The contact error of a contact section which is brought into contact with an IC card is detected reliably. The level of a reset signal which is supplied to a reset terminal (RST) of an integrated circuit (21) mounted on an IC card (20) through a contact section (11) is controlled to be low and also, the level of a clock signal which is supplied to a clock terminal (CLK) of the integrated circuit through the contact section is controlled to be low. After that, power for the integrated circuit (21) is supplied to a power supply terminal (Vcc) of the integrated circuit (21) through the contact section (11). At that time, the voltage which is outputted from an I/O terminal (I/O) of the integrated circuit (21) through the contact section (11) is compared with a predetermined reference level by a comparator (16). When the voltage is lower than the predetermined reference level, it is judged to be contact error of the contact section.

Recently, IC cards having integrated circuits mounted thereon have been devised for use as various types of cards such as bank cards etc. As these IC cards are able to store significantly more information than previous magnetic cards etc., they have the advantage of greatly increasing the types of usage possible.
However, with IC card reader/writers which read data from and write data to IC cards, when data is read from or written to the integrated circuit mounted on the IC card, this is carried out through the contact section which is brought into contact with integrated circuit terminals, and a problem therefore exists in terms of the possibility of poor contact, that is to say contact error, at the contact section.
In prior IC card reader/writers, in order to judge whether or not the contact section was in proper contact with the integrated circuit terminals, under conditions in which the contact section of the IC card reader/writer was in contact with the integrated circuit terminals of the IC card, IC card power was supplied to the IC card's integrated circuit power supply terminal from the IC card reader/writer, through the contact section; together with this, a clock signal was supplied to the IC card's integrated circuit clock terminal through the contact section; in addition, the IC card's integrated circuit reset terminal was set to a high level; thereafter, the data which was automatically outputted from the IC card's integrated circuit input/output terminal was read; and judgement was made as to whether the IC card reader/writer contact section was in proper contact with the IC card's integrated circuit terminals, according to whether or not the read-out data was the same as the expected data.
However, in the conventional IC card reader/writers described above, wherein a clock signal is supplied to the IC card's integrated circuit clock terminal, the IC card's integrated circuit reset terminal is set to a high level, and thereafter, judgement is made as to whether or not the contact section of the IC reader/writer is properly in contact with the IC card's integrated circuit terminals, according to whether or not the data automatically outputted from the IC card's integrated circuit input/output terminal is the same as the expected data, there has been a problem in so much as there are cases wherein, for example, even if contact with the IC card's integrated circuit power supply terminal is poor, signals supplied to other terminals of the IC card's integrated circuit flow within the IC card's integrated circuit and are used as power; in such cases, regardless of the fact that the contact section of the IC card reader/writer is not in proper contact with the IC card's integrated circuit terminals, data which is the same as the expected data is output from the input/output terminal of the IC card's integrated circuit; and based on this, the contact section of the IC card reader/writer is mistakenly determined to be in proper contact with the IC card's integrated circuit terminals.
In such cases, while power sufficient for reading data from the IC card's integrated circuit input/output terminal may have been supplied, this power is not sufficient for writing data through the IC card's integrated circuit input/output terminal and, where data write processing is carried out through the IC card's integrated circuit input/output terminal in this condition, write errors sometimes occur.
There has been a problem in that, in general, when write errors of this sort occur with respect to IC cards, the security data which is stored in the integrated circuit may be destroyed, and in this case, further use of the card becomes impossible.
An object of the present invention is to provide an IC card reader/writer and a method for controlling the same, wherein contact errors with respect to a contact section which is brought into contact with an integrated circuit mounted on an IC card are reliably detected, and whereby it is possible to carry out suitable processing before write errors with respect to the IC card occur.

IC card reader/writer and its control method


Method and apparatus for expedited virtual machine (VM) launch in VM cluster environment. In one embodiment, at least one VM is launched within a host platform. Once initialized, a VM may issue a hypercall to a VM monitor (VMM) of a VM host platform. In response, the VMM may capture a runtime image of the VM. In one embodiment, the VMM loads the runtime image of the VM within a node of the host platform as a child VM. In an alternative embodiment, the VMM issues a VM clone command to a VMM of a next host platform including the runtime image of the VM. In response, the VMM of the next platform loads the runtime image of the first VM within a node of the second host platform as a cloned VM. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

A virtual machine architecture logically partitions a physical machine, such that the underlying hardware of the machine is time-shared and appears as one or more independently operating virtual machines (VMs). A virtual machine monitor (VMM) creates the VM and runs on a computer to facilitate for other software the abstraction of one or more VMs. Each VM may function as a self-contained platform, running its own operating system (OS) and application software. The software running in a VM is collectively referred to herein as "guest software."
The guest software expects to operate as if it were running on a dedicated computer rather than in a VM. That is, the guest software expects to control various events and have access to hardware resources on the computer (e.g., physical machine). The hardware resources of the physical machine may include one or more processors, resources resident on the processors (e.g., control registers, caches and others), memory (instructions residing in memory, e.g., descriptor tables), and other resources (e.g., input/output devices) that reside in the physical machine. The events may include interrupts, exceptions, platform events (e.g., initialization) (INIT) or system management interrupts (SMIs), and the like.
Hence, a VMM presents to other software ("guest software," "guests" or simply "guest") the abstraction of one or more VMs. The VMM can provide the same or different abstractions to the various guests. Each guest expects the full facilities of the hardware platform presented in the VM to be available for its use. For example, the guest expects to have access to all registers, caches, structures, I/O devices, memory and the like according to the architecture of the processor and platform presented in the VM. Further, each guest expects to handle various events, such as exceptions, interrupts and platform events (e.g., initialization) (INIT) and system management interrupts (SMIs).
Some of these resources and events are privileged because they are managed by the VMM to ensure proper operation of VMs and to protect the VMM and other VMs. For the privileged resources and events, the VMM facilitates functionality desired by guest software, while retaining ultimate control over these resources and events. The act of facilitating the functionality for the guest software may include a wide variety of activities on the part of the VMM. The activities of the VMM, as well as its characteristics, do not limit the scope of various embodiments described herein.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Apparatus and method for expedited virtual machine (VM) launch in VM cluster environment


Constructs consisting of antigen-based heteropolymers (AHP's) are provided. The antigen-based heteropolymers comprise at least one monoclonal antibody specific for binding to complement receptor (CR1) site on a human or non-human primate erythrocyte, and the anti-CR1 monoclonal antibody is crosslinked to an antigen specific for a target pathogenic autoantibody. Further provided is a method for treating autoimmune diseases in human or non-human primates using the AHP.

Circulating autoantibodies are responsible for much of the pathogenesis associated with a number of autoimmune diseases including, but not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune myocarditis, immune complex mediated kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune anemias, Sjogren's Syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, various forms of vasculitis, and at least some of the cellular cytotoxicity accompanying Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Efforts to treat autoantibody-mediated disorders have been only partially successful. Many of the past developed therapies have been based on the use of general immunosuppressive measures, through drugs or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies designed to completely abrogate antibody production. However, to date, a successful treatment has not been designed which targets the specific autoantibodies.
Plasmapheresis, which is designed to remove all the circulating antibodies, has been attempted, but only with limited success. In recent years, a variety of extracorporeal immunoabsorption procedures have been attempted. These procedures are more specific, and attempt to remove only the pathogenic autoantibodies. This involves allowing the blood or plasma to flow over matrices outside the body which contain the autoantigen which is the natural target of the autoantibodies. These methods are slow, invasive, and expensive, and are associated with several technical problems including the need to perform the procedures repeatedly because of their quantitative inefficiency. The complication of complement activation on the matrices exists. Overall, therapeutic successes have been modest, at best.
Another general, non-specific approach involves aggressive immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids, and cytotoxic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although in many instances clinical improvements have been obtained, there continues to be significant morbidity and mortality in autoimmune diseases despite these medications.
Therefore, notwithstanding these advances in autoimmune therapy, there remains to be seen an internal therapy which is specific for the target pathogenic autoantibody and which is both fast and quantitative.

Antigen-based heteropolymers and method for treating autoimmune diseases using the same

University of Virginia Alumni Patents Foundation


A mobile phone positioning apparatus provides a rotational movement and switching functionality among three planes (H, E1 and E2) as requested by a radiation test. The positioning apparatus includes a base, a support shaft, a platform and a testing plane switch apparatus. The testing plane switch apparatus is mounted on the platform. An inverse U frame is fixed on the platform. A testing frame, pivotally connected to the inverse U frame, is rotated by two pneumatic cylinders so as to switch between the H plane and either the E1 or E2 plane by 90 degrees. A testing plate, pivotally connected to the testing frame, is rotated by another pneumatic cylinder so as to switch between the E1 and E2 planes by 90 degrees.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile phone positioning apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to a mobile phone positioning apparatus for radiation testing.
2. Description of Related Art
Mobile phones have become an important communication device accompanying everyone. Because the human body is exposed to high levels of electromagnetic radiation generated by the mobile phone, each type of mobile phone needs to comply with limits for safe cell phone radiation exposure.
The radiation test for a mobile phone is generally executed in a chamber during the development or certification period to verify whether the mobile phone meets limits for safe cell phone radiation exposure or not. In radiation test procedures, a mobile phone is essentially positioned along three different planes (H, E1 and E2). The conventional positioning apparatus for radiation testing has to switch among the three planes manually. Opening a gate of the radiation test chamber and adjusting the H, E1 or E2 plane manually is inconvenient and time-consuming.

