A sheath for covering and protecting a component leading edge of an airfoiled component is disclosed. The sheath includes a sheath leading edge, and a first protective side and a second protective side, wherein the first and second protective sides are merged at the sheath leading edge. A cavity is formed between the first and second protective sides, wherein the cavity is adapted to have the airfoiled component positioned therein and engage an inside surface of each of the first and second protective sides. The sheath is formed from a material including cobalt, and preferably a nickel-cobalt composition. Preferred embodiments include cobalt in the nickel-cobalt composition present between 8-32 wt. % and 30-54 wt. %, based on the weight of the sheath. An airfoiled component construction is also disclosed. This construction includes a main structural component formed in the shape of an airfoil, wherein the main structural component has a leading edge, and a sheath covering and protecting the leading edge, wherein the sheath is formed from a material including cobalt such as a nickel-cobalt composition. Preferred embodiments include cobalt in the nickel-cobalt composition present between 8-32 wt. % and 30-54 wt. %, based on the weight of the sheath.

To increase operating efficiencies of modern aircraft engines, it is desirable to decrease weights of airfoiled component parts such as jet engine fan blades, exit guide vanes, aircraft propeller blades and certain structural support members positioned in air streams. Substantial decreases in weights of such components have been achieved through use of composite materials including for example graphite fiber reinforcements with an epoxy matrix. Composite components, at their leading edges, fail to provide adequate strength to protect themselves from erosion and foreign object damage and especially from damage as a result of leading edge impact with birds, ice, stones, sand, rain and other debris. Adding further to their fragility, these components are usually quite thin and as a result even more susceptible to foreign object damage. Accordingly, protective sheaths are often used to protect the leading edge.
The art of manufacturing electroformed sheaths is well known, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,375 to Leger. Typically a die or mandrel, made of conductive material such as titanium, is formed to have an exterior surface that conforms to a blade's airfoil configuration minus the thickness of the sheath to be electroformed on the mandrel. Desired thicknesses of the sheath are achieved by a well-known process of shielding, wherein barrier walls or shields are placed adjacent the mandrel in such positions that shields direct the flow of electrical current between the anodes and the exposed work surface of the mandrel in the electroplate solution. For example, where a sheath leading edge must be thicker and hence stronger than a sheath trailing edge, the shield portion adjacent a first surface section of the mandrel palm, which has the form of the sheath leading edge, would be positioned a greater distance from the surface section of the mandrel than a shield portion adjacent a second surface section of the mandrel palm, which is forming the sheath trailing edge. After the mandrel has been in the electroplate bath for a predetermined time, it is removed. The electroformed sheath is next mechanically removed from the mandrel. The sheath exterior may then be machined to provide a smooth, aerodynamic contour. It is then pressed fit over and bonded to the composite blade, in a manner well-known in the art.
A material typically used in the quest for achieving leading edge protection is a nickel electroform produced from modified Watt's nickel electrolyte. This material is very hard, greater than 600 VHN, and is inclined to be relatively brittle. It may be subject, therefore, to cracking, fracture, chipping, and breaking apart upon a direct 90.degree. impact by foreign objects. Another material for use in erosion resistance is titanium 6Al-4V, which is typically used for the construction of most jet engine fan blades. Still another material which is used in forming electroformed sheath is hardened sulfamate nickel.
Table 1 is indicative of an example of the erosion and impact resistance for modified Watt's nickel (700 VHN), hardened sulfamate nickel (470 VHN) and titanium 6Al-4V, at 20.degree. and 90.degree. angles, with sand as the erosion medium traveling at 800 ft/sec. The hardened sulfamate nickel results were used as the baseline measurement for the remaining erosion determinations. As can be seen, the titanium is clearly surpassed by the Modified Watt's nickel and hardened sulfamate nickel in erosion rate and total erosion at both the 20.degree. and 90.degree. angles. Not only did the titanium perform relatively badly in these tests, it is also very expensive and typically only used with high output jet engines which have financial budgets and structural requirements far exceeding those of other aerospace components, such as propellers. Due to the expense of the titanium, it would be desirable to have a more economically and better performing electroform sheath for protection of jet engine components, so as to reduce the cost of the same. With particular respect to propeller blades, recent events have indicated an alarmingly fast rate of replacement, due to breakage, of modified Watt's nickel electroformed sheaths, which are highly used in the industry. The high replacement rate seems due to a combination of the hardness, brittleness, and low ductility, of this material, as indicated above. In testing, and at a 90.degree. impact angle, the Watt's nickel cracked and chipped. In certain areas of the world, the modified Watt's nickel electroformed sheaths have eroded quite substantially at the tip of the propeller blade, requiring replacement of the sheath within as little as 70 hours of operations, wherein a typical mean time between unscheduled returns for such maintenance is 1,000 hours, and preferably 5000 hours.
There exists a need, therefore, for an electroformed sheath formed from a material or composition which is relatively inexpensive and exhibits improved erosion resistance at a variety of impact angles and other conditions, in comparison to currently used and known materials.

Electroformed sheath and airfoiled component construction


A substrate conveyance device for fabricating a liquid crystal display device is provided. The substrate conveyance device conveys substrates and aligns substrates without using an additional aligning apparatus. The substrate conveyance device includes an arm that forms a body of the substrate conveyance device, a hand and a mover. The hand, that is movable in a first direction, includes a first end coupled with the arm and an upper surface where a substrate is placed on the upper surface. The hand also has a holder which holds a dummy portion which is at an edge of the substrate. The mover is configured to move the hand.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to devices for fabricating liquid crystal display devices, and more particularly, to a substrate conveyance device for fabricating a liquid crystal display device, where a substrate conveyance device conveys a substrate of a liquid crystal panel.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Liquid crystal display (LCD) devices have good picture quality, are thin and light weight, and consume comparatively little power. As such, many mobile display device applications use LCD devices. Besides the mobile display devices, such as monitors for notebook computers, LCD devices are also used in other applications, including television monitors which receive and display a broadcast signal, and desktop computer monitors.
In general, a LCD device has a liquid crystal panel for displaying a picture and a driving unit for applying a driving signal to the liquid crystal panel. Additionally, the LCD device has a pair of substrates bonded together where a liquid crystal layer is injected in a gap between the substrates.
Individual substrates, or bonded substrates having individual substrates bonded together, are conveyed to and from various positions during fabrication with a conveyance device, such as a robot arm.
The robot arm, or the conveyance device, has a plurality of hands for conveying the individual substrates or the bonded substrates, to various positions during fabrication. When the robot arm conveys the substrates to and from various positions, the robot arm has either the individual substrates or the bonded substrates on a surface of each hand of the robot arm.
Furthermore, the related art robot arm has a plurality of projections from the surface of the hand that minimize a contact area between the robot arm and the substrate.
However, projections of the related art robot arm concentrate a load on portions of the individual substrates or the bonded substrates where each of the projections contact the substrates, thereby bending the portions.
Particularly, if the bent portion has a spacer formed thereon for maintaining an appropriate gap between one pair of substrates, the appropriate gap may not be maintained, which may cause a defective orientation of the liquid crystals.
Moreover, the related art conveyance device does not align substrates. Thus, a separate alignment device is required to align bonded substrates when a substrate moves to different positions during a fabrication process. For example, a separate alignment device is required when a substrate is moved to a cutting apparatus that cuts the bonded substrates into unit panels. Consequently, time and costs associated with fabricating LCD devices increase.

Substrate conveyance device for fabrication of liquid crystal display device


A method of operating a circuit for processing a digital signal is disclosed. The circuit includes various circuit stages having respective enabled states. A present signal path is established which includes circuit stages in their respective enabled states. Power is disabled to selected circuit stages not used in the present signal path so as to minimize power consumption in the disabled circuit stages. A data signal is then processed through the circuit stages in the present signal path. Before a next signal path is needed, power is re-enabled to selected disabled circuit stages in the next signal path to allow the enabled circuit stages to approach their respective enabled states. Then the next signal path can be established including the enabled circuit stages in their respective enabled states. The data signal can then be processed through the circuit stages in the next signal path.

