket 230 where the anode 210 is exposed. The pocket 230 defines an individual pixel region and defines an area upon which polymer layers can be deposited. Unlike the spin coating case, each pocket, thus formed, is isolated from the pocket of another pixel location in that the same substance dropped therein does not spread and overlap with that other pocket. FIG. 2 shows a cross-section cut in the same direction as the direction in which anode line 210 and other anode lines are patterned. A cross-section in the transverse direction to that shown in FIG. 2 would also show photo-resist with the same shape as photo-resist 220. This layer of photo-resist patterned as shown define individual pockets as illustrated in FIG. 3. The extra layer of photo-resist needed to define pockets usually has the shape shown in photo-resist 220 such that no portion of the photo-resist 220 overhangs into the pocket 230. The polymer(s) is/are dropped into the pocket 230 and allowed to dry or be evaporated.
In conjunction with these pockets, the process of inkjet printing has been used especially where a specific pattern of pixels are desired. For instance, in an OLED display where some individual pixel locations emit red light, while others emit green and yet others emit blue, inkjet printing would allow such a pattern to be created. FIG. 3 shows an inkjet printing system for an OLED that is to have RGB (red, green and blue) patterned pixels. The cross-section shown in FIG. 3 is perpendicular to the cross-section shown in FIG. 2 and is taken in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which anode lines 360 are patterned. A print head 350 contains different polymers or other organic or organo-metallic substances including a red light emissive polymer substance, a green light emissive polymer substance and a blue light emissive polymer substance. These three polymers substances are delivered, respectively, via nozzles 332, 322 and 312. (although it is possible to deposit a different material from each nozzle, industrial printers are not designed like that. Usually all nozzles are used to deposit one material and the different materials are deposited sequentially). When delivered, the polymer substances drop onto pockets formed over an anode layer 360 (or onto the conducting polymer layer 330 which may also have been dropped by the inkjet head 350). When the red, green and blue emissive polymer substances dry or evaporate, they form red polymer layer 334, green polymer layer 324 and blue polymer layer 314, respectively. One example shown is pocket 390 which has a green emitting polymer dropped therein to form green emitting polymer layer 324 (top view).
The red, green and blue pixels are patterned into a pattern 380 using photo-resist layer 340 which will ensure that the correct polymer substances are deposited into only that specific pocket of the OLED display which it defines. Pattern 380 is merely illustrative of one of many possible patterns of red, green and blue pixels. The use of a photo-resist layer to define pockets for inkjet printing is disclosed in published patent application Number US2002/0060518 A1 entitled "Organic Electroluminescent Device and Method of Manufacturing Thereof". As shown, the photo-resist 340 has a normal slope such that the top of the photo-resist 340 does not overhang the pocket. However, this configuration is not optimal, and can lead to non-uniform and concave drying patterns. The profile of this polymer, when dried from a liquid drop, will not be very flat or uniform.
As can be observed, the drying pattern is very non-uniform and shows a piling up on the edges of the drop 400. This is due to the difference in the rate of evaporation at different regions of the drop 400. This difference causes the substance to move towards the edges of the drop 400 from the middle, and hence the ultimate deposition of more of the substance at the edge than in the middle. This phenomenon is usually referred to as the Marangoni effect. A common example of this phenomenon is the drying of a coffee stain which shows more prominence (is darker in color) on the edges of the stain than in the center.
When there are normal sloping banks as in the case of drop 410, there is still substantial non-uniformity in the profile of the drop when dried. There is pileup at the edges which affects the useful part of the device. As the thickness of the layer 330 and 334 increases (see FIG. 3), the current through that part of the film decreases leading to less light being emitted from the part of the pocket with thicker layer(s) 330 and 334.
It would be desirable to optimize the shapes of the banks such that the drying polymers are more uniform in thickness and thus have a flatter profile than is traditionally observed.


