A detector for detecting a condition of a rail vehicle undercarriage component including a sensor with infrared sensing elements, each of the elements configured to scan regions of a target area of the rail vehicle undercarriage component. The sensor is oriented so that at least one of the elements receives unobstructed infrared emissions from the rail vehicle undercarriage component, and the sensing elements are arranged in a matrix of plurality of arrays.

Safe and reliable operation of a railroad system may be dependent upon the integrity of the rolling mechanisms of the vehicles travelling over the rails. Worn or damaged train wheel bearings may increase the rolling friction of the axle thereby increasing the power required to pull the train. In addition worn or damaged bearings may cause excessive wear to the train axle and, in the case of failure of the bearing, may even cause the axle to lock up, preventing rotation of the wheel and thus resulting in a potential fire hazard due to the heat build up and potential sparking caused by friction of the locked wheel scraping along the rail.
Bearing temperatures may be scanned by sensing a temperature of the wheel bearing indirectly through a bearing box surrounding the wheel bearing on a rail car of a train. For example, infrared radiation (IR) sensors may be mounted along a rail to detect IR energy emitted by an outer wheel bearing of passing rail cars. The IR energy may be indicative of a temperature of the wheel bearing.
However, such a system may be limited to a certain rail car wheel configuration that allows an unimpeded sensing path from the sensor to the bearing box, which may not be achievable for all rail car wheel configurations. Furthermore, inner wheel bearings used on some rail cars and locomotives have proven difficult to scan due to sensing paths being blocked by suspension components and the differences among inner wheel bearing arrangements. In addition, the presence of heat sources near an inner bearing being scanned, such as gear boxes or suspension springs, and the effects of lateral movement of the axle bringing other heat sources into a sensing path, such as during wheel hunting may result in erroneous IR readings for the bearing.
U.S. patent publication number 2006/131,464 discloses a temperature detection system including a sensor comprising an array of infrared sensing elements. Each of the elements may be aimed at a different region of a target area of a rail vehicle undercarriage component to generate respective scanning waveform signature data corresponding to each different region. The sensor may be oriented so that at least one of the elements receives unobstructed infrared emissions from the undercarriage component of a rail vehicle passing the sensor. The system also includes a memory for storing characteristic waveform signature data corresponding to known undercarriage components and a processor for processing the scanning waveform signature data to identify a type of the rail vehicle undercarriage component being scanned and to extract information indicative of a condition of the rail vehicle undercarriage component being identified.
The infrared emission measurements may still not be representative of a condition and a relative hot maximum may not be detected.
Accordingly, an improved system, and method for sensing a temperature of train wheel bearings is desired. The present disclosure is directed, at least in part, to improving or overcoming one or more aspects of the prior art engine component support structures.

Detector for detecting train wheel bearing temperature

Progress Rail Inspection & Information Systems S.r.l.


An apparatus for utilizing a wheel rim tape around a wheel rim. The apparatus has a table. A first device is used for holding the spoked wheel on the table. A strap is induced manually about the wheel rim, thereby forming a loop. A second device is used for shearing the loop from the strap, with two terminal portions of the loop overlapping with each other. The second device is used for adhering the first and second terminal portions of the loop.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a wheel rim to which a number of spokes are attached by means of a corresponding number of threaded nipples and, more particularly, to a rim tape for protecting inner tubes from the threaded nipples and the spoke ends, still more particularly, to an apparatus for applying the rim tape.
2. Related Prior Art
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, a conventional spoked wheel is shown. The spoked wheel consists of a hub 2, a number of spokes 4 and a rim 6. Each of the spokes 4 has an enlarged end and a threaded end. Each of the spokes 4 is inserted through one of a corresponding number of holes defined in the hub 2. The enlarged ends of the spokes 4 are trapped by the hub 2. The threaded ends of the spokes 4 project through a corresponding number of holes defined in the rim 6 and engage with a corresponding number of threaded nipples 8. As the spokes 4 are identical, only one of the spokes 4 is shown in FIG. 7 in order to illustrate how the threaded nipples 8 attach the spokes 4 to the rim 6, i.e., completing a spoked wheel. The threaded nipple 8 consists of a body and an enlarged head. The body consists of an upper portion with a circular cross section and a lower portion with a square cross section. A threaded passage is axially formed throughout the threaded nipple 8. The body of the nipple 8 is inserted through one of the holes defined in the rim 6. The enlarged head of the threaded nipple 8 is trapped by the rim 6. The threaded passage of the threaded nipple 8 engages with the threaded end of the spoke 4. The lower portion of the spoke 4 is for engagement with a wrench (not shown) so that the threaded nipple 8 can be rotated in order to load the spoke 4 with tension. If all of the spokes 4 are loaded with the identical tension, the spoked wheel is completed. An inner tube and an outer tire are mounted on the rim 6. However, the threaded ends of the spokes 4 and the enlarged heads of the threaded nipples 8 are exposed over the rim 6 so that the threaded ends of the spokes 4 and the enlarged heads of the threaded nipples 8 would contact and might abrade the inner tube if not for use of a rim tape 10. As clearly shown in FIG. 8, one endless rim tape 10 is manually mounted on the rim 6. Therefore, the present invention is intended to solve the above-mentioned problem.

No. 51, 22 Road, Taichung Industrial Park


An optical fiber connector has a rear housing, a reinforcing sleeve and a front housing. The rear housing has a front end, a rear end, a top, a bottom, two opposite sides and two slits longitudinally defined respectively through the top and the bottom at the front end. The reinforcing sleeve is mounted in the rear housing. The front housing is mounted around and the rear housing from the front end of the rear housing and completely covers the slits of the rear housing. The optical fiber connector with the slits has high resistance to the external transverse pulling force and is excellently durable.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a connector, and more particularly to an optical fiber connector that is structurally strong enough to have sufficient resistance to an external transverse pulling force without being damaged.
2. Description of Related Art
Optical fiber connectors are widely used in high-speed telecommunication devices to stably transmit light signals through optical fibers. One of general optical fiber connector is the Lucent connector (LC) designed by the Lucent Technologies.
Conventional Lucent connectors have a rear housing, a front housing and a ferrule. The rear housing is longitudinal and hollow and has a front open end and a through hole defined through the rear housing so that optical fibers of an optical cable are mounted through the through hole. The front housing is longitudinal and hollow and has a top, a bottom, a rear open end, a mounting hole and two slits. The mounting hole is defined through the front housing so that the optical fibers are mounted therethrough. The slits are defined respectively through the top and the bottom adjacent to the rear open end. With the slits, the rear open end would resiliently enlarge to allow the rear housing to extend easily into the front housing. The ferrule is mounted in the through hole and the mounting hole and is mounted securely around the optical fibers to position the optical fibers in the front and rear housings. However, when the optical cable on the Lucent connector suffers an external pulling force that is perpendicular to the Lucent connector with an included angle of about 90 degree between the external pulling force and the Lucent connector, the slits of the front housing are easily split.
With reference to FIG. 1, U.S. Pat. No. 6,293,710 discloses an improved Lucent connector (9) that comprises a front housing (91) and a rear housing (92). The front housing (91) has a top, a bottom, a rear open end and two slits (911). The rear housing (92) is mounted around the front housing (91) and has partially covers the slits (911) of the front housing (91). The rear housing (92) partially covering the slits (911) barely prevents the slits (911) from being split. However, the slits (911) are exposed partially. When an external pulling force is applied to the optical cable connected to the Lucent connector (9), the boundary between the covered parts and exposed parts of the slits (911) would be am initial portion being unable to endure the force and starting to split or wear. Therefore, the conventional Lucent connectors are not durable and have low resistance to pulling forces.
To overcome the shortcomings, the present invention provides an optical fiber connector to mitigate or obviate the aforementioned problems.


A semiconductor integrated circuit includes a first power source having a power supply voltage that operates the semiconductor integrated circuit, a voltage comparator that compares the power supply voltage with a reference voltage, and a comparison result recording unit that records a comparison result of the voltage comparator, wherein the comparison result recording unit records a length of a period based on a clock signal for which the power supply voltage exceeds the reference voltage.

The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit that can observe power source noise containing high frequency components without enlarging the scale of the circuit.
In connection with progression of microfabrication in a manufacturing process of semiconductor integrated circuits, power source noise has recently had a more significant impact on the operation of semiconductor integrated circuits, and it has been important to take an accurate countermeasure. In order to take a countermeasure to the power source noise, it is important to observe the power source noise accurately.
A method of connecting an oscilloscope to a semiconductor integrated circuit or an electronic board having a semiconductor integrated circuit mounted thereon and observing power source noise has been generally used as a method of observing power source noise. Furthermore, JP-A-2004-212387 has proposed a technique of mounting a noise analyzer unit on a semiconductor integrated circuit in an on-chip style and observing power source noise.
In addition to progression of the microstructure of semiconductor integrated circuits, the operation speed has been increased and CPU (Central Processing Unit) operates at a high speed of 1 GHz or more, for example. High-frequency power source noise occurs in such a semiconductor integrating circuit operating at a high speed, however, it is difficult to observe the high-frequency power source noise by connecting an oscilloscope to the outside of the semiconductor integrated circuit because the power source noise is easily attenuated.
On the other hand, according to the technique in which a circuit for observing power source noise is mounted on the semiconductor integrated circuit in the on-chip style, as proposed in the above publication, observation of power source noise in the neighborhood of a noise generating source can be enabled, and thus, the high-frequency power source noise can be easily observed. However, the technique proposed in the above publication has a problem that the cost of the semiconductor integrated circuit increases because many circuits, such as a storage unit for storing noise data, etc., are mounted on the semiconductor integrated circuit.
Embodiments of the present disclosure have been implemented in view of the foregoing problem of the related art, and have an object to provide a semiconductor integrated circuit that enables observation of power source noise containing high-frequency components without enlarging the scale of the circuit.