One example of a high speed digital circuit is a crosspoint switch, which can selectably connect data signals between multiple inputs and multiple outputs. FIG. 1 shows a slice of such a crosspoint switch showing a single path connecting one input port to one output port. The crosspoint switch can be conceptually divided into a high-speed data path (shown by thin lines in FIG. 1) and a lower-speed control plane that determines connectivity (shown by thick lines in FIG. 1). The control plane is run by a digital clocking signal and determines which pieces of the data path should be enabled for a given connectivity and when the enabling signals should change. For the switch control plane, connectivity data to control the data path may be written into control latches or flip-flops.
In FIG. 1, a first stage buffer 11 provides a high impedance input (with reduced input capacitance) and converts signal levels. Driving four sets of input lines from each of the second stage input buffers 12 reduces the number of point cells 13 loading each input by a factor of four. Groups of multiple point cells are provided to first stage multiplexers 14 to allow the associated data streams to be directed to a second stage multiplexer 15 driving a selected output port. The capacitance load on each point cell 13 is reduced by collecting multiple first stage multiplexers 14 for each second stage multiplexer 15. The second stage multiplexer 15 may also act as an output buffer.
However, circuits such as the crosspoint switch shown in FIG. 1 draw relatively high power and may have limited speed in a given process technology. To reduce power consumption, inactive circuit stages may be powered down or disabled and stages may be activated only when needed. This disabling tends to create uneven propagation delays through the path depending on when in a given cycle connectivity is updated. When an inactive stage is reactivated, the time it takes the stage to reach its enabled state increases the propagation delay through the data path. This increased propagation delay sets the largest delay condition and determines the maximum operating frequency of the data path.

Crosspoint switch with low reconfiguration latency


The present invention provides a polyphenylene sulfide film which consists essentially of a resin composition containing polyphenylene sulfide as major constituent, in which fine particles with an average particle size of 0.05-3 .mu.m are dispersed, the fine particles having a single particle index of not less than 0.5. The polyphenylene sulfide film of the present invention is excellent in not only the slipping property but also the number of electrical insulation defects are extremely small, so that the film of the present invention is useful for the dielectric film of film capacitor with stable initial characteristics. Further, since the film of the present invention is excellent in the slipping property and surface smoothness, so that it is useful as a base film for magnetic recording media with excellent magnetic conversion characteristics and excellent drop out characteristics.

Polyphenylene sulfide films are conventionally used as F-class insulation thin material in variety of electric equipments and electric parts. Fine particles are often incorporated in the polyphenylene sulfide films in order to improve the slipping property of the film. Such a polyphenylene sulfide film containing the fine particles is manufactured by, as described in Japanese Patent Disclosure (Kokai) No. 34968/80, admixing the solid fine particles with the polypheneylene sulfide powder with a Henschel mixer or the like, stirring the resultant mix under fused condition to disperse the fine particles, and biaxially stretching the resulting polyphenylene sulfide resin composition under specific conditions. However, in the polyphenylene sulfide films prepared by this process, the dispersion of the fine particles is not uniform. As a result, not only is the slipping property of the film poor because of the large aggregations of the microparticles, but also insulation defects are likely to be formed especially in the case where the thickness of the film is not more than 10 .mu.m, so that the films have poor characteristics as dielectric films of capacitors. Further, when such a polyphenylene sulfide film is used as a base film of magnetic recording media such as floppy disks, drop out is likely to occur due to the large protrusion of the surface of the film. A polyphenylene sulfide film which has a good slipping property and high surface smoothness, and which has a reduced number of insulation defects, has not yet been obtained. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a polyphenylene sulfide film (hereinafter also referred to as "PPS film") which has excellent surface smoothness and slipping property, and which has a reduced number of insulation defects.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a capacitor which has excellent solder resistance, frequency characteristics and excellent thermal characteristics, and in which the distribution of the capacity and of the-withstand voltage is small.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic recording media with which drop out rarely occurs and which has excellent dimensional stability and heat resistance.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a process of producing a polyphenylene sulfide film which has excellent surface smoothness and slipping property, and which has a reduced number of insulation defects.
The present inventors intensively studied to find that a polyphenylene sulfide film containing fine particles with specific average particle size, which has a single particle index in a specific range, has excellent surface smoothness and slipping property, and have established a process of manufacturing this polyphenylene sulfide film to complete the present invention.
That is, the present invention provides a polyphenylene sulfide film which consists essentially of a resin composition containing polyphenylene sulfide as a major constituent, in which fine particles with an average particle size of 0.05-3 .mu.m are dispersed, the fine particles having a single particle index of not less than 0.5.
The present invention further provides a capacitor comprising e biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film which consists essentially of a resin composition containing polyphenylene sulfide as a major constituent, in which fine particles with an average particle size of 0.05-3 .mu.m are dispersed, which fine particles have a single particle index of not less than 0.5, as a major dielectric material and an inner electrode made of a metal foil or a metal thin layer.
The present invention further provides a magnetic recording media comprising a biaxially oriented polyphenylene sulfide film which consists essentially of a resin composition containing polyphenylene sulfide as a major constituent, in which fine particles with an average particle size of 0.05-3 .mu.m are dispersed, which fine particles have a single particle index of not less than 0.5, and a magnetic layer formed on at least one surface of the polyphenylene sulfide film.
The present invention still further provides a process of producing polyphenylene sulfide film comprising the steps of mixing a slurry of fine particles containing the fine particles dispersed in a liquid medium with a boiling point of 180.degree.-290.degree. C. with polyphenylene sulfide powder such that the average particle size of the fine particles is not larger than 3 .mu.m, the amount of the fine particles being 1% by weight to 100% by weight with respect to the polyphenylene sulfide; supplying the resulting mixture to an extruder having at least one level of vent to fuse the polymer; eliminating the liquid medium of the slurry from the vent; and extruding the resulting polyphenylene sulfide in which the fine particles are dispersed to obtain a film in which the fine particles are dispersed.
The present invention still further provides a process of producing a polyphenylene sulfide film comprising the step& of supplying polyphenylene sulfide in a cylinder of an extruder having at least one level of vent; compulsively injecting into the cylinder of the extruder a slurry of fine particles containing fine particles dispersed in a liquid medium with a boiling point of 180.degree.-290.degree. C., which fine particles are dispersed in the liquid medium such that the average particle size thereof is not larger than 3 .mu.m, in the amount of 1% by weight to 100% by weight in terms of the fine particles with respect to the polyphenylene sulfide polymer before and/or after the polymer is fused; eliminating the liquid medium alone from the vent; and extruding the mixture of the polymer and the microparticles to produce a film in which the fine particles are dispersed.
The polyphenylene sulfide film of the present invention is excellent in slipping property and surface smoothness, and the number of the insulation defects in the film is reduced. The polyphenylene sulfide film has excellent heat resistance, dimensional stability and excellent electric characteristics, which are inherent to polyphenylene sulfide film. Thus, if the polyphenylene sulfide film of the present invention is used as dielectrics of a capacitor, a capacitor which has excellent solder resistance, frequency characteristics and excellent thermal characteristics, in which the distribution of the capacity and the withstand voltage are small, may be obtained. Further, if the polyphenylene sulfide film of the present invention is used as a base film of a magnetic recording medium, a magnetic recording medium with which the drop out rarely occurs may be obtained.

Polyphenylene sulfide film and process of manufacturing the same


The present invention relates to a process for converting Fischer-Tropsch wax to high quality lube basestocks using a molecular sieve Beta catalyst followed by a unidimensional intermediate pore molecular sieve with near circular pore structures having an average diameter of 0.50 nm to 0.65 nm wherein the difference between the maximum diameter and the minimum is ≦0.05 nm. Both catalysts comprise one or more Group VIII metals. For example, a cascaded two-bed catalyst system consisting of a first bed Pt/Beta catalyst followed by a second bed Pt/ZSM-48 catalyst is highly selective for wax isomerization and lube hydrodewaxing with minimal gas formation.

