A solar cell module and a method for manufacturing the same are discussed. The solar cell module includes a plurality of solar cells, a front substrate a front substrate positioned at first surfaces of the plurality of solar cells, a back substrate positioned at second surfaces of the plurality of solar cells, a front protective member positioned between the front substrate and the plurality of solar cells, the front protective member including a first silicone resin, a back protective member positioned between the back substrate and the plurality of solar cells, the back protective member including a second silicone resin, and a fiber material disposed between the front substrate and the back substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the invention relate to a solar cell module and a method for manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Solar power generation to convert light energy into electric energy using a photoelectric conversion effect has been widely used as a method for obtaining eco-friendly energy. A solar power generation system using a plurality of solar cell modules has been installed in places, such as houses due to an improvement in a photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.
The solar cell module includes a plurality of solar cells, each of which generates electric current by solar light, and protective members, which are disposed on upper parts and lower parts of the solar cells to protect the solar cells from an external environment such as an external impact and moisture.

Solar cell module and method for manufacturing the same


According to various embodiments, a method of processing a substrate may include: forming a plurality of trenches into a substrate between two chip structures in the substrate, the trenches defining at least one pillar between the two chip structures and a sidewall on each of said two chip structures; disposing an auxiliary carrier on the substrate to hold the chip structures and the at least one pillar; at least partially filling the trenches with encapsulation material to cover the at least one pillar and the sidewalls, thereby at least partially encapsulating the chip structures; removing a portion of the encapsulation material to expose at least a portion of the at least one pillar; and at least partially removing the at least one pillar.

In general, a plurality of integrated circuits (also called monolithic integrated circuits, ICs, chips, or microchips) may be processed in semiconductor technology on and/or in a wafer. The wafer (or the substrate or the carrier) may include a plurality of integrated circuit structures in corresponding regions of the wafer. The integrated circuit structures may be singulated after the semiconductor processing, typically by scribing and breaking, by mechanical sawing (e.g. using a dicing saw), and/or by laser cutting, to provide a plurality of dies or chips from the integrated circuit structures of the wafer. This process is typically called dicing or wafer dicing, wherein a plurality of dies (e.g. so called naked chips) or chips are provided from the wafer. Further, a final stage of semiconductor device fabrication may be the packaging (also called assembly, encapsulation, or seal) wherein a singulated integrated circuit (a die or a chip) may be encased, e.g. into a supporting material (molding material or encapsulation material) to prevent physical damage and/or corrosion of the singulated integrated circuit. The case that encases the die or the chip (the so called package or mold) may also support the electrical contacts to connect the die or the chip to a peripheral device, e.g. to a circuit board.

Method of processing a substrate and a method of processing a wafer


A transparent conductive film substantially made from In2O3, SnO2 and ZnO, having a molar ratio In/(In+Sn+Zn) of 0.65 to 0.8 and also a molar ratio Sn/Zn of 1 or less: The transparent conductive film has a favorable electric contact property with an electrode or line made from Al or Al alloy film. Further, a semiconductor device having an electrode or line made from the transparent conductive film has high reliability and productivity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a transparent conductive film, semiconductor device and active matrix display unit.
2. Description of Related Art
Recent years in the field of display unit using a semiconductor device, flat panel display units including liquid crystal displays and Electro Luminescence display units characterized by energy and space saving are rapidly expanding to take place conventional CRTs. In these display units, several electrodes, wirings and devices are provided on a substrate. Specifically, an active matrix type TFT array substrate including switching devices such as a thin-film transistor (TFT) having a scanning and signal lines, a gate electrode and source/drain electrode are provided in array for applying an independent video signal to electrodes of each display pixel are becoming to be common.
An active matrix type TFT array substrate used in a liquid crystal display is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 10-268353. The active matrix type TFT array substrate includes a metal film for forming an electrode and wiring and a transparent conductive layer for forming a pixel electrode and input/output terminal unit of a video signal. ITO and IZO or the like is used for the transparent conductive layer. In general, there are a plurality of connectors provided in which the metal films and the transparent electrode layers are electrically connected.
Further, there is a problem in signal delays caused by longer scanning and signal lines and smaller line width thereof associated with a larger and highly-defined liquid crystal display. To prevent such problem, materials of electrodes and lines are desired to have low resistance electrically such as Al. However, if using Al for metal films, a favorable electric contact characteristic with a transparent electrode layer including ITO and IZO or the like cannot be obtained. Therefore as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-77666, generally a method has been used in which a high-melting point metal film such as Ti, Cr and Mo is formed in the connectors between the metal and transparent electrode films to obtain a favorable electric contact characteristic between Al film and the transparent electrode layer through the high-melting point metal film.
Further as a reflecting electrode to display images by reflecting light, there are display units using a pixel electrode made from Al or Al alloy film. For example in a reflective type liquid crystal display, to match with the standard potential of an opposing electrode made from an ITO film, an ITO or IZO film is formed on a pixel electrode acting also as a reflecting electrode that is made from Al or Al alloy film (see Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-294804). In an organic EL display unit, to improve the efficiency of injecting charge from an anode pixel electrode to an organic EL light-emitting device, an ITO or IZO film having high work function is formed on a pixel electrode acting also as a reflecting electrode that is made from Al or Al alloy film. In these display units, an ITO or IZO film must be directly formed on an Al or Al alloy film in order to utilize the high optical reflectance of the Al or Al alloy film.
However, to form a film by laminating Al and high-melting point metal film as in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-77666, depending on the kind of the high-melting point metal layer, an edge part of the laminated layer line pattern could be an inverse taper or an appentice shape due to a difference of corrosion potentials in etchant of a etching process for patterning, and thus it has been a problem that a coverage failure is generated in a film formed in a upper layer.
Further, an ITO film directly formed on the Al or Al ally film is polycrystal. As polycrystal ITO is chemically stable, it is patterned using strongly acidic solution of aqua regia system. However, there is a problem of using such strong acidic solution that the underlying Al or Al ally film is etched. On the other hand to prevent this, there is another method to use weak acid solution. In such case, the ITO film is amorphous. An amorphous ITO film is formed by sputtering method in gas mixed with Ar and H2O or H2. However, when mixing H2O or H2, dust is generated in the sputtering and mixed in the ITO film as foreign matter, thus decreasing yield. Furthermore as the amorphous ITO film is crystallized by heating of approx. 150 degree Celsius, it is partially crystallized in a post baking process (generally from 140 to 160 degree Celsius) of a resist patterning for a photolithography process. There is a problem that the ITO crystal grains become etching residue and thereby decreases the yield.
On the other hand, an IZO film directly formed on the Al or Al alloy film is amorphous. As the Amorphous IZO film is formed by a sputtering method not mixing H2O or H2 but only using Ar gas, the abovementioned problem of dust is not created. Furthermore, as the amorphous IZO film is not crystallized even after a post baking process, the above problem of etching residue is not created. However, the IZO film is difficult to crystallize conversely and has poor acid resistance. If an etching by acid chemical or cleansing process is required after forming an IZO film pattern, it may be corroded and deteriorated reliability, thus creating a problem that an incorporation of the IZO film to a device is seriously limited.

Transparent conductive film, semiconductor device and active matrix display unit


The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates Beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The present application discloses a power headroom report (PHR) method and apparatus. A user equipment (UE) determines a PHR reporting manner according to the structure of an uplink subframe in an active serving cell, calculates PHR according to the reporting manner, and sends the PHR to a base station. According to the present disclosure, a UE proactively determines the PHR reporting manner, calculates PHR and report the PHR, thus implements PHR reporting process at the UE.

