A foldable lawn chair includes a seat frame, a backrest frame connected pivotally to a rear end of the seat frame, and two arm support frames at two sides of the seat frame. Each of the arm support frames has an armrest portion provided with a positioning member that has a longitudinal slot, front and rear ends, upper and lower peripheries extending between the front and rear ends, a row of positioning notches along the upper periphery, and an access hole integrally formed with the longitudinal slot. A slide plate is sleeved slidably on the positioning member and has a longitudinal slot and a through-hole that is formed integrally with and that is communicated with the longitudinal slot thereof. When the slide plate slides together with a positioning stud of the backrest frame along the positioning member, the positioning notches in the positioning member are respectively covered by the slide plate and are exposed through the through-hole of the slide plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a foldable lawn chair, more particularly to a lawn chair in which an angle between a seat frame and a backrest frame of the lawn chair can be easily adjusted.
2. Description of the Related Art
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a conventional lawn chair includes a backrest frame 4, a seat frame assembly 3, two spaced arm support frames 1, two elongated positioning members 2 and two opposed positioning studs 41.
The seat frame assembly 3 includes a seat frame 30 which has a front end portion 31 and a rear end portion, and a rear leg frame 33 which has an upper end portion that is formed integrally with the rear end portion of the seat frame 30. A pivot seat 32 is fixed on the rear portion of the seat frame 30. The backrest frame 4 is connected pivotally to the pivot seat 32 of the seat frame 30 at the lower end portion thereof.
The arm support frames 1 are provided on two opposite sides of the backrest frame 4. Each of the arm support frames 1 has an intermediate portion which is connected pivotally to the front end portion 31 of the seat frame 30, a front leg portion 11 which extends downwardly and forwardly from the intermediate portion, and an armrest portion which extends upwardly and rearwardly from the intermediate portion.
The positioning members 2 are connected to the rear portion of the respective arm support frame 1. Each positioning member 2 has a longitudinal slot 21 with a front end, a rear end and a pair of upper and lower peripheries that extends between the front and rear ends, a row of upwardly and rearwardly extending positioning notches 23 which are formed along the upper periphery of the longitudinal slot 21, an access hole 22, and a restricted passage 24 which communicates the longitudinal slot 21 and the access hole 22.
The positioning studs 41 are secured to and extend outward from two opposite sides of the backrest frame 4. Each of the studs 41 is engaged within a selected one of the positioning notches 23 of the longitudinal slot 21 of the corresponding positioning member 2 and consists of a neck 410 and an enlarged head 411. The neck 410 is sized so as to be slidable from the longitudinal slot 21 through the restricted passage 24 and into the access hole 22. The enlarged head is sized so as to prevent removal of the corresponding positioning stud 41 from the longitudinal slot 21 and so as to be extensible through the access hole 22 when the corresponding neck 410 is moved to the access hole 22, thereby permitting separation of the positioning stud 41 from the positioning member 2. Each of the positioning studs 41 is movable so as to engage another one of the positioning notches 23 along the longitudinal slot 21 in order to change the angle between the backrest frame 4 and the seat frame 30 of the seat frame assembly 3.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, when the necks 410 of the positioning studs 41 are disengaged from the positioning notches 23 and are slid into the access holes 22, the armrest portion of the arm support frame 1 is pulled outwardly so that the enlarged heads 411 can extend through the access hole 22 in order to separate the studs 41 from the positioning members 2. Thus, the backrest frame 4 is permitted to fold over the seat frame assembly 3, while the arm support frames 1 are allowed to rotate relative to the seat frame assembly 3 so as to align with the seat frame assembly 3.
Though the conventional lawn chair is foldable so as to facilitate transport and storage of the same, it still has a drawback. When the user is seated in the seat frame, adjustment of the backrest frame toward the seat frame can be performed easily. However, to perform a pivoting action of the backrest frame away from the seat frame, the user has to get up from the seat frame in order to facilitate the adjustment thereof, thus inconveniencing the seated person.

No. 3, Ting-Hsi-Hsin, Lu-Man Tsun, Chu-Chi Hsiang


Disclosed herein is a collapsible wing assembly of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a method of locking and unlocking the collapsible wing assembly of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The collapsible wing assembly comprising a center wing adapted to be attached to the fuselage; and a pair of outboard wings, wherein each of the outboard edges of the center wing comprises a first attachment structure, and each of the inboard edges of the outboard wings comprises a second attachment structure, wherein the first attachment structure is operable to engage with the second attachment structure and displace the second attachment structure to a captive position towards the trailing edge of the center wing.

A main wing of an UAV may comprise a plurality of segments that can be assembled. As shown in FIGS. 1a to 1c, currently, the main wing of an UAV comprises a centre wing 101 attached to the fuselage of the aircraft, and a pair of outboard wings 103 that can be attached to the outboard edges 102 of the centre wing 101.
Each outboard edge 102 of the centre wing 101 has a square shaped slot 105 and a circular slot 107 that are made of metal. An inboard edge 104 of each outboard wing 103 has a square shaped insert 109 and a circular guide 111 that are made of metal. In use, the slot 105 receives the insert 109 and the slot 107 receives the guide 111. A spring lock 110 is provided on one face of the insert 109 to lock the insert 109 to a hole 113 provided on an underside of the of the centre wing 101.
In order to assemble the main wing, the insert 109 and the guide 111 located on the inboard edge 104 of each outboard wing 103 are inserted into the respective slots 105, 107 located on the outboard edge 102 of the centre wing 101. Once positive connection has been established, the spring lock 110 engages and locks onto the hole 113 found on the underside of the centre wing 101.
In order to detach the outboard wings 103 on site, a special tool e.g. a pin is required so as to pierce through the hole 113 on the centre wing 101 and unlock the spring lock 110.
Due to stringent tolerances between the insert 109 and the slot 105, it is difficult to execute a smooth connecting action.
Furthermore, since a portion of the insert 109 is exposed, it is prone to damages which may further deteriorate the engaging or disengaging action of the wings 101, 103.
Since the insert 109 and the slot 105 are the only point of engagement between the centre wing 101 and the outboard wing 101, when the wings 101, 103 are subjected to high launching load, the trailing edge of joint between the centre wing 101 and the outboard wing 103 tends to twist outward in a span wise direction of the wings 101, 103.
Furthermore, the dihedral angle of the outboard wing 103 depends on the molded dihedral angle of both the centre wing 101 and the outboard wing 103. i.e. the angles at which the outboard edges 102 of the centre wing 101 and the inboard edges 104 of the outboard wing 103 are molded, determine the dihedral angle. Therefore, the centre wing 101 and outboard wing 103 are custom built for a particular dihedral angle.
There is thus a need to provide a collapsible wing that seeks to address one or more of the above disadvantages.


A UE, for an HSPA WCDMA system, equipped with a first and a second transmit antenna, and arranged to use one or more sets of pre-coding weights for transmission. The UE is arranged to receive instructions from a NodeB on the set or sets of pre-coding weights to be used, and to transmit a first and a second pilot signal, and to use a first set of pre-coding weights for the first pilot signal and a second set of pre-coding weights for the second pilot signal, where the first set of pre-coding weights is the same as the UE uses for transmitting a first data stream, and to use different spreading codes for the first data stream and for the first pilot signal.

In HSPA enabled WCDMA systems that use so called uplink closed loop beam forming, sometimes also referred to as uplink closed loop transmit diversity, a NodeB informs a beam forming capable UE of the beam forming that the UE should use. This is usually done by means of transmitting a code word to the UE which identifies a set of pre-coding weights ("a pre-coding vector") in a code book. The pre-coding weights in the pre-coding vector are then used by the UE by using each pre-coding weight in the set for multiplication with information which is transmitted from one of the UE's antennas, i.e. the pre-coding vector comprises one pre-coding weight for each of the antennas.
In order for the NodeB to be able to determine a suitable pre-coding vector for a particular UE, the NodeB must have information about the radio channel conditions between the NodeB and the UE, information which is usually obtained by means of (multiple) pilot signals which are transmitted from the UE to the NodeB. The NodeB which determines the pre-coding vector for a UE is usually the UE's serving NodeB, although it can also in some cases be another NodeB or the UE's Radio Network Controller, its RNC.
As will be realized, it is advantageous if a pilot or sounding signal for HSPA WCDMA closed loop beam forming is designed so that the impact on WCDMA channelization code use, hardware complexity, signaling overhead, interference level, link and system performance and soft handover operation is optimized.

Device and method for HSPA WCDMA uplink pilots


A vertical tail unit (7) for flow control including: an outer skin (13) in contact with an ambient air flow (21), wherein the outer skin (13) extends between a leading edge (23) and a trailing edge (25), and surrounds an interior space (29), and wherein the outer skin (13) includes a porous section (31) in the area of the leading edge (23), a pressure chamber (15) arranged in the interior space (29), wherein the pressure chamber (15) is fluidly connected to the porous section (31), an air inlet (17) provided in the outer skin (13), wherein the air inlet (17) is fluidly connected to the pressure chamber (15), wherein the air outlet (19) is fluidly connected to the pressure chamber (15). The vertical tail unit (7) has reduced drag and an increased efficiency because the air inlet (17) is formed as an opening (35) in the outer skin (13) at the leading edge (23).