There is significant economic incentive to convert Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) wax to high quality lube basestocks, especially base oils with properties and performance comparable to, or better than, those of polyalphaolefins (PAO). The upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch wax greatly relies on advanced wax isomerization technology that transforms linear paraffins to multi-branched isoparaffins with minimal cracking.
Processes for converting Fischer-Tropsch wax to paraffinic lube base-stocks are known. A typical process is a two-stage process that hydroisomerizes Fischer-Tropsch wax to a waxy isoparaffins mixture in the first step, followed by either solvent dewaxing or catalytic dewaxing the waxy isoparaffins mixture in the second step to remove residual wax and achieve a target lube pour point.
The hydroisomerization catalysts disclosed previously, such as Pt supported on amorphous aluminosilicate or Zeolite Beta (Beta), normally possess large pores that allow the formation of branch structures during paraffin isomerization. Examples of other large pore molecular sieves include ZSM-3, ZSM-12, ZSM-20, MCM-37, MCM-68, ECR-5, SAPO-5, SAPO-37 and USY. However, these large pore catalysts are not selective enough to preferentially convert normal and lightly branched paraffin waxes in the presence of multi-branched isoparaffin molecules. As a result, the isoparaffin products derived from Fischer-Tropsch wax often contain residual wax that needs to be dewaxed in order to meet target lube cloud points or pour points. The cloud point of a lube is the temperature at which the first trace of wax stalls to separate, causing the lube to become turbid or cloudy (e.g., ASTM D2500). The pour point of a lube is the temperature at which lube and wax crystallize together as a whole and will not flow when poured (e.g., ASTM D97). Dewaxing can be achieved by additionally using either a solvent dewaxing process or a catalytic dewaxing process.
Most selective dewaxing catalysts used in a catalytic dewaxing process have relatively small pore structures and catalyze lube pour point reduction by selectively cracking normal and lightly branched paraffin waxes. Such dewaxing catalysts usually have low paraffin isomerization selectivity.
Few catalysts have been reported to be efficient in catalyzing both hydroisomerization and dewaxing of paraffin wax to low pour point lubes. One example of such catalysts is a noble metal, such as Pt, supported on SAPO-11. It was previously assumed that oval-shaped pore structures are common feature of isomerization and dewaxing catalysts. See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,566.
There remains a need therefore and a higher isomerization selectivity to achieve a low enough pour point with minimal molecular weight changes.

Dual catalyst system for hydroisomerization of Fischer-Tropsch wax and waxy raffinate

ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company


A four-wire ohmmeter connector includes a pair of elongated members spaced apart from each other by an interconnecting web. A pair of elongated contacts are mounted on forwardly projecting portions of each of the elongated members. An insulative housing surrounds the elongated members, contacts and web. The contacts mounted on one of the elongated members are connected through separate wires to a positive probe, and the contacts mounted on the other of the elongated members are connected through separate wires to a negative probe. The elongated members are inserted into respective terminal apertures of a four-wire ohmmeter. A pair of semi-cylindrical conductive sleeves are aligned with each of the apertures, and they make contact with and compress the respective contacts that are inserted into the aperture.

Test and measurement instruments, such a volt/ohmmeters, have been in common use for many years. Conventional volt/ohmmeters include a pair of test terminals, designated positive ("+") and negative ("−"), that are connected to test points through respective wires or "leads." Each lead generally has a respective plug at one end that plugs into one of the test terminals of the volt/ohmmeter, and a test probe, alligator clip, or other structure that is adapted to make electrical contact with a test point.
For AC or DC voltage measurements, the leads are connected to respective test points, and the voltage between the test points is measured by the instrument. For resistance measurements, the volt/ohmmeter passes a current between the two leads, and the voltage between the two leads is measured. The resistance in ohms is then determined as the ratio of voltage-to-current. In practice, the resistance is measured simply by measuring the voltage since the current is generally constant. The measured voltage, or, more correctly, the measured voltage calibrated in resistance, can then be read by a user on an analog pointer-type meter or on a digital display.
Conventional two-wire volt/ohmmeters are very satisfactory in most applications. However, under some circumstances, they do not provide sufficiently accurate resistance measurements. For example, when the resistance to be measured is very low, the resistance of the leads in relation to the resistance to be measured can be unacceptably large. Under these circumstances, a significant portion of the voltage between the leads as measured by the instrument can result from voltage drops in the leads rather than across the resistance to be measured. The instrument will then provide an erroneous resistance measurement. For example, assume that the resistance to be measured is actually 0.5 ohms, and each lead has a resistance of 0.2 ohms. If the volt/ohmmeter supplies a current through the leads of 100 mA (i.e., 0.1 amp), the voltage between the two leads as measured by the instrument would be 0.09 volts (i.e., 0.1*0.9). The instrument would then calculate the resistance to be measured at 0.9 ohms (i.e., 0.09/0.1) when, in fact the resistance to be measured is really 0.5 ohms.
To alleviate this problem, four-wire ohmmeters have been developed. In a four-wire ohmmeter, each of two test points is connected to the instrument through two separate leads. One of the leads in each pair carries the current to or from the resistance to be measured, and the other lead in the pair measures the voltage on one side of the resistance to be measured. Any voltage drop in the lead carrying the current is not reflected in the reading since the voltage-measuring lead measures the voltage at the resistance to be measured rather than at the junction between the instrument and the current-carrying lead. And since the input impedance of the resistance measuring circuit is generally very high, very little current is carried by the voltage-measuring lead, thus making any voltage drop across the lead nominal. An example of a four-wire ohmmeter is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,621 to Wong, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Insofar as four-wire ohmmeters have four separate leads, the ohmmeter itself must have four test terminals. These test terminals are commonly known as the high ("HI") terminal, the Sense HI terminal, which is connected to the same test point as the HI terminal, the low ("LO") terminal, and the Sense LO terminal, which is connected to the LO terminal. The HI terminal is generally connected to a current source, and the LO terminal is generally connected to a corresponding current sink. The Sense HI terminal is connected to the positive input of a voltage measuring device, and the Sense LO terminal is connected to the negative input of the voltage measuring device. These test terminals have typically been in the form of cylindrical apertures or "jacks" that are adapted to receive respective "banana plug" connectors. Thus four banana plug jacks have typically been required in a four-wire ohmmeter.
One approach to reducing the number of jacks in a four-wire ohmmeter is described in the previously mentioned patent to Wong. The ohmmeter described in the Wong patent uses two banana plugs physically connected to each other through an insulator. Each of the banana plugs has two axially spaced contacts, which are connected to respective leads. The two-contact banana plugs are inserted into respective jacks in the ohmmeter, and each jack includes a pair of axially spaced contacts that mate with respective contacts of the banana plug.
The connector shown in the Wong patent has the advantage of reducing the number of jacks required by the ohmmeter, and it is also structured to be compatible with conventional two-wire leads, albeit without the benefit of a four-wire measurement. Although this connector represents a significant improvement in the art, it is nevertheless less than ideal in some situations. For example, insofar as the contacts of the banana plug are exposed, their contact surfaces can more easily become contaminated, which may undesirably increase their connection resistance. Also, it is possible for the connector shown in the Wong patent to make incorrect connections to the ohmmeter. For example, if the banana plugs are not inserted a sufficient distance into their respective jacks, the end contact of the banana plug may bridge the inner and outer contacts of the jack. In such case, the ohmmeter would provide a resistance measurement, but it would not be apparent that the measurement being made is essentially using only two rather than four wires.
There is therefore a need for an improved connector for use with a four-wire ohmmeter.

Four-wire ohmmeter connector and ohmmeter using same


A method (80) of reducing stress between substrates of differing materials includes the steps of applying (82) solder (16) on a first substrate (14), reflowing (84) the solder on the first substrate to form a cladded substrate (30), applying (85) a medium such as flux or solder on a second substrate (42) having a substantially different coefficient of thermal expansion than the first substrate, placing (86) the cladded substrate on the second substrate, and reflowing (88) the cladded substrate and the second substrate such that thermal stress caused by the substantially different coefficient of thermal expansion between the first and second substrates is limited to when a temperature approximately reaches below a solidus temperature of the solder on the first substrate.

Soldered modules that include substrates of differing substrate materials are subject to thermal stress due to differing coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between the respective substrates. For example, due to CTE mismatch, cracks in the solder and possibly elsewhere (the substrates themselves) occur during the reflow process when attempting to solder a ceramic substrate to a printed circuit board (PCB) material such as FR4.
Differing CTEs among substrates is also commonly known as CTE mismatch. A typical PCB material can have a CTE of 15 PPM/Degree C while a Ceramic substrate can have a CTE of 6 PPM/Degree C. Thus, cracks are initiated during the cooling process (of the reflow process) as the solder materials between the PCB and ceramic solidifies while the PCB and ceramic are not fully in a steady state. Note that Pb-free solder paste (95.5% Sn-3.8% Ag-0.7% Cu) solidifies or has a solidus temperature at 217 degree C. while the PCB and the Ceramic are still contracting at different rates as the temperature is reduced. As a result, cracks form in the ceramic and possibly the solder as well. High solidus temperature solder paste (95.5% Sn-3.8% Ag-0.7% Cu) solidifies long before a ceramic and PCB board stop contracting at different rates.
Note, there is a difference between the terms solidus, liquidus, and melting point. The term melting point, as used by metallurgists, usually applies to pure metals that melt at a single temperature. Alloys have very different melting characteristics compared to their pure forms. Most alloys do not have a single melting temperature or melting point, but instead they have a melting range. The upper limit of this range is called the liquidus temperature and the lower limit of this range is called the solidus temperature. Therefore, most metallurgists will say a pure metal has a melting point, while an alloy (brazing filler metal) has a melting range. During heating, solidus is that temperature at which an alloy begins to melt. Between the solidus and liquidus temperatures, the alloy will be a mixture of solid and liquid phases. Just above the solidus temperature, the mixture will be mostly solid with some liquid phases. Just below the liquidus temperature, the mixture will be mostly liquid with some solid phases. Liquidus is the temperature above which an alloy is completely molten. In other words, when an alloy exceeds the liquidus temperature, there are no solid phases present. The alloy is completely melted and flowing. A few special alloy compositions have a specific melting point like that of a pure metal, in other words the solidus and liquidus are the same temperature. Alloys of this type are called "eutectic compositions" and the melting point is known as a eutectic point.