The tray of the carton is divided into larger and smaller compartments by a transverse intermediate wall. The tray outer end wall at the smaller compartment is integrally formed with a lid panel folded to overlie the smaller compartment and extend laterally outward of opposed side walls of the tray. The intermediate wall is integral with and depends from the lid panel. A cover, with depending side walls, is integrally hinged to the second end wall of the tray with the cover side walls including forwardly extending lugs engagable with and beneath the transversely extending portions of the lid panel to releasably lock the cover in a closed position.

Folded paperboard containers, normally disposable, are used in a wide variety of configurations in the fast food industry.
The present invention is concerned with cartons of the type utilized in the accommodation of two separated foodstuffs, and more particularly a food product and a sauce which is to be added to the food product, or in which the food product is to be dipped, at such time as the food product is to be consumed.
It is quite common for sauce cups to be supplied as a separate item from the carton or package for the principal food product. However, as a matter of convenience and security, it is preferred that specific provision be made for the accommodation of such a sauce cup in the actual packaging of the principal product.
A package for such purposes, will be noted in the patent to Paley U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,259, issued Jan. 23, 1990.
A similar although more complex carton will be noted in the patent to Forbes, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,987, issued Sep. 22, 1987, which indicates that an opening 26 may be included for "specialized products". No further explanation is given as to the purpose of this opening.
Inasmuch as such cartons are normally single-use items and used by the thousands, any improvements which can be made in reducing the cost associated with such cartons can be quite significant. Savings can reside in a reduction in the amount of raw material required, simplified construction, reduced assembly procedures, and the like. Such improvements, either individually or in combination, must also continue to maintain the primary function of such packages in protectively accommodating foodstuffs, preferably with improved features such as enhanced stability.


Methods for recombinant production in procayotic microorganisms such as E. coli of ribotoxins such as restrictocin, alpha-sarcin and mitogillin are described. Known methods were relatively low yielding and not cost effective for commercial use such as in the pharmaceutical industry where relatively large quantities of toxin with consistent batch to batch quality may be required for immunotoxin production. Use of recombinant methods of production open up the possibility of making ribotoxin analogues. Toxicity of ribotoxins was recognised as a concern in development of a high yielding cost effective production method. Methods for high yielding intracellular accumulation or secretion of ribotoxins are described. Use of protease deficient strains and other methods of minimising breakdown of ribotoxin by protease are preferred. Vectors and host strains for use in the methods are described.

Ribotoxins are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. They are believed to act as enzymes on the 28S rRNA of the eucaryotic ribosome and can be divided into two classes (Jiminez, A et al., 1985, Ann. Rev Microbiol., 39, 649-672, and Wool, I. G. et al., 1990, in Hill, W. E. et al. (ed.) The Ribosome Structure, Function & Evolution, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, 203-214). Restrictocin, mitogillin and .alpha.-sarcin belong to the class which cleaves a single phosphodiester bond. Ricin belongs to the other class which cleaves an N-glycosidic linkage between base and ribose. The nucleotide sequence of the restrictocin gene has been described by Lamy, B. & Davies, J. in Nucleic Acids Research, 1991, 19, 1001-1006.
Such toxins may be used for example in the preparation of immunotoxins for cancer therapy. Pharmaceutical applications of toxins require access to relatively large quantities of toxin of a consistent quality. Cost-effective production techniques are of considerable commercial importance. Toxins may be obtained from their natural sources but this is undesirable because of poor yields and batch to batch variability leading to inconsistent product quality and high production cost. Natural sources are unsuitable for production of analogues of toxins which may be required for certain applications.
Genetic engineering techniques may be applied to the production of toxins but in the case of restrictocin, mitogillin and .alpha.-sarcin known methods have failed to provide a cost-effective or high yielding production method. Restrictocin expression using recombinant DNA technology has been described by Lamy, B. and Davies, J. (Nucleic Acids Res. (1991) 19(5) p1001-1006. They expressed and secreted restrictocin from Aspergillus nidulans, but the level of secretion was low, even lower than that from the natural producer strain, Aspergillus restrictus. There have been no reports of restrictocin expression in bacteria, although the related toxin, alpha sarcin, has been expressed in E. coli (Henze, P-P, C. et al. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 192, p127-131). Again, expression was low, as the protein could not be detected in total cell lysates by Coomassie blue staining of one-dimensional SDS PAGE electrophoretograms.
In both the Henze and Lamy documents expression vectors designed to allow secretion were employed. This allowed the authors to circumvent toxic effects on the host cells. Henze teaches that a secretion system is necessary, even in E. coli, to avoid toxic effects on the host cell (see 2nd. paragraph of the Discussion on page 130) and also teaches that the host ribosomes are sensitive in vivo to the expressed toxin (see 7th paragraph of the Discussion on page 130). Lamy teaches that even one free molecule of restrictocin inside an Aspergillus cell may be lethal (see 7th line of the first column on page 1005). Hence known methods teach that if expression vectors designed to give high level intracellular accumulation of restrictocin were used the method would not work due to toxicity of the product leading to cell death.


In a T network tuner, a variable shunt capacitor is provided between the signal input and ground that is ganged to the variable input matching capacitor. The operation is mechanically arranged such that, as one decreases the capacitance of the variable input matching capacitor, one increases the capacitance of the shunt capacitor to assist in high frequency matching, both to increase the maximum matchable load resistance and to decrease the minimum matchable load resistance. The variable shunt capacitor therefore assists at the high frequency ranges to bring the antenna impedances down to the transmitter output impedance, thus to establish an extended matching range tuner capable working between 160 and 10 meters.