The present invention relates to a vertical tail unit for an aircraft. The vertical tail unit is configured for flow control, such as for hybrid laminar flow control. A further aspect of the present invention relates to an aircraft comprising such a vertical tail unit.
The vertical tail unit comprises an outer skin, a pressure chamber, an air inlet, and an air outlet. The vertical tail unit may further comprise a plurality of structural parts, such as stiffeners, for supporting the outer skin from the inside. Further, the vertical tail unit may be composed of a vertical stabilizer and a rudder pivotally mounted to the vertical stabilizer.
The outer skin is in contact with an ambient air flow and extends between a leading edge facing the incoming flow, and a trailing edge. Further, the outer skin has two opposite lateral sides and surrounds an interior space. The outer skin further comprises a porous section in the area of the leading edge for letting air through the outer skin. The porous section might be formed e.g. as a perforated skin panel or as a skin panel made from a porous material.
The pressure chamber is arranged in the interior space for holding an overpressure or an under pressure with respect to the pressure of the ambient air flow in front of the porous section. The pressure chamber is fluidly connected to the porous section.
The air inlet is provided in the outer skin for letting in air from the ambient air flow. The air inlet is fluidly connected to the pressure chamber and configured to cause, in flight of the associated aircraft, an overpressure in the pressure chamber, such that air from the pressure chamber discharges through the porous section to the ambient air flow.
The air outlet is provided in the outer skin for letting out air into the ambient air flow. The air outlet is fluidly connected to the pressure chamber and configured to cause, in flight of the associated aircraft, an under-pressure in the pressure chamber such that air from the ambient air flow is sucked in through the porous section into the pressure chamber. The air outlet may be formed as a movable flap that is or can be opened in the direction of the trailing edge.
Such vertical tail units are known in the art. The air inlet of the known vertical tail units is often formed as an air scoop that projects out of the outer skin into the ambient air flow. However, such an air scoop causes additional drag at the vertical tail unit and decreases efficiency.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A chip resistor includes: a pair of upper surface electrodes formed at opposing side portions of a rectangular substrate as opposed to each other with respect to a center line of the rectangular substrate extending in a direction connecting the side portions; a resistive element formed on the rectangular substrate to be electrically connected with the upper surface electrode pair; and a pair of end surface electrodes formed on end surfaces of the opposing side portions of the rectangular substrate and electrically connected with the upper surface electrode pair. The chip resistor further includes dummy electrodes formed individually at the opposing side portions of the rectangular substrate at positions corresponding to the upper surface electrode pair in the direction connecting the side portions.

Conventionally, there has been proposed a chip resistor, as shown in FIG. 16, to improve load characteristics such as anti-pulse characteristics by increasing the area and the length of a resistive element. The chip resistor shown in FIG. 16 includes a pair of upper surface electrodes 2 formed at positions on opposing sides of a rectangular substrate 1 made of e.g. alumina as opposed to each other with respect to a center line of the rectangular substrate 1 in a direction connecting the opposing sides, and a meander-shaped resistive element 3 to be electrically connected to the upper surface electrode pair 2.
In the aforementioned conventional chip resistor, the width of the upper surface electrode pair 2 is made substantially equal to or smaller than the half of the length of the opposing sides. With this arrangement, the resistive element 3 can be formed on an area where the upper surface electrodes 2 are not formed. As a result, the area and the length of the resistive element 3 can be increased to thereby improve load characteristics such as anti-pulse characteristics.
There are known Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-205004 (D1) and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-203702 (D2), as the prior art document information relating to the invention of the application.
In the aforementioned chip resistor, as shown in FIG. 17, upper surface electrodes 2 and resistive elements 3 are formed by printing, sputtering, or a like process, with use of a sheet-like substrate 1a on which a number of rectangular substrates 1 are to be formed in a checkered pattern via first dividing grooves 4a and second dividing grooves 4b. In such a general chip resistor manufacturing method, as shown in FIG. 17, if the upper surface electrodes 2 and the resistive elements 3 are formed with displacement by printing, sputtering, or a like process, the upper surface electrodes 2 may be formed away from the first dividing grooves 4a, i.e. away from the opposing sides of the respective rectangular substrates 1. If a number of substrate strips 1b are obtained by dividing the sheet-like substrate 1a in the displaced condition along the first dividing grooves 4a, and, as shown in FIG. 18, end surface electrodes 5 are formed on opposing end surfaces of each of the displaced rectangular substrates 1, electrical connection of the upper surface electrode 2 to the counterpart end surface electrode 5 may be impossible.

Chip resistor, and its manufacturing method


A foldable card includes first and second sections, each defining a base and a layer of a blade of a key extending therefrom; and a hinge interface connecting the bases of the first and second sections, wherein the first section is configured to fold over the second section at the hinge interface so that a top surface of the first section is against a bottom surface of the second section and each of the layers of the blades align to form the blade of the key, and the first and second sections are configured to fold at the hinge interface into a storage position to form a collective flat surface.

When a battery of a locked vehicle falls below a certain state of charge, the user of the vehicle may use a mechanical key to unlock and open the door, and then pull the hood release. Opening the hood is a step to getting the vehicle mobile again, since this may be the only way to jump-start the vehicle or replace the battery.
For vehicles with Passive-Entry/Passive-Start (PEPS) fobs, the user does not use a mechanical key under normal operation. However, within the key fob is a mechanical backup key, in case of a failure of the PEPS system (dead fob battery, dead car battery, etc.).
Some vehicles are now equipped with a Phone-as-a-Key (PaaK) feature, where the vehicle is normally unlocked or locked via the user's smartphone. The vehicle may be sold with a PEPS fob containing the standard mechanical backup key, but a typical PaaK user may not carry the PEPS fob due to its general large size, or the backup key due to its thickness or their unawareness that the backup key is contained within the fob. This means that, in the event of a locked vehicle with a poor battery, there may be no direct means of opening the hood (e.g., to jump-start the vehicle or replace the battery).
In this scenario, the user may be forced to call a locksmith or roadside assistance (assuming lock-picking and jump-starting capabilities), or a roommate or other person who is able to retrieve the PEPS fob containing the mechanical backup key. While awaiting assistance, the user may be in an undesirable outside environment, such as in the cold or rain, or on a busy roadway.


A card-in type connector is to be inserted into an electronic device in order to add a memory function to the electronic device. A contact to be contacted with a memory card is disposed within a thin and flat type insulative case into which the memory card is withdrawably inserted and, a pair of spaced apart, parallel cantilever arms extend forwardly from a distal end of the thin and flat type insulative case. A wiring board is interposed between the cantilever arms and an end portion of the contact is connected to a rear end portion of the wiring board by soldering. A connecting device to be withdrawably inserted into a connecting device on the electronic device side is interposed between front end portions of the cantilever arms, and an end portion of a contact of the connecting device is connected to a front end portion of the wiring board by soldering.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a card-in type connector designed to be used by inserting a memory card into a given electronic device such as a computer, a word processor or the like in order to feed data thereto.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Generally, a memory card of this type is designed to be inserted into an inlet port of a given electronic device such as a personal computer, a word processor or the like and used for the purpose of adding a required memory function thereto. For this purpose, the memory card has specifications made in accordance with the standards.. Because the memory cards are of a single function type, the function which can be added by a single card is limited. For this reason, users must own a plurality of memory cards.
In order to obviate the above-mentioned inconvenience, it can be contemplated that a card-in type connector which is formed in accordance with the standards as a parent card is preliminarily prepared and replaceable memory cards (child card) having a memory element are selectively inserted into the connector and then the parent card containing a memory card may be inserted into the given electronic device.
Generally speaking, electronic elements incorporated in the memory card and the card-in type connector into which the memory card is to be inserted are readily broken by mechanical impacts, high-frequency noises and static current. Therefore, it is necessary to work out an effective counter-measure.
In addition, it is a problem to effectively arrange a thin and flat type insulative case containing contacts therein and designed for receiving a memory card inserted therein, a control wiring board connected to the contacts, and a connecting device connected to the wiring board and subjected to connection with a given electronic device, while satisfying a requirement for designing the card-in type connector thinner in physical size.
The present invention has been accomplished in view of the above situation.


The present invention provides a new antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of premature labor, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, premature cervical dilation and effacement, preeclampsia, endometriosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ARDs, and glomerulitis. The drugs are antisense oligonucleotides which attenuate the expression of either the mRNA encoding the cyclooxygenase protein or the mRNA encoding the thromboxane A.sub.2 synthase protein. Once the mRNA encoding for cyclooxygenase is inhibited, the production of cyclooxygenase is inhibited thereby inhibiting the production of the cyclooxygenase products such as prostaglandins and thromboxane. Thus, the antisense oligonucleotides provide novel therapy for the treatment of diseases involving cyclooxygenase products, prostaglandins and thromboxane metabolism. Such diseases include immunological, reproductive, cardiovascular, dermatologic, central nervous system disorders in which the release of cyclooxygenase products effects the genesis and progression of the disease. A second object of the invention is to provide new reagents for the research and study of the diseases involving cyclooxygenase products.