To meet the demand for wireless data traffic having increased since deployment of 4th generation (4G) communication systems, efforts have been made to develop an improved 5th generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system. Therefore, the 5G or pre-5G communication system is also called a 'Beyond 4G Network' or a 'Post Long Term Evolution (LTE) System'.
The 5G communication system is considered to be implemented in higher frequency (mmWave) bands, e.g., 28 GHz or 60 GHz bands, so as to accomplish higher data rates. To decrease propagation loss of the radio waves and increase the transmission distance, the beamforming, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), Full Dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antenna, an analog beam forming, large scale antenna techniques are discussed in 5G communication systems.
In addition, in 5G communication systems, development for system network improvement is under way based on advanced small cells, cloud Radio Access Networks (RANs), ultra-dense networks, device-to-device (D2D) communication, wireless backhaul, moving network, cooperative communication, Coordinated Multi-Points (CoMP), reception-end interference cancellation and the like.
In the 5G system, Hybrid frequency shift keying (FSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (FQAM) and sliding window superposition coding (SWSC) as an advanced coding modulation (ACM), and filter bank multi carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) as an advanced access technology have been developed.
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems support two duplexing modes, i.e. Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD). Transmission in an LTE system includes downlink transmission which is from a base station (e.g., eNB) to a user equipment (UE) and uplink transmission which is from a UE to a base station. In a TDD system, uplink transmission and downlink transmission are performed on the same carrier at different time. In an FDD system, uplink transmission and downlink transmission are performed on different carriers. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a frame structure in an LTE TDD system. Each radio frame is 10 ms, and is subdivided uniformly into two half-frames of 5 ms. Each half-frame includes 8 time slots of 0.5 ms and 3 special fields of 1 ms, i.e. downlink pilot time slot (DwPTS), guard period (GP) and uplink pilot time slot (UpPTS). Each subframe is composed of two consecutive time slots. According to the frame structure as shown in FIG. 1, in every 10 ms, there are 10 subframes shared by uplink transmission and downlink transmission. Each subframe may be assigned for uplink transmission or downlink transmission. A subframe assigned for uplink transmission is referred to as an uplink subframe, and a subframe assigned for downlink transmission is referred to as a downlink subframe. TDD systems support 7 types of uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configurations as shown in Table 1, where D stands for downlink subframe, U stands for uplink subframe, S stands for special subframes in the 3 special fields.
TABLE 1LTE TDD UL/DL configurationSwitch-ConfigurationpointSubframe indexserial numberperiodicity01234567890 5 msDSUUUDSUUU1 5 msDSUUDDSUUD2 5 msDSUDDDSUDD310 msDSUUUDDDDD410 msDSUUDDDDDD510 msDSUDDDDDDD610 msDSUUUDSUUD
Downlink data is transmitted through Physical Downlink Shared Channels (PDSCH). Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request-acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) may be transmitted through Physical Uplink Shared Channels (PUSCH) or Physical Uplink Control Channels (PUCCH). Uplink data is transmitted through Physical Uplink Shared Channels (PUSCH).
In an LTE system, multiple component carriers (CC) are aggregated to obtain larger working bandwidth, i.e., carrier aggregation (CA). Each CC is also referred to as a serving cell. The aggregated carriers constitute downlink and uplink links in the communication system, therefore larger transmission rates can be achieved. When a UE is configured to be in a CA mode, one of cells is a primary cell (Pcell), and other cells are referred to as secondary cells (Scell). According to LTE, PUSCH may be transmitted in any uplink CC, and PUCCH may be transmitted in the Pcell or in a specified uplink Scell.
Under current LTE provisions, the transmitting power of a PUCCH in subframe i of a serving cell c is determined according to the below formula:
          P    PUCCH      (   i   )    =     min               {                                                        P                       CMAX            ,            c                               (          i          )                  ,                                                                                P                           0                            _PUCCH                                     +                         PL             c                        +                         h                                        (                                             n                CQI                              ,                               n                HARQ                              ,                               n                SR                                           )                                     +                                                                                Δ              F_PUCCH                          (             F             )                        +                                       Δ              TxD                          (                           F              ′                          )                        +                         g                          (             i             )                                                                         }        [    dBm    ]
Definitions of parameters in the above formula can be found in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 18.104.22.168. The following is a brief introduction to the parameters.
PCMAX,c(i) is the maximum transmitting power configured for the UE in a serving cell c;
ΔF_PUCCH(F) is a power offset from a reference format (which is PUCCH format 1a in LTE);
ΔTxD(F′) is a parameter related with the PUCCH format and whether transmitter diversity is used;
PLc is path loss;
PO_PUCCH is power offset configured by higher layer signaling;
g(i) is an accumulative sum of closed-loop power control;
h(nCQI,nHARQ,nSR) is power offset in connection with PUCCH format, is also related with the number of bits of uplink control information (UCI) to be fed back, nCQI is the number of bits of channel state information (CSI) to be fed back in subframe i, nSR is the number of bits of scheduling request (SR) to be fed back in subframe i, the value of nSR is 0 or 1, and nHARQ is the number of bits of HARQ-ACK that are actually to be fed back in subframe i.
For example, for PUCCH format 3, when CSI is to be fed back,
      h      (            n     CQI        ,         n     HARQ        ,         n     SR          )    =                    n      HARQ          +           n      SR          +           n      CQI          -     1        3      .
According to current LTE provisions, the transmitting power of a PUSCH in subframe i of a serving cell c is determined according to the below formula:
          P         PUSCH     ,     c          (   i   )    =     min               {                                                        P                       CMAX            ,            c                               (          i          )                  ,                                                                                10                                                       log               10                            (                                             M                                 PUSCH                 ,                 c                                              (               i               )                            )                                     +                                       P                                             O_PUSCH                ,                c                                                                                (              j              )                                     +                                                                                α               c                            (              j              )                          ·                           PL              c                                     +                                       Δ                             TF               ,               c                                        (             i             )                        +                                       f              c                          (             i             )                                                                         }        [    dBm    ]
Definitions of parameters in the above formula can be found in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 22.214.171.124. The following is a brief introduction to the parameters.
PCMAX,c(i) is the maximum transmitting power configured for the UE in subframe i in a serving cell c;
MPUSCH,c(i) is the number of physical resource blocks (PRB) occupied by the PUSCH;
PO_PUSCH,c(j) is a power offset configured by higher layer signaling;
PLc is path loss;
αc(j) is for controlling the path loss compensating rate; j=0 for PUSCH or PUSCH re-transmission in Semi-persistent scheduling (SPS); j=1 for PUSCH or PUSCH re-transmission in dynamic scheduling; j=2 for PUSCH or PUSCH re-transmission in random access response (RAR) scheduling.
fc(i) is an accumulative value of closed-loop power control;
ΔTF,c(i) is a parameter related with modulation and coding scheme (MCS) of uplink transmission. Specifically, when KS equals 1.25, ΔTF,c(i)=10 log10 ((2BPRE·Ks−1). βoffsetPUSCH). When only Aperiodic CSI (A-CSI) is transmitted and no uplink data is transmitted, BPRE=OCQI/NRE, and βoffsetPUSCH=βoffsetCQI. When uplink data is transmitted,
          BPRE    =               ∑             r       =       0                   C       -       1                             K       r            /             N       RE                     ,         and                        β     offset     PUSCH        =    1.      C is the number of code blocks in a transmission block (TB), Kr is the number of bits of the r'th CB, NRE is the total number of resource elements (RE) in a PUSCH.
In order to provide reference to a base station for scheduling uplink resources, a UE may report in a power headroom report (PHR) the power headroom that is left under specific scheduling scheme. The UE may determine whether to report only the PHR of type 1 or report both the PHR of type 1 and the PHR of type 2 according to configurations of the UE as to whether the UE is allowed to transmit a PUSCH and a PUCCH within the same subframe. That is, if the UE is configured to transmit a PUSCH and a PUCCH within the same subframe, the UE may determine to simultaneously report the PHR of type 1 and the PHR of type 2 to a serving cell that receives reported PUCCH; if the UE is configured not to transmit a PUSCH and a PUCCH within the same subframe, the UE may determine to report only the PHR of type 1 to the serving cell that receives reported PUCCH. The following are the methods of calculating the PHR of type 1 and the PHR of type 2.
(1) Calculation method of type-1 PHR
If the UE transmits a PUSCH without transmitting a PUCCH in a subframe i of serving cell d, the may be calculated according to the following formula:PHtype1,c(i)=PCMAX,c(i)−{10 log10(MPUSCH,c(i))+PO_PUSCH,c(j)+αc(j)·PLc+ΔTF,c(i)+fc(i)}  [dB]
Definitions of parameters in the above formula can be found in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 188.8.131.52.
If the UE transmits a PUSCH and a PUCCH both in a subframe i of serving cell c, the type-1 PHR may be calculated according to the following formula:PHtype1,c(i)={tilde over (P)}CMAX,c(i){10 log10(MPUSCH,c(i))+PO_PUSCH,c(j)+αc(j)·PLc+ΔTF,c(i)+fc(i)}  [dB]
In the formula, definitions of MPUSCH,c(i), PO_PUSCH,c(j), αc(j), PLc, ΔTF,c(i) and fc(i) can be found in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 18.104.22.168. {tilde over (P)}CMAX,c(i) is the maximum transmitting power of PUSCH calculated when it is assumed that the UE only transmits PUSCH in the subframe i of the serving cell c.
If the UE does not transmit a PUSCH in a subframe i of serving cell c, the type-1 PHR may be calculated according to the following formula:PHtype1,c(i)={tilde over (P)}CMAX,c(i)−{PO_PUSCH,c(1)+αc(1)·PLc+fc(i)}  [dB]
Definitions of parameters in the above formula can be found in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 188.8.131.52.
(2) Calculation Method of Type-2 PHR
If the UE transmits both a PUSCH and a PUCCH in a subframe i of serving cell c, the type-2 PHR may be calculated according to the following formula:
          PH         type          2          (   i   )    =              P           CMAX      ,      c             (    i    )      -       10                          log       10            (                                                   10                                    (                                                                                10                                                                           log                    10                                      (                                                            M                                           PUSCH                      ,                      c                                                             (                    i                    )                                      )                                                    +                                                      P                                                            O_PUSCH                     ,                     c                                                                                (                   j                   )                                                    +                                                                                α                    c                                      (                   j                   )                                    ·                                     PL                   c                                                    +                                                      Δ                                       TF                    ,                    c                                                       (                  i                  )                                  +                                                      f                   c                                    (                  i                  )                                                                                )                        /            10                               +                                                          10                                 (                                                                                P                                   0                                    _PUCCH                                                 +                                 PL                 c                                +                                 h                                                    (                                                         n                    CQI                                      ,                                       n                    HARQ                                      ,                                       n                    SR                                                       )                                                 +                                                                                Δ                  F_PUCCH                                  (                 F                 )                                +                                                   Δ                  TxD                                  (                                   F                  ′                                  )                                +                                 g                                  (                 i                 )                                                                                )                      /           10                                              )          [     dB     ]
In the formula, definitions of MPUSCH,c(i), PO_PUSCH,c(j),ααc(j), PLc, ΔTF,c(i) and fc(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 220.127.116.11, definitions of PO_PUCCH, PLC, h(nCQI,nHARQ,nSR), ΔF_PUCCH(F), ΔTTxD(F′) and g(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 220.127.116.11.
If the UE transmits a PUSCH without transmitting a PUCCH in a subframe i of serving cell c, the type-2 PHR may be calculated according to the following formula:
          PH         type          2          (   i   )    =              P           CMAX      ,      c             (    i    )      -       10                          log       10            (                                                   10                                    (                                                                                10                                                                           log                    10                                      (                                                            M                                           PUSCH                      ,                      c                                                             (                    i                    )                                      )                                                    +                                                      P                                                            O_PUSCH                     ,                     c                                                                                (                   j                   )                                                    +                                                                                α                    c                                      (                   j                   )                                    ·                                     PL                   c                                                    +                                                      Δ                                       TF                    ,                    c                                                       (                  i                  )                                  +                                                      f                   c                                    (                  i                  )                                                                                )                        /            10                               +                                                          10                                 (                                       P                             0                              _PUCCH                                        +                           PL              c                          +                           g                            (              i              )                                     )                      /           10                                              )          [     dB     ]
In the formula, definitions of MPUSCH,c(i), PO_PUSCH,c(j), αc(j), PLc, ΔTF,c(i) and fc(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 126.96.36.199, definitions of PO_PUCCH, PLc, and g(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 126.96.36.199.
If the UE transmits a PUSCH without transmitting a PUCCH in a subframe i of serving cell c, the type-2 PHR may be calculated according to the following formula:
          PH         type          2          (   i   )    =              P           CMAX      ,      c             (    i    )      -       10                          log       10            (                                                   10                                    (                                                          P                                 O_PUSCH                 ,                 c                                              (               1               )                            +                                                              α                 c                                (                1                )                              ·                               PL                c                                           +                                             f                c                              (               i               )                                        )                        /            10                               +                                                          10                                 (                                                                                P                                   0                                    _PUCCH                                                 +                                 PL                 c                                +                                 h                                                    (                                                         n                    CQI                                      ,                                       n                    HARQ                                      ,                                       n                    SR                                                       )                                                 +                                                                                Δ                  F_PUCCH                                  (                 F                 )                                +                                                   Δ                  TxD                                  (                                   F                  ′                                  )                                +                                 g                                  (                 i                 )                                                                                )                      /           10                                              )          [     dB     ]
In the formula, definitions of PO_PUSCH,c(1), αc(1), PLc and fc(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 184.108.40.206, and definitions of PO_PUCCH, PLc, h(nCQI,nHARQ,nSR), ΔF_PUCCH(F), and g(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 22.214.171.124.
If the UE does not transmit a PUSCH nor a PUCCH in a subframe i of serving cell c, the type-2 PHR may be calculated according to the following formula:
          PH         type          2          (   i   )    =                    P      ~                CMAX      ,      c             (    i    )      -       10                          log       10            (                                                   10                                    (                                                          P                                 O_PUSCH                 ,                 c                                              (               1               )                            +                                                              α                 c                                (                1                )                              ·                               PL                c                                           +                                             f                c                              (               i               )                                        )                        /            10                               +                                                          10                                 (                                       P                             0                              _PUCCH                                        +                           PL              c                          +                           g                            (              i              )                                     )                      /           10                                              )          [     dB     ]          In the formula, definitions of PO_PUSCH,c(1), Δc(1), PLc and fc(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 126.96.36.199, and definitions of PO_PUCCH, PLC, and g(i) can be found in 3GPP 36.213 v10.9.0 Section 22.214.171.124.
The eNB may determine the time of transmitting the PHR by configuring two timers and downlink path loss change (dl-PathlossChange) via higher layer signaling. The two timers include a periodic PHR timer (PeriodicPHR-Timer) and a prohibit PHR timer (ProhibitPHR-Timer). The following codes are the two timers and the dl-PathlossChange configured via higher layer signaling. Configuration of the PeriodicPHR-Timer and the ProhibitPHR-Timer is in unit of subframe of 1 ms.
phr-Config CHOICE {release NULL,setup SEQUENCE {periodicPHR-Timer ENUMERATED {sf10, sf20, sf50, sf100, sf200, sf500, sf1000, infinity prohibitPHR-Timer ENUMERATED {sf0, sf10, sf20, sf50, sf100, sf200, sf500, sf1000},dl-PathlossChange ENUMERATED {dB1, dB3, dB6, infinity}} }
Any one of the following events may trigger the PHR:
1. the ProhibitPHR-Timer ends or has ended and the change in path loss of any serving cell exceeds a pre-determined range of path loss change;
2. the PeriodicPHR-Timer ends;
3. functions of PHR is configured or re-configured;
4. a serving cell configured with uplink transmission is activated.
After PHR is triggered and before PHR transmission is performed, PHR is to be transmitted when the UE has PUSCH resources for initial transmission data and allocated PUSCH resources can bear PHR MAC control element and subheader.
If extended PHR is configured, a CA system is always configured with extended PHR, and the UE has to report the PHR of all of active serving cells. A PHR is generated for each active serving cell, and PHRs of all of active serving cells are transmitted on PUSCH resources of one serving cell.
If extended PHR is not configured, i.e., in a non-CA system, UE has to report the PHR of a serving cell.
After transmitting PHR in a subframe, the UE may start or re-start the PeriodicPHR-Timer and the ProhibitPHR-Timer, and cancel all PHR trigger.
The above is a simple introduction to the PHR types when reporting PHR and how to determine the time of transmitting PHR. But there is no specification about how to determine the type of the reported PHR and the time of reporting the PHR when a UE needs to report PHR. That is, it is a problem yet to be solved as to how a UE reports PHR.

