An apparatus for forming a latent image of an identification data in an edge portion of a new photosensitive film is disclosed here. The apparatus comprises editing unit to edit the identification data and an exposure position data, a memory to store the edited data, a register for registering an identification data from the memory and exposing unit to form a latent image of the registered identification data on the photosensitive film based on the exposure position data and synchronized with the feeding of the photosensitive film.

The present invention relates to a film data exposure device for exposing identification data such as the frame numbers, brand, emulsion number, bar code, side line, characters, and symbols as latent images on unexposed films in the production process of roll films for photographic cameras.
Hereafter in the specification, the identification data are referred to as "latent image data."
Some film data exposure devices for exposing latent image data to unexposed films as mentioned above use original negative films, and there are also some which do not use such negative films.
A film data exposure device using a negative film exposes latent image data to an unexposed film using transmitted light through the negative film. When setting the emulsion number, for example, unnecessary numbers of 0 to 9 are blacked out.
A film data exposure device using no negative film exposes latent image data on an unexposed film as follows: the unexposed film is fed at a predetermined speed, the latent image data to be exposed is stored in a memory beforehand, a position signal is generated in synchronization with the feed of the unexposed film and the latent image data is read out of memory to form latent images on the unexposed film.
When exposing latent image data on unexposed films with light through the negative films, different negative films same in number as production lines are required to be prepared according to the brand, emulsion number, size, and type symbol, causing a difficulty in reservation of the arrangement space. Furthermore, replacement of negative films requires a long time.
In a film data exposure device using no negative films, the latent image data to be exposed to unexposed films are set and stored in an exposure device beforehand for each unexposed film, and the latent image data is read and exposed to unexposed films synchronized with the feeding speed thereof. Therefore, there is no need to prepare negative films in the number of production lines.
The type of films, for example, may be changed or added. If this occurs, the brand is changed or added. When latent image data is often added or changed, however, there is a problem imposed such that a film data exposure device, which stores beforehand latent image data to be exposed for each unexposed film, cannot deal with changing or addition of latent image data simply and quickly.
Furthermore, when latent image data is often added or changed, the latent image data, which is actually exposed, is required to be confirmed immediately after it is changed. In the case of a conventional data exposure device, the alarm device functions only when an error occurs, and it takes a lot of time to check the entire contents of the latent image data which is being exposed because it is required to be developed for visual check.
When exposing latent image data in a conventional film data exposure device, an unexposed film is pulled out from the feed source and a notch is cut one side of the unexposed film by a notch cutter whenever the film is fed at a predetermined length. The unexposed film is wound round an exposure drum which is engaged with perforations of the film, and the latent image data is exposed on the exposure drum.
The timing for exposing the latent image data is determined as follows: the notch sensor detects a notch of the unexposed film, the perforation sensor detects a perforation and then counts the number of perforations passing, and the exposure of the latent image data is started when the count reaches a predetermined value.
In a conventional data exposure device for exposing latent image data after it detects a notch and perforations, the perforation detection accuracy varies slightly because the unexposed film flutters during feed and the exposure position may be shifted. When the exposure position is shifted, even if slightly, since the latent image data is optically exposed on the exposure drum, the exposure light interferes with, for example, a tooth of the exposure drum engaged with perforations of the unexposed film, causing an inappropriate exposure.
It is possible to detect the position of each perforation at the exposure position of the exposure drum. At this position, a reflection sensor can be used but a transmission sensor cannot. The reflection sensor cannot detect the position of each perforation stably, and a modified perforation position sensor cannot reduce variations in the exposure position.
A conventional film processing machine for manufacturing photographic roll films is provided with a latent image exposure device for exposing latent image data such as the frame numbers, side mark, side line, DX bar code, and frame number bar code on unexposed films as a dot pattern. In the latent image exposure device perforations of an unexposed film engages with the sprocket teeth of the exposure drum and the film is fed at a predetermined speed by preventing variations in the film position.
FIG. 24 illustrates the relationship between the sprocket teeth of a conventional exposure drum and perforations of an unexposed film which are engaged with them.
In FIG. 24, the exposure drum 341 has sprocket teeth 342 which are located at even intervals in correspondence with the pitch of perforations 343, and an unexposed film F is wound round the exposure drum 341 at a predetermined winding angle of .theta.. Since a tensile strength T is applied to the unexposed film F on the ascending and descending sides of the exposure drum 341, the unexposed film F is wound closely on the exposure drum 341, and the frictional force generated between the exposure drum 341 and the unexposed film F prevents the film from sliding on the drum.
In the above conventional exposure drum, the pitch "a" of the sprocket teeth 342 is equal to the pitch of perforations 343 of the unexposed film F which is set in consideration of an elongation caused by the tension applied to the film. The outer diameter D of the exposure drum 341 is obtained by calculating the theoretical length Lf of the part of the unexposed film F which is in contact with the periphery of the exposure drum 341 when the film is wound round the drum at a predetermined winding angle in consideration of the above elongation.
When the unexposed film F moves on the exposure drum 341, dot data of latent image characters stored in a control unit 344 of a latent image exposure device is read as the exposure drum 341 rotates, a light source LED in the control unit 344 selectively lights, the light is sent to a light projector 345 above the exposure drum 341 via an optical fiber, and a latent image is exposed to the predetermined film position.
As mentioned above, latent images for exposing are required to be exposed at the predetermined position of an unexposed film F with the constant size and at the predetermined position for perforations 343. FIG. 25 is an enlarged view of the latent image exposed on the unexposed film F. FIG. 25 shows a DX bar code latent image. Each DX bar code of a dot 0.095 mm in diameter, for example, is sequentially exposed to the unexposed film F at a pitch of 0.0475 mm as the film moves on the exposure drum.
When the pitch between dots for exposing is in error, the exposed graphic is deformed. The bar width d3 of DX bar codes is required to agree with the requirements 0.455.+-.0.075 mm.
So as to satisfy the above requirements, the film position near a graphic for exposing is required to be measured sufficiently accurately. However, a color film for measuring, which visible rays cannot be used for and is not physically strong, cannot be directly measured. In the conventional film position measurement, therefore, when an unexposed film F of, for example, 12, 24, or 36 exposures is used as shown in FIG. 26, a notch indicating the constant size position is cut in the unexposed film F by a notch cutter 346 under the control of the control unit 344, the notch and perforation 343 are detected by a notch sensor 348 and a perforation sensor 349 before the film is fed to the exposure drum 341 via a guide roller 347, and these detection signals are supplied to the control unit 344. The pulse number of a rotary encoder 351, which is directly connected to a rotation shaft 350 of the exposure drum 341, for generating pulses according to the movement distance of the above unexposed film F is inputted to the control unit 344, and the position is measured by using those detection signals and counting the pulse number.
So as to measure the film position highly accurately, therefore, the movement distance of the unexposed film F as the exposure drum 341 rotates is required to be perfectly synchronized with the rotation angle of the exposure drum 341 which is measured by the rotary encoder 351. When the notch cutter 346 cuts notches, however, the unexposed film F may not move uniformly. The unexposed film F is required to feed intermittently because it is cut in a predetermined length, and as a result, a pulsatory motion may occur in the feed of the unexposed film F. When the acceleration applied to the unexposed film F is larger than the angular acceleration by the frictional force generated between the exposure drum 341 and the unexposed film F and by the moment of inertia by revolution of the exposure drum 341, a match may occur in synchronization between the unexposed film F and the exposure drum 341. When such a synchronous mismatch occurs, the latent image exposure position cannot be measured correctly.
As to the relationship between the sprocket teeth 342 of the conventional exposure drum 341 and the perforations 343 of the unexposed film F, the pitch "a" of the sprocket teeth 342 is equal to that of the perforations 343 as shown in FIG. 24. Therefore, so as to prevent such a synchronous mismatch, it is required that the sprocket teeth 342 are closely engaged with the perforations 343. However, from problems such as the machining accuracy of the sprocket teeth 342 and coloration, which is called a kick, of the film caused by one of the sprocket teeth 342 touching the edge of one of the perforations 343, the maximum distance d2 of the sprocket teeth 342 is 1.75 mm for the standard distance d1 of 1.98 mm of the perforations 343. In a conventional latent image exposure device, therefore, a gap of 0.23 mm occurs between the sprocket teeth 342 and the perforation s 343, and the latent image exposure position may be shifted when a pulsatory motion occurs in the feed of the unexposed film F.