Mobile phone positioning apparatus for radiation testing


A device, system and method of reserve parachute deployment comprised of a body with a top and bottom end, a hook-slot and releasable means of attachment in communication with the hook-slot. The system and method disclose additional components and an operation of the system such that upon cutting-away a malfunctioned main parachute, the invention allows the main parachute to be the anchor in the sky to deploy the reserve parachute with no further input from the operator, while if the reserve parachute is activated without cutting-away a main parachute, the invention allows the reserve pilot chute to deploy in the convention manner with no further input from the operator.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the hardware and deployment methods and systems of parachutes. The invention particularly relates to sport skydiving and military free fall and static line parachute operations. The invention more particularly relates to reserve parachute deployments that use techniques and equipment to minimize time and altitude loss required for full inflation of a reserve parachute after releasing (cutting away) a malfunctioned main parachute from a parachute harness/container system utilizing a free-bag reserve deployment system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Parachutes have been used regularly in military and civilian applications for descents from aircraft in flight since the early 1900s. Early systems utilized only one parachute (a main parachute or main); in the event of a malfunction (improper or incomplete inflation) during deployment, tragic consequences ensued shortly thereafter due to unacceptably high impact forces on the payload upon contact with the ground. This resulted in damage or destruction if the payload was cargo; death or injury resulted in human payloads.
To increase the odds of a safe landing (especially for human payloads), an extra back-up (reserve) parachute was added to the original main parachute harness/container systems in the 1930s, increasing the reliability of the systems. Initially, these reserve parachutes were manually deployed by the jumper (skydiver) in the air after a main parachute malfunctioned. This reserve parachute manual deployment technique proved unsatisfactory, however, due to entanglements between the malfunctioned main parachute and the deploying reserve parachute. In the 1960s, sport civilian jumpers modified then-existing military releases (Capewell) which were designed solely to be released on the ground if the jumper was being dragged by the main parachute due to high winds upon landing. These modified releases were incorporated into sport parachute systems and a method was developed to enable the jumper to release (also termed break-away or cut-away) the malfunctioned main parachute and re-enter free fall prior to deploying the reserve parachute. Other improved parachute release systems ensued, including one by this same inventor (3-ring release). This generally solved the main/reserve parachute entanglement problems but introduced new problems to safe reserve parachute deployments. The first problem was the increased time and altitude needed after cut-away for the reserve to fully deploy. The increased reserve deployment time is approximately 3 seconds and increased altitude needed is approximately 300 to 500 feet for a solo jumper of average weight of 180 pounds. With the introduction of Tandem parachute systems (which carry a passenger or cargo bundle in addition to the jumper under one main/reserve parachute system), this additional time/altitude needed for Tandem systems was increased even further due to larger main/reserve parachute sizes and longer suspension line lengths. These increased time/altitude requirements for the cut-away reserve deployment systems have resulted in death or injury to jumpers who initiated the cut-away procedure at too low of an altitude to allow for full inflation of the reserve prior to impact with the ground. To decrease reserve deployment time/altitude requirements after cut-away from a malfunctioned main parachute, in the 1970s sport parachute jumpers introduced the Reserve Static Line (RSL). The RSL is a piece of pliable nylon webbing about 2 feet long, one end of which is connected to the main parachute riser(s) and the other end attached to the reserve ripcord pin. Upon cut-away of the main parachute, as the jumper falls away, the RSL is quickly pulled taut and removes the ripcord pin, allowing the reserve pilot chute to be released into the air stream. While the RSL modification pulled the reserve ripcord pin within falling 2 feet from the released main, it did nothing to decrease the actual deployment time/altitude once the reserve parachute container was opened. The disadvantage of the RSL is that upon reserve pin removal, the reserve pilot chute must still launch and inflate prior to reserve free-bag deployment, sacrificing precious altitude that may or may not be available for the jumper to land safely under a fully inflated reserve parachute.
The second flaw encountered with existing cut-away reserve deployment systems is the ability and tendency of the jumper to tumble in free fall after the cut-away and impede the reserve parachute deployment by entanglement between the jumper and deploying reserve parachute (reserve), causing a reserve malfunction with disastrous consequences. With the introduction of highly wing-loaded high-performance main parachutes in the 1980s (which have more violent malfunctions modes), this flaw prevents most experienced sport skydivers from using a RSL, preferring instead to wait to "get stable" after cut-away for proper reserve deployment. This "waiting" increases the time and altitude required for complete reserve inflation, decreasing the margin of safety with respect to cut-away altitude above ground level (AGL). Again, this unstable free fall jumper entanglement-with-reserve-after-cut-away problem is greatly magnified when used on a Tandem main/reserve parachute system. The displaced center of mass of the Tandem pair of jumpers from the cut-away suspension point tends to induce a rotational momentum (which is compounded if the malfunctioned Tandem main is spinning) and increases the chances of entanglement with the deploying Tandem reserve parachute. This exact problem recently caused 2 Tandem jumper fatalities in the U.S. At this time, only skydiving students and Tandem jumpers are mandated to use RSLs by the skydiving membership organization, United States Parachute Association (USPA) and the federal government, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), due to these problems.
Another piece of equipment remotely related to this invention is the use by the "Sorcerer" dual canopy BASE (fixed object jumping) parachute container made by Vertigo Base Outfitters in Utah. This container system is not designed for skydiving uses from aircraft, nor is it legal to use in this country for descents from aircraft. Unlike this invention, the Sorcerer attaches the free-bag to the main risers and uses an externally mounted reserve pilot chute. Also unlike this invention, the Sorcerer does not work if the main parachute is not deployed and the reserve is opened by any means other than by operator intervention (premature deployment due to broken reserve closing loop, etc.), the system fails completely. Further unlike this invention, the Sorcerer uses a hand-deploy reserve pilot chute with no spring; the Skyhook systems uses a spring-loaded reserve pilot chute, which is the world-wide standard in the industry.
The new and useful Skyhook and Skyhook Reserve Parachute Deployment Method of this invention obviates many, if not all, of the prior art problems. The Skyhook is a unique article of manufacture and method of use that greatly reduces the time and altitude required for reserve parachute inflation after cut-away from a malfunctioned main parachute, greatly enhancing safety. First, since the Skyhook is incorporated and attached from the reserve pilot chute bridle to the main parachute via the Skyhook SL, the main parachute is utilized as the reserve pilot chute, deleting the launch time/altitude needed for a conventional spring-loaded reserve pilot chute. This reduces the time required for reserve line-stretch by approximately 66%. Secondly, it does not interfere in any way with the manual deployment of the reserve parachute by pulling the reserve ripcord. Thirdly, this invention requires no operator input to function correctly and is very simple and durable, reducing if not eliminating any mistakes or errors when rigging and packing the system into the reserve parachute container.

Skyhook reserve parachute deployment system


Aneurysms are treated by filling at least one double-walled filling structure with a curable medium within the aneurysm. The filling structures may be delivered over balloon deployment mechanisms in order to shape and open tubular lumens therethrough. Scaffolds are placed into the tubular lumens in order to help maintain the shape, anchor the filling structures in place, and provide improved blood flow transition into and out of the tubular lumens.