A control system emulates an X-ray spectrum generation and analyzing system on a computer by emulating the experimental apparatus, emulating the experimental geometry between elements of the experimental apparatus and emulating a material sample within the experimental apparatus including the emulated material sample's physical properties. The control system allows an operator generate theoretical spectra of material samples based on the emulated experimental apparatus and the physical characteristics of the emulated material sample. The control system also allows the operator to compare the generated theoretical spectrum to a real spectrum acquired from the experimental system and sample which have been emulated. Thus, the operator can easily determine the sufficiency of the emulation of the experimental set-up. The control system further allows the operator to analyze the generated theoretical spectra. Thus, the operator can determine the sufficiency of the experimental set-up in determining the character and composition of the real material sample.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an x-ray spectrum analysis system for spectra obtained with an electron microscope instrument. More particularly, the invention pertains to a computer based analyzer system which allows an analyst to extract quantitative information from experimentally acquired x-ray spectra and to simulate the experimental environment to generate theoretical spectra.
2. Description of Related Art
The physics and mathematics required to describe the generation and detection of a spectrum of characteristic and continuum x-rays resulting from the interaction of an electron beam with a specimen is described in an extensive body of literature. The generation of x-rays by interaction of an electron beam with a specimen is dependent upon the elemental composition of the specimen. Further complicating the process is the fact that detectors for the detection of x-rays have varying sensitivities, depending upon their construction. In use, the electron beam microscope is used to excite a spectrum representative of the sample. The final spectrum presented to the analyzer system depends on the specimen composition and geometry, the detector sensitivity, and the geometry of the electron microscope and detector configuration. The spectrum is then analyzed to determine the constituent elements of the sample and the relative proportions or absolute concentration of the elements in the sample.
The microprobe assay of a specimen must provide both a mean and the variance about this mean for each analyte or elemental constituent of a specimen. The mean refers to the estimate of the weight or atom concentration at a single analytical point, or some local grouping of points, from a homogeneous region of the specimen. The variance about this mean then represents the uncertainty due to counting statistics plus those aspects of the data reduction procedure which will contribute uncertainty, such as peak unraveling and continuum suppression. The accuracy of the estimate is a measure of the closeness of the estimate to the true value of the concentration. The task of predicting the variance about this estimated concentration can range from easy to quite difficult. As the specimen is further examined at many points, any variance greater than that determined above will represent true compositional variation. A significant period of time is required to collect enough data to analyze the specimen and estimate the concentration of the constituent elements to a sufficient accuracy and to a required level of confidence.
As with all measuring devices, the energy-dispersive x-ray analysis system has for a given set of conditions a sensitivity which translates into a minimum concentration of analyte that can be reported with a certain level of confidence. This quantity is often referred to as the minimum detectable limit (MDL) and its estimation can also range from easy to quite difficult.
A spectrum observed with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) consists of x-rays arising from both the characteristic and the continuum process. The x-ray peaks arising from the characteristic process contain the analytical information sought. Often the peaks to be determined overlap with the peaks from other elemental constituents of the specimen. Furthermore, the peaks are always superposed onto a smoothly varying spectrum of x-rays arising from the continuum process; and both the characteristic and continuum signals are modulated by the effects of counting statistics.
The MDL and variance about a measured concentration depend on the magnitude of the peak and background intensities, the degree of peak overlap, and the algorithms used to extract the required peak intensity and background intensity values below the peak. In general, there is no straightforward way of estimating the quantities required for standard statistical treatment. Therefore, many analysts, when faced with the problem of providing good error estimates, resort to the time-consuming but extremely reliable technique of direct measurement. In this method the specimen is sampled n times at a number of representative locations. For each of the n replicate measurements at each location one goes through all the spectra processing and data reduction steps required to arrive at an elemental concentration, where n is preferably greater than 25. From the n results at each location the analyst can then predict by conventional statistical methods the expected variance for each of the elemental concentrations at the various presumably representative locations. Knowing the expected variances the analyst can then proceed on with a strategy of single measurements at each analytical point in the specimen. For specimens with many phases or a wide range of compositions this procedure can be quite daunting. One approach to reducing the amount of time expended collecting the spectra data is to predict the minimum detectable limit achievable under proposed experimental conditions and to adjust these conditions to meet the requirements of the analysis.
There is an ever-growing body of knowledge concerning the physics of electron-specimen interaction and of the energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer used to detect the resulting x-rays. The requisite knowledge is now at hand to generate from first principles an x-ray spectrum that is more than sufficiently close in all of the germane physical and statistical properties to represent an actual spectrum from a real specimen. From generated spectra one could then deduce accurate estimates of variance about mean compositional values and MDL of any analyzable stable element in any stable matrix. One might also accurately estimate the elemental composition of the specimen without the need to measure a set of calibration standards. Furthermore, one might adjust the experimental parameters to determine the optimum set that will produce the lowest MDL. One could do that relatively rapidly before even presenting a specimen to the electron beam.
By so determining the minimum detectable limits, the experiment could be designed so as to collect sufficient but not excessive spectrum data.
The electron microscope system is an expensive system to procure and operate. When analysis of the collected spectrum is performed using the computer analysis system that is part of the electron microscope system, the electron microscope system may not be used for the collection of x-ray spectra data. It would be beneficial to separate the analysis of spectra function from the collection of spectra function.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce

The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services


The present invention uses a frame with one or more axial ribs extending from a spine onto which two or more discrete two-terminal electronic components, such as capacitors, resistors, or inductors, can be attached. The function of the frame is to align and space the electronic components in a single device or array that allows the two-terminals of each component to be separately contacted or soldered to a PC board during final assembly into a circuit. The frame may use friction or a bonding agent to hold the components to the frame. Additionally, the base of the frame forms a single surface for the pick and place equipment used in circuit board assembly. The frame and any bonding agent must be capable of sustaining high temperature soldering operations to form electrical contacts in the circuit assembly operation.

The present invention relates to component array packaging. Specifically, the present invention relates to a frame packaged array electronic or optical component and method of making.
The present invention will be shown and described for use with electronics, however, it can also be used with optic devices.
As electronic devices, such as cardiac care devices, continue to increase in functionality while the device sizes are reduced, reductions in circuit board real estate is desired. Low voltage multi-layer ceramic capacitors are currently used extensively in medical and other electronic equipment for filtering applications. Miniaturization of the components for some filter designs require two or more capacitors with very closely matched capacitance. For this reason, arrays containing two or more matched capacitors that can be placed on a printed circuit or PC board in a single operation have been used.
Capacitor arrays having two or more capacitors within a single monolithic multilayer ceramic component are available. The capacitors within such components have terminations that connect to separate sets of interleaved inner electrodes within the device. When these components are placed in a circuit board, the single array behaves like two or more individual multi-layer ceramic capacitors placed side by side. Other electronic devices have similar types of arrays.
Arrays have the advantages of replacing two or more standard multilayer capacitors with one component that can be placed on a PC board in a single operation, rather than one operation for each part. In addition, the area required on a PC board for an array is less than that for individual multilayer ceramic capacitors. This is an advantage for applications where space is at a premium.
As technology advances and there is a requirement to reduce the size of the array, there is a serious disadvantage to this approach. As the proximity of the electrodes of two or more capacitors within an array get closer together as the part size is reduced, the electric fields in the two separate capacitors can interact through the mutual ceramic interface resulting in crosstalk detrimental to the performance of the circuit. Additionally, it is not easy to test the individual capacitors within the array without developing special test equipment. Another problem with this type of array is that since this is a single monolith, the array is restricted to one ceramic dielectric type. Furthermore, if one capacitor in the array is defective, the entire array is defective.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,004 discloses a method of epoxy bonding two or more multilayer ceramic capacitors together with a resistor or inductor into a single component. In this way there is no single material forming a direct link between the electrodes of the capacitors or other components so crosstalk is minimized. This method has the advantage that the individual standard type components can be tested prior to assembly of the array and unlike the monolithic approach, the arrays can be formed with components of widely different materials and sizes. Arrays of multi-layer ceramic capacitors small as 0603 case size (length=0.063+/−0.005″; width=0.031+/−0.005″) have been used to form Epoxy Bonded Arrays in this way. However, there are also significant limitations to this approach with respect to further size reductions to realize further area reductions in circuit designs, specifically it is difficult to maintain the spacing tolerances and alignment of the capacitors during the placement operation. Therefore, it is desirable to have an improved frame packaged array electronic component which can accommodate smaller electronic components.
In view of the foregoing, it is a primary feature or advantage of the present invention to provide an improved frame packaged array electronic component.
Another feature or advantage of the present invention is a reduced size electronic component array, in terms of smaller surface area, and/or lower head room.
Another feature or advantage of the present invention is an electronic component array system which can be tested using traditional testing methods for the electronic components.
Another feature or advantage of the present invention is an electronic array having multiple electronic components which can be placed on a circuit board in a single action.
Another feature or advantage of the present invention is an electronic component array device which can withstand the high temperatures of surface mounting electronic components to a circuit board.
Another feature or advantage of the present invention is an electronic frame packaged array device which can form an electronics array using different types of electronics components in the same array.
Another feature or advantage of the present invention is an electronics array device which allows for uniform or controlled spacing between electronics components in the array.
A further feature or advantage of the present invention is an electronics array device which gives rigidity to multiple electronics components contained within the array.
A further feature or advantage of the present invention is the provision of a frame packaged array electronic component which is economical to manufacture, durable in use, and efficient in operation.
A still further feature or advantage or advantage of the present invention is a frame packaged array electronic component method of manufacturing and assembling the electronic component array.
One or more of these and/or other objects, features or advantages of the invention will be apparent from the specification and claims that follow.