A liquid crystal display device has an opposing substrate on which an opposing electrode is formed, a TFT substrate on which pixel electrodes arranged in matrix, thin film transistors connected to the pixel electrodes respectively, and gate lines and data lines for the thin film transistors are formed, vertical alignment films formed on the opposing inner surfaces of these substrates, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the vertical alignment films and having negative dielectric anisotropy. Each pixel electrode has a slit formed for separating each pixel into a plurality of sub-pixels by partially eliminating the pixel electrode with a connecting portion left at which adjoining electrode portions of each pixel electrode is connected with each other. The width W1 of the pixel electrode that runs in a direction in which the slit is formed and width W2 of the connecting portion have a ratio W2/W1 of 0.13 or lower.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vertical alignment active matrix liquid crystal display device using a thin film transistor (hereinafter referred to as TFT) as an active element.
2. Description of the Related Art
A vertical alignment liquid crystal display device comprises a pair of substrates opposite to each other with a predetermined gap therebetween, a plurality of pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix of rows and columns on the inner surface of one substrate of the opposing inner surfaces of the pair of substrate, a plurality of TFTs arranged on the inner surface of the one substrate correspondingly to the plurality of pixel electrodes and connected to the corresponding pixel electrodes, a plurality of gate lines and data lines formed on the inner surface of the one substrate respectively between the rows of pixel electrodes and the columns of pixel electrodes for supplying a gate signal and a data signal to the TFTs on the corresponding rows and columns, an opposing electrode formed on the inner surface of the other substrate so as to oppose to each of the plurality of pixel electrodes, vertical alignment films formed so as to cover the electrodes on the inner surfaces of the front substrate and back substrate respectively, and a liquid crystal layer having a negative dielectric anisotropy filled in the gap between the front substrate and the back substrate.
The vertical alignment liquid crystal display device displays an image by aligning liquid crystal molecules being in the vertically aligned state to lie down by applying a voltage between each of the pixel electrodes and the opposing electrode, in each of a plurality of pixels that are defined in the areas where the plurality of pixel electrodes and the opposing electrode face each other. As the voltage is applied, the liquid crystal molecules in each pixel are so aligned as to lie down to the substrate.
Such a vertical alignment liquid crystal display device causes variation in the state of lying alignment of the liquid crystal molecules in accordance with the voltages applied to the respective pixels, resulting in display unevenness.
Hence, in order to stabilize the alignment state of each pixel and obtain a wider view angle characteristic, it is proposed to form a plurality of domains where the liquid crystal molecules are aligned along plural directions pixel by pixel. For instance, as described in the specification of Japanese Patent Publication No. 2565639, a liquid crystal display apparatus proposed has the opposing electrode formed with a slit with the shape of a letter X, so that the liquid crystal molecules in each pixel are so aligned as to tilt toward the center of the X-shaped slit along the four directions when a voltage is applied between the two electrodes facing each other.
However, since it is required in this liquid crystal display device that the domains be formed which has different alignment directions from each other due to the X-shaped slit formed in each pixel, the X-shaped slit needs to be formed to have a sufficiently large width in order to prohibit the interaction between the domains. This increases the area of the slit, which is not controllable by electric fields, in each pixel, thereby reduces the area where the opposing electrode and the pixel electrode face each other, resulting in a low aperture ratio.

Vertical alignment liquid crystal display device in which a pixel electrode has slits which divide the pixel electrode into electrode portions


Post-translational O-sulfonation of a serine or threonine residue of proteins is detected, optionally comparatively, wherein the detected O-sulfonation is detected under a first physiological condition, and is compared with a control O-sulfonation detected under a second physiological condition, and a difference between the detected and control O-sulfonations indicates a difference between the first and second physiological conditions.

Sulfonation occurs as a common enzymatic modification of endogenous substances including proteins, carbohydrates, catecholamines, and estrogenic steroids as well as xenobiotic chemicals [1]. Sulfonation refers to the transfer of the sulfonate group (SO3−1) from 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the only known sulfonate donor [2]. Sulfonation can occur through several types of linkages, esters (O-sulfonation), amides (N-sulfonation) and thioesters (S-sulfonation) [3], of which O-sulfonation is the most prominent. The transfer of SO3−1 to a hydroxyl acceptor (O-sulfonation) generates an ester sulfate, and this reaction has commonly been referred to as sulfation rather than the more accurate O-sulfonation.
The majority of cellular sulfonation is O-sulfonation and occurs primarily on steroids, catecholamines and thyroid hormones [1]. The sulfonation of these molecules is catalyzed by the soluble cytosolic sulfotransferases and appears to alter their bioactivity. For example, estrogen, testosterone and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) can interact with their respective receptors to regulate transcription whereas their sulfate-containing moieties cannot. Furthermore, the half-life of these compounds in blood is significantly shorter than that of their conjugated counterparts suggesting that sulfonation maintains these compounds in an inactive state ready for rapid deployment by the removal of the sulfonyl group.
While the cytosolic sulfotransferases conjugate cell-permeable or intracellular compounds, the membrane-bound Golgi-associated sulfotransferases are primarily responsible for sulfonation of extracellular proteins via a co- or post-translational mechanism. The membrane-bound sulfotransferases are responsible for the sulfonation of various glycosaminoglycans such as heparin and heparan sulfate. Additionally, such enzymes catalyze the direct sulfonation of proteins on the 4-O-position of tyrosine residues [4]. It is one of the last modifications to occur during protein transiting the trans-Golgi and thus has been found almost exclusively on secreted and plasma membrane proteins of all metazoan species examined. In addition, there is a large body of evidence that this modification is present usually at the interface of interacting proteins and hence, is known to modulate extracellular protein-protein interactions. In humans, protein tyrosine sulfonation has been implicated in proteins of the vasculature and hemostasis. Examples include the mediation of inflammatory leukocyte adhesion, chemokine receptors and modulation of the blood coagulation cascade [5]. Significantly, only tyrosine residues have been described as sites for O-sulfonation within proteins, and O-sulfonation of proteins has not previously been shown to occur within the cytosol. Several tyrosyl protein sulfotransferases [6,7] and arylsulfatases [8] present in the trans-Golgi have been described, but unlike tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation [9], there is no evidence of dynamic regulation of tyrosine sulfonation [4,5]. Until now, only widespread modification of tyrosine has been observed [10, 11].
We have discovered the occurrence of sulfonation as a posttranslational modification of serine and threonine residues, and that this sulfonation is involved in the modulation of protein-protein interactions, and in particular, has regulatory functions in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling as discussed further below. We have exploited this finding to develop methods of detecting and modulating this serine and threonine sulfonation.

Abstract: Predetermined changes in physiological conditions are used to infer specific changes in O-sulfonation. Proteins are modified by introducing a predetermined change in O-sulfonation at a serine or threonine residue of the protein, and optionally, detecting a resultant change in O-sulfonation. These methods include introducing or increasing O-sulfonation, eliminating or reducing O-sulfonation; and derivatizing or substituting O-sulfonation.

Yeda Research and Development Co. Ltd. at the Weizmann Institute of Science


Packets input from input HWs #0 to #3 to a packet switch device are buried in time slots A through D. The packet switch device alternately switches the input packets in units of time slots, and inputs the packets to two 4×4 switches. The 4×4 switches make normal switching, and distribute the packets to respective output ports. Then, the packets output from the two 4×4 switches after being switched are alternately multiplexed, and output to output HWs #0 through #3. By making switching in units of packets as described above, a process overhead is prevented from being increased, and also expansion can be easily made. Besides, hardware scale can be made small.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a packet switch device for large-scale packet switching.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the explosive expansion of the Internet and with the advent of media handling large-amount or high-quality information, expectations have been running high in recent years for an improvement in a large-scale communications infrastructure that can flexibly handle a massive amount of data. Additionally, there has been a growing interest in a switch having a capacity of several hundreds of gigabytes to several terabytes, which is a key to actualization.
FIG. 1 exemplifies the configuration of a conventional input buffer switch.
In this configuration, a crossbar switch is a simple switch that is positioned at a stage succeeding input buffers, and that switches on/off each intersection point in a matrix generated when input and output HWs (highways) are arranged vertically and horizontally. At the exit of the input buffers, the crossbar switch can be configured not to include buffers. Namely, input packets are grouped into packets destined for output ports #1 through #N within the input buffers, and the grouped packets are stored. A scheduler outputs, for example, the packets to be output to the output port #1 at the appropriate timing so that they do not collide within the crossbar switch.
To expand the capacity of such a crossbar switch, a method connecting HWs in multiple stages in a matrix state, and a method bit-slicing one HW and arranging switches in parallel are considered as conventional techniques.
FIG. 2 shows a conventional crossbar switch expanding method, with which the capacity of a crossbar switch is expanded by connecting switches in multiple stages in a matrix state.
This figure shows the configuration which achieves its object by adding crossbar switches 11-1 through 11-3 in a matrix state when a single crossbar switch 10 which originally uses 4-input and 4-output lines is expanded to be a switch using 8-input and 8-output lines. In this configuration, the expansion method is simple. However, the number of crossbar switches is squared each time the capacity is expanded, leading to a very large hardware configuration.
FIG. 3 shows a conventional expansion method bit-slicing one HW, and arranging switches in parallel.
Assume that one M×M matrix switch is first arranged, and switching is made, for example, in units of 8-bit packets with the expansion method shown in FIG. 3. To expand this switch, an 8-bit packet is disassembled into 4-bit data, and switching is made by 2 M×M matrix switches, which respectively output the 4-bit data to the same output HW in parallel. Then, the output HW reassembles the 4-bit data into the 8-bit packet, and outputs the reassembled packet.
To further expand the capacity with the bit-slicing method shown in FIG. 3, one packet is further disassembled, and a required number of matrix switches are arranged. For instance, an 8-bit packet can be disassembled into 1-bit data. Therefore, this packet can be disassembled into 8 at the maximum. Accordingly, also 8 matrix switches are prepared, and each of the switches is made to switch 1-bit data. Bit data of one packet is output to the same output HW, which reassembles and transmits the 8-bit packet.
With the connections of crossbar switches in multiple stages shown in FIG. 2, the hardware amount increases with the requirements of IFs for expansion connections and with the square of the switch scale. Compared with this method, the bit slicing shown in FIG. 3 only requires the hardware proportional to the scale of a switch, thereby reducing a switch size. Note that, however, if the number of inputs/outputs of an HW accommodated by a switch is large, the number of input/output terminals proportional to that of the inputs/outputs is required with the bit slicing. Furthermore, a method attaching switch on-off information as the tag information of a packet to reduce the number of switch terminals is considered. However, the tag information must be attached to each bit with the bit slicing method, so that a process overhead becomes large.
FIG. 4 shows an example where a tag is attached to data with the bit slicing method.
If a packet having a payload composed of 63 words having 8-bit length is switched in units of packets, one tag may be attached to this packet. Namely, in FIG. 4, a tag composed of 1 word having 8-bit length is attached. If this packet is bit-sliced and disassembled into 1-bit data, it is necessary to attach a tag of 8 words having 1-bit length to each of the disassembled payloads of 63 words, and to switch each payload by an individual matrix switch. Accordingly, the data having 64 words when being switched in units of packets increases to 71 words if it is bit-sliced.
Furthermore, the following problems exist.                If a fault occurs in one slice, a packet itself is discarded (a complete packet cannot be transmitted), leading to system down.        Expansion cannot be made online.