1. Field of the Invention.
The present invention relates generally to medical apparatus and methods for treatment. More particularly, the present invention relates to expandable prosthesis and methods for treating abdominal and other aneurysms.
Aneurysms are enlargements or "bulges" in blood vessels which are often prone to rupture and which therefore present a serious risk to the patient. Aneurysms may occur in any blood vessel but are of particular concern when they occur in the cerebral vasculature or the patient's aorta.
The present invention is particularly concerned with aneurysms occurring in the aorta, particularly those referred to as aortic aneurysms. Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA's) are classified based on their location within the aorta as well as their shape and complexity. Aneurysms which are found below the renal arteries are referred to as infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. Suprarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms occur above the renal arteries, while thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA's) occur in the ascending, transverse, or descending part of the upper aorta.
Infrarenal aneurysms are the most common, representing about seventy percent (70%) of all aortic aneurysms. Suprarenal aneurysms are less common, representing about 20% of the aortic aneurysms. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are the least common and often the most difficult to treat. Most or all present endovascular systems are also too large (above 12 F) for percutaneous introduction.
The most common form of aneurysm is "fusiform," where the enlargement extends about the entire aortic circumference. Less commonly, the aneurysms may be characterized by a bulge on one side of the blood vessel attached at a narrow neck. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are often dissecting aneurysms caused by hemorrhagic separation in the aortic wall, usually within the medial layer. The most common treatment for each of these types and forms of aneurysm is open surgical repair. Open surgical repair is quite successful in patients who are otherwise reasonably healthy and free from significant co-morbidities. Such open surgical procedures are problematic, however, since access to the abdominal and thoracic aortas is difficult to obtain and because the aorta must be clamped off, placing significant strain on the patient's heart.
Over the past decade, endoluminal grafts have come into widespread use for the treatment of aortic aneurysm in patients who cannot undergo open surgical procedures. In general, endoluminal repairs access the aneurysm "endoluminally" through either or both iliac arteries in the groin. The grafts, which typically have been fabric or membrane tubes supported and attached by various stent structures, are then implanted, typically requiring several pieces or modules to be assembled in situ. Successful endoluminal procedures have a much shorter recovery period than open surgical procedures.
Present endoluminal aortic aneurysm repairs, however, suffer from a number of limitations. A significant number of endoluminal repair patients experience leakage at the proximal juncture (attachment point closest to the heart) within two years of the initial repair procedure. While such leaks can often be fixed by further endoluminal procedures, the need to have such follow-up treatments significantly increases cost and is certainly undesirable for the patient. A less common but more serious problem has been graft migration. In instances where the graft migrates or slips from its intended position, open surgical repair is required. This is a particular problem since the patients receiving the endoluminal grafts are often those who are not considered good candidates for open surgery. Further shortcomings of the present endoluminal graft systems relate to both deployment and configuration. The multiple component systems require additional time for introducing each piece and even more time for assembling the pieces in situ. Such techniques are not only more time consuming, they are also more technically challenging, increasing the risk of failure. Current devices are also unsuitable for treating many geometrically complex aneurysms, particularly infrarenal aneurysms with little space between the renal arteries and the upper end of the aneurysm, referred to as short-neck or no-neck aneurysms. Aneurysms having torturous geometries, are also difficult to treat.
A particularly promising endoluminal graft is described in U.S. Publication No. 2006/0025853, which corresponds to parent application U.S. application Ser. No. 11/187,471, the full disclosure of which has previously been incorporated herein by reference. That patent application describes the treatment of the aortic and other aneurysms with a double-walled structure which is filled with a hardenable material which has cured in situ. The structure conforms to the shape of the aneurysmal space and resists migration and endoleaks. The particular design described, however, has certain shortcomings. For example, the lumen provided by the inner wall of the filled structure can sometimes deform so that the shape of the lumen is less than ideal. In other rare instances, leakage paths on the aortic or iliac ends of the graft may form.
For these reasons, it would desirable to provide improved methods, systems, and prosthesis for the endoluminal treatment of aortic aneurysms. Such improved methods, systems, and treatments should preferably provide implanted prosthesis which result in minimal or no endoleaks, resist migration, are relatively easy to deploy, have a low introduction profile (preferably below 12 F), and can treat most or all aneurismal configurations, including short-neck and no-neck aneurysms as well as those with highly irregular and asymmetric geometries. Further it would be desirable to provide fillable aneurysmal grafts having supported inner blood flow lumens and improved blood flow transitions at the aortic and/or iliac ends. At least some of these objectives will be met by the inventions described hereinafter.
2. Description of the Background Art.
Grafts and endografts having fillable components are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,641,653; 5,530,528; 5,665,117; and 5,769,882; U.S. Patent Publications 2004/0016997; and PCT Publications WO 00/51522 and WO 01/66038. The following patents and published applications describe stents and grafts having cuffs, extenders, liners, and related structures: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,918,926; 6,843,803; 6,663,667; 6,656,214; 6,592,614; 6,409,757; 6,334,869; 6,283,991; 6,193,745; 6,110,198; 5,994,750; 5,876,448; 5,824,037; 5,769,882; 5,693,088; and 4,728,328; and U.S. Published Application Nos. 2005/0028484; 2005/0065592; 2004/0082989; 2004/0044358; 2003/0216802; 2003/0204249; 2003/0204242; 2003/0135269; 2003/0130725; and 2002/0052643.

Graft systems having filling structures supported by scaffolds and methods for their use


Systems and methods are provided that may reduce unnecessary resource consumption and network traffic in a communications network, such as an LTE network. Initiating a tracking area update (TAU) procedure may be avoided in instances where a discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle length chosen by a user equipment (UE) would be ignored in accordance with standards governing paging in the communications networks. To determine whether or not a TAU should be initiated, three parameters may be considered. A first parameter may be the DRX cycle length that is already configured in a mobility management entity (MME). A second parameter may be a DRX cycle length chosen by the UE that the UE wishes to indicate to the MME. A third parameter may be a DRX cycle length that is broadcast by an evolved Node B serving a cell in which the UE is operating.

A user equipment (UE), e.g., a cellular telephone operating in a wireless communications network, may have various modes of operation that may include an idle mode and a connected mode. In the idle mode, the UE may power down one or more of its operating components/elements for varying periods of time. Powering down one or more of its components assists in conserving battery power (especially as the trend continues to create smaller and smaller electronic devices), as less resources need to be supplied with power. The UE may wake up periodically to monitor paging messages applicable to that UE in case the UE must engage in some activity. Such paging messages may alert the UE to the presence of, e.g., incoming calls, and/or may provide other information. In the connected mode, the UE may actively exchange data with one or more network elements to effectuate, e.g., a voice call or a data call, etc.
A mechanism utilized to control how/when the UE powers down/wakes up may be referred to discontinuous reception (DRX). That is, the UE may periodically monitor paging messages in accordance with a DRX cycle. The DRX cycle may indicate when the UE should wake up to monitor paging messages (when the UE is in Radio Resource Control (RRC) idle mode, i.e., when the RRC connection is released), and when the UE may power down to conserve battery life. If the DRX cycle is too long, then there may be long delays in sending paging messages to the UE. Conversely, if the DRX cycle is too short, then the UE may be monitoring paging messages too frequently, resulting in excessive battery drain.


A method of packaging a semiconductor device (10) partitions a distribution substrate (20, 40) into regions (31-34) such that attachment points (22) for electrically coupling to the semiconductor device lie in a first region (31). A first set of conductors are routed from a portion of the attachment points to terminals in a second region (32). Another portion of the attachment points are assigned to available routing channels of the second region for disposing a second set of conductors across the second region to a third region (33). Partitioning improves routing efficiency without requiring objects to be located on grid points or restricting the angles of the routing channels.

The present invention relates in general to semiconductors and, more particularly, to a semiconductor packaging method.
Chip scale integrated circuits are small footprint devices in which a semiconductor die is mounted on a distribution substrate whose dimensions are approximately the same as the dimensions of the semiconductor die. The distribution substrate includes a set of attachment points for coupling to bonding pads of the semiconductor die, and a set of terminals for making external connections. Pads are coupled to the terminals using conductors routed along a surface of the distribution substrate.
In many cases, more than one hundred conductors are needed to interconnect the bonding pads and terminals. Routing these conductors with prior art methods is both time consuming and inefficient. For example, one prior art technique uses manual trial and error methods to route the conductors from the attachment points to the terminals, which can require several days to complete. Another prior art method uses an automatic routing program, which uses several hours of computer time to interconnect the distribution substrate. However, the prior art automatic routers constrain the attachment points to being placed on exact grid points or else limit the conductors to orthogonal angles. Such limitations increase the size of the integrated circuit packages along with the manufacturing cost.
Hence, there is a need for a more efficient method of interconnecting a distribution substrate which results in a smaller package and lower manufacturing cost.

