A multiple-LED sensor is used to detect area coverage of marked patches on a marking substrate. The same sensor may also be used for color calibration. The marking substrate area coverage sensor obtains reflectance measurements from marked patches of a marking substrate. For example, the marked patches may be patches of a marking substance such as toner, ink or paint, or patches marked by etching or the like. A Neugebauer model may be used to obtain the reflectance measurements. A batch least squares algorithm may be used to estimate the appropriate parameters of the Neugebauer model. For improved accuracy, a recursive least squares algorithm may be used. The recursive least squares algorithm allows the marking substrate area coverage sensor to calibrate itself to changes in the sensing environment.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to sensing area coverage of a marking substrate.
2. Description of Related Art
Some currently available printing systems contain complex control and calibration loops, including internal process control and external color control loops. For example, printing systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,313 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,474 contain levels 1, 2 and 3 control loops aimed at ultimately controlling the toner development process on the photoreceptor belt. These loops measure the state of the image on the photoreceptor by measuring the charge and developed mass per unit area for individual primaries, and actuate the charging and donor roll voltages to maintain the developability to some target set points. In addition, level 3 loops are designed to produce tone reproduction curves (TRCs) for each color separation (e.g., cyan, magenta, yellow and/or black) by measuring the developed toner mass on the photoreceptor belt.
A sensor such as an ETACS (Enhanced Toner Area Coverage Sensor) sensor system is used in level 2 and 3 loops to measure toner mass on the belt. The ETAC sensing head utilizes illumination by a single LED, which is tuned at a specific wavelength and uses a PIN diode as the detector.
Other printers use a similar multilevel control architecture with different kinds of sensor. The level 2 functionality is achieved using a single LED ADC (Automatic Density Sensor) sensor that measures the toner mass on the belt, and the level 3 functionality is achieved using a Color Patch-On-Paper (C-POP) sensor, which is a sensor that uses a single LED, that measures the toner density of paper-based individual primaries such as C, M, Y and K.

Systems and methods for sensing marking substrate area coverage using a spectrophotometer


A digital indoor antenna device having a casing, a pivotal seat, a circular antenna having two ends and a PCB in the casing. The pivotal seat attached to the casing has two mounting holes respectively in which the two ends of circular antenna are mounted. The circular antenna rotates on the casing to adjust the horizontal receiving angle. Therefore, the circular antenna device can receive larger intensity of horizontal polarized signals. In addition, the pivotal seat can be pivotally connected to the casing, so the circular antenna can rotate horizontally on the casing to search for different channel signals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a digital indoor antenna device and more particularly to a digital indoor antenna device having an adjustable receiving angle capability.
2. Description of Related Art
A UHF antenna device is usually a circular antenna to receive UHF signals transmitted through the air since the circular antenna is suitable to receive signals with different polarization, such as vertically, horizontally or circular polarized signals. With reference to FIG. 6, a circularly polarized signal has a radiation pattern consisting of two lobes that can be received by the circular antenna.
The UHF antenna device includes a main body, a signal processing circuit and a circular antenna. The signal processing circuit is mounted in the main body. The circular antenna is mounted vertically on the main body and is connected electronically to the signal processing circuit. The circular antenna on some UHF antenna devices turns horizontally and the UHF antenna device has an auto-searching capability. The circular antenna is pivotally connected to the top of the main body so the circular antenna can be rotated horizontally on the main body. If the main body further has a motor to drive the circular antenna, the circular antenna can be automatically rotated to different positions on the main body to search different channel signals.
The circular antenna can receive vertically and horizontally polarized signals, but cannot receive the largest intensity of these signals (about 30% loss) since the circular antenna only mounted vertically on the main body in normal use.
The present invention provides a digital indoor antenna device that has a horizontally adjustable receiving angle capability to obviate or mitigate the problems with conventional mechanical and electronic environment sensing instruments.


A method and apparatus for reapplying changes to a database uses a recovery log for recording all changes applied to the database so that the changes may be reapplied to the database during database recovery. Whenever a change is written to a storage device, the recovery log is updated to indicate that the particular change has been written to the storage device. During recovery, the data in the recovery log is sorted by file ID, data block ID, record type and version ID.

Updates to databases are often made by changing data stored in dynamic memory and then writing the changed data to disk at a later time. However, in every database system, the possibility of a system or hardware failure always exists. Such failures can corrupt or destroy changes made to data in dynamic memory before the changed data has been written to disk, leaving the database in an inconsistent state. Even after changed data has been written to disk, media failures can corrupt or destroy portions of a database containing the changed data.
To address the risk of losing changed data not yet written to disk, some contemporary databases maintain a recovery log containing a record of all changes made against the database. The recovery log typically consists of one or more files stored on disk which contain sufficient information about the changes so that in the event of a failure, the changes that were lost during the failure may be made against the database again. Hence, the recovery log provides a recovery mechanism for restoring the consistency of a database in the event of a failure.
Consider the simple database arrangement 100 depicted in FIG. 1. A first client application 101 and a second client application 102 submit changes to a database system 103. The database system 103 includes a database server 104 and non-volatile storage 105. The database server 104 processes database changes submitted by the first and second client applications 101, 102 and accesses non-volatile storage 105 which stores the database files. The database system 103 also includes a recovery log 106 which resides on non-volatile storage 105 and contains sufficient information about all of the changes submitted to the database system 103 by the client applications 101 and 102, so that in the event of a failure, the changes may be resubmitted from recovery log 106.
Because a failure may occur at any time, it is not known which changes have actually been written to non-volatile storage 105. Therefore, during recovery, data blocks on the non-volatile storage 105 must be checked to determine whether the data block reflects the changes recorded in the recovery log 106. According to one approach, this determination is performed by reading a version identifier that indicates the stored version of each referenced data block and comparing the version identifier to a corresponding version identifier stored in the recovery log 106. If the version identifier associated with the change contained in the recovery log 106 is newer than the version identifier associated with the data block stored on non-volatile storage 105, then the change was never applied to the data block stored in the non-volatile storage 105 and must be reapplied. On the other hand, if the version identifier associated with the data block stored on non-volatile storage 105 is at least as recent as the version identifier associated with the change contained in the recovery log 106, then the change does not need to be reapplied.
For changes affecting many data blocks, this process becomes quite time consuming. Moreover, the changes are stored in the recovery log 106 in chronological order. Accessing the data blocks in the database files based upon the chronological order of the changes in the recovery log 106 results in random disk I/O, which is relatively inefficient due to the amount of seek time consumed during the read. This is because the data blocks are sometimes written in different orders.
In view of the need to reapply changes to a database after a system or hardware failure, and the limitations associated with existing approaches, a method and apparatus for reapplying changes to a database to further reduce database recovery time is highly desirable.

Method and apparatus for reapplying changes to a database


Projection lens systems, which are used to transfer a pattern from a reticle onto a substrate, incorporate projection optical systems that are capable of maintaining the same, or increased performance, as the current projections lens systems, achieve excellent aberration correction, and which have high numerical apertures.