Method for reducing stress between substrates of differing materials


A keying system for an electrical connector (10, 16) is disclosed. Keying members (160, 234) are provided in mating pairs so that one is assembled to the cable connector (10) and the other is assembled to the mating panel connector (16). Each of the keying members (160,234) is assembled by inserting it into the open end of the connector so that lugs (186,236) on the dielectric insert (44,218) within the connector enter camming slots (178) in the keying member (160,234) which is then twisted to lock it in place. The keying members can be easily and conveniently assembled and disassembled in the field by the end user.

Connectors that are terminated to the ends of electrical cables and mate with mating connectors that are located on fixed panels of electrical equipment are usually keyed so that a cable connector cannot be inadvertently mated to the wrong panel connector. This is especially important when there are several cable connectors mated to somewhat closely adjacent panel connectors, all of which are similar in size and appearance and where the cable connectors must be frequently removed for cleaning or other reasons, such as when interconnecting to other equipment. Since there are a limited number of unique keying arrangements possible, occasionally two panel connectors having the same keying arrangement will be installed in relatively close proximity on the same panel. A problem therefore exists in that there is a likelihood of an inadvertent mismating of these two connectors.


A protective membrane is disclosed for an electronic device that has a touch screen. The touch screen is protected with a membrane adapted to the specific contour and profile of the electronic device and allows the user to use the touch screen interface with no shortcomings. The protective case is further adapted to allow infrared and other communication signals while the device is secured inside the case. Further, electrical connections can be made through the case without affecting the protection afforded the electronic device inside.

a. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains generally to protective cases and specifically to protective cases for devices that have a touch screen interface.
b. Description of the Background
Personal Digital Assistants, or PDAs are being very widely used, and are being deployed in industrial as well as office environments. PDAs are being used in industrial environments for data collection, such as service information on an airplane, or for data delivery such as maps for fire fighters and other emergency personnel. When PDAs are deployed in such industrial applications, the data that is collected and displayed on the PDA can be extremely valuable and can be life saving.
The industrial environments impose harsh conditions that typical PDAs are not designed to accommodate. For example, damage can be done to the PDA through rough handling and dropping. Further, industrial chemicals, grease, water, dirt, and grime may damage or destroy a functioning PDA and inhibit the use of the PDAs valuable data.
It is common to hold the PDAs inside a protective case for transport. However, in the case of a firefighter using the PDA on a fire scene, opening a case with gloved hands in the midst of fighting a fire exposes the PDA to easily being dropped, getting wet, or otherwise being damaged.
The user interface for PDAs are typically a few buttons and a touch screen display. The touch screen is used to both display information and to capture information. The data capture generally uses a stylus to select buttons or areas on the screen for certain functions, draw shapes onto the screen, use character recognition to enter text or numbers, or other methods of data capture.
The PDA may be connected to another computer by several mechanisms. The PDA may be direct connected using a wire connection, wherein a cable with a connector physically connects to the PDA. A second method is to use an infrared communication protocol that uses an infrared transmitter and receiver mounted in the PDA to communicate with another computer having a similar transceiver. A third method is to communicate via radio signals such as a cellular phone protocol or wireless modem.
It would therefore be advantageous to provide a case for a PDA wherein the PDA may be fully operated when the PDA is stored securely in the case. Further, the operation of the PDA through its touch screen interface should not be hindered by a protective case. The case would also not interfere with the connections between the PDA and another computer.

Protective membrane for touch screen device


A mechanical set anchor wherein a plunger extending from a base end of an anchor body activates a pin type trigger which releases a spring utilized to set multiple slips extending from the body of the anchor. Continued downward compressive forces fully sets the slips into the borehole pipe casing. The slips are maintained in their fully set position by a locking nut. The slips are further set into the pipe casing after slips are released from the anchor body. The anchor is mechanically released by an upward pull under tension of sufficient strength to shear release pins that release the compressed spring fully retracting the slips within the anchor body so that the anchor may be tripped from the borehole without interference from the previously engaged slips.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to oil and gas drilling equipment and more specifically relates to a mechanical setting tool apparatus commonly used with a whipstock assembly.
2. Background
It is often desirable to sidetrack (deviate) existing well boreholes for various reasons in producing more economical well bores. It is well known in the industry that whipstocks are used in drilling to direct or deviate a drill bit at an angle from a borehole. The borehole can be cased (lined with pipe casing) or uncased (no pipe casing). More often than not the previously bored hole is cased.
For a cased borehole, a drilling operator will set a cement plug in the borehole that is at least 100 feet deep followed by a packer or bridge plug. A packer may or may not be a complete seal above the cement plug depending upon the circumstances. A bridge plug is a wire line sealing device which is set three to five feet above the casing collar (or joint) near the required point that deviation of the borehole is needed. Of course, wire lines are used with packers as well for orienting whipstocks subsequently tripped into the borehole. The position of the packer or bridge plug and the whipstock is critical because the deviated borehole must not penetrate the casing at or near a casing collar (or joint). The whipstock is traditionally set several feet above the packer or bridge plug. Great care is exercised to coordinate wire line and pipe measurements to assure that the whipstock is clear of the casing collar.
Typically, the complete downhole assembly consists of a whipstock attached to some form of packer mechanism. Presently, there are two conventional whipstock types available. The first type combines a packer with attached whipstock positioned above the packer and the second is a single whipstock assembly with a plunger sticking out the bottom of the downhole tool. The whipstock is the actual oil tool that causes a drill bit to deviate from the original borehole. The packer or setting tool on the first type is another oil tool that holds the whipstock in place once the whipstock has been set in the cased borehole at the desired angle orientation.
On the second type, the plunger releases spring loaded slips when the tool is set down on the packer or bridge plug that is strategically positioned in the cased borehole. The slips hold the tool in place once they are forced against the casing by the released spring. The bottom trip device operates primarily in a cased borehole and it has problems because it only has a single slip or wedge to secure the whipstock in place which may not grip sufficiently to prevent movement of the whip under operating conditions.
A typical whipstock is a triangular shaped tool about 10 to 12 feet long. It is slightly less in diameter than the inside diameter of the pipe casing at its bottom and ramps upwardly to infinity at its top. The back of the tool usually rests against the pipe casing. The tool face is cup shaped or concave in appearance and guides the sidetracking borehole drilling equipment off to the side of the pipe casing in the direction set by the orientation of the ramped tool face. The bottom or base of the whipstock is attached to the packer or setting tool.
A whipstock of the proper diameter is chosen for each cased borehole so that its bottom diameter matches the pipe casing and packer or setting tool. Its top end should match the inside diameter of the borehole casing so that the sidetracking drilling assembly smoothly transitions through a window previously cut into the pipe casing.
Mechanically set anchors typically utilized to support whipstocks have either a one slip holding mechanism or two fixed slips and one moving or activating slip. Often times the holding capabilities of these conventional devices is not enough to prevent slippage or movement during sidetrack drilling operations. Moreover, the foregoing anchors only have load carrying capability in compression since tensional loads will serve to release the slips from their grasp of the pipe casing. In other words, single slip mechanical set anchors do not provide any upward load capability and very little torque capacity.
In addition, these devices are somewhat disadvantaged in that, when they are released from the pipe casing, they will drag against the casing when they are tripped from the borehole because the spring force used to activate the slips is not released.