Integrated circuit interconnect method and apparatus


A valve device for opening and closing a valve including a movable valve member, the valve device comprising: an operation member movable toward and away from the valve, the operation member moving the valve member with magnetic force when moving toward or away from the valve to open or close the valve, wherein the operation member is formed to move in a predetermined direction including a first component representing magnitude of a vector in a movement direction of the valve member and a second component representing magnitude of a vector in a direction perpendicular to the movement direction of the valve member, with the first component being greater than the second component.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a valve device for opening and closing valves incorporated in a connected part co which a liquid containing member such as an ink cartridge is connected, and to a liquid supply apparatus and a liquid ejection apparatus using the valve device.
2. Related Art
An inkjet recording apparatus is widely known as one type of liquid ejection apparatus. An ink cartridge, functioning as a liquid containing member, is set in the inkjet recording apparatus. In the inkjet recording apparatus, the ink cartridge supplies ink, functioning as a liquid, to a recording head, functioning as a liquid ejector.
An inkjet recording apparatus may have an ink cartridge set on a carriage, which includes a recording head, or in a printer main body. A recording apparatus having an ink cartridge set on the carriage is referred to as an on-carriage recording apparatus. A recording apparatus having an ink cartridge set in the printer main body is referred to as an off-carriage recording apparatus. For example, an off-carriage recording apparatus includes a cartridge holder, which functions as a connected part, in a cartridge accommodation opening for accommodating a cartridge. The holder has supply needles projecting from a surface to which the ink cartridge is to be connected. The supply needles are inserted into ink supply holes of the ink cartridge so as to connect the ink cartridge to the cartridge holder.
Ink remaining in an ink passage formed in the cartridge holder may leak from the holes of the supply needles when the ink cartridge is disconnected. To prevent such ink leakage, valves are arranged on the ink passage in the cartridge holder.
JP-A-2005-53212 describes a valve device for opening and closing valves in cooperation with the attachment and detachment (connection and disconnection) of an ink cartridge. This valve device includes a valve mechanism and a valve lever operably connected to the valve mechanism. When the ink cartridge is disconnected, the valve lever is located at a position at which the urging force of a spring closes valves. When the ink cartridge is connected, the ink cartridge pushes and pivots the valve lever so as to open the valves. This valve device uses a swing-type valve mechanism. More specifically, the valve mechanism includes a swing member having magnets, the quantity of which is in accordance with the number of valves provided in correspondence with the ink colors. The valve mechanism moves its swing member in a direction parallel to a surface of a valve arrangement unit of the cartridge holder. The swing-type valve mechanism is also operable by the power of an electric motor. When ink supply is unnecessary, such as when printing is not being performed, the valves are closed. This prevents ink leakage in case the user removes the ink cartridge after activating the recording apparatus.
FIG. 1 shows a swing member 124 included in a typical swing-type valve mechanism. The swing member 124 has a plurality of magnets 123. As shown in the FIG. 1, the swing member 124 of the swing-type valve mechanism is pivoted in a direction parallel to the surface of a valve arrangement unit 121 in a cartridge holder (in the direction of the arrow in the drawing). A plurality of valves 120 are arranged in the surface of valve arrangement unit 121 (surface parallel to the plane of the drawing). The swing member 124 has the magnets 123 arranged at positions corresponding to valve members 122, which are made of, for example, steel, of the valves 120. The magnets 123 attract the valve members 122. As shown in FIG. 2, the plurality of (six for example) magnets 123 corresponding to the valves 120 are arranged on a back yoke 125, which is a single flat plate. The back yoke 125 is fixed to a holder 124a, which is arranged on a distal portion of the swing member 124, in a manner that the magnets 123 face the corresponding valves 120.
The swing member 124 pivots about an axis when its inclined surface is pressed by a lever, which is driven by the power of an electric motor. The swing member 124 pivots to open and close the valves 120. More specifically, when the swing member 124 is arranged at a valve closing position indicated by a double-dashed line in FIG. 1, the magnets 123 are separated from the valve members 122. In this state, the valve members 122 are not attracted to the magnets 123 and the valves 120 are closed. When the swing member 124 rotates to a valve opening position at which the magnets 123 face the valve members 122, the valve members 122 are attracted to the magnets 123 thereby opening the valves 120.
In the closed state of the valves 120, each magnet 123 may be positioned between two adjacent valve members 122. In this case, when the interval between the valve members 122 is narrow, each magnet 123 may attract the adjacent valve members 122. This limitation has made it difficult to further downsize the valve arrangement unit 121 in which the valves 120 are arranged.
Further, the magnets 123 are arranged on the back yoke 125, which is a single large flat-plate. Thus, the magnetic force produced by the magnets 123 is not concentrated at the front of the swing member 124 and is dispersed in the lateral direction of the swing member 124. The diffused magnetic force is neither strengthened when the magnets 123 are moved toward the valve members 122 nor weakened when the magnets 123 are moved away from the valve members 122. Thus, the magnets 123 must be moved by a large amount. This requirement has made it difficult to downsize the valve device. To move the magnets 123 by a large amount, the distance from the pivot axis must be increased by elongating an arm 124b of the swing member 124 or the range of the pivot angle (swing angle) of the swing member 124 must be increased. This requirement has made it difficult to downsize the valve device in its height direction or its lateral direction.

Valve device, liquid supply apparatus, and liquid ejection apparatus


Biologically pure cultures of Bacillus subtilis were isolated from the pericarp of nixtamalized corn. The Bacillus microorganisms were characterized and found to produce novel peptides which have antimicrobial activity. The Bacillus microorganisms are active against Gram-positive bacteria and may be used as an agent to prevent spoilage in foods. The Bacillus microorganisms may be included in probiotic food compositions to help maintain healthy gastrointestinal flora and modulate animal digestion.

Research on antimicrobial peptides has been pursued for more than four decades. This field has attracted a great deal of attention, searching among microbial species from virtually any corner of the planet, to find microbes as a potential source of therapeutic agents that can be screened for antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, immunomodulating, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. These small peptides or lantibiotics (<4 kDa) are characterized by their high content of thioether linked amino acid residues and unsaturated dehydrated residues.
The lantibiotics are very active against pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (e.g., B. cereus) and fungi (e.g., A. flavus) that are directly responsible for some food borne illnesses. This class of peptides has the capacity to be used as a biopreservative to protect perishable food products from pathogen contamination, prevent spoilage, inhibit pathogens and prevent infections in humans and animals.
Various microbial species have also been shown to produce a variety of secondary metabolites of interest and utility. Among these are small peptide molecules that represent a very large and diverse subclass of bioactive natural products that have unique structural features involved in the morphology, physiology and survival of the microbe. There are, for example, amphiphillic lipopeptides which are aggressive surface tension reducing agents, such as surfactin and the antifungal mycosubtilin. In these compounds, the lipo-substituent plays a key role in disrupting the cell membrane, while the amphiphilic component exhibits disruptive hemolytic properties. These properties make them very strong antiviral and antibacterial compounds.
Consumption of certain live microorganisms has been shown in some circumstances to have a beneficial impact on man and animals. A diverse group of microbes has been evaluated for such "probiotic" activity, including many species of the genera Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. They are the most abundant in probiotic-containing food products. Less commonly, species of Enterococcus, Saccharomyces, non-pathogenic Escherichia, and spore-forming Sporolactobacillus, Brevibacillus and non-pathogenic Bacillus, have been suggested for probiotic foods.
The commensal microflora in the intestine is a complex ecosystem with interactions among host cells, nutrients and microflora. An adult human body contains a living bacterial biomass of greater than 1014 and more than 400 different species. The probiotic bacteria help to keep pathogenic bacteria at bay. Also, "symbiotic" bacteria from industrial and traditional fermented foods may also contribute to the development of a healthy gastrointestinal microflora (e.g., a significant enrichment in the bacterial phylum Bacteriodetes and depletion in the bacterial phylum Firmicutes in the human gut microbiota).
The "hygiene hypothesis" proposed in 1989 by David Strachan correlated lower environmental exposure to microbes—as seen in developed countries—with higher rates of allergies. Western developed countries successfully controlled infectious diseases during the second half of the 20th century by improving sanitation and by using antibiotics and vaccines. At the same time, a rise in new diseases occurred such as allergies, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBS) both in adults and in children. The gastrointestinal microflora are known to play an important role in IBS pathogenesis. Obesity is also associated with an imbalance in the normal gut microbiota.

INVESTIGACION DE TECNOLOGIA AVANZADA, S.A. DE C.V.


The invention relates in particular to a machine bed for hydraulic presses. The machine bed has a bed body and at least one pretensioning unit. The pretensioning unit is realized in such a manner and cooperates with the bed body in such a manner that said bed body is acted upon by lateral pretensioning.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in particular to a machine bed for forming machines, in particular hydraulic presses.
2. Background and Relevant Art
Beds and bed structures, in particular of reinforced concrete, for machines are adequately known. In the case of machines such as forming machines, e.g. hydraulic presses, during operation considerable forces act on the beds on which said machines are mounted. Said forces can impair, among other things, the stability and strength of the beds and in this way can reduce the service life of the bed.

Machine bed, method for the operation of a forming machine and forming installation


A color-changing flexible fiber that can be incorporated into fabrics and other woven materials. The color changing flexible fibers are hollow and include at least two wire electrodes integrated into the wall of the hollow fiber that provide an electrical potential across an electro-optic medium disposed inside the hollow fiber. The electro-optic medium includes a non-polar solvent and at least one set of charged particles.

There are many applications for clothing that can change on demand. If modern fabrics were able to change color on demand, a consumer could dramatically reduce the number of articles of clothing that he or she purchased in a lifetime. It would no longer be necessary to have, for example, three different blouses of nearly identical cut but different color. The consumer could simply chose the color (or pattern) needed depending upon the event, season, etc. In this way, color changing fabrics could greatly reduce the environmental impact of clothing. It is estimated that Americans currently discard about 14 million tons of clothing per year into landfills. Additionally, replacing these clothes with each new fashion season is resource-intensive—regardless of the source of the fabric, e.g., cotton, wool, or petrochemicals. Other applications for color changing clothing include camouflage and sportswear. For example, a baseball team would no longer require two different uniforms, the color could be changed depending upon whether the team was home or away.
A variety of technologies have been identified for creating fabrics that are able to reversibly change colors. These technologies include thermochromic dyes, which change color when exposed to different temperatures, photochromic dyes, which change color when exposed to sunlight, integrated LEDs, which can be illuminated on demand by providing power to the diodes, and liquid crystal inks, which allow different colors to be shown (or not) with the presence of a supplied electric field. These technologies have been highlighted in various prototypes, but only the thermochromic dyes have been widely incorporated into clothing. See "Hypercolor" t-shirts sold by Generra Sportswear. However, because the thermochromic clothing is heat sensitive, the color patterns are variable. For example, the underarms of a t-shirt having thermochromic ink may be consistently a different shade, drawing attention to that area. Thus, there still remains a need for inexpensive and robust fabrics that can change color on demand.