Power headroom report method and apparatus


A fully regulated multiple source power bus subsystem for a satellite having at least a solar panel array and a battery providing unregulated sources of electrical power. The battery and solar panel array are connected to one or more multiple source bus regulators to produce a fully regulated bus output at one or more preselected voltages. Each multiple source bus regulator automatically switches between the battery and solar panel array and may produce either a positive or a negative bus voltage. A battery charge controller controls the charging of the battery when the output voltage of the solar panel array is greater than the output voltage of the battery.

Prior fully regulated bus-type satellite power subsystems were composed of a separate bus regulator for the electrical power produced by solar panel arrays and a separate bus regulator for the battery. These types of subsystems required double processing of the battery to produce multiple bus voltages. In particular, existing power bus subsystems required processing power through two (2) units to provide an auxiliary power bus at a voltage different than the primary bus voltage.

Fully regulated power bus using multiple source bus regulators


A communication device and a method of processing input data. The communication device, processing input data constituting at least one of data packet comprises a detection unit, an Automatic Gain Controller (AGC), a signal processor, a demodulator, a pre-detection module, and a Baseband module. The detection unit receives the input data to perform the packet detection. The Automatic Gain Controller, coupled to the detection unit, generates an adjusted data and a gain control parameter once packet is detected. The signal processor, coupled to the AGC, performs the data signal processing includes at least one of analog to digital transformation processing, radio frequency processing and baseband processing, and detects at least one of the desired signal, noise and interference. The demodulator, coupled to the signal processor, demodulates the processed data into a processed data according to at least one processing function of noise reduction, interference reduction, and signal compensation. The pre-detection module, coupled to the demodulator, determines whether a potential error has occurred in the demodulated input data by a pre-detection method prior completing retrieval of the data packet for performing a packet-based error check sequence, and performs a selection to decide whether the components need to be terminated and which of the components need to be terminated if there is a potential error occurred on the demodulated input data. The Baseband module, coupled to the demodulator, performs a packet-based error check on the data packet upon completing retrieval of the data packet if there is no potential error occurred on the demodulated input data.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to wireless communication, and in particular, to a method and communication device in a packet-based communication system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Upon receipt of a data packet at a wireless receiving station, the receiving station may detect packet error through Frame Check Sequence (FCS) check, such as parity check coding or signaling check code, after the data packet has been received. If the computed FCS matches the FCS transmitted with the packet, a receiving station may accept the packet, otherwise, the receiving station may discard the packet. In this manner, the receiving station can determine validity of the receipt data.
Due to a variety of factors, such as interference or burst noise, data packets are sometimes corrupted prior of FCS check although the convolutional code has been provided to correct the errors. In general, FCS check is started until the whole packet is fully received and is started after signal processing demodulation has been applied to the received packet. However, such communication flow system would waste tremendous power and have the potential risk to loss the packet.
In the case of hidden node situation, packet loss might occur. For example, station STA A can receive signals from station STA B and access point (AP) while the AP can only receive signal from station STA A (hidden node issues). If STA B sends STA A data packets, STA A may continue receiving the packets from STA B and ignore the signal from AP, resulting in losing data packets from the AP and corrupted data packets from station STA B.
In the case of the packet length information of a data packet is decoded incorrectly, the packet might loss as well. Take a WLAN system for instance, the packet length information in the SIGNAL Field may be decoded incorrectly. This could happen because there is only one parity check bit in the SIGNAL Field. Packet loss may occur if the wrongly decoded packet length is greater than the correct packet length. For instance, if the correct packet length is 1024 bytes and the wrongly decoded packet length is 65535 bytes, the receiver will not stop receiving packet until the packet length reaches 65535 bytes. However, since the correct packet is only 1024 bytes, other stations or access points may transmit packets after they receive 1024 bytes. In this case, data packets are lost due to the wrongly decoded packet length.
Another issue is power consumption; for instance, wireless devices employing portable power storage cells such as batteries, with inherently limited storage capacity, normally would require effective power management solution. FIGS. 1a, b, and c are packet formats compliant with IEEE 802.11n standard, representing non-HT (high throughput), HT mixed mode, and HT Greenfield mode respectively. Non-HT mode is a low throughput data format. HT Greenfield and HT mixed modes are high throughput data formats applicable to MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input, Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). To guarantee that high throughput (HT) devices, IEEE 802.11n standard has interoperability with legacy devices including IEEE 802.11a/g devices, referred to as Mixed Mode. The SIGNAL FIELD of HT-device in this mode uses a means known as "Spoofing" to reserve the maximum packet length so that the Legacy devices will follow to reserve the maximum packet length for HT-devices. Without termination mechanism, Legacy device will perform signal processing and modulation until the reserve time is reached. However, since this packet is for HT-devices, there is no way that the Legacy devices can decode the packet correctly. In this case, great power consumption is wasted for packets that are expected to be wrong.
Thus a need exists for a communication device and a method to process data packet to reduce power consumption and packet loss.


A process and apparatus monitors vehicle crawler chains for malfunctions during the driving operation. In particular, the process and apparatus monitors unacceptable changes of the pitch of the crawler chain which impairs the driving operation. The actual running sound of a crawler chain is sensed and is compared with the median running sound. When the actual running sound exceeds the median running sound by more than a given percentage and this excess occurs in the case of at least one chain link with a frequency that is higher than a given frequency, a warning signal is emitted to the driver.

This present invention relates to a process and apparatus for monitoring vehicle crawler chains to detect a malfunctioning during the driving operation, and, more particularly, to a product and apparatus configured such that in the driving operation a defect signal for each crawler chain is triggered by an actual running sound of a defective crawler chain which exceeds a median running sound of a properly operating crawler chain. The defect signal is assigned to a pitch of the crawler chain for triggering the signal. A warning signal is emitted when a given pitch signal frequency is exceeded.
Crawler chains are highly stressed vehicle parts which are subjected to wear. The failure of these chains leads to an inability to maneuver the vehicle and renders the vehicle uncontrollable. Although a defect on the crawler chain has an acoustic effect, it can not necessarily be heard in a vehicle equipped with a crawler chain because of the high noise level which usually exists there.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process and a device for monitoring vehicle crawler chains for defects during driving of the vehicle.
This object has been in accordance with the present invention by early recognition and indication of an unacceptable change of pitch of the crawler chain caused, for example, by an incipient crack in the case of a continuous rubber belt crawler chain as described in German Patent DE-A-39 23 975. The vehicle can therefore still be maneuvered when a defect signal occurs and can move to a repair facility under its own power. The safety of the vehicle occupants is increased by the fact that a crack of the crawler chain that is caused by wear or by other exterior influences can no longer occur unexpectedly and that thus critical driving conditions are largely avoided.
The invention excludes an erroneous triggering, which may occur as a result of accidental events, such as rocks in the crawler chain, in that it is examined whether the signal for one of the links of the continuous rubber belt crawler chain which corresponds to an increased running sound exceeds a given frequency.