A method for producing a more concentrated iron product from an industrial waste materials stream comprising iron and non-iron constituents such as EAF and basic oxygen furnace dust generally comprising the steps of compacting or briquetting the waste materials stream, roasting the waste materials stream at temperatures above about 980.degree. C. to convert the iron compounds to direct reduced iron, crushing the roasted waste materials stream, separating the iron compounds contained in the waste materials stream by magnetic separation or flotation, and providing the iron compounds back to the EAF or basic oxygen furnace.

The present invention relates generally to a process for the recovery of an economically valuable concentrated iron product, useful as the feedstock for the iron and steel making processes, from industrial waste streams typically comprising heavy materials, such as iron oxide, cadmium, zinc and lead, and light materials, such as lime and ash. A waste materials stream comprising iron oxide, cadmium, zinc, lead, silica, lime and ash, such as electric arc furnace (EAF) dust or blast furnace dust, is subjected to a combination of steps including compaction, separation of the iron oxide from other materials in the waste materials stream by flotation or magnetic separation either before or after compaction, roasting the materials in a reduction furnace, such as a rotary hearth furnace, and crushing the roasted materials. The other materials in the waste stream from which the iron oxide is separated also can be treated further to recover other chemical and metal values, as disclosed below.
During the process, fumes and other wastes are exhausted which typically comprise lead, zinc and cadmium. These fumes and other waste can be processed by a baghouse or/and by a wet scrubber or other capturing device. The captured materials can be recycled to a recovery process wherein the captured materials are introduced into a leaching process which causes the zinc, cadmium, and lead constituents to go into solution while the iron and iron oxide which was not removed during the separation process remains undissolved. Any undissolved iron and iron oxide can be recycled to the process of the present invention, specifically to the compacting step.
There exists a need for a method which will allow the recovery of an iron product from industrial waste streams which can be subjected to further treatments, resulting in a relatively pure iron product, such as direct reduced iron, and/or a very pure iron product, such as pig iron, which can be used as the feedstock for other processes, such as a steel making process. The industrial waste streams of most interest for this invention include a typical electric arc furnace waste and basic oxygen furnace streams and the particulate matter filtered or otherwise removed from various substeps of the invention, particularly from the fumes of a reduction furnace, such as a rotary hearth furnace, or from the small scale blast furnace or cupola furnace. Producing an iron product with a minimum amount of impurities, such as zinc ferrite, lead and cadmium, is advantageous because the iron product can be used as the feedstock for steel production processes.
A method which results in the recovery of an iron product has additional value in that the iron product can be sold for use in other processes. Furthermore, recovery and retreatment of exhaust and other waste products from the present invention and from other processes and subprocesses has a beneficial effect on the environment, and a beneficial, economic effect on the cost of the steel making process. The exhaust may be further processed by filtering it through a bag house to capture the particulate materials, and then subjecting the captured materials to leaching to recover the iron and iron oxide which was not separated out during the separation step. The iron materials then can be compacted and sent to a reduction furnace or a blast furnace.
Iron is smelted, or refined, in a furnace in which iron ore, coke and limestone are heated. Scrap iron also can be used as a feed to the iron smelting furnace. Prior to introducing scrap iron to the furnace, it is de-scaled of iron oxide, or rust. The mill scale, as it is called, is a waste product typically disposed of and not used in the iron production process. Steel is basically an iron alloyed with other chemical elements. Scrap steel also can be used as a feed in the making of steel. Mill scale also is not used in the steel production process. Finding an economical and/or beneficial use for this mill scale would provide iron and steel mills an opportunity to dispose of the mill scale. Likewise, used batteries provide a waste disposal problem. Used batteries also are not typically used in the steel making process. Rather than disposal in a landfill, it generally is preferable to recycle the used batteries, which are rich in iron oxide. Finding an economical and/or beneficial use for used batteries would reduce the quantity of such material sent to landfills and provide a recycle for usable components. All of these iron oxide rich materials can be added to the waste stream feed which is fed into the present process.
As can be seen, there exists a need for a method which separates iron oxide from other materials contained in a waste stream and processes the iron oxide to create DRI and/or pig iron and which will allow exhausts and fumes from reduction or pig iron furnaces or the like to be filtered in a baghouse or/and a wet scrubber so that the iron oxide which was not recovered during the separation step can be recovered by leaching the captured materials and recycled back to the process of the present invention. This need is addressed by the present invention.

Production of more concentrated iron product from industrial waste materials streams


A content distribution system includes a content distribution server and a portable game terminal. The content distribution server retains a first license for comprehensively permitting the use of multiple digital contents and issues to the portable game terminal a second license for individually permitting the use of a digital content selected by a user from among the multiple digital contents. The portable game terminal retains the second license and permits the use of the selected digital content if it is within the license period of the second license at the time.

With the advancements in information and communications technology, there have been provided subscription services on the Internet, in which a fee is charged for the use of a music content or the like for a certain period of time.
Details of certain know systems and devices may be found in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-024099
In a subscription service, management of licenses for digital contents is important to allow a user to use a digital content for a certain period of time. However, there has not been proposed a satisfying method for managing licenses that is constructed in consideration of an environment where an information device of a user for using a digital content is placed and that improves the convenience of a subscription service.
The present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and a purpose thereof is to provide a technique for improving the convenience in a digital content subscription service.

License management method and content processing system


The present invention supports a secure transmissions protocol for information packet transmission between a Mobile Node and a Foreign Agent. The information packets are encrypted and decrypted using an integrated software client that combines mobile IP communication support and encrypting and decrypting protocols.

The Internet, like so many other high tech developments, grew from research originally performed by the United States Department of Defense. In the 1960s, the military had accumulated a large collection of incompatible computer networks. Computers on these different networks could not communicate with other computers across their network boundaries.
In the 1960s, the Defense Department wanted to develop a communication system that would permit communication between these different computer networks. Recognizing that a single, centralized communication system would be vulnerable to attacks or sabotage, the Defense Department required that the communication system be decentralized with no critical services concentrated in vulnerable failure points. In order to achieve this goal, the Defense Department established a decentralized standard communication protocol for communication between their computer networks.
A few years later, the National Science Foundation (NSF) wanted to facilitate communication between incompatible network computers at various research institutions across the country. The NSF adopted the Defense Department's protocol for communication, and this combination of research computer networks would eventually evolve into the Internet.
Internet Protocols
The Defense Department's communication protocol governing data transmission between different networks was called the Internet Protocol (IP) standard. The IP standard has been widely adopted for the transmission of discrete information packets across network boundaries. In fact, the IP standard is the standard protocol governing communications between computers and networks on the Internet.
The IP standard identifies the types of services to be provided to users and specifies the mechanisms needed to support these services. The IP standard also specifies the upper and lower system interfaces, defines the services to be provided on these interfaces, and outlines the execution environment for services needed in the system.
A transmission protocol, called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), was developed to provide connection-oriented, end-to-end data transmission between packet-switched computer networks. The combination of TCP with IP (TCP/IP) forms a suite of protocols for information packet transmissions between computers on the Internet. The TCP/IP standard has also become a standard protocol for use in all packet switching networks that provide connectivity across network boundaries.
Computer networks communicate with each other according to the protocol hierarchy of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference. Each protocol possesses its own set of rules and procedures independent of other protocols. Each piece of software or hardware implementing a protocol is referred to as a protocol entity. A protocol entity is classified by various positions on a layered protocol stack.
Protocol entities operate by interpreting the header on the data they receive from a higher layer, processing the packet as specified by the header and the associated protocol, and transmitting information packets. The information packet header will identify the applicable protocol and operation to which it pertains. For example, a TCP header identifies the packet as containing information for a TCP protocol, while an IP header identifies the information as containing information for an IP protocol.
The operations and hierarchy of operations performed by an entity can be graphically represented by a layered protocol stack. As the entities perform operations based on the header, the packet payload data is processed and examined for the next logical operation on the information packet.
The protocol standards are configured on a layered communication system structure. All the layers are located on each computer in the network, and each layer is a separate component that theoretically functions independent of the other layers. IP and related protocols form a standardized system for defining how packets should be processed, transmitted and received on the Internet. TCP/IP defines the network communication process and specifies the information packet format so the transmitted data is interpreted correctly. Because of the standardized layer design of the protocols, a consistent conversion of base payload data occurs regardless of the version or vendor of the communication software.
In a typical Internet-based communication scenario, data is transmitted from an originating communication device on a first network across a transmission medium to a destination communication device on a second network. After receipt at the second network, the packet is routed through the network to a destination communication device. Because standard protocols are used in Internet communications, the IP protocol on the destination communication device decodes the transmitted information into the original information transmitted by the originating device.
TCP/IP Addressing and Routing
A computer operating on a network is assigned a unique physical address under the TCP/IP protocols. This is called an IP address. The IP address can include: (1) a network ID and number identifying a network, (2) a sub-network ID number identifying a substructure on the network, and (3) a host ID number identifying a particular computer on the subnetwork. A header data field in the information packet will include source and destination addresses. The IP addressing scheme imposes a consistent addressing scheme that reflects the internal organization of the network or sub-network.
A router is used to regulate the transmission of information packets into and out of the computer network. Routers interpret the logical address contained in information packet headers and direct the information packets to the intended destination. Information packets addressed between computers on the same network do not pass through the router to the greater network, and as such, these information packets will not clutter the transmission lines of the greater network. If data is addressed to a computer outside the network, the router forwards the data onto the greater network.
TCP/IP network protocols define how routers determine the trans-mission path through a network and across network boundaries. Routing decisions are based upon information in the IP header and corresponding entries in a routing table maintained on the router. A routing table contains the information for a router to determine whether to accept an information packet on behalf of a device or pass the information packet on to another router.
Routing tables can be configured manually with routing table entries or with a dynamic routing protocol. A manual routing table can be configured upon initialization. In a dynamic routing protocol, routers update routing information with periodic information packet transmissions to other routers on the network. The dynamic routing protocol accommodates changing network topologies, network architecture, network structure, layout of routers, and interconnection between hosts and routers.
The IP-Based Mobility System
The Internet protocols were originally developed with an assumption that Internet users would be connected to a single, fixed network. With the advent of cellular wireless communication systems, such as mobile communication devices, the movement of Internet users within a network and across network boundaries has become common. Because of this highly mobile Internet usage, the implicit design assumption of the Internet protocols (e.g. a fixed user location) is violated by the mobility of the user.
In an IP-based mobile communication system, the mobile communication device (e.g. cellular phone, pager, computer, etc.) can be called a mobile node. Typically, a mobile node maintains connectivity to its home network through a foreign network. The mobile node will always be associated with its home network for IP addressing purposes and will have information routed to it by routers located on the home and foreign networks. The routers can be referred to by a number of names including Home Agent, Home Mobility Manager, Home Location Register, Foreign Agent, Serving Mobility Manager, Visited Location Register, and Visiting Serving Entity.
While coupled to a foreign network, the mobile node will be assigned a care-of address. This is a temporary IP address assigned by the foreign network. The care-of address is used by routers on the foreign network to route information packets addressed to the mobile node. While residing on a foreign network, a mobile node may move from one location to another, changing its connectivity to the network. This movement changes the physical location of the mobile node and requires updating routing tables and/or care-of addressing to keep up with this movement.
When a mobile node is operating on a foreign network, specialized servers are used to authenticate, authorize, and collect accounting information for services rendered to the mobile node. This authentication, authorization, and accounting activity is called "AAA," and AAA computer servers on the home and foreign network perform the AAA activities.
Authentication is the process of proving one's claimed identity, and security systems on a mobile IP network will often require authentication of the system user's identity before authorizing a requested activity. The AAA server authenticates the identity of an authorized user and authorizes the mobile node's requested activity. Additionally, the AAA server performs the accounting functions by tracking usage on the network.
Virtual Private Networks
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) emulates a private network over a shared physical infrastructure. By way of example, a VPN can reside within a local area network (LAN) system or on several different networks. A VPN can also span multiple computer systems.
A VPN can be used to extend the communication capabilities of a corporate network to remote offices or users, all of which will support or use Internet, extranet, or dial-up services. In this way, connectivity to the VPN network is provided in the same manner as a dedicated private network, but there is no need to provide all the equipment and support infrastructure at a remote location.
A service provider, or other network structure, provides the remote physical system and computer infrastructure within which the "virtual" VPN network resides. In this manner, the VPN can function much the same as a single, physical network even though there are intervening host infrastructures and communications traverse network boundaries. A number of different types of VPNs are suggested in RFC 2764, but this is by no means an exhaustive list of possible VPN constructs. The distinguishing hallmark of a VPN is a single, logical network found on a public or private computer infrastructure with the VPN residing upon one or more autonomous systems.
Tunneling
Tunneling is the basic methodology in IP communication by which an information packet is routed to the appropriate Internet node through an intermediate Internet address. To emulate the point-to-point connections of a private network, VPN methodology uses secure tunnels to handle information packet transmission across the public infrastructure.
Typically, an information packet with network routing can be encapsulated with IP address information. Encapsulation involves adding an outer IP header to the original IP header fields. In this manner, a "tunnel" can be constructed. The outer IP header contains a source and destination IP address—the "endpoints" of the tunnel. The inner IP header source and destination addresses identify the original sender and destination addresses.
The original sender and recipient addresses for the information packet remain unchanged after encapsulation, while the new "tunnel" endpoint addresses are appended onto the original information packet. This appended address information alters the original IP routing by delivering the information packet to an intermediate destination node (in mobile IP typically a foreign router), where the encapsulated information packet is "decapsulated" or "de-tunneled" yielding the original information packet. The packet is then delivered to the destination address found in the original IP address based on the associated routing table entries on network routers.
The "tunnel" is established by encapsulating an information packet containing the original IP address of the mobile node (and payload data) and an IP source address with the intermediate routing IP address (i.e. care-of address) of the foreign network. In the more specialized application of VPNs, the tunnels can be secured by encryption and authentication protocols. These security protocols ensure integrity and confidentiality of information packet data transmission during a communication session. These security protocols, however, operate predominantly on and between the home network and the foreign network.
By encapsulating the data with an IP header, an encrypted information packet can be routed securely over the public communication infrastructure between the foreign network and the home network. During transit through the tunnel over the public communication infrastructure, the information packet data payload being transmitted is encrypted, and the encrypted data can only be deciphered using the private encryption keys that permit the encryption algorithm to decode the data as well as encrypt the data. The foreign network will decrypt the information packet and send the decrypted packet to the mobile node. Obviously, the wireless transmission of a decrypted information packet to the mobile node is subject to interception and unauthorized use.
In prior implementations of a VPN, two software applications are usually required. These applications include a mobile IP client and a VPN client. Because no single integrated client can implement the two software applications, two clients are required to work in tandem to setup and maintain a VPN tunnel and communication connection to the mobile node.
Present VPN solutions in a wireless environment are not satisfactory. There are a number of unresolved challenges to encrypting an information packet for transmission to mobile nodes that move across network boundaries, especially in the VPN environment. Full encryption of information packets from the mobile node across the wireless link to the home network has proven very difficult to implement. Whenever the mobile node changes its connectivity to a network, the routing address changes requiring resetting the clients and performing new authentication and session encryption keys exchange. Changing routing addresses requires both time and system resources for transmitting administrative information. These increased overhead requirements result in latency in session information transmission, loss of data, and sometimes session termination. There is a present need to improve securing the wireless link from the mobile node to the foreign network and ensure secure communication over the wireless link.

Security transmission protocol for a mobility IP network


A terminal device receives satellite signals from a plurality of satellite positioning system (SPS) satellites and locates a position. The terminal device periodically calculates a first drift df1 of a local oscillator using a reference frequency Hr, calculates a search range of the satellite signal using the first drift df1, calculates a second drift df2 of the local oscillator using a reception frequency of the satellite signal, calculates a reference frequency error β which is an error of the reference frequency by calculating a difference between the first drift df1 and the second drift df2, and calculates an error correction value βav of the reference frequency by subjecting a plurality of the reference frequency errors β to a statistical process.

The present invention relates to a method of acquiring an error correction value of a reference frequency in a terminal device capable of locating a position using a satellite positioning system (SPS), a terminal device, and a recording medium.
A positioning system has been used in practice which locates the present position of a GPS receiver utilizing an SPS such as a global positioning system (GPS) (e.g. JP-A-2000-131415 (FIG. 1 etc.)).
The GPS receiver receives signals (hereinafter called "satellite signals") from four GPS satellites positioned in the sky, for example, and calculates the distance between each GPS satellite and the GPS receiver (hereinafter called "pseudo-range") based on the difference between the time at which the satellite signal is transmitted from each GPS satellite and the time at which the satellite signal reaches the GPS receiver (hereinafter called "delay time"). The GPS receiver calculates the present position of the GPS receiver using the position of each GPS satellite in the satellite orbit and the pseudo-range. The satellite signal includes a coarse/access (C/A) code and information such as a navigation message.
The GPS receiver may calculate the pseudo-range utilizing the code phase of the C/A code carried by the satellite signal. The C/A code is a signal having a bit rate of 1.023 Mbps and a bit length of 1023 bits (=1 msec=300 km). If the initial position of the GPS receiver is known within an error range of 150 km, the number of C/A codes existing between each GPS satellite and the GPS receiver can be estimated. Therefore, the pseudo-range can be calculated by utilizing the fraction portion (code phase) of the C/A code.
In order to receive the satellite signal, the GPS receiver calculates the search center frequency taking into account the carrier frequency of the satellite signal and the Doppler shift caused by the relative movement of each satellite and the GPS receiver. The GPS receiver determines a range with a specific width around the search center frequency to be a search band (hereinafter called "search range").
The GPS receiver down-converts the frequency of the received satellite signal using a clock signal from a reference oscillator (hereinafter called "local oscillator").
However, the local oscillator undergoes a drift. The term "drift" refers to a change in oscillation frequency due to a change in temperature.
When the reception frequency after down-conversion falls outside the search range due to the drift of the local oscillator, the search efficiency may be decreased, or it may be impossible to search for the satellite.
In order to deal with this problem, technology has been proposed which acquires a reference frequency with a high accuracy from a communication base station or the like, and uses the reference frequency to determine the search range (e.g. JP-T-2000-506348, JP-A-2002-228737, and JP-T-11-513787).
However, the reference frequency acquired from the communication base station or the like has an error even through the reference frequency has a high accuracy. The accuracy of the reference frequency is generally lower than the accuracy of the carrier frequency of the satellite signal. Therefore, when calculating the drift using the reference frequency, the search range must be increased for the error of the reference frequency, whereby the search range becomes wide.

Method of acquiring error correction value of reference frequency, terminal device, and recording medium


A process for preparing pentapeptides of the formula I ##STR1## where A and R.sup.1 -R.sup.3 have the stated meanings, comprises assembling the pentapeptide stepwise starting from a prolinamide of the formula II ##STR2## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the abovementioned meanings, and eliminating the group --NR.sup.1 R.sup.2 by hydrolysis where appropriate the peptide obtained in this way.

Dolastatin 15, an active peptide isolated from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia (G. R. Pettit et al., J. Org. Chem. 54 (1989), 6005) and structurally related synthetic peptides which are described in WO 93-23 424 are very promising novel agents, some of which are undergoing clinical testing. Since isolation from the natural source (6.2 mg from 1600 kg of sea hare) is out of the question, interest is directed at suitable synthetic processes which make the agents available in sufficient quantity and purity on the industrial scale.
Two processes have been described for preparing dolastatin 15: the elegant synthesis of G. R. Pettit et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1991), 6692 and Tetrahedron 50 (1994), 12097) prepares dolastatin 15 starting from proline methyl ester hydrochloride (scheme 1). ##STR3##
However, the process detailed above has the following disadvantages:
1. The starting compound, proline methyl ester hydrochloride, is extremely hygroscopic. It must be prepared with careful exclusion of moisture otherwise the crystalline material deliquesces with partial ester hydrolysis. This makes industrial preparation difficult.
2. The dipeptide VIII is prone to cyclize to the diketopiperazine XIII: ##STR4## This cyclization leads to only small losses of yield in the laboratory but interferes considerably with the preparation of larger amounts of substance on the industrial scale.
3. Methyl esters are used to prepare each of VIII, IX and X. With the aqueous workups which are necessary at these stages, partial hydrolysis of these esters to carboxylic acids occurs. This side reaction also increases in importance on scale-up because the times during which the product is in contact with water increase when the reaction is scaled up.
4. The depsipeptide unit XII is also sensitive to hydrolysis, and it comes into contact with water twice during the isolation and preparation of the final product. The longer contact times in the industrial process lead to losses of product in this respect too.
A second process for preparing dolastatin 15 is described by Poncet et al. (Tetrahedron 48, 20, 4115-4112) starting from the tert-butyl ester of proline (scheme 2). ##STR5## The hydrochloride of proline tert-butyl ester is less hygroscopic than the methyl ester used in scheme 1. The dipeptide XV is somewhat less prone to form diketopiperazine than is the methyl ester VIII. The costly unit XX, which is elaborate to prepare, is employed at a later stage in the synthesis so that less of this compound is used.
The disadvantage of the Poncet process (scheme 2) is that the tert-butyl ester is more complicated to prepare than is the methyl ester. The cleavage of this ester with trifluoroacetic acid is likewise complicated, resulting in a flammable, explosive gas and fluorine-containing waste which is difficult to dispose of.
In addition, after the linkage of XIX and XX to give dolastatin 15, the Z radical must be replaced by two methyl groups (scheme 3). In this operation there is loss of a further 20% of the valuable material at a relatively late stage in the synthesis. ##STR6## The Pettit and Poncet processes can also be used to prepare numerous agents of WO 93/23.424 which are structurally related to dolastatin 15. For example, the tetrapeptide acid XI can be linked to proline benzylamide to give agent No. 234 from WO 93/23.424 (scheme 4). ##STR7## The pentapeptide acid XIX from scheme 2 can be reacted in a similar manner with a dipeptide to produce the heptapeptide XXII, from which agent No. 1 from WO 93/23.424 can then be prepared (scheme 5). ##STR8## The problems described above adversely affect the yields and the industrial implementability of the peptide synthesis for preparing agents via XIX and XI.


An application processor may include a host processor, a voice trigger system and an audio subsystem electrically connected to a system bus. The voice trigger system may be configured to perform a voice trigger operation and to issue a trigger event. The audio subsystem may be configured to replay an audio output stream through an audio interface. A direct bus may be configured to provide a communication path between the voice trigger system and the audio subsystem during a barge-in condition in which the voice trigger operation and the replay of the audio output stream are performed together. The application processor may be configured to generate compensated trigger data by performing an echo cancellation with respect to microphone data received from a microphone, and the voice trigger system may be configured to perform the voice trigger operation during the barge-in condition based on the compensated trigger data.

Example embodiments relate generally to semiconductor integrated circuits, and more particularly to application processors including low power voice trigger systems with direct paths for barge-in, electronic devices including the application processors, and methods of operating the application processors.
Some electronic devices may include voice-based or sound-based intelligent interfaces. One advantage of such voice-based or sound-based intelligent interfaces is that users can interact with a device in a hands-free manner without handling or even looking at the device. Hands-free operation can be particularly beneficial when a person cannot or should not physically handle a device, such as when they are driving. However, to initiate some voice-based or sound-based intelligent interfaces, users may be required to press a button or select an icon on a touch screen. This tactile input detracts from the user experience of the voice-based or sound-based intelligent interface.
Accordingly, some electronic devices have been developed to activate a voice-based or sound-based intelligent interface using inputs of voice, speech, sound, sensing, etc., without requiring a tactile input. Such electronic devices may require continuous or intermittent monitoring of an audio channel to detect a voice input and may issue a trigger event for initiating the voice-based intelligent interface. The operation for issuing the trigger event may be referred to as a voice trigger operation. This monitoring of the audio channel may consume electrical power, which may be a limited resource on handheld or portable devices that rely on batteries.

Application processor including low power voice trigger system with direct path for barge-in, electronic device including the same and method of operating the same


A method for providing a therapeutic benefit for a subject having a cancer is provided. A compound with an arene ruthenium (II) compound with an iminophosphorane ligand is administered to the subject.

Of the estimated 1 million cases of breast cancer diagnosed worldwide in 2008, it is estimated that 172,695 harbored the triple-negative phenotype. Triple-negative breast cancer is currently receiving a tremendous and appropriate amount of research attention given its unique biology, overall poor prognosis, aggressive and early pattern of metastases and relative lack of therapeutic targets when compared with endocrine-sensitive and HERK-2 positive breast cancers. There is a clear need to increase the number of chemotherapeutic options for this and other types of breast cancer.
Metallo-drugs are important tools in current cancer therapy. Platinum-derived drugs are commonly used, particularly for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers, but have failed in breast cancers. In addition, the toxicity of Pt derivatives has prompted the search for alternative metallo-drugs. In the search for metal-based chemotherapeutics with improved properties with respect to platinum-based drugs used in the clinic, ruthenium compounds have emerged as promising candidates.
Ruthenium complexes have certain characteristics which make them attractive as potential chemotherapeutics for different diseases. Ruthenium metal compounds can easily access multiple oxidation states (II, III and possibly IV) in biological fluids. Ruthenium (III) compounds could potentially behave as pro-drugs as they can be reduced to ruthenium (II) derivatives in solid tumor masses where the high content in oxygen may act as a reducing environment. As platinum-based drugs, ruthenium compounds can exchange N and O-donor molecules with the added advantage of the possibility of forming octahedral complexes (of interest in reactions with DNA). Ruthenium derivatives probably use transferrin to accumulate into tumors due to the similarities with iron. The lower toxicity when compared to cisplatin and platinum based compounds of ruthenium compounds and their cytotoxic and/or antimestastatic properties has resulted in two ruthenium(III) compounds (NAMI-A and KP1019) having entered clinical trials (phase I and II). These compounds are about to be commercialized as a second line therapy in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of NSCLC (NAMI-A) and for colorectal cancer (KP1019).
While the use of ruthenium-based chemotherapeutic have proven successful for some forms cancer, there is still a desire for different chemotherapeutics and particularly chemotherapeutics useful against triple negative breast cancer.

Arene ruthenium (II) derivatives containing iminophosphorane ligands and their use in cancer therapy

Research Foundation of the City University of New York


A transmission method of system information, a user equipment, a network side device, a system and a storage medium are provided. The method includes: receiving, by the UE, system information sent by a network side device, the system information is part of system information of the network side device; sending, by the UE, a request message to the network side device, wherein the request message is used to request the system information required by the UE; receiving by the UE, the system information required by the UE in on-demand system information sent by the network side device, wherein the on-demand system information is another part of system information of the network side device other than the part of system information of the network side device.

The system information (SI) of a wireless communication system is mainly divided into a master information block (MIB) and a plurality of system information blocks (SIBs). The system information blocks may include SIB1-SIB20. In practical applications, system information is required to be broadcasted in many scenarios. For example, when a UE newly accesses a cell or a broadcast message changes, system information is broadcasted. At present, all system information are broadcasted each time, that is, system information including MIB, SIB1, and SI, where SI includes SIB2-SIB20. Of course, the system information may include more information. Since the system information in the wireless communication system is periodically broadcasted, the content of the system information will be more and more as the service of the wireless communication system is diversified and the terminal type is continuously evolved. The overhead of the system information will be larger and larger. Therefore, there is a problem of excessive overhead of system information in wireless communication systems.

System information transmission method, user equipment, network side device, system and storage medium

CHINA ACADEMY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY


The traffic flow control method includes: receiving, by a traffic flow control device, traffic control request signaling sent by an in-vehicle device of a first vehicle, where the traffic control request signaling includes travel information of the first vehicle and a travel intention of the first vehicle; determining, by the traffic flow control device, traffic command signaling based on the traffic control request signaling and traffic control phase information of a target intersection, where the target intersection is an intersection through which the first vehicle is to pass; and sending, by the traffic flow control device, the traffic command signaling to the in-vehicle device of the first vehicle. The traffic flow control method, the traffic flow control device, the in-vehicle device, and the computer-readable storage medium in the internet of vehicles can help a vehicle in the internet of vehicles travel safely and efficiently at an intersection.

The internet of vehicles is an intelligent integrated network system that uses a vehicle as a basic information unit and that connects road entities such as a pedestrian, a vehicle, and a roadside facility to a traffic management network, a mobile network, and a backup network by integrating a sensor technology, an information collection technology, an access technology, a transmission technology, and a networking technology. The internet of vehicles provides services for applications such as vehicle security, traffic control, information service, and user network access, and is intended to improve a traffic condition, improve travel efficiency, and expand information interaction.
The internet of vehicles has three characteristics: extensiveness, mobility, and intelligence.
Extensiveness means that a vehicle defined in the internet of vehicles is a broad concept, and includes a vehicle such as an airplane, a ship, and a train. In addition to the vehicle, the internet of vehicles further includes related facilities such as a roadside facility, an in-vehicle sensor, and a data server. For different communications devices and network access manners, the internet of vehicles provides corresponding interfaces.
Mobility is a fundamental characteristic of the internet of vehicles. Continuous movement of vehicles leads to a complex and highly dynamic topology structure of the internet of vehicles. The internet of vehicles can provide one or more interfaces for a user at any location to meet a communication requirement of the user for accessing the Internet, thereby implementing a real-time data service between a vehicle and an internet of vehicles server.
Intelligence means that the internet of vehicles can proactively obtain information about a vehicle and a road condition in real time by using various sensors and respond accordingly, instead of passively collecting information and waiting for the information to be processed.
How a vehicle in the internet of vehicles goes through an intersection is a technical problem that needs to be urgently resolved.

Traffic flow control method and apparatus in internet of vehicles


A framer interfacing between one or more data converters and a logic device is disclosed. The framer comprises a transport layer and a data link layer, and the framer is configured to frame one or more samples from the data converters to frames according to a serialized interface. In particular, the synthesis of the hardware for the framer is parameterizable, and within the synthesized hardware, one or more software configurations are possible. Instance parameters used in synthesizing the framer may include at least one of: the size of the input bus for providing one or more samples to the transport layer, the total number of bits per converter, and the number of lanes for the link. Furthermore, a transport layer test sequence generator for inserting a test sequence in the transport layer is disclosed.

Present day digital circuit applications often involve analog-to-digital data converters (ADCs), which includes sampling circuitry that samples an analog input signal at points in time, and then converts the samples to digital values to create a digital signal. The use of ADCs is common for certain types of applications, which can involve receiving an input signal or input data represented by an analog signal, and then converting the analog signal to a digital signal for further processing by a logic block in a digital form. To provide the samples to the logic block, a serialized interface according to a format is often used. Specifically, data samples are organized as frames according to the serialized interface, and the frames are transmitted serially over one or more lanes to a logic block. In one example, a transmitter is provided with a framer, which interfaces between (analog-to-digital) data converters and a logic block.
One example of a serialized interface is the JESD204x series of standards, which defines a serialized interface between data converters and logic devices, written by the JEDEC Solid State Technology Association. For instance, the JESDC Solid State Technology Association has written a JESD204A standard in April 2008, and a JESD204B standard in July 2011. The JESD204B standard in particular defines a large range of possible specifications for a serial link (e.g., having different number of data converters, sample resolutions, and number of lanes). Furthermore, the standard defines a framing protocol for a range of specifications having different frame sizes and samples per frame.
Each application may have a different specification, where a particular specification may include a particular number of data converters, a particular number of links available for the logic block, a particular number of bits per converter, a particular number of samples per converter per frame, etc. Depending on the application, a designer would design circuits for the framer specific to the specification. The design process is time consuming and difficult. Moreover, the designer should have an in depth knowledge of the serialized interface and the format that the interface uses to design a suitable circuit.


A hybrid reader for smart cards and magnetic stripe cards includes a selective lock mechanism for only smart cards. The mechanism is responsive to the establishment of electrical contacts between the reader and the smart card for activating a latch mechanism. The mechanism is not responsive to the proper seating of a card in the reader or to the presence of only a magnetic stripe card and requires a greater amount of energy to capture a smart card than is required to release the card.

Smart cards, checks with optical characters and magnetic stripe cards are in widespread use. The readers for these cards, of course, also are in widespread use. The ubiquitous magnetic stripe reader includes a slot into which a card is moved, for example, by hand past a read (and possibly write head) to obtain the user and bank identification number.
The smart card contains a microprocessor chip and memory and is capable of storing a far greater amount of information about participants in a commercial transaction. But the reader for such a card is more complicated and requires that electrical contacts be made between the reader and electrodes on the card.
Recently, readers have appeared which are capable of reading both types of cards. The most familiar of these readers is of the insert type where a card is inserted into a slot where it resides during the transaction. The reader is capable of responding to the insertion of the card to ascertain the information recorded there. In one instance, electrical contacts are pressed against an inserted card in positions to contact electrodes on the card if such electrodes are present. If no electrodes are present, of course, no contact is made and the positions of the contacts are irrelevant. The reader also has a magnetic head positioned to read a magnetic stripe if it is present. If a card is both a smart card and a magnetic stripe card, the reader has the capacity to read information from both recording systems and to relay information to a controller or computer.
It is to be noted that magnetic stripe information is captured by moving a card with respect to a read head whereas information is obtained from a smart card over time while the card is maintained in a secure position. Consequently, a smart card presently is locked in position by a resident locking device while a magnetic stripe card is positioned under user control and not captured. A resident locking device has been found inadequate to seat the smart card for proper operation thus leading to data errors.