An improved device for heating hearing aid microtubes is presented, the invention comprised of inexpensive electrical parts and a simple plastic base. The device possesses a heater flue that is shaped to concentrate the heat from the heating element along a short length of the hearing aid audio tube to be formed as well as a metal reflector to increase the efficiency of the heater element. The device has nonskid feet and air holes to improve the cooling of the device.

Hearing aids that are in the behind-the-ear style require microtubes to carry the received and amplified sound to the sound transducer placed in the ear canal. The sound receiving and amplifying equipment is placed behind the ear to keep it hidden as much as possible; the sound tube is shaped to bend around the upper part of the external ear to keep it out of site.
Microtubes are made of soft plastic that can be shaped easily to fit around the external ear structure. The plastic is firm and holds its shape at room temperature, but will bend easily when heated. At the time when the hearing aid is fitted to a customer by an audiologist or other hearing aid specialist, the primary means for shaping such microtubes is applying a measured amount of heat to the tubes and bending them by hand.
There currently exists no means of applying such localized heat to a microtube for audiologist office use. The present invention is a specialized heater with a small-bore flume that addresses this function. The heater enables the hearing aid fitter to place the microtube close enough to an open heat source so that the tube bends without melting the plastic of the tube.
There are several designs for such heaters, and they all suffer from certain design limitations. The present invention is designed to address some of these limitations in an inexpensive stand-alone mechanism that is easy to use.


An all solid-state laser light source device comprises a diode-pump laser and the following devices sequentially arranged in an optical path direction of laser light: a coupling optical fiber, a coupling lens assembly, and a resonant cavity. An anisotropic laser crystal is provided in the resonant cavity. Absorption spectra of the anisotropic laser crystal comprise a π polarization absorption spectrum and a σ polarization absorption spectrum. Each of the π polarization absorption spectrum and the σ polarization absorption spectrum has a peak pump region and a left pump region and a right pump region arranged on either side of the peak pump region. Pump light outputted by diode-pump laser has a wavelength λ falling within the left pump region or the right pump region.

In a most widely applied all-solid-state laser pumped by optical fiber-coupled semiconductor laser, linear polarization laser output is obtained directly from anisotropic crystal with a direction cut. The wavelength λ of pump light is tuned to near the wavelength corresponding to the maximum absorption cross section of laser crystal to obtain the highest conversion efficiency.
In the optical fiber-coupled output semiconductor laser, especially when non-polarization-maintaining optical fibers are used to couple the pumped fibers, the polarization state of the pump light will be changed from linear polarization to random polarization distribution, and the intensity component in the orthogonal polarization direction will change along with the fiber winding mode. Considering that the anisotropic laser crystal has a significant difference in the absorption characteristics of the orthogonal polarization at the absorption peak, the intensity disturbance of the polarization component of the pump light will be reflected in the absorption efficiency of the pump light and eventually resulting that the stability of the output laser being compromised.
In a high-power laser system with low laser power stability requirement, it is usually satisfactory only to reduce the disturbance of pump absorption by fastening the coupled optical fiber. However, in a low-power laser system with high laser power stability requirement, the laser output stability cannot be improved only by fastening the optical fiber position, and the soft optical fiber medium is vulnerable to environmental disturbance.

All solid-state laser light source device

HAN'S LASER TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY GROUP CO., LTD.


With advanced compute capabilities and growing convergence of wireless standards, it is desirable to run multiple wireless standards, e.g., 4G, 5G NR, and Wi-Fi, on a single signal processing system, e.g., a system on a chip (SoC). Such an implementation may require simultaneously receiving and transmitting signals corresponding to each wireless standard and also signal processing according to respective requirements. Typical solutions involve providing separate hardware blocks specific to each wireless standard, which in turn requires more area on the SoC and consumes more power. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a unified hardware that may process signals across different standards in both a transmitting direction and a receiving direction simultaneously.

The importance of wireless communication in today's society is well understood by one of skill in the art. Advances in wireless technologies have resulted in the ability of a communication system to support wireless communications of different standards, e.g., 5G New Radio (NR), 4G LTE, Wi-Fi, etc. Different wireless standards have aspects which are very different from each other—fundamental frame structures, timing of symbols, forward error correction (FEC) codes.
Wireless nodes, such as cellular base stations and Wi-Fi access points, service wireless devices within a geographical cell or network. These geographical locations often overlap such that different types of wireless connections may be present within close proximity to each other (although operating at different frequencies). Recently, wireless communication systems have begun to converge to allow a wireless device to connect across a variety of different types of wireless networks. Implementing specialized hardware to process each standard results in large and complex hardware, lowers power efficiency for operation, and drives up the cost of the of the whole system.
With advanced compute capabilities and growing convergence of wireless standards, there is requirement to run multiple wireless standards, e.g., 4G LTE, 5G NR, and Wi-Fi, on a single hardware, e.g., a system on a chip (SoC). This requires simultaneously receiving and transmitting signals corresponding to each radio standard and also process them according to the requirements of the corresponding radio standard. However, typical solutions involve providing separate hardware blocks specific to each radio standard which in turn requires more area on the SoC and consumes more power. As the need for inter-operability among different types of wireless standards increases, improvements in resource flexibility and system configurability will become more important.
Accordingly, what is needed are systems, devices and methods that address the above-described issues.

Systems and methods for simultaneous transmission and reception of different radio access technologies using unified hardware