Prostaglandins are synthesized in mammals, including humans and are involved in inflammatory disease. Prostaglandins induce/contribute to a myriad of conditions, including the changes in vascular permeability leading to tissue edema and swelling, biochemical changes in the production of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, such as fibroblast collagenase and elastase, fever and pain. Prostaglandins alter the contractile properties of vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, uterine contractions, and bronchospasm.
The release of arachidonic acid from cellular membrane phospholipids and the subsequent production of eicosanoids such as cyclooxygenase products and lipoxygenase products is a hallmark feature of nearly all inflammatory diseases. Free arachidonic acid is the obligate precursor of cyclooxygenase, and its products. Under unstimulated cellular conditions, nearly all arachidonic acid is esterified in membrane phospholipids and is unavailable for eicosanoid biosynthesis. However, when a cell encounters certain extracellular stimuli, phospholipase A.sub.2 cleaves arachidonic acid from the phospholipid, thereby permitting the arachidonic acid to be converted into prostaglandins by cyclooxygenase.
Once liberated, the bifunctional enzyme, cyclooxygenase, catalyzes the formation of prostaglandin (hereinafter "PGG.sub.2 ") by a bis-cyclooxygenation reaction. PGG.sub.2 then undergoes a peroxidation reaction to form prostaglandin H.sub.2 (hereinafter "PGH.sub.2 ") which is the immediate precursor for all subsequent prostaglandin synthetic reactions. In certain cell types, primarily platelets in which thromboxane (TxA.sub.2) is the major arachidonic acid metabolite, thromboxane synthase converts PGH.sub.2 into thromboxane. Thromboxane is a potent vasoconstrictor and involved in vasoconstriction, coagulation, and preeclampsia. Other cell types, such as endothelial cells, synthesize mainly prostacyclin (PGI.sub.2) which is produced from PGH.sub.2 via prostacyclin synthase. ##STR1## Prostaglandin E.sub.2 and prostaglandin F.sub.2.alpha., hereinafter "PGE.sub.2 " and "PGF.sub.2.alpha. " are the stimulators of uterine contractions and cervical dilatation and effacement which culminate in labor and delivery of the fetus at term. Keirse, M. J. N. C. "Eicosanoids in Human Pregnancy and Parturition", Eicosanoids in Reproduction, Mitchell, M. D., ed. 1990; CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 199-222.
The levels of PGE.sub.2 and PGF.sub.2.alpha. and their metabolites are also increased in the amniotic fluid of women in preterm labor with clinical signs of infection and are believed to be a causative factor of pre-term labor, Romero, R., Avila, C., and Sepulveda, W. "The Role of Systemic and Intrauterine Infection in Preterm Labor In: Preterm Birth: Causes, Prevention, and Management," 2d. ed., Fuchs, A. -R., Fuchs, F., and Stubblefield, P. G., eds., MacGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 97-136. Preterm labor occurs in approximately 8-9% of all pregnancies, but accounts for 80% of perinatal morbidity and mortality in the United States. The cost of caring for premature infants who require long-term hospitalization can be as much as $500,000 per infant. Moreover, many of these babies suffer long-range medical problems as a result of their prematurity.
Currently there are several categories of tocolytic agent for the treatment of premature uterine contractions. These drugs include .beta.-sympathomimetics such as ritodrine and terbutaline, calcium channel antagonists and the prostaglandin synthase inhibitor indomethacin. The .beta.-sympathomimetic agents and calcium channel blockers have proven only partially successful in arresting uterine activity in women who are in latter stages of preterm labor. Moreover, these drugs produce maternal side-effects such as tachycardia, agitation, increased cardiac output, increased plasma volume, and even a small number of maternal fatalities. In women with contraindications to the use of .beta.-sympathomimetics, there are often no alternative therapies to offer for the treatment of preterm labor. In addition, these drugs have been associated with fetal tachycardia and other potentially harmful fetal side-effects, such as intracerebral hemorrhage. Calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine and magnesium sulfate have shown some efficacy, but also have shown untoward maternal and fetal side-effects, Vanden Veyuer, I. and Moisek.! "Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors in Pregnancy," Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 1993; 48: 493-502; Eronen, M. et al., "The Effects of Indomethacin and a .beta.-Sympathomimetic Agent on the Fetal Ductus Arteriosus During Treatment of Premature Labor: A Randomized Double-Blind Study," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1991; 164: 141-146.
Indomethacin, an irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, and thus a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, has shown promise in the arrest of uterine contractions. However, indomethacin readily crosses the placental barrier, and causes undesirable side-effects in the fetus, including constriction of the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension, and altered cerebral blood flow. Gamissans, O. and Balasch, J. "Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Preterm Birth," Preterm Birth: Causes, Prevention, and Management, 2d. ed., Fuchs, A. -R., Fuchs, F., and Stubblefield, P. G., eds., MacGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 309-332.
Thus, while a few traditional pharmacologic agents exist for the treatment of premature labor in women, each has maternal and/or fetal side-effects which significantly limit their usefulness. The obstetrician is faced with the task of attempting to combat preterm uterine contractions with inadequate therapeutic tools.
Preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes also referred to as "PROM" (that is, the bag of waters surrounding the fetus) and premature biochemical changes, such as premature dilatation and effacement also occur with preterm labor, and usually lead to premature expulsion of the fetus. These events are also mediated by prostaglandins, specifically PGE.sub.2. Rath, W. et al., "Biochemical Changes in Human Cervical Connective Tissue After Intracervical Application of Prostaglandin E.sub.2," Prostaglandins 1993; 45: 375-380. Currently, there is no pharmacologic treatment available for the treatment of premature cervical dilatation or PROM. Once the fetal membranes are ruptured, labor and delivery of the fetus are usually inevitable. However, if PROM occurs prior to 26-27 weeks gestation, the fetus is rarely able to survive. The only current treatment for premature dilatation and effacement is surgical ligation of the cervical canal. Yet the ligation itself often leads to uterine activity and preterm delivery.
Preeclampsia, a disease associated with an increased production of TXA.sub.2 and a shift in the ratio of PGI.sub.2 to TXA.sub.2, accounts for approximately 7% of all first pregnancies. Friedman, S. A., "Preeclampsia: A Review of the Role of Prostaglandins," Obstet. Gynecol., 1988; 71: 122-137. Zeeman, G. G. and Dekker, G. A., "Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: A Hypothesis," Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 1992; 35: 317-337. Preeclampsia is characterized by maternal hypertension, renal impairment including proteinuria, liver damage, systemic vasospasm, hypercoagulation and edema, and in severe cases, seizures and even death. Preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in most developed nations. Preeclampsia also causes reduced uteroplacental blood flow and restricts the transfer of nutrients to the fetus. This leads to intrauterine growth retardation, fetal compromise, and often necessitates preterm delivery of the infant, which contributes to the high premature birth rate. Unfortunately, if the disease occurs during the late second or early third trimester, the fetus is too premature to survive outside the uterus. The mortality rate of these infants is extremely high.
There are very few treatments available for preeclampsia. Recently, low-dose aspirin has been used for the treatment of women who are at increased risk for developing preeclampsia. However, aspirin has not been effective at alleviating the disease symptoms once they occur. Thus, at present no palliative therapies exist for the treatment of this pregnancy complication.
Endometriosis, a condition in which the uterine lining proliferates and tissue escapes into the peritoneal cavity, is a painful and debilitating disorder which can require surgical correction and often threatens the reproductive ability of the patient. At present, hormonal therapy is used to inhibit uterine endometrial proliferation. In more severe cases, excess tissue is removed surgically. However, neither of these treatments relieve the painful effects of excess prostaglandin production by the endometrial tissues.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease localized to joint surfaces and characterized by synovial fibroblast proliferation, degradation of bone extracellular matrix, joint swelling and crippling pain. Lefer, A. M., "Eicosanoids as Mediators of Ischemia and Shock," Fed. Proc., 1985; 44: 275-280. PGE.sub.2 has been shown to stimulate the production of collagenase by isolated synoviocytes and elicits bone matrix degradation by osteoclasts. Synovial cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients produce approximately ten times more PGE.sub.2 than cells from normal patients. Current therapies to treat rheumatoid arthritis rely on NSAIDS such as aspirin, ibuprofin and indomethacin and local administration of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and hydrocortisone to reduce joint pain and swelling. However, these agents cause several side-effects, chiefly gastric upset. Long-term glucocorticoid use causes liver and cardiovascular damage and loss of bone mass.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and shock is a rare, but life threatening condition which can be precipitated by severe systemic infection, traumatic injury or shock and is characterized by acute endothelial cell damage in the lung, and in severe cases respiratory collapse and death. Proinflammatory cytokines, for example, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-.alpha., (TNF-.alpha.) are thought to be the primary mediators of ARDS and they are proposed to act via arachidonic acid metabolites and platelet-activating factor. PGI.sub.2 and PGE.sub.2 cause increased vascular permeability and interstitial edema within the lung parenchyma and accumulation of extravasated fluid and proteins in the alveolar space, while PGF.sub.2.alpha. and thromboxane cause vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension. PGE.sub.2 is also a modulator of neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis to the lung. In addition, these patients often develop systemic hypotension, leading to compromise of multiple organ systems. Thromboxane also leads to platelet activation and adhesion to microvascular wall, precipitating thrombosis and ischemia. Animal models of ARDS have provided evidence that cyclooxygenase inhibitors may attenuate some of the clinical manifestations of ARDS. However, since the production of prostaglandins in this disease is progressive, it is clinically difficult to use conventional anti-cyclooxygenase agents for the effective treatment of ARDS.
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory disease of the kidney which results in the influx of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes into the renal parenchyma. Macrophages which migrate to the kidney from distal sites, release a myriad of cytokines and eicosanoids, for example, TxA.sub.2, leukotriene B.sub.4 resulting in reduced renal blood flow. Since TxA.sub.2 released by inflammatory macrophages is very deleterious to normal renal function, chronic injury may occur, ultimately leading to complete renal failure. In such cases, the patient is faced with certain long-term renal dialysis and even kidney transplantation. Traditional anti-inflammatory drugs such as non-specific anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids are usually not suitable since they cause generalized inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, including inhibition of PGE.sub.2 which is required for normal renal physiologic function. Lianos, E. A., "Eicosanoid Biosynthesis and Role in Renal Immune Injury," Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 1990; 41:1-12.
It would be desirable to have drugs for the premature labor, PROM, premature effacement and dilation, endometriosis, rheumatoid arthritis, ARDS and glomerulitis, that would eliminate the condition, without the side effects of conventional treatments.

