This invention provides methods of treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA), acne, rosacea, prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), comprising the step of contacting a subject with a compound or composition capable of decreasing prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) level or activity, a downstream signaling or receptor pathway thereof, or prostaglandin D2 synthase level or activity; methods of stimulating hair growth, comprising the step of contacting a subject with a compound or composition capable of increasing or decreasing the activity or level of a target gene of the present invention, or with a protein product of the target gene or an analog or mimetic thereof; and methods of testing for AGA and evaluating therapeutic methods thereof, comprising measuring PGD2 levels.

In normal scalp, hair follicles (HF) constantly cycle between a growing stage (anagen), an involutional stage (catagen), and then a dormant stage (telogen). The length of the hair is determined by the duration of anagen. Thus, scalp follicles stay in anagen for 2-7 years, while non-scalp follicles typically remain in anagen for much shorter times. The caliber of the hair shaft and the cycling of the follicle are thought to be under control of the dermal papilla, a cluster of inductive mesenchymal-derived cells located at the base of the follicle. Anagen onset appears to be triggered by mesenchymal-epithelial interactions between the dermal papilla cells and nearby hair follicle stem cells in the bulge, which is located at or near the insertion of the arrector pili muscle. Bulge cell progeny generate the new lower anagen hair follicle at anagen onset and contribute cells to the epidermis after wounding.
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) remains enigmatic. Often, AGA is characterized by conversion of large "terminal" follicles into "miniaturized" follicles that resemble the vellus follicles of the prepubescent face. AGA often results in an increase in the proportion of hair follicles in telogen at the expense of follicles in anagen. Often, mild fibrosis replaces follicles in long-standing alopecia. Hypotheses to explain AGA include hormonal, genetic, and inflammatory insults.

Methods and compositions for inhibiting or reducing hair loss, acne, rosacea, prostate cancer, and BPH

The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


A folder for storing flat sheet articles, formed from a one-piece sheet material blank to provide a rectangular container which is fabricated by appropriately folding a rectangular blank and does not require any fasteners, The device is structured in a manner that it may be collapsed about the articles to be stored in a way that completely captivates the articles.

The instant invention is the subject matter of Disclosure Document No.: 274274, filed in the PTO on Feb. 19, 1991, and it is respectfully requested that this document be retained beyond the two-year period so that it may be relied upon as evidence of conception of the invention during the prosecution phase of this application, should the need arise.
The instant invention relates generally to a paper folder/portfolio for storing documents therein and the method and origami construction techniques for folding paper to fabricate such a folder.
Numerous folders, cartons and containers have been provided in the prior art that are adapted to store various articles. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,895,296 to Trauschke; 3,871,572 to Staggs and 3,834,610 to Eifrid, all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purpose of the present invention as hereafter described.

Folder/portfolio and origami construction for forming it from a rectangular blank


An attachment structure of a camera module for attaching to a housing a camera module having an image capturing element portion mounted on a substrate and a lens portion provided on said image capturing element portion. The attachment structure includes an elastic member which is elastically deformed in a thickness direction, arranged between said substrate and said housing, and a latching portion provided on said housing. The camera module engages with said latching portion, and movement of said elastic member in the restoring direction is restricted.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an attachment structure for attaching a camera module in a housing of a portable terminal device. Examples of such portable terminal devices include cellular phones, PHS (personal handy phones), PDAs (Personal Data Assistants), and notebook computers.
2. Description of Prior Art
The use of portable terminal devices such a cellular phones that are provided with a small camera module has grown increasingly common in recent years.
Of camera modules of this type, there is a design available that is provided with an image pickup part employing CCD (charge-coupled device) and a lens part for forming an image of an object on an image formation surface. The image pickup part and lens part are mounted on a substrate to form a unitary structure. The image pickup part may be joined to the substrate by soldering, while the lens part is attached by screwing into the image pickup part via a thread groove formed about the inner periphery thereof, for example. As is shown, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. Heisei 05-323164, in a camera module that has been formed as a unitary structure in this manner, the image pickup part, lens part and substrate are connected in a strongly fixed manner, so that the strength of the camera module is increased.
However, when the above-described camera module experiences an impact load, that impact load is readily communicated to the entire structure, causing problems such as disrupting the image formation surface inside the image pickup part, negatively impacting internal parts of the camera module, etc. Conversely, if an attempt is made to reduce the transmission of impact load by decreasing the strength of the connections between the image pickup part, lens part and substrate, then other problems arise such as displacement of the optical axis of the lens part, and a deterioration in the original properties of the camera module. In particular, when the camera module is loaded in a portable terminal device, there is a high chance that it will experience an impact load from dropping, etc. of that device. For this reason, there has been a strong desire to create compatibility between the camera module's image pickup properties and its ability to absorb an impact load.
The present invention was conceived in view of the above-described circumstances and relates to an attachment structure for attaching a camera module, and to a portable terminal device employing this attachment structure, the present invention aiming to provide therein compatibility between the camera module's image pickup properties and its ability to absorb an impact load.

Attachment structure of camera module and portable terminal device

Takedatobadono-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto-Shi, Kyoto


A roughness evaluation method for evaluating a roughness of lines formed on a substrate includes a measuring step of irradiating light onto a plurality of locations of the substrate and measuring a state of reflected light by a scatterometry; and an analyzing step of evaluating the roughness of the lines based on a variation in value measured in the measuring step. A roughness evaluation system includes an optical device for irradiating light onto the substrate and measuring a state of reflected light by a scatterometry; a moving device for moving the substrate in at least one of an x-direction and a y-directions on a horizontal plane; a controller for controlling the moving device such that the optical device measures a plurality of locations on the substrate; and an analysis unit for evaluating the roughness based on a variation in measured values at the plurality of locations on the substrate.

In a lithography process for manufacturing a semiconductor, a line edge roughness (hereinafter, referred to as "LER") and a line width roughness (hereinafter, referred to as "LWR") occur in a pattern formed on a wafer, especially in line-and-space patterns in which a plurality of line patterns are arranged at a specified interval, due to the effect of standing waves of light. The LER refers to the size of irregularities on a sidewall La of a line L, as shown in a cross sectional view of a wafer in FIG. 13. The LWR refers to the size of irregularities on both widthwise end portions, as shown in a plan view of a wafer in FIG. 14.
The standing waves of light contribute to the roughness. Light passing through a mask in an exposure process or light radiated to a resist is refracted or reflected, whereby light is interfered. If the interference light becomes strong or weak, ripple-shaped light patterns occur in the lines of the resist. In case of the transistors for nanoelectronics such as the 32 nm or 45 nm technology generation, the width of lines is 40 nm or 60 nm, which is much smaller than the wavelength of the exposure light. Therefore, roughness easily occurs by standing waves of light in the transistors for nanoelectronics.
It is important to control the LER and LWR in the lithography. Since the size of the line-and-space patterns is proportional to the gate length, the LER and LWR indicate the dimension variation in the gate pattern. Therefore, the irregular gate pattern has an influence on transistor performance. For example, roughness in the 45 nm technology generation should be suppressed to about 3 nm or less. However, roughness of 3 nm to 6 nm occurs in practice. Therefore, the lithography should be provided with the feedback or feed-forward of the result obtained by measuring the LER and the LWR. Roughness occurs in a circuit pattern after the etching process as well as in the resist pattern.
Currently, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observation has been used to measure the LER and the LWR. According to the SEM observation, secondary electrons emitted from a substrate upon irradiation of an electron beam form an image. The SEM is classified into a CD (Critical Dimension) SEM displaying an image of a pattern which is taken from above the wafer (see FIG. 14) and a cross-section SEM displaying a cross-sectional image of a pattern (see FIG. 13). The LWR is measured by the CD-SEM, while the LER is measured by the cross-section SEM. If the LER and LWR are measured by the SEM, roughness can be quantitatively determined by an image analysis.
On the other hand, a scatterometry method as another technique for measuring a pattern shape of a wafer is disclosed in, e.g., Patent Document 1. The scatterometry method uses an ellipsometer or reflectance spectrometer, by which light is irradiated on the wafer and a polarization state of the reflected light or a reflectivity of the wafer is measured. The polarization state and reflectivity of each wavelength region vary according to the pattern shape. Therefore, the pattern shape can be specified from the measured polarization state or reflectivity of each wavelength region by referring to the simulation results.
(Patent Document 1) Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-33187 (Paragraphs [0067] to [0080])
However, since the SEM can measure only several square microns at a time, the measurement takes a long time. Further, the wafer is damaged by irradiation of the electron beam. Therefore, it is not suitable for measurement of practical devices.
Furthermore, in order to measure the LER using the cross-section SEM, the wafer has to be cut before the measurement. Thus cut wafer cannot be used as a chip, thereby deteriorating the production yield. Although the LER is related to the LWR, it is assumed that the causes are different. That is, even though the LWR has been measured, the LER cannot be estimated from the LWR.
The method for measuring roughness by using the SEM has the aforementioned drawbacks. The present inventor has attempted to use the scatterometry method for the measurement of roughness. However, although the pattern shape may be measured by using the present scatterometry method, it is difficult to measure roughness of the pattern according to the prior art. That is, since the pattern shape is measured only once at a specified location of the wafer and roughness is not much larger than the pattern shape, it is difficult to ascertain whether the variation in the obtained spectrum is due to roughness or it is due to the pattern shape.