A projection image display device includes, a light source, an image display panel having a number of pixels and a vertical scanning function, an optical system for dividing light from the light source into a plurality of lights of different wave ranges and directing and overlapping the divided plural lights onto an area from different directions, a light-collector for collecting each of the plural divided lights directed onto the area by the optical system into apertures of pixels of the image display panel corresponding to the wave range of the light, a projector for projecting an image displayed on the image display panel, and a color-changer for mutually changing, at every vertical scanning of the image display panel, the directions in which the optical system directs the plural divided lights of the different wave ranges, so as to mutually change the wave ranges of light directed to the pixels of the image display panel sequentially. The image display panel displays an image with each of the pixels displaying a color of the wave range of light directed to the pixel at every change by the color-changer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a projection image display device, more particularly to a projection one-panel color liquid crystal display device providing color display with one liquid crystal display panel without using any color filters. Such a display device can be used particularly for a compact projection color liquid crystal television system or information display system.
2. Description of Related Art
The projection liquid crystal display device must be provided with a light source since it does not emit light itself. The projection liquid crystal display device has great advantages over projection Braun-tube display devices, because of wider variety of reproducible colors, smaller size, lighter weight and unnecessary convergence adjustment. Further development of the projection liquid crystal display device is highly expected.
For carrying out projection color display using a liquid crystal display panel, there are two systems which are conventionally employed, that is, a three-panel system using three liquid crystal display panels for three primary colors and a one-panel system using only one panel. The former three-panel system includes an optical system for dividing white light into three primary color lights, i.e. red, green and blue (hereafter referred to as R, G and B), and three liquid crystal display panels for controlling the three color lights to produce an image. The image is displayed in full color by optically superposing images of all the color lights. The three-panel system utilizes light emitted by a white light source effectively. However, the optical system is complicated and the number of components is large. Therefore, the three-panel system is generally disadvantageous in cost and size, compared with the later-described one-panel system.
The latter one-panel system is designed to project an image on a liquid crystal display panel having a color filter pattern of the three primary colors in mosaic or in stripes by a projection optical system, for example as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Sho 59(1984)-230383. The one-panel system uses only one liquid crystal panel and a optical system less complicated than that of the three-panel system. Therefore the one-panel system is suitable for a low-cost, small-sized projection system. However, because the color filter used in the one-panel system absorbs light, the one-panel system can only provide images one-third as bright as those provided by the three-panel system using a light source of equal brightness. As for resolution, because three pixels of the liquid crystal display panel corresponding to R, G and B are required to operate as a group to display an image, the resolution of the one-panel system is also one-third as good as that of the three-panel system.
Using a brighter light source may be one solution to the poor brightness. The brighter light source, however, consumes more power, and therefore is not desirable for consumers' use. In addition, since luminous energy of light absorbed by the color filter changes to heat, the brighter light source not only causes rise in temperature of the liquid crystal display panel but also accelerates loss of color of the color filter.
Therefore, to utilize provided light effectively is important for heightening the utility value of the projection image display device.
In order to improve the brightness of the one-panel liquid crystal display device, it has been proposed to throw white light on dielectric mirrors such as dichroic mirrors arranged fanwise, divide the white light into three luminous fluxes of R, G and B, direct the luminous fluxes incident at different angles on a microlens array disposed on the light source side of the liquid crystal display panel, and separately sending each of the luminous fluxes passing through the microlenses according to their incident angles onto a site on the liquid crystal which is driven by a display electrode to which a color signal corresponding to the luminous flux directed onto the site is applied, thereby the device making better use of the provided light [see Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 4(1992)-60538].
Also, for better utilization of the light, a device using transmission type hologram elements corresponding to R, G and B in the light from the light source in place of the above-mentioned dielectric mirrors and a device using a transmission type hologram element having periodic mechanism corresponding to a pixel pitch of the liquid crystal display panel, thereby the device being provided with functions of a microlens and a dielectric mirror, are described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. Hei 5(1993)-249318 and Hei 6(1994)-222361 respectively.
In order to solve the poor resolution, i.e., the other deficiency of the one-panel system, a one-panel system using a field sequential system which has resolution equal to the three-panel system is described on pages 115 to 123 of "Color Liquid Crystal Display" (written by Shunsuke Kobayashi published by Sangyotosho on Dec. 14, 1990). The field sequential system takes advantage of a phenomenon in which, when colors are sequentially changed in time division at such a rate that the eye cannot follow, all the colors are perceived as a mixture (this phenomenon being called a continuous additive color mixture). FIG. 29 shows a exemplary structure of the field sequential system.
Referring to FIG. 29, a disc constituted of color filters of R, G and B is rotated at a high rate in accordance with vertical scanning of the liquid crystal display panel, and an image signal corresponding to the color of a filter at each divided time is input to the liquid crystal display panel. A observing person perceives a compound of images corresponding to the colors. Therefore, unlike the above-described one-panel system, since a dot of the liquid crystal display panel displays images of R, G and B at divided times, the resolution thereof equals that of the three-panel system.
Further, another example of the above-described field sequential system is described on pages 249 to 252 of "Euro Display '93," in which white light from a light source is divided into luminous fluxes of R, G and B with dielectric mirrors, the luminous fluxes are directed onto different areas of a liquid crystal display panel, and a cubic prism disposed in front of the liquid crystal panel is rotated so that a position irradiated by each of the luminous fluxes changes.
However, though the systems described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication Nos. Hei 4(1992)-60538, Hei 5(1993)-249318 and Hei 6(1994)-222361 have improved the brightness, none of them have improved the resolution. The resolution remains one-third as good as that the three-panel system because three dots corresponding to R, G and B operate as a group to display an image.
The field sequential system has realized the resolution equal to that of the three-panel system, but still has the same problem with brightness as the conventional one-panel method.
Besides, the system described on pages 249 to 252 of "Euro Display '93" requires extremely parallel light to be provided so that the luminous fluxes of R, G and B will not overlap. Due to this requirement about the light, the system cannot make full use of light.
Therefore, none of the above-mentioned systems have solved both the problems of poor brightness and resolution.


It is an object of the invention to provide a magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus in which a special motor for driving the head cleaning mechanism is eliminated, and space can be saved with low cost. An end of a tape accommodated in a tape cassette 2 has a coupling element 8, the coupling element 8 is pulled out by a tape-pulling-out element 40 and taken up around a drive reel 20, the magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus comprises a head cleaning mechanism 90 for cleaning a magnetic head 7, the head cleaning mechanism 90 includes a head brush portion for holding a brush portion, and a cam mechanism for changing a position of the head brush portion, the cam mechanism is operated by a tape-pulling-out element moving member 50 and a loading lever 30.

A head cleaning mechanism in a conventional magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus of this kind uses a special drive motor frequently, and a system in which the head cleaning mechanism turns and moves through an L-shaped angle is suggested (e.g., patent document 1).
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H11-296827 (paragraph Nos. (0022), (0023), (0024), FIGS. 2 and 3)

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Circuits and methods to control a current in a coil are disclosed. The circuit and methods provide over-dwell protection and soft shut-down functionality to safely discharge the coil. The safe discharge of the coil is facilitated by a soft-start ramp signal that reduces the coil current gradually by controlling a switching device according. A profile of the soft-start ramp signal over time determines the gradual reduction. The profile of the soft-start ramp signal can be adjusted to set (i) an over-dwell period of the coil current, after which the coil current is shut down, and (ii) a soft shut-down period, over which the coil current is gradually reduced.

Systems that utilize a coil typically include circuits to protect the system from damage that could arise as the coil is charged and discharged. For example, overheating could result if a coil is charged and operated at a high current over a period that is too long. In another example, a kickback (i.e., flyback) voltage (e.g., voltage spike) could lead to an unwanted voltage breakdown (e.g., spark) if a coil is discharged over a period that is too short. Accordingly, new circuits and methods are needed to control a current in a coil.

Circuit and method for coil current control

SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS INDUSTRIES, LLC


An expandable cage for intercorporal fusion of lumbar vertebrae comprises a main body with two expandable parallel arms. Each arm has a supporting surface pointing outside and configured to contact an adjacent vertebral body, a groove pointing inside and extending along a transverse direction, and a channel pointing inside and extending along a longitudinal direction. An expansion element is instrument actuated and presses the arms apart expanding the cage. The expansion element is between the arms and comprises a cylindrical base body, two opposing radially aligned ribs on the base body, and a rectangular plate. Both the base body and ribs have curved, pair-wise opposed bearing surfaces. Depending on the cage's expansion state, either the base body bearing surfaces or the rib bearing surfaces contact channels provided in the arms, while the plate engages in the grooves of the arms.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cage for the intercorporal fusion of lumbar vertebrae.
The technical field to which the present invention relates is spinal surgery. To treat people with degenerative changes to the lumbar vertebral column, in which a mono- or multi-segment fusion is indicated, but also in cases which are aimed at a decompression of the neural structures, two operating techniques in particular have proven effective, which enable intervention without additional trans-abdominal access. In the so-called PLIF operating technique (Posterior Lumbar Intervertebral Fusion) two so-called cages are preferably implanted for each disc space by way of posterior access. The implanted cages serve as placeholders in the intervertebral space and restore the spacing of the adjacent vertebral bodies as desired by the surgeon. In addition, the vertebrae are therefore stabilised in a fixed position by a rod-screw system applied posteriorly. The second operating technique, known as TLIF (Transforaminal Lumbar Intervertebral Fusion) is an operating method which has been further developed from the PLIF operating technique. In this procedure, a single cage is implanted via dorsolateral access. Posterior stabilisation is also applied with this technique. The aim of both operating techniques is to achieve a fusion, i.e. an osseous connection, of the affected segments. This can be improved by the addition of a synthetic or a biological bone-substitute material. The cages are normally made from metal or plastic materials.
2. Description of Related Art
For both operating methods, the prior art discloses cages which are approximately trapezoidal or wedge-shaped in longitudinal section with a rectangular cross-section, which cages correct the curvature of the vertebral column as result of their shape. So-called expandable cages of the said type are also already known, and these offer the advantage of enabling relatively easy insertion owing to the low entry height.
EP 1 290 985 B1 discloses an expandable cage of this type which has an expansion element inside it for expanding the cage, wherein a spacer disc, which is movable on slide rails with angled slide surfaces, can be inserted so that, depending on the depth of insertion of the spacer element, the cage expands to varying degrees as far as an end position formed by a projection or a step.
Although this known cage offers the above-mentioned advantage owing to its expandability, the necessary procedure of inserting the spacer disc as far as the end position for expanding the cage is, however, complex and requires a high level of ability and skill on the part of the surgeon. When a cage is only half-expanded, the spacer element is located in the centre of the cage, the front ends protrude and a reliable load transfer is not ensured. Moreover, the spacer disc has to be positively guided to prevent tilting. It remains equally difficult to clearly control the degree of expansion which is achieved and to monitor whether the end position has been reliably reached.
DE 101 13 689 C1 discloses a generic expandable cage which prevents the above-mentioned disadvantages in that the expansion of the cage is effected by a rotatable expansion element mounted at its front end. To this end, this cage has two substantially mutually parallel-extending arms which form supporting surfaces for adjacent vertebral bodies on their outsides and are connected at one end by way of a bridge. At the respective other ends of the arms, there is an intermediate elliptical expansion element, which engages in the ends of the arms and is rotatable about an axis of rotation extending parallel to the arms. This enables the arms to be expanded to a greater or lesser extent depending on the angular position of the expansion element. In the unexpanded state of the cage, the outer surfaces of the expansion element with the smaller radius of curvature rest in oval cutouts in the arms. In the expanded state, the outer surfaces of the expansion element with the larger radius of curvature each lie in depressions in the arms, which are delimited on both sides by small steps. The expansion element can be inserted from the outside into groove-shaped depressions in both arms, so that it can be secured in this manner against displacement in the axial direction.
Although more simple and rapid adjustability of the cage into the expanded position can be achieved in this way, the limited contact surface between the expansion element and the arms in the expanded state means that the load-bearing capacity is low, especially since, when subjected to a load, it is not possible to reliably prevent the expansion element from rotating about the axis of rotation and the arms from tilting about axes lying parallel to the axis of rotation.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,128 B2 discloses a monolithically constructed expandable cage having a rotatable expansion element which is incorporated flush between two arms in an insertion opening and whereof the respective contact surfaces supporting the arms are widened and therefore enable a greater load transfer. However, when subjected to a load, it is still possible for the arms to tilt about axes lying parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cage since the width of the contact surfaces, which is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the cage, is relatively small by comparison with the width of the cage. It is also not possible to rule out the expansion element itself tilting about a transverse axis which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cage. The expansion path is restricted.
EP 1 233 732 B1 discloses an expandable cage with two expandable arms, which are optionally also connected to one another in hinged manner and which have a rotatable expansion element located between them. In a preferred form, the plate-shaped expansion element has a modified rectangular or rhomboidal form with diagonally opposed rounded corners in order to facilitate the rotation of the expansion element when transferring from the unexpanded to the expanded state of the cage and to prevent a substantial over-distraction of the adjacent vertebral bodies during this procedure. The expansion element is held and guided in guides of the two expandable arms. Although it is also possible here for the expansion element to tilt about a transverse axis which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cage, a tilting of the arms about an axis lying parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cage is prevented by complex stabilising partial wall structures of the arms themselves. These not only increase the rigidity of the arms but are at the same time also restrictive in terms of allowing the largest possible lateral recesses in the cage, which are advantageous for improved radiological penetration.

