A parallelism control device applied to dual-shaft system for fixing the parallelism of the rotary shafts and facilitating the assembling process. The device includes an assembly of a first and a second rotary shafts and a fixing unit capable of providing torque effect. Each of the first and second rotary shafts has a fixed section and a pivoted section mounted on an electronic apparatus. The fixing unit has a substantially C-shaped cross section and includes a first and a second sections, a connection section in connection with the first and second sections and a split between the first and second sections. The first and second sections and the connection section are fixedly assembled with the pivoted sections of the first and second rotary shafts so as to avoid deflection of the first and second rotary shafts and fix the parallelism thereof.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a parallelism control device applied to dual-shaft system, and more particularly to a parallelism control device, which is assembled with two rotary shafts of the dual-shaft system to help in fixing the parallelism of the rotary shafts and provide torque effect.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are various electronic apparatuses provided with covers or display screens, such as mobile phones, notebooks, PDA, and electronic books. The covers or display screens are pivotally mounted on the electronic apparatuses via pivot pins or rotary shafts, whereby the covers or display screens can be freely rotated and opened/closed under external force.
In order to operate the display module (such as the screen) and/or the apparatus body module of the electronic apparatus in more operation modes and application ranges, a dual-shaft mechanism is provided between the display module and the apparatus body module, whereby the display module and/or the apparatus body module can be operated in different operation modes by different rotational angles.
One end (or so-called pivoted end) of the rotary shaft structure is generally assembled with a torque module composed of multiple gaskets with through holes and recessed/raised locating sections, frictional plates and springs. Two ends of the rotary shafts are respectively fixedly assembled in a case by means of retainer rings or retainer plates. The other end (or so-called fixed end) of the rotary shaft structure is mounted on the apparatus body module and display module of the electronic apparatus. The springs cooperatively store and release energy to rotate and locate the rotary shafts. Basically, the structural design and assembling process of such rotary shaft structure is relatively complicated and the rotary shafts need to provide longer length for assembling with the torque module. Moreover, the recessed/raised locating sections of the gaskets and the frictional plates are subject to wear after a period of operation. This will affect the locating effect.
Also, when a user operates the display module of the apparatus body module to rotate the same, the rotational action force is applied to one end or fixed end of the rotary shaft to make the rotary shaft rotate. In this case, the other end or the pivoted end of the rotary shaft is likely to slightly deflect. As a result, the electronic apparatus can be hardly smoothly rotated and operated.
That is, the fixed end of the rotary shaft serves as a rotational support point of the action force for rotating the electronic apparatus. This will make the other end or the pivoted end of the rotary shaft deflected. As well known by those who are skilled in this field, in order to solve the above problem, it is necessary to assemble the retainer rings and the retainer plates at two ends of the rotary shaft with the rotary shaft and the case at high precision so as to keep the parallelism of the two rotary shafts and solve the problem of deflection of one end of the rotary shaft. Obviously, this will increase the difficulty in assembling and processing and thus increase the manufacturing cost. This is not what we expect.
The conventional pivot pin structures or rotary shaft structures and the relevant connection components thereof have some shortcomings in use and structural design that need to be overcome. It is therefore tried by the applicant to provide a parallelism control device applied to dual-shaft system to eliminate the shortcomings existing in the conventional rotary shaft structure so as to widen the application range. For example, in comparison with the conventional pivot pin structures or rotary shaft structures, the pivot pin or rotary shaft is assembled with the fixing/control device. In response to the rotation of the electronic apparatus, the fixing device can keep the parallelism of the rotary shafts and minimize the possibility of deflection of one end of the rotary shaft. Also, the torque module composed of the gaskets, the frictional plates and the springs is removed. The fixing/control device itself can provide torque effect to simplify the structure and facilitate the assembling process of the pivot pin or rotary shaft structure. Therefore, the length of the rotary shafts can be shortened and it is no more necessary to assemble the components of the rotary shaft structure at high precision.

Parallelism control device applied to dual-shaft system


Each of combustion chambers 37 in a cylinder head 8 and an opening 45 in a cylinder block/cylinder head coupling surface 36 are connected to each other by a pair of exhaust passages 42. A cooling water passage 94 is defined within a partition wall 44 partitioning both the exhaust passages 42, and constitutes a portion of a cooling water jacket for cooling portions near the exhaust passages 42. The cooling water passage 94 extends within the partition wall 44 to near each of the combustion chamber 37 and moreover, communicates with a cooling water jacket in a cylinder block through openings 83 and 87. Thus, the cooling performance for the water-cooled engine including the pair of exhaust passage for each of the combustion chambers can be enhanced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a water-cooled engine including at least two exhaust valves in correspondence to each combustion chamber.
2. Description of the Related Art
Disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No.3-168353 is an engine in which an exhaust passage extending from a single exhaust valve mounted for each of combustion chambers in a cylinder head opens at its downstream end into a cylinder head/cylinder block coupling surface. Disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No.63-253157 is an engine in which a pair of exhaust passages extending from two exhaust valves mounted for each of combustion chambers open at their downstream ends into an outer surface of a cylinder head different from a cylinder block/cylinder head coupling surface.
When the downstream ends of the pair of exhaust passages from the two exhaust valves mounted for each of combustion chambers open into the cylinder block/cylinder head coupling surface, a partition wall partitioning both the exhaust passages is heated to an extremely high temperature by a heat of an exhaust gas and hence, it is necessary to take account of the shape of a cooling water jacket so as to be able to effectively cool the partition wall.


A mask programmable integrated circuit includes a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and a controller. The controller couples to the ROM and RAM. The controller senses a reset condition and, in response, directs a clear of the RAM or a preload of contents of the ROM to the RAM. The preload can be performed after a successful self-test of the RAM is achieved. The RAM has a variable word length and depth size and can be configured to operate in one of many modes. The integrated circuit further includes a first and a second multiplexer (MUX). The first MUX is interposed between the RAM and the ROM, and selectively couples either the ROM data or the built-in self-test (BIST) data to the first MUX output. The second MUX is interposed between the first MUX and the RAM, and selectively couples either the output of the first MUX or a (synchronous or asynchronous) data input to the RAM. With the preload feature, the invention can emulate a ROM, a preloaded RAM, or looktip table logic functions as well as conventional RAM. Further, BIST allows for testing of the RAM without the needs for external support.

