This invention provides a chair type of physiotherapy and health instrument that may be used for the physiotherapy against diseases or health improvement. The instrument has a chair body 10, 100 having a through hole 21, 121 formed at a seat area 20, 120 thereof, an impacting member 30 and a driving unit 40 for driving this member 30, wherein the impacting member 30 pivotally swung can periodically apply an impact on a region to be treated by a user via the through hole 21. Alternatively, the instrument uses, instead of the impacting member, a rotating frictional member 130 resiliently installed to protrude above the through hole 121 and a driving unit 140 for driving this member 130, wherein the member 130 being resiliently contacted with the user's body rotate, thereby being able to apply the frictional stimulus to a user. Therefore, easy access to a user's body is possible even when a user seats on the chair according to the present invention, further providing the physiotherapy or health improvement.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a physiotherapy and health improvement instrument, and more particularly to a chair type of physiotherapy and health improvement instrument that can be used for a physical treatment of a perineum, loosened muscles near an inguinal region, a prostate gland, an anus, etc., or for an exercise for health improvement.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As physical treatments available for suppressing the enlargement of the prostate gland, there have been used physical treatments, such as repeated impacts on or frictional stimuli to the prostate gland site. It is known that similar physical treatments are not only helpful to the enlarged prostate, but to a urination difficulty that may be caused by hemorrhoids, calculus or thrombus, or to an abdomen muscle recovery after childbirth. Further, an impact or frictional stimuli on an inguinal region strengthens, for example, the muscles, which provides good effects to aging prevention and stamina improvement.
For the purpose of strengthening the muscles or the muscle recovery, or for the continued physical treatment against the above-mentioned symptoms, such treatments or periodic exercises in the hospital or physiotherapy center, even in their homes or offices, is preferably recommended. However, an area between the anus and the inguinal region gives, unfortunately, inconvenience when the patient himself applies a physical treatment thereto, such as the continued impacts or frictional stimuli, which calls for a mechanical physiotherapy and health improvement instrument which enable the patient to easily apply the physical treatment to himself.

Physiotherapy and health improvement instrument


A solidifying material for a cell electrolyte solution is a block copolymer, which comprises, as segments A, a polymer non-compatible with the cell electrolyte solution and, as segments B, a polymer compatible with the cell electrolyte solution. The solidifying material absorbs and solidifies the cell electrolyte solution. A smallest unit of the block copolymer is A-B-A. To each of the segments B, at least one group selected from the group consisting of a carboxyl group, an ester group, a hydroxyl group, a sulfonic group, an amino group, a cyclic carbonate group and a polyoxyalkylene group is bonded via a —S— bond or a —C— bond.

a) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a solidifying material for cell or battery (hereinafter collectively called "cell") electrolyte solution and a cell comprising the solidifying material as a constituent element. The term "cell electrolyte solution" may hereinafter be referred to simply as an "electrolyte solution", and the term "solidifying material for an electrolyte solution" may hereinafter be referred to simply as "solidifying material".
b) Description of the Related Art
As a cell electrolyte is conventionally in a liquid form, it is sealed in a case from the standpoint of safety. To safely hold the electrolyte solution over a long time, the case is required to be strongly built. As a result, it has heretofore been difficult to form a cell into a thin structure. It has recently been proposed to have an electrolyte solution absorbed in a high molecular substance such that the electrolyte is solidified. This approach is expected not only to avoid leakage of the electrolyte solution from cells and to provide the cells with improved safety but also to achieve higher design tolerances on cell configurations, cell thickness reductions, improvements in durability, and higher outputs owing to increases in area.

Solidifying material for cell electrolyte solution, and cell comprising the solidifying material

Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg. Co., Ltd.


A utility vehicle such as a pick-up truck is modified by having a modular compartment mounted to the chassis so as to allow passengers to freely move between the cab and the modular compartment.

Sport utility vehicles have become increasingly popular among vehicle buyers. Sport utility vehicles are often based upon a light-duty truck chassis and, instead of a cab and rear cargo box or cargo area, have an integrated passenger compartment which extends rearward from the cab over substantially the entire length of the vehicle. Thus, the interior may be similar to a van or a station wagon. However, differences in the chassis and/or drive train components make for a vehicle with handling and performance characteristics that differ from those other vehicles.
Unfortunately, sport utility vehicles are relatively expensive compared to the other utility vehicles, such as pick-up trucks, upon which they are based. Furthermore, the options available for the interior layout of the rear portion of the sport utility vehicle (i.e., for carrying passengers, cargo, equipment, etc.) are limited to relatively few alternatives offered by the vehicle manufacturers. In addition, certain equipment options (such as drive train, suspension, etc.) may only be offered on the truck version of the vehicle but not on the sport utility version. Alternatively, the desired equipment options may have to be purchased in combination with other options the customer does not want. In short, the economies of scales generally preclude the vehicle manufacturers from offering a wider variety of optional layouts for the rear passenger compartment due to the smaller volumes typically associated with more customized layouts. In addition, the passenger compartments associated with most modern sport utility vehicles cannot easily be transferred to the chassis of an existing pick-up truck should the owner of the pick-up truck wish to convert his vehicle to a sport utility version.
Camper top additions to pick-up trucks are quite popular since they offer the pick-up truck owner an opportunity to obtain some, but by no means all, of the advantages of the sport utility vehicle. The camper top is most often a rigid shell that is attached to the existing cargo box for defining an enclosed compartment over the cargo box. In essence, the pick-up truck is converted into two compartments, namely, the cab and an enclosed rear compartment. Passengers and cargo are not readily transferrable between the cab and rear compartment due to the rear wall of the cab and/or front of the cargo box and camper top. Since the camper top merely encloses the rear cargo box, alternate provisions must be made to install any seating equipment or other amenities typically found in a sport utility vehicle. The revisions and alterations necessary to install such seating and other equipment oftentimes result in substantial effort and expense as well as extensive modifications to the cargo area.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a modular vehicle compartment constructed such that a vehicle, such as a pick-up truck, can be easily and quickly modified into a sport utility vehicle.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method by which a vehicle, such as a pick-up truck, can be quickly and easily modified so as to be remanufactured into a sport utility vehicle. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method of converting a pick-up truck into a sport utility vehicle which can provide a single integrated passenger compartment. It is still another object of the present invention to provide a sport utility vehicle which is easier and more cost effective to manufacture in low production volumes, especially for more customized versions.
In general, the present invention relates to a modular passenger compartment which can be retro-fitted to a vehicle such as a pick-up truck. The pick-up truck is prepared by removing the existing cargo box, if one was installed at the factory. An enlarged aperture is provided by removing a portion of the rear wall of the cab. A modular compartment is then secured to the chassis. The modular compartment has a front wall apertured to match the aperture cut into the rear wall of the cab. By aligning the two apertures, a single interior compartment is created that extends rearwardly from the driver's location to substantially the end of the vehicle. A sealing arrangement can be disposed about the apertures between the rear of the cab and the front of the modular compartment for insulating the interior compartment from wind, noise, particulates, etc., found in the outside ambient environment.
The interior of the modular passenger compartment can be configured with a layout to suit the customer needs. For example, additional seating in the form of bench or bucket seats can be provided with or without a portion of the floor area configured to receive cargo. Likewise, specialized layouts can be manufactured such as camping layouts which may include a bed or food preparation area in addition to or in lieu of seating capacity. Because of the relative ease in which an existing vehicle platform can be converted, alternative modular compartments may be constructed for other specialized situations, such as for example, a paramedic/ambulance.
Unlike conventional truck conversions, passengers and cargo can be transferred between the driver's portion of the vehicle and the rear compartment. In addition, certain systems of the vehicle (i.e., HVAC, electrical, and sound systems, etc.), can be easily extended or modified to service the entire interior of the vehicle.
From the subsequent detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and subjoined claims, other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

Modular passenger compartment for motor vehicle


A power steering system includes a hydraulic power cylinder having a first and a second hydraulic chambers, for assisting a steering force of a steering mechanism, a first and a second oil passages respectively connected to the first and second hydraulic chambers, a reversible pump discharging operating oil and providing oil pressure to the hydraulic power cylinder through the first and second oil passages, and a motor connected to the reversible pump and rotating the reversible pump in normal and reverse directions. A steering load detection unit detects a steering load of a steering wheel for steering of the steered road wheels, and a motor control unit outputs a control signal to the motor to bring an actual oil pressure generated by the reversible pump closer to a desired oil pressure determined based on the detected steering load. A discharge amount per rotation of the reversible pump is smaller than or equal to 5 cc.

The present invention relates to a power steering system which assists steering effort.
In recent years, there have been proposed and developed various power steering systems. One such power steering system has been disclosed in Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 2004-276664 (hereinafter is referred to as "JP2004-276664"). In JP2004-276664, the power steering system includes a power cylinder, a reversible pump connected to the power cylinder and pumping out operating oil from a reserve tank into the power cylinder, and a motor which drives or rotates the reversible pump in normal and reverse rotational directions. In addition, a piston is provided within the power cylinder, and the power cylinder and the piston cooperate to define two right and left working pressure chambers therein. Oil pressure (working fluid pressure) is selectively distributed to these right and left pressure chambers by the reversible pump which is driven by the motor, and thereby generating steering assisting force. In JP2004-276664, the power steering system is configured so that substantially all the operating oil discharged from the reversible pump is supplied to the power cylinder.
On the other hand, other power steering systems which employ a control valve have been used. In these power steering systems, operating oil pressurized by a pump is provided into a power cylinder through the control valve. When provided, by means of the control valve, the only required amount of operating oil for steering assist in the operating oil discharged from the pump is provided into the power cylinder. The residual oil other than the operating oil provided into the power cylinder is exhausted to a reserve tank while remaining pressurized.