Antisense oligonucleotides to suppress eicosanoid formation


A hiking pole comprised with a telescoping staff, a handgrip extending outwardly from the rear of the staff when the staff is in an upright position, the handgrip including an elongated hand engaging section having an outer end and an inner end, the handgrip having a longitudinal axis at an angle of from about 10.degree. to about 45.degree. to the longitudinal axis of the staff, the handgrip inner end being attached to the staff at a position whereby a user's hand is raised to at least the level of the user's chest to grasp the handgrip; and a balance section projecting toward the front of the staff, the balance section having a longitudinal axis at an angle of from about 10.degree. to about 45.degree. relative to the staff longitudinal axis.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a hiking stick or pole, and in particular to a hiking pole that is configured to reduce strain on the user's wrist and arm, while providing greater balance, support and thrust.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
Hiking poles, also known as walking sticks or staffs, have remained essentially unchanged for millennia. Basically, the pole is simply a straight staff with an upper end that is gripped by the hiker and a lower end that engages the ground or other surface. The hiker simply places the lower end of the pole against the ground, normally alongside or slightly ahead of his body and, as he walks forward, pushes downward and backward to gain support and forward thrust. Changes made in the construction of the hiking pole, until now, have been directed to ways to improve the hiker's grip on the upper end of the pole.
When used for a short period of time, or over gentle terrain, the hiking pole is perfectly satisfactory in its present form, perhaps accounting for the lack of changes in its design. However, when strenuous hikes are undertaken, especially over a long period or over difficult terrain, the design of the pole can cause strain on the user's arm and wrist. Also, the balance, stability and thrust provided by the conventional hiking pole is less than optimum.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved design for a hiking pole that overcomes these deficiencies. It is also an object of the invention to provide an improved hiking pole that can be adjusted to meet the needs of users of different heights.
Other objectives of the invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the description of the invention that follows.


The present invention provides a provides a process for the recovery of precious metals from spent catalysts or adsorbent or inorganic waste, more specifically the process relates to recovery of Pd from silica, which is used as an adsorbent in column chromatography or as a catalyst support in many catalysts.

Precious transition metal irons and their coordination complexes find industrial applications as supported catalysts and performance chemicals in fine chemicals industries. For example, metals like Ag, Au, Pd, Pt and Rh are used in a variety of industrial applications as catalysts for oxidation, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Various polymeric materials modified silica, zeolite or/and various clay materials are used as support for these metals. Similarly, coordination metal complexes of Pd, Pt and Rh are used as commercial catalysts in homogeneous conditions for hydroformylation and hydrogenation reaction. However, owing to difficulties in separation of metal complexes from product mixtures, there is growing need to developed heterogenized catalysts where coordination metal complexes are supported on polymeric or inorganic solid support like silica, carbon, zeolite and alumina. Commercially, it is important to recover the precious metals from the support to the maximum extent possible once the catalyst is deactivated.
In certain situations, the catalysts are degraded during the reaction cycle or subsequent work-up and the reaction effluent may comprise of various remnants, e.g., complexes of various valence states for the metal ions. In many cases, the presence of excessive contaminants reduces the feasibility of recycling of the catalyst. However, the problem related to degradation of catalysts over the repeated cycles, contaminants over the repeated cycles, contaminants arise from side reaction and leaching of the effective catalyst for the solid support are common in some cases of heterogeneous catalysis. In view of the environmentally stipulated restrictions on disposal of metal containing waste, effective recovery of the residual precious metals from the reaction effluent is of paramount importance for a process to be environmentally acceptable and economically viable.
Furthermore, during the recovery of precious metals from ore or scrap including spent catalysts, the use of solvent extraction to separate the precious metals from one another and from base metals that may also be present is becoming more widespread. The hydrometallurgical processes employed for the separation and recovery of the platinum group metals, (e.g., platinum, palladium and rhodium), typically involve dissolving the metal ions by some type of oxidative acidic chloride leach, typically with aqua regia or hydrochloric acid/Cl2 followed by solvent extraction.
The application of coordination complexes of precious metals in fine chemicals industries also requires prior purification of these complexes using silica gel as a stationary phase. For example Pd-pythalocyanine complexes namely Palladium phthalocyanine complex, Bromo phthalocyanine complex and Irgaphor green, which find applications as pigment material for compact disc coating are purified using silica gel.
Significant quantity of these complexes (up to 0.5 wt % Pd) is adsorbed in the pores of silica gel and is difficult to dislodge from the pores of silica (spent silica) by conventional elution with a solvent. Many technologies, at times specific to support and metal are used for recovery of precious metals from spent catalysts, effluent solutions.
Reference is made to the patent (Great Britain Patent no. A-2127001, 1984) wherein precious metals are recovered rapidly and efficiently from cyanide containing leach solution by loading onto an activated carbon fibre body. The main limitation of the process is that cyanide ligand should have high affinity and should form stable complexes with the metal ions to be leached out.
Reference is made to the patent CS-B-251467 (1988); Chemical Abstract 109 (24): 213964) wherein palladium is recovered from acidified wastewater by sorption on activated carbon, pre-treated with an alkali metal salt of Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). However, this is useful for homogenous aqueous catalyst waste and is not directly applicable to non-aqueous systems.
Reference is made to the patent JP 54 9597 (1978) wherein, the regeneration and recovery of precious metal like palladium involves a burning step. It is disclosed in that patent, that the spent residue obtained from a catalyzed reaction performed in homogeneous condition is subjected to heating to burn out the organic fragment and then by subsequent dissolution of the palladium species in acid to the corresponding palladium salt. However, this invention has a limited scope in the sense that it is only concerned with degradation of metal complex having lower aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids as the organic moiety.
Reference is made to the U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,634 (1982) wherein strongly acidic solution of sulfuric, hydrochloric, perchloric or nitric acid is used as stripping solvent for the extraction of the palladium from the organic acidic solution containing oxime as extracting reagent. The organic phase may also contain an anionic phase transfer material or catalyst to aid the extraction process. In this patent, the oximes employed for the extraction of palladium are hydroxyoxime and derivatives, which are expensive considering the industrial application.
Reference is also made to the U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,250 (1986) wherein aqueous ammonia is used as the stripping solution and along with oxime as an extracting solvent similar to those of the U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,634 (1982) but here oxime used is ether oxime, in which, the hydroxy group of the oximes are converted to ether groups. In this, case also, the oximes employed for the extraction of palladium is expensive-and not user friendly considering the industrial application. Furthermore, it is reported that after recycling certain oxime containing solvents over a period of time (e.g., ten extractions of palladium followed each time by stripping with 6M hydrochloric acid solution), the rate of palladium extraction deteriorates considerably.
Reference is made to the JP Patent 61-238, 927 (1996) wherein palladium is recovered by extraction using an aldoxime. The main limitation of these processes is the use of expensive organic ligands and organic solvents, which are difficult to recover.
Y. Baba, K. Inoue, K. Yoshizuka and T Furusawa, (Industrial engineering Chemistry—Research, Volume 29, (1990), page 21111) have described the use of non-chelating oximes such as dodecanal oxime, decanal, oxime, octanal oxime and hexanol oxime for the extraction of palladium metal. This report also has drawback in the sense that the oximes employed for the extraction are expensive considering the industrial application.
Ion exchange resins can also be used to recover precious metal ions, but it is difficult to achieve 100% metal recovery in this method and all precious metals are not also not present in the ionic state or too much of contaminants is present in the effluents to be treated.
According to the above prior art, most of the metal recovery methods are applicable to the homogeneous reaction mixtures and employs chelating agents for extracting metal ions. Process known in the prior art for recovery of metals from supported catalysts also makes use of mineral acids and invariably destroyed the support structure.