In semiconductor device manufacturing, projection optical systems are used to transfer integrated circuit (IC) patterns such as large scale integrated (LSI) circuit patterns from a reticle onto a wafer or semiconductor substrate upon which the semiconductor device is to be formed. Because of the difference in the relative sizes of the reticle, which is typically larger than the resulting semiconductor device, projection optical systems must be reduction projection optical systems. A reticle is also known as a mask and the resulting semiconductor device is also known as a die or a semiconductor chip.
Modern integrated circuits are becoming more integrated; that is, more and more functions are being designed into circuits to be manufactured on a single die. However, to maintain or improve the performance and speed of the semiconductor devices being manufactured there is a major effort not to allow the die to grow in size. In order to maintain the same or a reduced die size, the reduction projection optical system for the manufacture of the more complex semiconductor devices must have a wider exposure area, higher resolution, and a higher numerical aperture.
A projection optical system for use in a projection exposure system requires very precise preparation of the glass or quartz materials that are used in the projection optical system. In addition, the projection optical system must be very precisely assembled into the projection exposure system.
The manufacture of current semiconductor integrated circuits typically involves the use of a stepper apparatus or a scanning apparatus. In a stepper apparatus, the reticle or mask is illuminated and the light transmitted through the circuit pattern on the reticle is imaged onto a portion of the photosensitive substrate by the projection optical system. The stepper apparatus then moves the wafer and another portion of the photosensitive substrate is exposed. This process is repeated until the entire photosensitive substrate has been exposed. The photosensitive substrate could be a wafer, or the like, on which a photoresist material has been applied. In a scanning apparatus, the pattern on the reticle is scanned over the surface of the wafer.
The traditional illumination sources utilized in semiconductor manufacturing have been the deuterium lamp and the xenon-mercury arc lamp. The I-line from the xenonmercury arc lamp has a wavelength of 365 nanometers and has been one of the principal illumination sources used in semiconductor manufacturing. In order to attain higher resolution, shorter wavelength optical systems have been developed. These shorter wavelength optical systems use an illumination source such as the KrF excimer laser having a wavelength of 248 nanometers or the ArF excimer having a wavelength of 193 nanometers. In projection optical systems using an excimer laser as an illumination source, the usable lens materials are limited to materials such as quartz and fluorite which can transmit the shorter wavelengths. However, the use of quartz and fluorite materials, which are very expensive, make the cost of these systems very high.
Generally, to accurately transfer a minute pattern from the reticle to the photosensitive substrate by exposure in a projection optical system, the resolving power and depth of focus (DOF) of the projection optical system are important factors. In projection optical systems, the resolving power can generally be improved by increasing the numerical aperture. However, there are trade-offs that must be considered when the numerical aperture is increased. One such tradeoff, for example, is that the depth of focus decreases with an increase in numerical aperture. The relationship between the depth of focus (DOF) and numerical aperture (NA) is DOF=.+-..lambda.(NA).sup.2 where .lambda. is the wavelength of the illuminating light.
Referring to FIG. 1A there is shown an off-axis point A on the reticle 102 with traces A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 representing light rays originating from point A. The ray traces that originate at point A and pass through the pupil defined by the aperture stop AS 35 contribute to form a point image at the point A' on the wafer surface. The ray of light A.sub.1 passing through the center point C on the optical axis A.sub.X in the pupil is called a chief ray or principal ray. The chief ray or principal ray is parallel to the optical axis A.sub.X in the spaces on the object space side and the image space side in the case of a projection optical system in which both sides are telecentric. A ray from an axial object point A.sub.0 on the reticle that passes through the edge of the pupil or aperture stop is called the marginal ray. The sine of the angle .theta. between the marginal ray and the optical axis at the image plane A.sub.0 ' corresponds to the numerical aperture NAw on the wafer side of such a projection optical system and therefore the NA for the system is expressed as NA=Nsin .theta., where N is the refractive index of image space medium that is equal to unity for air. The numerical aperture of such a projection optical system is generally represented as the wafer side value.
To enhance the resolving power, the numerical aperture NA can be increased by making the diameter of the pupil larger. However, before the pupil can be made larger, other parameters of the optical system must be adjusted in order to maintain the performance. As can be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the optical art, merely increasing the pupil may degrade other optical performance factors such as aberration correction.
Accordingly, there is a need for projection lens systems that have high numerical apertures that are capable of maintaining or increasing the required high level of performance.


A controlled release pharmaceutical composition in oral dosage unit form comprising a tablet comprising a therapeutically effective number of active spherical granules comprising an effective amount of active medicament, a pharmaceutically acceptable normally solid diluent adapted to form a diffusable matrix for the active medicament and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a number of compressible spherical granules comprising a mono- or di-saccharide, an optional pharmaceutically acceptable normally solid diluent adapted to form a diffusable matrix, an optional active medicament and/or an optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein the average compressive yield of the compressible spherical granules is less than the average compressive yield of the active spherical granules is provided. A method for the preparation and for the administration of the above defined composition is provided as well.

It is often important to control the release of an active medicament to achieve a slow release of the medicament over a prolonged period of time extending the duration of the action of the medicament over that achieved by conventional delivery. Many active medicaments in traditional pharmaceutical forms require frequent ingestion of multiple unit doses per day resulting in wide variations in serum concentration throughout the course of treatment and poor patient compliance.
Dempski, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,626, disclose capsules comprising uncoated indomethacin pellets for immediaterelease, coated indomethacin pellets for prolonged release, and non-medicated pellets as volume fill.
The incorporation of water-insoluble medicament contained in spheroids comprised of microcrystalline cellulose and at least one cellulose derivative into capsules, sachets and cachets is disclosed in U.K. Patent Publication No. GB 2202143.
Concurrently filed, copending U.S. patent application, discloses hard shell capsules filled with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor containing active spherical granules.
Capsules, however, have many drawbacks such as the inability of certain people to swallow capsules, the inability to be divided, and instability. Additionally, capsules are subject to tampering, are relatively hard to manufacture and are relatively expensive to manufacture.
Shepard, U.S. Pat. No. 3,080,294, discloses a sustained release pharmaceutical-tablet comprising an inner core coated with multiple layers of an active medicament mixture, each layer releasing a portion of active medicament as it is successively dissolved. Variations in such coatings result in a lack of uniformity among tablets, and crushing or dividing of the tablet exposes many layers of active medicament resulting in simultaneous release of the active medicament of each layer. The coatings do not encapsulate the medicament.
Amann, U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,935, discloses erythromycin tablets which are stable outside the stomach but which produce immediate action upon disintegration in the stomach. These tablets require sodium citrate or sodium citrate dihydrate and do not yield a controlled release of prolonged duration.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,115,441, Hermelin discloses irregularly shaped coated analgesic particles in a compressed matrix of the same analgesic.
U.K. Patent Specification No. GB 1,598,458 discloses tablets of brittle microcapsules and other particles with brittle coatings, particularly potassium chloride, with 2 to 20 percent by weight of brittle microcapsules or brittle particles of a water-soluble, natural or synthetic wax which forms a matrix in which the particles are suspended. The tablets must, in a major portion, comprise the active medicament and are particularly deficient in lower dosages.
U.K. Patent Publication No. GB 2,041,222 discloses the tabletting of microcapsules of indoprofen. Other active medicaments may be included in the tablet. The compression of a single type of microcapsules results in crushing of the microcapsule and consequently, the loss of controlled release properties. These tablets are only suitable for high dosage delivery as well because the entire tablet is formed of microcapsules containing active medicament. Additionally, the microcapsules are not formed by spheronization.
Hess, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,887, discloses a divisible tablet comprising active granules wherein the surface area of the tablet is not materially increased by division.
In Bechgaard, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,606,909, the placement of a sparingly soluble active substance such as tetracycline in an oral controlled release dosage form is disclosed.
In Ventouras, U.S. Pat. No. 4,784,858, a controlled release tablet comprising (1) coated cores, not necessarily spheronized, comprising a core of a water-soluble pharmaceutically active substance dispersed in a water-insoluble polymeric excipient and a swellable water-insoluble polymeric substance; and (2) a coating of an elastic, water insoluble and semipermeable diffusion film of a polymer. Here, the core is made to expand with water causing the surface of the coating to extend, making it permeable, and thereby releasing the medicament in the core.
Valorose et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,030, disclose tablets for the controlled release of tetracycline compounds comprising active spherical granules.
Concurrently filed copending application, Ser. No. 031,065, discloses two pulse pharmaceutical delivery systems for 7-dimethylamino-6-deoxy-6-demethyltetracycline or non-toxic acid addition salts thereof comprising initial loading components and pH sensitive polymer coated secondary loading components adapted to provide therapeutically effect blood concentrations of minocycline for up to about 24 hours in a once-a-day dosage.
FIG. 1 is a micrograph of K-Dur.RTM. potassium chloride tablets from Key Pharmaceuticals. The potassium chloride granules (1) are distributed throughout a tablet matrix (3) comprising powdered and/or granular material.
FIG. 2 is a micrograph of PCE.RTM. erythromycin tablets from Abbott Laboratories. The erythromycin granules (5) are distributed throughout a tablet matrix (7) comprising powdered and/or granular material.
FIG. 3 is a micrograph of Theo-Dur.RTM. theophylline anhydrous tablets from Key Pharmaceuticals. The theophylline anhydrous granules (9) are distributed throughout a tablet matrix (11) comprising powdered and/or granular material.
All of these tablets have the disadvantages discussed above including crushing of the active particles with resultant loss of controlled release properties. Furthermore, commercial production of tablets at low dosages according to the prior art is impractical and results in great variability in actual dosages and relatively large tablets.
It has now been discovered that the controlled release properties of active spherical granules can be protected and low dosage oral dosage unit forms can be prepared if the active spherical granules are tabletted with a number of compressible spherical granules which deform or crack at compressible yields lower than the active spherical granules, and therefore before the active spherical granules, sufficiently to cushion the active spherical granules and fill at least a portion of the voids normally created during tabletting. These tablets can be formed into various configurations making them suitable for virtually all orally administered active medicaments and treatments in which controlled release is desirable. Additionally, they are stable, retaining their potency and controlled release properties under a wide range of storage conditions.

Controlled release pharmaceutical compositions from spherical granules in tabletted oral dosage unit form


A non-volatile semiconductor memory device includes a semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type, and a plurality of wells of a second conductivity type formed on the first semiconductor layer, the wells being arranged in a first direction. A memory block is arranged in each well. A plurality of word lines are provided, each word line being commonly connected to a plurality of NAND cell units in one memory block. A plurality of bit lines extend in a first direction, the bit lines being connected to first ends of the NAND cell units present in the memory blocks. A source line is connected to second ends of the NAND cell units. A well driver performs a control of selectively providing a first voltage or a second voltage higher than the first voltage to each well.