The present invention relates to a luciferase derived from a star-worm belonging to genus Diplocladon, the luciferase inducing luminescence such that a maximum luminous wavelength falls within a range of 557 to 562 nm over the entire pH range of 5.5 to 8.0, or the luciferase inducing luminescence having 1.5 times the luminous intensity of luminescence induced by Photinus pyralis firefly luciferase.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a luciferase of luminous insect star-worm which belongs to Arthropoda phylum, Insecta class, Coleoptera order. More specifically, it relates to a luciferase cloned from a star-worm and to a mutant thereof, and to a method for determining function of a cell by expressing a gene of the luciferase in a cell and detecting luminescence by means of imaging.
2. Description of the Related Art
For determining function of cells such as intracellular signal transduction and gene expression, a fluorescent probe such as a fluorescent dye and fluorescent protein and a luminescence probe utilizing a luciferine-luciferase reaction have been used. Especially, for the analysis of gene expression regulation, luminescence measurement is used, which does not cause damage of cell due to exciton light or a problem of autoluminescence and is excellent in terms of quantitative determination. For example, in the case of observing a cell into which a luciferase gene is introduced, the intensity of expression of the luciferase gene (more specifically, the expression amount) can be determined by measuring luminescence from the cell by luciferase. The measurement of degree of the luminescence is performed by the procedures in which luciferine, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the like are added to lysate prepared by lysis of cells, and the lysate is subjected to a quantitative determination by a luminometer utilizing a photoelectric multiplier. Namely, luminescence is measured after lysis of cells, and thus the expression amount of the luciferase gene at a certain time point is determined as an average value of the entire cell. Examples of a method for introducing a luminescent gene such as luciferase gene as a reporter gene are a calcium phosphate method, lipofection method, and electroporation method, and each of these methods is used depending on the purpose and type of cells. Analysis of the expression amount of luciferase with use of an objective DNA fragment ligated to the upstream or downstream of a luciferase gene to be introduced into a cell enables study of the effect of the DNA fragment on luciferase gene transcription. Further, co-expression of a luciferase gene to be introduced into a cell and the objective gene enables study of the effect of the gene product on luciferase gene expression.
For time-course analysis of the expression amount of a luminescent gene, the degree of luminescence of a living cell needs to be measured over time. Such measurement is carried out by cell cultivation in an incubator provided with a luminometer and quantitative determination of the degree of luminescence from the whole cell population at regular time intervals. Consequently, for example, an expression rhythm having a certain cycle can be analyzed, and temporal change of the expression amount of the luminescent gene in the entire cell can be obtained.
In recent years, in a field of biology and medical science there is increasing necessity of the time course observation of dynamic alterations in living samples with images. In a field of utilizing observation of fluorescence, time lapse or dynamic image pickup has been adopted for understanding function of a protein molecular dynamically. In the conventional technique, time course observation with use of a fluorescent sample has been carried out, for example, observation of moving images for one molecule of a protein provided with an added fluorescent molecule.
In contrast, when a luminescent sample is used for time-course observation, use of a CCD camera equipped with an image intensifier is required since the luminous intensity of the luminescent sample is extremely low. Recently, a microscope equipped with an optical system for observation of luminescent samples has been developed (Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2006-301599, International Publication No. 2006/088109).
Upon image pickup of a luminescent sample having small luminous intensity, it should be exposed for a longer term for obtaining clear image. Such a luminescent sample is used for only limited research. For example, when 30 minutes of exposure is required because of low luminous intensity, time-course image pickup is possible at every 30 minutes but is not at a shorter time interval, and real-time image pickup is also impossible. Upon acquisition of images, plural images should be obtained and compared in order to focus on cells which emit light, and thus it is time-consuming when longer exposure time is required because of low luminous intensity.


A scanned radio frequency (RF) antenna having a small volume is described.

As is known in the art, there is a trend to increase the number of radio frequency (RF) antennas disposed on both commercial and military structures including both airborne and land-based structures and vehicles. Such structures and vehicles may be either stationary or mobile. For example, RF antennas are often disposed on cell towers, missiles, aircraft, and mobile ground based vehicles.
As is also known, there is an increasing trend to place even more RF antennas on such structures. Since there is often a limited amount of space in which to place the antennas, there is a concomittant increase in the value of the space occupied by each antenna. Accordingly, it is desirable to utilize RF antennas which occupy the least amount of space (i.e. occupy the least amount of volume and real estate on the structures) while still providing a desired level of performance. Utilizing compact RF antennas frees up valuable surface area and in structures on which the RF antennas are disposed.
In missile applications, for example, high gain fixed beam antennas (e.g. fuse antennas) typically occupy a relatively large volume in order to provide the antenna having desired gain and antenna pattern characteristics. It would, therefore, be desirable to provide compact antennas which occupy a relatively small volume compared with conventional antennas providing the same function. For example, it would be desirable to provide compact fuse antennas which occupy a relatively small volume compared with conventional fuse antennas having substantially the same desired gain and antenna pattern characteristics.

Scanned antenna having small volume and high gain


A stable hair care composition comprising from about 1.00% to about 80.00% by weight of one or more surfactants selected from the group consisting of anionic, nonionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof; from about 0.05% to about 15.00% by weight of at least one fatty alcohol having from about 10 to about 30 carbon atoms; from about 0.10% to about 15.00% by weight of a non-volatile silicone; and from about 1.35% to about 2.70% by weight of a non-crosslinked polymeric suspending agent.

The present invention is directed to a stable hair care composition and, in particular, to a stable shampoo composition comprising a surfactant, a fatty alcohol, a non-volatile silicone, and a critical amount of a polymeric suspending agent, wherein the polymeric suspending agent is the sole suspending agent for suspending the silicone in the composition. The polymeric suspending agent is a polymer that is substantially free of any crosslinking, e.g., a non-crosslinked polymer. The present invention also relates to a method of suspending silicone in a water-based shampoo matrix using a non-crosslinked polymeric suspending agent.
The use of silicones in shampoo compositions has been disclosed in a number of different patents: U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,500 to Drakoff, U.S. Pat. No. 4,364,837 to Pader, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,788,006 and 4,902,499 to Bolich, Jr. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,218 to Duvel, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,695 to Abrutyn et al. A major problem associated with formulating a shampoo composition containing silicone is the instability of the composition. A particularly difficult problem in silicone-containing shampoos is that of keeping a dispersed, insoluble, non-volatile silicone material suspended in stable form while retaining the performance properties of the shampoo.
Attempts to overcome such instability have been made. For example, it is known to stabilize silicone by using one or more of triethanolamine or triethanolamine compounds such as triethanolamine stearate, ethylene glycol distearate and stearamine. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,218 teaches that anionic surfactants and cationic conditioning agents are compatible, when combined with an anionic polymeric suspending agent, to suspend non-volatile silicone in the composition. In particular, this patent discloses a stable conditioning shampoo composition having an anionic surfactant and a cationic quaternary nitrogen-containing conditioning agent with a non-volatile silicone suspended therein using an anionic, crosslinked polymeric suspending agent such as a crosslinked polyacrylic acid suspending agent. The polyacrylic acid is an anionic crosslinked material and, more importantly, is not the only suspending agent. Other suspending agents such as distearyldimonium chloride, distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and dicetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride are also included.
A publicly available shampoo contains a non-crosslinked material, namely an acrylate/steareth-20 methacrylate copolymer, as a thickener. It is believed that this copolymer is present in minimal amounts of less than 1.00% by weight. Thus, the copolymer is not present at the critical level necessary for enhanced stability according to the present invention. This shampoo also contains other suspending agents such as triethanolamine stearate, ethylene glycol distearate and stearamine.
Rohm & Haas discloses the use of an acrylate copolymer, sold under the trade name Aculyn.RTM. 33, in an anti-dandruff shampoo. Rohm & Haas also discloses the use of an acrylate/steareth-20 methacrylate copolymer, sold under the trade name Aculyn.RTM. 22, in another anti-dandruff shampoo. These shampoos, however, do not contain any silicone. Moreover, the level of the acrylate and acrylate/steareth-20 methacrylate copolymers is less than the level found to be critical in the present invention.


A CPP GMR sensor structure having free and reference layers, where the magnetic orientations of the free and reference layers are non-orthogonal. In one embodiment, a ferromagnetic free layer film has a bias-point magnetization nominally oriented in plane of the film thereof, in a first direction at an angle θfb with respect to a longitudinal axis being defined as the intersection of the plane of deposition of the free layer and the plane of the ABS. A ferromagnetic reference layer film has a bias-point magnetization nominally oriented in a plane of the film thereof, in a second direction at angle θrb with respect to said longitudinal axis that is not orthogonal to the said first direction.