Process for the recovery of palladium from spent silica

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


A plasma display device with a phosphor screen, comprising a phosphor composition of an UV-phosphor furnished with a coating which includes one or more catena-polyphosphates of metals of the group formed by the alkaline earth metals, zinc, cadmium and manganese, can effectively be used to counteract degradation of the phosphor by UV-excitation.

The invention relates to a plasma display device with a phosphor screen, comprising a phosphor composition of an UV-phosphor with a coating.
A plasma device comprises, in principle, two glass plates which are connected to one another by spacers 5 and which form a hermetically sealed interspace. Said interspace is filled with a noble gas or a noble gas mixture. The intermediate space comprises anodes and cathodes 3 in a dielectric layer which are arranged at right angles to each other so as to form a lattice. A plasma discharge is ignited between the crossing points of the anodes and cathodes. The UV radiation generated in the plasma discharge is converted by a phosphor layer 6 into red, green or blue light. This process is similar to that in fluorescent tubes, however, the smaller dimensions of the individual plasma discharges in a plasma display screen cause the conversion of the electrical excitation energy into visible light to be much less efficient than in fluorescent tubes.
UV-phosphors are used as the phosphors in plasma display screens which, on UV-excitation, exhibit a very high efficiency. However, under the excitation conditions in fluorescent tubes and, in particular, under vacuum-UV-excitation conditions in plasma display devices a degradation, i.e. a decrease of the phosphor efficiency, occurs with excitation time.

Aluminate phosphor with a polyphosphate coating


Buckle for tensioning the straps of fins or the like, having quick and simple fastening and unfastening means, comprising a base part designed to be attached to one side of the shoe of the fin, an intermediate lever hinged at one end by hinge pins to the said base part, and a terminal part which carries at one end the means of connection to the fin attachment strap, while its other end is hinged by the pins at a point on the said lever situated between the end hinged to the base part and its free end, characterized in that the lever possesses on its two flanks, near its free end, two elastically flexible wings, each having a tooth and an outwardly projecting pin, while the base is provided, likewise on each flank, in positions corresponding to the said teeth and to the said pins, with means for engaging with the said teeth, and for housing the said pins.

The present invention relates to buckles for tensioning the straps of swimming fins of the type with an open shoe.
Known buckles, such as those of the type illustrated in European Patent Application No. 687484 also by this applicant, essentially comprise a base part designed to be attached to one side of the shoe of the fin, an intermediate lever hinged at one end to the said base part, and a terminal part which carries at one end the means of connection to the said strap, while its other end is hinged at a point on the said lever situated between the end hinged to the base part and its free end.
One of the disadvantages of these known buckles for tensioning the straps of fins is that they are not always easy to unfasten, as in order to unfasten the said buckles a finger of one hand has to pull the lever away from the end of the base part. In the conditions in which the diver finds himself, especially if wearing gloves, this can cause problems. Again, the height, in other words effectively the overall size, of these buckles is considerable, enough space having to be provided in the buckle for the user to insert a finger.
In addition, there are even problems with fastening known buckles, it often happening that the lever pulling the buckle unfastens itself of its own accord, creating problems for the user.
The object of the present invention is therefore a buckle for tensioning the straps of open-shoe swimming fins that obviates the problems discussed above in respect of known buckles.
According to a main aspect of the invention, the said buckle comprises a base part designed to be attached to one side of the shoe of the fin, an intermediate lever hinged at one end by hinge pins to the said base part, and a terminal part which carries at one end the means of connection to the fin attachment strap, while its other end is hinged by the pins at a point on the said lever situated between the end hinged to the base part and its free end, characterized in that the lever possesses on its two flanks, near its free end, two elastically flexible wings, each having a tooth and an outwardly projecting pin, while the base is provided, likewise on each flank, in positions corresponding to the said teeth and to the said pins, with means for engaging with the said teeth, and for housing the said pins.


The invention relates to a plug-in connector for printed circuits, comprising a plurality of contact elements, whereby said contact elements have two connecting faces each. The one connecting face is configured as an insulation displacement contact for connecting cores and the other connecting face is configured as a tuning fork contact for contacting contact surfaces on a printed circuit. The insulation displacement contacts of the contact elements can be inserted into a plastic housing. At least one lower edge of the insulation displacement contacts is supported on the plastic housing so that the contact elements are captivated in the plastic housing when connecting forces act upon the insulation displacement contacts. The plastic housing comprises at least one chamber-type area. The tuning fork contacts are completely received by the plastic housing in the longitudinal direction. The contact element is configured as a two-part element, a first part of the contact element comprising the insulation displacement contact and the second part comprising the tuning fork contact. One contact arm each is positioned on both parts of the contact element and the two contact arms interact to give a disconnector.

DE 38 28 904 C2 discloses a plug connector for printed circuit boards, comprising contact elements which are electrically conductively connected to the conductor tracks on the printed circuit board and comprising a plug socket which is provided with mating contacts, where the contact elements are in the form of electrically conductive flat metal strips which are provided with angled strip portions to pass through receiving openings produced on the printed circuit board, are used to make contact with one of the conductor tracks, are electrically conductively connected to the conductor tracks and are fitted on an edge region of the printed circuit board, where the plug socket is provided with a receiving opening for the purpose of plugging it onto the edge region of the printed circuit board and with the mating contacts for the purpose of making contact with the metal strips, each metal strip having two angled resilient strip portions, provided with longitudinal slots and with lateral latching lugs for engaging behind the printed circuit board, for the purpose of putting it through and latching it into two passage holes which have been made in the region of the conductor track of the printed circuit board and serve as receiving openings. The drawback of the known plug connector is the relative complexity of making contact with the printed circuit board.
DE 100 29 649 C2 discloses a distributor connection module for telecommunications and data technology, comprising a housing in which input and output contacts for connecting lines or wires are arranged such that they are externally accessible, where the housing is designed to have a cavity which contains a printed circuit board having functional elements which is supported in the housing, the functional elements being arranged electrically between the input and output contacts, and the input contacts and the output contacts being arranged on opposite end faces of the housing. In this arrangement, the input and output contacts may be in the form of insulation displacement contacts which are each designed to have a fork-like contact which can be used to produce a force-fitting electrical connection for the functional elements. The printed circuit board has contact pads which are preferably on the top and bottom of the printed circuit board. These force-fitting connections are much more tolerant to production and assembly tolerances than solder connections. This means that contact can be made simultaneously with all of the insulation displacement contacts by latching the fork-like contacts onto the contact pads. In addition, this type of contact allows simple disassembly, for example if it is necessary to replace a faulty printed circuit board. To produce the distributor connection module, the printed circuit board with the functional elements is pushed into a first housing portion, and a second housing portion, carrying the input contacts, is latched on. To this end, the insulation displacement contacts are fixed to the housing, whereas the tuning fork contacts are free. Since large forces may arise when the insulation displacement contacts are subsequently connected up, it is additionally possible to latch a plastic-like retaining or support element onto the printed circuit board over the entire width of the printed circuit board, which fixes the fork-like contacts on the printed circuit board.
In addition, the printed document discloses the practice of arranging a respective externally accessible isolating contact between an input contact and an output contact, the isolating contact being arranged on the bottom of the printed circuit board. This results in a relatively complex assembly operation, since the isolating contacts need to be clamped between the printed circuit board and the housing.
DE 101 11 571 A1 discloses an electrical contact element for a plug connector arrangement. The contact element has an insulation displacement region at one end and a tuning fork contact at the other end. To increase the elasticity of the tuning fork contact, the contact-making arms are connected directly to the lower region of a lateral connecting piece of the double insulation piercing connecting devices and are then bent at an angle toward the center of the contact element, so that an extended spring movement results.
DE 38 06 263 A1 and DE 199 45 412 A1 each disclose a plug connector for printed circuit boards, comprising a number of contact elements, where the contact elements each have two connection ends, where one connection end is in the form of an insulation displacement contact for connecting wires and the other connection end is in the form of a tuning fork contact for making contact with pads on a printed circuit board, and a plastic housing into which the insulation displacement contacts of the contact elements can be inserted, where the insulation displacement contact and the tuning fork contact are arranged so as to be twisted with respect to one another and at least one lower edge of the insulation displacement contact is supported on the plastic housing, so that the contact elements are held captively in the plastic housing when connection forces act on the insulation displacement contacts, the plastic housing comprising at least one chamber-like region, and the tuning fork contacts being fully accommodated in the longitudinal direction by the plastic housing.


An elongate temperature probe is provided for extending into a fluid flow. First an second temperature sensors are mounted in the temperature probe, spaced apart from each other along the length of the probe. The first and second temperature sensors provide temperature signals to a data processor. The data processor in use determines the temperature of the fluid flow from the temperature signals and at least one other fluid parameter, using a mathematical model of the heat transfer along the probe.