Method of making a frame package array device


The invention provides a first water-based fluorine-containing paint including a water-based emulsion containing a fluorine-containing copolymer dispersed therein, and 1-50 parts by weight of a hardener per 100 parts by weight of the copolymer. The copolymer is prepared by copolymerizing 30-65 mol % of a fluoroolefin, 14-69 mol % of a copolymerizable vinyl-containing compound, and 1-30 mol % of a hydroxyl-containing compound and/or a polymerizable carboxyl-containing compound. The hardener is prepared by mixing 1 part by weight of a self-emulsifiable polyisocyanate with 0.01-1 part by weight of a compound containing in the molecule an oxyethylene unit and an alkoxysilyl group. When mixed with the emulsion, the hardener becomes well dispersed therein. The invention further provides a second water-based fluorine-containing paint including a water-based emulsion containing a fluorine-containing copolymer dispersed therein, and a hardener which is a compound containing in the molecule at least two hydrazino groups. The fluorine-containing copolymer is prepared by emulsion polymerization of 30-65 mol % of a fluoroolefin, 0.1-20 mol % of a polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid, 1-30 mol % of a polymerizable acetoacetylallyl compound, and 20-65 mol % of one of a vinyl ester and a vinyl ether. The second paint does not cure at ambient temperature, even after the hardener has been added thereto, and thus is usable as a one-package paint.

The present invention relates to a water-based fluorine-containing paint which is curable at ambient temperature.
Fluororesins are generally excellent in chemical resistance, weather resistance and heat resistance, and in view of these favorable properties the use of fluororesin based paints is increasing in various fields.
As a fluororesin suitable for solvent-thinned paints, U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,326 discloses a fluorine-containing copolymer comprising chlorotrifluoroethylene, a vinyl or isopropenyl ester of fatty acid and a hydroxyl-containing allyl ether, This allyl ether provides a functional group to the copolymer for curing the copolymer. Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 57-34107 discloses a fluorine-containing copolymer which is curable at ambient temperature and comprises a fluoroolefin, cyclohexylvinyl ether, an alkylvinyl ether, and an hydroxyalkylvinyl ether. This hydroxylalkylvinyl ether provides a functional group to the copolymer for curing the copolymer.
Fluororesin-containing solvent-thinned paints are widely used as weather resistant paints in the fields of architecture, automobile and chemical engineering. Furthermore, in view of the environmental protection, fluororesin-containing water-based paints, powder paints, and high-solid paints have been developed, too. Each fluororesin for these paints comprises a fluorocarbon as a rain component, such as chlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene or vinylidene fluoride, and a copolymerizing hydrocarbon monomer such as vinyl ester or vinyl ether, which is added for the purpose of increasing solubility of the fluororesin. It has been difficult to provide the above-mentioned fluororesin-containing water-based paint with a functional group for forming a cross-linking structure, Therefore, a so-called lacquer-type water-based paint in the form of emulsion of a high-molecular compound prepared by emulsion polymerization was used in many cases of the coating step. In view of this, a hardener for forming a cross-linking structure at ambient temperature was developed, such as an oxazoline compound or a self-emulsifiable polyisocyanate. The hardening action by the polyisocyanate, however, tends to terminate due to the reaction of isocyanate group with water (dispersion medium). Thus, it has been necessary to add the polyisocyanate to vehicle, immediately before the coating step, in view of pot life of the paint. However, a conventional self-emulsifiable polyisocyanate is insufficient in dispersibility in water. Thus, it has been difficult, particularly in a coating site, to uniformly finely disperse the polyisocyanate in water. With this, a coated film becomes insufficient in water resistance, weather resistance, stain resistance and the like.
In contrast to the above-mentioned two-package type paints, there have been proposed one-package type paints in the field of water-based acrylic-ester paints. For example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 57-3850 discloses a water-based disperse system containing, as a disperse phase, carbonyl-containing copolymer particles. Japanese Patent unexamined Publication No. 4-81447 discloses a water-based emulsion composition which is a mixture of a self-emulsifiable polyurethane and a water-based acrylic-resin emulsion which is cross-linkable at ambient temperature.
Similar to the above-mentioned acrylic ester paint, there has been a recent demand for a water-based fluorine-containing paint which is one-package type and capable of providing a coated film superior in water resistance, weather resistance, stain resistance and the like.


A vehicle transmission includes first, second, third and fourth meshing gear-pinion pairs. The transmission produces a first speed ratio through a power path that includes first and second input shafts, a gear coupler and the first, second and third gear-pinion pairs. The transmission also produces a second speed ratio through a power path that includes the second input shaft, the gear coupler and the second, third and fourth gear-pinion pairs.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a transmission for a motor vehicle, particular for use in a dual input clutch transmission.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A dual clutch transmission (DCT), also called a powershift transmission, is a geared mechanism employing two input clutches used to produce multiple gear ratios in forward drive and reverse drive. It transmits power continuously using synchronized clutch-to-clutch shifts.
The transmission incorporates gearing arranged in a dual layshaft configuration between the transmission input and its output. One input clutch transmits torque between the input and a first layshaft associated with certain gears; the other input clutch transmits torque between the transmission input and a second layshaft associated with the other gears. The transmission produces gear ratio changes by alternately engaging a first input clutch and running in a current gear, disengaging the second input clutch, preparing a power path in the transmission for operation in the target gear, disengaging the first clutch, engaging the second clutch and preparing another power path in the transmission for operation in the next gear.
A powershift transmission launches the vehicle from a stopped or nearly stopped condition using a start clutch. Due to engine downsizing and boosting with turbo charging for a given vehicle size, boost is not present at launch causing potentially insufficient transmission gear ratio for launching.
A powershift transmission generally has a specific number of gears and provides little design flexibility for accommodating an increase in the number of gears to five, six or seven speeds.
A powershift transmission generally requires a launch clutch to accelerate a vehicle from a stopped or nearly stopped condition due to the lack of engine torque amplification that a torque converter would provide.