The present invention relates to the field of integrated circuits, and more particularly to architectures for programmable logic integrated circuits.
Programmable logic integrated circuits are well known to those in the electronic art. Such programmable logic integrated circuits are commonly referred as PALs (Programmable Array Logic), PLAs (Programmable Logic Arrays), FPLAs (Field Programmable Logic Arrays), PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), EPLDs (Erasable Programmable Logic Devices), CPLDs (Complex Programmable Logic Devices) EEPLDs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Logic Devices), LCAs (Logic Cell Arrays), FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), and the like. Such devices are used in a wide array of applications where it is desirable to program standard, off-the-shelf devices for specific applications. Such devices include, for example, the well-known Classic(trademark), MAX(copyright), and FLEX(copyright) families of EPLDs manufactured by Altera Corp.
The popular FLEX(copyright) PLD architecture from Altera Corp. includes many logic array blocks (LABs) arranged in a two-dimensional array and multiple embedded array blocks (EABs). This PLD architecture further includes two arrays of intersecting signal conductors for programmably selecting and conducting logic signals to, from, and between the LABs, the EABs, and the device I/O pins. Each LAB includes a number of programmable logic elements (LEs) that provide relatively elementary logic functions such as NAND, NOR, exclusive OR, flip flops, and other functions. The LABs are generally used to implement general logic and the EABs are generally used to implement memory and specialized logic functions.
A user configures a programmable logic integrated circuit, such as a PLD or a FPGA, to implement the desired logical functions. For example, the user may configure a PLD to be a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a multiplier, a digital filter, or the like. During the design phase, due to circumstances such as errors in the design or changes in requirements, the user may need to modify the design by reconfiguring the PLD. Once a particular design for the PLD has been successfully implemented and tested, the design typically does not need to be changed again. At that point, it may be desirable to reduce production costs by implementing the design in a lower cost device such as a mask-programmable PLD (MPLD).
A MPLD is a device that is configured or xe2x80x9chard-wiredxe2x80x9d during the fabrication of the device. For example, the PLD manufacturer fabricates a MPLD design by using a specific metal mask corresponding to the user""s design. Conventionally, the conversion from a programmable design into a MPLD design is time consuming and inefficient. These design hurdles are contrary to the low cost and fast time to market requirements of many electronics products.
As can be seen, techniques for efficient conversion of a design from a programmable design to a MPLD design is highly desirable. Further, it is important that the MPLD provides the available functionality of the programmable design it replaces.
The invention provides techniques that expedite the design conversion from a PLD to a MPLD. For a MPLD conversion in accordance with the invention, the logic and interconnects of the PLD design are synthesized using conventional design conversion techniques. The embedded memories of the PLD are substituted with configurable memory blocks that provide the embedded memory features. The configurable memory block can be designed and stored in a design library, to be recalled and included in the MPLD design when needed. The contents of a ROM in the configurable memory block are altered from one MPLD design to the next.
A specific embodiment of the invention provides a mask programmable integrated circuit that includes a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and a controller. The controller couples to the ROM and RAM. The controller senses a reset condition and, in response, directs a clear (i.e., preload of zeros) of the RAM or a preload of contents of the ROM to the RAM. The clear or preload can be performed after achieving a successful self-test of the RAM. In an embodiment, the RAM has a variable word length and depth size and can be configured to operate in one of many modes. In an embodiment, the integrated circuit further includes a first and a second multiplexer (MUX). The first MUX is interposed between the ROM and the RAM, and selectively couples either the ROM data or the built-in self-test (BIST) data to the first MUX output. The second MUX is interposed between the first MUX and the RAM, and selectively couples either the output of the first MUX or a (synchronous or asynchronous) data input to the RAM. With the preload feature, the invention can emulate a ROM, a preloaded RAM, or look-up table logic functions as well as conventional RAM. Further, the BIST allows for testing of the RAM without the need for external support.
Another specific embodiment of the invention provides a method of initializing a mask programmable integrated circuit. The method includes: (1) resetting the mask programmable integrated circuit; (2) providing a signal to indicate a reset condition has occurred; (3) initiating a self-test of the RAMs of the mask programmable integrated circuit; and (4) when the self-test has successfully completed, preloading the RAM with contents from a ROM. The self-test of the integrated circuit typically includes performing a test of the RAM. In one embodiment, the RAM test can be performed by: (1) writing a sequence of predetermined values to the RAM; (2) reading a sequence of values from the RAM; and (3) comparing the sequence of values read from the RAM against the sequence of values written to the RAM. Alternatively, the RAM test can be achieved by performing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of values received from the RAM. The RAM test can also be performed using conventional RAM test algorithms.
The invention can be used to replace embedded memories (e.g., RAMs) of any PLD and integrated circuits, including microprocessors, digital signal processors, controllers, and others.
The foregoing, together with other aspects of this invention, will become more apparent when referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings.

Configurable memory design for masked programmable logic


The invention provides a method of treating a subject having, or at risk of developing, a condition in which functioning of the small or large intestine is impaired, enhancing functioning or preventing damage to the small or large intestine in a subject, or ameliorating inflammation of the small or large intestine in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a GLP-1 receptor agonist. A GLP-1 receptor agonist may also be provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable form in an amount effective to treat or prevent conditions of the small or large intestine. Further, pharmaceutical compositions are provided for the treatment or prevention of conditions of the small or large intestine comprising a GLP-1 receptor agonist, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or vehicle.

Inflammation of the intestinal tract is one of the most common types of inflammatory processes affecting humans. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of serious chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders of generally unknown etiology. The two most common forms of IBD are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Ulcerative colitis affects the small or large intestine and involves the inner lining (e.g., the mucosal and sub-mucosal layer) of the intestinal wall. Crohn's disease may affect any section of the gastrointestinal tract and may involve all layers of the intestinal wall. Symptoms of IBD include rectal and/or intestinal bleeding, abdominal pain and cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss.
IBD remains relatively resistant to current treatments. Current therapies are primarily directed at reducing the inflammatory process and its detrimental effects, and include administration of anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., mesalamine, suifasalazine, infliximab, adalimumab, prednisone, budesonide) and immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine, azathioprine, cyclosporine). These therapies may be associated with severe adverse side effects including anorexia, dyspepsia, malaise, headaches, abdominal pain, fever, rash, pancreatitis, bone marrow suppression, and infections. Invasive surgical procedures, including colectomy, proctocolectomy, and ileostomy, are also used when drug therapies fail.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,214 discloses the use of glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) to treat or prevent inflammatory conditions of the small or large intestine. U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,447 discloses the use of a gastrointestinal peptide hormone selected from the class consisting of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and derivatives thereof having anti-secretory effects and smooth muscle relaxatory properties in the gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of functional dyspepsia and/or irritable bowel syndrome.

Methods for treating disorders of the gastrointestinal tract using a GLP-1 agonist


A cutting tool for machining a work piece to form a turbine rotor having a longitudinal axis includes a plurality of curved splines extending from a back of the tool to a front of the tool. Each spline is curved so that it is not parallel to a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool. Preferably, each spline is curved in a helical shape in the axial direction. Disposed along each spline are a plurality of cutting teeth. Each tooth has a cutting face that is helical in shape. Due to this helical shape of the cutting face of each tooth, a positive radial rake angle is formed for each tooth and a positive axial rake angle is formed for each tooth. These positive rake angles enhance the characteristics of the cutting process. The top of each tooth is also curved to form radial relief for each tooth. Furthermore, each tooth disposed axially forward of another tooth along a spline has a radial height that is less than the other tooth to provide cutting relief in the axial direction for each tooth.

This invention relates to milling machines and cutting tools usable in milling machines. In particular, the cutting tool of this invention has a helical shaped cutting surface for machining the inside diameter of a turbine rotor.
This invention is related to the subject matter of commonly assigned copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/904,155 (attorney docket number T196012) filed on Jul. 31, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,191, entitled "Method of and System For Manufacturing A Helical Cutter," which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Milling or boring machines may employ a variety of cutting tools. A cutting tool may be of the type that has a longitudinal axis with teeth disposed around the circumference of the longitudinal axis. These cutting tools can be inserted into a hole and rotated about their longitudinal axis to bore a larger hole to a specified shape, such as a larger diameter. Tools of this type are well known and may be employed in manufacturing tubular shaped structures, such as a turbine rotor.
A cutting tool may be classified as either a standard cutting tool or a form cutting tool. A standard cutting tool is prefabricated to certain dimensions and can typically be purchased by specifying a stock number or the like. In contrast, form cutters are those that are designed to cut a work piece to a specific shape. Form cutters are typically manufactured to specific dimensions as specified by the purchaser. As those of skill in the art will appreciate, tools used in the manufacturing of turbine rotors are typically form cutters.
During cutting operations chips are created. These chips vary in size and shape depending on the type of material being cut, the material doing the cutting and in large part on the geometry of the cutting tool. The size and shape of the chips, and consequently the geometry of the cutting tool is important because it affects the speed of cutting, tool wear, surface finish, safety of a cutting operation, machining tolerances and other characteristics of the cutting process. For instance, continuous chips generally produce a good surface finish but may present a safety concern for the tool operator. In comparison, segmented chips may cause a severe distortion of the metal in the area adjacent to the tool and cracking of the work piece. One way to control the type of chip generated is to select the proper geometry of a cutting tool. Thus, the geometry of a cutting tool is a critical feature in controlling the cutting process.
The tool geometry may also affect the force or torque required to cut a work piece. Typically, the tool face of a cutting tool, the surface against which the chips bear, is inclined to either increase or decrease the keenness or bluntness of the cutting edge. Conventionally, the inclination of the cutting face is referred to as the rake angle. Since the tool face may be inclined in more than one direction, a cutting surface may have more than one rake angle. Rake angles can be either positive or negative. A rake angle is positive if the cutting edge leads the surface of the tooth face with respect to a work piece and negative if it lags behind the tooth face. Positive rake angles tend to reduce the requisite cutting force or torque and direct chip flow away from the work piece. In contrast, negative rake angles generally increase the required cutting force, but provide greater strength at the cutting edge.
Conventionally, cutting tools used to manufacture turbine rotors have a plurality of teeth disposed axially and circumferentially along the cutting tool. Each tooth is disposed along a spline extending axially from the front of the tool to the back of the tool. Each spline extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool. The cutting face of each tooth along the spline is substantially parallel to the cutting face of the other teeth disposed along that spline. Additionally, the teeth are disposed at a rake angle of zero in both the axial and radial directions. The tolerance of cuts made with a tool of this geometry is limited. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cutting process and the cutting speed are also limited with this type of tool. Moreover, the force or torque required to cut with a tool of this geometry is relatively substantial.
Because of the limitations of conventional cutting tools, an improved cutting tool used to manufacture turbine rotors is needed. Conventional methods and systems of manufacturing cutting tools have prevented the development of such an improved cutting tool. In particular, cutting tools of this type were conventionally manufactured with a milling machine or similar cutting machine. Because of the limitations inherent in milling processes, the geometry of cutting tools manufactured with a milling process is limited.