The heart of a computer is a magnetic disk drive which includes a rotating magnetic disk, a slider that has read and write heads, a suspension arm above the rotating disk and an actuator arm that swings the suspension arm to place the read and write heads over selected circular tracks on the rotating disk. The suspension arm biases the slider into contact with the surface of the disk when the disk is not rotating but, when the disk rotates, air is swirled by the rotating disk adjacent an air bearing surface (ABS) of the slider causing the slider to ride on an air bearing a slight distance from the surface of the rotating disk. When the slider rides on the air bearing the write and read heads are employed for writing magnetic impressions to and reading magnetic signal fields from the rotating disk. The read and write heads are connected to processing circuitry that operates according to a computer program to implement the writing and reading functions.
Magnetoresistive (MR) read sensors, commonly referred to as MR heads, are used in all high capacity disk drives. An MR sensor detects a magnetic field through the change in its resistance of as a function of the strength and direction of the magnetic flux being sensed by the MR layer. The standard type of MR sensor in today's disk drives employs the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) effect, such that the resistance varies as a function of the spin-dependent transmission of the conduction electrons between two or more ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer layers, and the accompanying spin-dependent scattering which takes place at the interface of the ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers and within the ferromagnetic layers. The resistance of these sensors depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization of the different magnetic layers.
GMR sensors whose resistance depends primarily on the relative magnetization of only two layers of ferromagnetic material (e.g., Ni—Fe) separated by a layer of non-magnetic material (e.g., Cu) are generally referred to as spin valve (SV) sensors. In a "simple", SV sensor, one of the ferromagnetic layers, referred to as the reference layer (or pinned layer), has its magnetization typically pinned by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic (e.g., PtMn) layer. The pinning field generated by the antiferromagnetic layer should be sufficiently large to ensure that the magnetization direction of the reference layer remains fixed during the application of external fields (e.g., fields from bits recorded on the disk). The magnetization of the other ferromagnetic layer, referred to as the free layer, however, is not fixed and is free to rotate in response to the field from the recorded magnetic medium (the signal field). U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,590 granted to Dieny et al., incorporated herein by reference, discloses a "simple" SV sensor operating on the basis of the GMR effect.
An exemplary high performance read head employs a spin valve sensor for sensing the magnetic signal fields from the rotating magnetic disk. FIG. 1A shows a prior art SV sensor 100 comprising a free layer (free ferromagnetic layer) 110 separated from a reference layer (pinned ferromagnetic layer) 120 by a non-magnetic, electrically-conducting spacer layer 115. The magnetization of the reference layer 120 is fixed by exchange pinning to an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer 130.
FIG. 1B shows a perspective view of the SV sensor 100 of FIG. 1A.
Almost universally employed in present day SV sensors is the use is the use of antiparallel (AP)-pinning. In such AP-pinned SV sensors, the reference layer is a laminated structure of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic AP-coupling layer such that the magnetizations of the two ferromagnetic layers are strongly coupled together antiferromagnetically in an antiparallel orientation. The first ferromagnetic layer, referred to as the pinned layer, has its magnetization pinned/fixed in orientation by direct exchange coupling to an AFM layer. The second ferromagnetic layer serves as the reference layer in determining the resistance of the device, is strongly AP-coupled to the pinned layer, and by effect is also fixed in orientation. The cancellation of magnetic moment and demagnetizing fields of the AP-aligned pinned and reference layers greatly improves the stability of the reference layer relative to that obtained for the simple SV sensor of FIG. 1A.
Referring to FIG. 1C, an AP-Pinned SV sensor 200 comprises a free layer 210 separated from a laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 by a nonmagnetic, electrically-conducting spacer layer 215. The magnetization of the laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 is fixed by an AFM layer 230. The laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 comprises a first ferromagnetic (pinned) layer 226 and a second ferromagnetic (reference) layer 222 separated by an antiparallel coupling layer (APC) 224 of nonmagnetic material. The two ferromagnetic layers 226, 222 (FM1 and FM2) in the laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 have their magnetization directions oriented antiparallel, as indicated by the arrows 227, 223 (arrows pointing out of and into the plane of the paper respectively).
Variations of the resistance R of the spin valve sensor are known to be a linear function of Q=cos(θ), where θ is the angle between the (in-plane) magnetization vectors of the reference and free layer structures. Specifically, θ≡θf−θr, where θf is the angle of (in-plane) magnetization of the free layer and θr represents the angle of (in-plane) magnetization of the reference layer. The sensitivity of the sensor is quantified by its magnetoresistive coefficient ΔR/R0, where ΔR=Rmax−Rmin the maximum change in the resistance of the sensor, and R0=R(Q=0) is the resistance of the sensor when the magnetic moments are orthogonal. It is virtually always the case in SV sensors as practiced in the art that Rmax=R(Q=−1)=R(θ=180°) and Rmin=R(Q=+1)=R(θ=0).
In operation, the SV sensor is subjected to positive and negative magnetic signal fields Hsig from a moving magnetic disk. These positive and negative signal fields are typically equal in magnitude, and oriented orthogonal to the plane of the disk (or ABS plane). It is desirable that positive and negative changes in the resistance of the spin valve read head be equal so that the positive and negative readback signals are equal.
When the direction of the magnetic moment of the pinned/reference layer structures are exchange pinned perpendicular to the ABS, i.e., such that θr=±90°, then Q=±sin(θf), where θf is measured from an axis mutually parallel to the planes of the free layer and the ABS. Since R(Q) is linear with variation of Q, it follows that R0=R(Q=0)=R(θf=0) will be exactly midway between Rmax=R(Q=−1) and Rmin=R(Q=+1).
It is further well known magnetically that the rotation of the free layer magnetization angle θf in response to magnetic signal fields from the disk, is such that sin(θf) will vary approximately linearly with the amplitude of the signal field Hsig. This is particularly true if θfb=0 is approximately the (quiescent) bias-point orientation of the free layer in the absence of signal fields, in which case the sensitivity d(sin(θf)/dHsig is also generally maximized. It follows that the optimum bias point configuration: θr≅±90°, θfb=0° will concurrently maximize both the small signal sensitivity and linear dynamic range SV sensor, while simultaneously minimizing the asymmetry in resistance change R(Hsig)−R0 with respect to the polarity of signal field Hsig. These design considerations for optimized SV sensor performance are illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2B, and are well known in the prior and present day art for CIP sensors.
The location on the transfer curve of the actual bias point is influenced by several major factors. These include demagnetizing fields, both intralayer (shape anisotropy), and mutual interlayer dipolar coupling, combined with interfacial coupling fields between the free and reference/pin layers, the pinning field strength Hpin exerted on the pinned layer by exchange coupling to the AFM to maintain θr≅±90°, and, a longitudinal bias field HLB (typically supplied by layers of permanent, hard magnet material contiguous to the track edges of the SV sensor), to stabilize the free layer magnetization in a quiescent/bias state with θfb≅0° Given the inevitable anisotropic stress relief at the lapped, ABS edge of the sensor, stress-induced magnetic anisotropy due to nonzero magnetostriction in any of these magnetic layers may also play a role.
The above descriptions of SV sensors apply primarily to what are known in the art as Current-in-Plane (CIP) spin-valve sensors (CIP-SV), in which the bias current flows primarily in the plane of all constituent layers of the SV structure. CIP-SV sensors have been at the core of HDD read head technology for over one decade. For all such devices, the bias current is injected into the sensor through metallic conductive layers (which may include the aforementioned hard bias films) which form a junction with the sensor at the edges which define its physical track-width (TT). Like the sensor itself, the metallic lead structures must be contained within, and maintained electrically insulated from, the two (lower and upper) magnetic conductive shields (typically NiFe) whose gap length G primarily determines the linear (downtrack) resolution capability of the sensor.
As HDD product areal densities exceed 100 Gbit/sq. in., the size of G, TW, and sensor stripe height SH (with SH≈TW typically) are all necessarily being decreased to below 100 nm size. These small SH, combined with constraints on the thickness of the metallic leads at/near the junctions in order to fit within the shield gap G. result in large parasitic junction resistance Rpar which scales roughly as 1/SH. At the 100 nm device size, Rpar is already comparable to the intrinsic sensor resistance Rint=Rsq×(TW/SH), which for fixed sensor sheet resistance Rsq and a fixed, optimized aspect ratio SH/TW≈1, is scale invariant. Because the bias voltage limitations due to Joule heating, the sensor output will be limited by the ratio of Rint/(Rint+Rpar) which scales unfavorably as sensor size is reduced. Due to this, along with fabrication difficulty associated in lithographic limitations in forming the electrical junctions and maintaining robust electrical insulation from the shields, it is projected that CIP-SV sensor technology will not be extendable to sensor sizes at/near or below roughly 50 nm.
It is in this future, but approaching 50 nm sensor size regime, where Current-Perpendicular-to-Plane (CPP) technology is expected to replace the CIP devices used in virtually all disk-drive products to date. For CPP, the shields can serve as the leads, obviating the need for electrical isolation, and essentially eliminating parasitic resistance problems. The two prime candidates for CPP sensors used tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), or CPP-GMR, the latter being most similar to in physical mechanism to CIP-GMR devices. Of these two, TMR sensors have to date received the most immediate attention and development for the first generation of CPP read heads, due to their potentially very large ΔR/R0>>10% However, the large resistance area product (RA) of TMR tunnel barriers (˜2 Ω-μm2) would predict prohibitively large device impedances RA/(TW×SH) in the ˜50 nm device size regime. For this reason, CPP GMR-SV sensors (CPP-SV) with (RA≈0.05-0.2 Ω-μm2) are receiving attention for longer term R&D as future read head technology.
Although similar, the transport properties of the CPP-SV differ somewhat from that of the CIP-SV. ,In particular, the magnetoresistance R(Q)−R0 varies nonlinearly in the quantity Q=cos(θ) described previously. FIGS. 2A-B qualitatively illustrates the change of resistance R as a function of cos(θ) for a CPP-SV device, the actual layer structure being similar to a CIP-SV. It is believed that this aspect of CPP-SV and its consequences on bias point optimization has heretofore not been fully appreciated to the magnetic head community.
The inventors have found that this nonlinearity is such as to shift the optimum bias point to have non-orthogonal orientation between free and reference layer magnetization, such that Qb=cos(θfb−θr) is negative rather than zero, perhaps as large as Qb≈−0.5. The present invention addresses several different ways to achieve this non-orthogonal bias point.