An image reading apparatus for use in an image forming apparatus includes a document glass installed on an upper side of the image reading body on which a document is placed; an image reading sensor installed under the document glass for stopping after being transferred to a predetermined position or for reciprocating in a straight direction parallel to the document glass; a cover for opening and closing the upper surface of the document glass; an automatic document feeder (ADF) for feeding the document to the position to which the image reading sensor is fixed; a document discharging plate for discharging the document fed through the automatic document feeding unit; first and second guide members for guiding to allow the document fed through the automatic document feeding unit to be discharged to the document discharging plate, the first and second guide members being installed at a predetermined interval to expose the document toward the image reading sensor; and a guide film installed to cover the interval between the first and second guide members for guiding to allow the document to be discharged to the document discharging plate. By this structure, a size of the image forming apparatus can be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus and an image reader for use therein, and more particularly, to an image reader for use in an image forming apparatus to minimize the size of a scanning portion, via an Auto Document Feeder (ADF) scanning area and a flatbed scanning area, and a method for checking the contamination of a guide film.
2. Related Art
Generally, an image reader is included as part of an image forming apparatus, such as, a printer, a facsimile machine, a photocopier and a multi-functional product, for reading an image of a document, via a flatbed scanning method, while moving an image reading sensor, and for reading the image of a document, via an ADF (Automatic Document Feeder) scanning method, while transferring the document with the image reading sensor being fixed.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example image forming apparatus. Referring to FIG. 1, the image forming apparatus 1 includes an image reader 10 for reading an image of documents D1 and D2; an image former 30 for forming an image on a printable medium such as paper (P) on the basis of information read from the image reader 10; and a paper feeding mechanism 40 provided on a lower part of the image former 30 to feed individual sheets of paper from a paper feeding cassette 50 into the image former 30 for image formation.
The image reader 10 includes an image reading table 11 having a platen glass 12 to accommodate different standard sized papers, and an automatic document feeder (ADF) 13 to automatically feed individual sheets of print media, such as document D1 and document D2, from different trays, to be read by the image reader 10. In addition, a housing is provided to house the image reader 10, the image former 30, the paper feeding mechanism 50, the paper feeding cassette 70 and related components (not shown) along with a control and display panel 20 for controlling operation and providing visual display of operation. Typically, the image reader 10 utilizes two scanning methods, that is, an ADF scanning method for supplying an image reading sensor 14 at a predetermined location and then reading an image from a document D1 while conveying the document D1, via an ADF 13, and a flatbed scanning method for fixing a document D2 on an image reading table 11 and then reading an image while moving an image reading sensor 14 in bi-directions ().
As shown in FIG. 1, the image reader 10 also includes an ADF glass 15 provided in the ADF 13 for the ADF scanning, and a platen glass 15 provided on the image reading table 11 for the flat bed scanning. In addition, the image reader 10 further includes a guide member 16 located between the ADF glass 15 and the platen glass 12 for guiding to discharge the document D1 fed from the ADF 13 to a document discharging plate 17.
However, there are several problems associated with the arrangement shown in FIG. 1. First, the width H1 of the image reader 10 is increased and unnecessarily large, since the ADF scanning area A and the flatbed scanning area F are separated from each other.
In addition, there has been another problem in that the width H1 of the image reader 10 is not similar to or identical with a width H2 of a lower part of the image former 30. As a result, the product, i.e., image forming apparatus can be unstable since the image reader 10 can be much larger than the image former 30, or vice versa.
Further, there has been another problem in that, as the size of the image forming apparatus is increased, it is inconvenient to distribute and handle the product. That is, since the size of the image reader 10 is increased relative to the image former 30, the size of the package box for the product, i.e., the image forming apparatus, must also increase, and unnecessary space within the box can be formed. Thus, it is difficult to efficiently package the product, and the product is likely to be easily damaged against impact during distribution.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Image reader for use in an image forming apparatus, and contamination check method of guide film for the same


The present invention relates to a new method for the production of a molecule of interest by conversion of a source of carbon in a fermentative process comprising culturing a microorganism genetically modified for the production of molecule of interest, wherein said microorganism comprises functional genes coding PTS carbohydrate utilization system and wherein the expression of proteins regulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PPS) is down-regulated. The present invention also relates to the genetically modified microorganism used in the method of the invention.

In bacteria, external carbohydrate (sugar) is transported into the cell and phosphorylated by the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is a critical molecule of central metabolism. In many microorganisms, carbohydrates supporting growth are taken up and simultaneously phosphorylated by PTS consuming one molecule of PEP per molecule of carbohydrate (Postma a Roseman 1976). The PTS is made of two cytoplasmic proteins, Enzyme I (EI) and HPr, and a variable number of membrane protein complexes specific to the carbohydrate to be taken up (Enzymes II, EII). All together, these EI, HPr and EII proteins act as a phosphoryl transfer chain between PEP and the carbohydrate, which is phosphorylated as it crosses the cell membrane:EI+PEPEI-P+PyruvateEI-P+HprHpr-P+EIHpr-P+EIIEII-P+HprEII-P+Carbohydrate (outside)Carbohydrate-P (inside)+EII
In addition to its role as a phosphate donor for the PTS, PEP also participates in the last step of glycolysis generating pyruvate through the pyruvate kinase enzymes (Kornberg & Malcovati 1973):PEP+ADPPyruvate+ATP
Furthermore, PEP connects glycolysis and the citric acid cycle via an anaplerotic reaction generating oxaloacetate, catalysed by the PEP carboxylase enzyme (Canovas & Kornberg 1965):PEP+HCO3-Oxaloacetate+PiPEP is also a precursor of aromatic amino acids, quinones and C1 metabolites, through the chorismate pathway (Pittard a Wallace 1966):2 PEP+Erythrose-4-phosphate+ATP+NAD(P)+Chorismate+4 Pi+ADP+NAD(P)H+H+
Several research groups have developed strategies to increase the availability of PEP in order to enhance the production and yield of desired products: inactivation of the PTS and/or the pyruvate kinase enzymes (Gosset et al. 1996, Meza et al. 2012), inactivation of the global regulator CsrA (Tatarko a Romeo 2001), overexpression of the gluconeogenic enzymes PEP carboxykinase (Kim et al. 2004) or PEP synthase (Patnaik et al. 1992).
The enzyme PEP synthase (PPS, EC 18.104.22.168) catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyruvate to PEP with the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP (Cooper & Kornberg, 1965):Pyruvate+ATP+H2OPEP+AMP+Pi
In many microorganisms, PPS is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism mediated by the PPS regulatory protein (PRPP) belonging to the DUF299 family (Burnell, 2010).
The aim of the study of Burnell is to characterize the structure and the function of protein DUF299 and the gene encoding said protein. However, this article does not suggest the possibility to regulate the expression of this protein in order to obtain a specific effect such as increasing the production of molecules of interest.

Method for the fermentative production of molecules of interest by microorganisms comprising genes coding sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS)


A magnetic tool holder has a frame for maintaining magnetic panels in position. Each of the magnetic panels has an upper surface for magnetic attachment and longitudinal sides defining longitudinal stepped edges. The longitudinal members of the frame have a longitudinal lip which cooperates with a stepped edge of the magnetic panels. A base member is attached to the frame and supports the magnetic panels keeping the top surfaces of the panels exposed for attachment.

The present invention relates to tool holders and more particularly to a tool holder that is used in conjunction with a pegboard.
A perforated hardboard, which is popularly known as pegboard, is a tempered hardboard predrilled with evenly spaced peg holes. Pegboards are also known to be made of wood, steel, plastic, etc. In order for a pegboard to support various peggable items, especially the items such as, kitchen tools or workshop tools, pegs or hooks are secured within the peg holes whereafter, the aforementioned tools are hung thereupon. Securing pegs or hooks to a pegboard is a time-consuming process as, most of the times, the pegs or hooks are required to be secured with fasteners, such as, screws, or the like, so that, the pegs or hooks they do not come off of it. This is caused by the hooks getting stuck with the tools whereby, as the tools are disengaged from the pegboard, the hooks come off with them. Even if the inconvenience of the securing pegs and hooks is ignored for a moment, one needs to pay attention while securing certain elongate tools to the pegboard (about the pegs and hooks) as these tools require to be supported by not one, but two or more pegs or hooks.
Therefore, in the light of what is discussed, there is a need in the art for a solution in the form of a tool-supporting device, or the like, that is easily secured to a pegboard. Secondly, there is a need in the art to ease the process of securing a tool to the pegboard by providing a convenient alternative to conventional pegs or hooks.


