A storage array interconnection fabric may be configured using multiple independent paths. A storage system including a plurality of communication paths is configured for connecting each node of a plurality of nodes forming an interconnection fabric. Each of the communications paths is an independent communications path. In addition, a first portion of the plurality of nodes is configured to communicate with a plurality of mass storage devices such as disk drives. A second portion of the plurality of nodes may be configured to communicate with a host.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to data storage systems and, more particularly, to storage array interconnection topologies.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer systems are placing an ever-increasing demand on data storage systems. In many of the data storage systems in use today, data storage arrays are used. The interconnection solutions for many large storage arrays are based on bus architectures, such as small computer system interconnect (SCSI) or fibre channel (FC). In these architectures, multiple storage devices such as disks, may share a single set of wires, or a loop in the case of FC, for data transfers.
Such architectures may be limited in terms of performance and fault tolerance. Since all the devices share a common set of wires, only one data transfer may take place at any given time, regardless of whether or not all the devices have data ready for transfer. Also, if a storage device fails, it may be possible for that device to render the remaining devices inaccessible by corrupting the bus. Additionally, in systems that use a single controller on each bus, a controller failure may leave all the devices on its bus inaccessible.
There are several existing solutions available, which are briefly described below. One solution is to divide the devices into multiple subsets utilizing multiple independent buses for added performance. Another solution suggests connecting dual buses and controllers to each device to provide path fail-over capability, as in a dual loop FC architecture. An additional solution may have multiple controllers connected to each bus, thus providing a controller fail-over mechanism.
In a large storage array, component failures may be expected to be fairly frequent. Because of the higher number of components in a system, the probability that a component will fail at any given time is higher, and accordingly, the mean time between failures (MTBF) for the system is lower. However, the above conventional solutions may not be adequate for such a system. To illustrate, in the first solution described above, the independent buses may ease the bandwidth constraint to some degree, but the devices on each bus may still be vulnerable to a single controller failure or a bus failure. In the second solution, a single malfunctioning device may still potentially render all of the buses connected to it, and possibly the rest of the system, inaccessible. This same failure mechanism may also affect the third solution, since the presence of two controllers does not prevent the case where a single device failure may force the bus to some random state.

High performance storage array interconnection fabric using multiple independent paths


A meteorological system includes a precipitation gauge and a wind shield subsystem about the precipitation gauge. The wind shield subsystem includes an elevated support member about the precipitation gauge, a plurality of wind deflectors pivotably supported on the support member, and a pivoting attachment between each deflector and the support member. The pivoting attachment is configured to limit the travel of the deflector.

It is known to provide wind shield structures about precipitation gauges. The purpose of the shield is to decrease wind velocity over the top of the precipitation gauge in a way that improves the efficiency and accuracy of precipitation measurement. Studies have shown that modifying the wind flow over and around precipitation measuring instruments reduces the likelihood of precipitation blowing over the top of the precipitation gauge and significantly increases the collection efficiency and accuracy of precipitation measurements.
One prior wind shield structure, called a double fence inter-comparison reference or DIFIR wind shield, includes two concentric fences with spaced apart slats designed to disrupt wind flow over the precipitation collector located at the center of the two concentric fences. This type of a wind shield structure is fairly expensive to install and maintain. Since the individual slats are stationary, the fence is subject to blockage by snow and blowing material.
In an effort to reduce costs and reduce the possibility of deflector blockage by snow and freezing precipitation, another prior "Alter Shield" design includes a moveable deflector fins. Aluminum or plastic wind deflector fins are pivotably mounted on ground support rods and held off the ground at a height slightly above the inlet height of the precipitation gauge by sturdy posts. Such a design, however, is extremely noisy since the wind deflector fins are blown together creating an environmental disruption. The pivoting deflector fins also have a tendency to blow horizontal in high wind conditions and they then become less effective in properly modifying wind flow over the precipitation gauge when most needed.


An apparatus for simultaneously unlocking a locked dead bolt functioning as an auxiliary locking device when a lever of a cylinder door lock is turned from the interior side, in order to promptly and conveniently open a door on the inside. This is possible because an actuating body is installed on the inside for unlocking the dead bolt by rotation of a lever as well as making the lever restore.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for simultaneously unlocking a locked dead bolt functioning as an auxiliary locking device when a cylinder door lock's lever is turned on the inside, in order to promptly and conveniently open a door on the inside.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, both the cylinder door lock with a latch bolt and the dead bolt are both installed in a conventional door. This is because for security reason and the like the cylinder door lock alone is not completely sufficient for locking the door. Therefore, the dead bolt, which is superior to the door lock latch bolt in locking the door, is additionally installed so as to make the door move secure against external intrusion.
When opening the door from the interior side when the dead bolt is locked, it is required to unlock the dead bolt as well as turn the lever of the cylinder door lock. Such a dual motion causes a time delay that can be dangerous in the event of needing to promptly open the door, for instance when under a state of emergency like a fire.

Apparatus for simultaneously unlocking a door lock and a dead bolt


A method of treatment using carvedilol is disclosed, wherein the carvedilol decreases the mortality caused by congestive heart failure in patients. The patients are titrated with low amounts of carvedilol, with the initial titration dosage being only 10 to 30% of the daily maintenance dose.

Congestive heart failure occurs as a result of impaired pumping capability of the heart and is associated with abnormal retention of water and sodium. Traditionally, treatment of chronic mild failure has included limitation of physical activity, restriction of salt intake, and the use of a diuretic. If these measures are not sufficient, a cardiac glycoside, which is an agent that increases the force of mycardial contraction, is typically added to the treatment regimen.
Subsequently, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, which are compounds that prevent the conversion of angiotensin I into the pressor-active angiotensin II, are prescribed for chronic treatment of congestive heart failure, in conjunction with a diuretic, a cardiac glycoside, or both.
Also, congestive heart failure is a well-known cardiac disorder which results in an excess mortality. Applefeld, M. M., (1986) Am. J. Med. 80, Suppl. 2B, 73-77. Therefore, therapeutic agents that would decrease the mortality resulting from CHF in patients suffering therefrom are highly desirable.

Use of carbazole compounds for the treatment of congestive heart failure

Boehringer Mannheim Pharmaceuticals Corporation Smith Kline Corporation Limited Partnership No. 1


A large-scale MEMS device includes a MEMS die supported by at least one compliant die mount. The compliant die mount couples the MEMS die to a support structure. The support structure is positioned within a package. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the package is substantially symmetrical about the MEMS die. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the support structure and/or the package is designed to have a neutral bend axis along the MEMS die.

The present invention is related to packaging for MEMS devices. More particularly, the present invention is related to packaging for relatively large-scale MEMS devices where thermal expansion is problematic.
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) were first developed in the 1970's, and commercialized in the 1990's. Generally, MEMS devices are microscopic and are characterized by their ability to interact with the physical world on a small scale. MEMS devices can typically be categorized as either receiving some sort of mechanical input, such as sensors and the like, or devices that generate some sort of mechanical output, such as actuators. Given the extremely small scale of typical MEMS devices, such actuation may be extremely small-scale but still able to be used for a variety of purposes. Examples of MEMS sensors can be used to gather data related to thermal, optical, chemical, and even biological inputs. MEMS-based actuators can also be used for a variety of purposes, including, but not limited to, devices that respond and control the environment by moving, filtering and/or pumping materials.
While MEMS devices have traditionally been very small-scale devices (e.g. the size of a grain of sand) larger MEMS devices have also proven to be extremely useful. For example, in the field of optical communications, the movement provided by MEMS actuators can be extremely useful in providing optical switching, multiplexing and/or selective attenuation. Generally, optical MEMS devices are larger scale than the traditional microscopic structures. However, since these larger MEMS devices are electromechanical in nature, and use existing MEMS technology for fabrication, they are still considered microelectromechanical systems even though they may no longer be "micro."
Thermal expansion in MEMS devices is well known and appreciated by those skilled in the art. In fact, some MEMS devices employ thermal expansion of dissimilar materials in order to generate actuation. Since MEMS devices are generally microscopic, and since thermal expansion is proportional to the size of the body expanding, expansion of non-actuating portions of MEMS structures has traditionally not been a problem. However, in larger-scale MEMS devices, such as those used in optical communication, the MEMS structure may have a dimension that exceeds 0.5 cm. This is an extremely large-scale MEMS device. Accordingly, the thermal expansion associated with such a large device can adversely impact the mechanical aspect of the MEMS device. For example, in a variable optical attenuator, actuation on the order of micro inches may make a significant difference in optical attenuation. If additional displacement is caused by undesirable displacement due to thermal expansion, non-linearities and/or unpredictable results may occur. Accordingly, there is a desire to minimize thermal effects on large-scale MEMS devices.
Another factor that can cause undesirable displacements in large-scale MEMS devices is the packaging itself. MEMS devices are generally relatively brittle and must be protected from the environment. Accordingly, they are generally disposed within a package of some sort. Due to constraints of size and budget, the packaging material itself is generally formed of a material that is not the same as that of the MEMS structure. Thus, the packaging will generally have a coefficient of thermal expansion that differs from the MEMS material. As the temperature of the entire package/MEMS assembly changes, thermally induced strains occur. Traditional electronics packages (including MEMS packages) generally use a die mount on a single side of the device. Differing coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the die and the package can cause the die to bend. Bending the die for an electronic device is generally not a significant problem since electrical connections will usually accommodate some degree of bending. However, for MEMS devices a small bend or thermally induced strain can cause the MEMS device to malfunction or not perform its intended function as well.
Providing a large-scale MEMS device with improved behavior in response to thermal changes would be extremely useful. Such devices could provide more accurate optical communication devices, such as multiplexers, switches, and attenuators, for example, without significantly increasing the cost of those devices. Further, if the temperature behavior is improved significantly, thermal control of MEMS devices and even temperature sensing of such devices may be obviated.