CPP-GMR sensor with non-orthogonal free and reference layer magnetization orientation

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


The present invention relates to mechanical-electrical power conversion systems. The systems comprise one or more electroactive polymers that convert between electrical and mechanical energy. When a voltage is applied to electrodes contacting an electroactive polymer, the polymer deflects. This deflection may be converted into rotation of a power shaft included in a motor. Repeated deflection of the polymer may then produce continuous rotation of the power shaft.

The present invention relates generally to motors comprising one or more electroactive polymers. More particularly, the present invention relates to clutch motors and their use in various applications.
A motor converts from an input energy to mechanical energy. Most often, the mechanical energy is output as rotary motion of a shaft, but linear motors for translating a shaft are also commonly used. The most common class of input energy for a motor is electricity. Electric motors include AC, DC, servo, and stepper motors. Compressed air and pressurized hydraulic fluid are also used to power air and hydraulic motors. Gasoline or diesel engines are another traditional class of motors that rely on combustion of a fuel. Each of these motor classes has advantages and disadvantages that influence their usage.
For a DC motor, DC current is typically supplied from battery sources. Battery voltages are typically in multiples of 1.5 volts, with 12 volts being the most common. DC motors are made in different electrical configurations, each of which provides a different torque-speed relationship that describes how the motor will respond to an applied load at different speeds. For a permanent magnet DC motor, torque often varies inversely with speed. Since the power available for a DC motor is typically limited, an increase in torque requires a decrease in velocity and vice versa. Thus, when a load is applied, the motor must reduce speed to compensate. One solution to the torque-speed problem is to use a 'speed-controlled DC motor', which contains a controller that increases and decreases current to the motor in the face of changing load to try and maintain a constant speed. These motors are typically expensive and run from an AC source since the controller converts from AC to DC.
AC motors provide continuous rotary motion but usually rely on current supplied by power companies. They are limited to a few speeds that are a function of the AC line frequency, e.g., 60 Hz in the U.S. The most common AC motor no-load speeds are 1725 and 3450 revolutions per minute (rpm), which represent some slippage from the more expensive synchronous AC motors speeds of 1800 and 3600 rpm. If other outputs speeds are desired, a gearbox speed reducer is attached to the motor's output shaft.
AC and DC motors are designed to provide continuous rotary output. Though they can be stalled against a load, they will not tolerate a full voltage, zero velocity stall for an extended period of time without overheating.
Servomotors are fast response, closed loop control motors capable of providing a programmed function of acceleration or velocity, or capable of holding a fixed position against a load. Thus, precise positioning of the output device is possible, as is control of the speed and shape of its time response to changes in load or input commands. However, these devices are very expensive and are commonly used in applications that justify their cost such as moving the flight control services of aircraft.
Stepper motors are designed to position an output device. Unlike servomotors, these are typically open loop, meaning they receive no feedback as to whether the output device has responded as requested. While being relatively good at holding the output in one position for indefinite period, they often are poor with motion and get out of phase with a desired control. In addition, these motors are moderately expensive, have a low torque capacity, and also require special controllers.
Most electromagnetic motors must consume electrical energy to maintain a force or torque. The only exceptions would be motors with preferred magnetic positions such as stepper motors that can resist a torque up to the torque that causes rotor slippage. But even stepper motors cannot provide a constant static torque at an arbitrary rotor position unless power is used. Thus, conventional electromagnetic motors typically use power even to hold a static torque where no external work is done. This is why at stall and low speed conditions the efficiency of almost all electromagnetic motors is poor.
Air and hydraulic motors have more limited application than electric motors since they require the availability of a compressed air or hydraulic source. Both these classes of motors provide poor energy efficiency due to the losses associated with the conversion of energy first from chemical or electrical energy to fluid pressure and then to mechanical output. Although individual air motors and air cylinders are relatively cheap, these pneumatic systems are quite expensive when the cost of all the ancillary equipment is considered.
In addition to the specific drawbacks discussed with respect to each class of motor, all of the above motors classes are generally heavy, bulky and not suitable for many applications such as those requiring light weight continuous output. In view of the foregoing, improved systems that convert from an input energy to mechanical energy would be desirable.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Providing for a non-volatile memory architecture having write and overwrite capabilities providing low write amplification to a storage system is described herein. By way of example, a memory array is disclosed comprising blocks and sub-blocks of two-terminal memory cells. The two-terminal memory cells can be directly overwritten in some embodiments, facilitating a write amplification value as low as one. Furthermore, the memory array can have an input-output multiplexer configuration, reducing sneak path currents of the memory architecture during memory operations.

A recent innovation within the field of integrated circuit technology is resistive-switching memory. While much of resistive-switching memory technology is in the development stage, various technological concepts for resistive-switching memory have been demonstrated by the assignee of the present invention and are in one or more stages of verification to prove or disprove associated theory (ies). Even so, resistive-switching memory technology promises to hold substantial advantages over competing technologies in the semiconductor electronics industry.
Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is one type of resistive memory. The inventor believes RRAM has the potential to be a high density non-volatile information storage technology for higher density semiconductor-based devices. Generally, RRAM stores information by controllably switching among distinct resistive states. One theoretical example of an RRAM device includes an insulator layer provided between a pair of electrodes. Such a device properly configured can exhibit electrical pulse-induced hysteretic resistance switching effects.
Resistance switching is explained (in some theories) as a result of formation of a conductive structure within an otherwise electrically insulating medium. The conductive structure could be formed from ions in a nearby electrode, for instance, having free ions. In some theories, field-assisted diffusion of ions can occur in response to a suitable electric potential or current applied to an RRAM memory cell. According to other theories, filament formation can occur in response to joule heating and electrochemical processes in binary oxides (e.g., NiO, TiO2, or the like), or by a redox process for ionic conductors including oxides, chalcogenides, polymers, and so on.
The inventors expect resistive devices based on an electrode, insulator, electrode model, including those formed on polysiliconto exhibit good endurance and life cycle. Further, the inventors expect such devices to have very high on-chip densities. Accordingly, resistive elements may be viable alternatives to metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors employed for digital information storage. The inventors of the subject patent application, for instance, believe that models of resistive-switching memory devices provide some potential technical advantages over non-volatile FLASH MOS devices.
In light of the above the inventors desire to make further improvements in memory technology, and resistive memory.

Non-volatile memory with overwrite capability and low write amplification


The present invention provides a new anti-LSP1 (Leukocyte specific protein 1) antibody. This new antibody allows the specific staining of inflammatory dendritic cells and can be used in diagnosis methods or as a medicament when conjugated to a drug.

