A circuit for rounding the edges of a digital pulse so as to reduce interference has a first rounding block, a second rounding block and an output stage. The first rounding block rounds the second and fourth pulse edges so as to prolong rising and falling time of the digital pulse. The second rounding block rounds the first and third pulse edges in accordance with non-linear characteristics of a semiconductor of the second rounding block. The output stage is a feedback circuit where the first rounding block is coupled with the second rounding block and the second rounding block is coupled with the feedback circuit.

Digital signal based apparatuses, such as mobile stations, mobile phones or the like, use high clock frequencies and frequencies of the digital buses. The frequencies have increased all the time. Due to the high frequency also the interference, i.e. radio interference, increases. This is mainly because the rising and falling times of the high frequency digital signals cannot be increased to the same extent than the rising and falling times of the digital signal when using lower frequencies. A known solution so far for the worst interference problems has been based on a frequency planning. Thus it has been pursued to find such clock frequencies and bus frequencies where there are no harmonics or mixing of frequencies at the applied radio channels. However more and more frequency ranges are to be used at the mobile phones. In addition the amount of different communication systems and accessories is increasing. Therefore a mobile phone can use and have systems such as GSM, WCDMA and CDMA each with various different frequency ranges. In addition the mobile phone could use and have WLAN, Bluetooth, GPS, Galileo, WUSB, FM radio, DVB-H, etc. Therefore the frequency planning or designing does not provide much help, because at almost any frequency, a system is being used, which accordingly faces interference.
Another known solution has generally been to increase RF shields such as RF encapsulations. However, due to, for example the increase of different communications systems, the physical space within the mobile phone is limited. RF shielding typically requires a lot of space. Therefore, RF shields are not a feasible solution for modern mobile phones. Furthermore RF shielding does not necessary prevent interferences within an integrated circuit (IC).
Generally, the interferences caused by the digital signals have been tried to be reduced by merely prolonging the rising and falling times of the pulses. Because the clock signal or the load of the circuit of the data bus is considered capacitive, interferences have been tried to be reduced by merely prolonging the rising and falling times and furthermore by limiting the circuit current. Known circuits of FIGS. 1 and 2 depict such solutions. In FIG. 1 capacitors Cx1 and Cx2, a current generator in a block B1, a bias stage and a controller stage prolong the rising and falling times of the pulses. FIG. 2 solution uses a feedback circuit, which is based on a capacitor, wherein the circuit establishes a kind of integrator or an integrating circuit. A pulse or signal V1 inputted to the circuit is show in FIGS. 1 and 2. Both circuits of the FIGS. 1 and 2 result in a pulse V2, which has sloping rising and falling edges (shown in FIG. 1 and 2), when the load is thus capacitive.
Yet another know solution resembles one of FIG. 1. However in this solution the rising and falling edges are formed from several parts, wherein there are different rising (and failing) speeds. An example of this kind of solution has been described in US patent publication U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,013.
However a common characteristic to all these known solutions is that generally they modify the edges of the pulses oblique and the upper corners of the edge of the pulse and lower corners of the edge of the pulse remain with sharp or pointed turnovers. Therefore the emergence of the interference is clear. The output of the circuit causes considerable sharp current peaks to the utilization stage. Therefore the interferences propagate to a large area of the circuit via supply lines and ground leads. These problems are not disadvantageous to, for example to desktop computers, because a computer does not typically have radio frequency components. Furthermore if the desktop computer has the radio frequency components, the radio frequency components can be shielded by RF encapsulation. However, the problem is considerable to portable hand held radio apparatuses such as mobile phones. Furthermore the problem is pertinent to laptop computers containing radio frequency components.
A further problem is that all the above solutions works reasonably well only if the load is capacitive (or resistive). However, the signal is typically always conveyed from circuit to another circuit within the circuit board through the stripline (alternatively referred to as microstrip). The stripline and the input capacitance establish troublesome impedance with respect to the output stage of the circuit (as show for example in FIG. 3). Therefore the above circuit solutions do not work as they should.
FIG. 4 depicts an ideal digital pulse (alternatively referred to as an ideal digital signal), wherein the output stage has a capacitance as a load. FIG. 5 depicts the same pulse of FIG. 4, which is coupled with a load having 50 mm long stripline and 3.5 pF capacitance. The pulse (or the signal) is distorted to near uselessness because the rising and falling edges, i.e. rising and falling moments, are indefinite. This is because the pulse (the signal or the like) reflects from the capacitive load at the other end of the stripline and adds to the signal coming from the output stage of the circuit, etc. Furthermore the signal causes considerable interferences to a large spectrum (as shown for example in FIG. 6). Yet furthermore the signal may interfere the reception and transmission channels of the mobile station and e.g. GPS reception.

Circuit and apparatus for reducing interference of digital signals


A computer-implemented method may include predicting a first marketing indicator using a first module of an aggregate model; comparing the predicted first marketing indicator with a measured first marketing indicator; and based on the comparison of the predicted first marketing indicator with the measured first marketing indicator, adjusting the first module of the aggregate model. Additionally, the method may include predicting a second marketing indicator using a second module of the aggregate model; comparing the predicted second marketing indicator with a measured second marketing indicator; and based on the comparison of the predicted second marketing indicator with the measured second marketing indicator, adjusting the second module of the aggregate model. Further, the method may include determining a bid value based on the aggregate model.

Marketing practices may involve attracting one or more internet users to a particular website with the objective to promote, advertise, offer, and/or sell products, engage with prospective customers, and/or conduct other business activities, such as, for example, market research. Because a large number of internet users rely on searching technologies or search engines to navigate the internet and find information, marketers may conduct search-marketing campaigns. Search-marketing may involve the auctioning of keywords by a search engine to improve visibility of an entity or an entity's website (e.g., landing page) during searches of auctioned words. An entity, in implementing a search-marketing campaign, may bid to increase the visibility of one or more webpages and/or websites. The bids received from a plurality of entities may be ranked based on, among other factors, a bid value of the submitted bids of the entities, the quality of the entities' websites, and/or the relevance of the entities' websites to the searched keywords.
Currently available metrics and analytics of search-marketing campaigns may operate on fixed, long-term time scales which may not allow for fine-tuning of the campaigns or analysis of whether bids on target keywords create customer engagement in near real time. Further, many metrics are only available from the search engines or other stakeholders with vested interests in keeping bidding prices high. The lack of availability of these metrics and analytical tools creates inefficiencies in the bidding process and other aspects of search-marketing campaigns.
The present disclosure is directed to addressing one or more of these above-referenced challenges. The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art, or suggestions of the prior art, by inclusion in this section.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods and systems for implementing automated bidding models


A fuel injection control device that prevents a misfire is provided. The fuel injection control device comprises: target injection amount determination means 3 for determining a target injection amount of each fuel injection, so that the amount of fuel to be supplied to a cylinder in one combustion cycle is supplied in a plurality of fuel injections; and fuel injection correction amount determination means 4 for determining a fuel correction amount of one combustion cycle, wherein the fuel injection correction amount determination means 4 distributes the correction amount among each fuel injection in accordance with the ratio of a target injection amount of each fuel injection in the cylinder.

When fuel injection is carried out by an injector, a computer (ECU) determines the amount of fuel to be supplied in one combustion cycle on the basis of factors such as amount of an accelerator pedal stroke, engine speed and the like.
In the case of an engine having a plurality of cylinders, an injector is arranged in each cylinder, so that a respective injector injects fuel into the corresponding cylinder. Therefore, individual variability in the injectors is reflected as differences in performance among the cylinders. Specifically, even when an injection amount instructed from a computer to the injector is constant, the injection amount actually injected by the injector shows variations, albeit small variations, among individual injectors, which results in output energy differences among cylinders.
On the other hand, in order to suppress engine vibration, the angular velocity of the crankshaft is preferably constant, irrespective of the rotation angle. To that end, the output energy difference among cylinders needs to be cancelled, and hence it is necessary to equalize the amount of fuel actually injected into each cylinder. The instructed injection amount is thus adjusted among cylinders. This is called inter-cylinder adjustment. Specifically, the injection amount is reduced for a cylinder having a faster angular velocity than other cylinders, and is increased for a cylinder having a slower angular velocity than other cylinders, to correct thereby the injection amount in one combustion cycle for each cylinder, in such a way that the angular velocities of the cylinders become identical.
That is,QFINR=QFIN+Acyl holds for a given cylinder, wherein QFIN denotes an injection amount before correction, Acyl denotes an inter-cylinder correction amount, and QFINR denotes an injection amount after correction, in one combustion cycle.
Among individual engines, owing to variations in the performance of the engine itself and/or to injector variation, engine output varies even for an identical injection amount instructed by an ECU. The correction for equalizing engine output is the output correction (Q adjustment correction). Specifically, that correction involves adjusting the injection amount in such a way that that full load output becomes constant. Full load designates the portion having the largest output in each engine speed, and full load output denotes the output at that time.
Herein,QFINR=QFIN+Apow holds for a given cylinder, wherein QFIN denotes an injection amount before correction in one combustion cycle, Apow denotes an inter-cylinder correction amount, and QFINR denotes an injection amount after correction.
Also, fuel volume varies with temperature. That is, when volume increases due to thermal expansion, a desired mass of fuel fails to be injected even if the injector injects a certain volume of fuel. Therefore, a correction is carried out in which the fuel injection amount at volume is adjusted in such a way that the fuel injection amount at mass does not vary due to fuel temperature.
When all these different corrections are carried out, the total correction amount is the sum of the respective correction amounts.