A Bluetooth pairing method is provided which includes connecting a mobile terminal and an infotainment system of a vehicle by a wired connection. The method also includes executing a dedicated APP (application) for a Bluetooth pairing disposed in the mobile terminal by a controller disposed in the infotainment system. Information regarding the infotainment system for the Bluetooth pairing is transmitted to the dedicated APP by the controller and the information is stored to a NFC (Near Field Communication) tag by the dedicated APP.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a Bluetooth pairing method and system, and more particularly, to a Bluetooth pairing method storing the relevant pairing information of a pairing target device to a NFC (Near Field Communication) tag.
Discussion of the Related Art
Since speaking on a telephone while driving may distract a driver, a hands-free phone call has been widely used for enabling the driver to concentrate on driving. Early developed hands-free devices were hardwired and mounted to a mobile phone holder. However, in recent years, Bluetooth technology has been used with mobile phones to enable hands-free phone calling while driving and even while leaving the mobile phone in a bag or pocket.
Bluetooth is a technology based on an IEEE standard, 802.15.1 for short-range wireless communication technology, and Bluetooth technology allows electronic devices such as a wireless terminal located within about 10 m of, for example, a computer, a cell phone, a headset, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a printer, a mouse, a keyboard or the like to wirelessly communicate with each other and requires low cost and low power. In general, Bluetooth hands-free technology allows for the output of an audio signal transmitted from a paired device (e.g., a mobile phone or MP3 player) through a speaker disposed within a vehicle. As another example, Bluetooth technology allows for the transmission of a user's voice signal input through a microphone disposed within a vehicle to a mobile phone when a call function of the mobile phone is used. In particular, a typical Bluetooth pairing procedure between a head unit of a vehicle and a mobile terminal of a user is complex. For example, pairing can be set through a procedure requiring more than about 6 steps. Accordingly, pairing between a head unit of a vehicle a mobile terminal is typically complex, and accordingly, such complications hinder a user's ability to pair a device in a vehicle.


A video camera specifies as a photometric area any block of a field of image to be picked up and picks up a subject to be seen by optimizing the amount of light regardless of the position where a television camera is located. The video camera comprises a solid-state image pick-up element (CCD), a display device and devices for controlling the diaphragm of a lens. In operation, the image picked up by the solid-state image pick-up element is divided into plural blocks to be displayed. Any block of these plural blocks can be specified as a photometric area. The amount of light for the photometric area is calculated and the diaphragm of the lens is controlled so that the subject can be seen by optimizing amount of light.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image pick-up device or video camera for use in a television camera, and more particularly to a diaphragm control optimizing the light amount for a subject.
2. Description of the Related Art
A previously known video camera for the television camera serves to set a photometric or light lo measuring area at the center of the field of image to be picked up, and has a function of controlling the diaphragm of the lens in accordance with only the light amount within the photometric area so as to control the light amount automatically (this function is generally called ALC (Auto Lens Control)).
In such a video camera, the lens diaphragm is not closed even if light is incident on the outside of the light measuring area. Under the condition of backlight, therefore, this camera can pick up the image of a subject against an optimum amount of light as long as the subject is located within the photometric area, as disclosed by Sudoh et al. in JP-A-62-281683.
However, in the conventional video camera, the photometric area is fixed only at the center area. Thus, if the television camera is set so that the subject is located outside the photometric area, an ALC circuit does not operate properly. As a result, the subject cannot be picked up clearly. Namely, under the condition of backlight, the subject will darken.
An improved video camera is disclosed by Nita at al. in JP-A-2-25178 in which the photometric area in the image field can be moved both in the vertical and horizontal directions and the iris is controlled based on the luminance of the subject irrespective of the light source in the field. But the disclosed video camera is not operated in easy way and it cannot obtain a good picture with a natural tone considering background lights.

Image pick-up device with auto lens control for freely selecting photometric area

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A system and method to receive a query against a plurality of data objects that are sorted, at least conceptually, to follow a hierarchical order and support a preorder traversal arrangement and a postorder traversal arrangement; translate the query into an executable query plan including at least one instance of a hierarchy rearrange operator, the hierarchy rearrange operator to rearrange an input including one or more of the plurality of data objects from one of a preorder traversal arrangement and a postorder traversal arrangement to a corresponding opposite thereof; execute the executable query plan including the at least one instance of the hierarchy rearrange operator; and generate a query result based, at least in part, on the input of the one or more plurality of data objects being rearranged in the respective preorder traversal arrangement and a postorder traversal arrangement.

Hierarchies are infused into our daily lives. Nearly any system in the world can be arranged in a hierarchy, be it political, socioeconomic, technical, biological, or nature itself. As a consequence, hierarchies also appear in frequently software applications throughout. Central concepts in computing are inherently hierarchical, such as file systems, access control schemes, or semi-structured document formats like XML and JSON. Looking specifically at enterprise software, hierarchies are being used for modeling geographically distributed sites, marketing schemes, financial accounting schemes, reporting lines in human resources, and task breakdowns in project plans. In manufacturing industries, so-called bills of materials that for example describe the hierarchical assembly structure of an end product, are a central artifact. In some business analytics, hierarchies in the dimensions of data cubes help data analysts to effectively organize even vast amounts of data and guide their analysis to the relevant levels of granularity.
A crucial component in virtually all of the larger mission-critical software applications is the database layer, where the hierarchies are ultimately stored. Given the important role that hierarchies play in so many commercial and organizational applications, it comes as no surprise that the first recognized database model was hierarchical in nature. Today, however, virtually all mainstream database systems are based on a relational data model.
While the relational data model is successful for a number of good reasons, its flat nature makes it particularly hard to accommodate hierarchies and their inherently recursive structure. For example, a hierarchy must be manually mapped to a flat table in the database schema, where rows of the table correspond to nodes of the hierarchy, and a designated set of columns represents the structure by means of a particular encoding scheme. Choosing and manually implementing such an encoding scheme may be a major challenge for application developers. For example, the encoding must be expressive enough to be able to answer all relevant types of queries against the hierarchy, and at the same time it must support all types of structural updates users may wish to perform. A poorly chosen encoding can render certain queries and updates prohibitively expensive to execute, if not impossible to express in the first place. The developer further has to consider the physical design and add supporting database indexes as necessary in order to find a suitable tradeoff between storage utilization, support for updates, and query performance. Additionally, care should be taken to keep the database logic maintainable, and on foreseeing future update operations and query workloads that may come up in an evolving application. All of these considerations are a major burden to developers and very hard to implement effectively and efficiently. A number of known off-the-shelf relational database products do not offer much support to their users, even though there has been popular demand ever since the relational data model has existed. A solution that application developers thus commonly resort to is to use a trivial data model for representing the hierarchy at the database layer and to outsource most logic into the application layer. This situation is especially unsatisfactory in the context of highly capable modern in-memory technology, where software architects are looking for ways to push more logic down to the database layer in order to utilize the powerful capabilities of the available hardware.
The following description is provided to enable any person in the art to make and use the described embodiments. Various modifications, however, will remain readily apparent to those in the art.


A downlink beamforming apparatus and a transmission apparatus including the same includes a subcarrier based user identifier for dividing subcarriers according to users, a beamforming weight buffer for storing first beamforming weights for the subcarriers by each of transmitting antennas, an interpolator for outputting second beamforming weights for each transmitting antenna by interpolating the first beamforming weights, and a signal reproducer for reproducing the signal for each transmitting antenna. Subcarriers are allocated to the signal by each user; and a complex multiplier multiplies the signal for each transmitting antenna by the second beamforming weights.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) system, and more particularly, to a downlink beamforming apparatus and a transmission apparatus including the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
An OFDMA system needs to adopt transmission techniques for beamforming and diversity using multiple antennas in order to improve performance and capacity of the OFDMA system.
Beamforming and diversity are defined in the wireless access standard, such as IEEE 802.16e Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) OFDMA PHY, in order to extend cell coverage by improving a link budget of the OFDMA system because the Adaptive Array System (AAS) technique is applied to a system including one terminal antenna.
An uplink channel sounding signal is defined in a transmitting apparatus of an OFDMA/Time Division Duplex (TDD) system applying beamforming transmission in order for a base station to measure and convert measured uplink channel information into prospective downlink channel reaction. In addition, a terminal periodically transmits a sounding signal in order to support prediction of a downlink channel under a mobile environment.
A base station can measure uplink channel information by using uplink channel sounding information and reciprocity of a TDD system, and obtain a weigh value for downlink beamforming by using the uplink channel information so as to form a downlink beam pattern. An apparatus for transmitting beamforming applied to an OFDM TDMA system in IEEE 802.11a is described in US Patent Publication No. 2005/0078763, entitled "Apparatus and Method of Multiple Antenna Transmitter Beamforming of High Data Rate Wideband Packetized Wireless Communication Signals".
Although many users of the OFDMA system simultaneously share subcarriers used for the OFDMA system, uplink/downlink users for the same frame may not always be scheduled identically. Accordingly, uplink channel information needs to be detected by each user and each antenna, and then stored at a buffer in order to be applied to a downlink transmit frame that is consecutive to the uplink channel information. When the uplink channel information is directly applied to a downlink, a weight value may be selectively multiplied by each user because a downlink transmitter allocates subcarriers by each user according to the OFDMA system. However, when an uplink frame receives information for Nu users, a beamforming weight value needs to be stored at a buffer of which a size is as much as Nu×K×Na×2×Nused in order for the information received by the uplink frame to be applied to the downlink frame consecutive to the uplink frame. Na denotes the number of antennas of the base station, 2 denotes I/Q (In phase/Quadrature phase) channel, Nused denotes the number of subcarriers used for one symbol of OFDM system, and K denotes word length representing channel information.
However, since K is generally a large amount, hardware complexity of a beamforming apparatus undesirably tends to increase.