Expandable cage for the interbody fusion of lumbar vertebrae


A cargo tray assembly for a vehicle includes first and second trays. The first tray has a translatable planar section in a first plane, and a first hinged section moveable between upright and flattened positions with respect to the first plane. The second tray has a fixed planar section arranged in a second plane that is parallel to the first plane. The fixed planar section connects to the interior, e.g., a wall of a rear cargo area, and the first hinged section connects to a seat in the interior. The translatable planar section translates in response to an applied force, such as when the seat is moved forward or aft. The first hinged section pivots about an axis orthogonal to the direction of translation, e.g., when the seat is stowed flat or deployed into an upright position. A vehicle having the assembly is also disclosed.

Modern sport utility vehicles, crossover vehicles, pickup trucks, and the like typically provide a row of one or more seats adjacent to a rear cargo area. The rear seats may be configured as traditional bench-style seats, 50/50 or 60/40 split bench-style seats, or individual bucket seats. In some designs, the seats may be selectively adjusted to provide customized seat positioning and cargo area configuration. Possible seat adjustments may include seat fore/aft position, seat back recline angle, seat back fold flat for loading cargo on top of the seat back, etc.
In the rear cargo areas of the above described vehicles, mats or trays may be used to keep dirt, spills, and sharp edges from contacting the materials covering the cargo area floor and the seats. However, existing vehicle cargo tray designs have certain design limitations, and as a result, may not fully protect the vehicle interior. This is particularly true when conventional trays are used with certain types of adjustable seats.


A system and method for determining a level of empathy of an employment candidate is provided. One aspect includes receiving video input, audio input, and behavioral data input of an interview for each of a plurality of candidates. Behavioral data is extracted from the behavioral data input. An audiovisual interview file is saved in a candidate database. In response to receiving a request to view a candidate profile, the system selects one candidate from among a plurality of candidates, the selecting based at least in part on the empathy score of the selected candidate. In another aspect, a candidate can answer multiple questions during a video interview. The behavioral data extracted from a first portion of the video interview can be compared to behavioral data from a second portion of the video interview.

The competitive nature of employment staffing means businesses must be efficient in their interviewing and hiring practices, and mindful of retaining quality staff. Some employers use a long manual interview process with multiple rounds of in-person interviews to assess candidates. This can cause them to lose the best candidates because their hiring process is too long. And businesses that bring the wrong candidates forward for time-intensive interviews can end up wasting valuable time. Other businesses have tried to streamline and automate their hiring practices. But streamlining comes at the expense of fully assessing potential candidates, which can lead to hiring the wrong candidate. Additionally, when choosing between two qualified candidates for a particular role, it is difficult to know which candidate has a higher likelihood of remaining with the new employer.

Employment candidate empathy scoring system


In a storage system, a storage apparatus has an encryption key generator and an encryption processor that encrypts data to be recorded in a storage region using an encryption key from the encryption key generator, and is able to change an encryption key for each divided region set in the storage region. A control apparatus has a logical volume setting unit that requests the encryption processor to set an individual divided region for each storage region set as a logical volume in the storage region of the storage apparatus and a data erasure processor that requests the encryption processor to change the encryption key used for encryption in the divided region corresponding to the logical volume to be erased.

When discarding storage apparatuses, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), as a method for preventing information recorded in the discarded storage apparatus from leaking out, there is a method for overwriting the data within the storage apparatus with a data pattern having no relation to the original data. But, this method has such a problem that it takes a long time to overwrite all the data recorded in the storage apparatus with a data pattern.
In contrast to this, there is a method for recoding data always in an encrypted state in a storage apparatus. For example, there is a storage apparatus including a self encrypting function to encrypt data to be recoded in an internal recording medium and a function to store an encryption key used for encryption. In this storage apparatus, it is possible to invalidate data recorded in the recording medium in a brief time by processing of deleting or changing the encryption key stored inside thereof in accordance with a command from outside. In the following explanation, to invalidate encrypted data by deleting or changing the encryption key is called "to completely erase".
Further, in recent years, as a storage apparatus including the self encrypting function, there is a storage apparatus called a "self encrypting drive (SED)". The SED also includes a function to generate a random encryption key and it is possible to completely erase recorded data in a brief time by instructing the SED to change the encryption key corresponding to the recorded data.
As technology to record, in a storage apparatus, data which is encrypted using an encryption key generated by a device that accesses the storage apparatus, for example, there is a computer system that writes data into a storage apparatus after encrypting the data using an encryption key different for each logical volume.
Further, as technology relating to data erasure in a storage apparatus, for example, there is a storage system that erases data in a first storage region as well as notifying an originator of an erasure request that access is allowed to a second storage region, which is different from the first storage region, upon receipt of the request to erase data in the first storage region.    Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2008-269232    Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-215462    Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2008-198049
As described above, when data to be recorded in the storage apparatus is encrypted using an encryption key different for each logical volume, it is possible to completely erase data in a brief time for each logical volume by erasing or changing the encryption key corresponding to the logical volume. In a system in which a device that accesses the storage apparatus generates an encryption key, data encrypted in the access source device is simply written into the storage apparatus. Because of this, it is possible to completely erase data in a brief time for each logical volume when the access source device side manages information about the logical volume, such as a setting region and encryption key.
But, when the recording destination of data is an SED, it is not possible to achieve processing of completely erasing data in a brief time for each logical volume when the access source device side alone manages information about the logical volume. This is because in an SED, recorded data is encrypted using an encryption key generated by the SED itself, and therefore, it is necessary for the SED itself to manage information of the region and encryption key to be erased completely.

Storage system, storage control apparatus, and storage control method


An angular rate sensing system suitable for a micromechanical flying insect (MFI) device. The system includes a rod, or haltere, that is moved in a plane by a piezoelectric actuator. Bending of the haltere due to angular movement of a body onto which the haltere is coupled is sensed with a resistive strain gage. In a first embodiment the haltere is actuated (i.e., made to beat or sweep) by simple coupling to an actuator. In a second embodiment, a four-bar structure is used to amplify the motion of a piezoelectric bender to cause haltere beating. Another embodiment achieves haltere beating by parasitic transmission of vibrations of the MFI body to the base of the haltere.

This invention is related in general to angular rate sensors and more specifically to an angular rate sensor modeled after biological mechanisms such as the halteres of the insect order Diptera.
An important aspect of flying machines is maintaining stability and balance. It is often necessary to provide highly accurate; fast, and robust means of detecting angular velocities of the body reference frame with respect to a fixed global reference frame. The requirements for rotational velocity measurements are particularly strict in micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) or micromechanical flying devices such as a micromechanical flying insect (MFI).
Because an MFI is designed to approximate the size and weight, and to mimic the biological structure and mechanical motion, of a natural insect, the design of components for an MFI is very challenging. Traditional approaches to rotation measurement in MFIs can be found in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) designs. MEMS designs include the use of gyroscopes as angular rate sensors. However, such gyroscopes have proven to be difficult to adapt to the specific needs of MFIs. For example, a gyroscope's resolution, rate, power requirements and other characteristics may be insufficient for an MFI design.
MEMS gyroscopes have also proven insufficient in other aspects. For example, the materials and design can be complex and intricate and can result in a low yield and short time-to-failure. Sensing with capacitive sensors may provide non-linear signals and require structures that impede operation or add to the weight of the MFI. In some applications, the prior art needs vacuum packaging because of sensitive design and weak actuation.

Angular rate sensor using micro electromechanical haltere

The Regents of the University of California


A method and apparatus for multi-domain authentication is described. In one example, credentials are received for a user accessing a first domain. User access to the first domain and a second domain is confirmed. A token is created for access to the second domain and the is provided with access to the second domain.

The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions.
It is not uncommon for a website owner to change and update web domains. For example, after Jigsaw Data Corporation was acquired by salesforce.com, inc., it was renamed data.com. As a result, users that previously had accounts accessible on jigsaw.com, now have their accounts accessible through the data.com website. While redirecting from one URL to another URL (or one domain to another domain) may be used, this does not completely preserve stringent authentication protocols, which are necessary to ensure security and trust.
In some cases, network service providers use different domains for different services. However, authentication is not always maintained throughout all of the domains. For example, some network service providers provide access to data using a first set of applications, access rights and a first user experience but provide a second domain that provides different applications, access rights and user experience for the same data. As a result, a user may wish to access the data from both sites, depending on what the user intends to do with the data or on preference.

Method and apparatus for multi-domain authentication


The present disclosure provides methods, computing device readable medium, devices, and systems having a dental attachment formation structure. One dental attachment formation apparatus includes a body having a first surface shaped to conform to the contours of an exterior surface of a tooth and including a portion of the first surface shaped to accommodate an attachment that is to be attached to the exterior surface of the tooth and a light source attachment structure for attachment of a light source to the body.

The present disclosure provides methods, computing device readable medium, devices, and systems that utilize a dental attachment formation structure during dental treatment. Dental treatments involve restorative and/or orthodontic procedures to improve the quality of life of a patient.
For example, restorative procedures may be designed to implant a dental prosthesis (e.g., a crown, bridge, inlay, onlay, veneer, etc.) intraorally in a patient. Orthodontic procedures may include repositioning misaligned teeth and changing bite configurations for improved cosmetic appearance and/or dental function. Orthodontic repositioning can be accomplished, for example, by applying controlled forces to one or more teeth or a jaw of a patient over a period of time.
As an example, orthodontic repositioning may be provided through a dental process that uses positioning appliances for realigning teeth. Such appliances may utilize a shell of material having resilient properties, referred to as an "aligner," that generally conforms to a patient's teeth but is slightly out of alignment with a current tooth configuration.
Placement of such an appliance over the teeth may provide controlled forces in specific locations to gradually move the teeth into a new configuration. Repetition of this process with successive appliances in progressive configurations can move the teeth through a series of intermediate arrangements to a final desired arrangement. Appliances can also be used for other dental conditions, such as application of medications, appliances to help with sleep apnea, and other issues.
Attachments are affixed to the one or more teeth of the patient (typically with an adhesive material, such as an attachment composite material) or directly cured to the tooth. These attachments interact with surfaces on the appliance to impart forces on one or more teeth.
Such systems typically utilize a set of appliances that can be used serially such that, as the teeth move, a new appliance from the set can be implemented to further move the teeth without having to take a new impression of the patient's teeth at every increment of tooth movement in order to make each successive appliance. The same attachments may be utilized or attachments may be added, removed, or replaced with other attachment shapes that may impart different force characteristics than a previous appliance and attachment combination (i.e., appliance and one or more attachments).
Currently, attachments can be formed by hand by a treatment professional (e.g., a doctor or assistant). In this process, a treatment professional selects an attachment material to be used and inserts the material into, a well, formed in a sheet of material, to the desired exterior shape of the attachment is provided to the treatment professional and the mixed attachment material is pushed into the well to form the attachment based on the shape of the well.
The attachment is then removed from the well and then put on a tooth and cured. The amount of attachment composite put into attachment wells on templates is uncontrolled, and therefore errors can occur. The absolute position of the attachment on the tooth is also subject to user error. In order to cure the material, a hand held ultraviolet light (UV light) is then inserted into the mouth of the patient in order to cure the attachments and placement of the light relative to the attachment is subject to error.
Accordingly, the positioning, orientation, and securing of attachments is typically done by a treatment professional at a dentist or orthodontist's office. However, treatment professionals can make one or more errors when mixing, forming, positioning, orienting, or securing one or more of the attachments and as such, the appliance and attachment combination may not fit together correctly or impart the correct one or more forces.


This invention provides detergent compositions, particularly liquid compositions, utilizing one or more polycarboxylates as builders, or as anti-redeposition agents, wherein the polycarboxylates are novel polymers comprising repeating units of the structure: ##STR1## wherein m is a mole fraction from 0.70 to 0.95; n is a mole fraction from 0.05 to 0.30; A is derived from at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer; B is derived from at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and B is not A; and C is: ##STR2## wherein X is --H, ##STR3## or a combination thereof, R.sup.1 is --H, --CH.sub.3, or --(CH.sub.2).sub.q CH.sub.3, or a combination thereof, and q is 1-5; R.sup.2 is: ##STR4## or R.sup.3 , or a combination thereof, and R.sup.3 is a C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 linear or branched alkyl chain; the interpolymer being prepared by polymerizing the monomers in a solvent system in which the monomers and interpolymer are soluble. Also provided are liquid detergent formulations containing calcium-sensitive enzyme(s) wherein selected builders are employed which improve detergency without destabilizing the enzyme.

This invention relates to detergent compositions containing polycarboxylates as builders or anti-redeposition agents.
This invention also relates to detergent compositions containing stabilized calcium-sensitive enzymes, wherein the enzymes are not destabilized by the addition of selected builders, including hydrophobically-modified polycarboxylate builders, to the detergent compositions.
The hydrophobically-modified polycarboxylate utilized herein are interpolymers of two or more different ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer(s) and one or more ethylenically unsaturated comonomer(s), having a C.sub.8 -C.sub.18 linear or branched alkyl chain ("the polycarboxylates"). In liquid isotropic detergent compositions these builders do not separate into different phases, thus do not require the addition of a compatibilizing agent to the detergent. The polycarboxylates also may be used as anti-redeposition agents in detergents.
The polycarboxylates are prepared by solution polymerization of hydrophobically-modified monomers and carboxylic acid-containing monomers at hydrophobic monomer levels as low as 5 mole percent of the total monomers. The polycarboxylates obtained thereby have a more homogeneous distribution of all monomer units in the polymer chain than those prepared by other processes from identical starting monomers. Better liquid detergent stability, as well as enzyme stability, may be achieved by the use of these homogeneous polycarboxylates.
It is well known that the selection of one copolymerization process over another may affect copolymer qualities as much as, if not more than, other variables, such as monomer selection, monomer ratios and the like. For example, substantially homogeneous acrylate-maleate copolymers have been prepared by controlling the rate of addition of an acrylic monomer to a solution of maleic anhydride in a chain-transfer solvent so as to maintain the monomers and newly formed copolymer in solution. U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,670, issued Jun. 28, 1983, to Walinsky.
Furthermore, copolymers prepared by a single charge, batch process in benzene are not suited for use herein, even though these polymers are derived from comonomers which include an unsaturated carboxylic acid and acrylic esters having aliphatic chain length of 10 to 30 carbon atoms. See, U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,921, issued Oct. 28, 1975 to Schlatzer, Jr. The Schlatzer copolymers are reported to be useful as thickeners for electrolyte-containing materials, including ionic detergents. The Schlatzer copolymers may comprise from 5 to 50 weight percent acrylic ester monomer. The copolymers are insoluble in benzene with the result that the copolymer as recovered by centrifuging the reaction mixture. The copolymer is preferably prepared with an additional, crosslinking monomer so as to provide maximum viscosity.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,940,351, issued Feb. 24, 1976 to Schlatzer, Jr., teaches the preparation of copolymers of an unsaturated copolymerizable carboxylic acid monomer and 10 to 30 carbon atom alkyl acrylate esters in a halogenated solvent (preferably one which is a solvent for the monomers but not for the polymer) by a single charge batch process wherein the polymer is recovered by centrifuging the reaction mixture. Maximum polymer viscosity in electrolyte-containing aqueous media is an object of the patent, and optional crosslinking monomers are preferably employed to achieve this object. Although Schlatzer discloses the use of these polymers as thickeners in ionic detergents, the Schlatzer polymers are not suited for use herein, being compositionally and functionally distinct from the polymers prepared by the process disclosed herein. The Schlatzer polymers are designed to thicken, whereas the polymers herein advantageously contribute little to the viscosity of isotropic liquid detergents.
Detergent compositions are generally a blend of a surfactant(s), builder(s) and, optionally, ion exchanger(s), filler(s), alkali(es), anticorrosion material(s), anti-redeposition material(s), bleach(es), enzyme(s), buffer(s), optical brightener(s), fragrance(s), solvent(s) and other components selected for particular applications.
Builders are used to improve the effectiveness of detergent compositions and thereby improve their cleaning powers. The manner in which detergent builders improve the cleaning powers of detergent compositions is related to a combination of factors such as emulsification of soil particles, solubilization of water insoluble materials, promoting soil suspension in the wash water so as to retard soil redeposition, sequestering of metallic ions, and the like. Builders enhance (or "build") the cleaning efficiency of surfactants by forming complexes with hard water ions, aiding in keeping soil from redepositing on fabric being washed and buffering or moderating the pH of wash water.
Many materials are or have been used as builders in detergent formulations. None of the high capacity calcium-binding builders have been recommended for use in the presence of calcium-sensitive enzymes in liquid detergent formulations. As heavy duty liquid laundry detergents gain market share, there is a particular need for effective builders which are compatible with liquid detergents and do not detract from enzyme stability.
At a minimum, detergent builders for liquid isotropic detergents must be effective calcium binders, compatible with the liquid formulations and shelf-stable. Builders which precipitate from the liquid, or cloud or gel the liquid, or cause phase separation or solid settlement initially or upon storage, are not suitable for use in liquid detergents unless an effective compatibilizing agent can be found. Structured liquids and powdered detergent formulations, which have less demanding requirements for builder compatibility and stability, can employ a greater variety of builders without an added compatibilizing agent.
Citric acid and its salts are used commercially as builders in liquid detergent formulations. While very compatible in liquids and free of known adverse effects on enzyme stability, the citrates do not bind calcium nearly as effectively as the builders used in powdered detergents.
Also used commercially are the liquid detergent builders comprising ether carboxylate salts (i.e., tartrate monosuccinate and disuccinate salts) which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,071, issued May 5, 1987 to Bush, et al. Among the polymeric materials that have been suggested for use as liquid detergent builders are polymeric polycarboxylic acids. U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,223, which issued Jan. 10, 1989 to Amick, et al., discloses water soluble polymers with surfactant radicals distributed along a carboxylated polymer chain. The polymer may contain surfactant end groups. The surfactant radical is selected from a group of radicals having poly(alkyleneoxy) blocks characterized by a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,352 which issued Sep. 16, 1986 to Schafer, et al., discloses water soluble or water dispersible graft polymers having at least 10 percent, by weight, of a hydrophilic graft constituent bonded to carbon and at least one hydrophobic radical bonded to the graft constituent by a polyglycol ether chain. These graft polymers contain pendant surfactant-type groups.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,159, which issued Dec. 17, 1985 to Denzinger, et al., discloses polymers of ethylenically unsaturated mono- and di-carboxylic acids, together with not more than 15 percent, by weight, of carboxyl-free monomers, having a terminal hydroxy radical and one or more alkylene oxide radicals.
Unlike the polycarboxylates disclosed herein, which comprise the polymerized residue of hydrophobic alkyl ester monomers and hydrophilic carboxylic acid monomers, and are polymers having overall surfactant character, each of these builder compositions acquire liquid detergent formulation compatibility through the presence of pendant surfactant-type radicals on the carboxylated polymer chain. It is unexpected that liquid detergent compatibility may be achieved without employing surfactant radicals in the polymer.
It is even more unexpected that these builders do not destabilize calcium-sensitive enzymes in liquid detergent formulations, yet provide builder efficacy equivalent to that of builders used commercially in powdered detergents.
The desirability of using enzymes in cleaning compositions is well known. Protease enzymes, for example, are useful for their ability to reduce proteinaceous stain which then can be readily washed away. Proteases are calcium-sensitive enzymes which denature when calcium is removed from calcium binding sites on the enzyme. See, Novo's Handbook of Practical Biotechnology, C. O. L. Boyce, Ed., Novo Industri A/S, 1986, pp. 54-57; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,818, issued Mar. 9, 1982, to Letton, et al.
The stability of enzymes, e.g., lipases and proteases, in commercial liquid detergent compositions is generally poor due to various reasons. Builders which strongly bind calcium may strip the calcium from calcium-sensitive enzymes, causing loss of enzyme activity, initially, during storage of detergent compositions, or during use. The surfactant found in such detergent compositions may induce denaturation of the enzyme. When a protease is present in the composition, the protease can cause proteolytic digestion of other enzymes, or of itself in a process called autolysis.
Proteins, such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,758 to Crutzen and U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,767 to Warschewski, et al., are known to improve enzyme stability in heavy duty liquid detergents (HDLs).
Other approaches used for stabilization of enzymes in HDLs include the use of aminated polysaccharides such as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,011,169; the use of calcium and carboxylic acids (preferably formate) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,305,837, 4,490,285 and 4,537,707; the use of calcium with alkyl diacids (succinic, adipic) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,525; and the use of aliphatic glycols with and without boron containing compounds such as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,819,528, 4,462,922, 4,404,115 and 4,652,394.
West German published patent application No. P 29 37 012.5 teaches agents for stabilizing enzymes which are the protein reaction products of protein substrates and (1) ammonia or primary or secondary amines containing up to 20 carbon atoms and/or (2) aliphatic epoxides containing 2 to 18 carbon atoms. Proteins used as substrates for addition of these groups include gelatin, collagen, zein, casein, soy protein and other plant proteins as well as so-called single-cell proteins. Gelatin, collagen or casein are said to be preferred.
The use of selected builders to avoid destabilizing calcium-sensitive enzymes in detergent compositions has not been previously disclosed. It has been found that selection of a builder having a pKCa (i.e., the intrinsic calcium binding constant, as determined by the method of Example 5, herein) of at least 5.0 in a low ionic strength system (e.g., about 20 mmols/liter monovalent ion) and having a pKCa of less than 3.5 in a high ionic strength system (e.g., about 400 mmols/liter monovalent ion) will permit formulation of a detergent composition containing highly effective builders and enzymes, particularly proteases. Preferred builders include the polycarboxylates described herein. The pKCa is calculated as set forth in Example 5, herein.

Detergent compositions containing polycarboxylates and calcium-sensitive enzymes

Lever Brothers Company, Division of Conopco, Inc.


A display apparatus is disclosed. The display apparatus includes a panel unit which comprises a plurality of sub pixels having different colors; a backlight unit which provides backlight to the panel unit using a white light source and a blue light source; an image processing unit which converts image data into first color frame data and second color frame data; a panel driving unit which turns on a first color sub pixel according to the first color frame data, and which turns on a second color sub pixel according to the second color frame data; a backlight driving unit for driving the backlight unit; and a control unit which controls the backlight driving unit to consecutively turn on the white light source and the blue light source according to operations of the panel driving unit. Accordingly, brightness may be enhanced.

1. Field
Methods and apparatuses consistent with the exemplary embodiments relate to a display method and apparatus having a display panel with a backlight unit utilizing blue and white light sources.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As a result of the continuing development of electronic technologies, various types of display apparatuses are being developed and distributed. In particular, numerous large scale flat display apparatuses such as LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) display apparatuses and PDP display apparatuses have recently become widespread and used in general households.
An LCD display apparatus is unable to radiate light itself, and thus, generally uses a backlight unit. A backlight unit has various light sources such as a white LED, and provides backlight towards an LCD panel. The LCD panel uses an R, G, B color filter to filter the backlight and to display a color image.
R, G, B color filters exist independently. Therefore, a passing region for each light source is defined, thereby limiting a range for expressing a color.
In a case of a white LED which uses a general YAG fluorescent substance, only about 75% of color region of NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) can be expressed. A sub pixel structure where each of R, G, B are independently configured is unable to pass white light in its original state. Rather, the sub-pixel structure has to express the white light color by using a combination of RGB three colors. This reduces the brightness, which has been a problem.
In order to resolve this problem, the FSC method was developed which turns on R, G, B light sources consecutively and embodies a color, instead of using a color filter. However, the FSC method had a problem of causing a color break up (CBU) phenomenon. Besides, R, G, B light sources have different brightness and changing characteristics of wavelength due to temperatures, thereby creating the problem of changing the color senses when used for a long time.

Display method and apparatus having a display panel with a backlight unit utilizing white and blue light sources


In the case where graphic data GD1 needing a high-speed rendering are to be written in a frame memory (14) from an image writing unit (1), the graphic data GD1 are written in the frame memory (14) in accordance with an instruction from the image writing unit (1) irrespective of the read state of graphic data GD2 to be read from the frame memory (14). In the case of the graphic data GD1 needing an ordinary speed, on the other hand, a write wait signal WT is outputted from a data write control unit (2) to the image writing unit (1) for the period till the read of the graphic data GD2 from the frame memory (14) ends. For the period while the write wait signal WT is being outputted, the write of the graphic data GD1 from the graphic data writing unit (1) is made to wait.

The matrix type display device of the prior art stores graphic data, as inputted from image writing means such as CPU, temporarily in a built-in frame memory when the graphic data are to be displayed in a predetermined display panel.
Here, when the graphic data are read from the frame memory and outputted to the display panel, graphic data inputted from the outside may be overwritten midway of one frame thereof. Then, there may occur an event, in which the contents of the image of upper and lower portions of one frame are shifted with time, when the motion images or still images are displayed.
In order to prevent that shift of the image contents, in the frame memory, as conventionally described in the following Patent Publications, a write wait signal is outputted from the side of the matrix type display device to the side of the external image writing means, and the input of the graphic data to the matrix type display device is delayed until the end of reading the each frame of the graphic data. Thus, the write of the image in the frame memory is brought into the stop state thereby to control the synchronization properly between the write and read of the graphic data, so that the graphic data inputted from the outside may not be overwritten midway of the graphic data of one frame outputted to the display panel:
JP-A-2002-108268;
JP-A-2002-108316; and
JP-A-2002-202881.
As a result, when the motion images or the still images are displayed, it is possible to prevent the event, in which the image contents of the upper and lower portions in one frame are shifted with time, and accordingly to display a smooth image.

Matrix type display device and display method thereof


A mobile telecommunication terminal device is provided which is capable of preventing an excessive increase in transmitting power to be fed from a base station even if a burst error occurs in a mobile unit. The mobile telecommunication terminal device has an error frequency calculating section to calculate a frequency of detection of errors in received data, a target transmitting power setting section to decrease a set value of a target SIR (Signal to Interference Power Ratio) when the frequency of detection of errors is not larger than the target SIR, while the frequency of detection of errors exceeds the target detection frequency value, to increase the set value of the target SIR, an SIR measuring section, an SIR comparing section, a transmitting power requesting section, and an error frequency correcting section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile telecommunication terminal device, a mobile telecommunication method, and a mobile telecommunication control program.
The present application claims priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-232357 filed on Aug. 9, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
2. Description of the Related Art
For example, in the mobile telecommunication of a W-CDMA (Wideband-Code Division Multiplex Access) method, one frequency band is used in common by a plurality of users. That is, transmitting power for one frequency band to be supplied from a base station to a mobile unit is shared for use among a plurality of users.
As a result, if much power is consumed by one user, a limitation is imposed on an amount of power that can be assigned to other users and, therefore, the number of users (the number of mobile units) being able to carry out communication at one time is made to decrease.
On the other hand, signal receiving quality of the mobile unit changes depending on a positional relation and/or surrounding conditions and communication is made difficult due to poor signal receiving environments and additionally to decreased transmitting power to be fed from the base station.
Due to such communication environments as above, in order to simultaneously achieve uniformity of signal receiving quality of the mobile unit irrespective of its position and inhibition of occupation of transmitting power to be fed from the base station by only one user, the transmitting power from the base station is controlled from the mobile unit side.
In other words, if communication can be satisfactorily carried out even by a small amount of transmitting power, a request is made by the mobile unit asking the base station to decrease the transmitting power to be supplied to the mobile unit to enable many users to carry out communication at the same time, while, if a large amount of transmitting power is required for carrying out communication, the mobile unit makes a request asking the base station to increase the transmitting power to be fed to the mobile unit and, therefore, the mobile unit can maintain the receiving quality.
Here, the mobile unit detects an occurrence frequency (error rate) of a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) error and, in order to keep the occurrence frequency at a level being not larger than a targeted low level (target error rate), controls transmitting power to be fed from the base station. That is, only when the error rate is raised until the error rate reaches the target error rate, a request is made by the mobile unit asking the base station to increase the transmitting power. The base station having received the request, if having sufficient transmitting power, increases the transmitting power to be fed to a corresponding mobile unit.
More specifically, the mobile unit detects the number of occurrences of CRC errors in received data in a unit time interval and changes a set value of a target SIR (Signal to Interference power Ratio) every time when the error rate reaches the target error rate due to the increased number of times of detection.
However, a conventional mobile telecommunication terminal device has a problem in that, even if an error rate is sporadically raised (in the case of a burst error) due to some reason (for example, a car hides momentarily behind a shadow of a building), the mobile unit recognizes that many errors have occurred and exerts control to increase transmitting power unnecessarily and, as a result, the number of users who can carry out communication in an area decreases.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams explaining problems of the conventional technology. FIG. 3A shows a change with time in the number of times of detection of CRC errors in a unit time interval in the mobile unit and FIG. 3B shows a change with time in set values of the target SIR (ordinate) on the mobile unit side.
As shown in FIG. 3A, every time the number of times of detection of CRC errors in a unit time interval becomes large and every time an error rate reaches the target error rate (FIG. 3A), the mobile unit changes a set value of the target SIR (target SIR) (FIG. 3B) so as to have a large value.
Moreover, when a burst error occurs, in particular, that is, when the number of times of detection of CRC errors becomes extremely larger in a unit time interval, the set value of the target SIR also is set to become extremely larger.
As a result, transmitting power to be fed to the corresponding mobile unit is changed to have an extremely large value and the number of users who can carry out communication in the area becomes extremely small.
Moreover, since a change of a set value of the target SIR is made only in every unit time interval, if the target SIR is once set to be a large value, it is not easy for the target SIR to converge on a standard target SIR value.
Due to this, a state in which transmitting power to be supplied from the base station to the corresponding mobile unit continues long and, during the period, the number of users being able to carry out communication is limited.

Transmission power control for mobile telecommunication: terminal device, method and control program


An apparatus and methods for controlling energy consumption of an electronic device determine an availability of an energy source to provide energy to the electronic device. The apparatus and methods control, by power management control logic of the electronic device, energy consumption of the electronic device in response to determining the availability of the energy source.

The disclosure relates generally to electronic devices and more particularly to methods and apparatus for controlling energy consumption of an electronic device.
Runtime management solutions that control energy consumption are used in electronic devices in an attempt to assist in managing battery capacity of the electronic devices. Some existing solutions cause the electronic device to consume less energy when the battery level is low. Thus, an existing solution may reduce the activity of clients and/or applications running on the electronic device when the battery level drops below a certain percentage, with 100 percent corresponding to a fully-charged battery. This solution may turn off animations, vibrations of the electronic device that would otherwise occur in cases such as receipt of an incoming call, and dim the display screen of the electronic device. Another solution reduces or limits the performance state ("P-State") of a central processing unit (CPU) by limiting the CPU operating frequency and/or voltage in response to a low battery level or a thermal emergency.
Additional known solutions control activity initiated by a server. The server is made aware of an electronic device's residual battery level, estimated rate of energy consumption, and/or thermal information to make decisions regarding the features and/or quality of content to push to the electronic device. When the electronic device's battery level is low, advanced features can be disabled, quality of pushed content can be degraded, and/or the server may cause some computing functions to be shifted from the electronic device to the server. In some cases, the electronic device is also able to control shifting of computing functions to the server.
Reducing activity of clients and/or applications running on an electronic device, turning features off, reducing or limiting a P-state of an electronic device, disabling advanced features, and shifting computing operations to a server each degrade the experience of a user of the electronic device. While battery size may be increased and processing cores with lower power specifications, such as lower-power CPU cores, may be used in an effort to combat these problems, these approaches are unacceptable in devices with certain size and profile requirements and in devices that require the ability to support certain advanced applications and features.

Controlling energy consumption of an electronic device in response to availability of an energy source


A semiconductor integrated circuit able to reduce a load of layout design when arranging switches in a power lines for preventing leakage current and able to reduce the influence of a voltage drop occurring in the switches on a signal delay, wherein a plurality of groups of power lines are arranged in stripe shapes, power is supplied to circuit cells by a plurality of groups of branch lines branching from the groups of power lines, power switch cells arranged in the groups of branch lines turn on or off the supply of power to the circuit cells, the power switch cells are arranged dispersed in the area of arrangement of the circuit cells, and the supply of power by the power switch cells is finely controlled for every relatively small number of circuit cells.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit, and, more particularly, to a semiconductor integrated circuit achieving a reduction of power consumption by using a transistor having a high threshold voltage to cut the supply of power to an unused circuit.
2. Background Art
The power supply voltage of semiconductor integrated circuits has fallen year by year along with the reduction of power consumption and the miniaturization of processing dimensions. When a signal amplitude becomes small due to the reduction of the power supply voltage, the threshold voltage of a transistor becomes high relative to the signal amplitude, so an on current of the transistor decreases and a delay increases. For this reason, the threshold voltage of the transistor also must be made lower along with the power supply voltage. However, a leakage current in an off state increases when the threshold voltage of the transistor is lowered, so there is the disadvantage that reduction of the power consumption is obstructed.
As technology preventing the increase of such leakage current, the "multi-threshold complementary metal oxide semiconductor" (MTCMOS) circuit technology is known. In a MTCMOS, for example, a transistor switch having a high threshold voltage is arranged in a power line of each circuit block performing a specific function. When the circuit block becomes unused in state, the transistor switch is set to the off position and the leakage current flowing through each transistor in the circuit block is shut off. By this, useless leakage current flowing through unused circuit blocks can be greatly reduced.


A positioner to control the position of a finger or thumb of the hand, comprising an elongated, flexible holder configured to extend along the upper side of the user's finger or thumb; a retainer carried by the holder to retain the tip of the user's finger or thumb, the holder adapted to be anchored, remotely from the retainer, endwise thereof; the holder configured to flex, thereby allowing bending of the finger or thumb, producing tensioning of the holder that resists such bending.

This invention relates generally to an easily applied, improved, digit splint which not only tends to retain the user's finger or thumb in an extended position, but which also accommodates temporary bending or flexing of the finger or thumb. There is need for a simple, effective splint having these multiple functions, as well as improvements in construction, configuration, and additional functions and results, as will appear.