The temperature of a gas or liquid flow is important in industry for a number of reasons. For example, in a chemical processing plant requiring reagents to be at or above a particular temperature, errors in measuring the temperature of the reagent flows can result in the consumption of additional heat, or in unsatisfactory reagent processing.
Also, some flowmeters require a measurement of the temperature of a fluid flow to calculate a mass flow rate from the quantity measured by the flowmeter, e.g. the velocity of the flow. An error in the temperature measurement will result in a corresponding error in the final output of the flowmeter.
A temperature sensing apparatus, and a related method of measuring the temperature of a fluid flow, which reduces inaccuracies inherent in previous temperature sensors would provide improved reagent processing and flowrate measurements.

Dual element temperature sensing probe using a mathematical model of heat transfer along the probe and method therefor


An image capture system is provided that increases processing speed after an image is captured and also increases the rate at which data is read from an image capture device during a shooting sequence. The image capture system includes an image capture device for capturing an object image and converting the captured object image into an electrical signal, a plurality of image processing devices, and a distribution device for distributing the electrical signal from the image capture device to the plurality of image processing devices. The plurality of image processing devices generate image signals by processing the electrical signal output from the distribution device and are provided in parallel with each other. Each of the plurality of image processing devices concurrently processes the electrical signal for one frame.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to image capture systems (e.g., digital camera) for capturing and processing object images.
Description of Related Art
Conventional image capture systems (e.g., digital still cameras) typically include various components, as shown in FIG. 11. In FIG. 11, an overall control CPU (central processing unit) 116 detects a change in state of a camera operation switch (not shown) having a main switch and a release switch. The camera operation switch, which is operated by a user, enables power supply to the respective circuit blocks.
An object image within the range of a photographic image plane is formed on an image sensor 100 (CCD (charge-coupled device) by a main photographic optical system 118. An output signal from the image sensor 100 is converted into a digital signal for each pixel by a CDS/AGC/AD (correlated double sampling/automatic gain control/analog-digital) circuit 103.
The image sensor 100 generates an image signal when driven in a predetermined manner by the output of a driver circuit 101. The driver circuit 101 is for horizontal and vertical driving of each pixel based on a signal from the timing generator (TG/SSG) 102, which determines drive timing for the entire image capture system.
The output signal from the CDS/AGC/AD circuit 103 is applied to a correction block 104. The correction block 103 performs correction for shading caused by a combination of the image sensor 100 and the main photographic optical system 118, and performs correction to remove pattern noise inherent in the image sensor 100.
The outputs of the correction block 104 are sequentially stored, as frame data, in a buffer memory 106 via a front memory controller 105, so that images captured with a continuous shooting operation of the camera are temporarily stored.
The front memory controller 105 operates on the basis of a signal from a timing control block 107, which operates in synchronism with the timing generator 102. Accordingly, the front memory controller 105 operates in synchronism with the image sensor 100.
When at least one frame image has been captured, captured image data stored in the buffer memory 106 is temporarily transferred to a work memory 111 via a rear memory controller 108 under the control of the front memory controller 105.
The rear memory controller 108 operates on the basis of a signal from a timing control block 109, which also operates in synchronism with the timing generator 102.
Then, image data stored in the work memory 111 is read out and applied to a color processing block 112, which is connected to a bus A connected to the work memory 111. The color processing block 112 performs the so-called picture adjustment, such as color interpolation and color matrix correction, to convert the image data into RGB data values and further into YCrCb data values. The color processing block 112 then stores the processed image data in the work memory 111.
The image data re-stored in the work memory 111 is then read out and applied to a JPEG processing block 113. The JPEG processing block 113 compresses image data according to a predetermined compression format and stores the compressed image data in a card memory 115 (usually, a non-volatile memory such as a flash memory) via a card controller 114.
The user can select a viewing mode of the image capture system in which images represented by captured image data can be viewed. In the viewing mode, compressed image data stored in the card memory 115 is read out and is decompressed by the JPEG processing block 113 into normal image data for every pixel. The resultant image data is then transferred to the work memory 111 so as to externally display an image represented by the image data on a monitor display device (not shown).
To control the camera, the overall control CPU 116 executes instructions in accordance with instruction codes stored in an instruction memory 117, which is connected to a bus B connected to the overall control CPU 116. For example, the overall control CPU 116 controls driving of the main photographic optical system 118 via a lens control portion 119 and stores various items of information attached to image data in the memory card 115 via a communication I/F (interface) 110.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2000-253305 discloses an example of the aforementioned system.
When continuous shooting occurs in digital cameras, frame images obtained are gradually stored as raw data in a buffer memory. Then, the stored frame image data are sequentially transferred to a rear processing block, where color processing and JPEG processing are performed. The readout rate of an image sensor can be significantly increased to capture 8 frames or more per second, which is desirable (equivalent to that of silver-halide cameras used by professional photographers).
There are a number of proposed methods for increasing the readout rate of an image sensor. In one method, the frequency of a driving clock signal produced by a timing generator is heightened to simply increase the driving speed of a driver. In another method, image data are simultaneously read out from two or more output terminals of an image sensor, and subsequent processing operations up to storing in a buffer memory are performed in parallel at a plurality of lines corresponding to the number of output terminals of the image sensor.
In the conventional digital camera described above, image data stored in the buffer memory 106 is transferred to the work memory 111 via the memory controllers 105 and 108. The image data stored in the work memory 111 is sequentially transferred to the color processing block 112 and is then converted into RGB image data or YCrCb image data in a predetermined format. The converted image data is sequentially temporarily stored again in the work memory 111. Then, the image data re-stored in the work memory 111 is transferred to the JPEG processing block 113. In such a flow, processing operations such as readout operations are performed via the bus A connected between the respective processing blocks so that bus A becomes inundated with traffic.
Furthermore, when image data compressed by the JPEG processing block 113 is stored in the card memory 115, the writing rate of the card memory 115 itself becomes a bottle neck. In this case, the speed of the work memory 111 for outputting image data processed by the JPEG processing block 113 will inevitably decrease. As a result, a large amount of data accumulates in the work memory 111.
Consequently, even if the frame-advancement speed of the camera is increased, the low speed of the rear processing operation inhibits continuous shooting operation at high speed. Thus, unless the capacity of the buffer memory 106 or the work memory 111 is considerably increased, the camera cannot release the shutter immediately after the continuous shooting operation.

Image capture apparatus and image capture method in which an image is processed by a plurality of image processing devices


A method and apparatus for detecting dual-tone, multi-frequency (DTMF) digits and call progress tones by determining the amplitudes of preselected frequencies in a signal over a predetermined time period, and determining a candidate tone by selecting two of the preselected frequencies with the highest amplitudes and comparing the two selected frequencies to known DTMF and call progress tone frequencies. The amplitudes of the two selected frequencies are then tested against predefined thresholds corresponding to a candidate tone having the two selected frequencies. The candidate tone in the current time period is tested against candidate tones in previous time periods for consistency. If the candidate tone is a DTMF digit and passed all of the tests, then the DTMF digit is returned. If the candidate tone is a call progress tone, the pattern of the candidate tone over a plurality of predetermined time periods is recorded and tested against known patterns of the candidate tone. If the candidate tone meets all of the above tests, the call progress tone is returned.