Inflammation is a physiological response necessary to restore homeostasis altered by diverse stimuli. However, established chronic inflammation state or an excessive inflammatory response can imply deleterious effects, such as in rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammation is also considered as a major cause of cancers and aging processes, and has been involved in a wide variety of age-related diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, it has been shown recently that low-grade chronic inflammation is associated with obesity and thus participates actively to the development of obesity associated pathologies. Nowadays, pathological inflammations are therefore a major healthcare issue.
Inflammatory responses are mediated by immune defense cells and associated tissue residential cells that accumulate at the site of tissue injury or trauma to rid of unwanted exogenous agents (e.g., microbes) and endogenous agents (e.g., cancer cell clones), to clean up cellular debris, and to participate in tissue and wound healing. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms involved in these reparatory (inflammatory) processes due to, for example, the inappropriate activation of leukocytes, can initiate secondary tissue damages, which, in turn, contribute to the pathogenesis and persistent pathology of several inflammatory and immunomodulatory diseases. The molecular mechanisms and the cellular and chemical mediators involved in secondary tissue damages are similar, if not identical, in most inflammatory diseases.
In the nineties of the past century, a new cytokine, interleukin (IL)-17, was identified (Rouvier E et al, 1993, J Immunol, 150:5445-5456; Yao Z et al, 1995, J Immunol, 155:5483-5486). Subsequently, the presence of a novel T-helper cell subpopulation (Th17), able to produce IL-17, was revealed. Th17 cells are able to produce two isoforms of IL-17, IL-17A and IL-17F (Tesmer L A et al, 2008, Immunol Rev, 223:87-113), which are both pro-inflammatory cytokines. Researchers have shown that IL-17A and/or IL-17F are responsible for development of inflammation in many disorders, especially in autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn's disease as well as in tumor-associated inflammation (Adami S et al, 2014, BioDrugs, 28:487-497; Hot A and Miossec P, 2011, Ann Rheum Dis, 70:727-732; Hu Y et al, 2011, Ann NY Acad Sci, 1217:60-76; Piper C et al, 2014, Arthritis Rheumatol, 66:1955-1960; Tesmer L A et al, 2008, Immunol Rev, 223:87-113; Grivennikov S I et al, 2010, Cell, 140(6):883-99).
Since the key role of Th17 in inflammatory pathologies has been discovered, many drugs have been developed to target Th17 pathways with a limited success. Indeed, data from phase III clinical trials are moderately encouraging. All the drugs tested insofar are targeting Th17 cells, second messengers downstream of Th17, or some cytokines that are alleged to stimulate TH17 cells such as IL-23, IL-6 or IL-1 (cf. Tabarkiewicz J et al, 2015, Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp., 63:435-449).
Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells which play a critical role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response. Under non-inflammatory conditions, several human dendritic cells subsets have already been identified. Interestingly, the inventors have recently discovered a new dendritic cell population found in human inflammatory fluids and that displays a phenotype distinct from the macrophages present in the same fluids and from steady-state lymphoid organs or blood dendritic cells. They showed that these inflammatory dendritic cells are derived from monocytes, when present on the inflammation site. They also discovered that inflammatory dendritic cells are triggering the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th17 through the selective secretion of Th17 cell polarizing cytokines (Segura E et al, 2013, Immunity, 38:336-348).
Despite the major role played by this new population of inflammatory dendritic cells in the development of inflammation and in inflammatory pathologies, no efficient tool has been developed yet to allow a specific staining of these inflammatory dendritic cells. Such a tool would be however of major interest not only in fundamental research but also in the diagnosis of inflammatory pathologies. Nowadays, there is also a strong need for new therapies able to efficiently block the Th17 inflammatory pathway. The present invention seeks to meet these and other needs.

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA SANTÉ ET DE LA RECHERCHE MEDICALE


A textile surgical implant includes a base cloth, and an array of fibers provided on the base cloth. The base cloth is removable from the fibers before or after the location of the implant in a patient. A method of making a textile surgical implant is further disclosed. The method includes the step of placing an array of fibers on a base cloth by embroidery. The base cloth is removable from the fibers before or after the implant is implanted.

This invention relates to a textile surgical implant.
The manufacture of textile surgical implants often requires the manufacture of a low number of items. Modern textile manufacturing methods, however, are usually only cost effective if large numbers are produced. An advantage of high volume automatic manufacturing methods is that the articles manufactured are almost exactly alike. Such similarity is required by the needs of modern scientific surgery, in order that all patients shall be treated alike and that there is no untoward variation from implant to implant.
It is, therefore, desirable that textile implants should be able to be made cost effectively in small numbers on machinery that is mechanically or electronically controlled in such a way that each item produced to the same design will be virtually identical.
It is also desirable that the design method used shall be simple and quick to carry out, in order to minimise design costs. Low design costs also facilitate the cost-effective production of implants made to individual measurements, which may be desirable for unusual medical conditions or for use in patients where it is necessary to produce an implant of an exact size to fit that person.
Ideally a textile implant will have the textile fibres placed in a position and direction which accord with the design requirements in order that they may carry out their function correctly, whether it be load-bearing or otherwise.
The present invention is intended to deal with the above-mentioned problems.


A power tool has an electric motor, a brush element that is supported rotatably for switchover between clockwise operation and counterclockwise operation of the electric motor and includes a brush holder, and a switch unit, embodied separately from the brush element and connected in form-locking fashion to the brush element, which switch unit has an actuating element for actuation by a user, can be slipped in the axial direction onto the brush element, located on the electric motor, and is connected in the axial direction to the brush element.

The present invention relates to a power tool.
From German Patent Disclosure DE 102 27 782 A2, a power tool is known that has an electric motor and a rotatable brush plate, by whose rotation a switchover can be made between clockwise operation and counterclockwise operation of the electric motor. For actuation of the brush plate, the brush plate has an actuating element, located on the radially outer face of the brush plate, that is extended to the outside through a housing of the kc and can be actuated by a user.


A fold down seat back or seat bottom has at least one ergonomic support device in it. A traction cable is operatively engaged at one end with the ergonomic support device to actuate it. The fold down seat back includes a rotating cable tension unit and a fixed torsion bar. The rotating member moves relative to the fixed member when said fold down seat back is folded up. The traction cable is comprised of a sleeve having a first end and a second end and a wire having a first end and a second end. The wire is disposed to slide axially through the sleeve. The first sleeve end is attached to the rotating cable tension unit. The wire end is attached to the fixed torsion bar. The wire end may be attached to the torsion rod with a pulley. These attachments of the sleeve end and the wire end cause the wire to be drawn axially through the sleeve when the seat back is folded up, extending or rotating an ergonomic support, and cause the wire to be relaxed when the seat back is folded down, flattening the ergonomic support. The ergonomic device may be a bolster, a wire array, a head rest, an arching pressure surface or a scissors lumbar support.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is in the field of an automatically actuating ergonomic support system for automobiles.
2. Related Art
Lumbar supports for automobile seats are a known and popular ergonomic option. Whether lumbar supports are static or variable, their effect depends upon the creation of depth in the portion of the seat positioned to correspond to the passenger's lumbar spine. Head rests and thigh supports are also common ergonomic options.
Another popular feature in vehicles having cargo space such as sport utility vehicles, station wagons and the like, is fold down rear seats. Folding these seats down increases the cargo space. For that purpose, it is advantageous that the seat backs for the fold down rear seats be as thin as possible in their down position. Any reduction in the depth of the seat back when it is folded down increases the amount of available cargo space above it.
For passengers sitting in the fold down or "third row" seats, lumbar, thigh and head supports remain a desirable feature. If conventional lumbar, thigh and head supports are installed in fold down rear seats, however, their bulk interferes with the space conservation necessary to maximize cargo space.
Another problem for fold down rear seating is that their installation in a recess in the floor of the cargo space makes the use of conventional levers or hand wheels on the sides of the seats impractical. Therefore, actuating fold down seats is problematic.
Hence, there is a need in the industry for an automatically actuating ergonomic support system for a fold down rear seat that includes lumbar, thigh, and head support. These ergonomic supports must have depth when the seat is in its up position and must be as thin as possible when the seat is in its down position. All ergonomic supports need to be actuated into their support position simply by folding the seat up.

Automatically actuating ergonomic support system for a fold down seat


A cable stripper apparatus is disclosed for stripping insulation from an electric cable. The apparatus includes a framework and a driven wire feeder rotatably secured to the framework. A guide is provided for guiding the cable towards the wire feeder. The guide includes a movable spacer bar which extends towards the wire feeder. A cutter has a cutting edge which is disposed spaced and parallel to an axis of rotation of the wire feeder. The cutter is connected to the framework immediately adjacent to the wire feeder. The arrangement is such that when the cable is guided by the guide towards the wire feeder, the wire feeder, spacer bar and the cutter cooperate with each other for stripping the insulation from the cable. A cam is rotatably supported by the framework for moving the movable spacer bar relative to the framework to a required location of a plurality of locations of the movable spacer bar. The cam defines a plurality of cam faces such that when the cam is selectively rotated, a corresponding cam face of the plurality of cam faces cooperates with and moves the spacer bar to the required location of the spacer bar for guiding a particular gauge wire towards the cutter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cable stripper apparatus for stripping insulation from an electric cable.
More specifically, the present invention relates to a cable stripper apparatus having a wire feeder and a cutter for stripping insulation from an electric cable.
2. Background Information
When a house, office or factory is rewired, enormous quantities of scrap electrical cable are generated. In the past, in an attempt to recover the valuable metal such as copper from the used cable, such scrap cable was burnt so as to remove the plastic insulation therefrom. However, with the advent and implementation of rigorous Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Department of Natural Resources regulations prohibiting burning of waste plastics on electrical cables, the recovery of such valuable metal has been challenging. Primarily, the EPA and Department of Natural Resources regulations introduced approximately 15 years ago were introduced in order to prevent the release into the atmosphere of harmful gases given off during burning of plastics materials such as wire insulation.
More specifically, the approximate value of stripped copper wire is 50 cents per lb. However, the value of unstripped copper wire is only approximately 16 cents per lb. The cable stripping apparatus according to the present invention provides an extremely efficient means for rapidly removing insulation from electrical cables of various gauges.
Applicants prior application which was granted as U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,853 discloses a wire stripper apparatus which includes a spacer bar which can be exchanged for another spacer bar of a different thickness so that the machine can be adapted for stripping cables having different gauges or thicknesses. However, although the arrangement described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,853 operates very efficiently for stripping cable, the changing of the spacer bar has been found to be inconvenient and has made it necessary to stop the machine while such spacer bar is changed to accommodate the different type of cable being stripped. The present invention provides a unique way of enabling an operator to handle different gauge wires with minimal slow down in production.
Therefore, it is a primary feature of the present invention to provide a cable stripper apparatus for stripping insulation from an electric cable that overcomes the problems associated with the prior art arrangements.
Another feature of the present invention is the provision of a cable stripper apparatus for stripping insulation from an electric cable so that insulation can be stripped from different gauge wires.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art by a consideration of the detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention contained herein.