Helical cutter geometry for a cutting tool used to manufacture turbine rotors


The hardness of a metal sample is determined using a hardness tester provided with an indenter having an indenting tip and means for loading the indenter. The method comprises employing an electrically conductive indenting tip and connecting the indenter and the metal sample to the input terminals of an electric resistance measuring apparatus. The indenter is loaded up to a preset load on a reference metal sample having a known hardness and detecting the contact resistance under the load. The tester is functionally set on a metal sample to be tested and gradually the indenter is loaded until the same electrical contact resistance as detected on the reference sample is measured by the electrical resistance measuring apparatus and the load which is actually applied to the indenter is read. The hardness of the tested sample is determined through a proportionality relationship between the preset load applied to the reference sample and the load applied to the tested sample.

Hardness testers are instruments which are well known to the skilled technician. The apparatus, which may take different forms, comprises an indenter constituted essentially by a stylus assembly which may assume various forms depending on the type of sample to be tested provided with an indenting tip of a hard and undeformable material, commonly a diamond or a hard metal, and a loading system for applying a certain load. The hardness assessment is generally a multistep test whereby the size of the indentation produced by the indenting tip on the surface of the piece to be tested under a certain load applied to the indenter, or the depth of penetration of the indenter is measured.
The tip of the indenter may have a conical, a spherical (Brinnel) or square piramidal (Vikers) form. The diamond or the hard metal are the materials commonly used for making these tips which must be sufficiently hard so as not to be scratched by the material being tested and undeformable under the test load.
A bench-type apparatus comprises usually a support structure, a loading system through which it is possible to load and by an inventory of implements for permitting to select a certain configuration of the indenter, suitable for the piece to be tested. e.g. for effecting tests on external or internal surfaces of a machined piece of machinery.
Where the indentation cannot be viewed through an optical microscope, for example in the case of an internal surface of a tubular piece, the assessment of the hardness must necessarily be based upon a micrometric determination of the depth of penetration of the indenter tip in the material being tested, according to the capabilities of the known apparatuses. These measurements of size and/or depth of an indentation are burdensome and are often a source of evaluation errors.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,141 and in the Article "Measurements of Hardness at Indentation Depths as Low as 20 Nanometers"; by W. C. Oliver, R. Hutchings and J. B. Pethica, pp 90-108, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 889, 1986, a method of determining hardness, yield strength, and other mechanical parameters of a material are disclosed wherein the load applied to a microindenter and the displacement of the indenter after the establishment of contact with the surface of the sample are electronically measured and elaborated to obtain the value of the particular mechanical parameter.
On the other hand, the contact area between two bodies is difficult to determine when the area of contact is less than a few square microns. There have been prior attempts to obtain such a measurement by determining the electrical resistance at the junction. However, to date, such a technique has never found application in indenter-type hardness testing apparatus which for other reasons must utilize an intrinsically insulating indenter tip, such as a diamond tip.

Hardness tester and method for measuring the hardness of metallic materials


Digital data, including audio and video, may be communicated at increased data rates by utilizing non-data signal channels in cables to communicate additional data. For data transmission, a reformatter receives data in a first format adapted for communication over the data signal channels of a cable. The reformatter may convert the received data into a second format with one or more additional data signals. The reformatter then utilizes non-data signal channels of the cable to carry the additional data signals. An example non-data signal channel may include a clock signal channel, and the reformatter may fold a clock signal into one or more of the data signals to allow for clock recovery downstream. Data may also be split into two or more subsets and each subset encoded separately, for example with two or more data encoders such as legacy HDMI encoders.

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a protocol for digital transmission of audio and video data from audiovisual sources to audiovisual destinations (also referred to as "sinks" in HDMI literature). Detailed specifications for HDMI can be obtained from the www.hdmi.org website. Recent HDMI specifications are HDMI 1.4 and HDMI 2.0, which are incorporated herein by reference. Similar protocols are defined by the DisplayPort standard from the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). Detailed specifications for DisplayPort protocols can be obtained from the www.vesa.org website.
FIG. 1 illustrates the main components of an HDMI link 100. These include the source 110 (e.g. a Blu-ray Disc player); the cable 120; and the sink 130 (e.g. a television). The HDMI standard uses Transition Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) to carry high-speed audiovisual data from the source to the sink. The cable in FIG. 1 may for instance be a conventional coax HDMI cable. The HDMI cable carries digitized audiovisual data via three differential TMDS channels 140: TMDS Data0, TMDS Data1, and TMDS Data2, commonly jointly abbreviated simply as TMDS Data. A fourth differential TMDS channel, 150, called TMDS Clock, carries a subrate version of the clock used to create the digital TMDS data signals. There are also a collection of low-speed lines which carry control and configuration signals. These lines are known as: "Hot Plug Detect" (HPD), "Display Data Channel" (DDC) which is composed of "Serial Data" (SDA) and "Serial Clock" (SCL), Consumer Electronic Control (CEC), "Utility", and "+5V Power". Along with other control information, these lines are used to negotiate video parameters (e.g. resolution, frame rate, and/or color depth), audio parameters, and perform the encryption key exchange for High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP). These functions in large part contribute to the prevalence of HDMI by allowing the highest quality video jointly supported by the source, HDMI link, and sink.
When characterizing video quality, the most commonly known parameter is the display resolution. Most high-end displays available today support "1080p" resolution (also known as "2K") which is 1920×1080 pixels. However, new "4K" displays with four times as many pixels (i.e. a 3840×2160 display resolution) are introduced to the market. Some manufacturers have even exhibited "8K" displays supporting resolution (i.e. 7680×4320 pixels), another quadrupling of the resolution above "4K" displays. Commensurate with each quadrupling of the number of pixels is a dramatic improvement in picture sharpness but also a quadrupling of the video data rate (if all other factors are constant, such as color depth and frame rate as described next).
A less well known, but still highly important, set of parameters influencing video quality is the color depth, which describes the color space quantization. Parameters are:                i) "bits per pixel", selected from {24, 30, 36, and 48}, which defines the number of bits representing the color of each pixel, and        ii) "chroma subsampling", commonly selected from {4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4}, which defines how the Cr (red complement) and Cb (blue complement) chroma components are sampled in the YCrCb chroma space with 4:2:0 being the coarsest subsampling and lowest color quality and 4:4:4 being the finest sampling and highest color quality.
More bits per pixel and finer chroma subsampling result in richer, more vibrant color. Coarse color quantization and chroma subsampling are often evident by duller color and the presence of what is known as "color banding" where an abrupt change in color quantization levels can be seen in an image or scene with an intended smooth color gradation. Unfortunately, while deeper color brings higher quality video, it comes at the cost of higher bandwidth. FIG. 2 illustrates how deeper color (more bits per pixel and finer chroma subsampling) requires higher bandwidth capacity by the different colored curves in the graph for a 4K resolution display.
A third key parameter in video quality is the frame rate. Slower frame rates such as 30 frames-per-second (fps) below can produce visibly noticeable jitter, choppiness, or chatter in video involving fast motion as may be seen in an action scene, sporting event, or even the panning of a video camera. This choppiness is dramatically reduced at 60-fps and is generally noticeable only when deliberately focused on. At 120-fps, this jitter is not perceivable for the human eye. While reducing jitter to imperceptible levels is desirable, it unfortunately requires ostensibly more bandwidth. The required video bandwidth scales proportionally with the frame rate, so 120 and 60-fps video require 4 times and 2 times, respectively, the bandwidth of 30-fps video. This trend is also illustrated in FIG. 2. Furthermore, 3D systems require another doubling of video bandwidth in that full video information must be delivered for both left eye and right eye.
FIG. 2 illustrates examples 200 of video data rates in various video systems. As is evident from FIG. 2 and the preceding discussion, higher quality video requires higher video throughput. To appreciate the severity of the current bandwidth constraints of HDMI and how it is limiting video quality, consider the vertical axis of FIG. 2. A recent version of the HDMI specification (version 1.4) supports up to 3.4-Gb/s of throughput on each TMDS data line, for an aggregate throughput of 3*3.4-Gb/s or 10.2-Gb/s for the entire cable. That is enough bandwidth to carry a high-frame rate deep color "HD" video signal, e.g. 1080p resolution with 48-bit color and 4:4:4 chroma sampling at 120-fps which requires an aggregate bandwidth of 8.91-Gb/s. However, simply changing the resolution from 1080p to 4K, while keeping the deep color and 120-fps, would quadruple the required bandwidth to 35.64-Gb/s which greatly exceeds the 10.2-Gb/s capabilities defined in HDMI 1.4. In fact, HDMI 1.4 only allows for 4K resolution at a slow 24 or 30-fps. Furthermore, the color must also be compromised to reduce the bits per pixel or chroma sampling in order to fit within HDMI 1.4's bandwidth capabilities. The result is that even though displays today are capable of producing 4K (and even 8K in ultra-high-end demonstrations), there is no readily available system to communicate the larger data volume with deep color and high frame rates.
HDMI 2.0 offers up to 18-Gb/s and supports 2160p60, which is 4K at 60-fps. At this rate, it does not enable deep color, which would require the previously mentioned 35.64-Gb/s. It falls far short of offering 8K capabilities.
Thus, while today's HDMI based systems generally transmit the highest quality signal jointly supported by the source, HDMI link, and display, it is the rate limitations on the TMDS data in the HDMI protocol that is the system limitation.
Consequently, there is an unmet need for methods and systems for communicating data that support the higher data rates associated with the capabilities of more advanced displays and sources, such as displays with high resolution, deep color, and/or fast frame rates.