Flexible color-changing fibers and fabrics

Advanced Functional Fabrics of America, Inc.


An integral spin cast and flipping target pad comprising a base portion and an open top, generally cylindrical, target portion extending upwardly from the base. Preferably, the target cylinder is shaped like a fish head and the base defines lily pad shapes in its upper surface. The base comprises a bottom portion, a top portion and an edge portion extending between the bottom and the top defining a flotation cavity within the base. Alternatively, the base may be made of decorative wood. The target cylinder comprises a generally cylindrical wall extending upwardly from the top portion of the base. The wall can be comprised of spaced apart generally cylindrical outer and inner wall portions extending upwardly from the top portion of the base and a lip portion extending between a top of the inner wall and a top of the outer wall. Preferably, gussets extend from the target cylinder to the top of the base. These gussets are shaped like fish fins associated with the fish head shaped target cylinder. In the preferred embodiment the target pad is resilient. A game course employing the target pads is also disclosed. The target pads float in ponds with obstacles disposed between the floating target pad and a casting station. The casting stations are shaped like the bow or stern of a fishing boat.

The present invention broadly relates to fishing. Specifically, the present invention is a Spin Cast and Flipping Target Pad. Art pertinent to the subject matter of the present invention can be found in United States Patent Class 43, Subclasses 1 and 19 and various Subclasses of Class 273 namely Subclasses 348 and 342.
As is well know to those skilled in the art fishing rod casting is a skill employed to varying degrees by fishermen of various levels. It is common for a novice to use the casting of bait as nothing more than a means to get the bait in the water, out away from a bank, dock or boat. It has long been the practice in fly fishing to present the lure, a fly, to a fish in a natural manner. In bass fishing and other similar bait cast fishing it has proven useful to present a jig, plastic worm, spoon or other artificial lure in a natural manner in close proximity to a fish or likely fish habitat with minimal splash or other disturbance. While an overhand cast is used to propel a lure a relatively great distance an underhand or flipping action can be used to cast a lure with accuracy and relatively little splash to provide a more natural presentation of the lure. Flipping further has the advantage of allowing one to cast under obstacles, such as overhanging tree limbs or rock formations, which will normally prevent the use of an overhand cast. Since the flip results in a relatively short run in which to work a lure, it is important that the lure be accurately cast.
Casting practice has long been employed by fishermen to hone skill and coordination with a rod and reel. A casting plug, a relatively smooth, weighted bob attached to the end of the fishing line, is often used to allow casting practice out of the water, in ones backyard or the like. This casting practice can often take the form of a game or competition. As a game, casting practice is particularly attractive to children and can aid in improving not only their fishing skills but their eye-hand coordination as well.
Fishing games are, and for quite some time have been, popular diversions. Haigh U.S. Pat. No. 626,995, discloses a fishing game employing an artificial pond or trough and artificial fish with a link extending upward from their heads to capture the hook of a player. Newberger, U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,565, discloses a fish swallowing game employing a hollow fish shaped receptacle to receive small toy fish. Wakimura, U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,761, describes a toy fishing game employing upwardly disposed fish models with closeable mouths to receive a toy bait. Lowrance, U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,461, discloses a fishing game employing fishing shaped silhouettes removably mounted on a "T" shaped stake. A player can catch one of the fish silhouettes by casting a plug in such a way that the fishing line lies across the "V" shaped mouth of a silhouette.
While the aforementioned games might aid one in developing their skills as a fisherman or the interest of children in the sport of fishing, more serious targets have also been used. Hotchkiss, U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,307 discloses a waterproof closed cell foam plastic bowfishing target shaped like the body of a fish. A weight is used to hold the target a predetermined depth below the surface of the water. La Due U.S. Pat. No. 2,320,145, discloses a submersible, self propelled target fish. Kraemer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,976,439, discloses a yard casting assembly having a fish shaped outline. The assembly employs a plurality of pegs extending upwardly to capture a casting practice bob. O'Brien, U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,355, discloses a fly fishing practice device comprising a magnetic conducting plate target with visual an aural indicators. Bleam, U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,424, discloses a casting game employing a platform surrounded by a pool of water with a plurality of cylindrical open ended targets.
The prior art fails to disclose a target well adapted for practicing spin casting or flipping. The devices disclosed in the prior art either fail to give realistic feedback to the fisherman or use complicated relatively fragile and sedentary electronics to do so. Furthermore, the traditional casting plugs employed by some of these devices do not provide realistic feedback to the fisherman. In other words an artificial bait can be extremely light or relatively heavy, additionally the varied shapes can result in a wide range of casting feels. In short, a realistic shiner or minnow lure, a jig, a plastic worm, a spoon and a fly all cast very differently.
Hence, it is desirous to provide a spin cast and flipping target pad which is capable of being used on a relatively solid supporting surface such as the ground or a floor. Preferably, at least one embodiment of the target pad should also be capable of floating in water. The target pad should provide the fisherman instantaneous feedback and should be capable of being used with the actual lures employed while fishing. Preferably, the target pad should also be rugged and sturdy while also being portable for use in various locations.


A tool holder is adapted for attachment to a C-shaped suspension bar. In at least one embodiment, the tool holder includes a hook device for suspending an object and a fastening device which enables the hook device to be releasably attached to the suspension bar. The fastening device includes a first and a second portion for retaining engagement with the web of the suspension bar and its respective flanges. The first portion forms the upper portion of the fastening device, when mounted, to which portion the hook device is fixedly attached either directly or indirectly. The second portion of the fastening device is pivotally attached to the first portion via a joint, which, with the tool holder in its mounted state, is oriented parallel with and located between the flanges of the suspension bar.

The brochure "Rubbermaid, Fast Track Garage System" shows an example of a system. The system comprises a suspension bar consisting of a web and a pair of arc-shaped flanges that extend away from the web. A plastic rail cover is slipped onto the horizontally mounted suspension bar. Metal or plastic fastening devices having different hook arrangements can be attached to the suspension bar at any desired position by hooking the top portion of the fastening device onto the upper flange of the suspension bar, on top of the plastic rail cover, and then vigorously forcing the bottom portion of the fastening device past the upper flange of the suspension bar. Not only is a considerable force required to mount and dismount the hook arrangements, they also require a special type of suspension bar with out-turned flanges.


Methods and systems for PMD compensation in an optical communication system are implemented by transmitting multiple optical signals through a common optical conduit to an optical compensator that adjustably rotates the polarization states of the multiple optical signals and transmits the rotated optical signals to an optical receiver. The receiver, upon sensing an excessive error condition, commands the optical compensator to change the polarization state of rotation, which changes the PMD profile of the received optical signals.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to methods and systems that compensate for polarization mode dispersion.
2. Description of Related Art
As data rates transmitted over optical fibers increase, the effects of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) become increasingly important. Polarization mode dispersion is a form of signal distortion and can be caused by subtle physical defects in an optical fiber giving rise to birefringence. A birefringent optical fiber conducting a modulated optical signal can temporally disperse the resulting optical frequencies of the optical signal. Furthermore, as environmental variables such as temperature fluctuate over time, the birefringent character of the optical fiber can change, thus changing the dispersion profile of the optical signal. Accordingly, there is a need for new technology to provide better PMD compensation.

Polarization mode dispersion compensation


A receiver and a method for dynamically adjusting sensitivity of the receiver are provided. The receiver includes a detection unit and a receiving unit. The detection unit detects an input signal group, and outputs a detection result. The receiving unit receives the input signal group according to a sensitivity. Wherein, the receiving unit dynamically adjusts the sensitivity used for receiving the input signal group according to the detection result of the detection unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a receiver. More particularly, the present invention relates to a receiver capable of dynamically adjusting sensitivity thereof and a method for dynamically adjusting sensitivity of the receiver.
2. Description of Related Art
A receiver can provide an interface, so that signals of a previous stage can be correctly transmitted to a next stage. When the signal of the previous stage is an abnormal input or a noise, an operation of a chip can be abnormal. For example, in a display device, a video scaler transmits a signal group containing a clock signal and a data signal to a timing controller according to a low voltage differential signalling (LVDS) technique. A receiver in the timing controller receives the signal group, and transmits the signal group to an internal circuit of the timing controller. When the input signal of the receiver is an abnormal input or a noise, the operation of the timing controller can be abnormal, so that the display device may display an abnormal image. To avoid the abnormal operation of the timing controller caused by the noise, in a conventional technique, a logic gate is used to determine the noise. However, the so-called noise is a random signal that cannot be predicted, which cannot be completely prevented according to a logical approach.

Receiver and method for dynamically adjusting sensitivity of receiver


A process is described for preparing fesoterodine fumarate comprising the salification reaction of fesoterodine with fumaric acid in an organic solvent, preferably a ketone, at a temperature not greater than 45° C. Such process allows obtaining products with high yields and purities, and in particular a product having a content of (2E)-4-[(3-(3-diisopropylamino-1-phenylpropyl)-4-(2-isobutyroyloxyphenyl)methoxy]-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid less than or equal to 0.15% by mole.