MEMS packaging with improved reaction to temperature changes


Disclosed is a method in which a detection request, by means of which an identifier of a calling terminal is to be detected, is addressed to a signaling unit by a called terminal. The called terminal is connected to a data packet transmission network. The signaling unit signals according to a signaling protocol that has been defined for the transmission of data in a data packet transmission network. The detection request is transmitted along with a message and/or an information element which has been established for signaling in the data packet transmission network.

For data transmission networks using circuit-switching, such a method is set down in the ITU-T standard (International Telecommunication Union—Telecommunication Standardization Sector)—Q.951.7, "Stage 3 description for number identification supplementary services using DSS 1: Malicious Call Identification (MCID)". The performance feature is used in particular in conjunction with the preparation of legal proceedings.
In a data transmission network using circuit-switching the data is transmitted in time channels in accordance with a time-division multiplex method. Before data transmission takes place, the time channels are through-connected in a connection establishment phase and then remain reserved for the terminal devices involved in the call for the duration of the call. The data comprises for example call data or video data, such as is produced during a videoconferencing session.
With regard to the known method, the identifier is a subscriber number whose format is set down in the ITU-T standard E.164. The subscriber number is the means by which the calling terminal device, in other words the terminal device which transmits the call, can be reached in the circuit-switched data transmission network.
With regard to the known method, the signaling units are switching centers in a public telephone network. The signaling units perform signaling in accordance with a standardized protocol, in particular as per ISUP (Integrated Services digital network—User Part). With regard to the known method, both terminal devices are always situated in the circuit-switched data transmission network.

Method for detecting calls and corresponding units


A method is provided for managing at least one transition in a three-phase BLDC motor describing a cycle including six successive states, wherein the motor obtains first, second and third synchronization signals. The synchronization signals are respectively associated with first, second and third coils of the motor. The method includes the following steps, for each current transition associated with the switching of the motor from a current state to a next state: selecting a current synchronization signal on which the current transition is to appear; detecting the occurrence of the current transition on the current synchronization signal; and sending, to the motor, at least one current control signal so as to switch the motor from the current state to the next state.

FIGS. 1A to 1F show diagrams illustrating the six main states in which a three-phase brushless DC electric motor (hereinafter referred to as BLDC motor) can be found.
The three-phase BLDC motor 100 includes;                a stator 110 itself including first 111, second 112 and third 113 coils secured to a chassis 114;        a rotor 120 of which the magnet directions are shown by the arrows 121.
A control circuit including a control circuit and a power circuit (not shown) makes it possible to operate the motor.
Thus, as shown successively by FIGS. 1A to 1F, the rotor 120 is animated by a rotary movement around an axis 130, which causes the motor to successively adopt the six states of FIGS. 1A to 1F, while the stator remains immobile. This rotary movement is initiated and maintained by magnetic fields generated successively in the three coils, with the generation of these fields being controlled by control signals transmitted by the control circuit.
The switching from a current state of the motor 100 to a next state is therefore done by sending, to each coil of the motor, two control signals, by means of the power circuit, with the control signals being dependent on the position of the rotor with respect to the coils of the stator (i.e. the state of the motor).
To determine which control signals must be sent, conventionally, in three-phase BLDC motors, either Hall-effect sensors or a circuit for obtaining synchronisation signals (belonging to the control circuit) have been implemented.
Indeed, the signals from the sensors or the circuit for obtaining synchronisation signals make it possible to have access to the following information:                when it is necessary to switch the motor from one state to another state (transition) by sending adapted control signals;        which control signals must be sent to the coils of the motor (which amounts to knowing which state the motor must switch to).
It is assumed below that the motor 100 of FIG. 1 is a sensorless motor, i.e. it implements a circuit for obtaining synchronisation signals. The synchronisation signals are obtained on the basis of the measurement of counter electromotive forces generated in the motor.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a circuit 200 for obtaining synchronisation signals of the motor 100 mentioned above (for example the module sold by the ATMEL company under reference AT90PWM3).
The circuit 200 for obtaining synchronisation signals includes first 201, second 202 and third 203 inputs supplied by signals respectively coming from the first, second and third coils of the motor.
It also includes a filtering stage 210 including low-pass filters that make it possible to filter the control signals of the coils and any high-frequency parasitic signals.
It then includes first 221, second 222 and third 223 comparators that respectively compare:                the third input signal 203 and the midpoint of the first 201 and second 202 input signals once filtered by the filtering stage 210;        the first input signal 201 and the midpoint of the third 203 and second 202 input signals once filtered by the filtering stage 210;        the second input signal 202 and the midpoint of the first 201 and third 203 input signals once filtered by the filtering stage 210.
The outputs of the first 221, second 222 and third 223 comparators respectively constitute first 231, second 232 and third 233 outputs of the circuit 200 on which first, second and third synchronisation signals are respectively delivered.
The circuit 200 for obtaining synchronisation signals is commonly used to synthesise synchronisation signals equivalent to those of the three-phase BLDC motors equipped with Hall-effect sensors.
FIG. 3 shows first 31, second 32 and third 33 theoretical synchronisation signals from the circuit 200 as a function of time.
Thus, by reading the value of the three synchronisation signals and knowing the direction of rotation of the motor, it is possible, in a transition (identified by a rising edge or a falling edge at the level of one of the synchronisation signals), to determine which state the motor must switch to and therefore which control signals to send to it.
Indeed, the standard processing of transitions (implemented by the conventional control circuit) includes the following steps:                monitoring the occurrence of transitions, each being identified by a rising edge or a falling edge, on each of the three synchronisation signals;        detecting an edge (representing a transition) on one of the synchronisation signals;        when the transition is detected, reading the current state of each of the three synchronisation signals so as to determine (knowing the direction of rotation of the motor) the position of the rotor with respect to the stator and therefore which control signal values to send to the coils of the motor;        sending the appropriate control signals to the coils of the motor so as to switch the motor from the current state to the next state;        optionally masking, during a small time zone just after the control signals are sent (so as to avoid interference associated with the switching in progress), the synchronisation signals.
A problem with this mode of processing transitions is related to the fact that the synchronisation signals are parasitic (or disrupted):                on the one hand, by the chopping frequency of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) controls;        on the other hand, by the current peaks and/or the demagnetisation peaks associated with the effect of the controls in particular on the coils of the motor.
Indeed, even if the interference of synchronisation signals associated with the chopping frequency can be limited by the filtering stage 210 of the circuit 200, the current and/or demagnetisation peaks of the coils are almost impossible to filter.
As shown in FIG. 4 (which shows first 41, second 42 and third 43 real synchronisation signals from the circuit 200 as a function of time), these current and/or demagnetisation peaks disrupt the synchronisation signals generated. Indeed, this interference of the synchronisation signals is characterised by the appearance of parasitic peaks 44 that lead in particular to erroneous transition detections and/or erroneous control signal determinations.
The parasitic peaks 44 are dependent on electric parameters (in particular the resistance and the inductance) of the motor and can be present in each of the states of the motor.

Method for managing transitions in a three-phase BLDC motor and corresponding device


A dither clock generating section 1 generates a dither clock. A transmission pulse generating section 2a generates a transmission pulse emitted to the outside from a transmitting antenna 2c on the basis of the dither clock. A sample hold section 6 samples a reception pulse, received by a receiving antenna 3a, on the basis of a sample pulse obtained by time sweeping of the changing timing of the dither clock, so as to produce a long-period reception pulse that is obtained by expanding the reception pulse on a time axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an equivalent time sampling radar, and more particularly to a cancellation of interference between radars, or a cancellation of an interference wave from an electric wave of other broadcasting or that of other communication.
2. Description of the Related Arts
In a general equivalent time sampling radar, a distance is calculated on the basis of a roundtrip propagation time that is a time from when a transmission pulse signal is reflected on a target, which is a subject to the distance-measuring, to when the reflection signal is received. When another radar is present in the distance-measuring range of the above general radar, it is difficult for the general radar to determine whether the reception pulse signal is the signal (reflection wave) transmitted from the own radar or the signal (interference wave) transmitted from another radar, which causes the deterioration in the distance-measuring accuracy. When the timing of the sampling is synchronous with the electric wave of another broadcasting, that of communication, or the like, there is a high possibility that interference occurs between the reception signal and the signal transmitted from another radar.
JP-A-2005-24563 discloses a short-range vehicular radar system including, in a programmable digital receiver, a non-linear filter (adaptive interference filter) for rejecting a radar pulse received from another radar. Specifically, the receiver cancels the interference wave (i.e., the transmission pulse transmitted from another radar) by the programmable non-linear filter. Thus, the pulse that appears to be statistically much larger than other pulses received by the receiver is cancelled.
JP-A-2006-177985 discloses a technique capable of preventing a malfunction due to the interference from another radar by using a pseudo-random signal generator in a pulse radar apparatus with a short-range detection limit and a high distance resolution. Specifically, a signal is generated by using a first signal that is a basic signal in generating a transmission pulse, a second signal for phase modulation of a frequency lower than the first signal, and a pseudo-random signal, for amplitude modulation, generated at an intermediate frequency between the first and second signals, and the generated signal is delayed, whereby a control pulse signal is generated. A gate operation for the reception signal is performed based upon the control pulse signal. A noise band can be restricted by the cutoff using a narrow band filter, and a malfunction of detecting wrong targets by the interference of other radar units can be suppressed by the spread spectrum system.
However, in JP-A-2005-24563 and JP-A-2006-177985, the transmission timing of the transmission pulse or the sampling timing of the reception pulse depends upon a reference clock, thereby entailing a problem that a satisfactory effect of reducing the interference cannot be expected for electric waves transmitted at the frequency or timing that happens to be synchronous with the reference clock (the interference wave that is the subject to be treated in JP-A-2005-24563 and JP-A-2006-177985 is not the one described above to begin with)


Anti-ErbB2 antibodies are described which bind to an epitope in Domain 1 of ErbB2 and induce cell death via apoptosis. Various uses for these antibodies are also described.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to antibodies which bind the ErbB2 receptor. In particular, it pertains to anti-ErbB2 antibodies which bind to an epitope in Domain 1 of ErbB2 and induce cell death via apoptosis.
2. Description of Related Art
Transduction of signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation is modulated in part by phosphorylation of various cellular proteins. Protein tyrosine kinases are enzymes that are involved in this process. Receptor protein tyrosine kinases are believed to direct cellular growth via ligand-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates. The class I subfamily of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases includes the 170 kDa epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) encoded by the erbB1 gene. erbB1 has been causally implicated in human malignancy. In particular, increased expression of this gene has been observed in carcinomas of the breast, bladder, lung, head, neck and stomach. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the EGFR have been evaluated as therapeutic agents in the treatment of such malignancies. For a review, see Baselga et al. Pharmac. Ther. 64:127-154 (1994). See also Masui et al. Cancer Research 44:1002-1007 (1984).
Wu et al. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1897-1905 (1995) recently report that the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) 225 (which competitively inhibits EGF binding and blocks activation of this receptor) could induce the human colorectal carcinoma cell line DiFi (which expresses high levels of EGFR) to undergo G1 cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Addition of IGF-1 or high concentrations of insulin could delay apoptosis induced by mAb 225, whereas G1 arrest could not be reversed by addition of IGF-1 or insulin.
The second member of the class I subfamily, p185neu, was originally identified as the product of the transforming gene from neuroblastomas of chemically treated rats. The activated form of the neu protooncogene results from a point mutation (valine to glutamic acid) in the transmembrane region of the encoded protein. Amplification of the human homolog of neu (called erbB2 or HER2) is observed in breast and ovarian cancers and correlates with a poor prognosis (Slamon et al., Science, 235:177-182 (1987); and Slamon et al., Science, 244:707-712 (1989)). Accordingly, Slamon et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,603 describe various diagnostic assays for determining erbB2 gene amplification or expression in tumor cells. To date, no point mutation analogous to that in the neu protooncogene has been reported for human tumors. Overexpression (frequently but not uniformly due to amplification) of erbB2 has also been observed in other carcinomas including carcinomas of the stomach, endometrium, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreas and bladder. See among others, King et al., Science, 229:974 (1985); Yokota et al., Lancet: 1:765-767 (1986), Fukushige et al., Mol Cell Biol., 6:955-958 (1986); Guarin et al., Oncogene Res., 3:21-31 (1988); Cohen et al., Oncogene, 4:81-88 (1989); Yonemura et al., Cancer Res., 51:1034 (1991); Borst et al., Gynecol. Oncol., 38:364 (1990); Weiner et al., Cancer Res., 50:421-425 (1990); Kern et al., Cancer Res., 50:5184 (1990); Park et al., Cancer Res., 49:6605 (1989); Zhau et al., Mol. Carcinog., 3:254-257 (1990); Aasland et al. Br. J. Cancer 57:358-363 (1988); Williams et al. Pathiobiology 59:46-52 (1991); and McCann et al., Cancer, 65:88-92 (1990).
Antibodies directed against the rat neu and human erbB2 protein products have been described. Drebin et al., Cell 41:695-706 (1985) refer to an IgG2a monoclonal antibody which is directed against the rat neu gene product. This antibody called 7.16.4 causes down-modulation of cell surface p185 expression on B104-1-1 cells (NIH-3T3 cells transfected with the neu protooncogene) and inhibits colony formation of these cells. Drebin et al. say at page 699 that the antibody exerts a cytostatic effect rather than an irreversible cytotoxic effect on neu-transformed cells in soft agar. In Drebin et al. PNAS (USA) 83:9129-9133 (1986), the 7.16.4 antibody was shown to inhibit the tumorigenic growth of neu-transformed NIH-3T3 cells as well as rat neuroblastoma cells (from which the neu oncogene was initially isolated) implanted into nude mice. Drebin et al. in Oncogene 2:387-394 (1988) discuss the production of a panel of antibodies against the rat neu gene product. All of the antibodies were found to exert a cytostatic effect on the growth of neu-transformed cells suspended in soft agar. Antibodies of the IgM, IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes were able to mediate significant in vitro lysis of neu-transformed cells in the presence of complement, whereas none of the antibodies were able to mediate high levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the neu-transformed cells. Drebin et al. Oncogene 2:273-277 (1988) report that mixtures of antibodies reactive with two distinct regions on the p185 molecule result in synergistic anti-tumor effects on neu-transformed NIH-3T3 cells implanted into nude mice. Biological effects of anti-neu antibodies are reviewed in Myers et al., Meth. Enzym. 198:277-290 (1991). See also WO94/22478 published Oct. 13, 1994.
Hudziak et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 9(3):1165-1172 (1989) describe the generation of a panel of anti-ErbB2 antibodies which were characterized using the human breast tumor cell line SKBR3. Relative cell proliferation of the SKBR3 cells following exposure to the antibodies was determined by crystal violet staining of the monolayers after 72 hours. Using this assay, maximum inhibition was obtained with the antibody called 4D5 which inhibited cellular proliferation by 56%. Other antibodies in the panel, including 7C2 and 7F3, reduced cellular proliferation to a lesser extent in this assay. Hudziak et al., conclude that the effect of the 4D5 antibody on SKBR3 cells was cytostatic rather than cytotoxic, since SKBR3 cells resumed growth at a nearly normal rate following removal of the antibody from the medium. The antibody 4D5 was further found to sensitize p185erbB2-overexpressing breast tumor cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α. See also WO89/06692 published Jul. 27, 1989. The anti-ErbB2 antibodies discussed in Hudziak et al. are further characterized in Fendly et al. Cancer Research 50:1550-1558 (1990); Kotts et al. In Vitro 26(3):59A (1990); Sarup et al. Growth Regulation 1:72-82 (1991); Shepard et al. J. Clin. Immunol. 11(3):117-127 (1991); Kumar et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11(2):979-986 (1991); Lewis et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 37:255-263 (1993); Pietras et al. Oncogene 9:1829-1838 (1994); Vitetta et al. Cancer Research 54:5301-5309 (1994); Sliwkowski et al. J. Biol. Chem. 269(20):14661-14665 (1994); Scott et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266:14300-5 (1991); and D'souza et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:7202-7206 (1994).
Tagliabue et al. Int. J. Cancer 47:933-937 (1991) describe two antibodies which were selected for their reactivity on the lung adenocarcinoma cell line (Calu-3) which overexpresses ErbB2. One of the antibodies, called MGR3, was found to internalize, induce phosphorylation of ErbB2, and inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro.
McKenzie et al. Oncogene 4:543-548 (1989) generated a panel of anti-ErbB2 antibodies with varying epitope specificities, including the antibody designated TA1. This TA1 antibody was found to induce accelerated endocytosis of ErbB2 (see Maier et al. Cancer Res. 51:5361-5369 (1991)). Bacus et al. Molecular Carcinogenesis 3:350-362 (1990) reported that the TA1 antibody induced maturation of the breast cancer cell lines AU-565 (which overexpresses the erbB2 gene) and MCF-7 (which does not). Inhibition of growth and acquisition of a mature phenotype in these cells was found to be associated with reduced levels of ErbB2 receptor at the cell surface and transient increased levels in the cytoplasm.
Stancovski et al. PNAS (USA) 88:8691-8695 (1991) generated a panel of anti-ErbB2 antibodies, injected them i.p. into nude mice and evaluated their effect on tumor growth of murine fibroblasts transformed by overexpression of the erbB2 gene. Various levels of tumor inhibition were detected for four of the antibodies, but one of the antibodies (N28) consistently stimulated tumor growth. Monoclonal antibody N28 induced significant phosphorylation of the ErbB2 receptor, whereas the other four antibodies generally displayed low or no phosphorylation-inducing activity. The effect of the anti-ErbB2 antibodies on proliferation of SKBR3 cells was also assessed. In this SKBR3 cell proliferation assay, two of the antibodies (N12 and N29) caused a reduction in cell proliferation relative to control. The ability of the various antibodies to induce cell lysis in vitro via complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-mediated cell-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) was assessed, with the authors of this paper concluding that the inhibitory function of the antibodies was not attributed significantly to CDC or ADCC.
Bacus et al. Cancer Research 52:2580-2589 (1992) further characterized the antibodies described in Bacus et al. (1990) and Stancovski et al. of the preceding paragraphs. Extending the i.p. studies of Stancovski et al., the effect of the antibodies after i.v. injection into nude mice harboring mouse fibroblasts overexpressing human ErbB2 was assessed. As observed in their earlier work, N28 accelerated tumor growth whereas N12 and N29 significantly inhibited growth of the ErbB2-expressing cells. Partial tumor inhibition was also observed with the N24 antibody. Bacus et al. also tested the ability of the antibodies to promote a mature phenotype in the human breast cancer cell lines AU-565 and MDA-MB453 (which overexpress ErbB2) as well as MCF-7 (containing low levels of the receptor). Bacus et al. saw a correlation between tumor inhibition in vivo and cellular differentiation; the tumor-stimulatory antibody N28 had no effect on differentiation, and the tumor inhibitory action of the N12, N29 and N24 antibodies correlated with the extent of differentiation they induced.
Xu et al. Int. J. Cancer 53:401-408 (1993) evaluated a panel of anti-ErbB2 antibodies for their epitope binding specificities, as well as their ability to inhibit anchorage-independent and anchorage-dependent growth of SKBR3 cells (by individual antibodies and in combinations), modulate cell-surface ErbB2, and inhibit ligand stimulated anchorage-independent growth. See also WO94/00136 published Jan. 6, 1994 and Kasprzyk et al. Cancer Research 52:2771-2776 (1992) concerning anti-ErbB2 antibody combinations. Other anti-ErbB2 antibodies are discussed in Hancock et al. Cancer Res. 51:4575-4580 (1991); Shawver et al. Cancer Res. 54:1367-1373 (1994); Arteaga et al. Cancer Res. 54:3758-3765 (1994); and Harwerth et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267:15160-15167 (1992).
A further gene related to erbB2, called erbB3 or HER3, has also been described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,183,884 and 5,480,968. ErbB3 is unique among the ErbB receptor family in that it possesses little or no intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. However, when ErbB3 is co-expressed with ErbB2, an active signaling complex is formed and antibodies directed against ErbB2 are capable of disrupting this complex (Sliwkowski et al., J. Biol. Chem., 269(20):14661-14665 (1994)). Additionally, the affinity of ErbB3 for heregulin (HRG) is increased to a higher affinity state when co-expressed with ErbB2. See also, Levi et al., Journal of Neuroscience 15: 1329-1340 (1995); Morrissey et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 1431-1435 (1995); and Lewis et al., Cancer Res., 56:1457-1465 (1996) with respect to the ErbB2-ErbB3 protein complex.
The class I subfamily of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases has been further extended to include the HER4/p180erbB4 receptor. See EP Pat Appln No 599,274; Plowman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:1746-1750 (1993); and Plowman et al., Nature, 366:473-475 (1993). Plowman et al. found that increased HER4 expression correlated with certain carcinomas of epithelial origin, including breast adenocarcinomas. This receptor, like ErbB3, forms an active signalling complex with ErbB2 (Carraway and Cantley, Cell 78:5-8 (1994)).
The quest for an ErbB2 activator has lead to the discovery of a family of heregulin polypeptides. These proteins appear to result from alternative splicing of a single gene and are called neuregulins (NRGs), neu differentiation factors (NDFs), heregulins (HRGs), glial growth factors (GGFs) and acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA) in the literature. For a review, see Groenen et al., Growth Factors 11:235-257 (1994); Lemke, G. Molec. & Cell. Neurosci. 7:247-262 (1996) and Lee et al. Pharm. Rev. 47:51-85 (1995).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A single or multiphase alternating current electric motor or synchronous generator includes main windings and additional windings that perform de-saturation of the magnetic field of the main windings. Each additional winding is fed through at least one capacitor in a different phase angle and opposite field directions from the respective main windings. The total cross sections of the wire used on each main and additional winding are of predetermined sizes and preferably follow the approximate ratio of approximately two-thirds (⅔) for the main winding and approximately one-third (⅓) for the additional winding, and the respective capacitor values are predetermined. The number of turns of each additional winding is from fifty to one hundred percent (50%-100%) of the number of turns of its respective main winding. The two windings are built simultaneously in a single operation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to electric motors and synchronous generators. More particularly, it relates to a motor or generator that operates at a very high efficiency over a broad range of loads.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Single phase alternating current electric motors are typically used for low horse power applications. Their range may extend from a fractional horsepower up to about ten horsepower. Three phase motors are typically used when the horsepower requirements exceed ten horsepower.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,416A to Wanlass, granted May 1, 1984, entitled "Polyphase Electric Machine Having Controlled Magnetic Flux Density" discloses a stator core having main windings and additional control windings. The flux density is optimized in a polyphase machine by controlling the flux density in the stator core. More particularly, a main polyphase stator winding is wound on a magnetic core and includes a plurality of windings where each winding represents a single phase. Capacitors are connected in series to each of the windings. The capacitors reduce reactive power.
An additional motor winding technique is also disclosed in German patent application No. 2508374 to Wen, published Sep. 9, 1976 and entitled "Single Phase Induction Motor." Wen discloses a single phase motor having two start windings to increase the start capacitor voltage. Wen also discloses a single phase induction motor having two sets of start windings to provide a better running power factor and an improved starting torque.
The Wanlass and the Wen motors, like all motors heretofore known, operate most efficiently at full load and are less efficient in low load conditions. Thus, a conventional motor might have a power factor greater than 0.90 during full load conditions and a power factor of 0.50 or less at low load.
A power company experiences the exact reverse percentage proportion of the power factor to supply energy to any electric motor. A motor running at 0.70 power factor uses thirty percent (30%) more amperage than one running at unity power factor (0.999 or 1.00). A generator supplying power will be overloaded by the supplement of amp demand and will simultaneously transfer that to the driver (diesel or turbine), that will need that much more energy to produce for the new demand. The new demand in kilowatts is Identical to the original demand. The only change is in the power factor. Accordingly, use of motors that cannot perform at a high power factor at all loads is contraindicated.
A motor that operates at a high power factor over all loads is therefore needed. However, the conventional wisdom has been for many decades that motors will always operate at reduced efficiency when the loads applied thereto are reduced because such lower efficiency at low loads is an inherent feature of motors. Power factors in the range of 0.90 and greater at low load conditions have been considered to be impossible to attain.
Any producer of electricity is penalized in its production when it supplies costumers that use poor power factor (P/F) standard motors. The penalty is even greater if such motors are often used at low duty cycle (from no load to seventy-five percent (75%) load) or if such motors are fed through V.F.D (Variable Frequency Drive). When a motor is reduced in speed by reducing the frequency it automatically drops in power factor.
For example: A motor (A) that pulls thirty (30) amps at four hundred sixty (460) volts at 0.88 power factor will consume 21.03 KW. (30 amps×460 volts×1.732×0.88 P/F).
Another motor (B) of the same H.P. running at an average P/F of 0.68, will also consume 21.03 KW. The amperage increases to 38.83 amps (38.83 amps×460 volts×1.732×0.68 P/F)
The KW consumed by motor (A) is identical to the KW consumed by motor (B). This means that to supply motor (B), a power company will have to produce 29.4% more amperage out of their generator than to supply motor (A). The generator that produces the electricity is typically driven by a diesel engine or a steam turbine. Current is the factor that loads and unloads generators, so the direct consequence of the above comparison of motors is that it will cost 29.4% more energy (diesel fuel, coal, and the like) to produce the same 21.03 KW for motor (B) than for motor (A).
It could be concluded that the owner of motor (B) should pay more for its 21.03 KW than the owner of motor (A). Alternatively, the owner of motor (B) should be required to convert said low power factor motor to a high power factor motor.
What is needed, then, is an improvement in motors that increases the power factor of a motor so that less energy is required to perform a given task vis a vis the energy required by conventional, low power factor motors. For example, if the power factor could be increased to 0.98, the current would drop to 26.93 amps. Multiplying that amperage by 460 volts and 1.732 and 0.98 P/F yields 21.03 KW. Note that the current drawn is 38.83 amps with a P/F of 0.68, 30.0 amps with a P/F of 0.88, and 26.93 amps with a P/F of 0.98.
However, in view of the prior art considered as a whole at the time the present invention was made, it was not obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art of motors how to substantially increase the power factor of motors.