Method and system for achieving higher video throughput and/or quality


An Osteospermum cultivar named ‘KLEOE08149’ particularly distinguished by deep greyed-orange inflorescences, good branching, and a compact and stable growth habit, is disclosed.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of Osteospermum, botanically known as Osteospermum ecklonis, and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name 'KLEOE08149'. The new cultivar originated from a hybridization made in July 2005 in Stuttgart, Germany. The female parent was an un-named Osteospermum plant (unpatented), while the male parent was 'FlowerPower Sunrise' (unpatented) Osteospermum plant, with light yellow inflorescences. The seeds produced by the hybridization were sown in Spring 2006. A single plant selection was chosen for further evaluation and for asexual propagation in Spring 2006.
The new cultivar was created in 2005 in Stuttgart, Germany, and has been asexually reproduced repeatedly by vegetative cuttings in Stuttgart, Germany over a two and one-half year period. The present invention has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics through successive asexual propagations.
Plant Breeder's Rights for this cultivar have been applied for in Switzerland on Aug. 5, 2008. 'KLEOE08149' has not been made publicly available more than one year prior to the filing date of this application.


A coin operated fragrance dispensing device comprises a casing having a plurality of actuation assemblies for dispensing a predetermined quantity of a user selected fragrance from a plurality of fragrance canisters therein. A lockable front door of the casing presents indicia and selection buttons corresponding to the fragrance canisters therein. The casing includes an adjustable holder adapted to carry variously sized fragrance canisters. A coin inserted through a slot in the front door of the casing falls upon a crank arm and is lodged between flanges thereon. The weight of the coin causes the arm to tilt and thus to pull down upon a pivot arm. As the shaft pivots about an axis established by a shaft which connects the pivot arms of each actuation assembly, push rods extend to move levers into open or unlocked positions. Accordingly, an actuation bar attached to a fragrance selection button is free to slidably engage a pressure responsive valve means of a fragrance canister. This engagement causes a predetermined quantity of the selected fragrance to be transmitted through a fluid line to a user pivotable nozzle. Alternatively, a separate coin slot with a crank arm can be utilized to initiate the dispensing of each fragrance.

The present invention relates generally to coin operated devices for dispensing fragrances and, more particularly, to a coin operated device which can spray a quantity of a user selected fragrance upon user actuation.
Odors common to individual stalls in public restrooms often linger for long periods of time, particularly where adequate ventilation is not available. Accordingly, an occupant of the stall may desire to have a more desirable fragrance sprayed within the stall to eliminate or at least mask the undesired lingering odor.
Various coin operated devices for dispensing fragrances are known in the prior art. Although assumably effective in operation, some devices require a power source for operation, such as electricity, batteries, or compressed air. Further, other devices in the prior art include expensive components such as air compressors.
Thus, it is desirable to have a coin operated fragrance dispenser which allows a user to select from a variety of fragrances. It is also desirable to have a fragrance dispenser which can dispense a fragrance upon a user inserting the proper coinage and pressing a button, without utilizing any additional power source.