Fesoterodine fumarate is the international nonproprietary name (INN) of the active principle 2-((R)-3-diisopropylammonium-1-phenylpropyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl) phenyl isobutyrate hydrogen fumarate, whose structure formula is reported hereinbelow.

Fesoterodine fumarate was approved in Europe and in the U.S.A. for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome with the commercial name of TOVIAZ®.
Fesoterodine fumarate was described for the first time in U.S. Pat. No. 6,858,650, which reports the preparation of the active ingredient by the salification of fesoterodine with fumaric acid, according to scheme 1 reported below.

In turn, fesoterodine (also called fesoterodine base) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,464, where it is prepared starting from a deacylated precursor, (R)-feso deacyl, i.e. (R)-2-[3-(diisopropylamino)-1-phenylpropyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol, according to scheme 2 reported hereinbelow.

The preparation of (R)-feso deacyl is instead described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,7269.

Method for preparing high-purity fesoterodine fumarate


One embodiment of the present invention provides a system that facilitates traffic isolation (TI) in a network. During operation, the system configures a set of switch ports as members of a TI zone. The switch ports are part of an end-to-end path across one or more switch domains between a source and a destination. The switch ports within the TI zone and outside the TI Zone belong to a common storage area network (SAN) zone which compartmentalizes data for security purposes. The system then determines whether a data flow entering a switch domain belongs to the TI zone. The system subsequently forwards the data flow to the next port within the TI zone if the data flow belongs to the TI zone.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to network management. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method and system for facilitating traffic isolation (TI) zones in a network.
2. Related Art
The proliferation of the Internet and e-commerce continues to fuel revolutionary changes in the network industry. Today, a significant number of transactions, from real-time stock trades to retail sales, auction bids, and credit-card payments, are conducted online. Consequently, many enterprises rely on existing storage area networks (SANs), not only to perform conventional storage functions such as data backup, but also to carry out an increasing number of egalitarian network functions such as building large server farms.
Historically, conventional network appliances (e.g., data-center servers, disk arrays, backup tape drives) mainly use a SAN network to transfer large blocks of data. Therefore, the switches provide only basic patch-panel-like functions. In the past decade, however, drastic advances occurred in almost all the network layers, ranging from physical transmission media, computer hardware and architecture, to operating system (OS) and application software.
For example, a single-wavelength channel in an optical fiber can provide 10 Gbps of transmission capacity. With wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technology, a single strand of fiber can provide 40, 80, or 160 Gbps aggregate capacity. Meanwhile, computer hardware is becoming progressively cheaper and faster. Expensive high-end servers can now be readily replaced by a farm of many smaller, cheaper, and equally fast computers. In addition, OS technologies, such as virtual machines, have unleashed the power of fast hardware and provide an unprecedented versatile computing environment.
As a result of these technological advances, a conventional SAN switch fabric faces a much more heterogeneous, versatile, and dynamic environment. The limited network functions in such switches can hardly meet these demands. For instance, applications that require high bandwidth, such as backup applications, may cause congestion in the fabric and impact other critical application performance. Hence, there is a need for options to segregate some applications from others and to assign dedicated paths to certain applications.

Method and system for traffic isolation in a network


A video encoding apparatus, a video decoding apparatus and a method for generating coded motion information before reconstructing by using motion information merge, the video encoding apparatus includes an inter prediction unit configured to generate a prediction block of a current block by using motion compensation, decide whether to encode motion information by merging and generate coded motion information of the current block depending on the decision; a subtraction unit configured to generate a residual block by subtracting the prediction block generated from the current block; a transform and quantization unit configured to transform and quantize the residual block to thereby generate a quantized frequency residual block; and an encoding unit configured to encode the quantized frequency residual block and the coded motion information to thereby generate a bitstream.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) have developed H.264 AVC (Advanced Video Coding), the video compression standard superior to the existing MPEG-4 Part 2 and H.263 standards, and have developed HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) in earnest since 2010. In a similar manner to the existing video compression technology, Test Model under Consideration (TMuC) divides an image into blocks and performs entropy encoding by frequency-transforming and quantizing a residual block by motion estimation or intra prediction. The TMuC of the HEVC performs motion estimation by using multiple reference frames, encodes reference frame indexes and motion vectors as motion information, and outputs a bitstream.
The TMuC of the HEVC efficiently encodes motion information by using a merging method. A known merging method generates a set of motion information candidates composed of N pieces of merge direction motion information from decoded adjacent image blocks so as to encode motion information of a current block. When identical motion information with the current motion information exists in the motion information candidate set, merge flag information is designated as "unmerged". On the other hand, when the identical motion information with the current motion information exists in the motion information candidate set, merge flag information is designated as "merged", and merge direction information is designated to represent the identical motion information in the motion information candidate set.
Even though the merge flag information is "merged", the merge direction information is not designated when all pieces of motion information of the motion information candidate set are equal to one another. The merge flag information is output to a bitstream, and current motion information is output to the bitstream when the merge flag is "unmerged". That is, when the merge flag is "merged" and all pieces of the motion information of the motion information candidate set are equal to one another, the merge direction information is not output to the bitstream. Otherwise, the merge direction information is output to the bitstream. Specifically, the TMuC of the HEVC configures the motion information candidate set as motion information of a block including a sample located just above the leftmost upper sample of the current block and motion information of a block including a sample located on the immediate left side. The inventor(s), however, has experienced that the motion information merge by the above-described method encodes the merge flag with respect to all cases so that efficient encoding becomes difficult.
The inventor(s), therefore, has noted that there is a need for a video encoding and decoding method that can efficiently encode and decode the motion information by deciding whether to encode the motion information by merging, based on pre-encoded information, when performing encoding by merging the motion information.

Method and apparatus for generating encoded motion information/recovering motion information using motion information integration, and image encoding/decoding method and apparatus using same


Contact holes between drains and pixel electrodes, and between common lines and counter electrodes are located on the same side of the pixel region. The pixel electrodes and the counter electrodes are made of a transparent conductive material, thereby increasing a transmittance and an aperture ratio. Furthermore, the pixel electrodes and the counter electrodes are inter-digital electrodes and interlaced with each other so as to attain a wide viewing angle effect.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, and more particularly to a LCD panel having a planar insulating layer, a counter electrode and a pixel electrode, wherein both electrodes are made of a transparent conductive material, such that the aperture ratio of the LCD panel may be efficiently increased, and that the interaction between the electrodes may be decreased.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal display (LCD) device have optical anisotropy and chiral properties. The liquid crystal molecules have an orientation order in alignment resulting from their thin and long shapes. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules can be controlled by applying an electric field there to. In other words, as the electric field is changed, the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecular is changed. The incident light is refracted to the alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecular owing to the optical anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules. Therefore, the LCD device can display an image by means of two polarizers and the liquid crystal molecules.
In most of the conventional LCD devices, the alignment of the liquid crystal is controlled by applying a vertical electric field. Such mechanism has the advantages of high transmittance and high aperture ratio. However, the disadvantage of such an LCD lies in a narrow viewing angle. To overcome the problem of the narrow viewing angle, an in-plane switching (IPS) LCD panel has been developed. In the IPS LCD panel, the alignment of liquid crystal is controlled by an electric field parallel to the LCD panel. Such mechanism is different from the LCD panel mentioned above as the Twisted Nematic (TN) or Super Twisted Nematic (STN) LCD panel. The electric field applied to the IPS LCD device is lateral because the pixel and common electrodes thereof are formed on the same substrate in the IPS LCD device. The advantages of the IPS LCD device lie in a wide viewing angle and low color dispersion.
The IPS LCD device usually comprises separate and parallel upper and lower substrates and liquid crystal molecules positioned in between. On the lower substrate or array substrate, a pixel electrode and a common electrode are formed, separately and parallel to each other. The alignment of the liquid crystal is changed by the lateral electric field generated between the pixel and common electrodes. However, the conventional IPS LCD device uses opaque metal as the pixel and counter electrode material, as disclosed in US Publication No. 2002-0158994. The US Publication No. 2002-0158994 discloses a manufacturing method of liquid crystal display device, and one pixel portion of the LCD device is shown in FIG. 1. The pixel portion comprises a drain line A, a drain electrode H, a gate line M, a common electrode B, a pixel electrode (drain layer) F, counter electrode (indium tin oxide, ITO) C, a pixel electrode (ITO) D, a source electrode K, and a thin film transistor (TFT) positioned near the intersection portion among the source electrode K, the drain electrode H, and a semiconductor layer L. Therein, the pixel portion further comprises a contact hole G for the pixel electrode F, and a contact hole J for the counter electrode C. Although the LCD device could provide a wide viewing angle, simplified process and high reliability, the pixel electrode F in the pixel is made of opaque conductive metal, which may result in a low aperture ratio and may affect the brightness of the LCD device.
Accordingly, an IPS LCD device still needs to be improved in its aperture ratio and brightness.