Telephony is increasingly "feature rich," i.e., there is an ever increasing array of features and services available to both business and individual customers. Features are being implemented in "smart" telephones, in local switching systems, and in long distance network switching systems to provide customers with conveniences and facilities that were unavailable until recent times. Three-way calling, call waiting, speed calling, credit card calling, etc., are now familiar examples of switch-implemented features. "Smart" telephones, facsimile machines and the like can automatically redial busy or no-answer numbers. All such features and services require that the device providing the feature recognize audible signaling tones, such as dual-tone, multi-frequency (DTMF) digits and call progress tones, which are generated by the network or local switching system.
Detection of audible signaling tones reliably is a well known problem in the art. For example, Cave et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,833 which issued to TBS International, Inc., on Sep. 20, 1983, describes a telephone call progress tone and answer identification circuit. In Cave, call progress tones are identified by measuring the periods of the envelope cycles in the frequency range of DTMF and call progress tones. The periods are classified by their lengths, and compared to known periods as used by the various operating companies. This method requires many periods in order to determine a tone, and is subject to false positives, or "talk off" due to noise or verbal patterns of individuals which may resemble a call progress tone when analyzed in this fashion. Talk off can occur when speech, music or other sounds exist in the signal wherein the frequency and amplitude of the fundamentals or harmonics resemble that of audible signaling tones. Most signal processors have similar complexity and talk off problems.
The problems of detecting audible signaling tones arise from the nature of the telephone network. The frequencies for DTMF digits and call progress tones were selected so that they were near the lower end, but well within the telephone band pass of 180-3600 Hz. DTMF digits are defined by the following matrix:
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ 1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz ______________________________________ 697 Hz 1 2 3 A 770 Hz 4 5 6 B 852 Hz 7 8 9 C 941 Hz * 0 # D ______________________________________
Call progress tones are defined by the following frequency matrix:
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ 0 Hz 440 Hz 480 Hz 620 Hz ______________________________________ 350 Hz Dial Tone/ Stutter Dial Tone 440 Hz Call Waiting/ Ringing Variations 480 Hz Busy/ Reorder ______________________________________
These two matrixes are well known in the art, wherein each digit or call progress tone is defined by the intersection of the horizontal and vertical frequency. When the two frequencies are simultaneously received, it is universally interpreted to the alphanumeric character or the call progress tone as shown at the matrix intersections. Hence indicators used in the telephone system, such as DTMF digits and call progress tones, each correspond uniquely to a DTMF tone defined by two specified frequency components. Each tone in the above tables has a predefined functional meaning accepted in the art.
A call waiting tone is a special case of a DTMF tone. Call waiting is defined similarly to the other DTMF and call progress tones, but has one frequency defined as 0 Hz. In actuality, there is no component at 0 Hz, as there is no D.C. component at 0 Hz for call waiting tones. As a consequence of having one frequency which is shared with Ringing, call waiting tones are harder to detect reliability without false positives.
Additionally, most call progress tones have at least two different rhythmic patterns or cadences with unique meanings. "Busy," for example, may be fast busy (reorder) or slow busy (busy line). Dial tone may be stutter dial tone (short tones and a long tone), as used in features such as three-way calling, or as a constant tone for regular dial tone. Call waiting can have several different patterns, used, for example, when multiple telephone numbers are associated with one telephone to distinguish the line that has the call waiting.
Dual-frequencies were selected for the majority of these tones so that they are not harmonically related, and so that there is little similarity to the harmonically complex relationships of the human voice. However, human speech includes many fundamental and harmonic frequencies in the 350-1633 Hz range of DTMF digits and call progress tones, which cause talk off. Noise on the line compounds the false positive problem because noise occurs in all frequency bands.
Additionally, when two frequencies of a DTMF digit or call progress tone are transmitted, their relative amplitudes ideally should be identical. Due to the nature of the telephone network, however, the relative amplitudes are rarely the same. Therefore, the relative amplitudes of the two frequencies of a specific digit or tone must be within a predefined ratio or "twist." Since amplitude typically decreases as the frequency increases on a telephone line, the "twist" for DTMF and call progress tones is generally accepted at 8 dB. Occasionally the reverse occurs, and the higher frequency has a greater amplitude than the lower frequency. This is called "reverse twist" and the generally accepted "reverse twist" ratio is 4 dB. If the twist or reverse twist is greater than these tolerances, the tone should not be recognized as a DTMF digit or call progress tone. Finally, each DTMF digit must be present for at least 40 ms. to be recognized.
Therefore, a problem in the art is that there is no method and apparatus for reliably detecting audible signaling tones in both the presence and absence of speech. A further problem in the art is that there is no method and apparatus for reliably detecting call waiting tones in both the presence and absence of speech.

Apparatus and method for audible signaling tone recognition


Sensorless fuel level and oil change indicators are provided in a range extender for an electric vehicle. The range extender includes an engine, and an electric generating device driven by the engine to generate electric power supplied to the vehicle. The fuel level is calculated based on the generated power. The oil change indicator indicates that the oil should be changed when the number of engine rotor revolutions exceeds a threshold value. The electric generating device may be a dynamoelectric machine coupled to the engine by a shaft to operate as a motor for starting the engine. In response to prescribed engine conditions, the dynamoelectric machine is switched to operate as a generator driven by the engine to generate the electric energy.

Traditionally, maintenance indicators in a vehicle utilize sensors for indicating operating parameters relating to materials required to operate the engine. For example, a fuel level in automobile fuel tanks is determined using a fuel level sensor having an elongated rod with a free end supporting a float which moves along with changes in fuel levels. The other end of the rod is pivotally mounted to an indicating mechanism typically including an elongated electrical resistance grid and a contact pad which moves with movements of the float and the rod as the fuel level changes. The movement of the contact pad along the resistance grid changes electrical characteristics of the indicating mechanism providing a variable input to a fuel indicator gauge located within a passenger compartment of a vehicle.
However, in a moving vehicle, fuel level values measured by fuel level sensors may be inaccurate due to driving conditions, such as acceleration or deceleration causing the fuel sloshing movement, or uphill and downhill driving. The need thus exists for a sensorless fuel level indicator able to determine a fuel level regardless of driving conditions.
Typical engine oil change indicators produce indications that engine oil should be changed based on measurements carried out by a combination of sensors for detecting various oil parameters, such as pressure, temperature, transparence, resistivity, etc. However, these indicators are complicated and costly. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide an oil change indicator that does not require an expansive sensing arrangement for detecting engine oil parameters.


In a code division multiplexing communication system capable of utilizing a plurality of frequencies, a monitoring section 1 of a base station control apparatus monitors, for each frequency, the number of calls for each call type to which a frequency is allocated; an allocation section 2 allocates, when a new call occurs, a frequency among all the frequencies to the call such that unevenness in the distribution for each call types among frequencies does not occur; and a notification section 3 notifies a terminal through a base station 4, when the frequency differing from an awaiting frequency of the terminal is allocated to the call, of the frequency as a new awaiting frequency.

This invention relates to a base station control apparatus and a frequency allocation method for such an apparatus, and in particular relates to a base station control apparatus and frequency allocation method in a wireless multiplex transmission system which multiplexes a plurality of signals at the same frequency, further multiplexes a plurality of frequencies, and transmits the resulting signal.
In a code division multiplex communication system capable of using a plurality of frequencies, when an originating call is generated by a terminal, or when a terminating call is generated by the core network, the base station control apparatus compares the required power or required bandwidth (hereafter called "required resources") for the call, and the remaining usable resources at a specific frequency predetermined in advance; if the required resources are smaller, the call is accepted, and if larger, a different frequency is allocated to the call. However, when both calls requiring large resources (high-speed calls) and calls requiring small resources (low-speed calls) coexist, conventional frequency allocation methods have no policy for frequency allocation and cannot optimally allocate frequencies, so that there is the problem that the total number of calls which can be accepted is reduced. Below, this problem is explained.
In a cellular system which provide only services for low-bitrate communications such as voice transmissions, the power required for a single call is not very great, and numerous channels can be accommodated simultaneously; hence as a result of statistical multiplexing of fluctuations in required power due to the speed of motion of individual mobile stations, fluctuations in interference power with other cells in uplink channels, fluctuations due to multipath interference in downlink channels, and other factors, the fluctuation width of reception interference power in uplink of base stations, and the fluctuation width of the total base station transmission power in downlink of base stations, are compressed (reduced).
On the other hand, in the cellular systems of recent years which provide only high-bitrate communication services, much power is required for a single call, and the number of channels which can be accommodated simultaneously is reduced, so that the effect of statistical multiplexing on fluctuations in required power due to the speed of motion of individual mobile stations, fluctuations in interference power with other cells in uplink channels, and fluctuations due to multipath interference in downlink channels, is decreased. As a consequence there are large fluctuations in the reception interference power in uplink of base stations and in the total base station transmission power in downlink of base stations.
Hence in order to ensure communication quality when providing high-speed or high-bitrate communications, large fluctuations in the reception interference power and total base station transmission power must be taken into account, by setting thresholds with an adequate margin for call connection control. FIG. 19 explains a method of traffic control for a mixture of low-speed and high-speed communications; as indicated in (A), the frequencies are RF1 to RFN, and the resource thresholds for allocation of each frequency is RTH. If the total allocated resources do not exceed the threshold, allocation to calls is possible. A terminal uses one of the frequencies from RF1 to RFN as a control channel for communication with the base station; and a frequency is set for use by the network (base station control apparatus) at the time of purchase of the terminal. This frequency is here defined as the awaiting frequency.
As shown in (B), when a high-speed call occurs for a awaiting frequency of RF1, the communication channel at frequency RF1 is already full. Hence RF1 cannot be allocated to high-speed calls, and so the next frequency RF2 is changed to the new awaiting frequency, and the communication channel at this frequency RF2 is allocated. As a result, the frequency RF2 is allocated to three high-speed calls.
In the above traffic control method, which takes the base station reception interference power and total base station transmission power as threshold values for call connections, when the types of service provided at the same frequency tend to be low-speed or low-bitrate services (low-speed calls), the effect of statistical multiplexing results in a substantial concentration effect, so that fluctuations in the total transmission power for the base station are reduced. Conversely, when high-speed or high-bitrate services (high-speed calls) tend to be more common, the effect of statistical multiplexing is not obtained and there is no concentration effect, so that fluctuations in the total transmission power for the base station tend to be large. The above concentration effect comprises both the concentration effect described in general traffic theory, and the concentration effect in the sense of statistical multiplexing of fluctuations in wireless transmission paths.
FIG. 20 explains increases in the total base station transmission power in a multiple-connection traffic model; the horizontal axis indicates the number of high-speed channels contained in one frequency, and the vertical axis is the minimum power ratio satisfying the required degradation ratio, for degradation ratios of 0.1%, 1.0%, and 10%. As the number of high-speed channels increases, the minimum power ratio increases; in particular, when the number of high-speed channels is four or greater, the minimum power ratio is seen to rise rapidly.
Hence when both low-speed and high-speed calls exist, if high-speed calls are concentrated at a particular frequency the required power at that frequency increases, and consequently the number of calls which can be transmitted at a fixed power is reduced. Because of this, when using a method of allocation to the next frequency when one frequency becomes full, as in FIG. 19, there is the problem of a possibility of concentration of high-speed calls at one frequency, so that a smaller number of calls can be accommodated. In addition, numerous fluctuations lead to difficulty in TPC (transmission power control), so that the number of calls accommodated is reduced even further.
A first technology of the prior art is a method of allocation of high-speed wireless channels to mobile stations insofar as possible (see Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2003-125440). This first technology of the prior art is a method, when a control station is to allocate a wireless channel to a mobile station, of selecting a wireless channel enabling high-speed communication with a mobile station from among a plurality of wireless channels, and of preferentially allocating the wireless channel to a mobile station.
As a second technology of the prior art, a method of controlling the transmission rate according to the QoS has been proposed (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2003-179966). This second technology of the prior art provides a service which preserves fairness of service, with substantially the same QoS provided, to users of the same service class, and preserves fairness of service, with relative QoS maintained among classes, by maintaining a predetermined ratio of transmission rates among users of different classes.
The first technology of the prior art is a method of allocation of high-speed wireless channels to mobile stations insofar as possible, and does not increase the number of mobile stations (number of calls) accommodated by a base station. The second technology of the prior art provides a service which controls the transmission rate according to the Qos to preserve fairness, and similarly does not increase the number of calls accommodated by a base station.