Process and apparatus for monitoring of vehicle crawler chains of a vehicle during driving


The invention provides an improved structure of markers box, which can mainly fold back plate, top plate and front plate into a slotted part for receiving markers. The slotted part can be in an upstanding state with several angles. A hook and loop tape or the like is provided at the front and bottom of the slotted part as well as at the front side and rear side of the front plate respectively. A stabile state is formed by above-mentioned folded structural body in order to draw off and insert markers.

For conventional markers boxes the whole markers boxes are usually lay on the desk after drawing off a certain or several markers. These markers are usually lay on the desk, which is at random because the insertion of markers is not smooth or facile. Such state which is a convention long-followed often leads to the distributing the box body and the markers over the desk and a state in which many spaces are occupied.


A beverage temperature notification device comprising a thermosensor, a sleeve, a temperature indicator, and a remote coupling. The thermosensor determines the actual or approximate temperature of the beverage. The sleeve attaches the thermosensor to the beverage's container. The temperature indicator provides a signal that the temperature of the beverage has reached the predetermined preferred temperature. The remote coupling is used to couple the thermosensor and the temperature indicator, so that the signal indicating that the beverage has reached the desired temperature is provided remotely to where the beverage is heated or cooled.

It is often desirable that a beverage be served at a preferred temperature. For example, soda and beer are often served cold, and baby's milk and hot chocolate are often served hot. It is not always the case, however, that a particular beverage is available at a desired temperature. For example, one may purchase from a store soda or beer that has not been chilled. To enable more immediate consumption, one may want to cool such a beverage at a rapid rate by placing it in the freezer. While this has the desirable effect of rapidly cooling the beverage, there is the undesirable consequence that, if placed in the freezer too long, the beverage may freeze and, through expansion of the frozen liquid, cause the beverage's container to burst or rupture. As a second example, one may want to rewarm or prepare milk for a baby by placing the beverage in a microwave or within a pan of boiling water on a stove. However, it milk is boiled too long, it will curdle and become unusable. Thus, for both the beverage placed in the freezer and the beverage placed in the microwave/over the stove, there is a need to provide notification that such beverage has reached a predetermined temperature prior to undesirable effects that result from continued cooling or warming of such beverage for longer periods.
It is known that a temperature measuring device may be incorporated into a beverage container or associated with such a container. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,581, a baby bottle is disclosed in FIG. 10 of that patent, which includes a temperature indicator, buzzer, signal processor, and wiring united with the bottle. When the milk in the bottle is heated to a predesired temperature, the buzzer sounds. However, if the bottle was placed in a closed area, such as a microwave, the buzzer could not be reliably heard. In addition, the association of the electronic elements with the bottle may interfere with the operation of the microwave and cause other problems.
It is also known that temperature measuring devices may be associated with closed spaces. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,787 discloses a refrigerator alarm for signaling an improperly high temperature in a refrigerated container such as a freezer. The device includes a thermostat mounted within the refrigerated container and an alarm device mounted outside the container for providing a signal based on the inner temperature of the container. This device, however, is unable to indicate the temperature of a particular item placed in the container, such as a bottle or can. In addition, the device is intended as a warning device to indicate that the container is not providing the intended refrigeration function; it is not intended to provide a warning that the excess refrigeration is being provided to a particular item in the container.
Thus, there is an unmet need for providing a beverage temperature measuring device for indicating that a beverage has reached a predetermined temperature, where the temperature indication is provided remotely to the beverage being heated or cooled. This enables the use of a closed container or some other remote means, such as a freezer, oven, stove, or microwave, to provide rapid temperature regulation of the beverage without the need for a person to continuously monitor the progress of the temperature regulation function.

Beverage temperature notification device


Disclosed is an essentially odorless water dissipatable or dispersible adhesive composition that is useful in forming paper articles and other products that can be recycled through repulping in both neutral and alkaline media. The water dispersible adhesive composition is preferably a hot melt adhesive that is a low molecular weight, branched copolyester containing a sulfomonomer. The copolyester adhesive composition can be used neat or formulated and exhibits broad compatibility with a variety of adhesive additives, including non polar tackifiers.

Many adhesives including, hot melt adhesives are useful for bonding various substrates together such as wood, paper, plastics, nonwoven assemblies, and textiles, as well as other materials. One use for which they are well suited is the fabrication of corrugated paper board. Hot melt adhesives, useful for producing corrugated paper board, must have high bond strength under conditions of shock, stress, high humidity, and extremes of temperature encountered in transportation and storage. In addition, the melt point, wetting time, initial tack, setting time, pot life, and general handling qualities on automatic corrugated board machinery are essential considerations.
At present, it is very desirable to recycle paper, paper products, and other disposable products to conserve material resources and to avoid large additions to landfill space. It is thus a general practice in the paper industry to recover at least a portion of the used and waste corrugated material and repulp the material for use in the preparation of other materials such as cardboard. The use of polyolefin hot melt adhesives to close or seal cartons made from corrugated material has presented problems in regard to repulpability of the used boxes or cartons (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,070,316; 4,127,619; 4,146,521; 4,460,728; 4,471,086; and 4,886,853). In fact, all the presently available hot melt and pressure sensitive adhesives are largely water insoluble and very difficult to disperse during the repulping process. This fact makes certain paper products, in which adhesives are necessarily utilized, unattractive since failure to disperse the insoluble adhesives results in lower quality recycled paper having variable composition and non-uniformity and thus, lower product value.
One approach to avoid the presence of insoluble adhesives in the recycled paper products is to use adhesives whose density is different from the density of water and pulp in water, thus permitting gravitational separation. However, this requires separation steps which can increase the recycling costs of the paper products containing adhesives.
Presently available water soluble or dispersible "natural" adhesives such as dextrins, cellulose gums, and animal glues derived from the hides and bones of animals have lower strength, fail to adhere well to paper and wood stocks with coatings or heavy ink applications, and sometimes require special treatment and handling because of their high viscosity. Therefore, the use of these adhesives, which may be easily recyclable, is quite low due to poor adhesive characteristics. Attempts to produce synthetic water-dispersible hot melt adhesive compositions have heretofore been unsuccessful due to resulting poor adhesive properties such as thermal stability, low strength, poor viscosities and low cold flow resistance. Additionally, costs and ease in manufacturing have precluded their use (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,919,176 and 5,098,962).
In addition to paper and paper products there are many disposable products, such as diapers, tampons, and sanitary napkins, in which hot melts and other types of adhesives are used. The use of current hot melt adhesives in these products complicate attempts to recycle products and separate out the insoluble sticky hot melt adhesives.
Copending application SN 08/283,011 filed Jul. 29, 1994 solves these problems and discloses water-dispersible aqueous or hot melt adhesives that maintain the desirable properties of presently available hot melt adhesives.
However, the specific adhesives disclosed in this copending application 08/283,011 are not compatible at higher concentrations with nonpolar additives such as hydrocarbon tackifing resins and naphthenic/paraffinic oils. Additionally, it would be very desirable to produce an adhesive composition that is essentially odorless.