Liquid crystal display panel having inter-digital electrodes


A multiprocessing system forms a data structure, such as by loading reorganizing, or recovering, while concurrently collecting various statistics about the data structure. The data structure may comprise tables and/or indices, for example. A first processing unit forms the data structure by assimilating data from one or more data sources into data rows, storing the rows in a buffer, and copying the rows from the buffer to the data structure. Concurrently with the forming step, the same or a second processing unit retrieves the rows from the buffer and applies a predetermined analysis to the rows to formulate statistics regarding the data structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the use of database tables in computers. More particularly, the invention concerns an apparatus, article of manufacture, and process for loading, reorganizing, or recovering a data structure and simultaneously collecting various statistics concerning the data structure. Such data structures may comprise, for example, tables and/or indices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Database applications constitute one of the most popular applications of computers today. Engineers have designed many different systems and programs to store, query, and modify information stored in database tables. Intricate manipulation of table data is performed using a database language such as "SQL". Higher level operations are typically achieved by executing various high level database commands, in a database system language such as the "DB2" product of International Business Machines Corp. Some of these high level operations include "Load", "Image Copy", "Reorg", and "Recover" operations, for example.
Typically, a database management system performs a "Load" operation to compile data from various sources, and ultimately assemble the data into a new or existing table. A "Reorg" operation copies all rows from of an existing table, stores the rows separately, empties the table's contents, and then re-loads the copied rows back into the table in a desired manner. For example, Reorg procedures are useful to eliminate unwanted space in a table, and to change the order of rows in a table to optimize the table. A "Recover" operation serves to restore a table using a backup copy. Used when a table fails for some reason, a Recovery operation reads table pages from a backup copy, and writes the pages to the failed table. A "Recover Index" operation restores an index using data from an indexed table. More particularly, the Recover Index operation replaces a failed index by scanning the indexed table, and extracting all entries from columns designated as "key" columns. The Recover Index stores these entries in the recovered index, along with the location of each entry in the underlying table.
Another useful DB2 function is the "Runstats" function, which reads a stored data structure and collects various statistics concerning the data structure. It reads each row of a data structure, such as a table or index, from a storage location such as a magnetic data storage drive, analyzes the data, and then provides an operator with various facts about the data itself as well as the way the data is stored within the computer system. As an example, these facts may include the number of rows in the data structure ("cardinality"), the estimated number of distinct values possible for each column of the data structure ("column cardinality"), the percentage of rows that are in clustering order ("cluster ratio"), and the percentage of space in the data structure occupied by data ("percent active"). Statistics such as these are stored in a "data dictionary" or other suitable data store.
The statistics from Runstats are useful for a number of different purposes. First, these statistics enable the database system to optimize access to the data to satisfy a query expressed in a database query language such as "SQL". For example, if the results to a query can be obtained either by scanning an entire table or by reading the table through an index, the database management system ("DBMS") might decide how to process the query based on the statistics relating to the size of the table. If the table is small, for example, it may be more efficient to scan the table rather than to traverse the index.
The Runstats operation is also useful to allow database administrators ("DBAs") to access the status of the database. For example, observing a low value for a table's clustering ratio, a DBA may conclude that the table should be reorganized. Reorganization will resequence the rows in the table to restore their optimal order.
Another use of the Runstats function is to take account of the new characteristics of a data structure after a Load, Reorg, Recover Index, or similar operation. These operations substantially change the characteristics of the data itself, or the manner in which the data is stored. Therefore, a DBA will often perform a Runstats operation immediately after a Load, Reorg, or Recover Index operation.
In addition to DB2, a variety of different programming languages and hardware environments employ statistics-gathering functions similar to Runstats. For example, Oracle-based systems use a similar function to gather statistical information about their data structures.
Despite these benefits, statistics-gathering operations (such as Runstats) may be too slow for certain applications or users. The performance time of these operations can be substantial because of the time required to read the entire contents of an existing data structure. The contents of a data structure may be sizable. Furthermore, reading of the data structure may be slow if the data structure is stored on a hardware device with a relatively slow input/output rate. Thus, when an operation such as Runstats is performed immediately after a time-consuming Load, Reorg, or Recover Index operation, the two operations together may simply take too long for some users. Furthermore, the two operations together incur excessive processor and input/output resources since each operation separately signs the data, for its own purposes. Thus, in many cases, known techniques for gathering statistics about data structures in a DBMS are not completely adequate.

System for data structure loading with concurrent statistical analysis

International Business Machines Corporation


An image-taking optical system according to the present invention for forming an image of a two-dimensional object on an image-taking surface comprises a plurality of reflecting surfaces which reflect light from the two-dimensional object sequentially and guides the light to the image-taking surface, and a reference axis passing through the center of the pupil of the image-taking system and the center of the optical image formed on the image-taking surface is inclined with respect to the normal line of the two-dimensional object.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image-taking optical system which is used in image input apparatuses and the like typified by a document camera and an electronic magnifier to form an image of a two-dimensional object on an image-taking surface.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an image input apparatus having an image-taking optical system for forming an optical image of a two-dimensional object on an image pickup device (photoelectric converting element), the image-taking optical system is disposed at a position in the direction of the normal line of the center of the two-dimensional object as proposed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-235226. Thus, the image input apparatus has a post for fixing the position of the image-taking optical system and a stage for providing the apparatus with a stable center of gravity.
A known example of taking an image of an object obliquely thereto is a shift lens proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-341319. This employs a wide-angle lens with a wide field angle as the image-taking optical system, and an image pickup device is disposed with a position shift from the optical axis of the image-taking optical system to take images by using the periphery of the field angle.
On the other hand, for a noncoaxial optical system, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-5650 discloses a design method thereof and a calculation method of a paraxial quantity such as a focal length, while Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 8-292371, 8-292372, and 9-222561 disclose exemplary designs thereof. In the proposals in these applications, the concept of "a reference axis" is introduced and constituent surfaces are formed as asymmetric aspheric surfaces to allow provision of an optical system which has sufficiently corrected aberration.
Such a noncoaxial optical system is called an off-axial optical system. Specifically, it is defined as an optical system which, when a reference axis is defined as being along a light ray passing through the center of an image and the center of the pupil, includes a curved surface (off-axial surface), the normal line of which at the intersection of the reference axis and the constituent surface is not on the reference axis, and in this case the reference axis has a bent shape.
The off-axial optical system generally has noncoaxial constituent surfaces, and no vignetting occurs on a reflecting surface, so that it is easy to form an optical system using the reflecting surface.
Since the image input apparatus proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-235226 mentioned above has the image-taking optical system disposed at the position in the direction of the normal line in the center of the two-dimensional object, the apparatus requires a post extending from the side of the two-dimensional object for supporting the image-taking optical system and the stage for ensuring the stability of the entire apparatus for the position of the center of the gravity of the post. The entire apparatus thus tends to be increased in size.
FIG. 18 schematically shows a two-dimensional object and an image pickup device which are shifted from the optical axis of an image-taking optical system, which corresponds to the use of the aforementioned shift lens. This image input apparatus requires the use of a large lens system with a wide field angle which covers a field angle θ1 significantly larger than θ2, even though the actually used field angle is 2θ.
In a typical lens system, an amount of light is reduced as an angle with respect to an optical axis in the field is increased. Consequently, as a lens system with a wider field angle is used, a larger difference occurs in brightness between both ends of the image pickup device.
FIG. 19 schematically shows a configuration with an optical axis A directed to the center of a two-dimensional object. In a typical lens system, an image is not formed on an image pickup device I′ but on a plane I in parallel with the two-dimensional object. In such a configuration, the formed image is distorted in a trapezoidal shape and the object is out of focus at both ends of the image pickup device.
When the inclined image surface is corrected, it is necessary to cancel the difference between an optical path L1 of a light ray passing at the top of the two-dimensional object S and an optical path L2 of a light ray passing at the bottom of the two-dimensional object S (to bring the two-dimensional object S on a plane S′). This correction, however, is difficult to perform by simple oblique image-taking.
In addition, when a shift lens is used in the image-taking optical system for oblique image-taking which is included, for example, in the image input apparatus proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-341319, the height of the image-taking optical system from a two-dimensional object is not greatly different from that when the image-taking optical system faces the two-dimensional object. In view of the need to hold the image-taking optical system at that height, it is unlikely that the apparatus is significantly reduced in size.

Image-taking optical system and image input apparatus

Abstract: The present invention provides an image-taking optical system which achieves a reduction in size, ensures a ratio of an amount of peripheral light, allows correction of trapezoidal distortion of a formed image, and is suitable for oblique image-taking.


A convertible sawhorse and work table assembly includes two sawhorse legs, a worktable and two pivoting support rods. The two support rods are pivotably attached to the work table near one end thereof and to one of the sawhorse legs at the other end thereof. When in the closed condition, the sawhorse legs are folded against each other, with the worktable folded along one of the legs and the two support rods folded against the other sawhorse leg. In a second condition, the sawhorse legs are pivoted away from each other with the worktable and support rods remaining folded against the legs. In a third condition, the table is pivoted upwardly away from the one sawhorse leg until it is disposed substantially horizontally above the sawhorse legs, and is then slid rearwardly relative thereto until the pivot support rods are fully extended away from the other sawhorse legs.