Base station control apparatus and frequency allocation method for same


In ultrasonic diagnostic equipment processing signals echo-reflected from ultrasonic pulses beamed into a patient and providing composite display of patient-related diagnostic information including organic information, the comprehensive diagnostic information is discretely stored as various imaging data into separate display memories, and is furthermore externally storable through VTR recording such that the information can be retrieved for regeneration. A selector selects between either real-time imaging derived from the display memories, or regeneration imaging obtained from a pseudo-video combined signal stored in the VTR, for input to a color palette as an imaging processor which color encodes and combines data for composite imaging. Separate imaging modification processes are post real-time executable upon the discretely regenerated imaging data retrieved from the VTR for altered display on a monitor of the equipment.

The present invention relates to ultrasonic diagnostic equipment; particularly it relates to diagnostic equipment which employs ultrasonic probing to examine a patient, and generates composite display of patient-related diagnostic information including organic information derived from the ultrasonic probe.
Ultrasonic diagnostic equipment as used in the medical field provides tomographic display of real-time cardiac data, and also displays such information on patient bloodstream as flow velocity distribution, calculated from a volume sampled by the pulsed Doppler method. Furthermore, it is well known to provide tomographic and bloodstream flow-velocity displays arranged on a single monitor of the ultrasonic diagnostic equipment.
One method of composition-imaging cardiac information provides dual display of two-dimensional tomographic organic information together with real-time bloodstream information such as average flow velocity and flow velocity distribution. In this method, the tomographic organic information and bloodstream information are digitalized and combined, and further converted by a color palette into R (red), G (green) and B (blue) color display signals. The R, G, and B color signals are output to a display monitor, wherein the detected bloodstream information is displayed in full color, superimposed on the ordinary tomographic image display.
A video tape recorder (VTR) or a magnetic-optical disc (MO) can be used as external storages to record the composite imaging. In the former instance a composite television signal generated from imaging data is recorded by the VTR, and in the latter, the composite imaging color display signals are recorded onto the MO.
The imaging data recorded on the VTR are regenerated by retrieving the television composite signal and demodulating therefrom R, G and B color signals which are output to the display monitor. Wherein the MO is the external storage, the R, G and B color signals are retrieved, converted into analog signals and output to the monitor.
According to the aforedescribed organic data storage and retrieval system, in recording into external storage the composite full-color imaging of the tomographically displayed organic information and of the real-time bloodstream information it is impossible to separate, for example, bloodstream average flow velocity data or tomographic imaging organic data from the retrieved or regenerated signals. Moreover, it is thus impossible to perform such post data-retrieval processes requiring discrete data as altering luminance or chrominance of the color display signals, or altering the imaging gamma; nor is it possible to change other of the retrieved imaging data, or measured outcome.

Discretely modifiable imaging in ultrasonic diagnostic equipment


A wiring topology display method, includes: obtaining layout information indicating positions of components and wiring coupling the components; dividing first wiring into first pieces of partial wiring, and generating partial wiring information indicating the first pieces of partial wiring; identifying a first length of the partial wiring and a first angle of the partial wiring for a vector; identifying combinations of second pieces of partial wiring based on the first length and the first angle, the second pieces of partial wiring having second lengths which are a certain length or more, second angles which are different by a certain angle, and a distance which is a certain distance or less; identifying a group having the combinations including pieces of identical partial wiring; and symbolizing third pieces of partial wiring at both ends of the group and fourth pieces of partial wiring between the third pieces of partial wiring.

The wiring state of wiring that couples components on a printed board is displayed using topology in development of a device using the printed board or the like.
Related technologies are discussed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2010-39598, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2000-123060, and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 9-325973.

Wiring topology method and information processing device


A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n 11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor. Step (4): a step for discharging, as a liquid phase component inside the reactor, the reaction liquid containing the compound of general formula (III) to the outside of the reactor.R11NCO)n11  (I)R31NH2)n31  (III)

An isocyanate compound having at least one isocyanate group (NCO group) is industrially and widely used as a raw material used to produce a polyurethane, a polyurea or the like.
As a method for producing isocyanate compounds, methods in which organic amine compounds as the main raw materials, and a phosgene as a secondary raw material, are used, and methods in which organic amine compounds, and carbonic acid esters or urea are used are known.
In the method for producing isocyanate compounds, it is known that the resultant carbamates, NCO compounds, or intermediates thereof cause polymerization reactions such as multimerization, biuret-forming reaction, or allophanate-forming reaction, and compositions containing by-products resulting from the polymerization reactions are obtained after separating the compound (I). The by-products are by-products derived from isocyanate compounds and organic amine compounds that are raw materials of the isocyanate compounds, and are advantageous industrially if the by-products can be recovered as active ingredients.
In addition, the compositions containing the by-products may become a highly viscous liquid or solid at around room temperature, and occlusion or the like may occur in the continuous production of the isocyanate compounds.
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a method of separating isocyanates from diisocyanate-containing organic residues under specific temperature and pressure conditions and transferring the residues forcibly.
Patent Documents 2 to 6 disclose methods for conducting post-treatment of residues resulting from the production of isocyanates.
Patent Document 7 discloses a method for conducting post-treatment of a residue resulting from the production of isocyanates in which the entire amount of gas components formed as by-products are absorbed by alkali metal as carbonates.
Patent Document 8 discloses a method for conducting post-treatment by reacting a distillate residue formed in the synthesis of a tolylene diisocyanate with water, in which the distillate residue is reacted with water continuously or semi-continuously in a reverse-mixing reactor in the presence of hydrolysate.
Patent Document 9 discloses a decomposition and collection method in which high-temperature and high-pressure water containing ammonia and/or aliphatic amines is contacted with an isocyanate-based compound to collect the resultant as a raw material of the isocyanate-based compound.


The goal of this invention is to provide an ergonomic handle for cable-based exercise equipment which is comfortable in the user's hands and increases user strength and range of motion. This exercise handle allows wrist flexion and extension as well as forearm and hand pronation and supination. The handle is composed of a grip which is rotatably coupled to a bracket, which is in turn connected to a rotatable connection assembly which freely rotates along an axis parallel to the cable.

Present cable exercise equipment handles only allow motion in line with the cable, and most do not take the user's comfort into account. The user is forced to pull with unnaturally rigid wrist and elbow joints, applying excess strain to these areas and potentially leading to injuries.
Typical exercise equipment handles such as shown in FIG. 1, are made of plastic and are connected to the equipment via a nylon strap 12 which runs through the handle 10. With use over time the handle rubs against the nylon and the nylon eventually breaks. Also, if the user twists while pulling on the handle, this nylon strap undergoes torsion which also leads to its eventual breakage.
There have been a few attempts to create an ergonomic exercise equipment handle that change either the cross sectional or longitudinal shape of the handle.


In a digital broadcasting signal transmission system, a transmission frame includes a frame body and a frame header, and the frame body is divided into a plurality of sub-bands in the frequency domain and is divided into a plurality of symbols in the time domain. The frame header is provided in the former part of the transmission frame and is transmitted with a signal in the time domain. The frame body includes a plurality of services, and the services respectively receive at least one sub-band and at least one symbol. The frame header includes information on the plurality of services, and information on the plurality of services includes information on the sub-band and the symbol to which the services are allocated, information on channel encoding levels of the services, and information on digital modulation levels of the services.

A general digital broadcasting transmission system provides various transmission formats since it can select various transmission modes, modulation levels, layer modulation, and error correction codes. In this instance, since a transmission mode, a modulation level, layer modulation, and error correction codes can be selected for a random radio frequency (RF) channel, a different mode, a modulation level, layer modulation, and error correction codes can be selected depending on the RF channel.
However, since all the transmission frames that are transmitted through a random RF channel commonly use the transmission mode, modulation level, layer modulation, and error correction codes that are determined according to the corresponding RF channel, the transmission frames of the corresponding RF channel problematically have transmission formats that are the same with respect to time.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Digital broadcasting signal transmitting method and device, recording medium thereof, and receiving device thereof

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE