A golf ball having an indicia composed of a novel metallic ink is disclosed herein. The first indicia is preferably composed of a vacuum metallized pigmented ink having a particle size ranging from 10 microns to 12 microns. The ink is preferably an aluminum based ink. The golf ball is preferably a two-piece solid golf ball or a three-piece solid golf ball. The novel ink preferably has a viscosity above about 300 centipoise.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a golf ball. More specifically, the present invention relates to a golf ball having a metallic ink printing thereon.
2. Description of the Related Art
Large particle size metallic inks have processing issues, and the luster and sheen of the inks is unappealing.
Heretofore, for the purpose of obtaining written marks with metallic luster such as gold and silver, aqueous ink using glittering pigments have been proposed. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Hei 7-118592 proposes an aqueous ink using an aluminum powder pigment. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Hei 8-151547 proposes an ink using a pearlescent pigment. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Hei 11-29734 proposes an aqueous metallic ink prepared by coloring an aluminum powder with an organic pigment fixed.
Aluminum pigments are used widely in coatings as special-effect pigments. The term special-effect pigments is used to denote pigments which have a directed reflection at oriented, metallic or highly light-refractive particles of a predominantly flat configuration (German Standard DIN 5594). They are always of a plate-like or flake-like configuration and have very large particle diameters compared with dye pigments. Their optical properties are determined by reflection and interference. Depending on transparency, absorption, thickness, single-layer or multi-layer structure, the special-effect pigments exhibit a metallic shine, a pearl shine, interference or interference reflection. The main area of use is in cosmetics and the automobile sector, and in addition in coloring plastic materials, paints, leather coatings, the printing industry and the ceramic industry. (For a comprehensive representation of the technical background, see W. Ostertag, Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 1994, 9, 849).
The aluminum pigments which are most frequently used are aluminum flakes or pigments based on flake-like Cu/Zn-alloys and coated mica flakes, wherein aluminum pigments exhibit a typical metal shine whereas coated mica flakes exhibit a typical pearl shine.
In recent years the need for colored special-effect pigments has increased greatly. Therefore for example oxide-covered copper and brass flakes, substrates which are coated with transition metal oxides such as muscovite, phlogopite or glass, guanine single-crystals (fish silver), BiOCl-single crystals, flake-form haematite single-crystals, flake-form phthalocyanines, micronized titanium dioxide, polished aluminum shot, iron oxide or crushed thin multi-layer films with a Fabry-Perot-structure were used as special-effect pigments.
In comparison, by coloring aluminum pigments, it is possible to produce colored pigments with improved covering capability, compared with pearl shine pigments, and good coloristic options. In that respect, the coloring action is produced either by fixing color pigments by means of polymers, by coating with oxides of different metals using a very wide range of different processes, by coating with a color pigment-bearing oxide layer or by oxidation.
In accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,042 and EP-A-0 033 457 aluminum flakes are colored by the deposition of iron oxide from iron pentacarbonyl, using a technically very expensive fluidized bed process. That procedure gives rise to gold-colored aluminum pigments.
In accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,475 color pigments are fixed on the metal surface by carboxyl group-bearing polymers. The pigments obtained however have only a low level of color intensity.
Aluminum pigments are colored in accordance with WO 91/04293 (PCT/US90/05236) by the fixing of polymer-coated color pigments on the metal surface by means of electrostatic forces.
In accordance with EP-A-0 238 906 metal pigments are covered with a titanium dioxide layer by the controlled hydrolysis of an organic titanate ester compound. Various color shades can be achieved by varying the thickness of the oxide layer. For that purpose it is necessary to observe accurately controlled reaction conditions such as pH-value and the rate of adding material by dropping. In order to achieve color effects, it is also necessary to perform a calcination operation which however can only be carried out with difficulty, because of the low melting point of aluminum.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,394 describes the production of titanium dioxide-coated aluminum pigments by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which is technically highly expensive.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,158,074 discloses the production of colored aluminum pigments by coating with a film of hydrated metal oxide. The film is produced by the treatment of fine aluminum flakes or plate portions in an alkaline solution of an iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc or copper salt at elevated temperature by electrochemical reaction of the metal salts.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,955 discloses a sol-gel process for the production of colored metal pigments, wherein the metal flakes are dispersed in a sol of an inorganic salt, dispersed after filtration in a solution of an inorganic compound, for example cobalt nitrate, in an organic solvent and finally a sol-gel layer is formed on the flakes by heating.
In accordance with DE 1 95 01 307.7 (Eckart-Werke) aluminum pigments can be colored in a very wide range of different color shades such as for example blue, red, violet and gold, in accordance with a process which is simple from the point of view of the apparatus used, by the controlled hydrolysis of metal acid esters in the presence of color pigments in an organic solvent.
JP-A-61-130375 discloses a gold-colored aluminum pigment, produced by the treatment of aluminum powder with dichromate, sodium fluoride and surface-active agents in acid solution, drying and treatment with a fatty acid derivative. Color shades other than gold cannot be achieved with that process. In addition the toxicity of the chemicals used and their high price represent a major disadvantage of the process.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,067,052 describes colored aluminum pigments which are produced by the oxidation of aluminum powder with KMnO4-solution, possibly with the addition of a reducing agent. The color shade of these pigments is golden, possibly also with a greenish or reddish shade, depending on the respective reducing agent used. In this case also the toxicity of the oxidizing agent has a detrimental effect.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method includes receiving, from a portable recording device, multiple recordings of sounds made by an elevator during operation of the elevator, the multiple recordings generated at different times. The method includes analyzing, by a sound analysis circuit, the multiple recordings generated at the different times to detect changes in an elevator characteristic over time and generating, based on detecting the changes in the elevator characteristic over time, a notification to perform an action on the elevator.

Embodiments of the invention relate to elevator system and in particular to maintenance of elevators by detecting changes in elevator noises over time.
Elevator service providers typically rely upon user complaints of an elevator malfunction or failure before elevator components are repaired or replaced. This requires the elevator to be taken off-line at unscheduled times, since it is not known when an elevator component or system will fail.
In addition, diagnosis and monitoring of elevator systems before and after component failures or malfunctions requires access to circuitry, control boxes, drive systems or other components that may be hidden behind elevator car panels or otherwise out of sight during normal operation. Accessing the circuitry, control boxes, drive systems or other components may also require that the elevator be taken out-of-service while a technician accesses the systems or components.


Convolutional neural networks for detecting objects of interest within images of biological specimens are disclosed. Also disclosed are systems and methods of training and using such networks, one method including: obtaining a sample image and at least one of a set of positive points and a set of negative points, wherein each positive point identifies a location of one object of interest within the sample image, and each negative point identifies a location of one object of no-interest within the sample image; obtaining one or more predefined characteristics of objects of interest and/or objects of no-interest, and based on the predefined characteristics, generating a boundary map comprising a positive area around each positive point the set of positive points, and/or a negative area around each negative point in the set of negative points; and training the convolutional neural network using the sample image and the boundary map.