A NAND flash memory is widely known as a semiconductor memory device that can store data in a non-volatile manner and provide high storage capacity. The NAND flash memory has a cell array that includes an arrangement of NAND cell units, each NAND cell unit including a plurality of memory cells connected in series.
The NAND flash memory reads data stored in the memory cell by determining whether a current flows from a bit line to a source line side via the NAND cell unit. In this case, a leak current may flow from the bit line to a well in which the NAND cell unit is formed, thus generating false reading during the read operation.

Non-volatile semiconductor memory device


A software update program recorded on a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium causes a computer to act as an update instruction unit that instructs an electronic apparatus to update software, and a method selection unit that selects a method that requires a shorter time, from normal updating in which the electronic apparatus receives renewed software and updates current software to the renewed software, and incremental updating in which the electronic apparatus receives difference data between the renewed software and the current software and applies the difference data to the current software for updating to the renewed software. The update instruction unit instructs the electronic apparatus to update the software by the normal update method when the method selection unit selects the normal update method, and instructs the electronic apparatus to update the software by the incremental update method when the method selection unit selects the incremental update method.

The present disclosure relates to a computer-readable non-transitory recording medium having a program recorded thereon, the program being a software update program for instructing an electronic apparatus to update the software, and to a software update apparatus.
An incremental update method is generally known, in which an electronic apparatus receives difference data representing a difference of renewed software with respect to current software, and applies the difference data to the current software thus to update the current software to the renewed software. Normally, the incremental update method requires a shorter time compared with a normal update method in which the electronic apparatus receives the renewed software itself and updates the current software to the renewed software.

Non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having a software update program recorded thereon that selects a software update method that requires a shorter time, and software update apparatus


Insulation for a cryogenic component is described. The insulation includes an inner portion formed of a multi-layer insulating material comprising alternating layers of metalized polymer film and polymer netting. An outer supporting mesh surrounds the inner portion and is formed of stainless steel. The insulation is particularly suitable for insulating cryogenic components that move during operation since the supporting mesh acts to support the inner portion against damage caused by forces resulting from motion of the cryogenic component.

In some machines, components are required to be maintained in a cryogenically cold temperature range in order to operate properly. For example, superconducting components of superconducting electrical machines are required to be maintained at a temperature where they exhibit superconductivity. In order to maintain a component in a cryogenic temperature range it is necessary to both cool the component and to insulate the component from adjacent components that are not maintained in the same temperature range. Even if a cryogenic component is contained within a vacuum chamber, in order to minimise heating of the component, it is generally necessary to further insulate the component in order to prevent radiation heat loads warming the component.
Conventionally, cryogenic components are insulated by wrapping the component in multi-layer insulation. This insulation is made of alternating thin sheets of aluminised biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (e.g. Mylar®, as manufactured by Dupont Teijin Films U.S. of Wilmington, Del.) and polyester net. Multi-layer insulation is necessarily very light and delicate.
For many static cryogenic components it is sufficient for the multi-layer insulation to be wrapped around the component and held in position with cryogenic tape. However, for cryogenic components that are not static but move during operation then the multi-layer insulation can fatigue during operation of the component and can even tear or delaminate. This can result in a severe reduction in the insulating efficiency of the multi-layer insulation. This effect is particularly pronounced for cryogenic components that rotate during operation and which are subject to large centripetal forces. An example of such cryogenic components would be those found in high-speed superconducting rotating electrical machines.
In light of the above, there is a need for improved insulation for cryogenic components that provides improved resistance to forces resulting from motion of the cryogenic component during operation. In particular, there is a need for improved insulation for the cryogenic components of high-speed superconducting rotating electrical machines.

GE ENERGY POWER CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY, LTD.


This invention reduces electric power consumption of a CDMA communication system receiver while it is in the wait mode. A received spread spectrum signal is demodulated in multiplication means into baseband signals Ri and Rq, and inputted into a complex matched filter. This filter is intermittently driven by supply voltage control means to perform acquisition of received signals. When an electric power calculation circuit detects the output of the filter to reach a peak equal to or greater than a predetermined value, the received signals undergo acquisition by controlling n number of correlators 26-1 to 26-n to work by a correlator controlling circuit. Moreover, de-spreading is performed. The outputs from each correlator 46-1 to 26-n are given to a RAKE combiner and demodulated by the RAKE by a combining and demodulating circuit.

There are two systems in spread spectrum modulation, direct sequence and frequency hopping (respectively, SS, DS and FH, hereinafter). Both systems have good characteristics not only of communication secrecy but also strength against jamming, narrow band interference, and multipath fading. Recently, in the field of wireless transmission, the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) mobile communication system using SS modulation has gained wide notice.
As radio waves are transmitted by dispersing transmission electricity to lower electric density in the SS system, high-speed acquisition is important for the object signal when receiving an SS signal. Acquisition means adjusting the timing of the receiving system to that of the transmitted signals. There are two types of acquisition, "obtaining acquisition" (acquisition, hereinafter), the state of unobtained acquisition at the initial communication, and "tracking acquisition" (tracking hereinafter), that watches acquisition so as not to lose it by modulation and noise.
DS acquisition means the work from presuming the timings of spreading code generation of transmitted signals and of its preparation in the receiver with the accuracy, for example, within one chip, to starting the action of spread spectrum generator of the receiver at the same timings.
The methods for performing acquisition are i) using a sliding correlator, and ii) using a matched filler.
In method i), spreading codes are generated in the receiver at roughly estimated timing,. and acquisition is attempted by gradual phase shifting of spreading codes. The received signals and spreading codes generated in the receiver are accumulated and passed through a low-pass filter. When the phase of spreading code sequence including the received signals coincides with that being generated in the receiver, a large amplification signal is obtained at the output of the low-pass filter. When the phases do not coincide, the signal is low-level as given by auto-correlation function of the spreading code sequence. Therefore, when the low-pass filter output is equal to or below the predetermined level, the phase of spreading code sequence generated by the spreading code generator is a little advanced or delayed. The spreading code sequence phase of received signals and that generated in the receiver coincide by repeating the above processing.
By this method, the phases can be made to coincide by shifting the phase of the spreading code generator in most instances corresponding to one cycle of spreading code sequence. When the spreading code generator works in a given phase, one cycle's span of spreading code sequence is necessary to investigate whether that phase is adequate or not. Therefore, this method requires one cycle's spreading code sequence time X the spreading code sequence length to complete the acquisition.
Method ii) soon detects correlation value, allowing acquisition to be completed at once. When SS modulation signals are successively input from the receiving side of a matched filter, the phase value at every moment appears at the output. Therefore, the peak of correlation can be detected by observing the outputs of the matched filter during the time of one cycle of spreading codes. With this method, the acquisition can be completed in the time corresponding to one cycle of spreading codes.
When the acquisition is completed, watching and correcting it are necessary so as not to lose its location caused by the influence of modulation and noise. This is tracking, for which a DLL (Delay Locked Loop) circuit is usually used. This tracking circuit includes two sets of correlators: each correlator de-spreads the received signals with different phase shifted sequence of the same spreading code, for example, that is a half-chip advanced and half-chip delayed than those used in active de-spreading, and the difference of outputs of the correlators is calculated after passing through envelope detecting circuit. An S-shaped correlation output can be obtained by it. Acquisition is performed by controlling through feeding back the phase of spreading codes generated in the receiver using the S-shaped correlation output.
In mobile radio communication, multipath fading is generated because the signals transmitted from the base station reach a receiver through a plurality of transmission routes with different route lengths of which are not added coherently. As an effective countermeasure against such multipath fading, the RAKE receiving method using a direct spread spectrum signal realizes path-diversity by distinguishing the signals taking multiple paths, adding weight of reliance, and combining.

Receiver for code division multiple access communication system


A fluid collection, filtration, and storage device is described. The device has a first tube with a closed first end, an open second end, inner tube-wall surfaces, and an internal diameter; a second tube with a first end porously closed by a filter and an open second end and having an external diameter smaller than the internal diameter of the first tube, the second tube slidably contacting the inner tube-wall surfaces of the first tube at the first end of the second tube when the second tube is inserted in the first tube; and a cap adapted to seal the open second end of the first tube and the open second end of the second tube in a single closing operation while the second tube is inserted into the first tube. The kit is particularly adapted for collecting and storing viscous biologic samples, such as saliva, in the inner tube after the sample has been mixed with a preservative or other substance initially located in the filter.