A storage container with a sensor device to detect a state of food contained in the storage container and a refrigerator having the same. The sensor device is separably mounted to the storage container. The sensor device includes an electrode terminal usable not only to achieve a charging operation, but also to achieve a salinity measuring operation. Thus, the sensor device has user convenience while having a compact size.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to a storage container with a sensor device capable of detecting a state of food contained in the storage container and a refrigerator having the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a refrigerator is an appliance, which includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator, to transfer heat through phase change of a refrigerator, and maintains various food articles in a fresh state for a prolonged period of time through the heat transfer.
Recently, a Kimchi refrigerator has been developed to season Kimchi and to store the seasoned Kimchi in a fresh state, using the above-mentioned refrigerator principle.
Such a Kimchi refrigerator is configured to appropriately season Kimchi in accordance with change of the season and taste of the consumer, and to maintain the seasoned Kimchi at an appropriate temperature, in order to maintain the taste of the appropriately-seasoned Kimchi for a prolonged period of time.
Kimchi is not only a salted food article, which is prepared with salt to increase preservability thereof, but also a fermented food article produced using zymolysis of bacteria. Since the fermentation rate of such Kimchi is varied in accordance with salinity and temperature, a device for measuring the storage state of Kimchi including the salinity, acidity, and temperature of the stored Kimchi is used to establish an optimal storage condition.

Storage container with sensor device and refrigerator having the same


Within the field of elastography, a new approach analyzes the limiting case of shear waves established as a reverberant field. In this framework, it is assumed that a distribution of shear waves exists, oriented across all directions in 3D (e.g. 2D space+time). The simultaneous multi-frequency application of reverberant shear wave fields can be accomplished by applying an array of external sources that can be excited by multiple frequencies within a bandwidth, for example 50, 100, 150, . . . 500 Hz, all contributing to the shear wave field produced in the liver or other target organ. This enables the analysis of the dispersion of shear wave speed as it increases with frequency, indicating the viscoelastic and lossy nature of the tissue under study. Furthermore, dispersion images can be created and displayed alongside the shear wave speed images. Studies on breast and liver tissues using the multi-frequency reverberant shear wave technique, employing frequencies up to 700 Hz in breast tissue, and robust reverberant patterns of shear waves across the entire liver and kidney in obese patients are reported. Dispersion images are shown to have contrast between tissue types and with quantitative values that align with previous studies.

This patent application cites publications that are listed at the end of the Detailed Description and are identified by author and date throughout the discussion below. This patent application incorporates by reference each of said publications and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/346,327 filed on Apr. 30, 2019 and International Application PCT/US2017/059875 filed Nov. 3, 2017 (published as WO 2018/093584 A1 and claiming the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/422,765 filed Nov. 16, 2016).
Elastography is a medical imaging modality that estimates biomechanical properties of tissues. Several groups have proposed ways to measure shear wave speed (SWS), shear modulus, and other mechanical parameters to correlate them with elastic tissue properties (Parker et al., 2010; Barr, 2014; Shiina et al., 2015). Soft tissues have viscoelastic properties and exhibit a frequency-dependent SWS, a phenomenon called dispersion. Generally, higher frequency shear wave components propagate faster than lower frequency components, and this dispersion can be measured over some bandwidth (Parker et al., 2015).
The Radiological Society of North America Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (RSNA/QIBA) (Palmeri et al., 2015) reported attempting to obtain a better characterization of various calibrated phantoms across different imaging systems by measuring the SWS and linear dispersion at a reference frequency of 200 Hz. Urban et al. (2017) reported measuring the SWS dispersion over a wide range of frequencies (60-600 Hz) in three different viscoelastic phantoms; and that the dispersion measurements helped to better differentiate the viscoelastic properties of these materials. Rouze et al. (2018) reported estimating viscoelastic properties in calibrated phantoms by creating multiple lookup tables based on pair values of group SWS and dispersion at 200 Hz. In liver tissue, (Barry et al., 2014; Barry et al., 2015) reported measuring linear dispersion in 70 ex vivo lean and steatotic rat livers using crawling wave sonoelastography. These studies showed elevated linear dispersion in obese rats. An extended technical note reported by Parker et al. (2015) summarized the importance of measuring dispersion in normal and steatotic livers in different studies using shear wave elastography (SWE). More recently, Hudert et al. (2018) and Tzschatzsch et al. (2015) reported measuring SWS and dispersion in in vivo liver tissue and correlating them with different grades of fibrosis using an external speaker that vibrates at multiple frequencies to generate shear waves. The vibration frequency (fv) range was 30 to 60 Hz; however, it has been shown that dispersion is frequency dependent, and is high at lower frequency ranges compared to higher frequencies (Parker et al., 2018). In placenta tissue, Parker et al. (2016) used the single tracking location acoustic radiation force technique to measure the SWS in ex vivo perfused samples and evaluated the SWS dispersion with a microchannel flow model. This study showed that dispersion increases after the administration of a vasoconstrictor agent compared with normal perfused placenta tissue. Simon et al. (2018) and Callé et al. (2018) reported analyzing the SWS dispersion using transient elastography and a rheological model in 10 and 20 ex vivo normal placenta tissues, respectively. Based on their results, dispersion may help to identify differences between placental structures. SWS dispersion was also related to the viscosity properties in kidney tissue. Amador et al. (2011) reported applying shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV) over a bandwidth of 50 to 500 Hz in 8 excised swine kidneys and found a statistical difference between shear elasticity and shear viscosity. Additionally, they reported measuring an increase in dispersion of more than 30% after immersion in 10% formaldehyde. This study showed that the inhomogeneous structure of kidney can be better characterized by measuring both SWS and dispersion. SDUV reportedly has been used to estimate the viscoelastic properties in breast tissue over a frequency range of 50 to 400 Hz (Kumar et al., 2018). Although SWS dispersion was not directly measured in this study, the viscoelastic properties of normal breast tissue and benign and malignant masses were obtained by fitting the SWS versus frequency curve with a Voigt model. Similarly, a previous study by Tanter et al. (2008), reportedly measured the SWS in different breast lesions and showed a dispersion curve for the breast parenchyma over 100 to 400 Hz. This SWS frequency dependence curve illustrated why they were reporting higher SWS values compared to other studies that used lower mechanical frequencies and left open the question whether higher frequencies could provide better differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions. As observed in these different studies, SWE (shear wave elastography) may help obtain a better characterization of the biomechanical properties of tissues by additionally measuring the SWS dispersion.