An internet of things-based indoor selfie-supporting camera system includes: sensing units respectively disposed in a plurality of indoor photographing stages to receive personal information from a portable terminal of a user using a radio-frequency identification (RF) tagging method; image capture units configured to capture an image with any one indoor photographing stage selected from the plurality of indoor photographing stages in the background, based on positional information transmitted from the sensing units and the personal information of the user; and a data server configured to store image data transmitted from the image capture units and the personal information of the user in a database, and transmitting the image data using the personal information of the user.

Recently, a portable terminal is basically provided with a camera, and supports a photographing function using the camera. During taking a picture, a user presses a key of the portable terminal or touches a button on a screen thereof to perform photographing with the camera.
Meanwhile, when a user touches the button on the screen during taking a picture, the user typically touches the button with a thumb. Therefore, during taking a picture, a hand holding the portable terminal may be shaken or a posture of the hand may become unstable. In particular, when performing a selfie (self-photographing), the portable terminal may be further shaken.
Therefore, in order to solve the above-described problems, Korean Patent Laid-Open No. 10-2013-0054576 proposes "a method and an apparatus for self-camera photographing." However, in the method and the apparatus for self-camera photographing, it is difficult to automatically capture a user's own image for each shot type of a short-range (close-up), a mid-range (mid-shot), and a long-range (long-shot) together with surrounding environments, as well as it is difficult to provide a service for processing and analyzing the captured image to the user.
In addition, when the user performs a selfie using his or her own portable terminal, a picture within only a narrow range of background can be taken even if using a selfie stick.

Internet of things-based indoor selfie-supporting camera system


This invention relates to the synthesis of bis(haloarylsulfonyl) aromatic compounds and more specifically, bis(chlorophenylsulfonyl) aromatic compounds. Bis(chlorophenylsulfonyl) aromatic compounds and particularly 4,4'-bis(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)biphenyl are frequently used as monomers and comonomers in making high temperature polymers which possess glass transition temperatures greater than 260.degree. C. A process has been developed wherein product of high purity and minimal iron contamination is produced by reacting haloarylsulfonyl halide with an aromatic compound in the presence of an appropriate catalyst with and without solvent.

This invention relates to the synthesis of bis(haloarylsulfonyl) aromatic compounds and more specifically, bis(chlorophenylsulfonyl) aromatic compounds. Bis(chlorophenylsulfonyl) aromatic compounds and particularly 4,4'-bis(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)biphenyl are frequently used as monomers and comonomers in making high temperature polymers, and specifically polyarylene sulfide polymers which can possess glass transition temperatures greater than 260.degree. C.
Numerous studies have been conducted wherein the Friedel-Crafts sulfonylation reaction is used to synthesize sulfones by the reaction of an arylsulfonyl halide with an aromatic compound in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst. Of particular interest in this application is the reaction of a halogen-bearing arylsulfonyl chloride with biphenyl. It is widely accepted by those skilled in the art that the presence of an election withdrawing functional group, such as halogen, on either the arylsulfonyl chloride or the aromatic reactant significantly reduces reactivity.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,776 teaches that a 45 percent yield of 4,4'-bis(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)biphenyl is possible when biphenyl is contacted with a stoichiometric excess of 4-chlorobenzene sulfonyl chloride in the presence of a ferric chloride catalyst at a concentration of 0.20 moles catalyst per mole biphenyl reactant and a temperature of 140.degree. C. As the reaction proceeds, the mixture solidifies (see Control Test #1). When using a similar procedure, Cornell and Tajar ("A New Polyaryl Sulfone Thermoplastic Retaining Mechanical Properties up to 400.degree. F.," Society of Plastic Engineers, Tech. Paper 21, 621-3, 1973) report solidification of the mixture and a final yield of 65 percent 4,4'-bis(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)biphenyl. Cornell et al. note the limitations of a solid final product on process operation and report that nitrobenzene at a concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 parts by weight per weight part biphenyl (0.625 to 1.25 mol/mol) is an excellent solvent for avoiding solidification and improves the yield of 4,4'-bis(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)biphenyl to greater than 80 percent (see Control Test #2).
European Patent Application 0 351 954 teaches a process for preparing bis(halophenylsulfonyl) benzenoid compounds by reacting p-halosulfonyl halide with a benzonoid compound in an o-dichlorobenzene solvent at 110.degree. to 175.degree. C. and in the presence of ferric chloride catalyst. The resulting precipitant is tan to dark brown in color. The precipitant is then purified by refluxing the reaction mixture with either a hydroxy acid/water, hydroxy acid/alkanol, or a hydroxy acid/water/alkanol mixture at an elevated temperature thereby producing a bis(halophenylsulfonyl) benzenoid compound containing at least 70 ppm iron. The application teaches additional purification via a recrystallization process using an amide or amide/o-dichlorobenzene solvent.

Synthesis of bis(haloarylsulfonyl) aromatics


A satellite communications system (10) has a controller for improving and optimizing the delivery of path diversity in a satellite repeater-based communication system, thereby conserving both FDM channels and satellite power utilization. The reception of communications is improved, when one or more orbiting satellite repeater (12) transmitters is blocked or severely faded, by recognizing the need for satellite path diversity on a real-time or near real-time basis. A user terminal (13) is thus enabled to receive sufficient signal strength to avoid having an ongoing call automatically terminated. The system optimizes satellite path diversity applied to (a) classes (types) of user terminals and/or (b) to individual user terminals as a function of location and also a local RF propagation environment of the user terminal. In addition, a consideration is made of the satellite resources that are available at any given point in time, and may restrict or limit the availability of satellite path diversity, thereby increasing overall system capacity.

Signal blocking and fading in mobile communications systems is well known. Satellite-based systems generally have more stringent requirements that terrestrial-based systems due to the significantly longer propagation paths. In satellite mobile communications systems blocking and fading of user terminals by buildings, trees and terrain can be mitigated by using multiple orbiting satellite repeater transmitters to send multiple copies of a signal, via some or all satellite repeater transmitters in view, to a user which is potentially experiencing signal blocking and fading. These mitigation techniques, especially those using spread spectrum systems, utilize multiple signal path diversity (hereinafter referred to simply as "path diversity") as a means of maintaining communication paths when individual mobile users are in blocking and fading situations. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems in particular can exploit path diversity since there are multiple satellites and, hence, multiple and different communication paths to and from the user.
Most known or proposed systems of this type, in addition to using Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), generally channelize by frequency division multiplex (FDM). Furthermore, providing path diversity has an adverse affect of requiring the system to utilize many satellites. This increases the total power demand for each satellite, and also requires each satellite to make the same RF channels available for each user for path diversity transmissions. The end result can be a reduction in the total capacity of the system due to inefficiencies in RF channel assignment.
One approach to providing path diversity is to provide path diversity indiscriminately to all users. In fact, however, the inventor has realized that there are many different types of user terminals, as well as many different types of communication environments that a given user may reside in, either temporarily or permanently. For example, certain users will employ vehicle mounted terminals which can move through the environment rather quickly. Other users may employ hand-held or fixed terminals which may not be moving at all. In addition, there are a variety of terrains wherein users can be located, such as oceans, deserts, forests, suburban, urban, rural farmland, etc.
It can be appreciated that not all communication environments require the same level of path diversity, and furthermore not all user terminals within a given environment require the same level of path diversity.

Satellite repeater diversity resource management system


Processes for fabricating a contact grid for a photovoltaic cell generally includes providing a photovoltaic cell having an antireflective coating disposed on a sun facing side, the photovoltaic cell comprising a silicon substrate having a p-n junction; soft stamping a pattern of a UV sensitive photoresist and/or polymer onto the antireflective coating; exposing the UV sensitive photoresist and/or polymer to ultraviolet radiation to cure the UV sensitive photoresist and/or polymer; etching the pattern to form openings in the antireflective coating that define the contact grid; stripping the UV sensitive photoresist and/or polymer; and depositing a conductive metal into the openings defined by the pattern. The metal based paste can be aluminum based, which can be annealed at a relatively low temperature.