The collection and storage of viscous biologic samples, such as saliva, that are subject to degradation by bacteria and other organisms is a common problem. Viscous liquids are difficult to handle in pipettes and other apparatuses normally used with less viscous aqueous samples. The viscosity of the samples also makes it difficult to mix the samples with preservatives in order to protect against biologic breakdown. Such preservatives (or other materials, such as inhibitors of endogenous peptidases or other enzymes present in sample of biologic origin), which are often dried onto the surfaces of a container in which a non-viscous aqueous solution will be collected, cannot diffuse through a viscous liquid and therefore do not protect interior portions of the liquid against bacterial action.
A number of systems have been developed for handling viscous liquids, particularly saliva and blood serum. See, for example, Haldopoulos, U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,141; Ohringer, U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,077; Breno, U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,488; Mar, U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,807; Romer, U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,808; and Seymour, U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,148. However, those apparatuses that have previously been developed in this field are generally sophisticated devices intended for use by a skilled laboratory technician. The present invention was made with an unskilled user in mind, particularly an untrained patient collecting a saliva sample or similar fluid sample at home in the absence of any training or instruction other than written instructions that will accompany a kit. It is this need for a simplified and easy-to-use collection kit for the collection and storage of viscous fluids, such as saliva, that has led the present invention.


A mobile communication device includes a processor to identify a direction related to the geo-positioning signals; a display including a pre-defined shape to indicate the direction related to the geo-positioning signals, where the pre-defined shape is exhibited when an optical property of the pre-defined shape is altered; and a power source to supply voltage to the pre-defined shape, where the optical property of the pre-defined shape is altered by a burst of voltage.

Mobile communication devices are being developed with more features that make them an integral part of a user's everyday experience. The combination of multiple features in a single communication device may provide the user with a single tool that can eliminate the need for carrying multiple devices.
Convergence of multiple features into a single mobile communication device presents a variety of design challenges, including, notably, increased power-consumption to support the features. Thus, the addition of features in a manner that effectively performs a function with minimum power consumption of the mobile communication device is desirable.

Mobile communication device with direction indicator


An alarm system includes a detector arranged in connection with a holster for carrying a force instrument, the detector detecting, if the force instrument is removed from the holster; information on the situation is produced on the basis of the identification and relayed to the user's control room so that a message is relayed to the communication unit of the user of the force instrument, the communication unit relaying the message further to the control room via a base station. The detector is adapted to detect the existence of the force instrument in the holster, its missing from or its movement out of or into the holster. A detector-cpu is adapted to receive a signal or message from the detector and forms at least part of the contents of the message on the basis of the signal or message, the detector-cpu being adapted to control the communication unit to transmit the message.

Different kinds of instruments, by means of which it is possible to respond to different kinds of situations requiring the use of force, are part of the equipment of the police, board guards and other similar authorities. Of these instruments generally belonging to the equipment, a hand gun, a pistol, or a similar weapon can be classified as a deadly force instrument. Respectively, a pepper spray, a tear gas spray, an electric paralyzer or a similar device can be classified as a non-deadly force instrument. In connection with this invention, the common name force instrument will be used of the instruments in either of the above-mentioned groups. The operation of a single authority is generally lead, controlled and assisted by a control room, a direction centre, a command centre, an alarm centre, or similar. In connection with this invention, the term control room will be used of these.
It is common for the situations, in which these force instruments are used that they are generally needed in unexpected situations with an evident danger or threat of violence. The opposing party may suddenly attack an authority carrying out his work, or the threat of such a situation comes to a head suddenly and unexpectedly. The objective in the operation of authorities is that no single authority should face the threat or danger of violence in any situation without having sufficient back-up groups to assist and make sure a safe work performance or situation. For communicating information on this situation to and for receiving instructions from the control room, the equipment of an individual authority also includes a means of communication, which can transmit and receive information and which can be, for example, a radiophone or a similar terminal device; preferably, for example, a tetra terminal to be used in an authority network.
In practice, when a situation arises in the work of an authority that the possibility of the use of a force instrument arises or exists, the control room needs the information on this situation. One option to act is that the authority informs of the changed situation, for example, orally, by using his means of communication. However, in such a situation the authority also has many other tasks to perform so that the use of a means of communication in very fast situations is somewhat difficult even if it had functions facilitating fast use, such as speech activation or similar properties.


A disease or condition, such as cancer or an infectious disease, can be treated in a patient by administering a CTLA-4 antibody in an escalating dosage regimen until a partial or complete response is elicited in the patient or a pre-determined maximum dosage is reached.

The vertebrate immune system requires multiple signals to achieve optimal immune activation (see, e.g., Janeway, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1989; 54:1-14; Paul William E., ed. Raven Press, N.Y., Fundamental Immunology, 4th edition (1998), particularly chapters 12 and 13, pages 411 to 478). Interactions between T lymphocytes (T cells) and antigen presenting cells (APC) are essential to the immune response. Levels of many cohesive molecules found on T cells and APC's increase during an immune response (Springer et al., A. Rev. Immunol. 1987; 5:223-252; Shaw and Shimuzu, Current Opinion in Immunology, 1988 Eds. Kindt and Long, 1:92-97; and Hemler, Immunology Today 1988; 9:109-113). Increased levels of these molecules may help explain why activated APC's are more effective at stimulating antigen-specific T cell proliferation than are resting APC's (Kaiuchi et al., J. Immunol. 1983; 131:109-114; Kreiger et al., J. Immunol. 1985; 135:2937-2945; McKenzie, J. Immunol. 1988; 141:2907-2911; and Hawrylowicz and Unanue, J. Immunol. 1988; 141:4083-4088).
T cell immune response is a complex process that involves cell-cell interactions (Springer et al., A. Rev. Immunol. 1987; 5:223-252), particularly between T and accessory cells such as APC's, and production of soluble immune mediators (cytokines or lymphokines) (Dinarello, New Engl. J. Med 1987; 317:940-945; Sallusto, J. Exp. Med. 1997; 179:1109-1118). This response is regulated by several T-cell surface receptors, including the T-cell receptor complex (Weiss, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 1986; 4:593-619) and other "accessory" surface molecules (Allison, Curr. Opin. Immunol.1994; 6:414-419; Springer, 1987, supra). Many of these accessory molecules are naturally occurring cell surface differentiation (CD) antigens defined by the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies on the surface of cells (McMichael, Ed., Leukocyte Typing III, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, N.Y., 1987).
CD28 antigen, a homodimeric glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Aruffo and Seed, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1987; 84:8573-8577), is an accessory molecule found on most mature human T cells (Damle et al., J. Immunol. 1983; 131:2296-2300). Current evidence suggests that this molecule functions in an alternative T cell activation pathway distinct from that initiated by the T-cell receptor complex (June et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 1987; 7:4472-4481). Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with CD28 antigen can augment T cell responses initiated by various polyclonal stimuli (reviewed by June et al., supra). These stimulatory effects may result from MAb-induced cytokine production (Thompson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 1989; 86:1333-1337; and Lindsten et al., Science 1989; 244:339-343) as a consequence of increased mRNA stabilization (Lindsten et al., 1989, supra).
CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocycte-associated antigen-4) is accepted as opposing CD28 activity and dampening T cell activation (Krummel, J. Exp. Med. 1995; 182:459-465; Krummel et al., Int'l Immunol. 1996; 8:519-523; Chambers et al., Immunity. 1997; 7:885-895). CTLA-4 deficient mice suffer from massive lymphoproliferation (Chambers et al., supra). It has been reported that CTLA-4 blockade augments T cell responses in vitro (Walunas et al., Immunity. 1994; 1:405-413) and in vivo (Kearney, J. Immunol. 1995; 155:1032-1036), exacerbates antitumor immunity (Leach, Science 1996; 271:1734-1736), and enhances an induced autoimmune disease (Luhder, J Exp. Med. 1998; 187:427-432). It has also been reported that CTLA-4 has an alternative or additional impact on the initial character of the T cell immune response (Chambers, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1997; 9:396-404; Bluestone, J. Immunol. 1997; 158:1989-1993; Thompson, Immunity 1997; 7:445-450). This is consistent with the observation that some autoimmune patients have autoantibodies to CTLA-4. It is possible that CTLA-4 blocking autoantibodies play a pathogenic role in these patients (Matsui, J. Immunol. 1999; 162:4328-4335).
Non-human CTLA-4 antibodies have been used in the various studies discussed above. Furthermore, human antibodies against human CTLA-4 have been described as immunostimulation modulators in a number of disease conditions, such as treating or preventing viral and bacterial infection and for treating cancer (e.g., PCT Publication WO 01/14424 and PCT Publication WO 00/37504). U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,887 discloses a method of increasing the response of a mammalian T cell to antigenic stimulation by combining a T cell with a CTLA-4 blocking agent. U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,097 discloses a method of decreasing the growth of non-T cell tumors by administering a CTLA-4 blocking agent. U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0086014 disclose human CTLA-4 antibodies. Each of these patents and applications is hereby incorporated by reference.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0241169 describes a treatment for cancer in which the target dosage of a CTLA-4 antibody for a patient is a dosage that results in an autoimmune event.
There continues to be a need for methods of administering an optimum dose of a CTLA-4 antibody for the treatment of a disease, such as cancer or infectious disease, to a patient that meets a predetermined maximum dosage level, or results in a partial or complete response, and minimizes the incidence and/or severity of an adverse event.