Apparatus and method for increasing efficiency of electric motors


Methods, system and computer program products for spatiotemporal encounters detection of a plurality of moving objects are disclosed. The method includes receiving a dataset of a plurality of objects moving in a domain, structuring the dataset in a data structure to detect a plurality of spatiotemporal encounters among the plurality of objects, outputting a list of the detected spatiotemporal encounters. The plurality of spatiotemporal encounters may be detected in a single sweep over the received dataset.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to a spatiotemporal encounters detection and, more specifically, but not exclusively, to a spatiotemporal encounters detection in historical movement dataset.
With the widespread adoption of location aware technologies, such as global positioning system (GPS) and radio frequency identification (RFID), huge amounts of data about moving objects are captured and stored in digital repositories. The moving objects may be people, animals, shipping containers, ships, buses and airplanes. The movement of objects may be captured by recording their locations at regular or irregular time steps.
An important class of movement patterns deals with the movement of objects in relation to one another. For example, this may involve finding two nearby ships that are moving in the same direction and speed for some period of time and finding two cars that pass through the same road junction within a given time window. These two examples belong to encounter patterns of objects being close to one another in space and time. Encounters may be further classified into specific types based on additional attributes of the moving objects, such as direction and speed.

Spatiotemporal encounters detection in historical movement datasets

International Business Machines Corporation


Provided is a paint roller which includes a handle connected to one end of a wire frame and a cage connected to an opposite end of the wire frame onto which a paint roller cover may be positioned and engaged over. The handle may include an insert or adapter allowing for connecting various types of extension poles. The cage may be connected through the wire frame through the use of bearings and bushings.

A. Technical Field
Provided is a paint roller for applying paint and other paint-like materials to walls, ceilings, floors and other substrates. Also provided is a method for assembling a paint roller.
B. Description of Related Art
It is well known in the paint industry to provide painters with access to paint rollers which can be used to more efficiently paint over large surface areas on walls, ceilings, floors and other substrates. It is known, for example, to provide a paint roller having a handle; a wire frame having at least two longitudinal portions, three bends and two horizontal portions; a rotatable and cylindrical cage assembly positioned over one end of the wire frame which includes various mechanical components allowing attachment of the cage assembly to the wire frame and rotation of the cage assembly relative to the wire frame; and a cylindrical paint holder cover may be positioned by sliding over the cage assembly.
While many known paint rollers used in the paint industry work well for their intended purposes, they have several disadvantages. First, not all paint roller handles are capable of being connected to extension poles and extension pole connection adapters provided from different manufacturers. Another disadvantage is that many paint rollers are manufactured to incorporate swedges into the wire frame. These swedges are often used in conjunction with washers to hold the roller portion of a paint roller assembly in its proper position along the wire frame. The use of swedges in paint rollers for this purpose provides several disadvantages. First, it requires the use of additional components to secure the cage to the wire frame which adds expense and complexity to the cage assembly and the manufacturing and assembly process. Second, the swedge and washer combination can result in a significant amount of play between the cage assembly and the wire frame which can adversely affect the efficiency and quality of the painting process. Furthermore, the presence of swedges on the wire frame can scrape against the side of a container as the roller assembly is being used causing dried paint to fall into the paint held in the container. This dried paint, when mixed with the paint to be applied and picked up by the paint roller, can result in unsightly aberrations or deformations in the paint coating that is applied to a wall or other substrate. Another disadvantage of current paint rollers is that paint roller covers have a tendency to become disengaged from or "walk off" of the cage assembly as the user applies paint with the paint roller.
What is needed is an apparatus that can solve these problems and provide a universal connection mechanism for various types of extension poles and extension pole adapters, an apparatus that provides a more efficient, effective and economical way to engage a roller portion to the wire frame of a paint roller without the disadvantages of using a swedge to accomplish such an engagement; and an apparatus that can more effectively secure a paint roller cover to the roller portion of a paint roller.

Paint roller and method of assembling the same


A preferred embodiment comprises a method and system for generating an image of a subject or area comprising a processor; at least one incoherent light source which illuminates the subject or area; a first receiver for receiving light reflected from the subject or area operatively connected to the processor; a second receiver for receiving light from at least one incoherent light source operatively connected to the processor; the first receiver collecting the amount of light reflected from the subject and transmit a value at specific intervals of time; the second receiver comprising a second detector which detects and transmits spatial information regarding the incoherent light source independent of any data concerning the subject at specific intervals of time; wherein the processor correlates the value transmitted by the first receiver with the spatial information derived from the second receiver at correlating intervals of time to create an image of the subject or area. Alternatively, sound or quantum particles may replace the incoherent light source.