Downlink beamforming apparatus in OFDMA system and transmission apparatus including the same

Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute


A semiconductor device includes: a semiconductor substrate; a semiconductor layer disposed over the semiconductor layer; a first well region disposed in the semiconductor layer and the semiconductor substrate; a second well region disposed in the semiconductor layer; a first isolation element disposed in the first well region; a second isolation element disposed in the second well region; a gate structure disposed in the semiconductor layer between the first isolation element and the second isolation element; a first doped region disposed in the first well region; and a second doped region disposed in the second well region. The bottom surface of the gate structure is above, below or substantially level with a bottom surface of the first isolation structure.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to integrated circuit (IC) devices, and in particular to a semiconductor device and a method for fabricating the same.
Description of the Related Art
Recently, due to the rapid development of communication devices such as mobile communication devices and personal communication devices, wireless communication products such as mobile phones and base stations have been greatly developed. In wireless communication products, high-voltage elements of lateral double diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (LDMOS) devices are often used as radio frequency (900 MHz-2.4 GHz) related elements therein.
LDMOS devices not only have a higher operation frequency, but also are capable of sustaining a higher breakdown voltage, thereby having a high output power so that they can be used as power amplifiers in wireless communication products. In addition, due to the fact that LDMOS devices can be formed by conventional CMOS fabrication, LDMOS devices can be fabricated from a silicon substrate which is relatively cost-effective and employs mature fabrication techniques.

Semiconductor device and method for fabricating the same

Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation


A shaving device with one or more shaving blades. Sensors are attached to (or near) the blades which produce a shaving signal. A processor or intelligent analysis unit then receives the shaving signal and determines what shaving changes should be made. An audible indicator is coupled to the processor to inform the user of the shaving changes needed. The audible indicator is a speech playback unit, or it produces an audible sound or tone. In the alternative, a visual indicator can be used, such as a liquid crystal (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) display, which informs the user of the shaving changes needed.

This invention relates generally to the field of shavers and razors, and more particularly to an intelligent shaver.
Ever since the invention of modern razors and shaving devices, research and development regarding shaving has been focused on improving the quality and completeness of the resulting shave. Through this research, there have been many developments in the area of safety razors and other motorized razors. In spite of these developments, the only way which a person can check the actual closeness and smoothness of a shave is to manually feel their skin or use a mirror. The use of this manual method verifies that a person has not overlooked part of the shaving area.
An example of one development which focused on aiding a person in checking the quality of their shave is U.S. Pat. No. 5,165,170 to Sagol. The Sagol patent describes a razor which includes a hair detection means. Included in the razor handle is an audio frequency pickup to detect and amplify the shaving sounds. The person who is shaving then hears these amplified sounds and must interpret the sounds to determine whether the shave is completed or not. The drawback to such a system is that the user must be able to interpret the sounds that are amplified by the device. Although a user interprets the sounds from the Sagol device, the interpretation by the person shaving may or may not be accurate. It can also be irritating to have to listen to the amplified cutting and scraping sounds of shaving.
Accordingly, it would be an improvement over the state of the art to provide a new method and apparatus for aiding a person in determining how to adjust their shaving to produce the best shave. Further, it would be an improvement to provide an apparatus to interpret shaving sounds and movements for the person shaving.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an intelligent shaver for aiding a person in determining how to adjust their shaving to produce the best shave.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an intelligent shaver which interprets and analyzes shaving sounds and provides useful feedback to the person shaving.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an intelligent shaver which interprets a person""s shaving movements and provides feedback regarding the orientation and movement of the shaver.
The presently preferred embodiment of the invention is a shaving device which has one or more shaving blades. Attached to or near the blades are sensors which produce a shaving signal. A processor or intelligent analysis unit then receives the shaving signal, and determines what shaving changes should be made. Then an audible indicator coupled to the processor or intelligent analysis unit informs the user of the shaving changes needed. The audible indicator might be a speech playback mechanism, an audible sound or an audible tone. In the alternative, a visual indicator may be used such as a liquid crystal (LCD) display or a light emitting diode (LED) display.
An alternative embodiment of the invention is a shaving device with one or more shaving blades. Attached to the blades (or near the blade) are sensors which produce a shaving signal. An analysis means receives the shaving signal and determines what shaving changes should be made. The data generated by the analysis means is stored in memory until it is downloaded into a computer or some other data gathering device.
A final embodiment of the invention is a method for improving a person""s shave, which includes the following steps. The first step is measuring at least one specific shaving parameter to produce a shaving signal. The measuring of these parameters is performed by sensors for measuring the acceleration, sound from a microphone, shaver orientation and other similar parameters through miniaturized sensors. The signals from these miniaturized sensors and microphones are then delivered as a shaving signal to a processor. Next, the shaving signal is processed to determine the shaving changes which should be made by the user to produce a better shave. The final step is producing an indicator based on the information received from the processor to instruct a person regarding improving the person""s shaving. The indicator will be either a visual display, a sound or recorded speech which tells the person what adjustments should be made to their shaving method.
These and other objects, features, advantages and alternative aspects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the following detailed description taken in combination with the accompanying drawings.


Computer apparatus for querying elements of a finite element model. The apparatus includes a tree data structure having leaf nodes corresponding to elements of the model and intermediate nodes corresponding to subsets of elements of the model. The tree data structure is recursively constructed in a working memory in response to initial user command to query a desired model. The tree data structure is traversed in response to user interaction with a desired element of the model displayed in a screen view on a display unit. Within an intermediate level of the tree, nodes in the level are arranged according to spatial relationship of corresponding subsets of elements of the model with respect to at least one axis of a geometric area covered by the elements in a screen view of the model. The tree is traversed according to geometric area in which the desired element is positioned in the screen view of the model. The traversal results in location of a leaf node which corresponds to the desired element and which provides an indication of memory location of data of the desired element for access thereof. Such memory location and access of data of an element is on the order of the log of the number of model elements, which is faster than a linear search for element data in the memory.

"Finite element analysis" is a mathematical approach to solving large (complex) problems. Generally the subject is segmented or discretized into many pieces that have closed form solutions. That is, each piece is definable by a linear equation, and hence is a "finite element." Collectively, the linear equations of the pieces form a system of equations that are simultaneously solvable.
Computer programs for simulating finite element analysis in various applications exit. For example, finite modeling programs are used by design engineers. Typically many thousands of elements are created to model a subject object and in particular three dimensional objects. For each element, there is geometric information such as an (x, y, z) coordinate at a point in the element, an element type, material property, stress value, displacement, thermal value, etc. Such information is definable by linear equations for the elements. To that end, finite analysis is employed to model the subject object.
Example finite modeling programs include: ANSYS by Swanson Analysis Systems Inc. of Houston, Pa; SUPERTAB by Structural Dynamics Research Corp. of Ohio; and PATRAN by PDA Engineering of Costa Mesa, Calif.
One disadvantage of such finite element modeling is that the large number of elements presents a problem in verifying geometric correctness of the model and resulting element information in the model. That is, one need in finite modeling computer programs is a very fast interactive way for an engineer to view a model and make queries, preferably by directly pointing with the screen cursor through mouse operations. Typical information to be returned by query functions include the geometric information and physical/material property information. Ideally a "direct manipulation" interface is desired, so that the engineer can feel as if he is pointing to locations on an object in his hand.
Some existing finite element modeling computer programs, such as PATRAN by PDA Engineering of Costa Mesa, Calif., allow data queries. In particular, these programs use simple linear searches through a geometry database. Typically, an engineer using such computer programs type a command declaring that some number of elements are to be "picked" and that designated information regarding the elements is to be returned. Using the mouse, he then moves the screen cursor to a point on the displayed model and operates a mouse button; after a few seconds the computer program finds the elements nearest the cursor and outputs the requested information. Often due to the clutter of a complex, 3-dimensional model on a two dimensional screen view, an incorrect element is picked, requiring another try and another several seconds wait. This is most serious on very large models where on the order of tens of thousands of queries need to be done, since these models are the slowest to process.
Thus, the existing query techniques can be very slow since thousands of elements may need to be checked for a "hit." Because of this bottleneck, finite element modeling computer programs do not provide a lively human interface for query functions. Accordingly, there is a need for a better interactive way for an engineer to view a model and make queries regarding the elements of the model.