CTLA-4 antibody dosage escalation regimens


A method for automatically sensing attack behaviors, the method including: distributing a service request from a network switch to a response module, where the response module includes a main controller configured for data interaction processing and an auxiliary controller configured for interactive data processing; generating, by the main controller and the auxiliary controller in the response module, respective response data according to the service request, respectively; and comparing the respective response data of the main controller with the respective response data of the auxiliary controller; if a result of comparison is inconsistent, indicating the network switch is abnormal, an administrator is informed, and the response data generated by the auxiliary controller is fed back to the network switch; and, if the result of comparison is consistent, the response data generated by the main controller is fed back to the network switch.

The disclosure relates to the technical field of network security, and more particularly to a method, device and Ethernet switch for automatically sensing attack behaviors.
Ethernet switches are widely applied in the network as node devices. The security of the Ethernet switches affects the security of the network space. The existing methods for enhancing the security of switches mainly comprise flow control, layer filtering, fully utilizing the log function or using encrypted login methods such as secure shell (SSH), restricting login address, lock synchronization, and unified log management; or the network security is enhanced by classifying virtual local area network (VLAN), setting the access control list, using NetFlow, enhancing security authentication and enhancing port security. These methods may roughly restrict the access of illegal users, increase the attacking difficulty of illegal users, disable unnecessary services and improve log management. However, the attacks towards the switches are not fully solved. Even if the antivirus software with an attack identification function is installed on the switches, the software resources are limited and difficult to update. Moreover, the above measures are accompanied by restrictions, that is, they can only defend known attack methods or attack behaviors with known attack characteristics but cannot identify attacks based on unknown vulnerabilities or backdoors.

Method, device and ethernet switch for automatically sensing attack behaviors

THE PLA INFORMATION ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY


A power source outlet device which can detect a spark discharge which causes occurrence of tracking using a simple circuit and can further break a cable run using a simple circuit. The device includes receiving blades connected with plug blades, a sensor detecting a spark discharge occurring between the connected plug blades, a tracking detecting circuit receiving a spark discharge detecting behavior of the sensor and outputting a tracking occurrence signal, an LED and a buzzer actuated according to the tracking occurrence signal provided thereto, the tracking detecting circuit is constituted of a circuit connected with the sensor and a circuit producing a tracking occurrence signal connected via a first photo-coupler.

Conventionally, there are devices described in Patent Literature 1 and Patent Literature 2 as a power source outlet device having a function of detecting occurrence of tracking. Patent Literature 1 discloses a technique where two tracking detecting electrodes are disposed between plug insertion holes, an exciting coil of a release relay is connected between the tracking detecting electrodes, and the exciting coil is excited by a tracking current generated between the plug insertion holes so that the release relay behaves to break a cable run.
Patent Literature 2 discloses a technique where a current detecting section, a filter circuit, an A/D converting circuit, a processor, and the like are provided, and determination about occurrence of tracking is made based upon a detected cable run current.
[Patent Literature] JP-A-09-180805
[Patent Literature] JP-A-2001-324533


A multiple-circuit heating and cooling system includes a first refrigeration circuit having a first condenser and a first evaporator and a second refrigeration circuit having a second condenser and a second evaporator. The first condenser and the second condenser are arranged in a first row split configuration, and the second condenser is downstream of the first condenser relative to a first air flow directed across the second condenser and the first condenser. Additionally, the first evaporator and the second evaporator are arranged in a second row split configuration, and the first evaporator is downstream of the second evaporator relative to a second air flow directed across the first evaporator and the second evaporator.

This application relates generally to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and more particularly, to row split coil systems for HVAC systems.
Residential, light commercial, commercial, and industrial systems are used to control temperatures and air quality in buildings. To condition a building, an HVAC system may circulate a refrigerant through a refrigeration circuit between an evaporator where the refrigerant absorbs heat and a condenser where the refrigerant releases heat. The refrigerant flowing within the closed circuit is generally formulated to undergo phase changes within the normal operating temperatures and pressures of the HVAC system so that quantities of heat can be exchanged by virtue of the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant to provide conditioned air to the buildings.
In certain instances, the HVAC system may include two or more refrigeration circuits each having an evaporator coil and a condenser coil. In such instances, the evaporator and/or the condenser of the HVAC system may be interlaced, stacked, or otherwise arranged such that a portion of air passing through evaporator coils and/or the condenser coils contacts an active portion of one coil of refrigeration circuit during part-load operation of the HVAC system, while another portion of the air passes through the coils while contacting an inactive portion of another coil. As such, within the evaporator, condensate from the air passing though the active coil may collect on the active coil and flow downward onto a portion of the inactive coil, which may evaporate into the air and increase a humidity of the air provided to a building. Within the condenser, the air passing through the inactive portion of a coil may not transfer heat with the refrigerant within the condenser, thus corresponding to a reduced operating efficiency. Accordingly, improved coil arrangement for the evaporator coils and/or the condenser coils for HVAC systems are desired.


The plasma gun assembly of the invention is particularly suitable for coating the inner surfaces of narrow cavities, bores, channels or the like. It essentially comprises a plasma gun head member, a plasma gun shaft member and a connector member. These three units are designed as replaceable modules which can be replaced by the operator of the plasma gun assembly quickly and easily. The plasma gun head member is connected to the plasma gun shaft member by means of only two screws, and the connector member is connected to the plasma gun shaft member by means of only three screws. All channels, conductors and conduits for supplying the media and the electric energy required for the operation of the plasma gun assembly are running in the interior of the plasma gun shaft assembly.

The operation of coating outer surfaces of workpieces which are readily accessible by means of a plasma gun assembly known in the art usually can be performed without any problems. However, if inner surfaces of cavities have to be coated by using a plasma gun assembly known in the art, e.g. the inner surfaces of bores, channels, tubes and the like, various problems and difficulties arise.
One of the main problems in coating inner surfaces of cavities is the length of the bore or channel to be coated. As the connector portion of a known plasma gun assembly usually is much bigger then the plasma gun shaft member and the plasma gun head member mounted at the end of the shaft member, it is not possible to introduce the entire plasma gun assembly into the bore ore channel to be coated on its interior surface. In order to provide for a plasma gun assembly which is small and easily maintainable, suitable for short bores and channels, and for a plasma gun assembly usable for bores and channels of greater length, the design of the plasma gun assembly must be correspondingly adapted, at least as far as the portions thereof are concerned which are introduced into the interior of the bore or channel to be coated.
The outer diameter of a plasma gun assembly, particularly the diameter of its shaft member and its head member located at the end of the shaft member, determines the minimal size of the bore or channel whose interior surface has to be coated. In other words, the smaller the plasma gun head member and the plasma gun shaft member are, the smaller can be the diameter of the bore ore channel to be coated.
In order to provide for a homogeneous coating, particularly of angled and tortuous portions thereof, the plasma torch created by the plasma gun head member preferably should escape from it radially with respect to longitudinal axis of the plasma gun assembly.
A further problem is the heating-up of the parts and portions of the plasma gun assembly which are in the interior of the bore ore channel to be coated during the coating operation. It is well known in the art that temperatures in the region of 10'000.degree. C. can occur during a coating operation by means of a plasma gun assembly. This problem is even much more serious if the coating operation is performed under conditions in which the ambient pressure is less than the atmosphere pressure, particularly under vacuum or near vacuum conditions, since in this case a blowing-in of air or carbon dioxide is not possible to cool the hot parts of the plasma gun assembly as is possible if the coating operation takes place under atmospheric conditions. In order to avoid a damage of the parts and portions of the plasma gun assembly under atmospheric condition and particularly also under near-vacuum conditions, an efficient cooling of the plasma gun shaft member and the plasma gun head member must be provided.
In coating of narrow tubes and similar workpieces, a further problem to be considered is the electrical insulation of the plasma gun head member. Particularly in the case where a transferred arc is used, the shortest path thereof often being not identical with the course of the desired path between the cathode and the surface to be coated, for instance the inner wall of a tube, great care must be taken that the plasma gun head member is provided with a good insulation all over its circumference. In plasma gun assemblies known in the art, there is a danger that an undesired transformation of the plasma torch to the workpiece can take place if the electrical insulation of the plasma gun head member is damaged or impaired by the precipitation of dust, particularly if the plasma gun assembly is operated under vacuum conditions. Thus, the plasma gun assembly and particularly the plasma gun head member should be designed in such a way that the electrical insulation of the head member prevents an undesired transferring of the plasma torch to the workpiece surface to be coated.