Coin operated fragrance dispensing device


The flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate of the present invention comprises a layer (A) that is made of an entangled nonwoven fabric comprising a polyester superfine fiber (a) of a single fiber fineness of 0.5 dtex or less containing no flame-retardant component and a flame-retardant polyester superfine fiber (b) of a single fiber fineness of 0.5 dtex or less containing a flame-retardant component in a ratio, (a)/(b), of 100/0 to 40/60 by mass, and a layer (B) that is made of an entangled nonwoven fabric comprising the polyester superfine fiber (a) and the flame-retardant polyester superfine fiber (b) in a ratio, (a)/(b), of 70/30 to 0/100 by mass. The entangled nonwoven fabrics of the layers (A) and (B) are impregnated with an elastomeric polymer (c) containing a flame-retardant component. The ratio of the polyester superfine fiber (a) and the flame-retardant polyester superfine fiber (b) in the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate is 10:90 to 90:10 by mass. The flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate and the artificial leather made thereof have an excellent flame retardancy, a soft and high-quality feeling and appearance, a high abrasion resistance and peel strength, and excellent mechanical properties such as surface strength.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate, a production method thereof, an artificial leather made of the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate, and chairs or vehicle seats faced with the artificial leather. Particularly, the present invention relates to a flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate having a soft and high-quality feeling and excellent in the surface strength such as abrasion resistance and peel strength, a production method thereof and an artificial leather made of the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate. With the above properties, the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate and the artificial leather made thereof of the present invention are suitably used in various applications requiring high quality, flame retardance and high surface strength such as high abrasion resistance and high peel strength, for example, suitably used as the facing materials for vehicle seats and interior furniture such as cushion seats, sofas and chairs.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Artificial leathers have been conventionally used in various applications such as the facing materials for interiors, clothing, shoes, bags, gloves, and vehicle seats. Recently, of such applications, the facing materials for the vehicle seats such as railway coach seats, automotive seats, airplane seats and ship seats, and for the interior furniture such as cushion seats, sofas and chairs are strongly required to be made of flame-retardant artificial leathers for safety precautions.
The artificial leathers are roughly classified into two types—grained artificial leathers, i.e., leather-like sheet substrates having their surface grained by a wet or dry method, and suede artificial leathers, i.e., leather-like sheet substrates having their surface finished with naps. The artificial leathers of either types generally have a base leather-like sheet substrate comprising an entangled nonwoven fabric having its interspace between entangled fibers impregnated with an elastomeric polymer.
The leather-like sheet substrate or the artificial leather having its base made therefrom are generally made flame-retardant by (1) post-impregnating the leather-like sheet substrate or the grained or suede artificial leather with a flame retardant, (2) lining the back of the leather-like sheet substrate with a flame-retardant woven or knitted fabric, (3) producing the leather-like sheet substrate from fibers incorporated with flame-retardant fine particles, or (4) filling the interspace between entangled fibers of the entangled nonwoven fabric constituting the leather-like sheet substrate with an elastomeric polymer blended with a flame retardant.
In the method (1), when the leather-like sheet substrate is made of superfine fiber bundles, it is very difficult for the flame retardant to enter into the inside of the superfine fiber bundles even when having a fine particle size, leaving the greater part of the flame retardant outside the superfine fiber bundles or on the outer surface of the elastomeric polymer. As a result, the appearance of the artificial leather is spoiled by its surface grimed with the flame retardant, and a long-term flame-retardant effect is difficult to obtain because the flame retardant easily falls off. To prevent the flame retardant from falling off, proposed is to impregnate the leather-like sheet substrate or the artificial leather with a binder resin solution containing the flame retardant. However, it is still difficult by such a method to allow the flame retardant to permeate into the inside of the superfine fiber bundles, and the flame-retardant effect is rather significantly reduced because the surface of the flame retardant is covered with the binder resin. In addition, the flexibility of the leather-like sheet substrate or the artificial leather is spoiled by the impregnation of the binder resin and a sufficient nap-raising is not achieved.
In the method (2), the back of the leather-like sheet substrate or the artificial leather is generally lined with a flame-retardant sheet comprising a woven or knitted fabric containing a flame retardant such as phosphorus compounds and halogen compounds. However, the lining with the flame-retardant sheet is likely to spoil the soft and high-quality feeling that is characteristic of the artificial leather.
The fibers used in the method (3) are generally produced by melt-spinning a fiber-forming polymer such as polyamide and polyethylene incorporated with fine flame-retardant particles. However, the determination of the spinning temperature and the selection of the polymer and the flame retardant are restricted by the stability of the flame retardant and the polymer during the melt-spinning process. Since fiber break is likely to occur, the method is disadvantageous in view of productivity. In addition, since the fibers containing fine flame-retardant particles are significantly reduced in their fiber properties, the leather-like sheet substrate made of such fibers drastically lowers the abrasion-resistant strength of a resultant artificial leather. When such a leather-like sheet substrate is fabricated into a grained artificial leather, the peel strength of the grain surface is lowered, failing to obtain an artificial leather of practical value.
In the method (4), since the flame retardant is added only to the elastomeric polymer to fill the inside of nonwoven fabric without adding the flame retardant to the fibers to form the entangled nonwoven fabric for the leather-like sheet substrate, the flame-retardant effect is generally not sufficient. If the addition amount of the flame retardant to the elastomeric polymer is increased to enhance the flame-retardant effect, the feeling of the artificial leather becomes hard to lost the high-quality feeling.
To solve the above problems in the conventional technique, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-85185 proposes an artificial leather which is produced by the steps of forming a fiber substrate using fibers made of a flame-retardant polyester copolymerized with a phosphorus compound or a halogen compound; forming a microporous fiber substrate by impregnating the fiber substrate with a flame-retardant polyurethane solution containing a bromine-containing modified urethane compound, followed by wet-coagulation; and laminating the microporous fiber substrate with a particular polycarbonate polyurethane surface layer via a polycarbonate polyurethane adhesive layer containing antimony trioxide and a bromine-containing modified urethane compound. However, since a halogen-containing compound such as the bromine-containing modified urethane compound is used as the flame-retardant polyurethane to be impregnated into the fiber substrate and the adhesive polyurethane, the proposed artificial leather evolves harmful gas upon combustion to make it disadvantageous in view of environmental pollution. In the proposed artificial leather, the whole body of the fiber substrate for constituting the base microporous fiber substrate is made of the flame-retardant polyester fiber copolymerized with the phosphorus compound or the halogen compound, or made of the fiber containing the halogen flame retardant. These flame-retardant fibers are insufficient in the strength to result in a poor surface strength such as abrasion resistance and peel strength.
In these circumstances, the inventors have made study to solve the drawbacks in the conventional methods (1) to (4) and to develop a flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate which is halogen-free, hard to cause environmental pollution, and excellent in safety and flame retardancy while retaining a good soft and high-quality feeling. As a result thereof, the inventors found a flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate comprising an entangled nonwoven fabric having in its inside a polymer elastomer containing aluminum hydroxide, and have filed a patent application (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-115183). The entangled nonwoven fabric is made of a flame-retardant superfine fiber having a single fiber fineness of 0.5 dtex or less which is produced from a flame-retardant copolyester copolymerized with an organic phosphorus compound. The flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate found by the inventors has a soft and high-quality feeling as well as a good flame retardancy. In addition, it is excellent in the safety and the prevention of environmental pollution because of containing no harmful halogen. Therefore, the artificial leather, such as the grained artificial leather and the suede artificial leather, made from the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate is particularly suitable as the facing material for vehicle seats and interior furniture.
The inventors have continued the study on the basis of the above finding. As a result thereof, the inventors have found that the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-115183 is desired to be further improved in its surface strength when intended to be used in applications requiring a high surface strength, for example, the use as the facing material for vehicle seats and interior furniture.
The production of fiber using a flame-retardant polyester copolymerized with a phosphorus-containing compound is conventionally known from other publications (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 51-82392, 55-7888, and 2001-164423, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 55-41610), and a flame-retardant polyurethane having a phosphorus compound-derived structural unit introduced into its polyurethane molecule is also known (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-194559). However, these patent documents are completely silent as to using the flame-retardant polyester fiber and the flame-retardant polyurethane in the production of the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate. Therefore, these patent documents describe or suggest nothing about providing the flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate excellent in the flame retardancy as well as in the surface strength such as abrasion resistance and peel strength while having a soft and high-quality feeling.

Flame-retardant leather-like sheet substrate and production method thereof


A scanning microscope includes at least one light source, an acousto-optical element, a beam deflection device and a beam guiding device. The at least one light source generates an illuminating light beam. The acousto-optical element spatially splits a sub-light beam from the illuminating light beam and adjusts an optical power of the illuminating light beam. The beam deflection device scans the illuminating light beam over or through a sample. The beam guiding device directs the sub-light beam onto the sample.

In scanning microscopy, a sample is illuminated with a light beam in order to observe the reflected or fluorescent light emitted from the sample. The focus of an illuminating light beam is moved in a sample plane using a controllable beam deflection device, generally by tilting two mirrors; the deflection axes usually being perpendicular to one another so that one mirror deflects in the X direction and the other in the Y direction. Tilting of the mirrors is brought about, for example, by galvanometer positioning elements. The power of the light coming from the sample is measured as a function of the position of the scanning beam. The positioning elements are usually equipped with sensors to determine the current mirror position.
In confocal scanning microscopy specifically, a sample is scanned in three dimensions with the focus of a light beam. A confocal scanning microscope generally includes a light source, a focusing optical system used to focus the light of the source onto a pinhole (called the "excitation pinhole"), a beam splitter, a beam deflection device for beam control, a microscope optical system, a detection pinhole, and the detectors for detecting the detection or fluorescent light. The illuminating light is coupled in, for example, via a beam splitter. The fluorescent or reflected light coming from the sample travels back via the beam deflection device to the beam splitter, passes through it, and is then focused onto the detection pinhole behind which the detectors are located. Detection light that does not derive directly from the focus region takes a different light path and does not pass through the detection pinhole, so that point information is obtained which leads to a three-dimensional image by sequential scanning of the sample.
In order to couple the excitation light of at least one light source into the microscope and to separate out, from the light coming via the detection beam path from the sample, the excitation light scattered and reflected at the sample, or the excitation wavelength, it is also possible to provide, instead of the beam splitter, an optical device embodied as an acousto-optical element, for example as known from German Unexamined Application DE 199 06 757 A1.
A three-dimensional image is usually achieved by acquiring image data in layers; the path of the scanning light beam on or in the sample ideally describing a meander (scanning one line in the x-direction at a constant y-position, then stopping the x-scan and slewing by y-displacement to the next line to be scanned, then scanning that line in the negative x-direction at a constant y-position, etc.). To allow the acquisition of image data in layers, the sample stage or the objective lens is shifted after a layer has been scanned, and the next layer to be scanned is thus brought into the focal plane of the objective lens.
In some microscopic applications, it is necessary to be able to manipulate the sample during scanning or between two scanning operations. Such manipulation may include, for example, the release of bound dyes, a bleaching operation, a cutting operation, or the use of optical tweezers.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,300 describes a laser scanning microscope including a first light source whose light is scanned over a sample by a first scanner, and further including a second light source whose light can be scanned over the sample as manipulation light by a second scanner.
German Patent Application DE 100 39 520 A1 also discloses a scanning microscope including two beam deflection devices, which independently scan light from different light sources over or through a sample.