A semiconductor device may include a power control signal generator and a sense amplifier circuit. The power control signal generator may generate a first power control signal, an enablement moment of the first power control signal controlled according to a logic level combination of temperature code signals in response to a mode signal. The sense amplifier circuit may generate a first power signal driven in response to the first power control signal and may generate a second power signal driven in response to a second power control signal. The sense amplifier circuit may sense and amplify a level of a bit line using the first power signal and the second power signal.

1. Technical Field
Various embodiments generally relate to a semiconductor system, and more particularly, to a semiconductor system including a semiconductor device.
2. Related Art
In general, a semiconductor memory device such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device includes a plurality of memory cells. Each of the DRAM cells are configured including a single cell transistor and a single cell capacitor. The pluralities of DRAM cells are disposed at respective ones of intersections of a plurality of word lines and a plurality of bit lines. When the DRAM device operates in a read mode, one of the word lines is selectively enabled to transfer electric charges stored in the cell capacitors of the DRAM cells connected to the selected word line onto the bit lines, and signals corresponding to the electric charges on the bit lines are amplified by sense amplifiers connected to the bit lines. The bit lines are pre-charged before the selected word line is enabled. The sense amplifiers are driven by a power supply voltage. The power supply voltage is higher than an internal voltage to obtain a fast sensing speed and a correct amplification operation thereof. This is referred to as an over driving operation.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Semiconductor systems for fast sensing speed and correct amplification operation


While speculatively executing a given one of a plurality of transactions concurrently executing on a computer, carry out write operations in a local data block, and automatically create an entry in a checkpoint log when reading from a shared memory. Continuously conflict check during read and tentative commit operations, and carry out a partial rollback upon detection of a conflict. The partial rollback is based upon the checkpoint log.

Recent advances in multicore architectures increase the desirability of efficient concurrent programming mechanisms to achieve performance scaling. Concurrent programming techniques, particularly, the conventional mutual exclusion primitives such as monitors and locks, are quite complex, both from the perspective of programming and reasoning. One of the attractive alternative approaches has been the paradigm of concurrent programming without locks. There has been a growing consensus that transactions, the long-time foundations of database systems, should provide a simple, powerful mechanism for synchronization over multiple objects. Sequences of object references can be grouped to form transactions and each such transaction can be treated as an atomic execution unit. Programmers can focus on the atomicity requirements rather than the implementation details of synchronization. These explorations have lead to the abstraction of Transactional Memory (TM). TM systems can be classified as either Software TMs (STMs) or Hardware TMs (HTMs), based on whether data-conflicts are resolved in software or hardware. A Software Transactional Memory (STM) is a concurrency control mechanism that executes multiple concurrent, optimistic, lock-free, atomic transactions, thus alleviating many problems associated with conventional mutual exclusion primitives such as monitors and locks.

Automatic checkpointing and partial rollback in software transaction memory

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention relates to compositions, devices and methods of delayed and sustained release of energy molecules for brain function. The composition comprises an energy molecule required for human brain function; wherein the release of the energy molecule is delayed and then sustained over a period of time. The methods comprise administering the composition subject in need thereof immediately prior to going to sleep. The present invention also relates to systems for brain stimulation during sleep and methods of use thereof. The system comprises a brain stimulation module and at least one of a brain energy source, a hypnotic source, or both. The methods involve administering to a subject a brain energy molecule, a hypnotic, or both and providing to the subject during restorative sleep a sensory stimulation.

Hypoglycemia, especially, nocturnal hypoglycemia, is not a well-managed disease. Even though hypoglycemic episodes may lead to impaired epinephrine response and diminished neurological function, patients ignore the disease due to the lack of a practical solution on the market and ignorance of the long-term impact on their health. Symptoms of nocturnal hypoglycemia are usually subtle and may include nightmares, morning fatigue, and headache. More serious symptoms, although rare, sometimes appear and include seizures and loss of consciousness.
Unrecognized hypoglycemic episodes are known to occur in 62.5% of type-1 diabetic patients and in 46.6% of type-2 diabetic patients, with the majority (73.7%) of all events occurring at night. It has been shown that a very high incidence of nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemic episodes occur in type-2 diabetic subjects treated with oral agents. Research has shown that most nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes happen around 3 am, and last longer than hypoglycemic episodes that occur at other times, with a medium duration of 3 hours.
Typically treatments for hypoglycemia are designed for immediate, preferably instantaneous, increase in blood sugar level. For example, a commercial chewable tablet for day time hypoglycemia rescue contains 4000 mg, and the instructions for use is to take at least one to two tablets within very short period of time—minutes. For prevention of too low blood sugar, prominent products on the market, such as GLUCERNA™ shakes or bars, claim to maintain glucose level for a maximum of 3 to 4 hours, which is too short for the typical period of evening rest. Other efforts, such as U.S. Patent Application US2012/0015039, apply controlled-release technology for carbohydrates and other nutrients for sustainable delivery for only about 3 hours in order to enhance athletic performance, increase eye-hand coordination and maintain concentration on the task at hand. Similar efforts can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,943,163; 6,534,487; 5,576,306; 6,905,702; 6,316,427; 5,776,887; EP06747611; and WO2009/051786 which are hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,436 describes making granules of cornstarch for controlled enzymatic breakdown of amylose and amylopectin. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,427 describes using an uncooked cornstarch product for bedtime ingestion to slowly release carbohydrates. U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,887 describes a diabetic nutritional product for controlled absorption of carbohydrates by delivering "a rapidly absorbed fraction such as glucose or sucrose, a moderately absorbed fraction such as certain cooked starches or fructose, and a slowly absorbed fraction such as raw corn starch."
Controlled release of carbohydrates with initial release of sugars and lasting about 3-4 hours has been demonstrated. These efforts, however, come with unnecessary nutrients such as vitamins, minerals (such as sodium), and lipids which might have ill-effects for a sleeping individual. Additionally, the previous efforts have suggested delivering long-chain carbohydrates, which not only deliver an unpleasant fullness in the stomach, but also trigger digestion during sleep, and may disturb enzyme secretion thereby causing obesity in type-1 and −2 diabetes patients. A need exist for a composition that is effective at treating and managing hypoglycemia and especially without the side effects.

Composition, device and method for delayed and sustained release of brain energy molecules


Real-time video presentations are provided in the field of operator-supervised automation and teleoperation, particularly in control stations having movable cameras for optimal viewing of a region of interest in robotics and teleoperations for performing different types of tasks. Movable monitors to match the corresponding camera orientations (pan, tilt and roll) are provided in order to match the coordinate systems of all the monitors to the operator internal coordinate system. Automated control of the arrangement of cameras and monitors, and of the configuration of system parameters, is provided for optimal viewing and performance of each type of task for each operator since operators have different individual characteristics. The optimal viewing arrangement and system parameter configuration is determined and stored for each operator in performing each of many types of tasks in order to aid the automation of setting up optimal arrangements and configurations for successive tasks in real time. Factors in determining what is optimal include the operator's ability to use hand-controllers for each type of task. Robot joint locations, forces and torques are used, as well as the operator's identity, to identify the current type of task being performed in order to call up a stored optimal viewing arrangement and system parameter configuration.

In a teleoperator work station where movable cameras are viewing the workspace, any panning, tilting or rolling of the cameras causes a misalignment between the coordinate system of the camera and the coordinate system of the operator viewing the monitor. For example, if the camera pans 15.degree. to the left, the "straight ahead" direction on the monitor will actually be 15.degree. to the left. If a robot hand controller is pushed "forward," the robot will move forward but will be seen on the monitor to move at an angle of 15.degree. to the right. This causes the operator to continuously need to mentally transform coordinates during operation, thus causing an increase in workload as well as an increase in the probability of operator error. If several movable cameras are presenting their images to several monitors, each may require a different coordinate transformation. The increase in workload and probability of operator error may well become unmanageable and dangerous.
Another problem in teleoperation is that operators have different individual characteristics which play a role in performing different tasks. When performing a task of a particular type, one operator may perform best when the cameras are arranged to provide three right angle views of the workspace. Another operator may prefer a standard perspective-projection view and thus place the cameras and monitors to provide that view. One operator may desire the hand controller to have a large gain, i.e., to have small hand-controller motions cause large remote robot manipulator or vehicle motions. Another operator may desire a smaller gain, making up in precision what is lost in velocity. One operator may prefer the monitors to be located on a plane, closely packed together and facing the operator while another operator may prefer the monitors to be located on a virtual sphere, facing inward toward the center of the sphere with the operator's head located at the center of the sphere, etc. Still other arrangements of cameras and/or monitors and assignments of specific camera images to specific monitors may prove to be advantageous for different operators.
Considering that people fall into distinct categories, particularly in terms of perception and physical performance (left brain versus right brain, stereo blind versus high stereo acuity, etc.), it is quite unreasonable to assume that one arrangement of cameras and monitors can provide all operators with what they need to optimally perform a wide variety of tasks. It would be desirable to determine which arrangement of multiple cameras and monitors, and which configuration of control station parameters, e.g., hand-controller gain, yields optimal performance for each type of task for each individual operator. The optimal conditions to be set up include not only the viewing arrangement, i.e., position and orientation of the cameras but also assignments of monitors to cameras and the configuration of system parameters.
Once the optimal viewing arrangement and configuration of system parameters is determined for each type of task for each operator, it would be further desirable to have the control station computer set up the optimal viewing arrangements and configurations of system parameters automatically for each type of task for each operator in order to facilitate shifting from one type of task to another and to facilitate changing operators.

Adjustable control station with movable monitors and cameras for viewing systems in robotics and teleoperations

The United States of America as represented by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration


The present invention is related to methods and compositions for marking and removing turf lines and other markings from artificial and natural turf, including sports fields. The marking compositions include alkali-activatible acrylics, including one or both of alkali-soluble resin and an alkali-swellable thickener to enable removing the dried composition with an alkaline solution.

Sports are played on turf fields having markings that delineate the playing field or for other purposes. The fields have evolved from natural turf surfaces to manufactured, synthetic, or artificial turf surfaces.
When a turf playing field is used for multiple purposes, i.e., for different sports or activities requiring different markings, the old markings must be removed and newer ones applied usually under severe time constraints.
Turf playing fields have traditionally been marked with different types of opaque materials, including stones, and chalk. On modern playing fields, the lines and markings are primarily painted, woven, glued, or sewn directly into the natural or artificial playing turf surface. With the exception of chalk, these methods are considered substantially permanent marking technologies because only through severe methods can the markings be removed from the turf in a satisfactory manner.
Permanent marking technologies offer a number of advantages, such as opacity, integrity, and permanence. Opacity means the marking can be visually differentiated from the turf. Integrity means the marking stays in place even upon contact. Permanence keeps the marking in place during the intended use and in the most severe weather.
Other than woven, glued or sewn-in markings, solvent-based paints are the next most permanent marking technology. The advantages of solvent-based paints are superior durability due to excellent adhesion to artificial and natural turf, and excellent early resistance to water because of fast dry times.
Disadvantages of solvent-based paints include flammability, air pollution in terms of high VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions, toxicity, and possible damage to the artificial or natural turf and its various subsurface components. Cleanup of the application equipment after installation requires a solvent. Also, mistakes in marking are difficult to repair once applied. Furthermore, removal of solvent-based paints is a difficult and labor-intensive process, resulting in damage to the turf because of the high amounts of solvent and mechanical abrasion that are used. Removal of solvent-based paints often involves spraying copious quantities of flammable solvent on the paint, and then physically wiping it up with an absorbent material.
Water-based paints are also considered a permanent marking technology. Water-based paints are non-flammable, have little to no VOCs, are non-toxic, and are chemically benign to the turf surface. Water-based paints and equipment can be cleaned up with soap and water while still wet, and are very easy to mix and apply.
Disadvantages of water-based paints include slow dry times, reduced early water resistance as compared with solvent-based paints (may be washed off with rain or fog before the film is formed), and mistakes are also difficult to repair. Removal of water-based paints, once dried, is also very difficult, resulting in damage to the turf playing surface because of the use of solvents and mechanical abrasion.
Water-based and solvent-based paints are permanent enough that the removal process is not effective at removing all the paint and leaves paint adhering to the turf, which is referred to as "ghosting." Residual removal requires mechanical brushing. In reality, the only way that water-based and solvent-based paints are removed is through mechanical means like physically scraping the paint film from the turf.
Latex-type paint, also a water-based paint, must be broken down with high-pressure sprays, aggressive brush systems, steam cleaners, and different types of chemical detergents. Because of the high pigment to binder ratio in latex-type paints, the overall adhesion of this type of paint is unreliable and tends to wear off easily, while at the same time leaving shadowing or trace amounts of paint adhered to the turf that is difficult to fully remove. Power brushes and other abrasive systems cause damage to the turf as well as damage to the subsurface infill beneath the turf. Brushes and abrasive systems can leave holes in the turf. These harsh removal processes can drive some of the solids into the turf infill, leaving the broken paint chips in the turf field that may resurface at a later date. Rain, walking, or driving on the turf field can cause these chips to migrate to the surface, producing undesirable spots and markings on the turf field.
To remove a latex-type paint, harsh chemical solvents are required, sometimes requiring wax or other substances to keep the chemicals on the surface during dissolution. The resulting compound is a gelatinous mixture of paint and resins that are difficult to separate from the turf.
The advantage of water-based and solvent-based paint is that they are highly durable because they are made with permanent, water insoluble resin systems. The disadvantage comes from the fact that they cannot be easily removed. Consequently, the cost of the materials and the time and labor involved to remove these paints, as well as their impact on the turf, makes it impractical to use them when multi-use field configurations are required. Accordingly, there is a need for a turf marking composition that is water insoluble once dried, but that can be readily removed. The present invention provides this and related advantages.

Marking and removing turf lines method and composition


Orthopedic device or implants are provided, comprising an orthopedic device or implant and a sensor.