The ability to image through obscuring media remains a problem in a variety of fields. By way of example, imaging of distant objects through the obscuring media of smoke or clouds is a problem that plagues satellite imaging analysts, firefighters, drivers, oceanographers, astronomers, military personnel, and medical personnel. The ability to improve resolution in each of these exemplary instances represents an opportunity to derive more information from images and presumably the decisions made from such images. By way of example, improved resolution in x-ray or endoscopy medical imagery facilitates lower radiation dosing and diagnosis of abnormal morphologies earlier than currently possible with conventional imaging methodologies. Conventional imaging techniques have, to a large extent, arrived at the theoretical limits of image resolution owing to wavelength-limited resolution, optical element distortions, and the reflective interaction between photons and an object to be imaged.
Ghost imaging holds the prospect of improving image resolution but efforts in regard to ghost imaging have met with limited success owing to a lack of understanding of the phenomena.
Currently, quantum ghost imaging is largely dependent on the transmission of electromagnetic waves (photons) through the object to be imaged. However, in most real world applications, photonic transmission is impractical, and instead of object light reflection is the basis of image formation. Even in transmissive imaging such as x-ray imaging considerable image information occurs through consideration of reflection. Additionally, other objects can best be imaged using the fluorescence of the object when illuminated by an external light source.
The first two-photon imaging experiment was reported by Pittman et al. in "Optical Imaging by Means of Two-photon Quantum Entanglement," Physical Review A, Vol. 52, No. 5, November 1995. According to the article, a two-photon optical imaging experiment was performed based on the quantum nature of the signal and idler photon pairs produced in spontaneous parametric down-conversion. An aperture placed in front of a fixed detector was illuminated by a signal beam through a convex lens. A sharp magnified image of the aperture was found in the coincidence counting rate when a mobile detector is scanned in the transverse plane of the idler beam at a specific distance in relation to the lens. The experiment was named "ghost imaging" due to its surprising nonlocal feature, although the original purpose of the experiment was to study and to test the two-particle EPR correlation in position and in momentum for an entangled two-photon system. The experiments of ghost imaging in Pittman, et al. "Optical Imaging by Means of Two-Photon Entanglement," Phys. Rev. A, Rapid Comm., Vol. 52, R3429 (1995) and ghost interference by Strekalov, et al, "Observation of Two-Photon 'Ghost' Interference and Diffraction," Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol. 74, 3600 (1995) together stimulated the foundation of quantum imaging in terms of multi-photon geometrical and physical optics. The prior art transmissive ghost imaging optical scheme using entangled photons of Pittman et al. is depicted in FIG. 1.
This experiment was inspired by the theoretical work reported by Klyshko in Usp. Fiz. Nauk 154 133, Sov. Phys. Usp. 31, 74 (1988); Phys. Lett. A 132299 (1988) suggesting a non-classical two-photon interaction could exist. The Pittman experiment was immediately named "ghost imaging" due to its surprising nonlocal feature. The important physics demonstrated in that experiment, nevertheless, may not be the "ghost". Indeed, the original purpose of the Pittman experiment was to study and to test the two-particle entanglement as originally detailed by Albert Einstein et al. (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen) in Phys. Rev. 35 777 (1935) to determine if there was a correlation in position and in momentum for an entangled two-photon system. D'Angelo and colleagues in Phys. Rev. A 72, 013810 (2005) showed that ghost images produced by separable sources are subject to the standard statistical limitations. However, entangled states offer the possibility of overcoming such limitations to yield images that can achieve the fundamental limit through the high spatial resolution and nonlocal behavior of entangled systems.
Boto and colleagues in Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 2733 (2000) later developed an entangled multi-photon systems for sub-diffraction-limited imaging lithography and proposed a heuristic multiphoton absorption rate of a "noon" state and proved that the entangled N-photon system may improve the spatial resolution of an imaging system by a factor of N, despite the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The working principle of quantum lithography was experimentally demonstrated by D'Angelo et al. in 2001 by taking advantage of an entangled two-photon state of spontaneous parametric down-conversion as described in Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 013603.
Quantum imaging has so far demonstrated two peculiar features: (1) reproducing ghost images in a "nonlocal" manner, and (2) enhancing the spatial resolution of imaging beyond the diffraction limit. Both the nonlocal behavior observed in the ghost imaging experiment and the apparent violation of the uncertainty principle explored in the quantum lithography experiment are due to the two-photon coherent effect of entangled states, which involves the superposition of two-photon amplitudes, a nonclassical entity corresponding to different yet indistinguishable alternative ways of triggering a joint-detection event in the quantum theory of photodetection as articulated by Glauber in Phys. Rev. 130 2529 (1963); and Phys. Rev. 131 2766 (1963). The nonlocal superposition of two-photon states may never be understood classically. Classical attempts, however, have never stopped in the history of EPR studies as evidenced by Bennink et al., who demonstrated 2002 by experiment, two co-rotated laser beams produced a projection shadow of an object mask through coincidence measurements as published in Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 113601 (2002). Instead of having a superposition of a large number of two-photon amplitudes, Bennink et al. used two correlated laser beams (imagine two back to back lasers) to simulate each two-photon amplitude one at a time. If the laser beam in the object arm is blocked by the mask at a certain rotating angle, there would be no coincidence in that angle and consequently defines a corresponding "position" in the nonlocal "image" plane. The block-unblock of the correlated laser beams thus projects a shadow of the object mask in coincidences. Interestingly, this experiment has excited a number of discussions concerning certain historical realistic models of EPR (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen). Apparently, Bennink et al. have provided experimental evidence to support the concept of classical physical reality. Perhaps, the use of a transmitting mask as the object aperture function in the historical ghost imaging experiments may have been a factor responsible for this confused wrong idea.
The classical argument seems to get more support from thermal light ghost imaging, because thermal light itself is considered as classical. Thermal light ghost imaging was proposed in 2004 by Gatti et al. in Phys. Rev. A 70 013802, Wang and co-workers in quant-ph/0404078 and quant-ph/0407065, and Cai and Zhu in Phys. Rev. E 71 056607.
Thermal light ghost imaging for thermalized photons with a single CCD camera was used by Gatti et al. The main purpose was to simulate the two-photon correlation of entangled states by a classical source. In fact, two-photon correlation of thermal radiation is not a new observation. Hanbury-Brown and Twiss (HBT) demonstrated the second-order correlation of thermal light spatially (transverse) and temporally (longitudinal) in 1956 as published in Nature 177 28, and Nature 178 1046, and Nature 178 1447. Differing from entangled states, the correlation in chaotic radiation is only "partial", which means 50% visibility at most. Nevertheless, chaotic light is a useful candidate for ghost imaging in certain applications. Recently, a number of experiments successfully demonstrated certain interesting features of ghost imaging by using chaotic light. Representative of these experiments using chaotic light are those by A. Valencia and colleagues in Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 063601 (2005); Scarcelli and colleagues in Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 063602 (2006); Ferri and colleagues in Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 183602 (2005); and Zhang and colleagues in Opt. Lett. 30 2354 (2005). A prior art transmissive ghost imaging optical scheme using thermalized photons Meyers/Deacon "Quantum Ghost Imaging Experiments," SPIE Proceedings Vol. 6305 (2006) is depicted in FIG. 2.
The HBT experiment was successfully interpreted as statistical correlation of intensity fluctuations instead of two-photon coherence. A question about two-photon ghost imaging is then naturally raised: is the physics behind ghost imaging phenomenon a classical correlation of intensity fluctuations too? To answer this question, Scarcelli et al. in Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 063602 (2006) demonstrated a near-field ghost imaging of chaotic radiation. FIG. 3 is a prior art optical scheme for these experiments. In this work, Scarcelli et al. pointed out that (1) the classical interpretation leads to non-physical conclusions in the case of entangled two-photon ghost imaging; and (2) even if the classical interpretation may work for HBT, it will not work for the near-field ghost imaging of chaotic radiation. HBT correlation is measured in far-field, which is essentially a momentum-momentum self-correlation of a radiation mode. In the Scarcelli et al. experimental setup, however, the measurement is in near-field. In the near-field, for each position on the detection plane, a point photodetector receives a large number of modes in the measurement. The classical interpretation of statistical correlation of intensity fluctuations will not work in this experimental setup, as we know that different modes of chaotic light fluctuate randomly and independently. The fluctuations will cancel each other if more than one mode is involved in the measurement. On the other hand, Scarcelli et al. proved a successful alternative interpretation in terms of two-photon interference.
The experiment of Scarcelli et al. published in Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 039302 (2007) that builds on the earlier work of this group detailed above has not been able to convince Gatti et al. that ghost imaging is quantum in nature as evidenced by the publication of Gatti et al. in Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 039301. This ongoing lack of theoretical understanding of ghost imaging has hampered efforts to develop reflective ghost imaging systems for practical field uses in such fields as satellite, field, medical and research imaging.
Thus, there exists a need for a ghost imaging that is not dependent on the transmission properties of the object. Furthermore, there is a need for ghost imaging the multi-spectral properties of an object. An additional need exists for an imaging system that is tolerant of the scattering and distortion of an image as photons propagate through a distortion medium.
Ghost imaging in the prior art was dependent upon the transmission properties of an object. Accordingly, there exists a need for image creation where the transmission of light through the object is not possible or advantageous, such as when the object is opaque. Thus, there exists a need for an imaging system wherein light can be reflected from an object for subsequent image transmission.
In conventional image generation systems, a sufficient bandwidth necessary to transmit an image. There exists a need for image generation whereby the image can be generated and transmitted using minimal bandwidth, such as for example, using voltage detection readings.
Generally speaking, for the two dimensional (2D) images, there are two major graphic types: bitmap and vector image graphics. Three dimensional (3D) images are similarly formed with more complicated positional information relating to the third dimension.
A bitmap (or pixmap) image file format contains spatial information as to the location of the pixel or "bites" within the image or picture being transmitted. The term bitmap is derived from a mapped array of bits, and bitmapped and pixmap refer to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Both bitmapped and pixmapped formats contain spatial information. Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array of pixels.
Vector graphics are computer images that are stored and displayed in terms of vectors rather than points. Vector graphics utilizes, inter alia, points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based upon mathematical equations, to represent images in computer graphics.
Both bitmap and vector images utilize spatial information. A feature of a preferred embodiment of the present invention enables the transmission of an image without spatial information. As used herein the terminology "without spatial information" is defined as without positional information (such as that found in bitmap or pix map), or vector information such as that found in vector imaging.

Method and system for creating an image using the quantum properties of sound or quantum particles

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


Disclosed is a tracking error detection system in a digital magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus for recording/reproducing a digital signal, in which a digital signal recorded by means of a magnetic head having an azimuth is reproduced to thereby produce a reproduction clock signal and the phase or period of the reproduction clock signal is measured to thereby detect a tracking error. Since the tracking error can be known every time the phase or period of the reproduction clock signal is measured, it is possible to detect the tracking error including the linearity of a recording track and it is possible to improve the accuracy in tracking error detection. Further, since no pilot signal or the like is frequency-multiplexed on a low frequency, the recording digital is not affected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a tracking error detection system for detecting tracking errors in a magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus for recording/ reproducing digital signals.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Conventionally, in a tracking error detection system used in home-use VTR sets, a control track is provided in the longitudinal direction on a magnetic tape, separately from a video track on which recording/ reproducing of video signals are effected, so that pulses indicating a rotational phase of a head drum are recorded as a control signal on the control track, whereby, in reproduction, the phase of a reproduced control signal is compared with that of the pulses indicating rotation of the head drum to thereby detect a tracking error. (For example, reference is made to "VTR Technology", supervised by Ryo Takahashi, Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK)).
On the other hand, in a tracking error detection system used in 8 mm videos, four low-frequency pilot signals different in frequency from one another are established and those four low-frequency pilot signals are recorded one by one on every video track so that every pilot signal is frequency-multiplexed with a video signal on the track. In reproduction, two low-frequency pilot signals recorded on two adjacent video tracks are detected as cross-talk from adjacent video tracks and a power difference between the two detected low-frequency pilot signals are compared with each other to thereby detect a tracking error.
In such a conventional method using a control track, however, it is impossible to detect the linearity of a recording track and it is very difficult to improve the accuracy in tracking error detection.
In the tracking error detection system used in 8 mm videos, on the other hand, it is possible to detect the linearity of the video track, however, the frequency-multiplexing of a low-frequency pilot signal with a digital video signal causes a problem that the pilot signal acts as a disturbance against the digital signal because such a digital signal used in a digital magnetic image recording/reproducing apparatus includes signal components even in a low frequency band.

