A compound of formula (I),

The invention relates to heterocyclic derivatives, or pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, which possess antithirombotic and anticoagulant properties and are accordingly useful in methods of treatment of humans or animals. The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the heterocyclic derivatives, to pharmaceutical composition containing them and to their use in the manufacture of medicaments for use in the production of an antithrombotic or anticoagulant effect.
The antithrombotic and anticoagulant effect produced by the compounds of the invention is believed to be attributable to their strong inhibitory effect against the activated coagulation protease known as Factor Xa. Factor Xa is one of a cascade of proteases involved in the complex process of blood coagulation. The protease known as thrombin is the final protease in the cascade and Factor Xa is the preceding protease which cleaves prothrombin to generate thrombin.
Certain compounds are known to possess Factor Xa inhibitory properties and the field has been reviewed by R. B. Wallis. Current Opinion in Therapeutic Patents, 1993, 1173-1179. Thus it is known that two proteins, one known as antistatin and the other known as tick anticoagulant protein (TAP), are specific Factor Xa inhibitors which possess antithrombotic properties in various animal models of thrombotic disease.
It is also known that certain non-peptidic compounds possess Factor Xa inhibitory properties. Of the low molecular weight inhibitors mentioned in the review by R. B. Wallis, all possessed a strongly basic group such as an amidinophenlyl or amidinonaphthyl group.
We have now found that certain heterocyclic derivatives possess Factor Xa inhibitory activity. Many of the compounds of the present invention also possess the advantage of being selective Factor Xa inhibitors, that is the enzyme Factor Xa is inhibited strongly at concentrations of test compound which do not inhibit or which inhibit to a lesser extent the enzyme thrombin which is also a member of the blood coagulation enzymatic cascade.
The compounds of the present invention possess activity in the treatment or prevention of a variety of medical disorders where anticoagulant therapy is indicated, for example in the treatment or prevention of thrombotic conditions such as coronary artery and cerebro-vascular disease. Further examples of such medical disorders include various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular conditions such as myocardial infarction, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, venous or arterial thrombosis, coagulation syndromes, vascular injury including reocclusion and restenosis following angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery, thrombus formation after the application of blood vessel operative techniques or after general surgery such as hip replacement surgery, the introduction of artificial heart valves or on the recirculation of blood, cerebral infarction, cerebral thrombosis, stroke, cerebral embolism pulmonary embolism, isehaemia and angina (including unstable angina).
The compounds of the invention are also useful as inhibitors of blood coagulation in an ex-vivo situation such as, for example, the storage of whole blood or other biological samples suspected to contain Factor Xa and in which coagulation is detrimental.
Accordingly in one aspect the present invention provides compounds of formula I
wherein:
A is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur;
B is optionally substituted phenylene or a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen heteroatoms.
R and R1 are independently selected from hydrogen and (1-4C)alkyl,
n is 1 or 2;
R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl (4-7C)cycloalkyl, (2-6C)alkenyl on R2 and R3 may form along with the nitrogen to which they are attached a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring which ma)y contain in addition to the nitrogen atom present 1 or 2 additional heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, wherein each R2 or R3 group or any heterocyclic ring formed from R2 and R3 may he optionally substituted by hydroxy, amino, carboxy, (1-4C)alkoxycarbonyl, oxo. (1-4)alkyl, hydroxy-(1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxy-(1-4C)alkyl, carboxy-(1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxycarbonyl-(1-4C)alkyl, or carbamoyl-(1-4C)alkyl;
Q is selected from phenyl, naphthyl, phenyl(1-4C)alkyl, phenyl(2-4C)alkenyl and a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur wherein Q may be optionally substituted by halo, halo(1-4C)alkyl, cyano, amino, hydroxy, carbamoyl, (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (1-4C)alkoxy, (2-4C)alkenyloxy, (2-4C)alkynyloxy, (1-4C)alkylthio, (1-4C)alkylsulphilnyl, (1-4C)alkylsulphonyl, (1-4C)alkylamino, di(1-4C)alkylamino, (1-4C)alkoxycarbonyl, N-(1-4C)alkylcarbonoyl, (2-6C)alkanoyl, (2-4C)alkanoylamino, hydroxy-(1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxy-(1-4C)alkyl, carboxy-(1-4C)alkyl. (1-4C)alkoxycarbonyl-(1-4C)alkyl, carbamoyl-(1-4C)alkyl, N-(1-4C)alkylcarbamoyl-(1-4C)alkyl, N,N-di(1-4C)alkylcarbamoyl-(1-4C)alkyl, phenyl, phenoxy, phenylthio, phenylsulphinyl, phenylsulphonyl, benzyl, benzoyl wherein said phenyl, phenoxy, phenylthio, phenylsulphinyl, phenylsulphonyl, benzyl or benzoyl substituent bears 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, carbamoyl, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxy, (1-4C)alkylamino, di(1-4C)alkylamino. (1-4C)alkoxycarbonyl, N,-(1-4C)alkylcarbamoyl, N,N,(1-4C)alkylcarbamoyl and (2-4C)alkanoylamino, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In this specification the term xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d includes both straight and branched chain alkyl groups but references to individual alkyl groups such as xe2x80x9cpropylxe2x80x9d are specific for the straight chain version only. An analogous convention applies to other generic terms.