2D shear wave dispersion imaging using a reverberant shear wave field


The present disclosure provides compounds of general formula A:

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to benzothiazole compounds as anti-tubercular chemotherapeutic agents and the process for the preparation thereof. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to 2,6-substituted benzothiazole compounds of general "formula A".
    X=—N═CH—, —NH—CO—, —CO—    Ar=Phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, pyridyl, nicotenyl, isonicotinyl, 5-nitro-2-furyl, styryl, 4-fluorostyryl, 4-methylstyryl, 4-methoxystyryl, 4-trifluorostyryl, 4-trifluoromethoxystyryl, 5-nitro-2-furyl, 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-2-pyrrolyl, 1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-2-imadazolyl, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1H-2-pyrazolyl    R=Hydro, Methyl, Methoxy, Trifluoromethyl, Trifluoromethoxy, Fluoro, Chloro, Nitro, 5-Nitrofuran-2-carboxamide, 5-Nitrothiophene-2-carboxamide, 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-2-pyrrolcarboxamide, 1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-2-imadazolcarboxamide, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1H-2-pyrazolcarboxamide
The structural formula of these benzothiazole compounds is given below and is represented by the following compounds of formula 3a-p, 4a-h, 6a-w and 8a-d.
    R=H, CH3, OCH3, CF3, OCF3, F, Cl, NO2     X=O, S
    R=H, CH3, OCH3, CF3, OCF3, F, Cl, NO2
    Ar=Phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-chloro-3-methoxyphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, pyridyl, nicotenyl, isonicotinyl, 5-nitro-2-furyl, styryl, 4-fluorostyryl, 4-methylstyryl, 4-methoxystyryl, 4-trifluorostyryl, 4-trifluoromethoxystyryl
    Ar=5-nitro-2-furyl, 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-2-pyrrolyl, 1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-2-imadazolyl, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1H-2-pyrazolyl
2. Discussion of the Background Art
As a part of investigation of new chemotherapeutic agents from this laboratory, over the past eight years our research efforts have been focused towards the intervention of new scaffolds with good antimycobacterial activity and eventually to develop new anti-tubercular agents that can improve the current therapeutic regimen as well as effective in the treatment of MDR-TB (Kamal, A.; Babu, A. H.; Ramana, A. V.; Sinha, R.; Yadav, J. S.; Arora, S. K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2005, 15, 1923-1926; Kamal, A.; Reddy, K. S.; Ahmed, S. K.; Khan, M. N. A.; Sinha, R. K.; Yadav, J. S.; Arora, S. K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 650-658; Kamal, A.; Ahmed, S. K.; Reddy, K. S.; Khan, M. N. A.; Shetti, R. V. C. R. N. C.; Siddhardha, B.; Murthy, U. S. N.; Khan, I. A.; Kumar, M.; Sharma, S.; Ram, A. B. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 5419-5422).
In early 80s, diverse biological properties have been reported on benzothiazole scaffold including anti-tubercular activity by different research groups around the globe. (Palmer, P. J.; Trigg, R. B.; Warrington, J. V. J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 248; Katz. L.; J. Med. Chem. 1953, 75, 712; Palmer, P. J.; Ward, R. J.; Miyamastu, H.; Uneo, H.; Shimizu, H.; Hosono, J.; Tomari, M.; Seida, K.; Suzuki, T.; Wada, J. J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 491; Shi, D-. F.; Bradshaw, T. D.; Chua, M-. S.; Westwell, A. D.; Stevens M. F. G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2001, 11, 1093.
Klimesova and co-workers have developed the bezylsulfanyl moiety at C-2 position of benzothiazole with good antimycobacterial activity. Further, Schiff bases and hydrazones of benzothiazoles are also found to be active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koci, J.; Klimesova, V.; Waisser, K.; Kaustova, J.; Dahsec, H.-M.; Mollmannc, U. Bioor. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 3275; Katz. L.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 712). Recently Kozikowski and co-workers have developed the 2-methyl-5-amido benzothiazoles as potential anti-tubercular agents (Huang, Q.; Mao, J.; Wan, B.; Wang, Y.; Brim, R.; Franzblau, S. G.; Kozikowski, A. P.; J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 6757). These molecules are believed to inhibit the HisG enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Cho, Y.; Ioerger, T. R.; Sacchettini, J. C. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5984). In addition nitrobenzothiazole amides have shown interesting anti-tubercular activity, by binding to HisG enzyme of M. tb (de Carvalho, L. P. S.; Lin, G.; Jiang, X.; Nathan, C. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 5789; Dykhuizen, E. C.; May, J. F.; Tongpenyai, A.; Kiessling, L. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 6706).
On the other hand, nitrofuran is an important scaffold in many potential anti-tubercular agents Lee, R. E., Tangapally, R. P., Yendapally, R., McNeil, M., Lenaerts, A. US 2005/0222408 A1; Tangallapally, R. P., Yendapally, R., Lee, R. E., Lenaerts, A. J. M., Lee, R. E., J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 8261.
Similarly, 5-nitrothiophene key intermediate in many active anti-tuberculosis compounds (Rando, D. G.; Sato, D. N.; Siqerira, L.; Malvezzi, A.; Leite, C. Q. F.; Amaral, A. T.; Ferreiraa, E. I.; Tavaresa, L. C.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 557; Murugasu-Oei, B.; Dick, T. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2000, 46, 917). These findings have encouraged us for the design and synthesis of new nitrofuran/nitrothiophene conjugated benzothiazoles and subsequently evaluated for activity against tubercular cultures.
The main object of the disclosure is to provide the new benzothiazole compounds as useful anti-tubercular chemotherapeutics.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a process for the synthesis of these new benzothiazole compounds as useful chemotherapeutic agent against sensitive and MDR-strains of TB.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a new mechanistic anti-tubercular agents against sensitive and MDR strains of tubercle bacilli.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide new compounds based on the benzothiazole scaffold in good yields.