Modular plasma gun assembly for coating the inner surfaces of hollow spaces and cavities


Provided is a pressure steam treatment apparatus of a fiber bundle and a producing method of a carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle for producing a carbonated precursor fiber bundle to suppress an influence of a leakage of a pressure steam to the outside of the apparatus so as to hold down a pressure steam supply amount to the minimum, simultaneously reduce a broken yarn, improve a yield ratio and have a high productivity. A pressure steam treatment apparatus is provided with labyrinth sealing chambers in back and forth of a pressure steam treatment chamber, and treats a plurality of fiber bundles traveling in parallel like a sheet along a fiber bundle travel path in a lump under a pressure steam atmosphere. The fiber bundle travel path of the labyrinth sealing chamber is divided in parallel to the fiber bundle.

In a producing of a carbon fiber or the like, as a precursor, for example, a fiber bundle made of a polyacrylonitrile polymer is employed as a fiber, and the fiber bundle is required to be excellent in a strength and a degree of orientation. Such a fiber bundle can be obtained, for example, by fiber spinning a fiber spinning solution including a polyacrylonitrile polymer so as to form a coagulated fiber, obtaining a densified fiber bundle by drawing in a bath and drying the coagulated fiber, and thereafter carrying out a secondary drawing treatment of the fiber bundle under a pressure steam atmosphere.
In the treatment of the fiber bundle under the pressure steam atmosphere, there is used a treatment apparatus which makes the fiber bundle travel inside of the apparatus and supplies a pressure steam with respect to the fiber bundle. In such a treatment apparatus, if the pressure steam supplied to the inside of the apparatus leaks out in large quantities to the outside of the apparatus from an inlet and an outlet of the fiber bundle, a pressure, a temperature, a humidity and the like in the inside of the apparatus becomes unstable, and there has been a case that a fuzz, a broken thread or the like is generated in the fiber bundle. Further, a lot of pressure steam is necessary for suppressing an influence of the leakage of the pressure steam to the outside of the apparatus, and an increase of an energy cost has been caused.
As a treatment apparatus which suppresses the leakage of the pressure steam from the inside of the apparatus, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-140161 (Patent Document 1), discloses a pressure steam treatment apparatus which is provided with a pressure steam treatment chamber which treats a fiber bundle traveling in a fixed direction by a pressure steam, and two labyrinth sealing chambers which extend from front and rear sides of the pressure steam treatment chamber. The labyrinth sealing chamber is provided with labyrinth nozzles in multiple stages in parallel along a fiber bundle travel path, the labyrinth nozzles being configured from plate pieces extending perpendicularly toward the fiber bundle from inner wall surfaces of a top plate and a bottom plate which are opposed to each other. An energy is consumed at a time of passing through each of spaces (expansion chambers) between the labyrinth nozzles, whereby an amount of leakage of the pressure steam is lowered.
According to the Patent Document 1, the first and second labyrinth sealing chambers are arranged in the front and rear sides of the pressure steam treatment chamber, and a plurality of fiber bundles traveling in parallel like a sheet along the fiber bundle travel path are treated under the pressure steam atmosphere in a lump. A value of a ratio (L/P) between an extension length L of the labyrinth nozzle from the inner wall surfaces of the top plate and the bottom plate, and a pitch P between the front and rear nozzles is between 0.3 and 1.2, and a number of the stages of the labyrinth nozzles is set to 80 to 120 in both of a first and a second labyrinth sealing chambers in the front and rear sides. Further, a filling factor F of the fiber bundle calculated by the following expression in the fiber bundle travel path within the labyrinth sealing chamber is set to 0.5 to 10%.filling factor F={K/(ρ×105)}/A
Here, K: fiber bundle fineness (tex)                ρ: fiber bundle density (g/cm3)        A: opening area of the fiber bundle travel path (cm2).
Since a magnitude of an expansion chamber formed between the front and rear nozzles comes to a preferable one by setting the value of L/P to the range, and it is possible to extremely consume the energy by repeating generation and elimination of a small eddy current of a rotation within the expansion chamber, a decompression effectively makes progress. It is possible to effectively suppress a team leakage amount in cooperation with the number of the forming stages of the labyrinth nozzles such as 80 to 120 stages, and it is possible to effectively prevent a damage of the fiber bundle and the fuzz.

Apparatus for pressure steam treatment of fiber bundle and producing method of carbon fiber precursor fiber bundle


A cartridge includes: a rotating body including a rotating shaft extending in a first direction and carrying developer; a housing supporting the rotating body; and a cover removably mounted on the housing and protect the rotating body. The cover includes: a grasping portion that is provided substantially at a center of the cover in the first direction; and a first engaging claw that is disposed on an outer side of the cover with respect to the grasping portion in the first direction, and is configured to engage the cover with the housing. The housing includes an engaged portion engaged with the first engaging claw. If the grasping portion is operated to remove the cover from the housing, the first engaging claw moves toward the center of the cover in the first direction and engagement of the first engaging claw and the engaged portion is released.

The present disclosure relates to a cartridge for an image forming apparatus such as a laser printer.
As image forming apparatuses, printers having cartridges detachably mounted on main body casings are known.
As a cartridge for these printers, there is known a developing cartridge having a housing for storing toner, and a developing roller for carrying toner on its circumferential surface.
In this developing cartridge, the developing roller is rotatably held on both side walls of the housing, and a portion of the circumferential surface of the developing roller is exposed from the housing to the outside. Therefore, during shipment or transportation of the developing cartridge, in order to cover the exposed developing roller, a developing roller cover is mounted on the housing the developing cartridge.
Further, this developing roller cover has locking claws protruding toward the developing roller side, and the locking claws are locked to locked portions of the housing of the developing cartridge, whereby the developing roller cover is mounted on the developing cartridge. The developing roller cover can be removed from the housing by pulling a grasping portion.

Cartridge including a cover having releasable engagement


An information processing apparatus includes a sound collector configured to collect an operation sound of a sound collection target device to obtain sound data; a context information obtaining unit configured to obtain context information at a time of an operation of the sound collection target device; a feature generator configured to generate feature of sound data corresponding to the context information; and a clustering unit configured to generate an operation status table of the sound collection target device by using the feature.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus, an information processing method, and a computer-readable storage medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a field of an image forming device, known has been a technique of comparing operation sound data obtained by collecting sounds by a sound collector with operation sound data prepared in advance for each of operation statuses based on context information to detect an abnormity.
Specifically, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-184722 discloses an image forming device including a function of comparing operation sound data, collected and stored in advance, of units (a drum motor, a paper feeding motor, a fixing motor, a developing clutch, and the like) with operation sound data collected by operating the image forming device, making a detection as an abnormal sound when a difference therebetween is equal to or more than a predetermined level, and specifying a unit causing the abnormal sound by using an operation sequence table of each of the units, for example.
Besides, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2012-177748 discloses an image forming device including a function of making a comparison with data, collected and stored in advance, of abnormal sounds caused in each part when an operation sound, collected by operating the image forming device, of each part increases and determining an abnormity when the operation sound corresponds to the abnormal sound data.
However, those techniques of detecting an abnormity by using context information and operation sound data require operation sound data for each of operation statuses, which leads to a problem of causing a relative reduction in an amount of operation sound data available for each of the operation statuses, a deterioration in an approximation accuracy of a model expressing operation sounds, and a deterioration in a detection accuracy as a result.
This problem will be explained with reference to Tables 1 and 2 below. Here, Table 1 illustrates an example of context information and Table 2 illustrates examples of operation statuses by taking the context information into account.
TABLE 1No.Context informationOperation flag1Driving motor of fixingON/OFFunit2Conveyance motorON/OFF3Speed-up zone of paperPaper present/Papernot present4Manual conveyance motorON/OFF5Ozone fanON/OFF6Number of rotations ofLow/Highozone fan7Light emission of LEDON/OFF8Remaining amount ofSmall/Largetoner9Manual conveyance rollerON/OFF
TABLE 2ContextOperationOperationOperationNo.informationstatus 1status 2status 3. . .1Driving motorONOFFOFF. . .of fixing unit2ConveyanceONONOFF. . .motor3Speed-up zonePaper notPaper notPaper. . .of paperpresentpresentpresent4ManualONOFFON. . .conveyancemotor5Ozone fanONONOFF. . .6Number ofLowHigh—. . .rotations ofozone fan7Light emissionONONOFF. . .of LED8RemainingSmallSmallLarge. . .amount oftoner9ManualOFFOFFON. . .conveyanceroller
In Table 1, an operation flag of each of items for the context information is defined by 0/1 (two conditions by division with a threshold in a case of an analog quantity). In using the context information of all the items in Table 1, the number of possible operation statuses is 29 (=512) (however, the actual number of possible operation statuses becomes smaller to some extent since there exist some impossible operation statuses). Examples of operation statuses on this occasion are illustrated in Table 2. While only three kinds of examples are illustrated here, there are, in fact, 512 kinds of assumable operation statues in total.
In assuming a collection of an actual operation sound data, the data amount of collectable operation sounds has a limit in practice due to a capacity of a storage medium, difficulty in reproducing operation statuses, and the like. Especially, for collecting abnormal operation sound data, a human person is required to keep collecting sounds by operating the device and to judge and extract abnormal sounds that have occurred incidentally, and is not able to generate at will and freely collect such abnormal sounds.
On the assumption that the data amount of collectable operation sounds is constant since the data amount is limited in practice as explained, the reason why an approximation accuracy of a model is deteriorated will be explained. A model is configured to be expressed by mean and variation. Generally speaking, in using and expressing by mean and variation a certain data group, a larger amount of data enables more accurate expression of the data group by the mean and the variation. However, in a case where the data amount is insufficient, it is difficult to see a distribution state of the entirety of the data, which causes deterioration in validity of the mean and the variation. This situation is described as "approximation accuracy is low". Therefore, an insufficient data amount causes a low approximation accuracy of the model.
On the assumption that context information includes nine items illustrated in FIG. 1 and there is data of 512 sounds, the number of operation statuses becomes 29 (=512) since the number of pieces of context information directly affects the number of operation statuses. Therefore, the number of sounds as data to be allotted to one operation status is "one in the mean". The reason of using the expression "mean" is that there is non-existent operation status and there are multiple operation statuses in the data of 512 sounds.
As explained above, there is a problem that the number of pieces of data to be allotted to one operation status is small, the approximation accuracy of a model expressing operation sounds is deteriorated, and the accuracy of the detection of abnormal sounds becomes low in the conventional techniques of performing a clustering on (dividing) operation statuses for the number of pieces of context information.
Therefore, there is a need for an information processing apparatus, an information processing method, and a computer-readable storage medium, capable of enhancing the approximation accuracy of model expressing operation sounds of a device such as an image forming device and improving the accuracy of the detection of abnormal sounds.