In the analysis of biological specimens such as tissue sections, cytology images, tissue microarray (TMA) images, cell lines, blood smears, and the like, the biological specimens are sometimes stained with one or more stains or dyes in order to highlight various types of structures within the specimen, such as specific types of tissue, cells, cell organelles, and so forth. This can enable pathologists and other health care professionals to better assess the specimen's morphology and deliver a more accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan for the patient.
One method of staining the specimen is hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, in which a dark blue or violet hematoxylin binds to basophilic substances such as DNA and RNA, and a red or pink eosin binds to acidophilic substances such as positively charged amino acid side chains. Thus, cell nuclei on specimen slides stained with H&E are likely to appear in blue or purple, while structures like the cytoplasm, basophils, muscles, erythrocytes, collagen, and mitochondria are likely to appear in different shades of pink or red.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining is another staining technique that has become popular due to its significant efficiencies and the rich diagnostic information that it generates. IHC slide staining can be utilized to identify proteins in cells of a tissue section and hence is widely used in the study of different types of cells, such as cancerous cells and immune cells in biological tissue. For example, IHC staining may be used in research and clinical settings to understand the distribution and localization of the differentially expressed biomarkers of immune cells in a cancerous tissue for an immune response study. For example, tumors often contain infiltrates of immune cells, which may prevent the development of tumors or favor the outgrowth of tumors. In this scenario, multiple stains may be used to target different types of immune cells, and the population distribution of each type of immune cell is used in studying the clinical outcome of the patients.
In situ hybridization (ISH) staining is a technique that uses a labeled complementary DNA. RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue. In situ hybridization can be a powerful technique for identifying specific mRNA species within individual cells in tissue sections, providing insights into physiological processes and disease pathogenesis.
Researchers and clinicians have traditionally examined tissue slides stained with H&E, IHC, ISH, fluorescent ISH (FISH), or other methods under a bright-field or a fluorescence microscope. However, as the assays are becoming more complicated and often require locating and counting of hundreds or thousands of cells of specific types in specific types of regions, performing these tasks manually (and accurately) becomes an increasingly difficult task. Accordingly, more and more researchers and clinicians are beginning to employ "digital pathology" solutions that can help them get faster, more accurate, and more reproducible results. Digital pathology systems include slide scanners that can scan tissue slides to produce very high resolution (e.g., 0.5 or 0.275 microns per pixel) digital images of the tissue. Digital pathology systems also include hardware and/or software solutions for processing, viewing, and managing the biological specimen (e.g., tissue) images. Processing of the images may include enhancing their image quality, compressing and decompressing the images for storage, and in some digital pathology systems, automatically detecting, classifying, and quantifying different types of cells or other objects within the images, and visualizing the detected objects for the user in a convenient manner.
Several methods have been disclosed in the prior art to automatically detect, classify and quantify cells of a certain type within tissue images. Some methods are based on specifically defining the parameters (e.g., shapes, sizes, and colors) of the objects to be detected and using image processing techniques to find objects corresponding to the defined parameters. Such methods, however, tend to be sensitive to changes in staining and imaging conditions and therefore are not suitable for applications with high staining and/or imaging variability.
Machine learning techniques have also been explored for cell detection, such as statistical model matching learned from structured support vector machine (SVM) to identify the cell-like regions. However, these techniques are limited to automatic nucleus detection rather than membrane detection. Since some immune cell markers such as CD3 and CDS for universal T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells respectively are membrane markers, the stain shows a ring appearance rather than the blob appearance of a nucleus.
Deep learning techniques have also been tried. Some deep learning techniques employ "artificial neural networks" (hereinafter, simply "neural networks") that can be trained using sample images containing certain types of objects to later identify objects of the same types in other images. Neural networks are described, for example, in Schmidhuber, J.: "Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview," Neural Networks, Volume 61, January 2015, Pages 85-117. In the field of medical imaging, patch-based neural networks have been described as capable of detecting lymphocytes in tissue images. See, e.g., Janowczyk, A., Madabhushi, A.: "Deep Learning For Digital Pathology Image Analysis: A Comprehensive Tutorial With Selected Use Cases," Journal of Pathology Informatics 7(1), 29 (2016). However, formulating the problem as a patch-based convolutional neural network can result in extremely long inference time and/or reduced classification accuracy.
Higher accuracy may be achieved by using a fully convolutional network (FCN). Some FCNs have been proposed for performing image segmentation, that is, for finding boundaries of different types of objects. See, e.g., Long. J., Shelhamer, E., Darrell, T.: "Fully Convolutional Networks For Semantic Segmentation" in Proc. of IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). pp. 3431-3440 (2015); Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P., Brox, T.: "U-net: Convolutional Networks For Biomedical Image Segmentation" in Proc. of Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted. Intervention (MICCAI), Part III. pp. 234-241 (2015); Chen, H., Qi, X., Yu, L., Heng, P.: "DCAN: Deep Contour-Aware Networks For Accurate Gland Segmentation," arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.02677 (2016); and Chen, H., Qi, X., Cheng, J., Heng, P.: "Deep Contextual Networks For Neuronal Structure Segmentation" in Proc. of AA.AI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2016).
Such FCNs, however, may need to be trained using a large number (e.g., thousands) of precisely annotated sample images before they could produce accurate results, where "precisely annotated" may mean that every single pixel in the training image needs to be identified as either belonging to an object of interest or not Obtaining a sufficient amount of samples images with manually entered pixel-level annotations may not be feasible in fields like digital pathology, where the annotations may only be performed by highly skilled professionals such as pathologists who have very busy schedules and whose time is very valuable.
Accordingly, it is desirable to have a system and method for accurately detecting objects of interest in biological specimen images, where the system can be trained with limited amounts of ground truth data.

Convolutional neural networks for locating objects of interest in images of biological samples


A camshaft arrangement has a series of cams mounted on a camshaft for limited angular motion relative to the camshaft in response to force applied by a closing spring for the associated valve and a series of fixed cams separated by spacer sleeves. All of the cams and spacer sleeves are assembled on the shaft by sliding them on from one end and are retained between stops on the shaft so that they seal recesses in the movable cams which are filled with a damping fluid.

This invention relates to camshafts having cams which can move angularly to a limited extent on the camshaft.
Limited angular motion of individual cams on a camshaft is important to provide, for example, variable valve lift curves for the intake valves of an internal combustion engines. German Patent No. 32 34 640 and German Offenlegungsschrift No. 41 00 087 disclose camshaft arrangements of this kind for intake valves of internal combustion engines in which the limited angular motion of the cams relative to the camshaft on which they are mounted permits a relatively broad valve lift curve to be produced at high engine speeds, but a narrow valve lift curve at low speeds. This is accomplished by displacement of the valve closing time, the ascending flank of the lift curve being independent of rotational speed. In principle, however, it is possible instead to design such a camshaft arrangement so that the ascending flank of the valve lift curve is variable.
The limited angular motion of the cam is permitted by providing an angular recess in the cam adjacent to the camshaft so that an element projecting from the shaft is angularly movable in the recess. To assure a continuous valve lift curve and to avoid any interruption of contact between the cam surface and the valve, it is important to provide a damping fluid in the angular recess accommodating the projecting element. This in turn requires a seal capable of retaining the damping fluid at every speed range of the camshaft, i.e., at all engine speeds.
Insofar as the above-mentioned prior art discloses any solution to this problem, for example, German Offenlegungsschrift No. 41 00 087, there are comparatively few designs for angularly movable cams.
Another problem to be considered is the prevention of excessive friction between the cam-driving element associated with the camshaft, which has a flat outer surface in the prior art arrangements, and the adjacent inner surface of the angular recess in the cam. This is especially important when the projecting element comprises an additional contoured part which is inserted in a camshaft groove extending parallel to the axis of the camshaft and is subject to centrifugal forces, as in the arrangement disclosed in German Patent No. 32 34 640. If the cam-driving element is integral with the camshaft or is a constituent part of the shaft, as in the arrangement described in German Offenlegungsschrift No. 41 00 087, extremely precise fabrication is required to avoid undesirable wear.

Camshaft arrangement having angularly movable cams


A tool holder having a holder body, a collet, an intermediate rod, a clamp bolt and a pull stud. The collet and the intermediate rod are integrally connected by screwing. A spacer is mounted to the front end of the holder body and has an opening hole with a diameter nearly matching with the diameter of the shank portion of the cutting tool. In the opening hole, a tapered groove portion with an enlarged diameter portion on the rear and a reduced diameter portion on the front is formed, and in this groove portion, a sealing O-ring is mounted. A cap for holding the spacer is screwed down to the front portion of the holder body, and the cap and the holder body come in pressure-contact at each other's tapered surfaces.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tool holder, and more specifically, to a tool holder for mounting a cutting tool such as drills, end mills, etc. to a main spindle of a machine tool.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, it is known in the art of tool holder that the top end portion of a holder body or the rear end portion of a cutting tool is sealed for supply of coolant to processed portions or for dust prevention.
FIG. 6 shows a conventional construction for sealing the top end portion of a holder body 1. A spacer 52 is mounted to the top end portion of the holder body 1 via a cap 50 fixed with a bolt 51, and to an opening hole portion 53 of the spacer 54, an O-ring 54 is mounted. A cutting tool 40 has a shank portion 40a inserted into a collet 10 through the opening hole portion 53, and pressed and held to the collet 10. Coolant is supplied from the arrow "b" direction through the inside of the holder body 1 and spouted from the head end of the tool 40 through a center hole (not illustrated) of the cutting tool 40. Under this configuration, the coolant has pressure in the arrow "b" direction, but sealing is achieved by the O-ring 54 and an O-ring 55 inserted between the cap 50 and the spacer 52.
On the other hand, FIG. 7 shows a conventional construction in which the rear end of the cutting tool 40 is brought into contact with a top and tapered surface 15a of an intermediate rod 15 for sealing. Coolant is supplied to a center hole 42 of the cutting tool 40 through a center hole 17 of the intermediate rod 15.
Now, the sealing construction shown in FIG. 6 has a problem in that the cutting tool 40 must have a shank with a diameter same as the inside diameter of the O-ring 54. In general, various cutting tools with varying diameters in increments of 0.1 mm are used. It would be convenient if cutting tools with varying shank diameters within the range from the inside diameter of the O-ring 54 to 1 mm larger can be used with one type of spacer 52, for example, if cutting tools with shank diameters up to 13 mm in increments of 0.1 mm can be used when the inside diameter of the O-ring 54 is 12 mm.
On the other hand, in the sealing construction shown in FIG. 7, the intermediate rod 15 travels integrally with the collet 10, in other words, when the collet 10 is retracted backward (in arrow "A" direction) to tighten the cutting tool 40, the intermediate rod 15 is also retracted in this event. Consequently, pressure-contacting force between the rear end of the cutting tool 40 and the tapered surface 15a of the intermediate rod 15 is unable to be satisfactorily secured, creating a problem of insufficient sealing effect.
A conventional tool holder has a problem in that the machining accuracy is degraded by vibration in the cutting tool generated during high-speed rotation because the axial center of the cap 50 does not coincide precisely with the axial center of the holder body 1, thereby losing the balance. The cap 50 is fixed to the holder body 1 with bolts 51 using a tightening tool such as a wrench, etc., but it is difficult to fix completely coaxially to the holder body 1. In addition, because the cutting tool is rotated as high as 14,000 rpm in recent years, occurrence of vibration becomes conspicuous even if the axial misalignment of the cap 50 is negligibly small.


A flow separation hub including a first hub component, a second hub component affixed to the first hub component, a first passage arranged through the first and second hub components for enabling a first fluid to flow through the flow separation hub, a second passage arranged through the first and second hub components for enabling a second fluid to flow through the hub, wherein the hub prohibits fluid communication between the first and second fluids when the first and second fluids flow through the hub.

Torque converters are well known in the art, and generally include a pump, turbine, and stator to regulate torque transferred from an engine of an automobile to a transmission of the automobile. Some torque converters require an independent fluid circuit for the control of a clutch, such as a lock-up clutch between a piston plate and a cover of the torque converter.
An example of such a torque converter is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,349 (Bauer et al.). This torque converter includes a hub having a plurality of fluid channels for directing the flow of fluid through the torque converter, particularly fluid contacting an actuating piston of the torque converter. Currently, similar hubs are forged and then passages or channels are machined into the hubs, such as by drilling or milling. These machining processes require additional time, cost, material, and maintenance of cutting tools. Since a die is usually required for the forging process, it would be advantageous if a design for a hub could be developed where the passages are integrated into the design of the hub and die, so that additional machining is not required. Therefore, what is needed is a hub which can be formed without unnecessary machining operations.


A method for controlling delivery of fuel to each cylinder of an engine by adjusting the appropriate fuel valve duration times to each such cylinder based upon either a desired cylinder exhaust port temperature, or a predetermined detonation level. By using the exhaust port temperature measurements and/or detonation level measurements from each individual cylinder as a controlling parameter, the delivery of fuel to that particular cylinder can be trimmed to achieve the desired exhaust port temperature and/or predetermined detonation level. Balancing the exhaust port temperature and/or detonation level for each such cylinder to a common desired exhaust port temperature and/or detonation level likewise produces a substantially identical air/fuel ratio in each such cylinder. Both the exhaust port temperature control loop and the detonation control loop can be initiated at predetermined intervals so as to continuously maintain a balanced air/fuel ratio to each cylinder in any particular engine and, in certain situations, both control loops can operate simultaneously with respect to any particular cylinder.

Internal combustion engines can be fueled solely by a liquid fuel or, in the case of dual fuel engines, by both a gaseous and liquid fuel. Although the present methods are equally applicable to engines fueled solely by liquid fuel, the present methods will be discussed and explained primarily in the context of a dual fuel engine.
A dual fuel engine can typically operate in two modes, namely, a dual fuel mode (gaseous fuel and liquid fuel) and a liquid fuel mode. In a strictly liquid fuel mode, a liquid fuel, such as diesel fuel, is injected directly into an engine cylinder or a precombustion chamber as the sole source of fuel and energy during combustion. In a dual fuel mode, a gaseous fuel, such as natural gas, is controllably released into an air intake port of the particular cylinder where the gaseous fuel is mixed with air. After a predetermined period of time, a small amount or pilot amount of diesel fuel is injected directly into the cylinder or precombustion chamber in order to ignite the mixture of air and gaseous fuel. Compression of the air/fuel mixture during the compression stroke ignites the liquid fuel which in turn ignites the air/gaseous fuel mixture.
In an internal combustion engine, it is sometimes assumed that the air/fuel mixture to each cylinder is homogeneous. In actuality, of course, the air/fuel mixture to each cylinder is non-homogeneous due to many factors such as variations in manufacturing as well as differences in the operating characteristics of the injectors and/or valves used to control fuel delivery to each individual cylinder. If the control signals used to deliver fuel to different cylinders are of the same duration, such variations can result in different air/fuel ratios within different cylinders.
Detonation is an unacceptable increase in the rate of cylinder pressure and typically occurs when the air/fuel mixture in a particular cylinder is too rich for the current engine operating conditions. Detonation above a predetermined threshold level can cause damage to the cylinder walls, piston, piston rings, valves and other components associated with each individual cylinder. Generally, detonation can be controlled by monitoring and adjusting the air/fuel mixture to each respective cylinder.
It is therefore desirable to control and adjust the air/fuel mixture to each cylinder such that the air/fuel ratio associated with each cylinder will be substantially similar. It is also desirable to reduce the frequency of detonation occurring in any particular cylinder. This can likewise be achieved by controlling and adjusting the air/fuel ratio to each cylinder. Still further, it is likewise desirable to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above.

Method for balancing the air/fuel ratio to each cylinder of an engine


The hob (1) comprises a support plate (2) which has a treatment area (3) and the cooking vessel (50) has rotary blades (53) connected to an upper magnetic coupling member (54). Below the plate (2) of the hob (1) there is a lower magnetic coupling member (4) rotatably driven by an actuator (6) to magnetically transmit torque to the upper magnetic coupling member (54) of the vessel (50). The hob (1) includes a lower magnetic element (8) below the plate (2) and the vessel has an upper magnetic element (58), which are at the same predetermined distance from the rotating shafts (E1, E2) of the respective magnetic coupling members. When the vessel (50) is in a predetermined angular position, the magnetic attraction between the lower and upper magnetic elements (8, 58) applies opposition to the rotation of the vessel (50).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,382 describes a cooking hob provided with a support plate having with several cooking areas, in each of which a cooking vessel can be supported. The hob includes heating means associated with each cooking area and driving means aligned with one of the cooking areas. The driving means comprise a motor which rotates a lower magnetic coupling member located below the support plate in a position close enough to it to magnetically transmit torque to an upper magnetic coupling member attached to a stirrer located inside a cooking vessel placed on the corresponding cooking area.
Document DE-A-1131372 discloses a cooking hob comprising magnetic coupling between a lower magnetic coupling member rotatably driven by a motorised driving device and an upper magnetic coupling member connected to rotary blades or paddles installed inside a vessel. The magnetic coupling is established through a support plate on which the vessel rests.
Patent application DE-A-102006052475 discloses a cooking hob provided with a glass, glass ceramic or the like support plate with several cooking areas associated with heating means, where one of the cooking areas includes a lower magnetic coupling member rotatably driven by a motor to establish magnetic coupling through the support plate with an upper magnetic coupling member attached to a stirrer located inside a vessel placed on one of the cooking areas to rotate the stirrer inside the vessel.
A drawback of these cooking hobs equipped with a substantially smooth support plate and driving means to rotate a lower magnetic element and thereby establish magnetic coupling through the support plate is that if for any reason the rotary blades or paddles increase resistance to rotation or are locked inside the vessel, for example due to the conditions of the food being processed, then the entire vessel tends to rotate on the support plate being pushed by the driving means with the risk of ruining the culinary preparation inside the vessel, scratching the support plate or even causing an accident.
Documents DE-A-3000593, DE-A-3836099, EP-A-0725556, WO-A-9631739, U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,406 describe different wireless communication systems for communicating between a cooking vessel and a cooking hob provided with a cooking area with electric heating means on which the vessel is placed for the purpose of transmitting data relating to the cooking conditions, especially the temperature in the vessel, and controlling the electric heating means according to the data received from the vessel by means of a control device.
An advantage of the cooking hobs provided with a continuous glass, glass ceramic or the like support plate is that the support plate has a very easy to clean smooth and completely cleared upper surface. Nevertheless, this smooth and cleared surface offers very little resistance to the rotation of the vessel. Accordingly, there is a need to provide means preventing the rotation of the vessel on the plate and means preventing the operation of the driving means if the vessel is not placed on the treatment area of the support plate in a predetermined angular position.

Cooking hob with rotary driving means and cooking vessel usable with said hob


An ink cartridge includes a case including a front face and a rear face opposite the front face, an ink supply portion positioned at the front face of the case, an air intake portion positioned at the case, and a movable member configured to move between a first position and a second position relative to the case. The ink cartridge also includes a resilient member having a first end which is coupled to the front face of the case and a second end which is coupled to the movable member. Moreover, the resilient member is configured to expand and to contract to move the movable member relative to the case between the first position and the second position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to ink cartridges. In particular, the present invention is related to ink cartridges which are configured to dispense ink when used in combination with a printer.
2. Description of Related Art
A known recording apparatus, such as an ink-jet recording apparatus, includes an ink-jet recording head and a mounting portion to which a known ink cartridge is mounted. When the known ink cartridge is mounted to the mounting portion, the known recording apparatus is configured to dispense ink from a plurality of nozzles to record an image on a sheet of paper.
Another known recording apparatus includes a carriage configured to receive another known ink cartridge. This known recording apparatus is configured to determine a type of the ink cartridge by sensing an intensity of light reflected by the ink cartridge. When the carriage and the ink cartridge move, the intensity of the reflected light is measured by a sensor of the recording apparatus, and based on the intensity, the type of the ink cartridge is determined.
Yet another known recording apparatus includes a mounting portion which is separate from a carriage, and this known recording apparatus is configured to determine the type of another known ink cartridge when the ink cartridge is mounted to the mounting portion. Specifically, when the ink cartridge is mounted to the mounting portion, the recording apparatus detects the presence or absence of a signal blocking portion of the ink cartridge, and the type of the ink cartridge is determined based on the presence or absence of the signal blocking portion. Nevertheless, in this known recording apparatus, the speed with which various users mount the ink cartridge to the mounting portion may vary from user to user, such that the recording apparatus may reach different determinations from user to user. For example, if the speed with which the user mounts the ink cartridge to the mounting portion is greater than a predetermined speed, or if the user begins to insert the ink cartridge into the mounting portion and then partially removes the ink cartridge before finally fully inserting the ink cartridge into the mounting portion, the sensor may detect inaccurate information.
A known ink cartridge is detachably mounted to a known recording apparatus. This known ink cartridge includes an ink chamber for storing ink, a wall, and an ink supply portion positioned at the wall. In operation, the ink supply portion supplies ink from an interior of the ink chamber to the known recording apparatus. This known ink cartridge also includes an air intake portion which is positioned at the wall and is configured to draw air into the ink chamber from the atmosphere.
Another known ink cartridge is configured to be mounted to an accommodating chamber of the known recording apparatus, and the accommodating chamber includes a door which is configured to be opened and closed. After this known ink cartridge is mounted to the accommodating chamber and the door is closed, the door is configured to latch on to the ink cartridge to remove the ink cartridge from the accommodating chamber when the door is opened by a user, which increases the ease with which the ink cartridge may be removed from the accommodating chamber.
Yet another known ink cartridge includes a cover which encloses a wall at which an ink supply portion and an air intake portion are positioned, which protects the ink supply portion and the air intake portion. In this known ink cartridge, before the ink cartridge is mounted to the recording apparatus, the cover first needs to be removed. Moreover, when the ink cartridge is removed from the recording apparatus with ink remaining therein, and the user intends to use the ink cartridge again in the future, the user generally will re-cover the ink cartridge using the cover. Nevertheless, if the user is not able to locate the cover, e.g., if the user misplaced the cover or discarded the cover after the user mounted the ink cartridge to the recording apparatus, the user will not be able to re-cover the ink cartridge. Consequently, the ink cartridge may become damaged if the ink supply portion or the air intake portion contact a surface, or the ink cartridge may drip ink onto a surface or the user.


A linking apparatus receives a first packet from a first network. When the first packet does not include a first header, a receiving section of the linking apparatus reads out a first header, which is stored after being associated with packet identification information having the same value as for packet identification information included in the first packet, from the stored first headers to output the first packet to which the first header is added. A sending section converts the first packet to a second packet to send the second packet to a second network.

The present invention relates to a technology for enabling mutual communications by connecting a local area network (LAN) with a storage area network (SAN) which cannot communicate directly with each other since they have different network protocols. The present invention enables a direct connection between the LAN and the SAN, in other words, an access to a storage device (a magnetic disk or an optical disk) connected to the SAN or a server from a personal computer (PC) or a work station (WS) which is connected to the LAN.
With explosive widening of the Internet, the transmission control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet protocol (IP) emerged as standard protocols for communications via a network. The TCP and IP are typical protocols for the LAN constructed in a company or a school. As a physical network used for the LAN, Ethernet is the mainstream. There are 10 Mbps (mage (a million) bit per second), 100 Mbps, and 1 Gbps (giga (a billion) bit per second) of Ethernet lines having different transmission speeds. It should be noted that, however, they are different only in the transmission speed. These Ethernet lines use the same packet format on a physical network, thus securing mutual connectivity.
The widely spread LAN is suitable for a connection between information processing units such as a PC and a WS, but they are unsuitable for connecting information storage devices such as a magnetic disk and an optical disk. It is because, while data communicated between the information processing units has a relatively small amount such as several hundreds of bytes or so (for example, a processing request and a processing result), data sent or received between information storage devices has a very large amount such as several kilobytes to several megabytes (for example, customer information). The SAN was invented as a network suitable for communications with these information storage devices. The SAN expanded the conventional small computer serial interface (SCSI) connection. As a physical network used for the SAN, Fibre Channel is the mainstream. The Fibre Channel has the following features appropriate for a connection with information storage devices:    (1) Enabling a 1-Gbps or higher speed communication;    (2) Enabling a long-distance communication of several to tens of kilometers; and    (3) Enabling a very reliable communication since it has a flow control mechanism and a resending control mechanism.The SAN is continuously spreading around large-sized data centers. Therefore, it is expected that future networks in companies or schools will be composed of LANs and SANs.
To connect the LAN with the SAN directly, some methods are suggested. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is going on with standardizing the following technologies, some of which completed to be standardized:
(1) RFC2625: IP and ARP Over Fibre Channel
(2) DRAFT: Fibre Channel Over TCP/IP
These technologies secure connectivity between the LAN and the SAN communicating with each other over IP by encapsulating IP for a Fibre Channel packet.
On the other hand, National Committee for Information Technology Standards (NCITS) is going on with standardizing the following technologies for directly connecting a wide area network (WAN) with the SAN:
(3) Fibre Channel Back Bone Rev 4.7
On a parallel with the standardization of these technologies, there are venture companies performing anticipatory product development and prior investment in the markets mainly in the U.S. Under the existing conditions, however, the mutual connectivity has not been secured yet between the LAN and the SAN.


Device and method for packaging a material web roll, having a longitudinal axis, with a packaging sheet. The device includes a packaging sheet dispenser that dispenses the packaging sheet such that a lateral width of the packaging sheet forms an acute angle to the longitudinal axis. The device also includes a glue application station having a first glue application device composed of an operational gluing device and a second glue application device composed as an end gluing device. The method includes feeding the packaging sheet through a gluing station, applying at least one glue bead parallel to an edge of the packaging sheet, spraying glue onto at least a portion of the packaging sheet, and guiding the packaging sheet onto an outer surface of the material web roll.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for packaging a material web roll with a packaging sheet having a packaging sheet dispenser and a glue application station. The packaging sheet is dispensed from a packaging sheet dispenser at an angle, e.g. an acute angle with respect to a lateral direction of the material web roll axis.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Devices similar in general to the above-noted device is known in the prior art, e.g., in DE 195 35 746. As is known, material web rolls requiring packaging have a considerable size, e.g., their diameter is generally in the region between approximately 500 to 2500 mm and their width is generally in the region between approximately 500 to 3800 mm or more. Material web rolls of this type are produced, e.g., in the production of paper or textiles. In order to prepare these material web rolls for transport rolls from their place of production, e.g., from the paper factory, to a production site, e.g., to a printing shop, the material web rolls must be wrapped with a packaging sheet for protection. The packaging sheet provides a mechanical protection against damages, and also should reduce to a minimum the influence of certain environmental variables, e.g., humidity.
Until now, material web rolls have been wrapped in such a way that a multitude of supply rolls for packaging sheets had to be readily available. That is, depending on the width of material web rolls to be wrapped, a supply roll of a corresponding width had to be stored for use. Further, the packaging sheets on the supply roll had to be of adequate width so that, after wrapping the material web roll, an axial projecting length, e.g., between 100 to 250 mm, remained to wrap the end faces of the material web roll.
Since, depending on demands, a paper factory must produce paper rolls having extremely variable widths, a correspondingly large number of supply rolls with packaging sheets must be readily available. This, however, is not an economical solution. The wider the packaging rolls become, the more expensive they are and the more difficult they are to handle.
It has been found that if the packaging sheet dispenser is not aligned parallel to the material web roll, i.e., to provide a purely circumferential wrapping, but is aligned at an angle to the material web roll, i.e., to provide a helical form of wrapping when the packaging sheet wraps around the material web roll, a single packaging sheet width is practically able to serve all widths of material web rolls.
This produces a high degree of economy in supplying packaging sheets, easier handling of packaging sheets due to lower weight of the supply rolls used for the packaging sheets, and a higher degree of flexibility in packaging the material web rolls. Thus, irrespective of the packaging sheet width, all material web rolls can be wrapped at a single station.
A disadvantage of the above-noted procedure is that more time is required to wrap a material web roll, and the amount of time required increases with the axial length of the material web roll.

Device for packaging a material web roll with a packaging sheet


A compound represented by formula (1):

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel liquid crystal compound and a liquid crystal composition that are useful as a material for an optical device. More specifically, it relates to a novel liquid crystal compound that has a wide liquid temperature range of a liquid crystal phase, a large dielectric anisotropy, a large refractive index anisotropy and good compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds, is capable of being used in a wide temperature range and of being operated at a low voltage when the compound is used in an optical device, and is capable of providing steep electrooptical characteristics, a liquid crystal composition containing the compound, and an optical device containing the composition. The term "optical device" referred herein includes various devices exerting such functions as optical modulation and optical switching by using an electrooptical effect, and examples thereof include a display device (liquid crystal display device) and an optical modulation device that is used in an optical communication system, an optical information processing system and various sensor systems.
2. Related Art
A display device using a liquid crystal compound has been widely used in displays of a clock, a desktop calculator, a word processor and so forth. The display device is operated by using the refractive index anisotropy, the dielectric anisotropy and so forth of the liquid crystal compound.
Examples of the operation mode of liquid crystal in a liquid crystal display device includes a phase change (PC) mode, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, a super twisted nematic (STN) mode, a bistable twisted nematic (BTN) mode, an electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) mode, an optically compensated bend (OCB) mode, an in-plane switching (IPS) mode, a vertical alignment (VA) mode and so forth, which use at least one polarizing plate for displaying. Examples of the mode using no polarizing plate include a polymer-liquid crystal composite film, a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) (disclosed in J. of Chem. Soc. of Japan, No. 10, 1019 (1992) and SID Symposium Digest Tech Papers, 16, 68 (1985)), a guest-host mode, a polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (PSChLC) (disclosed in J. of Japanese Liq. Cryst. Soc., vol. 11, No. 2, 137 (2007), Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 200, 197 (1991), Liq. Cryst., 24, 387 (1998) and Liq. Cryst., 24, 397 (1998)), in which an electric field is applied to a liquid crystal composite material to switch between a transparent state and a scattered state or between a transparent state and a colored state.
The devices are classified based on the driving mode into a passive matrix (PM) mode and an active matrix (AM) mode. The passive matrix (PM) mode is classified into a static mode, a multiplex mode and so forth, and the active matrix (AM) mode is classified into a thin film transistor (TFT) mode, a metal insulator metal (MIM) mode and so forth.
The liquid crystal display device contains a liquid crystal composition having suitable characteristics. For enhancing the characteristics of the liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal composition that has suitable characteristics is preferably used. General characteristics that are necessary for a liquid crystal compound as a component of the liquid crystal composition are as follows.                (1) The compound is chemically stable and physically stable.        (2) The compound has a high clear point (phase transition temperature from a liquid crystal phase to an isotropic phase).        (3) The compound has a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase (such as a nematic phase, a cholesteric phase, a smectic phase and a liquid crystal phase that is optically isotropic, e.g., a blue phase).        (4) The compound is excellent in compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds.        (5) The compound has a suitable dielectric anisotropy.        (6) The compound has a suitable refractive index anisotropy.
In the case where a composition containing a liquid crystal compound that is chemically and physically stable as in (1) is used in a display device, a voltage holding ratio can be increased.
A composition containing a liquid crystal compound that has a high clear point as in (2) or a low minimum temperature of a liquid crystal phase as in (3) enhances a temperature range of a nematic phase or an optically isotropic liquid crystal phase, and thus the display device can be used in a wide temperature range.
A liquid crystal compound is generally used as a composition by mixing with other various liquid crystal compounds for obtaining properties that cannot be exhibited with a sole compound. Accordingly, a liquid crystal compound used in a display device preferably has good compatibility with other liquid crystal compounds as in (4).
A liquid crystal display device that is further enhanced in display performance, for example, in contrast, display capacity, response time and so forth is demanded in recent years. Furthermore, a liquid crystal composition that has a low driving voltage is demanded as the liquid crystal material used.
It has been well known that a threshold voltage (Vth) in a nematic liquid crystal is shown by expression (a) (H. J. Deuling, et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 27, 81 (1975)):Vth=π(K/∈0Δ∈)1/2  (a)
In expression (a), K represents an elastic constant, and ∈0 represents the dielectric constant of vacuum. As being understood from the expression, there may be two ways for decreasing Vth, i.e., the value of Δ∈ (dielectric anisotropy) is increased, or K is decreased. It is the current situation that, in general, a liquid crystal material having large Δ∈ is used for fulfilling the demand. Under the circumstances, there have been earnest developments of a liquid crystal compound having a suitable dielectric anisotropy as in (5), particularly a liquid crystal compound having a large dielectric anisotropy.
For attaining favorable display with nematic liquid crystal, it is preferred that the thickness of the cell constituting the liquid crystal display device and the value of Δn (refractive index anisotropy) of the liquid crystal material used are constant (E. Jakeman, et al., Phys. Lett., 39A, 69 (1972)). The response speed of the liquid crystal display device is inversely proportional to the square of the thickness of the cell used. Accordingly, for producing a liquid crystal display device having a high response speed capable of being applied to display of motion images, it is necessary to use a liquid crystal composition having a large refractive index anisotropy. Consequently, a liquid crystal compound having a suitable refractive index anisotropy as in (6), particularly a liquid crystal compound having a large refractive index anisotropy, is demanded.
As a liquid crystal compound having a halogen-replaced naphthalene ring, the following compounds having a fluoronaphthalene ring have been known (disclosed in JP 2000-63305 A/2000)

Compounds having a chloronaphthalene ring are disclosed as formulas in WO 2000-17287 A, JP 2000-119653 A/2000, JP 2001-11460 A/2001, JP 2001-11454 A/2001 and JP 2001-26779 A/2001.
In the liquid crystal used in the mode that does not require a polarizing plate, it is preferred to use a liquid crystal compound having a large dielectric anisotropy for driving a device at a low voltage, and the use of a liquid crystal having a large refractive index anisotropy can increase the scattering intensity and enhance the wavelength band of the selective reflection wavelength.
A polymer-dispersed liquid crystal using a liquid crystal composition containing a liquid crystal compound having a fluoronaphthalene ring has been known (disclosed in JP 2005-232214 A/2005, JP 2005-232215 A/2005, JP 2005-250223 A/2005 and JP 2005-257274 A/2005).

Liquid crystal compound having chloronaphthalene moiety, liquid crystal composition, and optical device

Abstract: A compound represented by formula (1):

Abstract: wherein R1 is hydrogen or alkyl having 1 to 20 carbons, in which in the alkyl, arbitrary —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —COO—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen may be replaced by halogen or alkyl having 1 to 3 carbons; ring A1, ring A2, ring A3, ring A4 and ring A5 are each independently a benzene ring, a piperidine ring, a tetrahydropyrane ring or a dioxane ring, in which in the rings, arbitrary hydrogen may be replaced by halogen, alkyl having 1 to 3 carbons, alkoxy having 1 to 3 carbons or halogenated alkyl having 1 to 3 carbons, and —CH═ may be replaced by —N═; Z1, Z2, Z4, Z5 and Z6 are each independently a single bond, —COO— or —CF2O—; Z3 is a single bond or —CF2O—, and in the case where Z3 is a single bond, ring A3 is a ring represented by formula (RG-5), or L1 and L2 are both fluorine, or at least one of Z1, Z2, Z4, Z5 and Z6 is —CF2O—; L1, L2, L3 and L4 are each independently hydrogen or halogen; X1 is hydrogen, halogen, —C≡N, —N═C═S, —C≡C—C≡N, —SF5 or alkyl having 1 to 10 carbons, in which in the alkyl, arbitrary —CH2— may be replaced by —O—, —S—, —CH═CH— or —C≡C—, and arbitrary hydrogen may be replaced by halogen; and l, m, n, o and p are each independently 0 or 1, provided that l+m+n+o+p≦4:


A noise filter array includes filter elements, each of which includes an LC parallel resonant circuit having a coil and a capacitor and an LC series resonant circuit having a coil and a capacitor, are arranged substantially parallel to one another in an array and integrally provided. Grounding capacitors that define the filter elements are arranged so that a common ground-side electrode faces signal-side electrodes and is connected to an inductance adjusting conductor that defines the LC series resonant circuits along with the capacitors through a via hole. The lengths of the inductance adjusting conductor from a connection location within the via hole to ground terminals are substantially equal in each of the filter elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a noise filter array in which a plurality of filter elements including an LC parallel resonant circuit and an LC series resonant circuit, each of which includes a coil and a capacitor, are arranged in an array and integrally provided.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various communication modes (GSM mode, DCS mode, and PCS mode, for example) are used for cellular phones. To prevent degradation in the receiving sensitivity in respective communication bands used for these communication modes, it is necessary to effectively remove noise in each of the communication bands.
For example, to remove noise in respective communication bands around 900 MHz and around 1.8 GHz, a noise filter is required to obtain attenuation over a wide band range. To provide a filter having such a wide-range attenuation characteristic, an inductance may be provided by a grounded capacitor to form a double-resonance filter.
Then, in the related art, as shown in FIG. 13, a double-resonance filter element has been disclosed which includes an LC parallel resonant circuit PR arranged so that a stray capacitance C1 is provided in parallel with a coil L1 provided in a signal line and an LC series resonant circuit SR arranged so that a capacitor C2 and a coil L2 are connected in series between the signal line and a ground (for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 9-266430).
When a noise filter array is arranged so that a plurality of the existing double-resonance filter elements are provided, and these filter elements are integrally provided with one another, an array structure, for example, has an equivalent circuit as shown in FIG. 14. Note that here, a configuration in which four filter elements are provided is shown as an example.
In the array structure shown in FIG. 14, any LC series resonant circuit portions surrounded by the broken lines in the drawing are grounded. Thus, in order to further simplify the structure, coils included in the respective LC series resonant circuits are integrated. In this case, for example, the structure will be as shown in FIG. 15.
That is, in the noise filter array shown in FIG. 15, signal-side electrodes of capacitors c12 to C42 that define the LC series resonant circuits of the respective filter elements are provided separately for the respective filter elements, while a conductor L0 that defines an inductance coil is commonly connected to ground-side electrodes of these capacitors C12 to C42. Thus, the structure is simplified.
The noise filter array having the structure shown in FIG. 15 can simplify the overall structure. However, distances from the capacitors C12 to C42 of the filter elements F1 to F4 via the conductor L0 to a ground terminal GND are different among capacitors C12 to C42 (for example, the distance from the capacitor C12 to the ground terminal GND is different from the distance from the capacitor C22 to the ground terminal GND). Thus, an inductance value varies among the filter elements F1 to F4 and, as a result, variations in filter characteristic arise among the filter elements F1 to F4.


The present invention relates to a catalyst composition that includes a triphenylphosphine ligand, a monodentate phosphine ligand, a monodentate phosphine oxide ligand, and a transition metal catalyst, and a hydroformylation process using the same. In the hydroformylation process using the catalyst composition according to the present invention, the high catalytic activity can be obtained, and the selectivity (N/I selectivity) in respects to normal- or iso-aldehyde can be desirably controlled.

A hydroformylation reaction in which an olefin reacts with a synthesis gas (CO/H2) in the presence of a homogeneous organicmetallic catalyst and a ligand to produce linear (normal) and branched (iso) aldehyde which has one more carbon atom than olefin was originally discovered by Otto Roelen in Germany in 1938.
In general, the hydroformylation that is known as an oxo reaction is a very important industrial reaction in views of a homogeneous system catalyst reaction, and currently, about 9,600,000 tons of aldehydes (including alcohol derivatives) are produced by the oxo process and consumed all over the world (SRI report, September 2006, 682. 7000 page 7).
Various types of aldehydes produced by the oxo reaction are oxidized to carboxylic acids or hydrogenated to alcohols. In addition, aldehydes can also be converted to long alkyl chain-containing acids or alcohols through aldol condensation and then oxidation or reduction. In particular, hydrogenated alcohol of aldehyde, which is obtained by the oxo reaction, is called oxo alcohol. Oxo alcohol is industrially extensively used as a solvent, an additive, various types of raw materials of plasticizers, synthesis lubricants, and chemical intermediates.
It is known that a metal carbonyl hydride compound has a catalytic activity of the hydroformylation reaction. The N/I (ratio of linear (normal) to branched (iso) isomers) selectivity of aldehydes varies according to the type of ligand used and operating conditions.
Modern hydroformylation research is almost exclusively focused on cobalt(Co), rhodium(Rh), platinum(Pt) and ruthenium(Ru) metal catalyst. In respects to the transition metals, it is known that the order of the catalytic activity is Rh>>Co>Ir, Ru>Os>Pt>Pd>Fe>Ni. Platinum and ruthenium catalyst are mainly subjects of academic interest. Therefore, cobalt and rhodium catalysts have been mainly used in an oxo process. To date, a rhodium-based low-pressure oxo process (LPO Process) has been adopted in at least 70% of oxo plants worldwide because of the high efficiency, high yield of normal products, and mild reaction condition even though there are disadvantages of the expensive catalyst and catalytic deactivation due to the poisoning.
Examples of the ligand that is used during the oxo process include phosphine (PR3, R═C6H5, and n-C4H9), phosphine oxide, and phosphite. In the case of when rhodium is used as the central metal, it is known that the ligand having the catalytic activity and the stability that are better than those of triphenylphosphine (TPP) is almost not present. Thus, in most oxo process, Rh metal is used as a catalyst and TPP is used as a ligand. In addition, to increase the stability of a catalytic system, TPP ligand is used in an amount of at least 100 equivalent of the catalyst.
In general, since the value of the linear aldehyde derivative is high among aldehydes that are products of the oxo reaction, many studies have been made to increase the ratio of the linear aldehyde in respects to the catalyst. However, recently, products obtained by using iso-aldehyde as the raw materials instead of the linear aldehyde, for example, an isobutyric acid, neopentyl glycol (NPG), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, an isovaleric acid and the like have been developed, thus the use of iso-aldehyde has been increased. Accordingly, there is a demand to develop a technology of producing normal- and iso-aldehyde required in a market by desirably controlling the N/I selectivity while the excellent catalytic activity is maintained.

Phosphorus-containing catalyst composition and hydroformylation process using the same


A computer-implemented method for generating a virtual depiction of an orthodontic treatment of a patient is disclosed herein. The computer-implemented method may involve gathering a three-dimensional (3D) model modeling the patient's dentition at a specific treatment stage of an orthodontic treatment plan. An image of the patient's face and dentition may be gathered. A first set of reference points modeled on the 3D model of the patient's dentition and a second set of reference points represented on the dentition of the image of the patient may be received. The image of the patient's dentition may be projected into a 3D space to create a projected 3D model of the image of the patient's dentition. Based on a comparison of the first reference points and projections of the second set of reference points, a modified image of the patient may be constructed and/or modeled.

In the design of virtual representations of living beings, an "uncanny valley" can relate to the extent a virtual object's resemblance to a living being corresponds to emotional responses to the virtual object. The concept of an uncanny valley may suggest humanoid virtual objects which appear almost, but not exactly, like real human beings (robots, 3D computer animations, lifelike dolls, etc.) elicit uncanny, or strangely familiar, feelings of eeriness and revulsion in observers. A virtual object that appears "almost" human risks may elicit cold, eerie, and/or other non-emotional feelings in viewers.
In the context of treatment planning, the uncanny valley problem may cause people to negatively react to humanoid representations of themselves. As an example, people viewing a 3D virtual representation of themselves after an orthodontic treatment plan may be confronted with an unfamiliar, robotic, or non-humanoid view of themselves.
These issues may undermine perceptions of treatment planning proposals and/or lead to negative perceptions of treatment planning proposals. These issues may influence decision making with respect to the proper alignment of teeth in a human patient when three-dimensional (3D) renderings of digital models of patient's teeth are combined with two-dimensional (2D) images or photos of a patient.
Furthermore, orthodontic treatment planning processes may not take into account facial relationships between the positions and orientations of teeth and the shape and position of facial features of a patient.
Systems and methods that reduce the uncanny valley reaction and take into account the relationships between the positions and orientations of teeth and the shape and position of facial features of a patient could help in increasing the effectiveness and acceptance of orthodontic treatment, particularly orthodontic treatments involving virtual representations and/or virtual 3D models of living beings before, during and/or after the application of orthodontic treatment plans.

Generating a virtual depiction of an orthodontic treatment of a patient


A light guide unit for a point light source includes a light incident portion, a first reflecting portion and a second reflecting portion. The light emitted from the point light source enters to the light incident portion. The light incident portion includes an optical pattern diffusing an incident light corresponding to the point light source. The first reflecting portion reflects a first light of the incident light. The second reflecting portion roundly connects the first reflecting portion to the light incident portion and reflects a second light of the incident light.

1. Field of the Invention
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a light guide unit for a point light source, a backlight assembly and a display device having the light guide unit. More particularly, exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a light guide unit for a point light source having an improved light efficiency, a backlight assembly and a display device having the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electronic devices such as a cellular phone, a digital camera, a notebook computer, a monitor and the like include a display device to display data into images. A liquid crystal display (LCD) device is widely used as the display device since the LCD device has merits such as a thin thickness and a light weight.
The LCD device includes a crystal and a backlight assembly for displaying images. The backlight assembly provides a light into a display panel in order to display the images using a small amount of light. The backlight assembly includes a light source and an optical unit for improving optical characteristics of a light emitted from the light source. Particularly, structure of the light source and the optical unit, and an arrangement relationship may have the most important influence on power consumption, lightening and the thinning of the LCD device. In order to reduce the power consumption, weight, thickness and volume of the LCD device, attempts to improve a structure of the backlight assembly has been continued.
The LCD device applied to the notebook computer or the monitor generally includes a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) as a light source of the backlight assembly. However, the LCD device applied to a smaller device such as the cellular phone and the digital camera includes a point light source as a light source of the backlight assembly.
The point light source may include a light emitting diode (LED). The LED has power consumption, a weight, a thickness and a volume smaller than those of the CCFL. Hence, the LED is advantageous for a mobile or smaller display device. The LED may be disposed directly under a display section of a display pane, which is referred to a direct type. Alternatively, the LED may be disposed outside of the display section, which is referred to an edge type.
In a case of the direct type, the optical unit includes a diffusing plate that improves a luminance uniformity of a light emitted from the LED and a light-condensing sheet that improved a luminance of a front. In a case of the edge type, the optical unit includes a light guide plate, a diffusing sheet and a light-condensing sheet. The light guide plate may guide a light emitted from the LED into the display section. The diffusing sheet may diffuse a light exiting from the light guide plate. The light-condensing sheet may condense the light in a direction of a perpendicular of the display panel.
Several LEDs may be used for a mobile display device or a smaller display device. However, using one or two LEDs having a high illumination may be advantageous to reduce the power consumption, thickness and weight. When a single LED is used to the edge type, the LED is usually disposed on an edge of the light guide unit for an efficient diffuse of a light. Then, a light emitted from the LED may proceed in a direction of a diagonal line of the light guide unit and may be guided to the display panel disposed on the light guide unit.
When the backlight assembly includes two or more LEDs, the LEDs are disposed on a side surface of the light guide unit (referred to a light incident portion hereinafter). A portion having a highest luminance of the light guide unit is near the light incident portion. A luminance in a side portion of the display panel may be excessively high in the backlight assembly including the above-mentioned structure, so that a quality of a display may be deteriorated.
In order to improve uniformity of luminance, the light incident portion of the light guide unit is disposed apart by a predetermined interval from an outside of the display section of the display panel. As a result, the light guide unit has a rectangular shape having a longer side than that of the display section. The two or more LEDs are mounted on the light incident portion disposed outside of the display section.
A means to improve a use efficiency of a light emitted from the LED is related with respect to reduce the power consumption and improve the quality of the display.
An amount of a light incident through the light incident portion may be leaked out through a side surface connected to the light incident portion. Particularly, most of the light incident through the light incident portion may not be totally reflected but be leaked out through the side surface connected to the light incident portion because of an arrangement structure between the side surface and the light incident portion. A light leaked out may not be guided to the display section, so that the power consumption of the display device may be wasted and the quality of display may be deteriorated.


A deformable device mountable by suction on a mounting surface including a body having an inner surface and a periphery. The inner surface has a concave portion and a suction portion contiguous with suction created to mount the body on the mounting surface. The inner surface includes a boundary defining the suction portion, an additional portion between the boundary and the periphery, and a bend adjacent the boundary at which the inner surface curves away from the mounting surface. The body is deformable from an undeformed shape to an actuated shape to mount the body on the mounting surface by positioning the inner surface of the undeformed body adjacent the mounting surface thereby forming a cavity and deforming the body to the actuated shape thereby sealing the body against the mounting surface and forcing fluid from the cavity to create suction between the body and the mounting surface.

The present invention relates to suction-mountable display devices and, more particularly, to suction-mountable devices having at least one bend adjacent a periphery of the device.
Most conventional vacuum-mountable devices include a flexible body having a circular periphery extending around the body. Circular bodies are common because non-symmetric reflex or spring forces develop within bodies having non-circular peripheries. When a vacuum-mountable device is deformed from an undeformed shape, reflex forces are created within its body that act to return the body to its undeformed shape. When the body is deformed and the device is mounted on a surface by vacuum, the reflex forces act to push the body away from the surface while vacuum forces created between the device body and the surface work to hold the device against the surface. The vacuum forces must be greater than the sum of the reflex forces created in the body to create and maintain a connection between the body and the surface. The reflex forces developed in non-circular bodies during deformation are generally distributed in a non-circular manner around the body. Vacuum forces between the body and mounting surface do not balance well with the non-uniform sum of the reflex forces for keeping the device mounted on the surface.
Some conventional vacuum-mountable devices having non-circular peripheries reduce the effect of non-circular reflex forces by tapering a thickness of the body towards the periphery. That is, the thickness measured between an inner surface having a concave portion and an outer surface opposite the inner surface decreases toward the periphery of the body. The reflex forces developed during deformation of tapered bodies are more uniform because there is less material nearer the periphery where the body is non-uniformly shaped. The body near the periphery contributes less to the reflex forces of the body in proportion to the decreased thickness, allowing the reflex forces distributed more uniformly around a center of the body to predominate the sum of the reflex forces. By developing more uniform reflex forces in the body, devices having a tapered thickness can securely mount on mounting surfaces. Methods of making devices having non-circular peripheries that do not require tapering of the body thickness and resulting devices are sought. Such devices could be made with a variety of periphery shapes without the need for tapering.

Suction-mountable display device having a periphery and a bend adjacent the periphery


A pressure sensitive sensor in which a pressure detecting convex portion is formed on the surface of a pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer sheet, and an electrode is arranged on the reverse side of the pressure detecting convex portion for making it possible to detect a pressure acting in the direction in parallel or in the oblique direction with a slight angle with respect to the surface of a pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer component. In addition, for obtaining a high detection density, a contact is made up with a face-defined body defining a pressure face, and a contacting convex portion is made to protrude from the face-defined body, where the contact is resiliently supported onto the pressure-sensitive elastomer sheet.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved technique for the construction of sensors by making use of the properties of a pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer, and more particularly to a technique of largely improving the construction of a pressure-sensitive portion to sense a pressure and thereby having the construction possess the function as a tactile means which has not so far existed, being further concerned with sensors having particular utility in devices and equipment provided with a tactile means such as pressure-sensitive sensors, for example, industrial robots operated in the fields of food handling, medical treatment, and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
Among materials which, when not under pressure, display a high value of electrical resistance and come to possess insulation properties, and when put under pressure, display a low value of electrical resistance by being compressed and deformed and come to possess conductive properties, there are known in the prior art pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomers typically represented by pressure-sensitive and conductive rubber, which are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Examined Patent Application Nos. SHO-(56)-9187, SHO-(56)-54019, SHO-(60)-722, SHO-(60)-723 and the like.
This type of pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer is composed by mixing and dispersing conductive particles, such as metals and granulated carbon, with insulating substances made of rubber or elastomer, having the material that it becomes an insulating properties when it is not under pressure because conductive particles are spaced from each other, and, when placed under pressure, it displays a decreasing value of electrical resistance and becomes a conductive substance because conductive particles are made to approach or contact each other.
There are known in the prior art the application of such properties of pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer, in which, as illustrated in FIG. 21, flexible print substrates 101, 102 which are in the film state are arranged on the upper and lower surfaces of a pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer 100, respectively. And groups of electrodes 101a . . . 101a and other groups of electrodes 102a . . . 102a are arranged in many lines and at the predetermined intervals on the print substrates 101, 102, respectively, are made to cross at right angles with respect to each other. In this sensor, when the pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer 100 is compressed and deformed by a pressure given on a particular spot, a continuity condition is established between the electrodes 101a of the print substrate at the upper side and the electrodes 102a of the print substrate 102 at the lower side, the locations of which correspond to the above-mentioned particular spot. It is then possible to assign the X-Y coordinates at a spot to which a pressure is given from positions in the X direction of the electrodes 101a and in the Y direction of the electrodes 102a, which are both in the continuity condition. Furthermore, the quantity of the pressure is known by the quantity energized at the establishment of the continuity condition.
There have been, however, disadvantages in the afore-mentioned conventional sensor.
Because the flexible print substrate 101 arranged on the upper side of the pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer sheet 100 is composed by sticking the electrodes made of copper or aluminum foil onto the film made of plastic materials such as polyester or polyamide, the pressure force which is given from above does not act directly on the pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer sheet 100 but acts thereon indirectly or through the flexible print substrate 101. The pressure force is then dispersed by the flexible print substrate 101, and, consequently, the resolving power is decreased to the degree less than that to be exerted by the properties of the pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer sheet 100.
Furthermore, the above-mentioned sensor can detect the only and one direction in which a pressure acts, which is the direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the pressure-sensitive and conductive elastomer sheet 100. A pressure oriented in the direction parallel with said upper surface is not detected. Objects detectable are limited to a position of X-Y coordinates which is under pressure and the quantity of the pressure. If a pressure is obliquely given, it is impossible to discriminate the left, right, forward or backward direction wherein a pressure is given. The above-mentioned conventional sensor is, therefore, not useful as a direction sensing means.
The present invention is made in view of the above-mentioned disadvantages and directly addressing the problems of a decrease in resolving power and the inability of detecting the direction of pressure. The present invention provides with high resolving power and the capabilities of detecting a number of directions wherein pressures are given, of discriminating the oblique, left, right, forward, and backward directions, and of efficiently functioning as a tactile means.


An energy efficient cryocooler is disclosed that cools a large area with multiple cooling temperatures on multiple cooled area working in parallel for the maximum cryogenic cooling and “over-clocking” of microprocessors and computer components using liquid and/or gaseous refrigerants in phase change. A cryogenic cooling system provides simultaneous steady stream (or pulse) cryocooling of a computer components with each part of the computer system receiving cooling at it's optimum temperature. The system comprises an evaporator with liquid and gaseous refrigerant which evaporator is placed onto the microprocessor to disperse heat from said microprocessor and a enclosure around the cooled system that cools all other components in one stage. The use of the invented cryocooling system resulted in the increase 2.4 GHz “Celeron D” microprocessor frequency to 4.78 GHz. The RAM was also overclocked to 60 MHz above normal on a test system. The cryogenic cooling system is cost effective and energy effective in power and refrigerant consumption.