Tracking error detection system having at least two magnetic heads with opposite azimuths and circuitry for detecting tracking error by determining a phase difference of output signals from all circuits based on signals produced by the magnetic heads

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A method and device are for influencing combustion processes, and include an electrical device. The electrical device engages with the flame front so that the electrical field thus produced, only penetrates areas of the flame front in which a stabilizing and harmful-substance-reducing effect is produced. The electrodes of the burner are arranged outside the region of the flame in the associated device.

The advantageous influences which electric fields can have on combustion flames are known. According to the publications
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 43 (1951), pages 2726 to 2731,
12th Annual energy-sources technology conf. (1989), pages 25 to 31 and
AIAA Journal 23 (1985), pages 1452 to 1454
the effects of the electric field reside in an improvement to the flame stability. According to
Combust. Flame 78 (1989), pages 357 to 364 and
Combust. Flame 119 (1999), pages 356 to 366
the carbon emissions are reduced. Further, according to
Fossil Fuel Combustion, ASME 1991, pages 71 to 75 and
Fluid Dynamics 30 (1995), pages 166 to 174 the emission of gaseous pollutants is reduced.
It is also known from Combust. Flame 55 (1984), pages 53 to 58 to influence combustion operations by electric discharges, in particular corona discharges. In this case too, the flame stability can be improved and the pollutant emissions can be reduced. Technical applications of the abovementioned effects are described in WO 96/01394 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 3,416,870 A and U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,636 A.
A common feature of the known methods is that the electrodes which are required in order to generate the electric field or a discharge in the flame, are arranged in such a manner that the flame is either located between the field-generating electrodes or is surrounded by one electrode. This electrode can be identical to the combustion chamber. An arrangement of this nature is illustrated with reference to FIG. 1 of the description. In any event, it is possible to draw a straight connecting line between electrodes of opposite polarity in such a manner that the connecting line passes through the flame which is to be influenced.
In FIG. 1, the direction of propagation of a flame 2 or the direction of flow of the exhaust gases is indicated as the z direction. The location z=0 is determined by the position at which the solid, liquid or gaseous fuel is transformed into the flame. No significant ionization caused by the combustion process occurs at locations z<0.
Arrangements which correspond to the known art include at least one electrode or one or more parts of such an electrode extending exclusively or predominantly over areas where z>0. In this case, it is also possible for the combustion chamber which surrounds the flame to be an electrode or part of an electrode. In extreme cases, the arrangement is such that partial areas of the flame may touch an electrode. In any event, it is possible to draw a straight connecting line from one electrode to an electrode of opposite polarity in such a way that the connecting line passes through the flame.
One drawback of the known art described above is that the electric field which is generated by way of the electrodes passes through a large area of the flame, while the actual effect of the electric field occurs in what is known as the flame front. The flame front is a narrow area, compared to the dimensions of the flame, between the cold fuel and the flame in which the chemical reactions leading to the formation of the flame take place. Since the flame has an electrical conductivity which is not negligible, on account of the charge carriers contained therein, the fact that the electric field passes through wide areas of the flame indicates that an electric current flows throughout the flame area which is enclosed by the electrodes. This causes an increased energy consumption without contributing to the desired effect within the flame front. This is the case in particular if electrically conductive areas of the flame or its surroundings are in direct contact with the electrodes.

Method and device for influencing combustion processes involving combustibles


The present invention teaches a flat panel display system for illuminating an icon having a shape. The system comprises a first set of illuminators for illuminating the icon with a first color light beam in response to a first signal. The first set comprises a first and second pair of electrodes. Each pair of the first set comprising a top electrode and a bottom electrode, wherein the top and bottom electrodes of the first pair overlapping to form a first overlap region. Moreover, the top and bottom electrodes of the second pair overlapping to form a second overlap region, wherein the first and second overlap regions outline the shape of the icon. Further, a second set of illuminators is incorporated for illuminating the icon with a second color light beam in response to a second signal, such that the second set comprises a third and fourth pair of electrodes. Each pair of the second set comprises a top electrode and a bottom electrode, such that the top and bottom electrodes of the third pair overlap to form a third overlap region and the top and bottom electrodes of the fourth pair overlap to form a fourth overlap region, while the third and fourth overlap regions outline the shape of the icon. Finally, the system comprises a signal generator for selectively generating the first and second signals.

Until recently, the cathode ray tube ("CRT") has been the display device of choice for displaying information. While having sufficient display characteristics with respect to color, brightness, contrast, and resolution, CRTs are relatively bulky and power inefficient. In view of the advent of portable laptop computers, the demand for a feasible display technology which is lightweight, reliable, compact, and power efficient is growing.
Within the automotive industry, an examination has recently begun as to human factors generally, and more particularly, the use of technology in everyday life. One such example is in the area of displaying icons in the form of information gauges on the instrument panel of the automobile. Presently, icons display information only upon the occurrence of a particular condition. Such display systems are realized by one of several approaches, including vacuum fluorescent and liquid crystal display technology, as well as custom icon design systems illuminated by a traditional light bulb, for example.
The known icon display art has several disadvantages. Vacuum fluorescent systems offer substantially low resolution, while liquid crystal displays ("LCDs") do not properly function within the operating temperature range of automobiles. Further, these known systems are also bulky. Custom icon design systems for automotive applications moreover offer only a single color. These known display systems cannot properly be placed directly within a windshield, as vacuum fluorescent display systems lack the requisite transparency and LCDs lack a sufficiently wide enough operating temperature range.
In view of these concerns, industry requires a flat panel icon display system which offers high resolution, and which is space efficient. Further, a demand exists for a flat panel icon display system which can project onto a windshield, or in the alternative, be placed within a windshield directly.


A method includes receiving an audio signal. The method further includes determining segments of audio from the audio signal. The method further includes sending a first segment of the audio signal to a first communication assistant (CA) device. The method further includes sending a second segment of the audio signal to a second CA device. The method further includes receiving a first text string associated with the first segment from the first CA device. The method further includes sending the first text string to a text display device. The method further includes receiving a second text string associated with the second segment from the second CA device. The method further includes sending the second text string to the text display device.

Various technologies have been developed to enable hard of hearing individuals communicate using telephone communication systems. For example, text telephones, such as Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf (TDD), enable deaf, hard of hearing, speech-impaired individuals to communicate over the telephone with hearing and speaking parties using conventional telephones. In TDD systems, the hard of hearing person typically uses a specially equipped device with a keyboard to type messages and a text display for presenting responses to the caller.
Telecommunication relay services or dual party relay services enable deaf, hard of hearing, speech-impaired individuals to employ text telephones for engaging in a communication session over a telephone network with a person who has a conventional voice telephone. Relay services involve a hard of hearing individual using a keyboard to communicate and a display device to understand what is being said by the other party. The hearing person hears what is being said and uses his voice to communicate. A relay communication assistant (CA) acts as the interface in this situation. The CA relays information from one communication protocol to another. For example, the CA types what the hearing person says and sends the text to the hard of hearing person. The CA can also read aloud text messages from the hard of hearing person so that the hearing person can hear the message.
Other call centers may also employ various telephonic technologies. For example, a customer service center may have an automatic answering service when customers call a customer service number. The automatic answering service may pose questions to the caller. The caller may respond, for example, by inputting numbers on their telephone, which indicates an answer to a question posed to the caller. The automatic answer service may use the responses of the caller to help address the caller's concern or properly route the caller to an operator that can properly address the caller's concern.

Segment-based queueing for audio captioning


A touch panel metal grid structure with augmented mutual capacitance includes a substrate, a driver layer, a detection layer, and a capacitance detection device. The driver layer is disposed on the substrate. The driver layer includes a plurality of circular patterns and each two said circular patterns are connected together by using a bridge wire. The detection layer is disposed on the substrate. The detection layer includes a plurality of polarized quadrilateral patterns. Each of the polarized quadrilateral patterns is disposed correspondingly to each of the circular patterns to form a touch-sensing pattern. The capacitance detection device is electrically connected to the detection layer and the driver layer. Therefore, the present invention can enhance touch control signals and can effectively prevent a cathode and other electric fields from interfering in the signals.