Synthesis of new benzothiazole derivatives as potential anti-tubercular agents

Abstract: useful as potential anti-tubercular agents.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


Provided are a display pixel using an electroactive polymer and a display apparatus employing the display pixel. The display pixel includes: an electroactive polymer layer, of which shape and/or size is displaced when a voltage is applied thereto; a diffraction grating, of which a pitch and a diffraction angle change according to a displacement of the electroactive polymer layer; and a liquid crystal layer disposed on the diffraction grating and controlling gradation according to a voltage applied thereto.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display pixel reflecting color light using an electroactive polymer, and a display apparatus employing the display pixel and displaying a color image.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the rapid development of communication technologies and display apparatuses, various kinds of portable terminals with a display unit have been introduced. Examples of the portable terminals include personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable multimedia players (PMPs), and digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) phones. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are light-receiving flat panel displays (FPD) used in portable terminals or general display apparatuses. Because LCDs are not self-luminous, they display an image by modifying the transmittance of light emitted by a light source through each pixel. To this end, a backlight unit is installed at the back of the LCDs to emit light toward a liquid crystal panel.
Backlight units are classified into direct light type backlight units and edge light type backlight units according to the arrangement of light sources. Direct light type backlight units are configured such that a plurality of lamps disposed beneath a liquid crystal panel directly emit light onto the liquid crystal panel. The direct light type backlight units are suitable for large-sized display apparatuses of 30 inches or more, e.g., LCD TVs, because the light sources can be effectively located over a wide area with flexibility. Edge light type backlight units are configured such that a light source is located on a sidewall of a light guide plate (LGP). The edge light type backlight units are suitable for portable terminals because the light source is located only on the sidewall of the LGP.
Recently, interest is growing on display apparatuses that can display an image using sunlight or external illumination without charging the display apparatuses.
However, since LCDs using external light use a color filter to create a color image and the color filter transmits light having a specific wavelength and absorbs remaining light, light efficiency is low. Since the color filter is expensive, the LCDs are also expensive. Accordingly, there is a demand for a method of creating a color image without a color filter.

Display pixel using electroactive polymer and display apparatus employing the same


To improve resistance to latch-up of complementary MOS semiconductor device, a high concentration buried layer (16) of same conduction type as a semiconductor substrate (1) and of concentration higher than the silicon semiconductor substrate is formed under a well region (5) of first conduction type in which MOS transistor of second conduction type is formed and a well region (3) of second conduction type in which MOS transistor of first conduction type is formed. The high concentration buried layer (16) reduces parasitic resistance of the semiconductor substrate (1), suppresses transfer of carrier due to surge or the like applied from outside and inside, and inhibits the parasitic transistors (12)(13) from turning on.

In the art of complementary MOS semiconductor device (hereinafter referred to as CMOS) comprising p-channel and n-channel transistors, it has been increasingly demanded to establish a fine topographic technology with the need for high density and high integration while making the use of an advantage of small power consumption.
With regard to the structure of CMOS, a bipolar parasitic transistor circuit is arranged in the internal part in the same arrangement as thyrister. As a result, a problem exists in that when triggered by surge or the like from outside, an excessively large current may flow from power terminal to ground terminal causing thereby a phenomenon of latchup in which current still continues to flow even after disappearance of surge or the like, eventually resulting in breakdown of the device due to such large current. Under such circumstances, it may be said that a novel structure of CMOS is essential from the viewpoint of improvement of resistance to latchup, though requirements of the resistance will be more strict under the recent need for finer topography. Among several proposals ant attempts, retrograde well structure is known. FIG. 11 is a structural sectional view and circuit diagram schematically illustrating a structure of a CMOS inverter arranged in the simplest manner and a parasitic thyrister equivalent circuit.
In FIG. 11, reference numeral (1) indicates a p-type silicon semiconductor substrate of 1.times.10.sup.15 cm.sup.-3 in concentration and 10 .OMEGA..multidot.cm in resistivity; numeral (2) indicates a field oxide film which is formed on one main surface of the mentioned p-type semiconductor substrate (1) and serving as a device separating region; numeral (3) indicates a n-well region which is formed by carrying out first implantation of phosphorus ion into an island-shaped region formed being separated by the mentioned field oxide film (2) on condition of 700 kev in acceleration voltage and 1.times.10.sup.13 cm in dose, and second implantation of phosphorus ion on condition of 200 kev in acceleration voltage and 1.times.10.sup.12 cm.sup.-2 in dose; numeral (4) indicates a bottom part of higher impurity concentration (1.times.10.sup.16 to 1.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-3) in the mentioned n-well region (3); numeral (5) indicates a p-well region which is formed by carrying out first implantation of boron ion into a region adjacent the mentioned island-shaped n-well region (3) formed being separated by the mentioned field oxide film (2) on condition of 400 kev in acceleration voltage and 1.times.10.sup.13 cm.sup.-2 in dose, and second implantation of boron ion on condition of 100 kev in acceleration voltage and 1.times.10.sup.12 cm.sup.-2 in dose; numeral (6) indicates a bottom part of higher impurity concentration (1.times.10.sup.16 to 1.times.10.sup.17 cm.sup.-3) in the mentioned p-well region (5); numeral (7) indicates a n.sup.+ -type well contact region for supplying potential to the mentioned n-well region (3); numeral (8) indicates a p.sup.+ -type well contact region for supplying potential to the mentioned p-well region (5); numeral (9a) indicates a p.sup.+ -type source region arranged in the mentioned n-well region (3) to form a p-channel transistor of the CMOS inverter; numeral (9b) indicates a p.sup.+ -type drain region arranged in the mentioned n-well region (3) to form a p-channel transistor of the CMOS inverter together with the mentioned p.sup.+ -type source region (9a); numeral (10a) indicates a n.sup.+ -type source region arranged in the mentioned p-well region (5) to form a n-channel transistor of the CMOS inverter; numeral (10b) indicates a n.sup.+ -type drain region arranged in the mentioned p-well region (5) to form a n-channel transistor of the CMOS inverter together with the mentioned n.sup.+ -type source region (10a); numeral (11a) indicates a gate electrode of the p-channel transistor of the CMOS inverter; numeral (11b) indicates a gate electrode of the n-channel transistor of the CMOS inverter; numeral (12) indicates a parasitic PNP transistor in which said p.sup.+ -source region (9a) is an emitter, said n-well region (3) is a base, and said p-type silicon semiconductor substrate (1) is a collector; numeral (13) indicates a parasitic NPN transistor in which said n.sup.+ -source region (10a) is an emitter, said p-well region (5) is a base, and said p-type silicon semiconductor substrate (1) is a collector, said parsitic NPN transistor (13) forming a parasitic thyrister together with the mentioned parasitic PNP transistor (12). In addition, numeral (14) indicates a parasitic resistance of the mentioned n-well region (3), and numeral (15) is a parasitic resistance of the mentioned p-well region (5).
In the conventional CMOS of above arrangement, the parasitic resistance (14) drops due to formation of the bottom part (4) of high impurity concentration in the n-well region (3), thereby the parasitic PNP transistor (12) becomes difficult to turn on because of reduction in potential difference between the base and emitter. Furthermore, because of increase in concentration of a region corresponding to the base of the parasitic PNP transistor (12), recombination takes place frequently at the base, thus current amplification factor of the parasitic PNP transistor (12) being reduced.
Meanwhile, the parasitic resistance (15) drops due to formation of the bottom part (6) of high impurity concentration in the p-well region (5), thus the parasitic NPN transistor (13) becomes difficult to turn on because of reduction in potential difference between the base and emitter. Moreover, because of increase in concentration of a region corresponding to the base of the parasitic NPN transistor (13), recombination takes place frequently at the base, thus current amplification factor of the parasitic NPN transistor (13) is reduced.
Accordingly, loop gain of the parasitic thyrister formed of the parasitic PNP transistor (12) and the parasitic NPN transistor (13) is restricted, thereby resistance to latch-up being enhanced.
It is generally recognized that resistance to latchup of the conventional CMOS of above structure is intensified by 2 to 3 times as compared with the one having a bottom part without high impurity concentration, depending upon the distance between the n.sup.+ -type source region (10a) corresponding to width of the base of the parasitic NPN transitor (13) and the n-well region (3).
It is, however, sometimes the case that when receiving a noise of backward component among noises of electronic apparatus generated outside the semiconductor chip and applying a voltage lower than ground potential (GND) to the n.sup.+ -type drain region (10b), electrons are delivered to the p-type silicon semiconductor substrate (1) through the p-well region (5), and a part of the electrons is collected in the n-well region (3) corresponding to the collector region of the parasitic NPN transistor (13), then comes to the n.sup.+ -type well contact region (7) passing through the n-well region (3). As a result, a voltage drop occurs thereby p-n junction between the p.sup.+ -source region (9a) and n-well region (3) being forward biased, and the parasitic PNP transistor (12) is turned on, permitting flow of collector current.
If this current is so large as to cause the p-n junction between the n.sup.+ -drain region (10a) and p-well region (5) to be forward biased due to voltage drop by the parasitic resistance (15), then the parasitic NPN transistor (13) is turned on and collector current is generated, which brings about more intensive conduction state of the parasitic PNP transistor (12).
In such a state as positive feedback is applied in the mentioned manner, a problem exists in that a large current is left free to flow between V cc and GND irrespective of the current from the n.sup.+ -type drain region (10b) serving as a first trigger, eventually resulting in thermal breakdown of the chip itself.
The present invention was made to solve the above problems and has an object of providing a CMOS of which resistance to latchup is sufficiently improved.