Information processing apparatus, information processing method, and computer-readable storage medium for detecting an abnormity from sound data


A device comprises a syringe and a body carrying the syringe and comprising one or more of an action figure, a miniaturized version of a useful article, a fanciful version of a useful article, a playful or fanciful other object, or the like.

Feeding a child, particularly an infant or toddler, is often a messy and time consuming task. Typically, when the child is young, a small spoon is used to scoop soft foods out of a jar and the food is given to the child. When the child is very young, the child may not yet be trained to open her or his mouth when the spoon is offered, thereby resulting in multiple attempts to get the child to open her/his mouth so that the food can be deposited therein. Even an older child who knows to open her/his mouth when a spoonful of food is offered may accept only a portion of the food being offered, and spit out the rest. At times, an entire spoonful of food may be lost either on the way to the child or after the child has received the spoonful.
Also, as any parent knows, a child often likes to chew on various items frequently, but not always, because the child is teething or the child is at a particular developmental stage during which the child is particularly aware of her/his mouth. At times, the child may wish to teeth on a feeding spoon or other article, which often is not resilient or soothing to the child.

Feeding, teething, and/or entertaining device


Apparatus and method is disclosed for providing user session continuity over several transactions being conducted on the internet. A secure token is made part of each HTML page sent to a user from the server computer and the token is returned to the server with each submitted transaction request. The token is compared with token information originally sent out. The submitted request is recognized as being from an authorized user if the token and a session table have the same information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to server-oriented programmed apparatus and method for managing a user session on a network where user application connections are not maintained. More particularly, the present invention relates to a token validation apparatus and method that is transparent to the user and client application and is operable with any internet client.
2. Description of Related Art
One technique for conducting important transactions on a public network is to require that a user submit user identity information and a password with every page or form submitted to a server computer at an institution. This may be repetitive and tiresome to a user. Further, the more often that these important values are communicated, the more exposed they become to attack and therefore it is desirable to minimize the number of times that they must be entered and transmitted.
Another known technique for conducting important transactions on a public network includes securing the client or user terminal and encrypting all important messages. A difficulty with securing the client is that many of them are open architecture personal computers which, unlike an automatic teller machine, can not be secured. Further difficulty arises because new browser programs are being made available to the public all the time and a financial institution, for example, can not control the features of these programs beyond the basic standards already being observed. Most of these browser programs store pages in memory and allow scrolling back and forth. Many of these browser programs also allow a page or form received from a financial institution to be stored on disk for future reference. The existence of such pages on an unsecured personal computer, for example at a public library, may allow the next user to recover such information with minimal hacker knowledge and submit the page in a replay mode, pretending to be the authorized user. If the page has been stored on disk, it can be recovered at a later time even if the computer has been turned off.
The use of encryption as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,842 is implemented in many server programs and client browser programs in the form of the secure socket layer (SSL). This method by itself does not provide secure session continuity at an unsecured. terminal over the sequential presentation and submission of a number of pages of a multi-page session as provided by the instant invention but only provides protection against those who would attack the communication network.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,614 describes a system based upon limiting access by a user to a client at a user location and then relies on encryption to protect the session and provide continuity over the series of pages presented to the user and submitted by the user. This system requires that specialized client software and hardware must be provided at each user location which the instant invention does not require.
The present invention overcomes these inadequacies, problems and disadvantages of the prior art by means of the apparatus and method of the invention which is summarized below.

System and method for session management

International Business Machines Corporation


A linked list buffer circuit can be configured to store different linked lists. The buffer includes insert logic and an insert state machine to add ATM cells to the linked lists in the buffer. Extract logic and an extract state machine allow for the removal of ATM cells from the linked lists in the buffer. Because, ATM cells can have different levels of priority, programmable monitor circuitry is provided to monitor the linked lists in the buffer. The monitor circuitry keeps track of buffer and list capacity, and also keeps track of cell loss priority and delay priority cells of the buffer and the linked lists. This information is used to drop received cells if necessary. The linked list monitor circuitry can be configured based upon the linked list configuration of the buffer. The linked list monitor can be configured by changing threshold levels provided to counter/comparator circuitry. Assignments of internal counter circuitry are also programmable based upon the buffer configuration.

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is a network technology for both local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) that supports real-time voice and video as well as data. The topology uses switches that establish a logical circuit from communication end to end, which guarantees a quality of service for transmissions. However, unlike telephone switches that dedicate circuits end to end, unused bandwidth in ATM's logical circuits can be appropriated whenever available. For example, idle bandwidth in a videoconference circuit can be used to transfer data.
ATM works by transmitting all traffic using fixed-length, 53-byte, cells. This fixed unit allows very fast switches to be built, because it is much faster to process a known packet size than variable length packets. The small ATM packet also ensures that voice and video can be inserted into the stream often enough for real-time transmission.
The ability to specify a quality of service is one of ATM's most important features, allowing voice and video to be transmitted smoothly. The following levels of service are available: Constant Bit Rate (CBR) guarantees bandwidth for real-time voice and video; Real-time variable Bit Rate (rt-VBR) supports interactive multimedia that requires minimal delays, and non-real-time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR) is used for bursty transaction traffic; Available Bit Rate (ABR) adjusts bandwidth according to congestion levels for LAN traffic; and Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) provides a best effort for non-critical data such as file transfers.
An asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network comprises a layered architecture allowing multiple services like voice, data and video, to be mixed over a network. The network includes an interface to a physical communication medium, and data can be communicated through buffer circuits. Typically, a buffer circuit is provided that can communicate with a predetermined number of communication ports provided through the physical medium, such as sixteen (16). Often, however, the number and priority of ports varies between ATM systems.
For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for an adjustable ATM buffer and management circuitry.


A method of managing a storage system is provided which allows each host of connected to a storage system supporting multiple hosts to view the identification information assigned to the storage devices by the respective hosts. The method includes providing a command which allows a host to write identification information to an area on the disk drives controlled by the host which was previously reserved for use by the storage system. In addition to writing the data to the physical storage device, execution of the command also causes the identification information to be written to an area in global memory which holds information about each of the storage devices in the storage system. Since the information is stored in a global memory, each host my access the information. Using a second command provided, any host may read the information in global memory and thus learn the identification assigned by other hosts. This allows a maintenance utility run on one host to create a cross reference between storage system identifications assigned to the disk drives and host system identifications assigned to the disk drives.