A method for controlling a laundry processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure comprises steps of: inputting power to at least a second processing device and, through an input unit in the second processing device, inputting an installation inspection instruction for the second processing device; performing a primary inspection process by the installation inspection instruction; and performing a second inspection process after the primary inspection process is completed. In the primary inspection process, the control unit of the second processing device controls a plurality of inspections to proceed automatically in sequence, and the plurality of inspections may comprise at least two of a pairing inspection, a drawer closing state inspection, a drawer locking state inspection, and a lid closing state inspection.

In general a laundry processing apparatus is a household appliance to wash or dry laundry containing clothing. For example, the laundry processing apparatus may include a washing machine and a dryer.
In addition, the laundry processing apparatus may be classified into a top-loading type, in which a laundry introduction port is formed in a top surface of the laundry processing apparatus, and a front-loading type in which the laundry introduction port is formed in a front surface of the laundry processing apparatus. In the top-loading type laundry processing apparatus, a rotation shaft of a drum, which rotates laundry, is formed vertically. In the front-loading type laundry processing apparatus, the rotation shaft of the drum extends horizontally.
Recently, there has been introduced a new-type laundry processing apparatus in which the top-loading type laundry processing apparatus and the front-loading type laundry processing apparatus are combined.
In detail, the laundry processing apparatus, which has been introduced recently, includes, so called, a "twin washing device" in which a second processing device in the top-loading type is placed under a first processing device in the front-loading type, as described in the following prior art.
The second processing device at the lower portion thereof includes a drum vertically placed to rotate, a tub receiving the drum, and the drum and the tub are withdrawn in a drawer type from the cabinet. Further, in the second processing device, the volume of the drum is smaller and used to wash a smaller amount of laundry.
In addition, the first processing device stacked on the top surface of the second processing device includes a drum having a rotation shaft disposed horizontally and a tub including the drum.
The first processing device and the second processing device are independently operable. In other words, any one of the first processing device and the second processing device does not receive power from a remaining one, but is connected to an independent power supply part such that the any one receives power from the remaining one. In addition, the first processing device and the second processing device are simultaneously or individually operable.
However, a circuit is used to supply power to a driving part of the second processing device only when the second processing device is stably stacked on the first processing device, for the safety of a product, and for preventing the second processing device from falling down due to the vibration during operation,
In other words, a connection part and a switch structure disclosed in the prior art are provided in a power supply circuit or a communication circuit of the second processing device. In addition, a coupling part is provided on the bottom surface of the first processing device. The coupling part is designed to turn on the switch as the coupling part presses the connection part only when the first processing device is stably stacked on the top surface of the second processing device. In addition, when the switch is turned on, power or a command signal is transmitted to the driving part of the second processing device through a power supply circuit or a communication circuit of the second processing device.
When the laundry processing apparatus is installed in a laundry room, and the laundry processing apparatus is not sufficiently installed, various failures may occur.
For example, even though the first processing device is not normally stacked on the top surface of the second processing device, when an installation technician connects power cords of the first processing device and the second processing device and powers on, and when displays of the first processing device and the second processing device are lighted on, the installation technician may erroneously judge the installation as being normal. Accordingly, the installation technician may finish the installation work without an installation inspection.
In this case, since the laundry processing apparatus does not operate, a consumer determines a laundry processing apparatus as being out of order even though the laundry processing apparatus is not out of order. Accordingly, the consumer may inconveniently request the aid of the service center.
In addition, when the laundry processing apparatus is installed in the laundry room, a water supply failure in which washing water is not smoothly supplied as a water supply hose is twisted, bent, or pressed, a hose connection failure in which a hot water hose is connected to a cold hose connection part, a drain failure in which water is not smoothly drained as a drain hose is twisted, bent, pressed, or as a drain hose is bent higher than a drain pump, or a water supply and drain failure in which water leaks from a hose connection part, may occur in the procedure of installing the laundry processing apparatus.
The installation technician has to basically perform tests for the above items after installing the laundry processing apparatus in the installation place. Nevertheless, the installation technician often ignores the inspections because the installation technician doesn't know how to enter a test mode or thinks that he/she cannot temporarily afford to perform tests.
In addition, the installation technician may have a difficulty in being familiar with the test manner because there are many test items. In addition, there are many unnecessary test items, the installation technician may not sufficiently perform the tests.

Method for controlling laundry processing apparatus


The present invention relates to telecommunication systems providing multiple services which could require possible adaptations based on the capabilities of the terminal used to access those services.

With the introduction of new network technologies, the spreading of services and applications grows in number and complexity. On the other hand, mobile devices supplied by different manufacturers are expected to be more and more divergent in performance, input and output capabilities, network connectivity, processing power, and many other capabilities.
As a result of this device heterogeneity, client devices may receive contents from different applications and services, that they cannot store, that they cannot display, or that it takes too long to deliver over the supported network technology.
Some applications and services need to know characteristics of the terminal used to access the network in order to be able to adapt contents and services to the capabilities of the user terminal, thus improving end-user satisfaction and optimizing network resources.
The standardization body for Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), which is generally known as the WAP Forum, specifies a mechanism incorporated in the WAP2.0 technical specification to enable an end-to-end flow of a User Agent Profile (hereinafter UAProf) between a WAP client, intermediate network points, and an originating server. This User Agent Profile includes a set of terminal capabilities information. Heretofore, this is a partial solution to the problem of letting the applications and services know about terminal capabilities, since it is only valid for WAP applications and WAP terminals. However, UAProf proposes an end-to-end negotiation of terminal capabilities between the application server and the mobile terminal, thus increasing traffic load and latency time whenever a new service is accessed.
In addition, the new Mobile Execution Environment (hereinafter MExE) specification within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) describes an application environment for the latest generations of mobile devices. This MExE comprises a variety of current technologies and incorporates both WAP and Java, including also a framework which specifies, among others, capabilities and contents negotiation.
Different technologies follow different mechanisms in order to provide those applications running on top of such technologies with terminal capabilities information intended for adapting contents to particular terminals. That is the case of both WAP and MExE above. The use of UAProf, for instance, is widely spread around these technologies, and generally accepted as a convenient solution to the problem of representing and exchanging terminal capabilities information. Other suitable mechanism under WAP or MExE is the so-called Composite Capability Preference Profiles (CC/PP), which is an application of the extensible Mark-up Language (XML) used to describe capabilities and preferences associated with a user, and the agents used by a user to access the network. These user agents include the hardware platform, system software and applications used by the user. User agent capabilities and references can be thought as meta data or properties, and descriptions of the user agent hardware and software.
Despite the current trends of using solutions based on UAProf or CC/PP, these technologies above implement such solutions in a proprietary manner, making each solution incompatible with the others. Moreover, these solutions propose that a dialog for negotiating terminal capabilities is directly established between the terminal and each application server, making it necessary to the terminal the sending of such terminal capabilities to any new application server that the user wants to make use of. This leads to an unnecessary increment of traffic from terminal equipment to application servers and consequently to an increase on the latency time when accessing a service, what is more significant in a mobile environment.
In addition to this, the terminal equipment has to implement a new protocol for negotiation of terminal capabilities for every different technology. In other words, a terminal equipment implementing WAP and MExE has to implement UAProf and/or CC/PP for WAP and for MExE.
The international application WO 99/41931 describes a mechanism for an application server to deal with terminal capabilities. This application proposes a peer-to-peer mechanism between the terminal and the server to let the server know the terminal identifier by using an Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) message included in the Mobile Application Part (MAP) protocol. The server assumes the responsibility to look for terminal capabilities outside the mobile network and based on said terminal identifier. Thus, the establishment of a relation between the user identity and the terminal identifier is not solved. Terminal capabilities information is related in no way with the rest of the user profile, forcing the application server to use different mechanisms to access user profile and terminal capabilities.
Moreover, the European application EP 1 051 054 describes a mechanism for allowing the use of a service, or for adapting the service behaviour, depending on the terminal capabilities and the specific location, by accessing to certain databases tracking the mobile equipment and the geographic location. However, this mechanism only provides a reference of the equipment model to the application server, leaving to the application the responsibility of obtaining the specific terminal capabilities. Moreover, the invention does not solve the establishment of relations between the user identity and the terminal equipment identifier.

Method, system and apparatus for handling terminal capabilities

Abstract: Master databases in the telecommunication system take the responsibility to map between terminal and user identifiers. Applications and services are thus able to query terminal related capability information based on a user identity.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, a Terminal Capabilities database (TC-DB) is introduced in order to establish a temporary relationship between a user and a terminal operated by such user. When a user attaches to the network, a terminal identifier is sent to the network that forwards that identity to the TC-DB. For retrieval of terminal capabilities the application servers send a request message to the TC-DB by using the user identity as a correlating key.