A method and apparatus are described for controlling the data rates for communications to and from a base station and a plurality of remote users. The usage of the communications resource whether the forward link resource (from base station to remote users) or reverse link resource (from remote users to base station) is measured. The measured usage value is compared against at least one predetermined threshold value and the data rates of communications or a subset of communications on said communications resource is modified in accordance with said comparisons.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communications systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel and improved method and apparatus for maximizing total average service quality to users in a multi-user communication system by controlling the data transmission rates to and from users of the multi-user communication system.
II. Description of the Related Art
The term "multiple access" refers to the sharing of a fixed communications resource by a plurality of users. A typical example of such a fixed communications resource is bandwidth. There are three basic ways to increase the throughput or data rate of an individual user accessing a communications resource. The first way is to increase the transmitters radiated power or alternatively to reduce system losses so that the received signal to noise ratio (SNR) is increased. The second way is to increase the allocation of bandwidth to the user. The third approach is to make allocation of the communications resource more efficient.
Some of the more common methods of providing multiple access to a communications resource involve both analog and digital communication modulation schemes. Such schemes include frequency division, time division and spread spectrum techniques. In frequency division multiple access (FDMA) techniques, each user is allocated one or more specific sub-bands of frequency. In time division multiple access (TDMA) techniques, periodically recurring time slots are identified, and for each segment of time each user is allocated one or more time slots. In some TDMA systems, users are provided a fixed assignment in time, and in other systems users may access the resource at random times. In spread spectrum communications, users share a common frequency band. Using frequency hopping (FH) modulation, the signal is modulated upon a carrier which changes in frequency according to a predetermined plan. In direct sequence (DS) modulation, the user signal is modulated with a pseudorandom code. In one type of code division multiple access (CDMA) technique which uses direct sequence spread spectrum modulation, a set of orthogonal or nearly orthogonal spread spectrum codes (each using full channel bandwidth) are identified, and each user is allocated one or more specified codes.
In all multiple access schemes, a plurality of users shares a communications resource without creating unmanageable interference to each other in the detection process. The allowable limit of such interference is defined to be the maximum amount of interference such that the resulting transmission quality is still above a predetermined acceptable level. In digital transmission schemes, the quality is often measured by the bit error rate (BER) or frame error rate (FER). In digital speech communications systems, the overall speech quality is limited by data rate allowed for each user, and by the BER or FER.
Systems have been developed to minimize the data rate required for a speech signal while still providing an acceptable level of speech quality. If speech is transmitted by simply sampling and digitizing the analog speech signal, a data rate on the order of 64 kilobits per second (Kbps) is required to achieve a speech quality equivalent to that of a conventional analog telephone. However, through the use of speech analysis, followed by the appropriate coding, transmission, and resynthesis at the receiver, a significant reduction in the data rate can be achieved with a minimal decrease in quality.
Devices which employ techniques to compress speech by extracting parameters that relate to a model of human speech generation are typically called vocoders. Such devices are composed of an encoder, which analyzes the incoming speech to extract the relevant parameters, and a decoder, which resynthesizes the speech using the parameters which are received from the encoder over the transmission channel. As the speech changes, new model parameters are determined and transmitted over the communications channel. The speech is typically segmented into blocks of time, or analysis frames, during which the parameters are calculated. The parameters are then updated for each new frame.
A more preferred technique to accomplish data compression, so as to result in a reduction of information that needs to be sent, is to perform variable rate vocoding. An example of variable rate vocoding is detailed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/004,484 entitled "Variable Rate Vocoder," assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. Since speech inherently contains periods of silence, i.e. pauses, the amount of data required to represent these periods can be reduced. Variable rate vocoding most effectively exploits this fact by reducing the data rate for these periods of silence. A reduction in the data rate, as opposed to a complete halt in data transmission, for periods of silence overcomes the problems associated with voice activity gating while facilitating a reduction in transmitted information, thus reducing the overall interference in a multiple access communication system.
It is the objective of the present invention to modify the variability of the transmission rate of variable rate vocoders, and any other variable rate data source, in order to maximize utilization of the communications resource.