This invention relates generally to storage systems associated with computer systems and more particularly to providing a method and apparatus for improving the monitoring and control arrays of disks associated with the storage systems.
As it is known in the art, computer systems generally include a central processing unit, a memory subsystem and a storage subsystem. According to a networked or enterprise model of a computer system, the storage subsystem associated with or in addition to a local computer system, may include a large number of independent storage devices or disks housed in a single enclosure. This array of storage devices is typically connected to several computers over a network. Such a model allows for the centralization of data which is to be shared among many users and also allows a single point of maintenance for the storage functions associated with computer systems.
One type of storage subsystem known in the art is one which includes a number of redundant disk storage devices configured as an array. Such a system is typically known as a RAID storage system. One of the advantages of a RAID type storage system is that it provides a massive amount of storage (typically in the tens to hundreds of gigabytes range) and depending upon the RAID configuration may provide several differing levels of fault tolerance.
A disk storage system such as the RAID system described above is a much more complex system compared to a so called JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks) system and will typically include one or more front end (or host) adapters/controllers which are responsible for receiving and processing requests from the various host devices which may be connected to the storage system. Additionally, a RAID storage system as described above may also include several disk adapters/controllers which are used to control the transactions between the disk storage devices and the host controller/adapter described above. Some storage systems may also include a very large buffer (e.g. a cache memory) for buffering the data transfers between the disk adapters and the host adapters.
The RAID storage systems described above are very complex. Despite the complexity, a system administrator must be able to monitor and control the various devices of the storage system. One way of providing monitoring and control functions is by way of an external (to the storage system) application program running on a host computer. Such programs may include a graphical user interface (GUI) which provides the administrator with an easier way to monitor and manage the storage devices.
Since the type of storage system described above is capable of storing extremely large amounts of data, it will typically be connected to several host computers. Each of the host computers may operate independently of the others. Furthermore, each host connected to the storage system will typically have its own set of private devices or volumes assigned to it which are a subset of all the devices in the storage system. Additionally, each of the hosts will also typically assign labels to its associated devices and volumes using a nomenclature which allows the host operating system to communicate with the devices using standard syntax or naming conventions.
As stated above, the hosts attached to the storage system operate independently. Typically, this results in the devices assigned to one host not being accessible by the other hosts. Although certain storage systems like the SYMMETRIX system manufactured by EMC Corporation allow access to all the disks from a single host during maintenance procedures, the identification of the disks is typically by disk number and is not known by the operating systems of the various hosts. As a result, prior art monitoring and control programs running on one host will not allow a system administrator to find a problematic disk drive based on information supplied by the host system since the host system identification and the internal storage system identification do not coincide.
It would be advantageous, therefore, to provide a storage management system and method which provided a user from one host to be able to identify the disks and or volumes associated with another host using the host designated identification.

Method and apparatus for storage system management in a multi-host environment


Concepts and technologies are disclosed herein for collecting and using quality of experience information. A server computer executing a quality of experience management service can receive a request for quality of experience display data. The server computer can obtain location data defining a geographic location of a user device and analyze quality of experience information defining a quality of experience of an application program associated with the user device. The server computer can generate the quality of experience display data based upon the quality of experience information, and provide the quality of experience display data to the user device.

This application relates generally to quality of experience. More particularly, the disclosure provided herein relates to collecting and using quality of experience information.
Over the past several years, the prevalence of smartphones and other portable Internet-enabled devices has increased rapidly. More recently, users have begun to rely upon smartphones and/or other portable devices such as tablet computers for activities that previously may have been completed with a desktop computer. Unlike a desktop computer having a dedicated Internet connection, portable computing devices such as smartphones may have a connection quality that deviates greatly in response to movements of the portable devices.
For example, a smartphone user may determine that voice quality decreases as the user walks into a restaurant. Similarly, data rates and/or other communication quality metrics may change based upon traffic, location, device characteristics, or the like. In some areas, overlapping cells and/or other interference can result in widely varying connection quality that may be invisible to the user. Thus, a user may attempt a communication multiple times, which may put additional load on the network elements attempting to support the requested communications.

Collecting and using quality of experience information


In a multi-eye image pick-up apparatus, an optical axis angle controller sets the optical axes of first and second video camera portions at predetermined optical axis angles when a power supply voltage for allowing an image pick-up operation is supplied. When the optical axes of the first and second video camera portions do not cross each other at a position in front of the apparatus, in-focus detection is performed using an overlapping region between image pick-up regions of the first and second video camera portions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-eye image pick-up apparatus using a plurality of video cameras.
2. Related Background Art
Conventionally, as a multi-eye image pick-up apparatus of this type, a stereoscopic image pick-up video camera system disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-3199, or the like is known. In this camera system, two video cameras are directed in substantially the same direction to pick up images of an object facing the camera main bodies from different angles, and a stereoscopic image is obtained based on the picked-up images.
However, since the states of the cameras at the time of supply of a power supply voltage are indefinite, a long time is required until an actual image pick-up operation is started.

Multi-eye image pick-up apparatus with immediate image pick-up


A laser beam emitted from a stripe-shaped area of a laser diode is expanded in its low divergence axis to match a length of a modulator which individually modulates different regions of the beam to produce a plurality of individually modulated beam portions which are focused by a lens onto a recording medium, such as dye and receiver sheets, to effect data recording. The modulator may be a row of LCD cells, an acousto-optic modulator, or a row of micromirrors.

In dye thermal transfer printing, heat is applied to selected pixel areas of a dyesheet to cause dye to transfer from the heated areas to form printed pixels on an adjacent dye receiver sheet and thereby form a printed image.
Laser diodes are often chosen as the heat source, as they are inexpensive, reliable and compact. In typical printing apparatus, the output beam from a single laser diode is intensity modulated as it is scanned across the dyesheet, and each scan prints a line of pixels to the receiver sheet. The beam may be modulated merely on or off, so that a pixel is either printed or not, or the beam intensity may be varied over a range of values to vary the amount of dye transferred from a pixel area and provide pixels of varying tones to allow for continuous tone printing.
Laser diodes, however, typically emit light from an elongate stripe area, and so the beam quality is asymmetric, the output beam having a high divergence in the axis of the stripe's width and a low divergence in the axis of the stripe's length. A problem with laser diodes then is that, although the beam may be focused quite readily to a relatively high resolution in its high divergence axis, it is more difficult to do this in the low divergence axis, and so high overall resolution is difficult to achieve.
A further problem of the above apparatus is that the print speed is low, because each pixel must be individually printed in turn. Also, the beam-scanning optical assembly is complex and increases the costs and size of the apparatus, whilst reducing reliability.
One way of increasing print speed, and of simplifying the scanning assembly, is to arrange a plurality of laser diodes into an array, and to intensity modulate each laser diode individually while scanning the output beams together across the dyesheet. This then allows a plurality of pixel lines to be printed simultaneously. The use of a plurality of laser diodes, however, itself, adds to the expense and complexity of the apparatus.

Optical data recording apparatus and method


A system for securely using decryption keys during FPGA configuration includes a FPGA having a microcontroller for receiving a bitstream having an encrypted bitstream portion as well as a configuration boot program. The configuration boot program can be code that runs on an embedded hardware microcontroller or a software microcontroller. The system further includes a key storage register coupled to the microcontroller for storing key data from the microcontroller, a decryptor coupled to the key storage register, and a configuration data register in the FPGA. Preferably, only the decryptor can read from the key storage register and the configuration data register cannot be read by the microcontroller after the decryptor is used.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of circuit design and, more particularly, to a system and method for securing data used to configure a programmable logic device (PLD).
2. Description of the Related Art
A PLD is a general purpose programmable device that is customizable by an end user to realize a desired user-specific device. One example of a PLD is a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The basic FPGA architecture involves an array of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) embedded in a configurable interconnect structure and surrounded by configurable I/O blocks (IOBs). In U.S. Pat. No. 6,496,971, Lesea and Trimberger have described an FPGA configuration structure where configuration is carried out by a microcontroller, for example a microprocessor. Configuration is the process of loading configuration data into the configuration memory cells which control the programmable interconnect structure, the IOBs, and the CLBs. The microcontroller may be used to read configuration data and write it to configuration memory cells. If the configuration data is encrypted, the microcontroller must also decrypt the data. A significant fraction of the configuration logic can be the bitstream decryptor. The decryptor would be a prime target for implementation in the microcontroller because it is large, is used rarely, and there are several different decryption algorithms that one might use.
In order to reduce the amount of dedicated read-only memory on the chip and to permit updates to the configuration process, the microcontroller configuration boot program can be loaded from an external source when the FPGA configures. A decryption key may be stored in a volatile or non-volatile register. A common method of connecting this register, whether volatile or non-volatile, is by the well-known method of memory mapping. Using memory-mapping, the system includes a decoder and enabling logic that permits the register to be read and written by the microcontroller as if it was ordinary memory. The simple method of storing and using decryption keys as a memory-mapped register connected to the microcontroller is un-secure and can lead to a pirate stealing the key data or the decrypted design by providing a "Trojan-horse" configuration boot program that writes the contents of the key register to a block random access memory (BRAM) or to chip IOs. What is needed is a structure and method that permits a microcontroller to store and use decryption keys in a secure manner.

System and method for securing using decryption keys during FPGA configuration using a microcontroller