Systems and methods of controlling a device using detected changes in a neural-related signal of a subject are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of controlling a device or software application comprises detecting a first change in a neural-related signal of a subject, detecting a second change in the neural-related signal, and transmitting an input command to the device upon or following the detection of the second change in the neural-related signal. The neural-related signal can be detected using a neural interface implanted within a brain of the subject.

Previously, it has been shown that people with mobility limitations can use brain computer interfaces (BCIs) to control peripherals such as personal electronic devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, software, and mobility vehicles. An effective BCI should allow the entire spectrum of people with mobility limitations to effectively control such peripherals, including those with severe mobility limitations such as locked-in patients that may only have control over a single switch or virtual switch through the BCI.
However, current BCIs that allow such locked-in patients to access peripherals through a single switch often use automatic switch scanning to affect such controls. Automatic switch scanning involves serially scanning through numerous interactive items on a given control panel where the user selects one target item by engaging the switch while the target item is highlighted. This method is tedious and unforgiving when an erroneous selection is made as the user must wait for the serial scanning to finish before restarting the entire process again to correct the selection.
Moreover, locked-in patients may also have difficulty engaging even the single virtual switch since current BCI systems often rely on neural-related signals that are difficult to detect or may present false positives.
Therefore, a solution is needed which allows a patient with severe mobility limitations to maintain or retain their independence even when such patients only have control over a single virtual switch. Such a solution should not be overly complicated and should address the shortcomings of current BCI systems and methods.

Systems and methods for controlling a device using detected changes in a neural-related signal


A method includes coating a substrate to provide a flame resistant substrate. In an embodiment, the method includes exposing the substrate to a cationic solution to produce a cationic layer deposited on the substrate. The cationic solution includes cationic materials. The cationic materials include polymers, nanoparticles, or any combinations thereof. The method further includes exposing the cationic layer to an anionic solution to produce an anionic layer deposited on the cationic layer to produce a bilayer. The bilayer is the anionic layer and the cationic layer. The anionic solution includes layerable materials.

Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of coatings and more specifically to the field of flame retardant coatings for substrates of foam or fabric.
Background of the Invention
Fire-related occurrences have caused widespread property damage and injuries. It is well known that a wide range of commonly used materials are flammable. To reduce the hazards from such flammable materials, flame retardants have been developed. Such flame retardants include halogenated materials. Halogenated materials typically include brominated compounds and phosphinated compounds. Drawbacks to such halogenated materials include the potential for haun to the environment and humans. For instance, such halogenated materials may form toxins. Other drawbacks include a lack of durability that may be typical in some instances to the brominated compounds.
The use of nanoparticles have been developed to overcome such drawbacks. However, drawbacks to use of nanoparticles include increased processing viscosity and modulus of the final polymer material, such as foam or fabric. Further drawbacks include inadequate flame suppression and melt-dripping.
Consequently, there is a need for an improved fire retardant polymer material. There is a further need for improved fire retardant coatings for foam, fabric and other substrate materials.

Multilayer coating for flame retardant foam or fabric


An object of the invention is to provide a coupling element of an MEMS filter with design flexibility and minimization of mass loading effects. The invention provides a structure wherein the mass loading effects are not reflected on the MEMS filter characteristic by using a nanosize coupling element with a very small mass compared to a microsize MEMS resonator, such as a carbon nanotube (CNT), as a coupling element part.

Silicon (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous silicon) can be named as material mainly used in the MEMS filter. The silicon is widely used not only for its compatibility to the IC process, but also for its superior mechanical and electrical characteristics, and various methods are proposed for filter excitation and detection methods. Among a large number of methods, a filter using capacitance type resonators can be manufactured comparatively easily using silicon micromachining process, and therefore well suited for realization of the GHz-band MEMS filter.
Mainly, the current capacitance type MEMS filter has a structure wherein a large number of MEMS resonators are joined mechanically by a microsize beam, etc., and the center frequency of the filter is determined by the resonating frequency of the constituent MEMS resonators. When a certain number of MEMS resonators are connected, the number of frequency mode peaks that appears are equivalent to the number of the MEMS resonators connected, each with distinct mode shape that are different in phase. The frequency bandwidth of the MEMS filter is determined by a spring constant kcij of a coupling element for joining the resonators and a spring constant krc, which is the connecting part of the MEMS resonator and the coupling element.
Non-patent document 1 shows an example of a capacitance type MEMS filter, wherein a structure of joining two polycrystalline silicon doubly-clamped beam MEMS resonators is used. The results of Q value 40 to 450, frequency bandwidth 0.2% to 2.5%, insertion loss 2 dB or less with the center frequency of the filter as 8 MHz are achieved. The design specifications of the MEMS resonator are 40.8 μm in length, 8 μm in width, and 1.2 μm in thickness and the coupling beam is formed with the dimensions of 20.35 μm in length, 0.75 μm in width, and 1.2 μm in thickness comparatively close to those of the resonator. If the MEMS resonator and the beam as the coupling element for joining the MEMS resonators are formed with equivalent microsize dimensions and a length coupling element as less than one-eighth wavelength λ as in non-patent document 1, the mass of the coupling element is added to the mass of the MEMS resonator and the shifting of center frequency of the filter may result. Such mass loading effects are reflected on the filter characteristic, so that any desired passband waveform may not be obtained.
Non-patent document 2 illustrates an example of joining three MEMS resonators mechanically, and this case is shown as a block diagram of FIG. 28. A first MEMS resonator 10, a second MEMS resonator 12, and a third MEMS resonator 14 are contained and a first coupling beam 16 and a second coupling beam 18 for connecting them are further contained. FIG. 29 shows an electric equivalent circuit to FIG. 28 and corresponds to the case where the first and second coupling beams 16 and 18 are formed as a length of λ/8 or less. Numerals 20, 22, and 24 denote the first to third MEMS resonators 10, 12, and 14, and numerals 26 and 28 denote the first and second coupling beams 16 and 18. In FIG. 29, the mass of the first coupling beam 16 is indicated by inductor L26a, 26b, the mass of the second coupling beam 18 is indicated by inductor L28a, 28b, and the value of each L becomes equal to a half of the static mass of the coupling beam.
As shown in expression 3, ZL represents the impedance of the inductor L, w represents the resonating frequency, and M1 represents the static mass of the coupling beam. Spring constants 26c and 28c of the coupling beams are represented each by the reciprocal of a capacitor C. When this is shown in expression 4, ZC represents the impedance of the capacitor C and k1 represents a static spring constant of the coupling beam.ZL=jwL=jw(M1/2); w=2πf  [Expression 3]ZC=1/jwC=k1/jw; w=2πf  [Expression 4]
FIG. 30 shows an example of the passband waveform of the three-stage MEMS filter. If the mass of the coupling beams can be ignored, the passband waveform should represent a waveform close to an ideal waveform 30; however, the mass of second MEMS resonator 12 is increased due to the mass effect of the first and second coupling element beams 16 and 18 joining to the left and the right of the resonator 12 as compared with the first MEMS resonator and the third MEMS resonator, leading to the result having a distorted waveform 32, etc. From such a problem, the author of non-patent document 2 proposes the following two methods:
In one of the methods, the coupling element is designed as a length of λ/4, whereby 26a, 26b of the coupling element 26 shown in the equivalent circuit in FIG. 29 is replaced with a minus value of the capacitor C of 26c. Accordingly, the mass of the coupling beam does not appear in the characteristic of the MEMS filter. In another method, the design of connecting the coupling element and the MEMS resonator is proposed. The coupling beam is joined at the coupling node of the MEMS resonator where the vibration amplitude at the resonance is small, whereby large values of MEMS resonator mass mrc and spring constant krc are obtained at the connection part of the MEMS resonator capered to the mass mcij and the spring constant kcij of the coupling beam, and as a result the mass loading effects can be minimized in this method.
Patent document 1 has a structure containing a radial contour mode disk type MEMS resonator with a resonating frequency of to 1 GHz. In the radial contour mode, the disk vibrate symmetrically and radial along the perimeter with the center of the disk as a node, and electrode is provided in the surrounding of the disk. Vibration is produced by an electrostatic force, and the vibration capacitor change ratio is detected. The disk type resonator can also be applied to the MEMS filter and coupling element having a beam or a U shape are provided.    Non-patent document 1: Frank Bannon III, John R. Clark, C. T.-C. Nguyen, "High-Q HF Micromechanical Filters," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, no. 4, 2000    Non-patent document 2: Ku Wang, C. T.-C. Nguyen, "Higher Order Medium Frequency Micromechanical Electronic Filters," Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 8, no. 4, 1999    Patent document 1: U.S. Pat. No. 6,628,177

MEMS filter device having a nanosize coupling element and manufacturing method thereof


An excimer bulb assembly including an excimer bulb and a pass filter such that the excimer bulb assembly does not emit substantial UV radiation in wavelengths longer than 231 nm, 232 nm, 233 nm, 234 nm or 235 nm. The wavelengths are measured at an incident angle of zero (0) degrees to the filter plane. The pass filter is preferably constructed of a plurality of layers of hafnium oxide, and most preferably constructed of less than seventy five (75)layers of hafnium oxide. The excimer bulb, pass filter, and two electrical connectors may be adapted to form a cartridge which may be adapted to swivel along its main axis. The cartridge may further include a smart chip. The smart chip may retain and store information regarding the assembly and preferably retains hours of use of the excimer bulb.