This iron comprises a sole (10) having a heating base (15) and a plate (21) mounted below the base, and two steam chambers (28, 29) of which one (28) communicates with a first series of steam outlets (38) in the plate via corresponding steam distribution orifices (35), and of which the other (29) communicates with a second series of steam outlets (53) pierced in the plate via a steam distribution chamber (51) provided in the lower surface (23) of the base and communicating with said steam chamber (29). The distribution chamber (51) is located in the region located in the tip (11) of the heating base (15), and the second series of outlet holes (53) is grouped in the point (11) of the plate (21) of the sole.

It is known that such irons with two independent steam chambers, of which the first so-called principal chamber is a chamber for the production of continuous jets of steam at low pressure and of which the second is a chamber for the production of steam jets at higher pressure and with penetrating force, are particularly effective to respond to the various characteristics of the cloth to be pressed.
In known steam irons of this type, the steam distribution chamber provided in the lower surface of the heating base, and correspondingly the corresponding steam outlet holes at high pressure and high penetration, are generally disposed roughly in the midportion of the sole. Such an arrangement of these steam outlets is completely satisfactory as to pressing quality, but nevertheless, it is relatively poorly adapted for the comfort of the user while pressing when the latter must carefully carry out the marking of the creases in thick cloth, for example shirt folds.
The invention particularly has for its object to overcome this drawback and to provide in a simple way a steam iron, of the type described above, whose sole gives the user better pressing conditions whilst ensuring high quality of pressing no matter what the characteristics of the cloth to be pressed.

Steam iron with independent steam chambers


In one embodiment of the invention, a programmable logic device includes configuration memory and a controller. The controller can read a first bitstream from a first memory block of non-volatile memory and detect whether the first bitstream contains a valid preamble as the first bitstream is read from the non-volatile memory and before configuration data in the first bitstream is programmed into the volatile configuration memory. If a valid preamble is detected in the first bitstream, the controller programs the configuration memory with configuration data in the first bitstream. If a valid preamble is not detected in the first bitstream, the controller reads a second bitstream from a second memory block of the non-volatile memory.

Programmable logic devices (PLDs), such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), may be programmed with configuration data to provide various user-defined features. In certain applications, configuration data may be programmed into an external non-volatile memory such as a flash memory. The configuration data may be loaded from the external non-volatile memory into the PLD and programmed into volatile configuration memory of the PLD upon power-up, in response to an appropriate instruction, or in response to the toggling of an appropriate pin of the PLD. When a user desires to change the behavior of the PLD, the external non-volatile memory may be erased and reprogrammed with new configuration data that is subsequently loaded into the PLD.
Unfortunately, the above approach presents several potential problems for reliable PLD operation. Specifically, if the configuration data stored in the external non-volatile memory becomes corrupted or an erroneous configuration data pattern is loaded into the external non-volatile memory, then the operation of the PLD may become inoperable or exhibit unpredictable behavior after the PLD is programmed with the configuration data pattern. Similarly, if an otherwise valid configuration data pattern is improperly programmed or reprogrammed into the PLD or the external non-volatile memory as a result of, for example, a power failure, then the operation of the PLD may be likewise affected. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved approach to the loading of PLD configuration data that, for example, reduces the likelihood of erroneous configuration data being loaded into configuration memory of the PLD.

Programmable logic device and methods for providing multi-boot configuration data support


Electrodes suitable for electrochemical cells are produced by. a) applying a mixture comprising PA1 b) cutting the support V at an angle of from 5 to 85 degrees to the normal to the direction of relative motion (R) to give essentially parrallel strips.. .alpha.) a solid III which can reversibly take up or release lithium ions in an electrochemical reaction and PA2 .beta.) a binder IV, or a compound which can be converted into a binder IV, to an electrically conductive support V by means of a coating apparatus II with essentially linear relative motion (R) of the support V relative to the coating apparatus II in such a way that an uncoated zone remains on the support V at each of the two margins of the coating apparatus II running parallel to the relative motion (R) and

Electrochemical, in particular rechargeable, cells are generally known, for example from "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry", 5th edition, Vol. A3, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, 1985, pages 343-397.
Among these cells, lithium batteries occupy a special position, in particular as secondary cells, owing to their high specific energy storage density.
As already known, for example from DE-A 4328785, the cathodes of such cells comprise, as a compound capable of an electrochemical reaction, mixed oxides comprising lithium ions and manganese, cobalt or nickel ions, as can be represented in the stoichiometrically simplest case by the formulae LiMn.sub.2 O.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2 or LiNiO.sub.2.
These mixed oxides react reversibly with compounds which can incorporate lithium ions into their lattice, for example graphite, with the small lithium ions migrating from the crystal lattice and the metal ions such as manganese, cobalt or nickel ions in the latter being oxidized. This reaction can be utilized for electricity storage in an electrochemical cell by separating the compound taking up lithium ions, ie. the anode material, from the mixed oxide by means of an electrolyte through which the lithium ions migrate from the mixed oxide into the anode material.
When the cell is charged, electrons flow through an external voltage source and lithium cations flow through the electrolyte to the graphite. On utilization of the cell, the lithium cations flow through the electrolyte while the electrons flow through a load resistance from the graphite to the mixed oxide.
The electrodes of the electrochemical cells comprise a support, usually a metal, and, applied thereto, a binder layer in which the anode material, usually graphite, or the mixed oxide as cathode material are finely distributed. To coat the support, a suspension of the electrode materials and a solution of the binder are applied to the support, after which the solvent is evaporated.
To make possible output or input of power to the electrodes via contact points, the support may at these contact points have no coating which is known to have a high electrical resistance.
This has been achieved hitherto by printing the coating onto the support in the desired geometry and subsequently stamping the electrode including the contact point from the support material.
This process does not lead to satisfactory products, since the uniformity of the coating thickeners required for the operation of effective batteries cannot be achieved. Furthermore, this process has to be completely converted on each change of the electrode size.
To eliminate these disadvantages it has been proposed to completely coat the support, to stamp out the electrode including the contact point and subsequently to again remove the coating in the region of the contact point.
This process is technically very complicated and runs the risk of damaging the support material when removing the coating.


A system and method for facilitating employing touch gestures to control or manipulate a web-based application. The example method includes employing a browser running on a device with a touch-sensitive display to access content provided via a website; determining a context associated with the content, including ascertaining one or more user interface controls to be presented via a display screen used to present the content, and providing a first signal in response thereto; receiving touch input from a touch-sensitive display and providing a second signal in response thereto; and using the second signal to manipulate the display screen in accordance with the context associated with the content presented via the display screen. A library of touch gestures can represent common functions through touch movement patterns. These gestures may be context sensitive so as not to conflict with default touch tablet gestures.

The present application relates to software, and more specifically to software for facilitating use of gestures with web-based applications.
Software for facilitating use of gestures is employed in various demanding applications, including software running on tablets and smart phones with touch-sensitive displays. Such applications often demand software that recognizes intuitive gestures that do not conflict with tablet or smartphone default gestures.
Conventionally, software for handling touch gestures input via a touch-sensitive display uses default gestures of the computing device running the software. Use of gestures is often limited to navigating user interface display screens of the operating system of the device, such as switching between applications, activating and closing applications, and so on. Furthermore, in cases where gesture control features are built into an application running on the device, such gestures may conflict with default gestures used by the accompanying device.


Visual analytics tool for updating object detection models in autonomous driving applications. In one embodiment, an object detection model analysis system including a computer and an interface device. The interface device includes a display device. The computer includes an electronic processor that is configured to extract object information from image data with a first object detection model, extract characteristics of objects from metadata associated with image data, generate a summary of the object information and the characteristics, generate coordinated visualizations based on the summary and the characteristics, generate a recommendation graphical user interface element based on the coordinated visualizations and a first one or more user inputs, and update the first object detection model based at least in part on a classification of one or more individual objects as an actual weakness in the first object detection model to generate a second object detection model for autonomous driving.