The invention relates to photovoltaic cells, and more particularly, to methods for manufacturing a contact grid including bus bars on a photovoltaic cell.
Current photovoltaic cells such as solar cells are covered with a metallic contact grid for transporting current and minimizing current loses due to resistance through underlying silicon-containing layers. The patterns of conductive metal lines that define the metallic contact grid and/or bus bars are generally screen printed using thick film technology to layer a conductive paste of metal materials into a desired pattern. The metal paste, typically silver, is dried and then fired, i.e., sintered, at relatively high temperatures. Problems related to current processes include the costs associated with the use of silver, which is relatively high and that the solar efficiency of the photovoltaic cell can be degraded during the annealing process because of the high temperatures currently used to effect sintering of the silver paste. For example, once the silver paste is screen printed, the annealing step typically occurs at temperatures of about 900° C. for an extended period of time, typically about an hour or more, which can cause the degradation.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved manufacturing processes that are less expensive and less prone to degradation.

Methods for manufacturing a contact grid on a photovoltaic cell

International Business Machines Corporation


A high-speed search apparatus for use with a video disk player, which is adapted to retrieve any position where desired information is recorded while moving an information reading point at high speed in a radial direction of a video disk. This apparatus is characterized by counting pulses generated in proportion to the rotation of a movable member such as a rotary knob, etc., determining the amount of displacement of the information reading point, on the basis of the thus-counted value, and then displacing at high speed the information reading points by said amount of displacement.

1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high-speed search apparatus for use with a video disk player.
2) Description of the Related Art
As an example of search method for accessing any position on a moving video disk for a video disk player, where desired information to be retrieved is recorded, by moving an information reading point of a pickup in a radial direction over the video disk at high speed, there is a known method described below. When an address indicated by a frame number or the like, representing a position where desired information has been recorded, is designated as a target address and a high-speed search command is issued, as illustrated in the timing chart of FIG. 1, the information reading point is moved at high speed until it passes the target address (period a). When the information reading point is moved beyond the target address, the direction of the movement is reversed so that the information reading point is moved at high speed in the opposite direction (period b). When it passes the target address again, the direction of the movement is reversed again and the velocity of the movement is lowered (period c). When the information reading point passes the target address, a servo loop of a slider bearing the pickup is closed for reading the address, and a read-out address is compared with the target address (period d). At this time, the information reading point is moved beyond the target address as a matter of course. Therefore a jump command is issued repeatedly to cause the information reading point to jump back in the opposite direction (period e). When the information reading points moves across the target address, the servo loop of the slider is closed (period f), and thereafter a still picture is reproduced by performing a one-track jumping back of the information reading point.
In the conventional high-speed search method as described above, the information reading point is moved to a position adjacent to the target address at high speed and a modification operation to cause the present address to converge the target address is performed while reading the present address from the disk. Thus, the time required to perform the modification operation is relatively long, thereby posing a limitation in reducing the search time. It is also impossible to search a desired image while viewing images reproduced on a screen because the search operation is based on the comparison between the addresses referred to above by using designated target address.
On the other hand, in video reproducing apparatuses such as video tape recorders, video disk players, etc., a technique is employed in which rotary knobs called SHUTTLE ring and a JOG dial are provided concentrically so that the image reproduction speed or image reproducing position is controlled by means of the rotary knobs. With a shuttle reproduction operation using the SHUTTLE ring, a continuous image reproduction is performed at the reproduction speed depending on the angle of rotation of the SHUTTLE ring. Thus, this method is convenient for viewing an outline of information recorded on a video tape or a video disk over a wide range. On the other hand, with a jog reproduction operation using the JOG dial, a reproducing frame in the reproduction of a still picture is changed to an adjacent frame in response to the rotation of the JOG dial, and the image reproducing position is advanced in a fashion of the reproduction of the still picture and in proportion to the amount of rotation of the dial. Thus, this brings about good operational performance and is convenient for the recognition of details of an image.
Where high-speed search using the shuttle or jog reproduction operation, visibility of the image will be reduced since the reproduction is performed by images moving at high speed, causing a difficulty in recognizing desired images, during the execution of the shuttle reproduction operation. On the other hand, in the case of the jog reproduction operation, the high-speed search cannot be achieved over a wide range because the jog reproduction is performed by changing the reproducing frame to the adjacent frame repeatedly as in the reproduction of a still image.

High-speed search apparatus for use with a video disk player


A system for receiving tubular formed film comprising two facing walls and forming plastic bags having headers, open mouths and sealed bottoms into a block or stack of bags. The system includes an opener means for severing a spaced perforation on only one wall of the film to make a bag with an open mouth.

Plastic bags for receiving products such as produce are well known in the art. Large numbers of such bags are in wide use particular in areas such as the produce departments of grocery stores. Certain applications for plastic bags require bags wherein the mouth of the bag is quickly opened to efficiently insert the produce or product into the bag. Such cases include "deli" type use where a clerk must quickly insert the desired product into the bag and then move his or her attention to a subsequent task or to another customer.

System and method for making plastic film bags with headers, open mouths and sealed bottoms


A method for initializing process controllers based on tool event data includes providing a tool having a process controller adapted to employ a control model to control an operating recipe of the tool; receiving a tool event notification; and initializing the control model in response to receiving the tool event notification. A manufacturing system includes a tool and a process controller. The tool is adapted to process wafers in accordance with an operating recipe. The process controller is adapted to employ a control model to control the operating recipe in accordance with a control algorithm. The process controller is further adapted to receive a tool event notification and initialize the control model in response to receiving the tool event notification.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to semiconductor device manufacturing and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for initializing process controllers based on tool event data.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is a constant drive within the semiconductor industry to increase the quality, reliability and throughput of integrated circuit devices, e.g., microprocessors, memory devices, and the like. This drive is fueled by consumer demands for higher quality computers and electronic devices that operate more reliably. These demands have resulted in a continual improvement in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, e.g., transistors, as well as in the manufacture of integrated circuit devices incorporating such transistors. Additionally, reducing the defects in the manufacture of the components of a typical transistor also lowers the overall cost per transistor as well as the cost of integrated circuit devices incorporating such transistors.
Generally, a set of processing steps is performed on a lot of wafers using a variety of processing tools, including photolithography steppers, etch tools, deposition tools, polishing tools, rapid thermal processing tools, implantation tools, etc. The technologies underlying semiconductor processing tools have attracted increased attention over the last several years, resulting in substantial refinements. However, despite the advances made in this area, many of the processing tools that are currently commercially available suffer certain deficiencies.
In particular, such tools often lack advanced process data monitoring capabilities, such as the ability to provide historical parametric data in a user-friendly format, as well as event logging, real-time graphical display of both current processing parameters and the processing parameters of the entire run, and remote, i.e., local site and worldwide, monitoring. These deficiencies can engender nonoptimal control of critical processing parameters, such as throughput, accuracy, stability and repeatability, processing temperatures, mechanical tool parameters, and the like. This variability manifests itself as within-run disparities, run-to-run disparities and tool-to-tool disparities that can propagate into deviations in product quality and performance, whereas an ideal monitoring and diagnostics system for such tools would provide a means of monitoring this variability, as well as providing means for optimizing control of critical parameters.
One technique for improving the operation of semiconductor processing line includes using a factory wide control system to automatically control the operation of the various processing tools. The manufacturing tools communicate with a manufacturing framework or a network of processing modules. Each manufacturing tool is generally connected to an equipment interface. The equipment interface is connected to a machine interface which facilitates communications between the manufacturing tool and the manufacturing framework. The machine interface can generally be part of an advanced process control (APC) system. The APC system initiates a control script based upon a manufacturing model, which can be a software program that automatically retrieves the data needed to execute a manufacturing process. Often, semiconductor devices are staged through multiple manufacturing tools for multiple processes, generating data relating to the quality of the processed semiconductor devices.
Various tools in the processing line are controlled in accordance with performance models to reduce processing variation. Commonly controlled tools include photolithography steppers, polishing tools, etching tools, and deposition tools. Pre-processing and/or post-processing metrology data is supplied to process controllers for the tools. Operating recipe parameters, such as processing time, are calculated by the process controllers based on the performance model and the metrology information to attempt to achieve post-polishing results as close to a target value as possible. Reducing variation in this manner leads to increased throughput, reduced cost, higher device performance, etc., all of which equate to increased profitability.
Commonly, a processing tool undergoes periodic preventative maintenance procedures or calibrations to keep the tool in optimum operating condition. For example, polishing tools include polishing pads that are periodically conditioned or replaced. Etch tools and deposition tools are periodically cleaned using both in situ cleans or complete disassembly cleans. Steppers are periodically calibrated to maintain alignment accuracy and exposure dose consistency.
The discrete maintenance activities, collectively referred to as tool events, often cause step changes in the processing characteristics of the tool. The control routines implemented by an automated process controller on the tool may experience problems as a result of these changes. For example, a process controller for a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) tool uses the blanket wafer removal rate of a polishing pad for modeling the performance (e.g., polishing rate) of the polishing tool. After a pad is conditioned or replace, the blanket wafer removal rate changes, thus disrupting the model. If the process controller attempts to control the CMP tool under the new processing characteristics, the polishing process may be poorly controlled or may even result in an unstable control algorithm. These control problems may result in increased variation or even defective wafers. Over time, the process controller may adjust its performance model based on post-processing metrology feedback, however, the wafers produced in the interim may be suspect. In some situations, the process controller might never be able to stabilize the process. Similar control problems may be experienced by process controllers on other tools.
The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing the effects of, one or more of the problems set forth above.