Computer apparatus and method for finite element identification in interactive modeling


A mobile terminal according to the present invention comprises a motion sensor sensing a motion of the user while maintaining an activation state even when the main processor is in a sleep state; a grip sensor being deactivated in case the main processor is in the sleep state and sensing the user's grip; and a sub-processor, where the sub-processor, in case a predetermined motion of the user is detected while the main processor is in the sleep state, determines the user's grip by activating the grip sensor and wakes up the main processor in the event of sensing the user's grip but keeps the main processor in the sleep state otherwise.

As functions of terminals such as personal computers, laptop computers, cellular phones diversify, the terminals are implemented as multimedia players having multiple functions for capturing pictures or moving images, playing music, moving image files and games and receiving broadcasting programs.
To support and enhance the increasing number of functions in a terminal, improving a structural part and/or a software part of the terminal would be desirable. Menu structure implemented for various types of terminals of today including mobile terminals is also getting more complex as the terminals are designed to provide complicated and diverse functions.
Recently, interests are growing in power management of a mobile terminal which inherently has power limitations. In this respect, research is carried out on minimizing power consumption of constituting components including a main processor based on situational information perceived from various sensors.


A refrigerated food container system includes a container defining an inner volume and a thermoelectric module arranged in thermal contact with at least one surface of the container. The thermoelectric module includes a first thermoelectric cooling device and a second thermoelectric cooling device in thermal contact with the first thermoelectric cooling device. A control module is configured to provide a first voltage to the first thermoelectric cooling device and provide a second voltage to the second thermoelectric cooling device.

The background description provided here is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Various types of food and beverages may require refrigeration to maintain quality. For home use, these items may be stored in a refrigerator. Some items, such as fruits and vegetables, may be stored in drawers inside the refrigerator. Accordingly, items stored inside the refrigerator may not be as readily visible and accessible as items stored outside of the refrigerator elsewhere in the home (e.g., in a pantry, on countertops, etc.).


Disclosed herein is an apparatus. The apparatus includes a housing section, electronic circuitry, a touch screen, and a user sensory feedback system. The electronic circuitry is mounted within the housing section. The touch screen is on the housing section. The touch screen is configured to sense a touch at an area of the touch screen. The electronic circuitry is configured to analyze a feature displayed at the area of the touch screen. The user sensory feedback system is proximate the housing section. The user sensory feedback system is configured to perform an operation based, at least partially, upon the touch at the area of the touch screen and upon an image analysis of the feature at the area of the touch screen.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an electronic device and, more particularly, to audio and tactile feedback based on a visual environment of an electronic device.
2. Brief Description of Prior Developments
Many electronic device manufacturers provide touch screens for basic user interface (UI) control (e.g. icon selection, screen scrolling, etc.). As consumers demand increased functionality from electronic devices, there is a need to provide improved devices having increased touch screen capabilities. Currently there are many research activities studying how haptic feedback could be used in electronic devices. Electronic devices having tactile feedback are known in the art. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0192771 discloses a touch pad having tactile feedback. Immersion Corporation has introduced a concept where a computer mouse has tactile feedback. One such mouse has been productized by Logitech. And, Reachin Technologies AB sells a programming toolkit for tactile application systems based on expensive 3D haptic devices, such as the Phantom® Device (by SensAble Technologies, Inc).
The demand for continuous size miniaturization generates challenges to implement added touch screen functionality. Accordingly, there is a desire to provide an improved touch screen user interface with feedback capabilities for an electronic device.

Audio and tactile feedback based on visual environment


Embodiments provide improved interference classification and parameter estimation at a User Equipment (UE) that uses received scheduling information associated with interfering cells from a network node together with parameters associated with interfering cells generated locally to the UE to generate an interference mapping data set that may be used to adjust subsequent interference classification and parameter estimation processing in the UE.

In heterogeneous networks where small cells are placed within homogeneous macro coverage, user equipment (UE) will experience significantly higher interference levels compared to a homogeneous macro network scenario. The number of unknown parameters associated with the interfering transmissions makes accurate interference cancellation/suppression challenging and often inaccurate. In addition, interference cancellation/suppression may present a challenge in homogeneous macro networks where UEs are located close to the cell edge.
To help the UE in mitigating the interference, a network assisted interference cancellation (NAICS) study was introduced in Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization. NAICS aims at improving inter-cell interference mitigation by providing knowledge about interfering transmissions with possible network coordination to the victim UE. The potential gains of advanced UE receivers with network assistance were identified as part of the study. By increasing the degree of knowledge about interfering transmissions with possible coordination in the network, enhancements to intra-cell and inter-cell interference mitigation at the receiver side may be achieved.
A conventional receiver, which does not receive scheduling information about interfering cells, uses the information transmitted on the control and broadcast channels (PBCH) and other parameters provided by the searcher, and higher layers to obtain a preliminary interference classification. Unfortunately, this information is often not sufficient to correctly assist the receiver in generating accurate estimates of the physical layer parameters. As a consequence, the conventional receiver is designed in a conservative way and for the worst case scenario thus compromising performance in many configurations.

Network assisted parameter estimation in the presence of inter-cell interference


A personal computer system includes a digital signal processor (DSP) subsystem that is connectable to a plurality of application specific hardware devices. A single DSP is operable under a DSP real-time operating system (RTOS) to concurrently handle a plurality of different signal processing functions on a real-time basis. A DSP data store is connected to the DSP and to the personal computer and includes addressable locations that emulate addressable I/O registers associated with the application specific hardware devices to enable the personal computer to run a plurality of application programs controlling operation of the hardware devices. Performance is enhanced for I/O read and write operations by delaying halting of the DSP allowing such operations to complete in a cycle during which the DSP is not accessing the data store.

Digital signal processing is a specialized form of data processing in which digitally represented signals are subjected to rapid, mathematically intensive, repetitive operations where speed is of prime importance. Such operations are executed in a DSP that is specifically designed to execute mathematical algorithms. A DSP commonly includes an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and a parallel multiplication unit for performing mathematical operations in a single cycle. A DSP may also be supported by both a data store and an instruction store that are accessed in parallel over separate busses to simultaneously transfer both data and instructions so as to avoid memory and bus bottlenecks.
Digital signal processors are used for functions requiring very fast manipulation of numbers, as opposed to data transfers, string operations, or data block handling. A DSP is commonly dedicated to a specific purpose made up of plural tasks. Examples of tasks include: a) Echo cancellation in modem applications; b) Finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters with fixed coefficients; c) Adaptive filters with time-varying coefficients; and d) Fast Fourier transforms.
Heretofore, DSPs have been used for application specific, digital signal processing functions in which a given DSP is used for only one specific purpose. Plural DSPs have been connected in parallel, each performing a single related task. Two articles summarize the current state-of-the-art of DSPs, the articles being, "Real-time digital signal processing: a review of applications and technology", by A. G. Carr, Computing and Control Engineering Journal, March 1990, pages 77-80, and, "Recent Advances in DSP Systems", by H. M. Ahmed and R. B. Kline, IEEE Communications Magazine, May 1991, pages 32-45. Such articles note that programmable DSPs can be used with application specific hardware whereby a given DSP can be connected to perform a single, application specific digital signal processing function.
An article entitled "The NeXT Computer", by T. Thompson and N. Baran, BYTE Magazine, November 1988, pages 158-175, describes a personal computer having a general purpose DSP on a chip which can be programmed to tailor the chip for a specific purpose. Such system differs from the invention in the following ways. First, the DSP is tailored for a single function. Concurrent or multifunctions are not executed. Second, manual intervention appears to be needed to change over to a different application. Third, specific hardware adapters are required for each function.

Real-time, concurrent, multifunction digital signal processor subsystem for personal computers

International Business Machines Corporation


To provide a device for measuring a time of passage that is capable of sensing passage of the torso more accurately than a photoelectric cell while maintaining the ease of use of a photoelectric cell, passage of a runner is sensed by causing the upper portion of the body of the runner to be broadly illuminated by infrared light, visible light, and/or other such electromagnetic waves, and by detecting light reflected from large part(s) of the body of the runner.