Portable sawhorse assemblies which can be switched between sawhorse and workpiece support configurations are known, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,440 entitled Portable Support Assembly for a Workpiece, owned by the assignee of the present invention, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The structure disclosed therein requires the workpiece support table to be fully disconnected from the sawhorse elements and separately pivoted about its support rods to be moved from the workpiece support configuration into the sawhorse or storage condition.


An actuator assembly is provided that includes a body portion, a first actuator arm assembly, a second actuator arm assembly, a first flexure assembly, and a second flexure assembly. Each of the first and second actuator arm assemblies projects from the body portion and has a distal end with different respective first and second mechanical configurations, sometimes referred to herein as “mounting configurations.” Each of the flexure assemblies is respectively mounted to the distal ends of the first and second actuator arm assemblies via the respective mounting configuration. The first and second mechanical configurations (mounting configurations) are selected to provide the first and second flexure assemblies with different mechanical resonance characteristics. In a preferred embodiment, the second actuator arm assembly includes an actuator arm and a spacer disposed between the actuator arm and the second flexure assembly. The spacer has a stiffness different from the stiffness of the actuator arm.

Data storage devices of the type known as "Winchester" disc drives are well known in the industry. These disc drives magnetically record digital data on several circular, concentric data tracks on the surfaces of one or more rigid discs. The discs are typically mounted for rotation on the hub of a spindle motor. The spindle motor is mounted to a base deck. In disc drives of the current generation, the discs are rotated at speeds of more than 10,000 revolutions per minute.
Data are recorded to and retrieved from the discs by an array of vertically aligned read/write head assemblies, or heads, which are controllably positioned by an actuator assembly. Each head typically includes electromagnetic transducer read and write elements which are carried on an air bearing slider. The slider acts in a cooperative hydrodynamic relationship with a thin layer of air dragged along by the spinning discs to fly each head in a closely spaced relationship to the disc surface. In order to maintain the proper flying relationship between the heads and the discs, the heads are attached to and supported by flexures (also called head suspensions).
A typical disc drive has an actuator assembly with more than one arm supporting a number of flexure assemblies. Any structure, such as an actuator assembly, that has several identical components can have balanced modes of vibration. A balanced mode of vibration occurs for a structure when there is no net reaction force on the structure. Because balanced modes do not have a net reaction force acting on the structure, the vibration decay rate is determined solely by the individual identical components making up the structure.
When the vibration modes of the individual components are separated in frequency and when the remainder of the structure has high damping, then there is a greater degree of damping than what is caused by each individual component. The vibration modes of the individual components can be separated in frequency by making structural changes to eliminate the balanced modes.
When the vibration modes of the individual components, such as the flexure assemblies, are close in frequency, the excitation of one of the flexure assemblies can couple to produce sympathetic motion in one of the other flexure assemblies. If this occurs, the amplitude of vibration becomes higher than it would be for only one flexure assembly. This increase in the amplitude of vibration can cause an increase in the track following error and the position error that affects the reading and writing performance. Depending on the vibration mode, the increase in the amplitude of vibration could also cause head-to-disk contact. Thus, it is highly desirable to cause the flexure assemblies to have different resonant frequencies.
One method for separating vibration modes of the individual components is to make each flexure slightly different. U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,180 issued to Frater et al. (Frater '180) presents several alternative means of differentiating head/gimbal assemblies that share a common actuator arm. Each head/gimbal assembly is made up of a flexure, a gimbal, a head, and the slider for the head. If there is sufficient damping, these alternatives that Frater '180 disclose can be effective. However, providing different head/gimbal assemblies for each actuator arm can be relatively expensive and difficult to manage in a high volume manufacturing environment.
Thus, there is a need for an improved actuator assembly that overcomes these and other limitations of the prior art.

Resonant frequency separation for an actuator assembly of a disc drive


A substrate for an LED assembly can have a plurality of cups formed therein. At least one cup can be formed within another cup. The cups can be co-axial with respect to one another, for example. A machined surface of the substrate can enhance reflectivity of the LED assembly. A transparent and/or non-global solder mask can enhance reflectivity of the LED assembly. A transparent ring can enhance reflectivity of the LED assembly. By enhancing reflectivity of the LED assembly, the brightness of the LED assembly can be increased. Brighter LED assemblies can be used in applications such as flashlights, displays, and general illumination.

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are well known. LEDs are commonly used as indicators on electronic devices. For example, the red or green power indicator on many consumer electronic devices, such as CD and DVD players, is often an LED.
There is a desire to use LEDs in applications such as flashlights, displays, and general illumination. Brighter LEDs are generally required in such applications. However, brighter LEDs require more current and more current results in the production of more heat. Heat reduces the efficiency of LEDs. Further, some of the light from an LED is often wasted, e.g., absorbed, by structures of the LED and/or package therefor.
Thus, although contemporary LEDs have proven generally suitable for some purposes, they possess inherent deficiencies which detract from their overall effectiveness and desirability. Therefore, it is desirable to provide LEDs that can more efficiently use higher current, such as by better managing the heat produced thereby. It is also desirable to provide LEDs that tend to minimize undesirable absorption of light therefrom.


An electromagnetic-wave-absorbing film comprising an electromagnetic-wave-absorbing layer comprising fine graphene particles and a binder resin, the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing layer being formed by repeating plural times a cycle of applying a dispersion comprising 1-10% by mass of flaky fine graphene particles and 0.05-5% by mass of a binder resin in an organic solvent to a plastic film, and then drying the dispersion; the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing layer having a thickness of 2-15 g/m2 (expressed by the weight of fine graphene particles per 1 m2); a mass ratio of the binder resin to fine graphene particles in the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing layer being 0.05-1; and the total area ratio of the fine-graphene-particles-free regions in the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing layer being 5% or less.

Recently, mobile communications terminals, electronic appliances, etc. having various functions and high performance have been getting required to be smaller and lighter, so that electronic parts are disposed in a narrower space at higher density, with their speeds increasing. Accordingly, among circuits and parts, electromagnetic wave noises, particularly high-frequency noises of several hundreds of MHz to several GHz have become serious problems. To suppress such near-field electromagnetic wave noises, various electromagnetic-wave-absorbing films have been proposed and put into practical use.
Such electromagnetic-wave-absorbing films mostly contain magnetic materials and/or conductive materials. For example, JP 2010-153542 A discloses an electromagnetic-wave-absorbing film comprising a substrate; a conductive layer formed by a conductive coating material containing particles, flakes or thin wires of metals such as Cu, etc. or carbon; and a magnetic layer formed by a magnetic coating material containing soft-magnetic materials such as ferrite, Sendust, permalloy, etc. However, the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing film disclosed in JP 2010-153542 A is expensive because of having the conductive layer and the magnetic layer, and does not have sufficient absorbability to electromagnetic wave noises of several hundreds of MHz to several GHz.
JP 2006-114877 A discloses an electromagnetic-wave-absorbing sheet obtained by applying an electromagnetic-wave-absorbing coating composition to at least one surface of a substrate sheet made of silicone resins, acrylic resins, polyimide resins, phenol resins, urethane resins, PET, etc.; the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing coating composition comprising (a) 100 parts by weight of a carbon nano-material such as carbon nanotube, carbon nanohom, graphite nanofibers, carbon nanofibers, etc., (b) 50-1000 parts by weight of a resin component such as thermoplastic resins such as ABS resins, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chloride, etc., thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins, phenol resins, etc., or UV-curing resins such as polyesters, polyvinyl butyral, acrylics, phenols, polyurethanes, etc., and (c) 50-3000 parts by weight of an organic solvent such as ketones, saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, glycol ethers, glycol etheresters, alcohols, etc. However, the electromagnetic-wave-absorbing sheet disclosed in JP 2006-114877 A does not have sufficient absorbability to electromagnetic wave noises of several hundreds of MHz to several GHz.

Electromagnetic-wave-absorbing film and its production method


Illustrative embodiments provide a FETRAM that is significantly improved over the operation of conventional FeRAM technology. In accordance with at least one disclosed embodiment, a CMOS-processing compatible memory cell provides an architecture enabling a non-destructive read out operation using organic ferroelectric PVDF-TrFE as the memory storage unit and silicon nanowire as the memory read out unit.

High performance personal computers, mobile phones, smart cards, gaming stations have become essential parts of everyday human life. The day is not too distant when one unified device will provide everything from high speed Internet and personal banking to transport access and medical data. The market for high speed, high density, low power, and endurable NVRAM has been drastically increased over the last few decades. It is not astonishing that a number of different NVRAM technologies co-exist to fulfill all requirements.
Ferroelectric materials naturally lend themselves toward binary code based NVRAM applications as they possess two stable spontaneous polarization states, which can only be switched by the application of an external electric field E which is greater than the coercive field EC. Ferroelectric switching, assisted by domain nucleation and domain wall motions, is intrinsically very fast and hence can be employed for GHz speed memory operations. The state of art commercially available One Transistor One Capacitor (1T1C) Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) holds only a relatively small part of the overall semiconductor market-share compared to commercially available FLASH memory. This is in part due to conventional FeRAM's destructive read out and limited integration flexibility; these deficiencies appear to outweigh the benefits of FeRAM's higher speed and longer endurance.

Organic ferroelectric material based random access memory