Method and apparatus for initializing tool controllers based on tool event data


A two-cycle, reciprocal piston, rotary combustion engine is provided including an outer casing, a housing disposed within and journaled from the casing about a central longitudinal axis with the housing including a plurality of parallel circularly arranged elongated cylinders spaced about the casing longitudinal axis. A pair of pistons are inversely reciprocal in each of the cylinders and the opposite ends of the casing includes stationary circular cam ramps with which rollers journaled from the remote ends of the pistons are rollingly engaged, the cam ramps and roller peripheries being inclined relative to a plane normal to the casing longitudinal axis an amount which enables the roller peripheries to rollingly contact the cam ramps substantially independent of any sliding contact between the contacting surfaces of the rollers and cam ramps, each of the longitudinal central portions of the cylinders including a single ingress and egress port opening outwardly therefrom away from the longitudinal axis of the casing successively registerable with ignition structure and combustion gas exhaust and air intake ports spaced about the casing periphery.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a barrel-shaped engine including a plurality of parallel cylinders mounted together for rotation about a central axis within a surrounding casing. Each of the cylinders has a pair of inverse reciprocable pistons disposed therein and cam ramps are stationarily supported from the ends of the casing, face toward each other and rollers are journaled from the pistons and rollingly engaged with the cam ramps. Further, means is provided for admitting a combustible mixture into and the egress of exhaust gases from the longitudinal central portions of the cylinders in timed sequence with reciprocation of the pistons therein.
2. Description of Related Art
Various different forms of rotary engines including some of the general structural and operational features of the instant invention heretofore have been provided such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,033,701, 3,968,776, 4,022,168, 4,177,771 and 4,779,579. However, the engines disclosed in these prior art references do not include the overall combination of structural and operational features of the instant invention.

Two-cycle, rotary, reciprocating piston engine


A vibration test apparatus for applying simultaneously three equal mutually-orthogonal vibration forces to each of at least two test objects so that each of said forces extends parallel to a corresponding respective one of mutually-orthogonal X, Y and Z axes of each test object. The apparatus comprises a fixture adapted for attachment to a conventional shaker table or a sliptable that has two or four object-supporting plates disposed in a selected angular relationship with the shaker table or sliptable. This angular relationship is selected so that the input vibration force generated by the shaker table is translated into the three equal forces, each of which extends parallel to a corresponding respective one of the three mutually-orthogonal axes of each test object secured to said fixture.

In conjunction with the design and testing of various products, e.g. consumer electronic goods and military products, vibration forces are applied to the product along selected axes thereof to determine if the product can tolerate such forces and continue to function properly. Because it is typically time consuming and somewhat difficult to attach and detach an object to be vibration tested to and from a vibration source, e.g. a shaker table, fixtures have been developed for facilitating the mechanical coupling the object with the vibration source. These fixtures generally comprise a base which is securely attached to the vibration source and at least one mounting surface to which the object to be vibration tested can be quickly and easily attached.
One such fixture is disclosed in British Patent Application No. 8,522,501, filed Sep. 11, 1985. This fixture has a cubic shape. The object to be vibration tested is attached to one face of the cube and another face of the cube is secured to a vibration source. By releasing the fixture from the vibration source after a vibration test is completed and rotating the cube about its diagonal axis 120 degrees, a new face of the cube is positioned for attachment to the vibration source. By this selective rotation of the cubic fixture, vibration forces can be selectively applied along three mutually-orthogonal axes of the object without the need for removing the object from the test fixture after each test. Rotation of the cubic fixture is effected either manually or by means of an electric motor.
Another vibration test apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,160, entitled "Multi-Axis Test Fixture System", issued on Jul. 18, 1989 to M/RAD Corporation of Woburn, Mass. (the assignee of this application). The latter apparatus comprises a cubic fixture for supporting an object to be vibration tested, a head expander positioned between the cubic fixture and a vibration source, an index assembly for raising the cubic fixture away from and lowering the cubic fixture onto the head expander, and a rotation assembly for rotating the cubic fixture about its diagonal axis when the fixture is raised above the head expander. The apparatus also includes a controller for automatically raising, rotating and lowering the cubic fixture so that vibration testing can be performed along three mutually-orthogonal axes of the test object without detaching the object or the cubic fixture on which it is supported from the vibration source during the three-test sequence.
The vibration test apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,160 functions satisfactorily in most circumstances. However, where, for instance, objects are vibration tested in assembly-line fashion using unskilled or low-skilled personnel, it has been determined that the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,160 can be too complicated for the average employee to operate. Accordingly, most vibration testing must be performed using fixtures which require detachment of the test object and/or fixture after a vibration test is performed along each of the axes of the object which are of interest. Clearly, where a multiple axis vibration test is to be performed, it is undesirable from a work efficiency perspective to attach and detach an object after the vibration test on each axis.
My prior copending application Ser. No. 07/731,372, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,051, discloses a vibration test fixture adapted for attachment to a conventional shaker table, or a conventional sliptable attached to a shaker table, which fixture is designed to support a test object so that the object can be vibration tested along three mutually-orthogonal axes in a single vibration test procedure without repositioning the object during the procedure. That test fixture is designed so as to simultaneously apply three equal vibration forces extending along mutually-orthogonal axes to a test object having mutually-orthogonal X, Y and Z axes so that the three vibration forces extend along or in parallel with a corresponding respective one of the X, Y and Z axes of the test object. The test fixture disclosed in said application Ser. No 07/731,372, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,051, comprises a flat object-supporting plate having a straight bottom edge and means for securing a test object in a selected fixed relationship on that plate so that the X and Y axes thereof form a 45.degree. angle with the bottom edge of the flat plate.
In one embodiment of the test fixture invention disclosed in my prior copending application Ser. No. 07/731,372, the flat object-supporting plate (and hence a test object secured to that plate) is inclined at about a 54.7.degree. angle with respect to the mounting surface of the shaker table to which the test fixture is secured. As a result of this inclination, the Z axis of the test object is inclined at about 35.3.degree. with respect to the mounting surface of the shaker table. In another embodiment of the invention disclosed in said application Ser. No. 07/731,372, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,051, the test fixture is secured to a slip table mounted to a shaker and is arranged so that its flat object-supporting surface (and hence a test object secured to that surface) is inclined at about a 35.3.degree. angle with respect to the mounting surface of the sliptable. As a result of this inclination the Z axis of the test object is inclined at about a 54.7.degree. angle with respect to the mounting surface of the sliptable. By so supporting the test object with respect to the mounting surface of the shaker table or sliptable, and thus with respect to the axis of the vibration force, each of three equal, mutually-orthogonal vibration force components of the input vibration force are coupled to the test object along or in parallel with corresponding respective ones of the X, Y and Z axes of the test object. The test fixture invention described and claimed in my prior copending application Ser. No. 07/731,372, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,051, has been a commercial success.


A device of an improvement on the structure of linear actuator primarily includes a motor body and an output shaft, and at one end of the motor body fixed a gear case in which two sets of planetary gear trains fitted, by which a sun gear of one of the planetary gear trains is disposed at the top of output shaft; according to the above mentioned structure, the mesh teeth number between planetary gear is more to enhance the efficiency of resisting shocks and absorbing vibrates for attaining the intention of reducing cost, decreasing weight, diminishing volume, and promoting better outlook.

Conventional linear actuator fixes a threaded pole in front end of the motor, and an escalating threaded nut, mounted on the outside edge of the threaded pole, moves in axial direction while the threaded pole rotates diametrically; whereas the rotating speed of conventional motor is extremely fast, so that linear actuator fixed a set of gear slow-down device between output shaft and threaded pole to buffer the rotating speed of the threaded pole.
Refer to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, conventional linear actuator primarily comprises a motor body a and an output shaft a1 which mesh with first big decelerating gear b in the edge of front side; whereas the first big decelerating gear b is disposed under one side of output shaft a1, and in the front center of big decelerating gear b fixes a first small decelerating gear b1 which meshes with second big decelerating gear c; whereas the second big decelerating gear c is disposed under the other side of output shaft a1 beside the first big decelerating gear b, and in the center of second big decelerating gear fixes a second small decelerating gear c1 which meshes with the third big decelerating gear d; In front end of shaft center of the third big decelerating gear d fixes a threaded pole d1 with an escalating threaded nut d2 mounted on.
As mentioned above, the output shaft a1 of conventional linear actuator drives the first big decelerating gear b to rotate, and rolls the first small decelerating gear b1 simultaneously, and therefore takes advantage of the mechanic functionality of the number of the teethes of output shaft a1 less than that of the first big decelerating gear d to gain the purpose of slowing down the speed; similarly, the mesh between first small decelerating gear b1 and the second big decelerating gear c, and the second small decelerating gear c1 together with third big decelerating gear d are also designed to meet the purpose of slowing down the rotating speed.
Accordingly, the mesh point between gears of conventional linear actuator only in one part makes the actuation strength concentrate on one or two gears. In order to prevent concentrating strength from causing collapse, usage of better enduring material quality and weight and volume emphasis will increase the manufacturing cost and weaken the market competition.

Device of an improvement on the structure of linear actuator