Object detection is an important component in autonomous driving. It is also appropriate to evaluate and analyze the performance of object detection models that are implemented by one or more electronic processors to perform the objection detection in autonomous driving.
A metric of mean Average Precision (referred to herein as "mAP") has been used to evaluate the accuracy of object detection models. The metric mAP is usually aggregated over multiple cases with all object categories and different thresholds of Intersection over Union values (referred to herein as "IoU values") that measure the overlapping areas between the bounding boxes of ground truth and prediction. The metric mAP provides a quantitative measure of the model performance by the object detection model and provides a comparison between different object detection models.

Visual analytics platform for updating object detection models in autonomous driving applications


A RFID transponder having a microchip or integrated circuit, an impedance-matching structure and a resonant structure mounted on at least one substrate and connected to each other by an electric field.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention, in general, relates to a radio frequency identification transponder and, more particularly, to a radio frequency identification transponder antenna.
Radio frequency identification, hereafter sometimes referred to as "RFID" makes it possible without physical or visual contact to read and store physical data and in the context of the instant invention will be understood generically to refer to a complete technical infrastructure. As a rule, a RFID system includes a transponder, also known as a tag or smart label, a transmission and receiving unit und their integration into servers, services and other systems. It is the transponder to which the instant invention relates.
2. The Prior Art
RFID transponders including a microchip, a resonant structure and an impedance matching structure are well known in the art. Usually, the transponder is connected galvanically with the resonant and impedance matching structures.
The purpose of the impedance matching structure is to tune the value of the base or termination impedance of a transponder antenna to the input impedance of the transponder chip and thus to ensure an optimization of the transmission of energy. To this end, the prior art utilizes inductively acting antenna elements of the kind described by Constantine Balanis in "Antenna Theory" (John Wiley & Sons, 1997) or by John Kraus and Ronald Marhefka in "Antennas for all Applications" (McGraw Hill 2002).
Together, the microchip and the resonant structure constitute the RFID transponder, and in the prior art the impedance matching takes place within the resonant structure. U.S. Pat. No. 6,285,342 B1 discloses a RFID transponder provided with a miniaturized resonant antenna.
The drawback of such prior art devices is that the desired optimum matching of the microchip to known structures is not only complex in terms of process and fabrication, but also, and because of it, expensive. The fabrication of the transponder necessitates high geometric precision which leads to substantial complexities in the relatively large structures.
Another disadvantage of prior art devices is the likelihood of the microchips being damaged or destroyed when exposed to electrostatic discharges. The useful life and proper functioning of the transponders are, therefore, negatively affected and at best uncertain.

Radio frequency identification transponder antenna


A fail-safe fluid transfer control apparatus has full redundancy in the response to various inputs such as overfill probe signals, ground detection signals, and the like. Independent microprocessor controllers independently evaluate the inputs and each output control signals to close a respective relay when the inputs indicate that fluid transfer may commence. The relays are arranged in series such that both must be closed for a fluid transfer to commence. The control signals from each controller include a static signal and an alternating signal, both of which must be properly output to close its respective relay. Each controller monitors the state of each relay, and discontinues its control signals if either relay appears to be malfunctioning. Each controller runs an different, independently written firmware program to process the detected inputs to prevent a common firmware error. An optical bypass key replaces conventional mechanical keys and transmits an optically encoded signal to the controller for establishing a bypass condition. A preheating circuit is also provided for providing a dynamic voltage supply to standard thermistor probes which may be encountered.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is in the field of fluid transfer control and, particularly, in the area of providing safety during the transfer of flammable fluids, such as petroleum products.
2. Description of the Related Art
Controlling the safe and proper transfer of flammable fluids when loading transportation vehicles such as tanker trucks has long been a concern in the petroleum industry. In recent years, safety devices have been implemented on tanker trucks which prevent fluid transfer from a loading terminal to the truck if certain unsafe conditions surrounding the transfer exist. These devices use detection equipment to determine if all of the safety precautions have been taken, and inhibit fluid flow if they have not. The inhibiting of fluid flow is controlled electrically, by closing a valve in a fluid transfer conduit, or by disabling a pump which is responsible for transferring the fluid to the tanker.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art system having control circuitry 10 which controls either the valve or pumping mechanism (or both) based on a number of different inputs. This figure demonstrates some of the input sources which are known in the art for controlling fluid transfer. Prior art systems may have some or all of the inputs shown in FIG. 1. If all of the necessary input signals are not in the proper state, the transfer of fluid is inhibited. In this manner, hazardous filling conditions are avoided.
Many fluid flow control systems use a real-time clock 12 such as that shown in FIG. 1. The clock input is used in conjunction with a memory unit of the control circuitry 10 to store time stamps indicative of when certain noteworthy events occur. That is, each time the system is operated to allow the transfer of fluid to or from a compartment of the tanker, the nature of the event is recorded in some encoded manner, along with the time as indicated by the input signal from clock 12. Thus, if any efforts are made to defeat the pump/valve control circuitry 10 (i.e. and transfer fluid under unsafe conditions) a record of the event is created. This acts as a deterrent to those who might try to engage in such a defeat of the system.
A "deadman" switch 14 has also been used which requires that an operator controlling the fluid transfer manually hold a switch mounted at the loading terminal closed during the entire loading or unloading process. This ensures that the operator is always present while the fluid transfer is taking place, so that an appropriate action may be taken if any problem occurs. The deadman switch 14 specifically addresses the problem of operators walking away from the equipment while a fluid transfer is underway.
ID sensor circuit 16 is typical of a truck identification system for which a memory unit is located on the truck in which is stored a unique identification (ID) number. When the truck is at the loading terminal, a signal line between the truck and the terminal is connected to allow the ID circuit 16 to access the memory unit on the truck to read the ID number. The truck ID number is then compared to a list of valid truck ID numbers, and the fluid transfer is inhibited if the truck's ID number does not match a number on the list. A system of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,856, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
The other input device shown in FIG. 1 is ground sensor circuit 18. One common safety concern during transfer of a flammable fluid is that of static electric discharges in the vicinity of the flammable fluid. A sufficient difference in the electrical potential of the tanker truck and a terminal from which it is loaded can result in an electrical arc which might ignite the nearby vapors of the fluid being transferred. For this reason, a commonly-accepted safety precaution is the establishment of a common electrical ground between the truck and the loading terminal. To ensure that such a common ground is established, non-defeatible ground sensor circuit 18 is used to verify the common ground, and inhibits fluid flow if the ground is not in place. An example of such a circuit may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,195, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
Another type of input is the overfill sensor circuit 13, of which a number of different types exist in the prior art. In general, the overfill sensor circuit consists of probes which detect when the fluid level in any of the compartments of a tanker truck exceeds a predetermined level. The control circuitry 10 responds to the indication of an overfill condition by discontinuing fluid flow to the truck.
While the various types of control inputs help ensure the safety of a fluid transfer operation, their effectiveness depends on the proper functioning of the control circuitry 10. Most such circuits tend to have switches which enable the pump or valve in question, but which are normally open when the system is off or when inputs to the control circuitry indicate that the fluid transfer should be disabled. However, if the control circuitry itself should malfunction in a manner which inhibits the ability to disable the fluid flow, an unsafe fluid transfer situation can result.

Fluid transfer controller with digital bitstream monitor


A connector including: an electrically conductive shell covering a signal wire of a communication cable; a clip formed by punching a plate; and a frame body covering both the electrically conductive shell grounded to the ground wire of a printed circuit board, and the frame body is grounded to a frame. A tab that can be cut off is formed on the clip. The tab is formed to electrically connect the electrically conductive shell and the frame body by contacting the frame body during assembling of the connector. When the tab of the clip is cut off during the assembling of the connector, the electrical connection between the electrically conductive shell and the frame body is interrupted. In the connector, a grounding mode connection to the printed circuit board and a grounding mode connection to the frame can be freely designed by cutting off the tab of the clip.