In the context of training for track and field events, accurate measurement of a runner's time is an extremely important element for acquiring an objective grasp of the ability of the runner and the results of training.
The "finish" in an official track and field event is defined as the moment when the trunk portion exclusive of the head, neck, arms, legs, hands, and feet of the runner (hereinafter "torso") has just reached the front edge of a 5-cm-wide finish line. It is therefore desirable during training as well to be able to carry out measurement that is close to this.
There are generally speaking three methods for measuring a runner's time that are in use at present. These are those which make use of a manually operated stopwatch, those which make use of a slit camera, and those which make use of a photoelectric cell.
With manually operated stopwatches, there is occurrence of extremely large errors due to the problem of human reaction time. As it is said that errors on the order of 0.2 second to 0.3 second typically occur, such errors exceed the acceptable tolerance for track and field events in which 0.01 second can make the difference between winning and losing.
Slit cameras have therefore been used in attempts to avoid the problem of measurement error. Slit cameras are extremely accurate. However, installation is too laborious to permit them to be relocated to another site. While there are some large sports stadiums at which these are permanently installed at the location of the goalposts, as the finish line typically employed during training is not necessarily the finish line that will be used during an athletic meet due to the need to coordinate with athletes of other events and/or the nature of training, there are many situations in which these cannot be used. Furthermore, there are problems in that an expert in the operation thereof is required to carry out such measurements; and also, because the image must be played back and the runner's time determined after the runner has finished the event, the runner must wait to learn what his or her time was. Furthermore, it is not possible to measure intermediate times of passage (lap times). For these reasons, use thereof has been limited to full-blown athletic meets, these not being suitable for use during training.
As a measurement device which is somewhere in-between the foregoing, i.e., one that is provided with both a moderate degree of accuracy and a moderate degree of ease-of-use, photoelectric cells are sometimes employed. As shown in FIG. 16, a photoelectric cell is such that an illumination device (21) that provides beam-like illumination in the form of infrared light and/or visible light (hereinafter "light") is installed at one side of the line that is to be measured, and a light-receiving device (22) that receives the light is installed at the other side thereof, such that when a runner (1) who travels past the prescribed line blocks the light, the light-receiving device (22) senses that fact, measurement of the runner's time being carried out in correspondence thereto. This constitutes an improvement in measurement accuracy as compared with manual measurement. But because light-receiving device (22) is sensitive only to illuminated light within an extremely small region, this has been fraught with occurrence of measurement error in that sensing occurs even when runner (1) causes the light to be blocked by a hand, arm, leg, or other such small part of the body.
There is also a device which is similar to a photoelectric cell and which might be called a "reflective photoelectric cell." While there are hardly any real-life examples in which these have actually been put into use, employment of a reflective photoelectric cell has been proposed (see Patent Reference No. 1). With a "reflective photoelectric cell," both the illumination device and the light-receiving device are installed to one side of the line across which passage is to be measured. An illumination device provides illumination in the form of infrared and/or visible light (hereinafter "light"), and light reflected by the clothing and/or body of a runner traveling therepast is detected by a light-receiving device, measurement of the runner's time being carried out in correspondence thereto. In accordance with this method as well, the light is such that either a laser or other such light in the form of a beam is employed, or a method might be employed in which a lens or the like is used to collect the light. At the foregoing Patent Reference, the method in which a lens is used to collect the light is employed. But regardless of which method is employed, this will have an error which is similar to that with a photoelectric cell. That is, the light being concentrated within a small region, it will strike and be reflected by not the torso of the runner but even by a hand, arm, or leg, which is detected by the light-receiving device and produces measurement error.
FIG. 15 shows an example of measurement error such as might occur with a photoelectric cell or "reflective photoelectric cell." With a photoelectric cell or "reflective photoelectric cell," the detected zone (23) for detecting passage of the runner is small. Therefore, the fact that runner (1) has "traveled therepast" will be sensed even when the palm of the hand which is a part of the body of runner (1) enters the small detected zone (23) as shown in FIG. 15. When running in an ordinary manner, the palm of the hand will lead the torso by a maximum of on the order of 50 cm. When converted into an equivalent time, the measurement error due such erroneous sensing will therefore be on the order of 0.05 second. For example, the men's finals in the 2015 National Sports Festival of Japan was a close match, there being five contestants having times in the 0.04 second between the winning time of 10.32 seconds and the fifth-ranked time of 10.36 seconds. While 0.05 second is a much smaller error than would be the case with manual measurement, it can hardly be said that this satisfies the requirements for the precision that one would really like to possess.
In this regard, a stratagem has been proposed for avoiding the "hand blocking" problem, i.e., the problem whereby erroneous sensing occurs as a result of blocking of photoelectric cell light by a hand or an arm (see Patent Reference No. 2). This is such that because the time during which the light is blocked by the hand is short, where there is a long time thereafter during which the light is blocked, this is judged to be the sensing of the torso. However, as it is often the case that hands and arms extend horizontally and it is possible that these will block the light for a long period of time, it cannot be said that a means for avoiding this problem has been provided.

Device for measuring passing time of runner


A low voltage, low current power supply and chemical etching tool includes a container and a D.C. voltage source sealed within the container. The D.C. voltage source may be one or more batteries that together generate less than 18 volts and 1.7 amps. Electrical leads are connected to the D.C voltage source, and lead from the container through openings in the container cap. The electrical leads have no splices external to the container. The openings through which the electrical leads pass are sealed. One of the electrical leads is connected to an electro-chemical etching head. The other electrical lead is connected to a connecting clip to be attached to the part to be marked by the etching process.

The present invention relates to chemically etching surfaces, and particularly to etching specific marks onto a metal surface. Various applications require that metal surfaces be marked in some fashion. For example, to guide the placement of fittings such as cryo-fits in a tube or tank, the tube or tank surface must be marked in some fashion. These markings may be called witness markings. In addition, serial numbers or other identification marks may be required on parts or equipment.
Conventionally, the witness markings are applied using an electro-chemical etching tool. An electrolyte fluid is delivered to a chemical etching head along with a high voltage alternating current to etch the mark in the surface of the tube or tank. Typically the electro-chemical etching equipment is operated at 110 volts A.C., drawing about 15 amps of current. The chemical etching technique provides accurate and permanent marks.
One of the applications in which markings may be applied is in installing fittings in a fuel tank. The high voltage chemical etch equipment works well when the tank has not been used, or when it has been thoroughly cleared of fuel and fuel vapor. However, the presence of any fuel vapors may lead to explosive combustion at the slightest spark from the electro-chemical etching equipment. Thus there has been a need for a marking apparatus that has virtually no probability of igniting vapors in the environment in which the marking takes place.
Insulating the high voltage power supply of the electro-chemical etching tool improves the risk somewhat. However, the large voltage and current at the etching head still present a risk of explosion in an environment that includes volatile vapors. Existing electro-chemical etching apparatus still deliver approximately 5 amps of current at 18 volts D.C. to the marking head.
An ink marking may also be used in certain applications. However, ink markings tend not to be permanent, thus reducing their utility in certain applications.

Portable D.C. power electro-chemical etching tool and method


A process pressure measuring system includes a transmitter having a first sealed system in which a first outlet couples to a pressure sensor, a first isolator diaphragm assembly, a first capillary passage, and a first isolation fluid. The first isolation fluid couples a first pressure from the first isolator diaphragm to the first outlet and the pressure sensor. A second sealed system includes a second pressure outlet that is coupled to the first isolator diaphragm assembly, a second isolator diaphragm assembly, a second capillary passage and a second isolation fluid. The second isolation fluid is adapted for use in a first temperature range and couples a pressure from the second isolator diaphragm assembly to the second pressure outlet. A third sealed system includes a third pressure outlet that is coupled to the second isolator diaphragm assembly, a third isolator diaphragm assembly, a third capillary passage and a third isolation fluid. The third isolator fluid is adapted for use in a second temperature range and couples a process pressure to the third pressure outlet.

The present invention relates to remote seal systems for use with industrial process pressure transmitters. More specifically, the present invention relates to such remote seal systems used in extreme temperature environments.
Industrial process control systems are used to monitor and control industrial processes used to produce or transfer fluids or the like. In such systems, it is typically important to measure "process variables" such as temperatures, pressures, flow rates, and others. Process control transmitters are used to measure such process variables and transmit information related to the measured process variable back to a central location such as a central control room.
One type of process variable transmitter is a pressure transmitter which measures pressure of a process fluid and provides an output related to the measured pressure. This output may be a pressure, a flow rate, a level of a process fluid, or other process variable. The transmitter is configured to transmit information related to the measured pressure back to a central control room. The transmission is typically over a two wire process control loop, however, other communication techniques may be used, including wireless techniques.
The pressure must be coupled to a process variable transmitter through some type of a process coupling. For example, the process fluid can comprise a component used in an industrial process such as natural gas, oil, etc. In certain process pressure measurement applications, the pressure transmitter is located remotely relative to a pressurized process fluid, and pressure is physically conveyed from the process fluid to the pressure transmitter through a fluid link using a device called a remote seal.
In specific applications where great temperature differences between ambient and process temperatures are encountered in the environment surrounding the remote seals, the remote seals may perform poorly (or are not configurable at all for these applications) and this leads to potential inaccuracies in the measured pressure and other problems. There is a need to improve remote seals to better withstand great temperature differences.

Remote seal process pressure measuring system


A semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) device. The SOI device includes a substrate having a buried oxide layer disposed thereon and an active layer disposed on the buried oxide layer, the active layer having an active region defined by isolation regions, the active region having a source and a drain with a body disposed therebetween, each of the source and the drain having a selectively grown silicon-germanium region disposed under an upper layer of selectively grown silicon, the silicon-germanium regions forming heterojunction portions respectively along the source/body junction and the drain/body junction. A method of fabricating the SOI device is also disclosed.

The present invention relates generally to semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) devices and methods of forming the same and, more particularly, to SOI devices and methods for forming which avoid or reduce floating body effects using a silicon-germanium/silicon heterojunction between the source/drain and the body of a transistor.
Traditional semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) integrated circuits typically have a silicon substrate having a buried oxide (BOX) layer disposed thereon. A silicon active layer is disposed on the BOX layer. Within the active layer, active devices, such as transistors, are formed in active regions. The size and placement of the active regions are defined by shallow trench isolation (STI) regions. As a result of this arrangement, the active devices are isolated from the substrate by the BOX layer. In addition, a body region of each SOI transistor does not have body contacts and is therefore xe2x80x9cfloating.xe2x80x9d
SOI chips offer potential advantages over bulk chips for the fabrication of high performance integrated circuits for digital circuitry. Such digital circuitry is typically made from partially-depleted metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). In such circuits, dielectric isolation and reduction of parasitic capacitance improve circuit performance, and virtually eliminate latch-up in CMOS circuits. In addition, circuit layout in SOI can be greatly simplified and the packing density greatly increased since.
However, MOSFETs on SOI materials are known to exhibit parasitic effects due to the presence of the floating body. These effects are known as floating body effects and may result in undesirable performance in SOI devices. It will be appreciated from the foregoing that a need exists for SOI MOSFETs having reduced floating body effects.
According to one aspect of the invention, the invention is a method of fabricating a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) device having a substrate having a buried oxide layer disposed thereon and an active layer disposed on the buried oxide layer, the active layer having an active region defined by isolation regions, the active region having a source and a drain with a body disposed therebetween, and a gate disposed above the body. The method includes the steps of doping the active layer to form source and drain extensions; forming sidewall spacers adjacent the gate; removing a portion of the active layer in the area of each of the source and the drain, the step of removing a portion of the active layer leaving the extensions disposed under the sidewall spacers intact; forming a silicon-germanium region in each of the source and the drain such that the silicon-germanium regions form heterojunction portions respectively along the source/body junction and the drain/body junction; forming an upper layer of silicon on each of the silicon-germanium regions; and doping the source and the drain with deep implants.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) device. The SOI device includes a substrate having a buried oxide layer disposed thereon; and an active layer disposed on the buried oxide layer, the active layer having an active region defined by isolation regions, the active region having a source and a drain with a body disposed therebetween, each of the source and the drain having a selectively grown silicon-germanium region disposed under an upper layer of selectively grown silicon, the silicon-germanium regions forming heterojunction portions respectively along the source/body junction and the drain/body junction.
According to another aspect of the invention, the invention is a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) device, The SOI device having a substrate having a buried oxide layer disposed thereon; and an active layer disposed on the buried oxide layer, the active layer having an active region defined by isolation regions, the active region having a source and a drain with a body disposed therebetween, one of the source or the drain having a selectively grown silicon-germanium region disposed under an upper layer of selectively grown silicon, the silicon-germanium region forming a heterojunction portion with the body.

Semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) device having source/drain silicon-germanium regions and method of manufacture


A drive motor is located with its axis symmetrically between the parallel shafts on which a pair of louvers are rotatable mounted. A crank pin driven by the motor is connected to the two louver blades by drive arms attached to the upstream ends of the louver blades. A complete rotation of the motor shaft results in the louvers being relatively moved to sweep the air from an upward to a downward direction, while, at times, pinching the air to increase the throw thereof.

This invention relates generally to air conditioning systems and, more particularly, to a motor driven louver mechanism for sweeping the conditioned air emanating therefrom.
In an air conditioning system having an indoor unit that discharges the conditioned air directly from the unit to the space to be cooled, it has become common practice to provide a plurality of movable louvers in the discharge opening such that the direction of airflow can be controlled as desired. In order to enhance the air distribution performance of the unit, it has also become common to provide an "air sweep" mechanism, which causes the louvers to be continuously oscillated back and forth to "sweep" the airflow stream between the extreme points from side to side or from top to bottom. Such an apparatus is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,870 issued on Oct. 18, 1988 to the assignee of the present invention. It should be noted that, while such an apparatus provides for a relatively even distribution of conditioned air over a relatively large area, the louvers do little, if any towards the enhancement of the "throw" since they remain in parallel relationship at all times.
In order to increase the "throw" of a unit, louver movement mechanisms have been devised so as to orient adjacent louvers into non-parallel positions such that the air is "pinched" in such a manner as to increase the velocity of the air flowing therebetween and to thereby increase the "throw". One such mechanism is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,384. While this design does provide for a desirable increased throw capability, there are certain features of the design which are undesirable. For example, the drive linkage and motor arrangement is relatively remote from the two louvers such that the use of space is excessive and the driving force is transmitted over a greater distance than is necessary. Further, while the use of a slotted link does allow a variable pitch of the one louver, it also sacrifices positive control of that louver and may result in its movement in a manner not desired. For example, if the shaft is too tight within the slot, it may hang up in the slot and not allow the proper movement within the slot, and if it is too loose, as may result from wear which will naturally occur from the movement within the slot, then the linkage may become sloppy. But in any case, during the time when the shaft is between the two extremes within the slot, there is no control of the louver. Finally, it would appear that in order to obtain the dispersion that is desired, the louvers are necessarily angled at such extremes that the flow is considerably restricted so as to result in a lower volume of air flowing therethrough.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved air sweep mechanism for an air conditioning system.
Another object of the present invention is the provision for the economical use of space in an air sweep mechanism.
Yet another object of the present invention is a provision in an air sweep mechanism for positive control of louver element positioning.
Still another object of the present invention is the provision in an air sweep mechanism for effectively dispersing conditioned air without significantly reducing the flow volume thereof.
Yet another object of the present invention is the provision for an air sweep mechanism which is economical to manufacture and effective in use.
These objects and other features and advantages become more readily apparent upon reference to the following description when taken into conjunction with the appended drawings.


An LSI package encompasses a transmission line header embracing a header-base, a transmission line held by the header-base, and an interface IC chip mounted on the header-base, an interposer substrate having a plurality of board-connecting joints, which facilitate connection with the printed wiring board; an LSI chip mounted on the interposer substrate; and a receptacle having a lead terminal and being mounted on the interposer substrate, configured to accommodate the transmission line header so that the interface IC chip electrically connects to the LSI chip through the lead terminal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an LSI package provided with an interface (I/F) module, an interposer and an I/F module which are used in the LSI package, and a transmission line header implementing the I/F module.
2. Description of the Related Art
With improvements in the performance of electrically interconnected devices such as bipolar transistors and field-effect transistors, remarkable developments in the operation speed is being attempted in large scale integrated circuits for signal processing (hereinafter described "signal processing LSI"). However, the operation speed on a printed circuit board level mounting the signal processing LSI is still lower than the operation speed inside the signal processing LSI, although the inside operation speed of the signal processing LSI is inherently high, and further, on a rack level packaging hierarchy implemented by the printed circuit boards, the operation speed becomes further lower. The above-mentioned operation speed problems are caused by increases in transmission loss, noise, and electromagnetic interference associated with the electrical interconnections, which increase as the operation frequency becomes higher. Namely, it is inevitable that as the wiring length becomes long, the operating frequency becomes lower so as to ensure the signal quality. Therefore, such a tendency that the packaging technology limits the operation speed of the system rather than the operation speed of the signal processing LSI, has become more and more significant recently in the electrically interconnected device.
Taking such problems in electrically interconnected devices into consideration, optically interconnected devices configured to establish communications between signal processing LSIs by optical interconnection are proposed. In the optical interconnection, since the frequency dependence on losses, the electromagnetic interference in the distribution lines and noise associated with ground potential fluctuation can be ignored in a frequency range from direct current to a high frequency band over 100 GHz, communication of Gbps can be easily realized. Such an optically interconnected device establishing communications between signal processing LSIs by optical interconnection is disclosed, for instance, in NIKKEI ELECTRONICS, No. 810, pp 121-122, Dec. 3, 2001, in which a structure directly mounting an I/F module, which is adapted for external connection of high-speed signals, on an interposer which has a signal processing LSI, is proposed.
In the above-mentioned earlier technology, it is difficult to carry out board mounting of an interposer in an actual interposer mounting process, since the board mounting of an interposer is carried out under the condition where an interposer is mingled with an I/F module.
For instance, since the I/F module has an optical transmission line such as an optical fiber, etc, it is not possible to give heat treatment by putting the optical fiber into a solder reflow furnace of the interposer as it is. The problem is not limited to a case in which the optical transmission line is employed, since the same problem arises when an electrical transmission line such as a small coaxial cable is used for the transmission line.
Then, such methodology in which the optical transmission line is formed so that it can be detached from the I/F module by a detachable optical connector may be considered as disclosed in NIKKEI ELECTRONICS. However, in the detachable optical connector methodology, protectors for protecting optical semiconductor elements and optical connectors from mechanical damage and pollution are required. And, in addition, various architectures for lowering the process temperature so as to prevent thermal deformation of joints of the optical connector and for shortening the processing time are required. Because of these requirements, there was a problem being that the mounting condition of other parts which are supposed to be mounted on the same board do not meet with the mounting condition of the I/F module and that existing board assembly equipment was not able to be applied to as they were. Furthermore, the configuration becomes more and more complicated because pressure mechanism and holding mechanism of the optical connector must be provided in the detachable optical connector methodology, and therefore, the manufacturing cost drastically increases.