Compared with conventional thin film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) has advantages such as flexibility. OLED displays have various advantages, such as high contrast, thinness, wide viewing angles, quick response times, wide temperature ranges, and having simplified structure and manufacturing processes. Thus, OLED displays are widely used in several industries. Flexible OLED displays can be especially used on portable display devices, wearable devices, and display screens in the market or in other fields. As the mobile device screens are larger, sizes of the mobile devices become larger, and may result in poor portability. In order to solve those aforementioned issues, flexible displays are preferred because flexible displays having large screens can be folded to achieve great portability.
When preparing an embedded touch control layer on a display, a cathode and other electric fields can seriously interfere in signals of mutual capacitance of the touch control layer. Especially for flexible OLED displays, thinner encapsulation layers result in more noises. Therefore, the issues for how to increase mutual capacitance of the touch control layer to improve touch control sensibility should be solved for current embedded touch control displays. A conventional solution for those issues is to provide a pump designed for a drive circuit to increase the touch control signals. However, such a solution results in much more power consumption, which is a serious shortcoming for displays emphasizing power saving as their advantages. Thus, a new touch panel metal grid structure with augmented mutual capacitance is needed for solving those issues described above.

Touch panel metal grid structure with increased mutual capacitance

WUHAN CHINA STAR OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A radiation curable coating composition that includes from about 5 to about 70% by weight of the reaction product of i) one or more polyisocyanates, where at least 10 equivalent percent of the isocyanate groups are in the form of uretdione groups, and ii) one or more hydroxy functional lactone ester (meth)acrylates. The amount of component i), on an isocyanate equivalent basis, is equal to the amount of hydroxy equivalents of hydroxy containing materials in the composition. The composition can be used to coat substrates by coating at least a portion of the substrate with the above-described coating composition and subjecting the coated substrate to radiation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to radiation curable coating compositions containing ethylenically unsaturated polyurethanes and substrates coated therewith.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the past UV coatings were touted as being 100% solids. Unfortunately, in order to achieve the desired performance properties medium-high molecular weight acrylic functional oligomers with high viscosity were developed. These materials were too viscous to be used alone and were formulated with reactive thinners, which are low molecular weight esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid. These reactive thinners have an elevated risk of toxicity and are not desired.
Recently, in order to reduce the reactive thinner content, solvent has been used to reduce the viscosity of the formulation, thus reducing the need for substantial amounts of reactive thinner. In many cases, some reactive thinner is still used in order to not exceed VOC limits and to moderate the properties of the film.
The market has repeated asked for lower viscosity oligomers in order to reduce the amount of reactive thinner and solvent. As an example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,251 discloses one-component coating compositions containing ethylenically unsaturated polyisocyanates which contain allophanate groups and have i) an NCO content of 5 to 25% by weight, ii) a content of β,γ-ethylenically unsaturated ether groups incorporated through allophanate groups of 0.5 to 15% by weight and iii) an allophanate group content of 1 to 30%.
As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,024 discloses an allophanate-modified urethane resin formed by reacting an allophanate-modified isocyanurate with one or more hydroxy-functional olefinic compounds, which is used in coating compositions curable by high-energy irradiation, including UV/visible light or electron beam irradiation.
DE 2 914 982 discloses hardenable compositions that include urethanes that are liquid at room temperature or are solid at room temperature and can be melted at below 60° C., which are prepared by reaching esters or polyesters containing hydroxy terminal groups with difunctional and/or polyfunctional, and optionally subsequently with monofunctional, isocyanatoalkyl and/or isocyanatoaryl compounds.
However, the above-described radiation curable coating compositions typically require high amounts of reactive thinner for application and often provide films with insufficient toughness and/or poor flexibility. Thus, there is a need in the art for radiation curable coating compositions that require lower amounts of reactive thinner for application and yield tough, flexible films.

Radiation curable coatings based on uretdione polyisocyanates


There is disclosed a silver halide color photographic material which comprises at least one yellow coupler represented by the following formulas (1) or (2), and at least one cyan coupler represented by the following formula (C): ##STR1## wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 each represent an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group, X.sup.3 represents an organic residue required to form a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group together with >N--, Y represents an aryl group or a heterocyclic group, and Z represents a group capable of being released upon a coupling reaction of the coupler represented by said formula with the oxidized product of a developing agent, ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclyc group, R.sub.2 represents an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms, R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, a carbonamido group, or a ureido group, X represents a hydrogen atom or a coupling split-off group, and n is an integer of 0 or 1.

Silver halide color photographic materials are exposed to light imagewise and are developed with an aromatic amine color-developing agent, and the resulting oxidized product of the developing agent and dye image-forming couplers (hereinafter abbreviated as couplers) interact to form dye images. Generally, in a color photographic material, a combination of a yellow coupler, a cyan coupler, and a magenta coupler is used.
In this method, generally, as a cyan coupler, a phenol or naphthol cyan coupler; as a magenta coupler, a 5-pyrazolone or pyrazolotriazole coupler; and as a yellow coupler, an acylacetamide yellow coupler are used.
The performance required for these couplers generally includes, for example, that they undergo coupling reactions quickly with the oxidized product of a color-developing agent, such as a p-phenylenediamine derivative in a color developer, whose coupling speed is high enough to be able to form dyes; that they can form dyes having satisfactory densities immediately after being processed; and that the storage stability of the color images obtained by processing them is good. However, it is very difficult to select couplers that can satisfy all of these requirements, and a photographic material is required wherein the balance among the color-forming couplers of three colors, that is, yellow, magenta, and cyan, is good to satisfy the above requirements.
In particular, in the case of cyan couplers, a decrease in the concentration of the cyan color-formed dye due to the leuco-dye formation (insufficiency of cyan color formation) is liable to occur in a bleaching solution or a bleach-fix solution in which the oxidizing agent has been fatigued or in which a reducing agent (e.g., a color-developing agent) carried in by the photographic material has accumulated, and its improvement is desired.
In the case of color photographic materials for prints, in many cases color prints are stored for a long period of time in an album and, although the time the prints are exposed to light is short, when they are stored in a dark place high in temperature and humidity for a long period of time, fading is a problem in many cases. With respect to heat-fading in darkness, magenta is the highest in fastness, and yellow and then cyan are liable to fade. Therefore, when color prints are stored for a long period of time, the color balance among the three colors is disadvantageously lost.
To improve insufficiency of cyan color formation, 2-acylaminophenol cyan couplers are described, for example, in JP-A ("JP-A" means unexamined published Japanese patent application) No. 117249/1985, and 2,5-diacylaminophenol cyan couplers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,895,826; and these have an effect to a certain extent. Further, combinations of 2,5-diacylaminophenol cyan couplers with novel cyan couplers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,988.
Further, as a technique for improving the preservability of color images, a method for improving the color balance by a combination of a specific magenta coupler with a specific cyan coupler is described in JP-A No. 73260/1987, and combinations of specific yellow, magenta, and cyan couplers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,100.
Any of the above techniques shows an improving effect to some extent, but none of them bring about improvement wherein loss of color balance due to insufficiency of color formation of cyan couplers and due to fading of color images obtained by processing is completely obviated.
Moreover, recently, in order to meet the clients' demands or to preserve the natural environment, so-called rapid processing, wherein the development time is short; development processing which is substantially free from benzyl alcohol; processing wherein the amount of water is small or no water is used; and processing with a processing solution wherein the ratio of and the amounts of components are drastically changed in the running test state, are performed. In such processing, particularly, it is required to prevent the occurrence of insufficiency of color formation of cyan couplers and to improve preservability of the color image obtained by the processing.


A gift package containing a flashlight of the type that can be activated by pressing upon the front thereof is combined with a greeting card to provide an enhanced greeting. The combined unit is formed from a unitary blank die cut and scored for folding into a gift package on one side of a hinge fold and greeting card on the other side. A thermoformed gift holder may be arranged within the gift package for display of the gift through a framed window. The gift package gift therein may be arranged and displayed to constitute part of the greeting.

For birthday, Christmas, valentine, etc., greetings, the sender frequently wishes to present a gift as well as the greeting card. In such cases, it is most effective, and therefore desirable, that the gift be received concurrently with the greeting card. The object of the present invention is to provide an inexpensive but attractive combined greeting card and gift package. Depending upon the nature of the gift, the card greeting and gift may be designed to provide a significant interrelationship so that the gift is not merely an unrelated article but an important part of the greeting. A gift which may become a part of the greeting will be described by way of an example of the highest and best use of the invention. Specifically, the well-known small flashlight which is activated by pressure applied to the sides is shown in the attached drawings for use in a design appropriate for a birthday, valentine or similar greeting.
Prior art U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,143,729, 2,344,437 and 4,840,275 disclose combined greeting cards and packages but do not disclose the combination of the invention herein which is designed specially to present as the gift a flashlight of the type that is generally flat in form and is activated by pressure applied to the front side thereof. The curved exposed surface of the plastic bubble enhances the appearance of the flashlight gift and creates an active package in that the flashlight may be activated by pressing the bubble. This possibility is especially a feature of the combination shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 of the drawings wherein indicia, e.g., the word "VALENTINE", is inscribed on the inner surface of a translucent bubble to show only when the flashlight is turned on to light the bubble by pressing the bubble. These special features are not disclosed in the prior art.

Combined greeting card and flashlight gift package