Method and apparatus for determining the transmission data rate in a multi-user communication system


A method of directing a rope around a cantilevered support including the steps of: a) providing an apparatus having i) an elongate pole with a proximal region and a distal region spaced from each other in a lengthwise direction, and ii) a rope engaging assembly at the distal region and having at least one surface facing away from the proximal region; b) configuring the rope so that the rope bears against the at least one surface and a portion thereof is thereby formed to be generally U-shaped opening towards the proximal region with the rope in an operative position; c) holding a second portion of the rope and the elongate pole at the proximal region to bear the rope against the at least one surface to maintain the “U” shape; and d) manipulating the elongate pole to cause the U-shaped portion of the rope to be directed around the cantilevered support.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling a rope, as to facilitate drawing of a boat towards a docking space.
2. Background Art
Recreational boaters and those in the shipping industry are commonly faced with the problem of drawing a boat/ship (hereinafter "a boat") towards a docking space with the boat in relatively close proximity thereto.
Typically, boats are able to maneuver under their own power, or be pushed by a tugboat, to a position adjacent to a dock at which the boat will ultimately be secured. The most challenging aspect of docking occurs typically when the boat is required to be secured along a dock at a mooring that runs parallel to the boat length and has a length equal to, or only slightly greater than, that of the boat. This maneuver can be compared to parallel parking a car.
Commonly, the boat will be preliminarily situated with its length parallel to the length of the mooring, whereupon hooks and/or ropes are used to draw the boat in a sideways direction to against the dock. Typically at such docks, there are a series of cleats that cantilever upwardly and accept a rope that can be tied therearound.
The recreational boater may often have the assistance of someone on the boat as well as someone on the dock as the docking operation is performed. Commonly, long ropes will be thrown from the boat to an assistant who is then able to pull on the rope to reposition the boat.
More commonly, however, the recreational boater will be in a situation wherein he/she will be without any assistance from the dock. The boater is thus faced with the task of laterally repositioning the boat from a position within the boat that is spaced from dock. This procedure is normally attempted in one of two different ways.
The boater may have one or more ropes with a pre-formed, restrictable lasso which the boater may toss towards the dock cleat in an attempt to surround the same with the loop defined by the lasso. If successful, the boater may then pull upon the rope to draw the boat to against the dock.
This procedure requires a certain amount of skill in throwing the rope. Inevitably, several efforts may be unsuccessful. If the lasso has a restrictable loop, each time the failed attempt is completed, the boater may be required to re-enlarge the loop preparatory to a subsequent effort.
While in calm conditions, this trial and error effort may not have significant consequences other than being an inconvenience, in rough conditions, the delay in securing the rope may permit winds or wake to reposition the boat either away from the dock or dangerously towards another structure or boat.
Alternatively, boat hooks are used. Typically such a boat hook will have an elongate pole with a hook at a distal end thereof. The boater manipulates the proximal end of the pole to engage the hook on some type of structure at the dock and then draws the boat towards the dock by exerting a pulling force on the proximal end of the pole.
While use of boat hooks may be preferred by reason of being able to more reliably engage the dock therewith, boat hooks have some inherent drawbacks. First of all, the docking process typically involves two distinct steps when a boat hook is employed. That is, the hook is manipulated to draw the boat towards the dock, whereupon a separate rope must be secured between the boat and a cleat, or other structure, on the dock. In calm conditions, this two-step process may be moderately inconvenient. In rough conditions with a single boater performing the docking operation, it may be awkward to serially perform the steps without losing some control over the position of the boat.
Additionally, with large or heavy boats, the capacity of the boat hook must be substantial or alternatively there is a risk of the same failing during use.
The industry has developed a number of rope control mechanisms wherein a looped rope can be maneuvered to place the loop around a cantilevered object, such as a cleat. Exemplary structures are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,811,127 (Palsson); 3,677,597 (Stipek); 3,841,685 (Kolodziej); 3,918,385 (Wallace); 4,667,617 (Molitor); 5,009,181 (Upchurch); 5,116,260 (Upchurch); and 5,799,602 (Trillo). Generally, these structures are less than optimal by reason of their being either complicated in nature or less than convenient to use.
Ideally, a boater would have a lightweight structure that is both simple and reliable to use, whereby a lone individual on a boat might be able to readily, conveniently, and safely complete the docking of a boat.

Method and apparatus for controlling a rope


An apparatus for measuring a force produced by a tire assembly over an irregular surface is disclosed comprising a test block having a plurality of removable blanks which define a first and second surface over which the tire assembly is rolled during the test. The first surface is stepped relative to the second surface. The apparatus further includes a pair of transducers disposed across the first and second surface for generating an electrical signal indicative of the force produced by the tire assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus for determining the force produced by a tire assembly. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus which determines the force produced by a tire over a stepped or uneven surface.
2. Disclosure Information
Various systems have been proposed for measuring tire contact pressure indicative of the force produced by the tire. These systems measure the tire force to aid in the testing and design of the tire tread for example. An example of one such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,118 wherein a test apparatus includes a plurality of tire contact pressure sensors mounted in a linear array across a bearing plate which the tire rolls over during the test. Strain gauges are secured to the pressure sensors and provide an electrical signal having a characteristic indicative of the measured tire force. The known system described works well when testing a tire over a flat, even road surface but no means are disclosed for testing the tire on a stepped or uneven road surface. Furthermore, when a plurality of pressure sensors are used, it is necessary to provide a microprocessor or other data collecting apparatus having a plurality of data channels for receiving the plurality of generated signals. The plurality of pressure sensors also increases the cost of the test apparatus.
It would be advantageous to provide a test apparatus which overcomes the deficiencies of the known system and is capable of testing a tire over an irregular or stepped surface without adding to the cost of the system or the complexity involved in receiving a plurality of data signals.

Apparatus and method for measuring tire force