UV-C is recognized as one of the most effective wavelengths at killing the small pathogens because the shorter the wavelength the more powerful it is. Only recently was it discovered that some of the wavelengths in this band are long enough to kill pathogens and short enough to not be able to penetrate living cells. Living cells are many times larger the tiny pathogens that we want to kill. UV-C is from 100 nm to 280 m, and the wavelengths that are generally being considered safe for exposure to human tissue are from 200 nm to 230 nm. UV-C does generate undesirable ozone, especially at wave lengths shorter than 200 nm.
Several studies have shown that hairless mice can be subjected to over 20 times the amount of 200 nm to 230 nm UV C as is presently suggested for humans, 8 hours a day, with no adverse effect. These studies have been performed in Japan at University and in the US at Columbia University. These studies are extending in time for up to 6 months, still with no adverse effects. Recently humans in Japan were also tested to 250 times the exposure of what is needed to kill 99.9% of pathogens and the test subjects showed no adverse effects, no sunburns, nothing.
There are several technologies that can generate UV light in the germicidal wavelengths, gas-discharge lamps have been around a long time and depending on the gases used can kill pathogens. Low pressure mercury generates 254 nm and has been the standard for decades, it is basically a fluorescent light without the phosphors on the inside that convert the UV to visible light. LEDs have recently been commercialized in the UV-A and UV-B spectrums, but they are very inefficient. There are a few in the longer wavelengths of the UV C spectrum. A research project in Japan recently made an LED that was in lower 200 nm's, the safer portion of the UV-C spectrum, but it was very inefficient and not practical for commercialization anytime soon.
Several companies are making UV-C excimer fixtures that emit 222 nm such as Ushio's 12 W Care222, and another by Eden Park's Flat Excimer Lamps. The Ushio fixture has a flat faceplate filter that is separate from the bulb that blocks all unwanted spectrum that the bulb generates, and that spectrum is any wavelength longer than 230 nm when measured at the incident angle or 237 nm for off angle light that is very attenuated. The Eden Park device has no filter attached at this time and consequently emits 25% of its energy in the dangerous wavelengths from 230 nm to at least 380 nm. Luckily these bulbs are not very bright.
When these filters are not in place then these lights will emit spectrum that is not safe for living tissue. If a maintenance worker were to try and replace a bulb they could be exposed to harmful light. If the glass filter broke or degraded the user would be in danger.
Lastly the materials used are critical. UV-C cannot penetrate plastics and many glasses, only quartz glass can be used without huge losses or downright failure to emit the UV-C light. Even nitrogen and moisture in the air will also absorb or block the UV-C if it is transmitted too far through the air.
What is needed is an affordable and efficient UV sterilization light that would be good at killing pathogens with no chance to harm, under any situation, humans that would be present.


The invention relates to liquid crystalline polymers which form exclusively nematic liquid crystalline phases. The liquid crystalline polymers are comprised of units of at least trinuclear liquid crystalline azo dye monomers M with lateral asymmetry.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystalline (LC) colorant polymer having improved orientation properties. In particular, the present invention relates to a LC colorant polymer wherein the improved orientation properties are due to lateral asymmetry in the colorant monomers used to prepare the copolymer.
2. Discussion of the Background
Liquid crystalline colorant polymers have been known for some time (see Ger. OS 30 27 571, and Ringsdorf, H., et al., in Chapoy, L.L., "Recent advances in liquid crystalline polymers", Elsevier, p. 253 (1985)). For example, colored polymers containing at least one mesogenic group and at least one group of a pleochroic colorant connected to the polymer chain via a spacer are described in Eur. OS 0,090,282. Additional liquid crystalline colorant polymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,387,745, Brit. Pat. 2,193,338, and Ger. OS 3,825,066.
Liquid crystalline polymers having colorants copolymerized or mixed therein have attracted particular interest in connection with optical data storage media. In Ger. OS 38 37 936, polymers having laterally substituted mesogenic side chains are described as useful in a variety of products, such as optical structural elements for optical memories. The proposed systems are homo- and copolymers made from monomers of laterally alkyl-substituted mesogens. As the size of the lateral substituents increases, the nematic phase of the polymer becomes more stable, and the phase transition temperature is lower. But the described systems do not contain colorants.
According to Ger. OS 32 11 400, colorant-containing copolymers can be produced by copolymerization of the above-described system with comonomers containing colorant groups, but these groups are not specified. In Jap. 61-171,463, acrylic acid derivatives are described having side chains which contain mesogens comprised of azo dyes with a lateral methyl substituent. The phase behavior of the monomers and polymers is described briefly, and the product is proposed to be useful as a stationary material for gas chromatography. No additional physical properties are described.
The use of liquid crystalline colorant polymers for reversible optical data storage requires high sensitivity of the colorant molecule, short write and erase times, good long term stability, and a uniform macroscopic orientation of the colorant molecules in the storage medium.
Because the conventionally used azo dyes either have a smectic phase or are not mesogenic, copolymerizing these dyes with LC monomers provides a system which either displays smectic behavior at relatively high dye concentrations and low temperatures or has a strongly destabilized LC phase. In general, this severely limits the usable colorant concentrations. Since the smectic phase generally represents the low temperature phase having relatively high viscosity over a wide temperature interval, pre-orientation of the polymer samples in the low viscosity nematic phase must occur at relatively high temperatures in a generally narrow temperature interval. When the sample is cooled into the glass state, there is a transition through the smectic region resulting in substantial thermal stress on the polymer, and usually leading to appreciably inferior macroscopic orientation. The wider the temperature range of this phase, the more substantially the already achieved macroscopic orientation is reduced by reorientation phenomena.


A device for positioning a workpiece for machining has a bench, which is mounted movably at a base and to which the workpiece (14) can be fastened. A detection device (15, 16, 17, 18) is arranged at the bench (12) for detecting a state of a machining process of the workpiece (14) and for generating detected information depending thereon. An energy transmission device (38, 42, 49, 50), for transmitting electric energy to the components (16, 17, 18, 21), is arranged on the bench (12). An information transmission device (39, 40, 43, 44, 59, 60) for transmitting detected information of the detection device (15, 16, 17, 18) to a control (63) is associated with the base (11). The energy transmission device (38, 42, 49, 50) transmits the energy and the information transmission device (39, 40, 43, 44, 59, 60) transmits the information inductively and/or capacitively via the same air gap. An additional detection device (54) detects a state of energy transmission and generates additional detected information depending thereon. The additional detected information is transmitted as feedback information to the control (63) for correcting disturbances and/or changes in the energy transmission device (38, 42, 49, 50) and/or of the information transmission device (39, 40, 43, 44, 59, 60).

During the automated machining of workpieces, these workpieces are fastened mostly on pallets and then fed to different clamping or rotary tables for the further machining. Movement of the bench relative to a stationary base is often necessary. Since a plurality of sensors, for example, inductive proximity switches, pressure sensors, temperature sensors or similar means are frequently arranged on the pallet, and since, moreover, actuators are frequently also necessary on the pallet, it is necessary to supply the components arranged on the pallets with energy, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to transmit the information from the sensors to a central control for controlling the machining. So-called slip ring contacts are used for this purpose in most cases. These slip ring contacts have the drawback that they are subject to wear and are, in particular, readily contaminated during the machining operation. This contamination or wear may lead to disturbances and errors and even to complete failure. On the whole, the use of slip ring contacts is very maintenance-intensive. Contactless methods are sometimes also used to transmit the energy or the information. For example, optical signal transmission by means of optical light guides and infrared radiation is used. The drawback of this method is that the optical light guides of the two parts moving in relation to one another must be precisely adjusted in order for error-free transmission to be possible. In contrast, changes in the air gap between moving parts can greatly affect the quality of the signal transmission in the case of inductive signal transmission. Erroneous information may be transmitted, in particular, in case of contamination or a change of the air gap.


An additive manufacturing method (1600) may involve additive manufacturing (1602) a walled structure (e.g., a shell or an enclosure) onto a print bed, positioning (1604) a support piece having a non-stick surface (e.g., a Teflon®) near or inside the structure, additive manufacturing (1606) a layer of material onto one or more walls and onto the support piece to create an overhang, and removing (1616) the support piece after the material making up the overhang has returned to a solid state or hardened.

Additive manufacturing (often referred to as 3D printing) is a process that creates or augments a three-dimensional object by laying down successive layers of material, typically onto a print bed, to form a structure having desired dimensions. Additive manufacturing has become widespread in recent years, and is used to create everything from simple tools to components of complex devices. 3D printers are important tools in this field.
One common use for additive manufacturing is for prototyping. Manufacturing companies create prototypes to determine whether an envisioned product is feasible, practical, and aesthetically pleasing. The practice of "rapid prototyping" has become the standard for many industries. Rapid prototyping allows a business to create a three-dimensional model of a product within hours.
For rapid prototyping, a commonly used additive manufacturing technique is extrusion deposition or Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). An FDM-capable printer takes a raw material, usually in the form of a filament, extrudes it, heats it until it becomes soft, and deposits the material onto a non-printed platform (known as a print bed) along a predefined path. The material then cures and hardens. After multiple passes along the path, the material accumulates and eventually takes the shape of the desired "model."
Other types of additive manufacturing include (1) coating, which involves spreading a layer of material over a surface; and (2) pad printing, which uses a pad (often made of silicone) to transfer an image from an etched printing plate that is filled with material (such as ink) to an object.
There are certain structures, however, that are inherently challenging to create using additive manufacturing. One such structure is referred to as an "overhang." An overhang is a part of a model that is meant to be suspended without any material underneath. An example of an overhang is a bridge. If an overhang is too long, it may sag before the material of the overhang has a chance to cure.
The most common way for 3D modelers to create an overhang is to 3D print an initial structure, commonly known as a "support structure," onto a print bed, and then to print the overhang on top of the support structure. Examples of printed support structures include an FDM lattice support and a stereolithography (SLA) 'bed of needles.' After the model is complete, the modeler removes the support structure material, e.g., by breaking it off or chemically dissolving it.
In some cases, the support structure material can be washed off with water, e.g., a PolyJet™ support structure printed by an Objet™ 3D printer manufactured by Stratasys Ltd. Having to remove the support structure from the model results in wasted material. Additionally, the surfaces remaining after the support structure is removed have a generally rough texture that may need to be smoothed out using an additional process (e.g., polishing).

Method and assembly for additive manufacturing


A piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer includes a piezoelectric sounding body in which bending vibration is generated by applying an alternating signal between two electrodes, a case housing the piezoelectric sounding body, and a pair of terminals insert-molded in the case. In the piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer, internal connection portions of the pair of terminals are exposed on the inside surface of the side wall portion of the case so as to extend in a direction that is substantially perpendicular relative to the piezoelectric sounding body, and the internal connection portions of the terminals are electrically connected to the electrodes of the piezoelectric sounding body by using conductive adhesive. The internal connection portions of the terminals do not largely extend inside the case and accordingly, the dimensional difference between the case and the piezoelectric sounding body is minimized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer such as a piezoelectric sounder, piezoelectric speaker, piezoelectric receiver, or other such apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, in electronic equipment, home appliances, portable telephones, and other such apparatuses, a piezoelectric sounder, and piezoelectric speaker generating an alarm and operational cue signal have been widely used. In such piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers, a unimorph-type piezoelectric sounding body, in which a piezoelectric body made of a piezoelectric ceramic having electrodes disposed on the top and bottom surfaces is attached to one surface of a metal plate, is generally used. Furthermore, a piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer, in which a bimorph-type piezoelectric sounding body made of a piezoelectric ceramic of a laminated construction is used, has been proposed (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-95094).
FIG. 8 shows one example of a related piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer. The piezoelectric electroacoustic transducer includes a case 40, a cover 41, a piezoelectric sounding body 42, and terminals 43 and 44 which are insert-molded in the case 40. One end portion of the terminals 43 and 44 supporting both ends of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is horizontally exposed at both ends of the inside of the case 40. The electrodes of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 are electrically connected to the terminals 43 and 44 by using a conductive adhesive 46, and the periphery portion of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is fixed to the case 40 such that an elastic adhesive 47 of silicone rubber, etc., is coated over the electrodes. However, in this way, when the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is directly connected to the terminals 43 and 44 by using a conductive adhesive 46, both ends of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 are excessively restrained. As a result, the amount of displacement of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is reduced which lowers the sound pressure.
Next, the applicant of the present invention has proposed a construction in which, as shown in FIG. 9, supporting portions 45 are provided at the inner portions of the case 40 inside the inserted terminals 43 and 44, the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is supported by the supporting portions 45, and the end surface of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is covered by an elastic insulating material 48, and then a conductive adhesive is coated over the insulating material 48 between the piezoelectric sounding body 42 and the terminals 43 and 44. This device is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-193305 which was not published at the time of filing of this application. Moreover, after the conductive adhesive 46 has been coated, the periphery portion of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is fixed to the case 40 by elastic adhesive (not illustrated). In this case, since both ends of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 are not excessively restrained by the case 40, the amount of displacement of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 increases and accordingly the sound pressure is increased.
A fixed length of the terminals 43 and 44 is required to be exposed inside the case 40 in order to ensure the conductivity to the conductive adhesive 46. However, when the supporting portions 45 for supporting the piezoelectric sounding body 42 are provided inside the terminals 43 and 44, the dimension S of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is required to be reduced so as to be smaller by the exposed length of the terminals 43 and 44 than the dimension L of the case 40. In recent years, in keeping up with the demand for downsizing of electronic equipment, the miniaturization of piezoelectric electroacoustic transducers has also been required. Reducing the size of the case 40 means that the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is further reduced. When the dimension S of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 becomes smaller, the resonance frequency increases and the sound pressure is unfavorably reduced. Therefore, it is important that the dimensional difference between the dimension L of the case 40 and the dimension S of the piezoelectric sounding body 42 is kept as small as possible.


An image capture system comprises a plurality of cameras and a camera mount. The camera mount has a curved portion, and the plurality of cameras are secured to the curved portion. The cameras are oriented radially inward relative to the curved portion of the camera mount, such that the lines of sight of the cameras intersect. Images are captured substantially simultaneously with the plurality of cameras. The captured images are stitched together to form a collective image. The image capture system may be positioned in an aerial vehicle to provide overhead views of an environment, and captured images may be transmitted to a remote location for viewing in substantially real time. A remote user may indicate a region of interest within the collective image, and the image capture system may render a portion of the collective image in accordance with the user's indications.

Image capture systems have existed in a variety of forms since the inception of photography. One type of image capture system includes an array of cameras used to capture several images that are stitched together to form a single unitary image or a composite image. While a variety of methods and apparatuses for capturing images have been made and used, it is believed that no one prior to the inventors has made or used the invention described in the appended claims.


A package for receiving electronic part has a heat radiating plate having a mounting area where the electronic part is mounted at a center portion of one main surface, a frame body adhered to the one main surface to surround the mounting area, and a wiring conductor derived from the inside to the outside of the frame body. The heat radiating plate has a metallic base body, a metallic body filling inside of the metallic base body, and a metal layer deposited on the metallic base body and the metallic body. The mounting area is formed on the metal layer so as to be located above the metallic body, both of the metallic body and the metal layer have higher thermal conductivity than the metallic body, and both of the frame body and the metallic base body have a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than the metal layer.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a package for receiving an electronic part with a heat radiating structure having good heat radiating property, an electronic device using the same, and a mounting structure of the electronic device.
2. Description of Prior Art
In the related art, a package for receiving an electronic part such as semiconductor elements, generally includes a frame body formed of an electrical insulating material such as aluminum oxide sintered material, mullite sintered material, glass ceramic sintered material, and the like, a heat radiating plate formed of copper-tungsten material or copper-molybdenum material for effectively radiating heat generated from operation of the mounted electronic part to outside or into the air, and a cover body. The frame body is disposed on one main surface of the heat radiating plate so as to surround the mounting area of the electronic part. In addition, a plurality of wiring conductors made of tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, copper, silver, and the like, is adhered to the frame body and is derived from inside of the concave part, which is formed by the frame body and the heat radiating plate to the outer surface.
The electronic part is securely adhered to the mounting area of the one main surface of the heat radiating plate through an adhesive agent such as glass, resin, lead, and the like. Respective electrodes of the electronic part are electrically connected to the wiring conductors via bonding wires. Next, the cover body is joined to the frame body through a sealing material made of glass, resin, lead, and the like. The electronic part is received in a container consisting of the heat radiating plate, the frame body, and the cover body, to thus form an electronic device as a product. The electronic device may be mounted on an external heat radiating member by means of screw to further increase heat radiation efficiency.
The package for receiving the electronic part, having the heat radiating plate made of the copper-tungsten material or the copper-molybdenum material, has the heat radiating plate with high thermal conductivity. A coefficient of thermal expansion of the heat radiating plate approximates a coefficient of thermal expansion of silicon and gallium arsenide constituting the electronic part, or a ceramic material constituting the package. Thus, such a package is attracting attention as a package for receiving high exothermic electronic part such as a power IC or a high frequency transistor.
The related art is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. H04-348062.
Recently, in response to the increased value of heat generated in accordance with high integration of the power IC or the high frequency transistor, the heat radiating plate is desired to have thermal conductivity value of 300 W/m·K or more. However, thermal conductivity of the conventional heat radiating plate consisting of the copper-tungsten material or the copper-molybdenum material is about 200 W/m·K, which is lower than the desired thermal conductivity. Therefore, the heat radiating property is becoming insufficient.
Meanwhile, thermal conductivity can be increased by raising content of copper in the copper-tungsten material or the copper-molybdenum material of the related art. Yet, in this case, difference of coefficients of thermal expansion between the electronic part and the heat radiating plate is increased and thus it is impossible to securely bond the electronic part onto the heat radiating plate.

Package for receiving electronic parts, and electronic device and mounting structure thereof


Disclosed herein is a vaccine comprising an antigen and IL-21. Also disclosed herein are methods for increasing an immune response in a subject. The methods may comprise administering the vaccine to the subject in need thereof.

Vaccines are used to stimulate an immune response in an individual to provide protection against and/or treatment for a particular disease. Some vaccines include an antigen to induce the immune response. Some antigens elicit a strong immune response while other antigens elicit a weak immune response. A weak immune response to an antigen can be strengthened by including an adjuvant in the vaccine. Adjuvants come in many different forms, for example, aluminum salts, oil emulsions, sterile constituents of bacteria or other pathogens, cytokines, and so forth.
Cytokines are proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells, and unlike many adjuvants, can modulate specific immune responses. One such cytokine is the interleukin-21 (IL-21), which exerts actions on lymphoid and myeloid populations, as well as on epithelial cells, regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-21 has been shown to contribute to the functional differentiation of several CD4+ T cell subsets, to promote the proliferation and functional responses of CD8+ T cells, and to play a role in the development of B cell immunoglobulin responses. IL-21 is produced by CD8+ T cell populations as well as CD4+ T cell populations, including T follicular helper (TFH) cells, T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells.
Vaccines are also administered in many different ways (e.g., injection, orally, etc.) into many different tissues (e.g., intramuscular, intradermal, etc.). Not all delivery methods, however, are equal. Some delivery methods allow for greater compliance within a population of individuals while other delivery methods may affect the immunogenicity and/or safety of the vaccine. Accordingly, a need remains in the art for the development of safe and more effective adjuvants that increase antigenic responses irrespective of the identity of the antigen and route of administration.

Vaccines having an antigen and interleukin-21 as an adjuvant

THE TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA


A fastening device for releasably fixing a front panel to a drawer, in particular to a drawer sidewall, includes at least two connecting elements configured to be mounted to the front panel and at least two locking devices associated to the drawer for, preferably releasably, locking the two connecting elements. At least one cable is provided to connect the at least two locking devices to one another.

The invention relates to a fastening device for releasably fixing a front panel to a drawer, in particular to a drawer sidewall. The fastening device comprises at least two connecting elements configured to be mounted to the front panel and at least two locking devices associated with the drawer for, preferably releasably, locking the at least two connecting elements.
Moreover, the invention relates to an arrangement comprising a drawer, a front panel, and at least one of such a fastening device for releasably fixing the front panel to the drawer. Moreover, the invention concerns an item of furniture comprising at least one of such an arrangement.
Fastening devices for releasably fixing a front panel to a drawer are already known in the prior art.
The AT 50932/2017 (AT 520427 A4) reference to the present applicant discloses a fastening device for releasably fixing a front panel to a drawer, in particular to a drawer sidewall. In one embodiment for high front panels, two locking devices are provided. The movements of the two locking devices are thereby coupled by a linkage assembly. Accordingly, the locking devices can be simultaneously locked or unlocked.
Such a type of a movement-coupling of the locking devices, in particular with an increasing height of the front panel, includes a plurality of drawbacks.
Due to the required deflections of the linkage assembly, a large number of components for the coupling is required on the one hand. On the other hand, such a linkage assembly requires a relatively large installation space.
Moreover, a force-transmission between the locking devices is only provided when a pressure force is applied.
A further drawback is the fact that upon an unlocking operation, a relatively large actuating force is required for actuating the unlocking device, because an engagement location of the linkage assembly is arranged adjacent to a pivot point of the unlocking device.
When the locking devices are coupled by a linkage assembly, it is further necessary that an own associated linkage assembly has to be provided for each constructional height of the front panel.

Securing device for detachably securing a front panel to a drawer


In order to fabricate a semiconductor device that can perform at its full capacity, in which (i) a single-crystal silicon integrated circuit is formed on an insulating substrate without an adhesive agent, and (ii) an active region of the single-crystal integrated circuit is not damaged by implantation of hydrogen ions, (a) the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit is formed on the insulating substrate, and (b) the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit is surrounded by an oxide (buried oxide layer made of silicon dioxide).

An active matrix driving device has been widely used as a driving device for a liquid crystal display panel, an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode), or other displays. The active matrix driving device adopts a semiconductor device in which thin film transistors (TFTs) made of amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon are arranged on a glass substrate.
In recent years, an active matrix driving device has adopted a semiconductor device in which a polycrystalline silicon integrated circuit is arranged on an insulating substrate such as a glass substrate. In this polycrystalline silicon integrated circuit, peripheral drivers are integrated by using the polycrystalline silicon.
The high fineness of a display device such as the liquid crystal display panel calls for high-performance of the active matrix driving device to be used.
Under the circumstances, a study has been made on the use of a semiconductor device adopting a single-crystal silicon integrated circuit, in the active matrix driving device. This is because the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit has higher performance than that of the polycrystalline silicon integrated circuit.
For example, a Japanese translation of unexamined PCT publication No. 7-503557/1995 (Tokuhyouhei 7-503557; Published on Apr. 13, 1995) discloses a method for forming a single-crystal silicon integrated circuit on an insulating substrate such as a glass substrate. In the method disclosed in the published Japanese translation of PCT application, an integrated circuit (a single-crystal silicon layer) is formed on a silicon substrate, prior to bonding the integrated circuit with the insulating substrate via an adhesive agent.
Apart from the method in which the adhesive agent is used for bonding the insulating substrate with the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit, which is preliminary formed, there is another method for forming the single-crystal integrated circuit on the insulating substrate. In the other method, a silicon substrate is bonded with the insulating substrate, and then a thinning process is carried out to form an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) configuration.
Examples of the semiconductor device utilizing the SOI configuration are disclosed in Japanese Patents No. 2743391 (issued on Feb. 6, 1998), No. 3141486 (issued on Dec. 22, 2000), and No. 3278944 (issued on Feb. 22, 2002).
For example, unexamined patent publication No. 5-211128/1993 (Tokukaihei 5-211128; published on Aug. 20, 1993) discloses a method for fabricating the SOI configuration called Smart Cut method. By utilizing the Smart Cut method, it is possible to bond the single-crystal silicon with the insulating substrate, without the adhesive agent.
Namely, in the Smart Cut method, hydrogen ions having a predetermined concentration are implanted into a silicon substrate so as to have a predetermined implanted depth. This silicon substrate is bonded with an insulating substrate serving as a handling wafer. Then, the single-crystal silicon layer is separated by annealing from the silicon substrate at a portion where hydrogen ions are implanted, thereby forming the SOI configuration.
By forming a single-crystal silicon integrated circuit on the single-crystal silicon layer separated from the silicon substrate based on the process described above, a semiconductor device in which the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit is formed on the insulating substrate.
However, in cases where the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit is bonded with the insulating substrate via the adhesive, heat resistance causes a problem. More specifically, for example, after the insulating substrate is bonded with the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit via the adhesive agent, it is not possible to carry out a process requiring heat treatment or a process of forming a high quality inorganic insulating film or a TFT with respect to the insulating substrate. Thus, restrictions occur on a fabrication process and/or a device configuration.
Unlike the method in which the adhesive agent is used for the bonding, according to the method in which the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit is formed on the insulating substrate, the restrictions do not occur on the fabrication process and/or the device configuration. This is because the single-crystal silicon layer (the layer to become the single-crystal silicon integrated circuit) is formed on the insulating substrate without the adhesive agent, like in a method such as the Smart Cut method. Instead, the following problem occurs.
In the Smart Cut method, the hydrogen ions are implanted into the silicon substrate, so that the single-crystal silicon layer is formed. Note that the hydrogen ions may be implanted into an active region, in which a field effect transistor (FET) or other devices are formed, in the single-crystal silicon layer. This causes the active region to be damaged. When the active region is damaged by the implantation of the hydrogen ions, the problem occurs that it is not possible to fully demonstrate the performance of an element such as the field effect transistor.

Wafer, semiconductor device, and fabrication methods therefor


An inner ring of a bearing is affixed to an end of the rotor spindle and is immovable relative to the rotor spindle in the axial direction. An outer ring of the bearing is located radially outside of the inner ring via a roller body. An outer ring affixed portion is integrally affixed to the outer ring and is immovable relative to the outer ring in the axial direction. An inner ring receiving portion is located between the inner ring and a bottom portion of a housing and is in contact with the inner ring.

Conventionally, a rotary actuator is employed as a driver device for a mechanism such as a shift-by-wire system. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a rotary actuator including a motor accommodated in a housing formed of a resin material. More specifically, the motor includes a rotor spindle rotatably supported by a first bearing, which is equipped to a rear housing, and a second bearing, which is equipped to an output shaft. The output shaft is rotatably supported by a bush, which is equipped to a front housing. The first bearing is fitted to the rear housing such that the first bearing is movable in the axial direction. The second bearing is fitted to the output shaft such that the second bearing is movable in the axial direction. Therefore, the rotor spindle is movable in the axial direction by a gap between the first bearings and the rear housing in the axial direction and a gap between the second bearings and the output shaft in the axial direction.
A rotation angle detection unit is equipped between a rotor core and the rear housing for detecting the rotation angle of the rotor core relative to the rear housing. The rotation angle detection unit includes a magnet and a magnetic sensor. The magnet is in an annular shape and is fixed to the rotor core. The magnetic sensor is fixed to the rear housing to form a gap with the magnet in the axial direction. The magnetic sensor receives magnetic field caused by the magnet and sends a pulse signal in synchronization with rotation of the rotor core.
The gap formed between the magnet and the magnetic sensor varies among products, due to an accumulated error in dimensions (axial dimensions) of multiple components of the rotary actuator in the axial direction. The variation in the gap coincides with accumulation of dimensional tolerances in (1) the axial dimension of the magnetic sensor, (2) the axial dimension between a magnetic sensor mount surface of the rear housing and an opening end surface of the rear housing, (3) the axial dimension between an opening end surface of the front housing and a bush contact surface of the front housing, (4) the axial dimension of a collar portion of the bush, (5) the axial dimension between a bush contact surface of the output shaft and a second bearing contact surface of the output shaft, (6) the axial dimension of the second bearing, (7) the axial dimension of a second bearing contact surface of the rotor spindle and a rotor core contact surface of the rotor spindle, and (8) the axial dimension of the magnet.
The rear housing, the front housing, the bush, the output shaft, the second bearing, and the rotor spindle are designed, such that variation in the gap is reduced as much as possible, and such that the magnet does not make contact with the magnetic sensor when the rotor spindle moves most closely to the first bearing. The dimensions of these components are determined in consideration that the rotor spindle is movable by a predetermined length in the axial direction and that the gap between the magnet and the magnetic sensor varies among products.
[Patent Document 1] Publication of Japanese unexamined patent application 2009-177982
In the rotary actuator disclosed in Patent Document 1, the gap needs to be secured enough in order to prevent the magnet from making contact with the magnetic sensor when the rotor spindle moves most closely to the first bearing, in a case where the variation in the gap between the magnet and the magnetic sensor is the smallest. Therefore, in the configuration of Patent Document 1, magnetism applied from the magnet to the magnetic sensor may be insufficient.
Furthermore, in the configuration of Patent Document 1, the gap largely varies, since the rotor spindle and the magnet are movable by a large length in the axial direction. Therefore, the magnetism applied from the magnet to the magnetic sensor may be unstable.

Rotary actuator with lined bearing holder


A control lever (10) provided with a stick (11) extending axially from a stand (11′) towards grip means (11″) and with a carrier structure (20) for said stick (11) that is hinged about a first hinge axis (AX1) and about a second hinge axis (AX2). The control lever (10) includes phasing means (30) constrained to move in rotation with said stick (11) about said first hinge axis (AX1) and about said second hinge axis (AX2), said phasing means (30) comprising at least three main arms (31, 32, 33), each for controlling a respective power member (8′, 8″, 8″′) that is connected to a set (6) of swashplates for controlling a rotary wing (2).

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control lever for controlling a rotary wing, to a mechanical control system including said lever, and to an aircraft fitted with said control system.
The invention lies in the field of aircraft, in particular rotorcraft, and it relates more particularly to flight control systems that are actuated by a human pilot to control a rotary wing aircraft, more particularly in pitching and in roll. More specifically, the invention relates to control levers for controlling the flight directions of an aircraft, and in particular for modifying the pitch of the blades of the rotary wing fitted to a rotorcraft. In particular, the invention provides a cyclic stick for mechanical transmission of commands, which stick is of a structure that is axially compact.
(2) Description of Related Art
Rotorcraft are commonly fitted with manually-operated control systems to enable a pilot to fly the rotorcraft.
Among such control systems, there is a cyclic control lever that enables the pilot to modify the pitch of the blades in cyclic manner in order to cause the rotorcraft to move in pitching and in roll, and a collective control lever that enables the pilot to modify the pitch of the blades collectively in order to control the rotorcraft in elevation.
The cyclic control lever is hinged to a frame, e.g. arranged in a box or the like, and it is mounted to move in tilting in two control directions that are associated with respective flight controls. The cyclic control lever is hinged to the frame via a distal fixed end, and it is provided at its proximal free end with a handle for gripping. The proximal end is the end of the control lever that can be manipulated by the pilot, while the distal fixed end is the end of the cyclic control lever that is remote from its proximal end.
The collective control lever and the cyclic control lever are generally connected to the blades via mechanical connections referred to as "linkages", which linkages are secured to a non-rotary swashplate of a set of control swashplates. The rotary swashplate in this set of control swashplates is itself mechanically connected to each blade via a pitch control rod.
More precisely, primary roll and pitching linkages connect a double hinge at a fixed end of a cyclic control lever to a mixing unit, with the mixing unit being connected to the non-rotary swashplate of the set of cyclic swashplates via secondary linkages. Furthermore, the collective control lever is connected to the mixing unit via a collective primary linkage. Under such circumstances, a flight control is connected to the rotary wing via a roll, pitching, or collective linkage that is itself provided in succession with a primary linkage followed by a secondary linkage.
A movement of the cyclic control lever gives rise to a movement of the primary linkage in roll or of the primary linkage in pitching, and consequently it gives rise to a movement of the corresponding secondary linkages via the mixing unit. In contrast, a movement of the collective control lever gives rise to a movement of the collective primary linkage and then to movements of all of the secondary linkages via the mixing unit.
Nevertheless, since the forces that need to be exerted to change the pitch of the blades are large, a servocontrol is generally arranged in each secondary linkage. For example, at least one servocontrol is provided for controlling pitching, referred to as the "pitching servocontrol" for convenience, and two servocontrols are provided for controlling roll, a left servocontrol and a right servocontrol.
When the pilot seeks to modify the collective pitch of the blades, the pilot acts on the collective control lever in order to cause all three servocontrols to raise or lower the set of controlling swashplates.
The pitch control rods are then all moved identically, thereby causing the pitch of all of the blades to vary by the same angle.
In contrast, in order to vary the cyclic pitch of the blades so as to direct the helicopter in a given direction, the pilot causes at least one servocontrol to move by tilting the cyclic control lever appropriately in the desired direction.
The set of controlling swashplates does not move vertically, but rather tilts relative to the mast of the main rotor. Each pitch control rod is thus moved as a function of the intended target so as to generate an appropriate cyclic variation in the pitch of each blade.
Furthermore, when moved cyclically, the set of controlling swashplates needs to tilt about two perpendicular axes. On a light rotorcraft in which the bending stresses on said sets of controlling swashplates are small, the points where the servocontrols are fastened to said sets of controlling swashplates are then located on said axes.
However, on a heavy rotorcraft, it is preferable for the servocontrols to be distributed uniformly, such that they are separated from one another by angles of 120°, assuming that the rotorcraft is fitted with three servocontrols.
The cyclic control lever is then connected via a primary roll linkage and a primary pitching linkage to phasing means that are separate from the cyclic control lever, with the phasing means being connected to the mixing unit via one mechanical connection per servocontrol.
An order for performing a roll or a pitching operation, sometimes referred to as a "pure order" by the person skilled in the art, is then transformed into a composite movement of all of the mechanical connections downstream from the phasing means. Under such circumstances, and strictly speaking, there is then no longer one roll control linkage and one pitching control linkage between the phasing means and the mixing unit. When three servocontrols are used, the three corresponding mechanical connections are sometimes referred to as the "front linkage", the "left linkage", and the "right linkage", depending on the positions of said three servocontrols.
In another aspect, the flight controls of a rotorcraft include pedals also controlling a secondary rotor in yaw by means of a yaw linkage that optionally passes via the mixing unit.
Cyclic control levers include long cyclic sticks or "columns" that are used mainly for transmitting controls manually, and short cyclic sticks that are used mainly for transmitting controls electrically. As an indication, the length of a long cyclic stick is about three to four times the length of a short cyclic stick.
A long cyclic stick has a considerable lever arm that is favorable to transmitting controls mechanically, thereby making it easy for the pilot to manipulate. The pilot then makes use of all of an arm for operating the long cyclic stick with an appropriate amount of force, and can feel directly the opposing forces generated by the remote power members against being operated.
A short stick, of small size, may be arranged on one side of the pilot so as to make the cockpit more ergonomic and release space in front of the pilot. Such a stick is sometimes called a "mini-stick" because of its size that is small compared with the size of a conventional long stick.
Ideally, a considerable compromise is achieved by using an axially short cyclic stick for controlling a rotary wing via a mechanical architecture. Nevertheless, such a mechanical architecture generates high levels of friction, with these friction forces being maximized by the presence of phasing means between the cyclic control lever and the mixing unit. It would then appear difficult to implement a short cyclic stick with mechanical transmission on a rotary wing aircraft, since the lever arm of such a stick would appear to be difficult to make compatible with such friction forces.
The state of the art includes the documents: DE 195 24 282, US 2009/230252, and U.S. Pat. No. 1,550,739.
Document DE 195 24 282 describes a control lever provided with a hinged short stick, said stick extending from a handle to a stand. The stand co-operates with linkages.

Control lever for controlling a rotary wing, a mechanical control system including said control lever, and an aircraft


An EL lamp includes hole for receiving fitting attached to a printed circuit board. The fitting has a base, a head, and a neck connecting the head to the base. The diameter of the head is slightly larger than the diameter of the hole and the head fits though the hole by temporarily stretching the lamp. The lamp includes a substrate, a front electrode, a phosphor layer, and a rear electrode. The rear electrode faces the base. Contact to the front electrode is made through a first aperture in the rear electrode and in the phosphor layer. A second aperture, through the front electrode and the phosphor layer, exposes a portion of the substrate that is covered by the rear electrode. The apertures are aligned with two of the holes in the lamp.

This invention relates to electrical connectors and, in particular, to a snap connector for attaching an electroluminescent lamp to a printed circuit board.
Electroluminescent (EL) lamps are used in a variety of applications in which a lamp must be connected to a printed circuit board. (As used herein, "printed circuit board" is intended to include any substrate having one or more layers of conductive traces for interconnecting electronic devices, whether the substrate is rigid or flexible.) Portable communication devices use one or more EL lamps for backlighting displays, backlighting keypads, or for displaying information directly, e.g. as seven segment displays. Providing a low cost, reliable connection between an EL lamp and a printed circuit board has been a continuing problem.
An electroluminescent (EL) lamp is essentially a capacitor having a dielectric layer between two conductive electrodes, one of which is transparent. The dielectric layer may include a phosphor powder or there may be a separate layer of phosphor powder adjacent the dielectric layer. The phosphor powder radiates light in the presence of a strong electric field, using very little current.
The front electrode is typically a thin (.apprxeq.100 nm.), transparent layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium oxide on a transparent substrate of polyester or polycarbonate material having a thickness of about 7.0 mils (0.178 mm.). The rear electrode is typically screen printed using an ink containing solvent, a polymer binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyester, vinyl, or epoxy, and conductive particles such as silver or carbon.
Reliably making an electrical connection to an EL lamp is difficult because the lamp materials are relatively frail. The ITO layer is easily damaged and the rear electrode overlies the active area of the lamp. Thus, additional steps are required for reinforcing the lamp and for providing contact areas that are substantially more rugged than the lamp itself. The rear electrode must extend over a portion of the transparent substrate and be isolated from the front electrode, typically by patterning the front electrode. The tab or tail thus formed for connection makes the lamp asymmetrical and reduces the number of lamps that can be obtained from a panel of a given area.
A solder connection to an EL lamp requires a crimp fitting for receiving the solder and requires care during soldering not to melt the lamp. One could attach a thin wire to each electrode of an EL lamp but the wires would not be rugged enough for insertion into a socket. Customers for EL lamps want to assemble the lamps into products as quickly as possible, typically by using a pin and socket connection. Customers also do not want to perform any steps other than making the actual connection between a lamp and a printed circuit board.
Mechanical connectors, such as pin connectors and crimp fittings, must be secured to an EL lamp without destroying the conductor to which contact is being made. The problem is compounded by the fact that the lamp must remain relatively flat, i.e. the connector cannot distort the lamp. Unfortunately, a mechanical connection that does not distort the lamp is not likely to make a reliable electrical connection and a reliable electrical connection crimps the lamp so tightly that the lamp is no longer flat, even if the connector is separated from the luminous portion of the lamp by a short distance, e.g. 6 mm. A mechanical connector provides the advantage of physically locating a lamp in addition to making electrical connection to the lamp.
An EL lamp is essentially a two dimensional device because the thickness of a lamp is so small relative to the length and width of the lamp. Pins and other connectors add considerably to the thickness of a lamp, making the lamp more difficult to handle, package, or store. It is highly desirable to retain the advantages of a mechanical connection without changing the two dimensional nature of a lamp.
In the prior art, mechanical connections are intended to be permanent; i.e. the connection is not intended to be made and broken repeatedly. A pin and socket connector often includes a one-way type of fitting in the socket that makes removing the pin quite difficult. Other connections are mechanically secured and then soldered for reliability. Thus, a semi-permanent, reliable connection is not available in the prior art.
A pin and socket assembly that is then soldered is probably the least desirable connector from a manufacturing viewpoint. Special hardware is required for an EL lamp and for the device to be connected to the lamp, i.e. parts and pre-assembly are required. The lamp is attached in another operation and then soldered in a post-assembly operation, often followed by a cleaning step. Each step is a potential source of defect and each step has a cost associated with it. It is desired to minimize the number of steps required to manufacture a product incorporating an EL lamp.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,195 (Mental) discloses an EL lamp having leads extending from one side of the lamp and including front and rear electrodes patterned to avoid shorting. A pin connector is also disclosed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,045,755 (Appelberg) discloses an EL lamp having aluminum deposited on a portion of the substrate for making electrical contact to the lamp using spring contacts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,865 (Haizumi et al.) discloses attaching wire leads to an EL lamp and using staples or rivets for making connections to an EL lamp.
There is a fitting, known in the art as a surface mount test point, that is soldered to a printed circuit board for providing a temporary connection to a trace on the printed circuit board for testing or monitoring the operation of a circuit. The fitting includes a base and a ball connected to the base by a neck. A test lead is terminated in a suitable socket and the socket is connected to the ball to provide a rotatable, secure connection reminiscent of a trailer hitch or a grease fitting. In a commercially available test point, the ball has a diameter of 1 mm, the neck has a diameter of 0.5 mm, and the base has a diameter of 1.5 mm.
In view of the foregoing, it is therefore an object of the invention to provide a reliable, semi-permanent, electrical connection for an EL lamp.
Another object of the invention is to provide a connection that does not require special tools for attaching or removing an EL lamp.
A further object of the invention is to provide a snap-in connection for an EL lamp in which the lamp itself is part of the connector.
Another object of the invention is to provide an electrical connection that can be located anywhere in an EL lamp.
A further object of the invention is to provide a connection that requires no additional hardware attached to an EL lamp.
Another object of the invention is to provide an electrical connection for an EL lamp that lends itself to automated assembly.
A further object of the invention is to provide an electrical connection for an EL lamp that requires no post-assembly operations.
Another object of the invention is to provide an electrical connection for an EL lamp that also secures the lamp in a fixed position.

Electrical, solderless snap connector for EL lamp


Provided herein are modified OB-fold domains having desired properties; methods of producing libraries of modified OB-fold domains; the libraries of modified OB-fold domains produced by such methods; methods for screening such libraries of modified OB-fold domains for desired biological activities; and the modified OB-fold domains identified from such libraries. Provided herein are modified OB-fold domains obtainable from Pyrobaculum aerophilum that exhibit modified binding interactions.

Molecular recognition is central to biological processes, from high-affinity protein-ligand interactions to the more transient protein-protein recognition events of signal transduction pathways. Such events depend on the versatility of proteins, which have been adapted to new roles as organisms have evolved. As an example, to capture a foreign antigen, a small number of antibodies from the immune system's naïve library (which contains approximately 107 variants) (1) recognize the antigen and bind to it with moderate affinity. Selection and maturation then introduces further mutations to generate the tight, highly specific binding required to eliminate the antigen. In this way a staggering array of binding modes can be grafted on to the basic antibody scaffold, to sequester targets varying from small molecules to whole cells.
This strategy can be replicated in the laboratory to produce very large libraries of antibody variants (>1010 different clones) (2,3) that can then be selected for binding to a particular target. Repeated cycles of amplification and selection for binding can then "discover" the test-tube antibodies with tight and specific molecular binding characteristics. This in vitro approach can also be applied to other scaffolds. For example, randomization and selection by phage display have been used to study and improve the binding of growth hormone and the growth factor heregulin to their respective receptors (4,5), and "affibodies" have been developed from libraries of a three-helix bundle domain from staphylococcal protein A (6,7). This general area has been the subject of several reviews (8-10).
OB-fold domains are generally small structural motifs found in a variety of proteins and originally named for their oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding properties. The OB-fold domain is a five-stranded closed  barrel and the majority of OB-fold domains proteins use the same face for ligand binding or an as active site. Different OB-fold domains use this "fold-related binding face" to bind oligosaccharides, oligonucleotides, proteins metal ions and catalytic substrates. OB-fold domains are described in for example, Arcus, Curr. Opin. Strict. Biol., Vol. 12: 794-801 (2002) and Theobald, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., Vol., 32: 115-33 (2003). Canadian Patent Publication No. 2,378,871 describes beta-pleated sheet proteins with binding properties.
The disclosure of all patents, patent applications, patent application publications, scientific publications and other publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


A method and apparatus for achieving accurate positioning of freight in a freight receptacle, without requiring skill on the part of the material handling equipment operator. The method and apparatus uses specially marked forms, a Freight Placement Index, and can be used in conjunction with a computer software program, computer, and a scale/scanner. The computer program identifies the correct load position, with respect to the Freight Placement Index inside the freight container after the load description has been entered into the computer. The scanner/scale enter the height, width, length, and weight of load materials. One method is for the load planner or material handling equipment, operator to input information about freight i.e. by use of a computer program and the scale/scanner unit. This program instructs the operator to position the load respective to the Freight Placement Index inside of the freight container or receptacle. With this invention, the computer calculates and adjusts the position of the freight, eliminating the need for time consuming loading, weighing, readjustment of freight and repositioning as well as highly skilled load planners or material handling equipment operators.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to properly aligning and positioning freight inside a trailer, container or other freight receptacle. More particularly it provides a method and structure for use by an operator to achieve automatic alignment and positioning of freight inside containers, trailers or other freight receptacles. There is also provided a freight placement index.

Method and structure for properly positioning freight in a trailer, container or other freight receptacle