The term "orthopaedics" was originally derived from the Greek word "orthos" (to correct or straighten), and "paidion" (meaning "child"). Hence, the field of orthopaedics (or orthopedics) was devoted to the treatment of children with deformities. Over time, the term became more widely associated with the treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries associated with the musculoskeletal system (i.e., bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports the body and allows motion). Common orthopedic conditions include musculoskeletal trauma (e.g., falls, motor vehicle accidents, etc.), sports injuries, degenerative diseases (such as various forms of arthritis), infections, tumors, and congenital disorders.
Orthopedic hardware has been developed to treat and/or assist in a wide variety of orthopedic procedures and surgeries; the term "hardware" being commonly used to describe implants used in the treatment of bone fractures and trauma to other musculoskeletal structures. Representative examples of orthopedic hardware include external hardware (e.g., casts, braces, tensors, external fixation devices, slings and supports), internal hardware (e.g., Kirschner-wires or "K-wires", pins, screws, plates, and intramedullary devices (e.g., rods and/or nails), devices utilized to deliver the hardware [e.g., tools and utensils (drills, chisels, mallets, tunneling catheters, etc.) used within the context of a surgical procedure] and/or devices and implants associated with (or used to affix) the hardware (e.g., bone cements, hemostats, sutures, adhesives and glues).
Unfortunately, when orthopedic surgery is performed, or when an orthopedic implant is applied or inserted, various complications may arise during the procedure (whether it is an open surgical procedure such as the placement of screws, plates or pins, or a minimally invasive procedure such as the percutaneous insertion of K wires or the application of external fixation). For example, during a fracture reduction procedure, the surgeon may wish to confirm correct anatomical alignment of the treated bones and/or detect any abnormal motion between the orthopedic implant and the surrounding bone tissue (or between the bone fragments themselves) so that corrective adjustments can be made during the procedure itself. In addition, to the extent the orthopedic device or implant is utilized in a surgical procedure, a physician may wish to confirm the correct placement of the device, and confirm the delivery of it to its final, desired anatomical location. Post-procedure, the patient may experience neurological symptoms, pain and ultimately nonunion (the fractured bones do not heal back together) if there is abnormal movement between bone fragments (incomplete immobilization), migration of the device, bending or breakage of the device, or improper pressures and tensions present across the fracture plane.
In addition, long-term complications can develop after implantation of orthopedic hardware. For example, in the case of intramedullary rods (placed in the femur or tibia), 73.2% of all patients may have persistent or permanent knee pain, 27.3% may have atrophy of the calf muscle and/or quadriceps, and 35.4% may develop arthritis. In addition, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism can be common complications.
The present invention discloses novel orthopedic hardware which can overcome many of the difficulties and limitations found with previous orthopedic devices and implants, methods for constructing and monitoring these novel orthopedic devices and implants, and further provides other related advantages.

Devices, systems and methods for using and monitoring orthopedic hardware


The present invention provides a control loop bandwidth adjusting system for adjusting a control loop bandwidth of an optical reproducing device. The optical reproducing device comprises a data signal processing circuit, which uses the control loop bandwidth to process the data signal. The control loop bandwidth adjusting system comprises a control loop bandwidth generator for generating the control loop bandwidth and a control loop bandwidth according to whether a defect signal corresponding to the defect data is received or not. If the control loop bandwidth adjusting module receives the defect data entry signal, the defect data duration signal, and the defect data exit signal, the control loope bandwidth is adjusted to a first bandwidth value, a second bandwidth value, and a third bandwidth value respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control loop bandwidth adjusting method for adjusting a control loop bandwidth of an optical reproducing device, and more particularly to a data signal processing circuit for processing the data signal with the control loop bandwidth.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an optical reproducing device 10 that reads a data signal from an optical recording medium 12 according to the prior art. When the optical reproducing device 10 reads the data signal from the optical recording medium 12, an optical pickup head 14 uses a laser beam 16 to focus on the optical recording medium 12 in a predetermined distance and to write or read the corresponding optical data into or from the optical recording medium 12.
Generally, for writing or reproducing the optical data completely, a data signal processing circuit 18 is used for assisting in processing the data signal. The data signal processing circuit 18 can be a servo control circuit, a data/clock recovery PLL, or a slicer. The data signal processing circuit 18 can be a servo control circuit for processing actuation control to the optical pickup head 14, a data/clock recovery PLL for synchronizing the data signal, or a slicer for slicing the data signal.
However, when the optical reproducing device 10 reads the defect data signal from the optical recording medium 12, the defect data signal will generate a corresponding defect data signal, and the defect data signal will cause the optical reproducing device 10 to read incorrect data signals, then the data signal processing circuit 18 will perform an incorrect process.

System and method for adjusting a control loop bandwidth


One end of each of a plurality of plate springs is fixed to an optical pickup body slidably supported by supporting shafts through sliding bearings, and each of a plurality of bearings is fixed to the other end of each of the plate springs. The bearings are pressed against the supporting shafts by the energizing force of the plate springs, and a force is applied to the optical pickup body by the pressing force of the bearings in a direction opposite to gravity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical device applied to an optical disk drive apparatus to serve as an optical pickup device for optically recording/ reproducing information on/from an optical disk medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
An optical pickup device for recording/reproducing information on/from an optical disk medium by irradiating the medium with a focused minute laser spot, comprises a minute-movement mechanism for automatically adjusting a position of the optical pickup device relative to the optical disk medium and a rough-movement mechanism for greatly moving the optical pickup device to a target position of the optical disk medium at high speed. Since the rough-movement mechanism requires a precise guide mechanism, a sliding bearing is widely used therefor. The sliding bearing has the advantage of relatively low cost, high productivity, and moderate dumping effect; therefore, it can be widely used as a guide for the rough-movement mechanism of the optical pickup device.
However, the sliding bearing has a drawback in which its frictional resistance is higher than that of a bearing and becomes much higher if it is used for a long period of time. The high frictional resistance of the sliding bearing is a great hindrance to improvement in access characteristics.


A storable duration of renderable content, based upon available memory for storage of renderable content associated with a mobile device, is determined in response to detecting a request for a portion of renderable content via an input device. The request for the portion of the renderable content based upon the storable duration is sent to a renderable content storage device, where the renderable content is identified by a content identifier. A content partition identifier and the portion of the renderable content having a duration less than or equal to the storable duration is received at the mobile device in response to the request. The content identifier, the content partition identifier, and the portion of the renderable content are stored within the available memory for storage of renderable content associated with the mobile device.

The present invention relates to audio and video content playback. More particularly, the present invention relates to renderable content partitioning and portability.
Movies and other renderable content include audio and video components. The audio and video components are stored in content storage devices, such as server devices, computer hard drives, and portable media including digital video discs (DVDs). Renderable content may be downloaded from a server device and rendered on a television or other display device associated with a computing device. Downloaded renderable content may be stored on a storage device associated with a server, a digital video recorder (DVR), a computer hard drive, a DVD, or on other storage media. Additionally, renderable content stored on a DVD, a storage device associated with a DVR, a computer hard drive, or on other storage media may be rendered on the television or other display device associated with the computing device.

Renderable content partitioning and portability

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A folding electronic device including a rotating module, a first body, and a second body. The first body and the second body are connected to the rotating module in a replaceable manner. By means of the rotating module, the second body is coupled to the first body.

The invention relates to a folding electronic device, and in particular, to a folding mobile phone with an interchangeable body and upper cover portion.
A conventional folding mobile phone comprises a body with keys and a battery. A folding upper cover portion is rotatably disposed on the body via a hinge, and comprises a screen and a receiver. Additionally, the upper cover portion is electrically connected to the body via a flexible printed circuit board.
The disadvantages of the conventional folding mobile phone are described in the following. When any part of the mobile phone malfunctions, the entire disassembly of the mobile phone for repair is possibly required, thus inconveniencing users. Additionally, to change the esthetic shape or the color of the mobile phone housing, the entire disassembly of the mobile might be required.


An air inflation tube of a mini-size air pump is disclosed. The air inflation tube of the air pump has a dual direction air inflation capability, that is, inflation and deflation, and the pressure releasing and air pumping are done by the same tubular body to solve the problem of excessive tire pressure without removing the air inflation tube.

(a) Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an air inflation tube of a mini-size air pump assembly, and in particular, to an air inflation tube which possesses an air inflation and air pressure releasing dual direction mechanism.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
FIGS. 1 and 2 depict two types of air inflation tube of air inflation head. The first one, as shown in FIG. 1, is a locking type air inflation head A1, and the second type, as shown in FIG. 2, is a twisting type air inflation head (A1-1). These two types can provide connection and air inflation mechanism, and the pumping and operation are as follows:
Air inflation: the nozzle of the tire is removed and a nozzle screw mount A2 is connected to the air inflation head A1. As for the air inflation head A1-1 of FIG. 2, the air inflation mount A2-1 is mounted to the external screw mount of the nozzle and the pivotal shaft A3-1 is twisted. The compressed air from these air pump will pass through air tube A4 to the tire.

Air inflation tube of a mini-size air pump