In recent years, the environments of communication networks such as LANs that perform high-speed high-capacity data transmissions have not been limited to offices inside buildings, and the use of high-speed high-capacity data transmissions using communication cables such as Ethernet® cables has spread to harsh environments subjected to external influences, inside passenger aircraft, and to industrial fields such as inside factories, or inside railway cars.
Communication cables that are connected between communication devices have a structure wherein braiding is provided under a skin known as a sheath or jacket, and these cover paired wires (two sets of two or two sets of four) forming signal lines. The braiding has a shielding function of blocking external electromagnetic waves and a grounding function of connecting the ground lines between communication devices.
Regarding the grounding function of the braids, a certain grounding format may be required in the connectors when connecting certain devices via a communication cable with connectors attached at both ends thereof.
As the certain grounding format in the connectors, it is possible to conceive of two grounding formats, i.e. a grounding format wherein the braiding of the communication cable is connected to a ground line in a printed circuit board (hereinafter abbreviated to PCB) inside the communication device (hereinafter referred to as PCB grounding), and a grounding format wherein the braiding of the communication cable is connected to the external frame body of the connector which is in turn connected to a frame provided on a metallic box or the like housing the communication device (hereinafter referred to as frame grounding).
PCB grounding refers to a grounding format wherein the braiding of the communication cable is grounded by connection to the ground line of a PCB in the communication device, and frame grounding refers to a grounding format wherein the braiding of the communication cable is connected to the external frame body of a connector having the purpose of providing a shielding effect to block external noise, the external framework being in turn connected to a frame for grounding such as a metallic box housing the communication device or the like.
Additionally, when attaching a communication cable to a communication device via a connector in a harsh environment or in an industrial field, under the conventional art, for example, round connectors were used, one of which was installed on each of a plurality of cables, and the connectors were each coupled manually into a corresponding group of receptacle connectors mounted on a panel of the communication device.


This invention is directed to a vaccine for the prevention of disease caused by Bordetella pertussis which comprises the pertussis antigens filamentous hemagglutinin, detoxified lymphocytosis promoting factor and a 69 kilodalton outer membrane protein, where said antigens are individually purified prior to being combined to form the vaccine. The invention is further directed to pertussis vaccines where the antigens are combined in any ratio, including ratios not possible in whole cell or co-purified acellular pertussis vaccines. The pertussis antigens may be further combined with other individually purified pertussis antigens, pertussis structural components, adjuvants, stabilizers and non-pertussis vaccine components.

The bacterium Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough, a serious and potentially fatal infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract. Pertussis vaccines currently used contain chemically inactivated whole cells of B. pertussis. More recently, acellular pertussis vaccines were developed which are based on material obtained by chemical and physical fractionation of B. pertussis cultures.
Whole cell vaccines contain the antigenic components necessary to provide protection from pertussis disease and their efficacy in humans is generally well accepted. However, whole cell vaccines also contain components which are not required for protection. Some of these components, such as endotoxin, have been implicated in undesired effects which may occur coincident with pertussis immunization (Bibliography 1).
Acellular vaccines are less complex than whole cell vaccines, because they lack endotoxin, DNA, and cellular components not associated with protection, such as extraneous enzymes and other proteins. However, acellular vaccines, such as that developed by Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan (2) and the Kanonji Institute, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases (Biken) of Osaka University, Japan (3), may also contain more components than necessary to confer protection. In addition, some acellular vaccines are tedious to produce, because of their requisite co-purification procedure (1).
Based on animal protection studies, several B. pertussis antigens have been proposed as protective antigens, namely, lymphocytosis promoting factor (LPF, also known as pertussis toxin, which is detoxified before use and is thereafter referred to as pertussis toxoid) (1), histamine sensitizing factor, or islet activating factor (4), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) (1), agglutinogens such as fimbriae (5), and outer membrane proteins (1), such as the 69 kilodalton (69K) outer membrane protein (6).
Each of these antigens is able to individually protect animals in one or more animal models. However, animal models are of limited use in predicting efficacy of a pertussis vaccine in humans, because the B. pertussis organism is a natural pathogen only in humans (7).
Based on animal data, two acellular vaccines developed by Biken, one containing LPF and FHA, and one containing LPF alone were evaluated in humans (8,9). Overall, the efficacies of these two vaccines were lower than that of whole cell vaccines. The acellular Biken vaccines were only 58-69% (LPF and FHA) or 41-55% (LPF alone) efficacious in conferring protection as compared to the 85-95% efficacy of the whole cell vaccine (8,9). This indicates that other antigens may need to be included to obtain efficacious pertussis vaccines.

Efficacious vaccines against Bordetella pertussis comprising a combination of individually purified pertussis antigens


A readily removable accessory for a motorcycle or the like. The cycle has two pairs of docking points for the accessory, which is preferably a windshield and includes a pair of brackets with a pair of latching claws. Each bracket contains partial openings which are closed off partially by the claws, as well as a pair of openings in brackets to engage the other of the docking points for another part of the accessory. The windshield or other accessory may be affixed and removed from the motorcycle merely by pushing it on or pulling it off, without touching the latching claws.

The present invention relates generally to motorcycle accessories and more particularly to a novel mounting system for windshields and other accessories. The invention particularly relates to a novel mounting system which provides maximum simplicity, but also enables one to mount and dismount motorcycle windshields and other accessories from the cycle with ease and precision.
Although there are many different mounting systems for motorcycle windshields and the like, it would be particularly advantageous to provide such a system wherein the shield may be reliably attached to and removed from the motorcycle in a matter of seconds. This would be particularly true wherein the mounting system could comprise four docking points permanently affixed to the cycle, but would not leave unsightly or bulky fastening means on the cycle when it is desired to use the cycle without the shield or other accessory.
When the time comes to mount or affix the shield or other accessory, this can be done in a few seconds by a person having almost no mechanical skill. For example, it would be highly desirable to provide an accessory for mounting windshields or other accessories, wherein the docking points could be affixed to the motorcycle and remain there permanently, while the shield itself and the two brackets for mounting it could be removed and stored as a unit without further disassembly. Particularly, it would be desirable if there were such a system wherein the docking points used to mount the shield could be affixed to the motorcycle and thereafter be allowed to remain there without distracting from the appearance or function thereof, and without presenting any ungainly elements or the like such as protruding screws, studs, brackets or braces. It would also be advantageous if a simple mounting system could be placed relatively permanently on the cycle which would enable the shield to be mounted by placing the lower portion on a pivot point and thereafter merely snapping it into place by a backward (in relation to the cycle) motion into a secured position.
It would also be desirable to make a shield which would be able to be removed by a forwardly acting force, such as from the force of a rider being thrown forward in the event of an accident, whereby the shield would be detached rather than remaining in place and injuring the rider.
It would also be advantageous to provide docking points that could be fastened to or form a part of the front forks, the triple clamps, or the front fork covers themselves.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved mounting system for a windshield or the like.
Another object is to provide a unique mounting system wherein the mounting bracket on the shield includes one upper or lower surface that is relatively smooth but curvilinear and the other with an opening or notch in an oppositely directed latching claw which is automatically raised or lowered to facilitate ready installation and latching without touching or manipulating the claw.
Another object is to provide a novel flanged mounting member with a center trough, and preferably having a urethane elastomer or other somewhat flexible center section, including inclined spokes or a garter spring and further optionally having a thin, hollow innermost sleeve, making a unique composite mounting member capable of allowing a limited amount of radial deflection as it is being installed and thereafter absorbing shock and/or slight errors in alignment or dimensional variation.
A further object is to provide a mounting system for other accessories which would use the same or similar arrangement of latching members for mounting and removing saddlebags or other accessories.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a simplified system of mounting and dismounting the windshield or other desired accessory.
Another object is to provide a mounting system that does not require extreme precision in locating the docking points on the cycle.
A still further object is to provide a mounting system having a latch or claw on each bracket without affecting the simplicity of operation.
A still further object is to provide a mounting system that is virtually foolproof in operation.
Yet another object is to provide a system which permits ease of installation and removal as well.
These and other objects of the invention are achieved in practice by providing a pair of flanged members, preferably such as wheels, spools or rollers, one of which may remain fixed, and optionally may be rotatable, and other which is preferably not only rotatable but is also preferably able to undergo slight radial deformation or deflection under an applied load, and thereafter to cooperate with a bracket having one fixed edge and a movable latching claw with strong biasing means urging the claw to a closed position, and which may then be installed or removed readily without manipulating the latching claw in any way.
The manner in which these and other objects and advantages are achieved in practice will become more apparent when considered in connection with the following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numbers indicate corresponding parts throughout.