As is well known, tuners between a transmitter and an antenna are used to match the antenna impedance to the impedance at the output of a transmitter. In amateur radio service, for instance, one is seeking to match antennas to transmitters in various bands, for instance, from 160 meters through 10 meters. When using a T network, while a variable input matching capacitor can be utilized for matching an antenna to the 50-ohm output of a transmitter at the low frequency bands, when trying to use the same circuit to tune 10-meter antennas, even when the variable input matching capacitor is completely open, there is nonetheless a minimum capacitance between the plates of the open variable capacitor. Because of the minimum capacitance, if for instance an antenna has an impedance of 1,000 ohms, its impedance may only be reduced to 100 ohms. There is thus a mismatch between the output impedance of the transmitter and that of the antenna that increases the standing wave ratio.
It has been found that shunting the tuner input to ground through a capacitor is effective in reducing the mismatch, for instance, from 100 ohms down to 50 ohms. However, if one is using a fixed shunt capacitor, the capacitor must have an extremely high current rating, for instance as high as 10 amps or more for continuous high power applications such as associated with AM and RTTY transmission. While 3 KV capacitors have been used in tuners and are satisfactory for low duty cycle use such as for high power CW and SSB transmissions, they oftentimes fail and burn up, especially when used with 1500-watt PEP linear amplifiers.
By way of further background, antenna tuners in the 1940s and 1950s used so-called link-coupled antenna tuners. However, in order to obtain appropriate matching range, these tuners involved clipping wires to the various components and moving jumpers around, making them inconvenient to use. One therefore had to actually change the configuration of the circuit to work with different kinds of antenna impedances.
Collins Radio in the 1930s and 1940s developed what has become known as their Pi network. The Pi network has an advantage because three controls are used to match most antennas to the output impedance of a transmitter. The Pi networks typically use two large variable capacitors and a variable inductor in which the variable inductor could either be a switched inductor or a continuously variable inductor.
One of the problems of the Pi network was that it took an exceedingly large amount of capacitance, namely several thousand picofarads of capacitance, in order to match certain antennas. Moreover, while the Pi network was very convenient, a single-ended Pi network did not work with balanced lines unless one used a balun. Even then, the result was non-optimal.
During this time and even prior to the development of the Pi network, L networks were used for antenna tuning. They were not particularly popular and were troublesome to use because in order to match a high impedance, one had to have one configuration, whereas if one wished to match a low impedance, one had to switch to a different configuration. One would then have to go through a tuning procedure each time the configuration was switched.
Moreover, the L networks required large amounts of capacitance, which could be as much as 5,000-picofarads. With smaller common air variable capacitors, one would nonetheless have to switch in many fixed capacitors. Moreover, if one had a variable capacitor that was as large as 5,000 picofarads, then one would have to slowly and carefully open that capacitor in order to fine-tune the match because of the large change in capacitance per degree of rotation. However, the minimum capacitance might be so high that it would not tune a wide range of impedances on the highest frequency band of interest.
In terms of amateur radio frequency bands, one wishes to be able to tune from approximately 1.8 MHz to 30 MHz. The problem is that if one makes an L network perform well on the low frequency bands, namely 160 meters, then one has problems matching antennas at the higher frequency bands, especially at 10 meters.
The reason for the difficulty in matching antennas at the high frequency end is because of the minimum capacitance of the variable capacitor. If one designs a variable capacitor to work well on 10 meters, then it will not work very well on 160 meters. This is because one needs large amounts of capacitance when tuning on 160 meters. One typically achieves such high capacitance by switching in additional capacitance with an expensive switch.
As to shunt capacitors, in the past, various systems have employed variable capacitors such as in the semi-T network antenna tuner described by Lewis G. McCoy in the Jul. 1970 issue of QST published by the American Radio Relay League. McCoy called his antenna tuner the Ultimate Transmatch, which employed two capacitors ganged together, with the input signal from the transmitter coupled to the junction between the two capacitors. One of the variable capacitors ran from the transmitter to ground, whereas the other variable capacitor ran from the transmitter to the ungrounded end of the inductor and in the semi-T network.
It is not clear what the McCoy shunt capacitor accomplished and it was dropped in later T-network tuners.
The variable shunt capacitor in the McCoy tuner did not, however, function to extend the matching range of the antenna tuner. The reason was simply that, as the variable input matching capacitor had its capacitance decreased, so did the capacitance associated with the shunt capacitance. This decreased capacitance did not address the minimum capacitance problem that limits the matching range of a T-type tuner.
Note that a commercial version of the McCoy tuner, namely the MURCH UT-2000, is described in QST, Dec. 1972, American Radio Relay League.
As has been stated above, the McCoy tuner has been referred to as a semi-T network antenna tuner. The semi-T network antenna tuner of McCoy worked relatively well and served the basis for the evolution of the modem T network that uses an inductor and two capacitors, a input matching capacitor and an output matching capacitor.
However, in the evolution of the T network, instead of having to provide 1,000 picofarads or even 500 picofarads of capacitance, it was found that one could use common 250-picofarad variable capacitors with a variable inductor and match an extremely wide range of impedances. With 250-picofarad variable capacitors, one can achieve exceptional performance on 10 meters while achieving adequate performance at 160 meters, for instance, at 1.8 MHz. The problem is the efficiency at 1.8 MHz, which is poor because one loses a great deal of power in the antenna tuner.
The reason that the performance is poor on 160 meters is that use of the tuner at 1.8 MHz forces a high current through the roller inductor as well as applying a large voltage across the roller and across the capacitor. This results in a lot of losses in the roller inductor. Also the large voltage applied across the matching capacitors tends to cause high voltage arcing in the capacitors.
More importantly, because the value of the variable capacitor is small, namely 250 picofarads, when one opens the capacitor up, the minimum capacitance is also small. This allows one to readily tune in the 10-meter band. However, at 1.8 MHz, because of the low capacitance the efficiency is so bad for low impedance loads that one could potentially lose half of the power in the antenna tuner.
One way to alleviate this problem at 160 meters is to use a very large value for the input matching capacitor so a very large value output matching capacitor can be used. If one uses a 500-picofarad or 1,000-picofarad variable capacitor, then the losses for low impedance loads at 1.8 MHz are minimized and one can readily match low to very low antenna impedances.
However, when one uses a 1,000-picofarad capacitor and opens it up, the minimum capacitance is now high. In fact, the capacitance is so high that one cannot tune a high-impedance load on 10 meters. Thus, by enabling the tuner to work at 160 meters, one has effectively eliminated its performance at 10 meters. In short, if one wants to have high efficiency at 160 meters, the tuner hardly works at all on 10 meters.
In order to extend the high-impedance matching range of a T network tuner, MFJ Enterprises, Inc. of Starkville, Miss. produced a tuner in which a fixed shunt capacitor was connected between the transmitter and ground at the input to the tuner to solve the problem of the high minimum capacitance at the higher frequencies. This capacitor was three 33-picofarad 3-KV high voltage capacitors in parallel. While this capacitor was suitable for some low duty cycle transmissions such as CW and SSB, for continuous use the currents through this capacitor were exceedingly high and could, for a 1.5-kilowatt amplifier, result in 10 amps or more of current through the fixed capacitor, which could destroy it.
Thus these fixed capacitors could burn up in continuous use and sometimes with heavy CW or SSB use. The result of such large amounts of current through the fixed capacitor would be that it would burn holes through the capacitor and the capacitor would catch fire. The reason that these fixed capacitors are not suitable for high-current usage is that the dielectric between the two plates can melt or burn.
Another problem with the fixed shunt capacitor occurs in the high frequency range when a low impedance load is to be matched. Here the fixed shunt capacitor reduces the effective capacitance of the input matching capacitor. In order for the input matching capacitor to perform it must increase its capacitance. However, the fixed shunt capacitor counters this.
Note that in T and L networks one can utilize a small shunt coil to put a reactance across the input to extend the low impedance matching range on 160 meters. The problem with such a solution is that while on 160 meters the coil could be effective, for other bands one would have to switch in different shunt coils.


A fall arrest device used with a fixed safety rope comprises a support arm articulated on a first spindle of the body, a roller in the form of a cylindrical wheel mounted rotating free on a second spindle securedly attached to the support arm, and a centrifugal coupling arranged between a drive member of the roller and the support arm so as to occupy a disengaged position or an engaged position. The centrifugal coupling comprises at least one flyweight movable along a ramp of the drive member against a compression spring, and a connecting interface engaged inside a cylindrical rim of the support arm to transmit the elastic force of the spring to the flyweight.

The invention relates to a follower fall arrest device used with a fixed safety rope and comprising a body equipped with a securing system arranged to occupy either an active locking position in case of a fall or an inactive unlocking position enabling the user to progress along the rope in the ascending direction, or in the opposite direction when performing a controlled descent, said securing system comprising:                a support arm articulated on a first spindle of the body,        a locking roller in the form of a cylindrical wheel mounted rotating free on a second spindle securedly attached to the support arm,        and a centrifugal coupling means arranged between a drive member of the roller and the support arm so as to occupy a disengaged position or an engaged position.
State of the Art
In normal use for ascending or descending, fall arrest devices follow the progression of the person along the rope without causing any jamming. The person is free to move without any manual unlocking action on the fall arrest device. Locking only takes place in case of a fall.
The securing system of known fall arrest devices generally comprises a pivoting lever having at one of the ends thereof an attachment ring for connection to a harness, and at the opposite end thereof a cam for jamming the rope. Such an arrangement acts as a jamming cleat, which is liable to prevent locking if the user were to grab the lever in case of a fall.
The document WO 00/24471 relates to a two-directional locking device for a fall arrest device, comprising a locking means equipped with two cams actuated in independent manner by a common locking member in reaction to a sudden change of weight. Locking of each of the cams depends on the incline of the rope with respect to the frame of the means.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,037 describes a fall arrest device having a securing system composed of an articulated support arm which is equipped with a cylindrical wheel mounted rotating free, and with a centrifugal mechanical coupling means arranged as a pawl. The circumference of the wheel comprises a series of teeth forming a sprocket causing rotation of the wheel by friction effect with the rope. To insert the vertical lifeline in the fall arrest device, an articulated U-shaped angle bracket has to be used and the latter be made pivot outwards, which complicates operations. The use of springs in the form of pins does not enable the locking threshold of the coupling means to be controlled with precision.


A method and apparatus for interfacing a parallel connection, the parallel connection transmitting high bit-rate signals for a short distance. The method comprises: receiving a synchronous N-bits input data flow at a first input frequency; inserting said input data flow into parallel packets having a given length; and outputting said packets having a given length at a second output frequency onto a M-wires parallel connection. The method further comprises the steps of: defining an elementary packet comprising M lines and B+1 columns; defining a parallel packet by employing an integer number of said elementary packets, said number of elementary packets being chosen in order to maintain a constant phase relationship between the input frequency and the output frequency according to a number of parity lines in the elementary packet and to a code factor onto the parallel connection; inserting the input data flow into said parallel packet; and sending said parallel packet with the input data flow inserted therein into said parallel connection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for interfacing a parallel connection.
2. Description of the Prior Art
When a digital communication system has to be established, in particular when synchronous communication systems have to be created, there is the need to implement short-distance connections, namely up to 300–600 m. For instance, said connections can be back plane or inter-shelf connections receiving a number of synchronous parallel flows at the inputs and multiplexing said flows on a certain number of output connections, which is generally lower than the number of input flows.
A good example is given by the SONET/SDH optical fibers networks, for which the Recommendation OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum) provides a standard for the short distance transmission for inter-shelf high-speed connections.
FIG. 1 illustrates an interface of the OC-192 VSR type.
Thus, FIG. 1 shows an interfacing apparatus 10 which receives at the input a data flow S64. The data flow comprises a STM-64 frame structure, namely a synchronous data flow at N bits, in particular where N is equal to 16. Therefore the input bit rate fi is 622.08 Mb/s. At the other side, the apparatus is connected to a M-bits optical connection O12, where in particular M is equal to 12. Therefore the optical connection operates at an output bit rate fo that is exactly twice the input bit rate fi (namely 1244.16 Mb/s).
The interfacing apparatus 10 is internally divided into two parallel paths, a transmission path 20 towards the optical connection O12, a receiving path 21 from the optical connection O12. In the direction towards the optical connection O12, the flow S64 finds firstly a parallel conversion element 11 carrying out the functions of synchronization of flow 64, namely of the STM-64 frame. The parallel conversion element further packets an information content CI into blocks of 240 bytes, synchronized with the frame itself. Still further, it adds parity bytes and error correction code bytes. Thus, M byte flows are obtained. In other words, the 16-bit word flow S64 which enters through the path 20, is re-allocated in packets P1 having M lines, one for each conductor/fiber that is available in the optical connection O12. Afterwards, the flow S64, converted to M bytes, is transmitted to a line encoder/serializer 12 which carries out the encoding of M flows and the conversion from parallel to serial. The so encoded and serialized flows are transmitted to a multiple electro-optical converter 13 which carries out the optical conversion for the output optical connection O12.
Vice-versa, from the optical connection O12 which enters the interfacing apparatus 10 on the reception path 21, the flows are first converted into an electric form through an electro-optical converter 14, then a line deserializer/decoder element 15 implements the M conversions of data from serial to parallel and the M independent decodings on M flows. Then, a parallel converter 16 carries out the depacketization by restoring the N bit frame structure and by performing flow delay compensation operations and error correction operations (no more than a single error for each block of 240 bytes). So, the synchronous N bit flow S64 is finally restored.
FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c illustrate three occurrences of packets P1 of a type generated by the parallel link converter 11 according to the prior art: FIG. 2a illustrates the generic packet P1, FIG. 2b illustrates the packet P1 at the starting point of the flow S64, that is at the starting point of the frame structure STM-64, while FIG. 2c still illustrates the packet P1 at the starting point of the frame structure STM-64 after overwriting the necessary control bits that are requested for isolating the bytes of each single channel, for aligning the single flows one to each other and thus for restoring the frame structure of packets P1.
Each packet P1 is made-up of twelve lines because 12, that is the value of parameter M, is also the number of fibers of the optical connection O12, and of 24 columns, that is 24 bytes. The input frame structure contained in the flow S64, which is arranged on N-bit words, N being equal to 16, is aligned and therefore multiplexed on said lines or channels, namely it is inserted in a column bytewise manner in the first ten lines, which contain the information content CI or payload.
An eleventh parity byte line RP (XOR calculated on each one of the eight bits of the bytes of the respective column of information content, indicated in FIG. 2 by X1, X2, . . . X24) is added to these first ten lines. Said parity line RP is added to protect the operation of connection O12 also in the case of the single break of a fiber or fault of an electro/optical converter 13 or 14.
In addition, a twelfth line EDC is added consisting in 12 pairs of bytes: the first eleven pairs are the result of the calculation of an error detection code (CRC-16) that is applied, for each line, to the bytes of the 11 previous lines (indicated in FIG. 2 by CRC-1, CRC-2, . . . CRC-10 and CRC-P), while the twelfth pair contains the result of the calculation of the same error detection code when applied to the eleven pairs of previous bytes of the line EDC itself (indicated in FIG. 2 by CRC-C).
Said line EDC allows to identify the presence of errors in the packet P1 and, only in case of a single error, it is possible to correct it. In case of a single break of a fiber or of a fault of an electro/optical converter 13 or 14, no correction can be made.
Since the optical connection O12 is a parallel connection, each line or channel can reach the receiver downwards of the optical connection O12 (element 16 in FIG. 1) with a different delay. In order to provide the mutual re-alignment of channels and therefore to delimit the packets P1, each channel is codified by utilizing the known code 8B/10B and serialized in the element 12 of FIG. 1: this codification is usually employed in these cases, as it provides a signal with a high rate of transitions, continuously balanced and furthermore it allows to outline the bytes if some special control words are inserted at a certain frequency (so-called "comma", typically the characters named K28.5). The problem is solved thanks to the known OIF technique by exploiting the fact that the transportable flow is only and solely a STM-64 frame (OC-192 in the SONET terminology): as already said, the STM-64 frame of 125 microseconds is aligned not only in order to extract the bytes to be inserted into the first 10 lines of the packet, but above all in order to align the flow of packets to the frame itself. The alignment of the STM-64 frame to the structure of packets P1 is possible as the number of bytes contained in the STM-64 frame (64*270*9=155520) is a multiple of the information content that is transportable by the packet (648*24*10=155520).
FIG. 2b illustrates the packet P1 at the starting point of the STM-64 frame: all the 192 A1 bytes and 48 A2 bytes are indicated as information content CI, which, in the SDH frames, are the bytes indicating the starting point of a frame.
FIG. 2c illustrates the same packet P1 at the starting point of the STM-64 frame, over which the first three columns with the codes K28.5, D3.1 and D21.2 have been overwritten: the codes K28.5, as already said, are used for selecting the bytes within each channel, as well as to select the channels (and therefore also the structures of the packets P1) one from each other, while the codes D3.1 (used in the first six channels) and D21.2 (used in the other six channels) are inserted to identify a possible wrong exchange of fibers during the installation of the optical connection (exchange of the first and the last fibers, of the second and the second-last fibers, and so on).
The need of inserting such frame designation bytes constitutes a trouble when, instead of a STM-64 data flow wherein it is possible to overwrite the first thirty bytes of the frame without troubles, there are other input signals with a different frame structure or also without any frame structure, as no overwriting of the payload, namely of the information content, is admissible.

Method and apparatus for interfacing a parallel connection


An apparatus for demodulating a data signal read from a recording medium, in which data is recorded on at least a portion of the recording medium. The data is recorded using a recording system having a substantially constant linear velocity. In this manner, the recording medium is rotated at a substantially constant speed during the reading of data signals such that one of a frequency and an amplitude of the read data signal varies. The apparatus includes a signal processor for processing the read data signal in response to a change in one of the frequency and amplitude to produce a processed data signal suitable for demodulation. Once the processed data signal is produced, a demodulator operates to demodulate the data signal and to produce a demodulated data signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a data reading apparatus for reading data from a recording medium such as a CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) or DVD (Digital Video Disk). More particularly, this invention relates to a data demodulating apparatus which demodulates data read from a recording medium where data has been recorded in either a CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) or a ZCLV (Zone Constant Linear Velocity) system, while controlling the rotation of the recording medium at a substantially constant speed.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, attention has been paid to the development of optical disks to effectively record data for multimedia. Known optical disks include, for example, LDs (Laser Disks), CD-ROMs, MDs (Mini Disks) and DVDs. DVDs are about the same size as CD-ROMs, however, their capacity is about 7.5 times greater. From the conventional viewpoint of increasing the memory capacity of recording media as well as processing speeds, a data processing system would need a larger data reading apparatus that has improved data reading rates from optical disks such as a DVD. However, portable personal computers will generally require data reading apparatus that is relatively compact and which consumes less power than conventional data reading apparatuses used in desk-top computers.
A conventional data reading apparatus has a motor for rotating an optical disk and a pickup apparatus for optically reading digital data recorded on that optical disk. The pickup apparatus reads recorded data from an optical disk and outputs it as an analog signal. The data reading apparatus further has an amplifier, which amplifies an analog signal to provide an amplified analog signal having a predetermined amplitude value. The data reading apparatus compares the voltage level of the amplified analog signal with a predetermined threshold value to convert the analog signal to a binarized digital pulse signal and demodulates the digital pulse signal to produce a read data signal.
The aforementioned data reading apparatus reads data in accordance with an optical disk reading system, such as the CLV, ZCLV or CAV (Constant Angular Velocity) system (i.e., the recording system of recording data on an optical disk).
In the CLV system, data is recorded on an optical disk in the format shown in FIG. 1. Each of a plurality of tracks T arranged concentrically on the disk has a plurality of sectors each consisting of an address area A1 and a data area A2. The lengths of the individual sectors are designed to be constant regardless of the position of the tracks T which are located at inner or outer peripheries of the tracks. In reading data from such a formatted disk, the rotational speed of the disk is controlled in accordance with the position of the pickup apparatus in the radial direction of the disk. As shown in FIG. 2A, as the pickup apparatus moves inwardly on the disk from the outside, the rotational speed of the disk is increased. This change in speed permits data stored in the individual sectors to be read at the same linear velocity. FIG. 2B is a graph showing the relationship between the data rate indicative of the amount of data read by the pickup apparatus per unit time and the track position. This graph shows that at a constant linear velocity, the data rate (i.e., the frequency and amplitude of a read data signal) is constant irrespective of the position of the pickup apparatus on a disk. This is because the lengths of data recording pits in the sectors are designed to be constant with respect to the constant linear velocity, regardless of whether the pickup apparatus is positioned on the inner or outer tracks on the disk, as shown in FIG. 2C.
In the ZCLV system, data is recorded in the format shown in FIG. 3. The disk area is separated to a plurality of zones Z in the radial direction of the disk, with a plurality of tracks T assigned to each zone. The lengths of the individual sectors included in an outer track T are designed to be longer than those of the individual sectors included in an inner track T. Further, the range of the lengths of the individual sectors which vary from one track T to another in each zone Z are designed to be substantially the same zone by zone. Therefore, the sectors of each track T are radially arranged in the radial direction of the disk in each zone Z. In reading data from such a formatted disk, the rotational speed of the disk is controlled zone by zone in accordance with the position of the pickup apparatus in the radial direction of the disk.
As shown in FIG. 4A, when the pickup apparatus moves inward from the outside of the disk, the rotational speed of the disk is increased stepwise for each zone Z. This stepwise speed change permits data stored in the individual sectors to be read at the same linear velocity. As shown in FIG. 4B, at a constant linear velocity, the data rate (the frequency and amplitude of a read data signal) is approximately constant irrespective of the position of the pickup apparatus on a disk. Although the lengths of recording pits vary in each zone, the range of the change is the same for each zone, as shown in FIG. 4C. Further, the lengths of the individual sectors change in each zone may change, however, the range of the change is the same for each zone.
In the CAV system, data is recorded in the format shown in FIG. 5. The lengths of individual sectors included in the individual tracks T arranged on a disk are so designed to become longer toward the outer periphery of the disk. Accordingly, the sectors of each track T are radially arranged in the radial direction of the disk. In reading data from such a formatted disk, the rotational speed of the disk is kept constant regardless of the position of the pickup apparatus on the disk as illustrated in FIG. 6A. Further, FIG. 6B shows that at a constant rotational speed, the data rate (the frequency and amplitude of a read data signal) is approximately constant irrespective of the position of the pickup apparatus on a disk. FIG. 6C shows the lengths of recording pits in an outer sector on the disk are longer than those of recording pits in an inner sector. Therefore, the lengths of the individual sectors are also longer toward the outer periphery of the disk.
As apparent from the above-described recording systems, the CLV system that has individual sectors with lengths that are the same provides a higher disk recording density. In the case where data is recorded on disks of the same size in different systems, therefore, a disk which is recorded using the CLV system is advantageous due to its larger memory capacity.
The ZCLV system simplifies the control on the number of rotations of the disk driving motor while maintaining the advantageous features of a CLV system which has larger disk memory capacity. The ZCLV system has an intermediate disk recording density that lies between those of the CLV system and the CAV system. The CAV system typically has the lowest disk recording density of data recording systems.
Data reading apparatuses that deal with recording mediums like a CD-ROM or DVD typically employ either a CLV or a ZCLV system, which generally provides a higher recording density. Therefore, data may be recorded on a disk in accordance with the CLV or ZCLV system while the pickup apparatus reads data under the disk rotation control according to the CLV or ZCLV system.
To improve the speed at which data is read by a data reading apparatus according to the CLV or ZCLV system, the rotational speed of a disk is typically increased. Increasing the rotational speed of a disk in the CLV system will generally demand a spontaneous change in the rotational speed of the disk at the time of seeking a sector located apart from a sector on the disk in the radial direction. To meet this demand, the motor for rotating the disk should secure a sufficient driving torque. This will generally necessitate the enlargement of the motor and an increase in the power consumed by the data reading apparatus.
To remedy this problem, data may be read from a disk, which has data recorded using the CLV or ZCLV system, while rotating the disk at a constant speed under the rotational control of the CAV system. This arrangement facilitates the implementation of a motor which has a relatively small driving torque. In this manner, the physical size of the motor and the power consumption of the data reading apparatus may both be reduced. Rotating a disk at a constant speed however does not ensure a constant linear velocity. That is, the linear velocity at the time of reading data from an inner sector on a disk differs from the linear velocity at the time of reading data from an outer sector. As shown in FIG. 7, therefore, the pickup apparatus supplies the amplifier with an analog signal whose frequency F increases toward the outer periphery of the disk, and has the maximum ratio of 1:2.5. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 8, the pickup apparatus sends the amplifier an analog signal whose amplitude W decreases toward the outer periphery of the disk.
In the case where data is read from a disk, which has data recorded in the ZCLV system and under the rotational control of a CAV system, the pickup apparatus sends the amplifier an analog signal whose frequency F drops by a given level at the boundaries of the individual zones and gradually increases toward the outer periphery of the disk. The pickup apparatus also sends the amplifier an analog signal whose amplitude W increases by a given value at the boundaries of the individual zones and decreases toward the outer periphery of the disk.
It should therefore be appreciated that it is very difficult to demodulate an analog signal having a varying frequency and amplitude, and thus to accurately acquire a predetermined read data signal. Further, it is practically difficult to read data from a disk that is recorded using a CLV or ZCLV system while having disk rotation controlled by a CAV system.

Apparatus and method for demodulating data signals read from a recording medium


Detecting and identifying an interpreted language virus, such as a scripting virus, and reasonably identifiable polymorphs of the virus source code. Scripting virus source is extracted and represented in a language independent form. This form includes a linearized set of key actions, termed an executing thread, rather than the scripting source code. The executing thread can be utilized to generate a virus signature and virus pattern file for use in identifying the virus in later extracted scripting virus source code. Further the executing thread may be compared to existing virus signatures to determine the identity of the virus, if a match is made. The scripting virus scan engine detects reasonably identifiable polymorphs of a scripting virus source code that involve lexical and grammatical transformations, such as manipulation of white space, renaming of identifiers, and change of program layout.

Widespread usage of the Internet has led to more widespread occurrences of destructive computer "viruses" that often cause extensive computer network damage or downtime. A "virus" is a piece of programming code usually disguised as something else that causes some unexpected and usually undesirable event (for the victim). Viruses are often designed so that they automatically spread to other computer users across network connections. For instance, viruses can be transmitted by sending them as attachments to an e-mail note, by downloading infected programming from other sites, and by inserting into a computer a diskette or CD-ROM containing a virus. The source application that deals with the e-mail note, downloaded file, or diskette is often unaware of the virus. Some viruses wreak their effect as soon as their code is executed; other viruses lie dormant until circumstances cause their code to be executed by the computer. Some viruses can be quite harmful, causing a hard disk to require reformatting or clogging networks with unnecessary traffic.
With the rapid development of distributed computing technology, more and more interpreted programming languages, such as scripting languages, are designed to satisfy the requirement of heterogeneous computing and development environments. Some examples of scripting languages are JavaScript, VBScript, Perl and the UNIX shell. Although run-time performance of scripting languages is typically poor, these languages offer good cross-platform support and are widely used in applications. Some scripting languages are specially designed for Internet applications and are used in web publishing and are supported by most web browsers. Some examples of these scripting languages are JavaScript and VBScript. Some web browsers not only support the scripting languages in the web browser, but also enhance the functions to include additional features. A significant enhancement, or feature, is the ability to access local resources, including local applications and local files. These new enhancements also introduce the potential for security breaches in which malicious codes could obtain unauthorized access to local resources. Currently more than one hundred viruses utilize this feature to propagate and damage or destroy the host system or related resources. Often it only takes a matter of days or even hours for a virus to spread worldwide. Thus, efficient virus detection and identification stems the spread of the virus by enabling the viral pattern to be identified and communicated to others to aid its detection and removal prior to infection of further computer systems.
Anti-virus (or "anti-viral") software is a class of program that searches computer code, such as that found on a computer's hard drive and floppy disks, for any known or potential viruses. The market for this kind of program has expanded because of Internet growth and the increasing use of the Internet by businesses concerned about protecting their computer assets. However, with the improvement of anti-virus technology, virus technology has improved too.
FIG. 1 is a table illustrating a general overview of the evolution of virus forms. Earlier viral forms, first generation, were generally written in assembly language and distributed in binary code form. The host platform on which the virus was run was usually a certain central processing unit (CPU) or certain operating system (OS). Typically, the host object in which the virus resided was executable code and the propagation of the virus was through physical media, for example, floppy disks.
More recent viral forms, second generation, are being written in an interpreted language, such as a scripting language, and are distributed in source code. The host platform is usually a certain computer application that could run on many CPUs or operating systems. The host object is typically a document, such as application documents or e-mail, and the virus is propagated through networks, such as the Internet or intranets.
FIG. 2 is a representative block diagram in the prior art showing an overview of a conventional system 100 for virus detection and identification. Typically, scripting source code 104 is extracted from a text file 102 as input to a virus scan engine 106. There, the code 104 is compared against identified virus patterns in a pattern file 108, often from a pattern file database, until a matching virus pattern is found. An output message 110 then results that presents the results of the virus scan, such as the identity of any virus found. In cases where it is known that the source code 104 contains a virus, and a virus pattern cannot be matched, typically, the source code 104 is then utilized in forming a new virus pattern for input to the pattern file 108.
Current virus scanning technology in the scan engine 106 is based on byte code matching algorithms where exact matches of code pattern strings in code 104 are made with an identified virus pattern file. The pattern file typically contains the most important code pattern strings of a virus code pattern. This pattern matching process enables the detection of exact matches of the virus code, e.g., unmodified scripting virus code, but is ineffective with polymorphous scripting viruses.
Polymorphs of scripting viruses are versions of an original scripting virus made by what are often small changes to the original virus form, i.e., the code is not exactly the same as the original virus but still has the same effects. Polymorphs are easy to create and can be developed by individuals and/or by using polymorph engines.
Polymorph engines are generally computer programs that are capable of making lexical and grammatical transformations of the code, for example, manipulation of white space, renaming of identifiers, and/or changing the program layout. Typically, polymorph engines, although prolific, cannot reliably change the execution order of statements.
A polymorph of a virus that involves rearrangement of the execution order is more typically created by an individual. Currently, lexical transformations are the more typical polymorph form. Unfortunately, proliferation of polymorphs can quickly outpace the detection and identification efforts of current virus scanning methods that utilize exact pattern matching. Polymorphs can do this by continually including small modifications to the known viral code.
Accordingly, what is needed in the field is a method and/or apparatus for detecting and identifying a scripting virus pattern so that the virus and its polymorphs may also be detected and identified.


A process for removing residual polymer from polymerization equipment by combining a degelling agent, residual polymer, and solvent.

During the production of many polymers, for example, polymers of conjugated dienes or copolymers of conjugated dienes and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons, residual polymer tends to collect on the polymerization reactor walls and associated piping. This polymer is desirably removed for efficient subsequent use of the equipment. Removal of this polymer, however, can be difficult because the residual polymer is often gelled; i.e., it is highly crosslinked and can have a very high molecular weight.
Gelled polymer is conventionally removed by a process that includes steaming the reactor to remove hydrocarbons, employing water under increased pressure to physically fracture and break the polymer off of the equipment, draining the water and physically removing gelled polymer, and reconditioning the reactor. This process can take days to complete, and reactors may be out of service for up to two weeks during this process.
Molybdenum and tungsten metathesis catalysts have been used to depolymerize or fracture gelled polymers and thereby facilitate their removal from polymerization reactors. These catalyst compounds are employed in the presence of an olefin treating agent and a suitable solvent. Also, these catalysts are expensive and sensitive to air and moisture. When coupled with the fact that typical loadings include from 5 to about 100 parts catalyst per 100 parts polymer to be removed, these catalysts have not been technologically useful.
Thus, there exists a need in the art for a method of removing gelled polymer from polymerization reactor equipment.

Removing gelled unsaturated elastomers from polymerization equipment associated with their production


A method of operating a press designed to eliminate fluctuations of the pressing force in a press. The maximum actual value of the stroke's pressing force is averaged over n strokes. The average value is compared with a desired value, and when there is a deviation, a position adjustment in the press is triggered by means of a controller. An example of the press position adjustment is a displacement of the axis of the slide.

The invention relates generally to a method of operating a press and, more particularly to a method of operating a press wherein a continuously alternating motion of a first die relative to a second die occurs between a first and a second dead center, and wherein means are provided for detecting the pressing force.
Such methods of operating presses are commonly employed with commercial presses. For example, the tripping of a working stroke which occurs either by means of conventional mechanical cam controllers or with the aid of electronic cam controllers is disclosed in German published patent application 35 28 922.
It has been found that with longer production cycles the pressing force fluctuates. These fluctuations may result from either wear on the press such as gradual wear of the dies, or because of differently rolled metal sheets. An operator ascertains that the pressing force is off, that is, becoming too small based on the shape of the pressed parts. Prior to the present invention, it has been the practice to correct the the pressing force was corrected by varying the position of the die. However, observing the work flow does not yield more than a rough estimate of the magnitude of the change in the pressing force. Thus, making repeated adjustments of the position of the die may be necessary to optimize the quality of the workpiece. These repeated adjustments have resulted in a certain expected percentage of rejects.
The present invention is directed to modifying a convention method to maintain an optimum constancy of the pressing force during operation.


The present invention provides assays to measure the regulation of the narcotic analgesic addictive state. Practice of the invention permits classification of test compounds for their effects on an activated opioid .mu. receptor state. When opioid .mu. receptor cells are treated with a test composition under investigation, then in one embodiment the propensity of the test composition to elicit a spontaneous cAMP overshoot and an inverse agonist induced cAMP overshoot is determined and serves as a surrogate measure of addiction liability. The inverse agonist induced cAMP overshoot signifies the presence of what is designated as the constitutively active state for the opioid .mu. receptors. The use of these assays has led to the identification of compounds that have the desired effects on the constitutive activation of the opioid .mu. receptors. The therapeutic potential of these compounds include treating patients who are addicted to a narcotic analgesic or who have taken an overdose of a narcotic analgesic, or whose pain is being relieved with a narcotic analgesic.

Endogenous opiate receptors were discovered in the 1970s, and have been intensely studied in seeking the mechanisms by which particular drugs lead to addiction. However, in his 1992 review of molecular mechanisms of drug addition, Nestler noted that such mechanisms have remained elusive. J. Neurosci., 12 (7), pp. 2439-2450 (1992).
A number of different opioid receptor types have been identified. Among the known receptor types is the opioid .mu. receptor.
Narcotic analgesics act at the opioid .mu. receptor to produce analgesia. However, continued use of narcotic analgesics typically leads to habituation or addiction, and use of one leads to cross-tolerance/dependence for the others. Despite their therapeutic uses, because patients develop increasing tolerances to the narcotic analgesics, increasing doses are required to achieve relief from pain. Undesirable side effects then tend to develop, such as physical dependence.
Illustrative narcotic analgesics are, for example, the various alkaloids of opium such as morphine, morphine salts (such as morphine hydrobromide, morphine hydrochloride, morphine mucate, morphine oleate, and morphine sulfate), and morphine analogs such as normorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine, codeine, and diacetylmorphine (heroin). Other widely used narcotic analgesics include methadone, meperidine, levorphanol, propoxyphene, fentanyl, oxymorphone, anileridine, metopon, and pentazocine.
The agonistic actions and dependence-producing properties of narcotic analgesics can be, and are, studied in various mammalian species besides humans, since practical and governmental considerations frequently require that studies be first done in small rodents and/or monkeys before the analgesic properties of pharmaceuticals are tested with humans. Drugs that have morphine-like properties in mammals other than humans have been found to be morphine-like in humans, and a variety of analgesic assays has been developed with animals which have gained widespread acceptance for predicting properties in humans. Biochemical changes during long term narcotic exposure can be studied in target tissues, such as the locus coeruleus (LC) of the rat, which is a good model of opiate dependency. Thus, upon chronic opiate treatment, researchers have demonstrated that LC neurons develop tolerance to the acute inhibitory actions of opiates, and in parallel chronic treatment causes a dramatic upregulation of the cAMP second messenger system at every major step between receptor and physiological response, which leads to a dependent state. See, for example, Nestler at 2440.
To date, assays of the .mu. opioid receptor system have been unable to detect any major changes of that system during narcotic addiction. Thus, much of the current work has focused on events downstream of the receptor, such as long-term gene regulation, in attempting to account for the dependent state. Because the dependence liability of narcotic drugs severely limits their clinical utility as potent analgesics and exerts a heavy toll on society through illicit narcotic drug use, a screen for agents that could prevent or reverse the narcotic dependent state or might facilitate gradual withdrawal would greatly enhance the clinical utility of narcotic analgesics and could serve as an effective pharmacological weapon in the fight against illicit drug use.

Methods for anti-addictive narcotic analgesic activity screening

The Regents of the University of California


Disclosed are articles, such as smoke filters, which contain fibers that have complex geometry in combination with tobacco smoke modifying agents such as flavorants. The fibers are preferably made of a polyester such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) and preferably are capable of spontaneously transporting water or n-decane on their surfaces. The articles of the invention result in improved delivery of the tobacco smoke modifying agent to the user.

Many types of tobacco smoke modifying agents are known in the art to be added to smoking products to modify the tobacco smoke. For example, flavorants are added to smoking products to enhance their taste and to compensate for variations in tobacco quality and blend. Although flavorants are traditionally applied to the tobacco portion of the smoking product, this practice results in only a small fraction of the flavorant ever reaching the smoker. Most of a flavorant added to the tobacco is lost in the sidestream smoke produced during the static burn period of the smoking article or is removed by the smoke filter. The low flavorant delivery efficiencies associated with application on tobacco necessitates the use of relatively large quantities of flavorant to achieve the desired effect. Because many of these flavorants, such as menthol, for example, are expensive, inefficient utilization can add significantly to the cost of the smoking product. In addition, flavorants applied to the tobacco are subjected to the high heat of combustion which can undesirably alter their organoleptic characteristics.
In response to these problems, there has been substantial effort to apply flavorants to the filter. It was shown many years ago that smoke aerosols could transport significant quantities of relatively non-volatile materials from a structure of moderate surface area, even though a gas at a comparable temperature is ineffective in this regard. Attempts at the practical implementation of this phenomenon using cellulose acetate filters revealed, however, that although aerosols transported flavorant very efficiently from freshly made filters, this advantage was lost as the flavorant diffused away from the surface and into the bulk of the filter fibers.
Efforts to solve this problem by using polymers impermeable to the flavorants, such as polypropylene, eliminated the time dependence of flavorant delivery observed with cellulose acetate filters, but did not permit the development of a functional flavorant delivery system. The causes of this failure were, first, the flavorant delivery efficiencies for these nonpermeable polymer systems were too low to be useful, and second, impermeable filter media had no affinity for the flavorant which consequently diffused to the tobacco where it endured the same fate as flavorants applied directly to the tobacco.
In spite of years of concerted effort, neither the cigarette nor the filter material industry has developed an efficient general flavorant delivery system that does not absorb or lose the flavorant over time.
Prior art of this area reflects a strong interest in technology for the efficient and consistent delivery of tobacco smoke modifying agents, especially flavorants. However, the abundant patented technologies for flavorant delivery almost invariably employ one of the following four strategies:
1. A flavorant is contained by some physical means and is released either by mechanical destruction of the containment apparatus or by controlled leakage (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,219,041; 3,297,038; 3,339,557; and 4,720,423).
2. A flavorant is adsorbed on a material whose surface has been customized so that the flavorant will be displaced by the moisture or heat in the smoke (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,236,244; 3,280,823; and 4,662,384).
3. A flavorant is absorbed in a polymeric matrix and is then released by the plasticizing action of moisture or heat in the smoke (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,662,384; 3,144,024; and 4,729,391). A portion of the prior art in this area addresses the concept of modifying the fiber shape or filter geometry of current cellulose acetate filters to achieve improved flavorant containment or delivery (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,180,536, 4,619,279; and 4,821,750).
4. A flavorant undergoes a chemical reaction with another compound to form a new compound that will regenerate the original flavorant upon thermal decomposition (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,288,146).
Although there is substantial prior art, virtually every implementation of this art possesses limitations which render its commercial application impractical. These limitations are largely defined by the flavorant delivery strategy employed and will, therefore, be so organized here.
Mechanical or physical flavorant containment devices which are incorporated into the filter and ruptured prior to smoking are very complex and expensive to produce. They introduce significant variation into the performance of the smoking article because of inconsistencies in the pattern of their breakage, and they interfere with the normal function of the filter by altering smoke flow through the filter. They also increase the effort and complexity to the consumer who uses the product.
Adsorbed flavorants which are incorporated into the filter and released by the heat or moisture content of the smoke are not efficiently delivered until enough of the smoking article has been consumed to allow adequate moisture and heat to reach the filter. As a consequence, the flavorant is not available to augment smoke taste during the first few puffs, when it is generally acknowledged as being most needed. In addition, absorbants must be customized to achieve the desired release characteristics for each flavorant and, therefore, are not useful for delivering naturally occurring flavoring materials which consist of large numbers of independent chemical entities.
Absorbed flavorants which are dissolved in polymer matrices and released by the plasticizing action of moisture or heat in the smoke are subject to the same limitations as adsorbed flavorants. In addition, absorbed flavorants are subject to time dependent losses in delivery efficiency because of diffusion of the flavorant into the bulk of the fiber polymer. This limitation is especially evident when a conventional cellulose acetate filter is used as the flavorant absorber.
Derivatized flavorants are almost always inappropriate for use in filter flavorant delivery systems because relatively high temperatures are required for their release. Derivatized flavorants are, therefore, typically applied to the tobacco portion of the smoking product, where the liberated flavorant produced during combustion is subject to chemical alteration and loss during the static burn period of the smoking article. The development of derivatized flavorants is highly specific for each flavorant and, therefore, excludes naturally occurring flavoring materials which are composed of a large number of independent chemical entities.
Although flavorants are the most commonly used tobacco smoke modifying agents, selective removal additives can also serve as tobacco smoke modifying agents. In contrast to flavorants, selective removal additives modify tobacco smoke by removing, rather than adding, certain compounds or classes of compounds. Selective removal additives are applied to the filter and, therefore, like flavorants, can be absorbed by the filter fibers and lose their effectiveness. Here, too, significant improvements in the performance of selective removal additives could be achieved by overcoming the limitations imposed by the substrate to which the additives are applied.
We have unexpectedly discovered that if spontaneously wettable fibers described below are combined with a conventional additive, and used in a tobacco smoke filter in accordance with this invention, enhanced flavor and filtering are realized. Preferably, the spontaneously wettable fibers are formed into a nonwoven web and used as a wrap around a conventional tobacco smoke filter, i.e., as a circular layer between the conventional fibrous filter and the conventional filter wrap.
Patents of interest further include U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,809 which relates a filter rod making apparatus, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,105,834 which relates to cigarette filter containing a spray extract.


A loudspeaker grille for a wall-mount loudspeaker in a home environment is disclosed, which comprises a frame attached directly to a wall where a loudspeaker being mounted, the loudspeaker enclosure lending no support to the frame, and a cover stretched across the frame, the cover being substantially transparent to acoustic energy, wherein the cover provides protection as well as decoration to the underneath loudspeaker.

The present invention relates generally to loudspeakers, and, more particularly, to grilles for the loudspeakers.
Loudspeaker grilles are designed mainly to protect loudspeaker drivers from mechanical impact as well as to prevent ambient dust to accumulate on the diaphragms of the loudspeaker drivers. Conventional loudspeaker grilles are made of a piece of dark colored cloth stretched over a frame which is then attached to the enclosure of a loudspeaker. Apparently the cloth used in the loudspeaker grilles must be substantially transparent to acoustic energy. Such dark colored loudspeaker grille is alright for stand-alone loudspeakers, but would be unsightly when being used for wall-mount loudspeakers which are increasing popular in home theater systems.
Another kind of conventional loudspeaker grille has printed illustrations on the grille cloth to be more decorative. However, this kind of loudspeaker grille is still mounted on the loudspeaker enclosure, therefore, a particular grille can only be used for a particular loudspeaker.
As such, what is desired is a decorative loudspeaker grille for a wall-mount loudspeaker that is not limited to a particular loudspeaker.


To efficiently personalize multiple bus interfaces, an input/output (I/O) integrated circuit (IC) is provided. This I/O IC can include two local bus control blocks, wherein each local bus control block can be configured to provide a selected personality. The selected personality can include an IDE (intelligent drive electronics) interface, an MPEG-TS (Moving Picture Experts Group Transport Stream) interface, a GPIO (general purpose input/output) interface, or a PCI (peripheral component interconnect) interface. Advantageously, when the two local bus control blocks are configured, they can provide one of a combined IDE/MPEG-TS interface, a combined IDE/GPIO interface, and the PCI interface. Thus, the I/O IC has a common set of pins that can be allocated to one or more bus types, depending on net pin count.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to buses and, more particularly, to reconfigurable buses that can share pins of an input/output (I/O) integrated circuit (IC).
2. Description of the Related Art
In the design of integrated circuit (IC) devices, physical device pins represent a finite cost. If a device is designed to interconnect using more than one type of bus interface, then physical device pins to accommodate each type of bus will typically be allocated. Because not all forms of bus interface will likely be used at the same time, valuable pin resources are effectively wasted.
Therefore, a need arises for an efficient means of personalizing one or more bus interfaces using one common set of physical device pins.


A split case die is used to press powder, wherein the die parts are moveable in a direction non-parallel to the direction of the pressing axis. The part produced by such a split case die has an external surface with parting line marks oriented in a direction non-perpendicular to the pressing axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to a metallurgical process for the consolidation of powder, wherein the process involves the utilization of a split case die. The subject invention is also directed to a part produced from such a process.
2. Description of Related Art
Fabrication of cutting inserts from sinterable powder, i.e. metallurgical cermets or ceramic powders, involves compaction of the sinterable powder with or without a fugitive binder into a pre-sintered green part. Subsequent sintering of the green part produces a finished part which may be a cutting tool. Compaction takes place under high pressure obtained through large opposing forces generated by top and bottom rams urged into a die cavity formed in a die containing the sinterable powder.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,866 is directed to a method and apparatus for cross-hole pressing to produce cutting inserts, whereby a solid unified die having a die cavity within is utilized to produce a green part. The green part is ejected through the unified die cavity and, as a result, the shape of the green part is limited to a shape able to "slide" through and out of the die cavity.
United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0165828 is directed to a method and apparatus for manufacturing a cutting insert, whereby a split case die is separable in a direction parallel to the pressing axis to produce a green part that would not be able to freely pass through the die cavity on either side of the green part. However, utilizing such an arrangement, the features on the side of the green part must be configured such that the die parts may slide over them to release the green part. Not only does this requirement dictate limitations on the shape of the green part but, furthermore, the die parts sliding over the green part introduce friction against the part that might damage the part.
A process and apparatus is needed for use in a pressing operation, whereby the shape of the green part is not subjected to release from the die by sliding through the die or by having die parts slide over the part.

Method and apparatus using a split case die to press a part and the part produced therefrom


A honeycomb structure including plural cells with holes arranged in a longitudinal direction, a peripheral wall, and a defective portion formed on the peripheral wall that is mended with a mending material that is in a color different from the color of the peripheral wall. Also, a method is provided for manufacturing a honeycomb structure including plural cells with holes arranged in a longitudinal direction and a peripheral wall which method involves mending a defective portion formed on the peripheral wall of the honeycomb structure with a mending material in a color different from the color of the peripheral wall.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to treatment of a gas stream, such as an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine.
2. Discussion of the Background
Particulates such as soot contained in exhaust gas discharged from internal combustion engines of vehicles such as buses and trucks, construction machines, and the like, for example, are harmful to the environment as well as humans. In turn, a variety of exhaust gas treating apparatuses have been developed that use a honeycomb structure made of porous ceramic as a filter for capturing particulates contained in the exhaust gas to purify the exhaust gas. Such an exhaust gas treating apparatus may be manufactured by arranging the surface of the honeycomb structure to carry a catalyst such as platinum. Also, certain exhaust treating apparatuses may be arranged to carry alkaline earth metals such as Ba to be used as a NOx absorbing agent for treating NOx under an oxidizing atmosphere in a lean burn engine or a diesel engine, for example.
It is noted that defects such as holes or scratches may be formed on the honeycomb structure during the manufacturing process of the honeycomb structure or the manufacturing process of the exhaust gas treating apparatus. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-144284 discloses a ceramic honeycomb structure having plural flow paths partitioned by plural partition walls and an outer wall that separates the flow paths from the exterior, wherein at least one defective portion corresponding to a hole with a width of 0.1 mm or more formed on the outer wall surface and connected to at least one of the flow paths is sealed with ceramic material. The entire contents of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-144284 are incorporated herein by reference.

Honeycomb structure, method of manufacturing honeycomb structure, exhaust gas treating apparatus, and method of manufacturing exhaust gas treating apparatus


The hydraulic control system is used in automatic transmissions having a plurality of friction elements associated with respective transmission speeds; a hydraulic fluid source; a line pressure controller for regulating hydraulic pressure supplied from the fluid source to line pressure; a range controller for selectively supplying hydraulic pressure from the line pressure control device; a shift controller for supplying hydraulic pressure from the range controller to lines corresponding to the respective transmission speeds by control of a transmission control unit; a hydraulic pressure controller for converting hydraulic pressure from the range controller to operational pressure operating the friction elements; and a hydraulic pressure distributor for determining a hydraulic flow path corresponding to the respective transmission speeds according to the hydraulic pressure from the shift controller, and for distributing the operational pressure to each friction element in accordance with that determination. The line pressure controller includes a line pressure regulating valve for regulating hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic fluid source to line pressure; and a pressure setting valve for compensating line pressure change to maintain the line pressure to a predetermined level.

Generally, a conventional automatic transmission used in vehicles include a torque converter, a multi-stage gear shift mechanism connected to the torque converter, and a plurality of friction elements actuated by hydraulic pressure for selecting one of the gear stages of the gear shift mechanism.
A hydraulic control system for the automatic transmission operates by the selective supply of hydraulic pressure, the flow of which is generated by a hydraulic pump, to each friction element (for engagement or disengagement of the same) by a plurality of control valves such that shifting can be realized automatically and appropriate to the driving state of the vehicle.
Such hydraulic control system generally comprises a hydraulic fluid source, a line pressure controller for regulating hydraulic pressure supplied from the fluid source to line pressure, a range controller for selectively supplying hydraulic pressure from the line pressure controller, a shift controller for supplying hydraulic pressure from the range controller to lines corresponding to the respective transmission speeds by control of a transmission control unit (TCU), a hydraulic pressure controller for converting hydraulic pressure from the range controller to operational pressure operating the friction elements, and a hydraulic pressure distributor for determining a hydraulic flow path corresponding to the respective transmission speeds according to the hydraulic pressure from the shift controller and suitably distributing the operational pressure to each friction element.
Namely, automatic shifting is realized by selectively operating the friction elements through hydraulic pressure controlled by the above controllers in accordance with a driving state of the vehicles and engine throttle opening.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a hydraulic circuit diagram of a conventional hydraulic control system. The hydraulic control system includes a torque converter 2 for transmitting power from an engine to the transmission, a damper clutch control valve 4 for controlling a damper clutch mounted in the torque converter 2 to increase power transmitting efficiency, a line pressure regulating valve 8 for regulating hydraulic pressure from a fluid pump 6, and a reducing valve 10 for supplying reduced hydraulic pressure to solenoid valves S1 and S4, and the damper clutch control valve 4.
A manual valve 12 receives line pressure from the fluid pump 6 such that the line pressure is supplied to the line pressure regulating valve 8 and a shift control valve 14.
The shift control valve 14 selectively supplies hydraulic pressure from the manual valve 12 to each friction element such as a front clutch 24, a rear clutch 26, a low/reverse brake 28, an end clutch 30, and a kickdown servo 32 through control of the hydraulic pressure distributor having a plurality of spool valves such as a 1-2 shift valve 16, an end clutch valve 18, 2-3/4-3 shift valve 20, and a rear clutch valve 22.
The manual valve 12 is connected to a N-D control valve 34 for reducing shift shock when port conversion of the manual valve from a neutral N range to a drive D range, through a first speed line L1. Further, the N-D control valve 34 is connected to a pressure control valve 36 which controls hydraulic pressure in the first speed line L1 and supplies the controlled pressure to the 1-2 shift valve 16 via the N-D control valve 34 when in second, third and fourth speed.
Between the manual valve 12 and the 1-2 shift valve 16 is provided a N-R control valve 38 for reducing shift shock when port conversion of the manual valve 12 from the neutral N range to a reverse R range such that the N-R control valve 38 supplies hydraulic pressure from the manual valve 12 to the low/reverse brake 28 via the 1-2 shift valve 16.
The shift control valve 14 supplies hydraulic pressure to the 1-2 shift control valve 16 through a second speed line L2 to control a valve spool of the 1-2 shift valve 16. Further, the shift control valve 14 supplies hydraulic pressure to the 2-3/4-3 shift valve 20 through a third speed line L3 to control a valve spool of the 2-3/4-3 shift valve 20. Simultaneously, the hydraulic pressure in the third line L3 is supplied to the end clutch 30 via the end clutch valve 18.
Further, the shift control valve 14 supplies hydraulic pressure to the rear clutch valve 22 through a fourth speed line L4 to control a valve spool of the same. Simultaneously, the hydraulic pressure in the fourth speed line L4 is supplied to the end clutch 30 via the end clutch valve 18.
Meanwhile, between the line pressure regulating valve 8 and the damper clutch control valve 4 is provided a torque converter control valve 39. Reference numerals S1, S2, S3, and S4 which have not yet been described are solenoid valves ON/OFF or duty controlled by a transmission control unit (TCU).
In such a hydraulic control system, line pressure is regulated by three stages; parking range "P", drive range "D", and reverse range "R". In the middle of regulating line pressure, what is most important is to maintain the line pressure to a uniform level when in the drive "D" range.
In such drive "D" range state, when fluid flowing in the automatic transmission has a high temperature or RPM of the engine is low such that amount of fluid supplied from the fluid pump 6 is insufficient, a phenomena in which line pressure is reduced occurs.
Further, when a shift process starts to proceed or when standby friction elements start to operate, hydraulic pressure is temporarily reduced such that hydraulic pressure is not uniform. Accordingly, shift quality is reduced, too.

Pressure setting valve and hydraulic control system having the same for an automatic transmission


A production schedule creation device includes: a production simulator (100) simulating a production process expressing the production state and the production constraint of the production process; a mathematical expression holding device holding a mathematical model (110) created by acquiring information relating to creation of the production schedule in attention as a mathematical model expressing, in a mathematical expression, the production state and the production constraint of the production process; and an optimization calculation device (120) performing the optimization calculation by using a predetermined evaluation function for the mathematical model (110) and calculating a production instruction for the production simulator. The production instruction obtained by the optimization calculation device is supplied to the production simulator (100) so as to execute simulation. Thus, an optimum solution can be obtained by performing only one simulation.

Conventionally, in the form of production by order without performing speculative production, ordered items are divided into manufacturing order, and from the viewpoints of on-time delivery performance, the equipment operation rate, the intermediate inventory volume, cost and the like, the production schedule is created. As the methods for creating the above described production schedule, two methods are used, when these methods are broadly divided technically.
Namely, as disclosed in, for example, "Method and system for evaluating production scheduling" of Patent Document 1, the first method is the method in which in a simulation imitating the plant, built on a computer, operation of real devices is predicted by using the information acquired from the same interface as the real devices, and based on the operation prediction, virtual production is performed at a higher speed than the real devices, and by presenting highly accurate indexes by using the process and result of the virtual production, evaluation and selection of production schedule are made possible.
As disclosed in "Products distribution scheduling device" of Patent Document 2, the second method is the method in which a schedule is created based on the methods which ensure optimality, such as linear programming, and mathematical programming.
As disclosed in "Method and system for evaluating production scheduling" disclosed in Patent Document 1, the method for creating a production schedule by using a simulator (1) needs to perform simulation by variously changing the conditions and repeat the evaluation of the results many times, until the satisfactory result is obtained. Therefore, it (2) has the problem of requiring much time for creating the production schedule in a large-scale plant. Further, it (3) has the problem that the simulation rule has to be set in detail to obtain a highly accurate production schedule.
As disclosed in "Product distribution scheduling device" of Patent Document 2, the method for creating a schedule based on the methods ensuring optimality, such as linear programming and mathematical programming has (1) the problem that as the scale on which the production schedule is created becomes large, it is difficult to obtain solution within a practical time period. Further, an error is caused by the constraint and condition which cannot be expressed in mathematical expression, and therefore, it is not certain whether the obtained production schedule is executable or not.
In view of the above described problems, it is an object of the present invention to make it possible to create a production schedule assured to be actually usable in a target production process for schedule creation by making it possible to obtain an optimum production simulation result without repeatedly performing simulation.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-366219    Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-172745

Production schedule creation device and method, production process control device and method, computer program, and computer-readable recording medium


A button water-saving shower including a shower body and a water-saving mechanism, an inlet passage communicating with a water source and an outlet cavity arranged in the body; the water-saving mechanism is arranged in the body in a vertically sliding manner, and includes a pressing mechanism similar to an automatic ball pen and a floating cover connected to the pressing mechanism; the outlet cavity communicates with the inlet passage and includes at least one inlet hole of which the outlet sectional area is changed along with the vertical movement of the floating cover. The shower can achieve water-saving through a button and achieve switching of outlet functions through a water division unit with ease of use and practicality.

The shower is popularized in people's daily life, and the requirement of shower functions is higher, most of the showers have multiple outlet functions which can switch, the utility model <multi-function outlet structure of the shower> (Chinese patent application number CN20072000685) discloses a shower which only can switch different outlet functions but cannot save water; and the utility model <a water-saving withdrawing shower> (Chinese patent application number CN200720192428.6) discloses a shower which can adjust water volume to save water, but the shower has a single outlet function with low practicality.

XIAMEN SOLEX HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.