LSI package provided with interface module, and transmission line header employed in the package


In a piezoelectric ejector assembly, a piezoelectric actuator is attached to an ejector mechanism, while a drive signal generator and a controller are coupled to the actuator. The drive signal generator is configured to generate a drive signal for driving the actuator to oscillate the ejector assembly. The controller is configured to control the drive signal generator to drive the actuator at a resonant frequency of the ejector assembly, and an auto-tuning circuit is provided to define the optimum drive signal frequency.

Piezoelectric actuators are electronic components that undergo mechanical distortion when voltage is applied across them. Under the influence of voltage, the crystalline structure of the piezoelectric material, e.g. ceramic, is affected such that the piezoelectric material will change shape. For example, if an alternating electric field is applied to a piezoelectric material, it will vibrate (contracting and expanding) at the frequency of the applied signal. This property of piezoelectric materials can be exploited to produce effective actuators—electronic components that can be used to displace a mechanical load. As voltage is applied to a piezoelectric actuator, the resulting change in the piezoelectric material's shape and size displaces the mechanical load. The electrical signals applied to a piezoelectric actuator are commonly either single-tone, i.e., single-frequency, or square-wave inputs.
In certain configurations, when a drive signal having sufficient voltage and appropriate frequency/frequencies is applied to a piezoelectric actuator, the piezoelectric actuator may induce movement in a mechanical load such as a fluid, generating droplets of the fluid, which may be ejected as a stream of droplets. During generation of an ejected stream of droplets, improved piezoelectric drivers, driver systems and methods of driving are generally desirable.

Ejector devices, methods, drivers, and circuits therefor


Anti-bronzing agents are added to ink-jet inks to prevent bronzing of the inks when printed on various types of media. The additive can be an amine anti-bronzing agent that is protonated when the ink-jet ink is printed on the print medium.

Bronzing is a lustrous sheen of a printed sample in reflected light which can be associated with certain dyes. Specifically, bronzing refers to a reddish-brown reflected color of the ink upon drying. It is particularly an undesirable property of black inks because of lowered optical densities produced. However, it also can affect other colors such as cyan, producing a reddish tone. Additionally, bronzing is an undesirable print characteristic which can prevent color attributes from being measured.
One solution proposed to eliminate or reduce bronzing has been to raise the pH of the ink. However, it has been found that raising the pH of an ink can cause materials degradation of printheads that are used to jet the ink. Thus, an alternative means of reducing or even eliminating bronzing of ink-jet inks printed on print media would be an advancement in the art.

Additives to eliminate bronzing of ink-jet inks

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A semiconductor manufacturing method includes forming an oxide film on a substrate by performing a first cycle a predetermined number of times, including supplying a first source gas, an oxidizing gas and a reducing gas to the substrate heated to a first temperature in a process container under a sub-atmospheric pressure; forming a seed layer on a surface of the oxide film by supplying a nitriding gas to the substrate in the process container, the substrate being heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the first temperature and equal to or lower than a second temperature; and forming a nitride film on the seed layer formed on the surface of the oxide film by performing a second cycle a predetermined number of times, including supplying a second source gas and the nitriding gas to the substrate heated to the second temperature in the process container.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, which includes forming a thin film on a substrate, a method of processing the substrate, a substrate processing apparatus that may be used in the process of forming the thin film, and a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
As one process of a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, forming an insulating film having an ONO stacked structure, in which an oxide film and a nitride film are alternately stacked on a substrate, may be performed. Conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been used to continuously form an oxide film and a nitride film of the ONO stacked structure within the same process chamber. For example, an insulating film having an ONO stacked structure may be formed on the substrate to a predetermined thickness by alternately performing formation of a silicon oxide (SiO) film by simultaneously supplying dichlorosilane (DCS) (SiH2Cl2) gas and nitrogen dioxide (N2O) gas into a process chamber having the substrate therein, and formation of a silicon nitride (SiN) film by simultaneously supplying DCS gas and ammonia (NH3) gas.

Method of manufacturing semiconductor device, method of processing substrate and non-transitory computer readable recording medium


A vehicle is described herein which includes a first communication network, a second communications network and a router which is used to facilitate communication between the first and second networks.

The present invention relates generally to electric vehicles and, more particularly to a control system for an electric vehicle.
An electronic traction vehicle is a vehicle that uses electricity in some form or another to provide all or part of the propulsion power of the vehicle. This electricity can come from a variety of sources, such as stored energy devices relying on chemical conversions (batteries), stored electrical charge devices (capacitors), stored energy devices relying on mechanical stored energy (e.g. flywheels, pressure accumulators), and energy conversion products. In a typical conventional electric traction vehicle, a prime mover, such as a diesel engine, is used to drive an electric generator or alternator which supplies electric current to one or more traction motors. The traction motors typically are coupled to wheel sets on the vehicle. A typical vehicle that utilizes this type of electric traction is a railroad locomotive. In some conventional electric traction vehicles, stored energy is used to provide the main power which provides the electrical current to one or a plurality of traction motors. A typical vehicle that utilizes this type of electric traction is a golf cart or battery powered electric car. In some conventional electric traction vehicles, having more than one sources of energy is desirable. By having more than one source of energy, some optimizations in the design can allow for more efficient power production, thus allowing power to be used from different sources to come up with a more efficient system for traction. These types of vehicles are commonly referred to as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Series and Parallel HEV system designs are what is usually encountered.
As the complexity of electric vehicles increases, the demands placed on the communication networks of the vehicles also increase. Also, in many instances, when a controller malfunctions or the communications network goes down, the vehicle is often disabled and unusable until suitable repairs can be made. This is an undesirable result in any situation, particularly situations where the electric vehicle is a military vehicle and the occupants thereof are exposed to enemy fire. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved vehicle which is robust and is suitable to handle the increasing demands placed on the communications network.

Multi-network control system for a vehicle


Systems and methods for redirecting one or more printers from a virtual computing device to a physical computing device. The method includes initiating a printing application on a virtual computing device and exporting at least one printer configuration. The at least one printer configuration corresponds to one or more printers communicatively coupled to a physical computing device. The method also includes storing the at least one printer configuration to a data file on the virtual computing device and copying the data file from the virtual computing device to the physical computing device. The method further includes invoking the data file on the physical computing device such that the at least one printer configuration is imported on the physical computing device. The method also includes generating for display on the virtual computing device at least one indication of the one or more printers communicatively coupled to the physical computing device.

A virtual machine is an emulation of a computing system that provides the same or similar functionality of a physical computing device. Many organizations provide users with a physical computing device that runs a virtual machine, instead of a local operating system. The virtual machine is often hosted on a server computing device or datacenter, while the users use the virtual machine at remote offices. Users can use the virtual machines to provide services to customers and even print documents at local printers.
However, users at the remote offices often face prolonged print delays due to low bandwidth network connections between the virtual machine and the local printers. Such prolonged print delays can impact user productivity and experience. Modern solutions allow for printer redirection from a physical computing device to a virtual machine, but these solutions do not allow for reverse printer mapping from a virtual machine to a physical machine. Therefore, there is a need to provide optimal print job routing from a virtual machine to a physical machine over the network in order to decrease print delays.

Systems and methods for a printer reverse redirector