Microprocessors today generate large amounts of heat that needs to be dispersed. Today there are currently multiple methods of dispersing that heat. There are currently many different methods to use in cooling.
Fan cooling being the standard, which simply has a finned heatsink of aluminum or copper with the possibility of in-fused heatpipes and a fan blowing on top of it. That would keep the temperature to around 33-60° C.
Then, there is the water cooling method that uses simply a pump pushing water from a tube into a maze block which is put onto the microprocessor. Then, the water is pushed into a radiator where it is cooled with a fan and then pumped back into the reservoir from which it is pumped back again into the maze block, and so it repeats. This keeps the microprocessor at around room temperature or at least at the admitted temperature range of 33-60° C.
Also, phase change cooling (as called the current market) is known in prior art, which can go down to around −40° C. through −60° C. on current commercial products. Phase change cooling utilizes the use of a refrigerant from Freon gas to Propane, compresses it, and cools it to transform the gas into a liquid, thus bringing down the temperature of the refrigerant significantly. Then, the refrigerant is poured through a maze evaporator block in which it contacts the heat from the CPU and evaporates in thus dispersing the heat. The maximum lowest a phase change cooler has ever gotten was at −159° C. and had three stages using 3 gases with the final gas being ethylene. But it requires over 2500 W of power and was very large with an unstable design in which the temperature cannot be controlled very efficiently, if it was controlled at all. Then finally, there is liquid nitrogen cooling in which liquid nitrogen is simply poured into an open evaporator and placed onto the microprocessor.
The previous three methods mentioned are cryogenic cooling. Then of course there are the industrial cryogenic cooling methods of the use of phase change in liquid Helium, liquid Nitrogen, finally with liquid Hydrogen. Those methods are purely industrial or laboratory used because they require a 3-phase power connection and use multiple kilowatts at that, require other cooling devices to cool them, and a Stirling Cycle Cryocooler (known as a liquefier in this form of use) or a expensive variation to be used. Not only that, but some of them require a vacuum around the object cooled. Finally, because they cannot disperse enough heat over an area of 50 W while making a large usually 250 W version to be extremely expensive and even more complex.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,217 granted to L. B. Penswick and R. E. Neely gives the general design of the Stirling Cycle Cryogenic Cooler. That consists of a compressor piston inside a cylinder and an expansion piston within a cylinder and a driving mechanism such as a motor. Then this functions as a reciprocating motion compressor which can be expanded as shown then the stated patent into a cryocooler.
A newer option is a Vortex tube but that requires a high power air compressor with a large supply of air. Thus the 3-phase power requirement is also needed. And though the compressor may be several hundred kg in weight, the cooling is simply a much colder fan blowing as around −30° C. at it's lowest. The idea behind is a good because the design can be very small, but the machinery required to run it for all it's inferior cooling power to water cooling and Peltiers (thermoelectric coolers), any other cryocooler make it not very efficient to use in most situations.
There is of course the, older Joule-Thomson cryostat which has a "Joule-Thompson Valve", but again you need a constant supply of high pressure gas and you need a large amount of the gas used. Thus, that requires a pump, a large compressor, a heat exchanger to cool the compressor, a multi-hundred gallon if not more pressurized gas tank, and still the 3-phase power requirement which is only available in industrial zone.
The top cooling is using lasers to slow down single atoms to temperatures very near absolute zero thus resulting into a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). This is the coldest object in the Universe but is only the size of a few atoms and must be kept in a magnetic field and in a vacuum to make this. This is only possible in laboratories and under certain machinery and conditions not to mention the cost of millions of dollars for the equipment need. The BEC also is too small to cool an object with a mass slightly greater then itself. Thus this cannot be used in any application where extreme cooling is needed other then to be used in experiments.
But there is no use for a cryocooler to be used on microprocessors other then on super computers unless two more factors are taken into account. A microprocessor or more specifically a computer's CPU can be "over-clocked" or have it's voltage raised to force more electrical current through it's transistors thus effectively allow raising the processor frequency and so increasing the operational speed. But the extra current and voltage through such a small space would create more heat which would need to be dispersed or otherwise it will melt the transistors which range from 30-130 nanometers in thickness. The higher the current the more heat and thus the more cooling needed.
The second factor is superconduction which is only available under 2 Kelvin and that is with only liquid Helium and liquid Hydrogen The benefit of superconduction is that the resistance in the transistors is significantly lowered thus allowing the electrical current to achieve it's maximum transfer speed through the microprocessor. The performance boost is to be an added 10% of the previous speed. But superconduction in CPU's is purely theoretical until scientific progression in superconducting materials.

Cryogenic computer system with parallel multiple cooling temperatures


A magnetic memory cell including an information storage unit of a three-layer structure having two magnetic thin films and a non-magnetic thin film interposed between the two thin films, an X-direction conductor and a Y-direction conductor intersecting each other at a position of the information storage unit, and a sense conductor located at a side of the X-direction conductor opposite to the Y-direction conductor. The sense conductor is separated from the X-direction conductor and extending to overlap the X-direction conductor. The two magnetic thin films have an equal saturation magnetic flux amount and an uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in the film plane, but are different from each other in either one of a magnetic anisotropy and a coercive force. The X-direction conductor, the Y-direction conductor and the sense conductor are formed of a superconductor material, and the sense conductor has a Josephson junction (superconduction weak link) positioned above the information storage unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetic memory cell and a method for accessing the same, and more specifically to a magnetic memory cell used for constructing a voluntarily writable/readable nonvolatile random access memory, and a method for accessing the memory.
2. Description of Related Art
In the prior art, a nondestructive memory composed of a pair of magnetic thin films was proposed. In brief, two magnetic films having different coercive forces are stacked with a non-magnetic insulating film interposed between the two sheets of magnetic films. The film having a large coercive force is used for holding one item of information, and the film having a small coercive force is used only for a reading of the stored information. The two magnetic films are magnetostatically coupled to each other, so that a magnetization of the read only magnetic film is controlled by a magnetic field produced by the information holding magnetic film.
Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, two different conditions of a magnetic coupling between the information holding magnetic film and the read only magnetic film are diagrammatically illustrated. The two conditions of a magnetic coupling are distinguished from each other by a direction of magnetization. FIG. 1A shows a "0" storage condition, and FIG. 1B shows a "1" storage condition. The non-magnetic insulating film is omitted in the figure.
It is assumed that a reading magnetic field is applied in a direction from left to right in the figure. In this case, a reading voltage from the "0" storage condition is "0". On the other hand, when the "1" storage condition is read out, an output voltage due to a magnetization reversal of the read only film is detected. If the reading magnetic field disappears, the magnetization of the read only magnetic film is returned to an original condition, and the stored information is held. In the case of writing information, a magnetic field larger than the coercive force of the information holding magnetic film is applied so as to change the condition of the memory cell.
The above mentioned memory cell is of a nonvolatile and nondestructive type. With microminiaturization of a cell size for increasing a recording density and an integration density, a detection sensibility of a magnetic stored information is inevitably lowered, and an electric power consumption due to a control current is increased. As a result, the increase of the reading density has been limited on the order of 1Mbits/cm.sup.2. A mechanism of magnetization rotation in the magnetic material is based on displacement of a magnetic domain wall. Therefore, an access speed is on the order of microseconds to milliseconds, and is less than one-hundredth of that of a semiconductor memory.

Superconductor magnetic memory cell and method for accessing the same


A polyphase voltage type converter is provided in which ac switches are provided between a power supply and a diode bridge, and reactors that are star-connected are connected to input terminals of the diode bridge. The ac switches are turned on and off so that non-continuous current flows through each of the reactors, whereby input current is formed into a sinusoidal waveform even with a dc voltage lower than that of a conventional converter.

A polyphase circuit in the form of a three-phase circuit will be described by way of example with reference to FIG. 9, which illustrates a known example of the above type of converter. The circuit of FIG. 9, which is called a single-switch step-up converter, includes a diode bridge 3, a smoothing capacitor 4, a power supply 6, reactors 51 connected to the inputs of the diode bridge 3, and a step-up chopper 52 that consists of a semiconductor switch and a diode. When the semiconductor switch is turned on, the power supply 6 is short-circuited through the reactors 51, so that the input current is formed into a desired waveform.
While the operating waveform will be described later, the switch is controlled so that non-continuous currents flow through the reactors 51 connected to the inputs of the diode bridge 3, whereby the converter develops dc current from the ac currents, while controlling the input current of each phase to be in the shape of a sinusoidal wave.
In the known circuit, the current generated upon turn-off of the semiconductor switch is not proportional to the input voltage, and therefore the input current is not formed into a sinusoidal waveform unless the output voltage is controlled to be twice or three times the maximum level of the power supply voltage. In view of the high output voltage, the switching element and diode bridge are required to have a high breakdown voltage, which causes an increase in the cost of the resulting converter. Also, the output voltage becomes as high as about 600 to 900 V, thus making it impossible for this type of converter to be used in applications where relatively low output voltage is needed. In addition, since no charge is stored in the smoothing capacitor 4 upon starting of the converter, an initial charging circuit need be provided in case of occurrence of rush current.