It is to be understood that certain heterocyclic derivatives of the present invention can exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms such as, for example, hydrated forms. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such solvated forms which possess Factor Xa inhibitory activity.
It is further to be understood that, insofar as certain of the compounds of the formula defined above may exist in optically active or racemic forms by virtue of one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, the invention encompasses any such optically active or racemic form which possesses Factor Xa inhibitory activity. The synthesis of optically active forms may be carried out by standard techniques of organic chemistry well known in the art, for example by synthesis from optically active starting materials or by resolution of a racemic form.
Preferably A is a pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or pyridazinyl ring for example 4-pyridyl, 2-pyridyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 3-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl or 3-pyridyl. Of these 4-pyrimidinyl and 4-pyridyl are most preferred.
In one aspect A is unsubstituted. In another aspect A is substituted by one, two or three atoms or groups selected from halo (for example fluoro, chloro or bromo), oxo, carboxy, trifluoromethyl, cyano, amino, hydroxy, nitro, (1-4C)alkyl (for example methyl or ethyl), (1-4C)alkoxy (for example methoxy or ethoxy), (1-4C)alkoxycarbonyl (1-4C)alkylamino (for example methylamino or ethylamino) or di-(1-4C)alkylamino (for example dimethylamino or diethylamino). For the avoidance of doubt substituents on A may also be present, where possible, on the heteroatom of the ring. Preferred substituents of A are halo, (1-4C)alkyl, amino and (1-4C)alkylamino.
There are three preferred aspects of ring B:
1. In one aspect B is an optionally substituted 1,4-phenylene ring
2. In one aspect B is an optionally substituted 1,4-piperidinediyl ring, wherein A or the carbonyl group (xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94) on either side of B is attached to the nitrogen atom of the ring or B is an optionally substituted 1,4-piperazinediyl ring, wherein both A and the carbonyl group (xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94) on either side of B are attached to the nitrogen atoms atoms of the ring.
3. In one aspect B is a heterocyclic ring in which neither A nor the carbonyl group (xe2x80x94COxe2x80x94) on either side of B are not attached to nitrogen atom(s) of B.
In a preferred aspect heterocyclic rings formed from R2 and R3 include 1-piperidino, 1-piperazinyl, 4-morpholino, 4-thiomorpholino, 1-imidazolidinyl and 1-pyrrolidinyl; preferred substitutions include oxo, hydroxy, amino and carboxy and include substitutions on any of the additional heteroatoms, for example 1-oxo-4-thiomorpholino and 1,1-dioxo-4-thiomorpholino.
In a preferred aspect R and R1 are both hydrogen.
A suitable value for Q when it is naphthyl is, for example, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl, when it is phenyl-(1-4C)alkyl is, for example, benzyl, phelnylethyl and 3-phelnylpropyl, when it is phenyl-(2-4C)alkenyl is, for example, styryl, cinnamyl or 3-phenylprop-2-enyl: and when it is phenyl-(2-4C)alkynyl is, for example, 2-phenylethynyl, 3-phenylprop-2-ynyl and 3-phenylprop-1-ynyl.
A suitable value for Q when it is a heterocyclic moiety containing up to 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur is, for example, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic moiety which is a single ring or is fused to one or two benzo rings such as furyl, benzofuranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, chromanyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, pyridyl piperidinyl, quinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, quiniazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, indolyl, indolinyl, imidazolyl, benzimildazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothilazolyl, isothiazolyl, morpholinol, 4H-1,4-benzoxazinyl, 4H-1,4-benzothiazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, furazanyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, dibenzofuranyl and dibenzothienyl, which may be attached through any available position including, for an appropriate X2 group such as, for example, SO2, C(R5)2 or CO, through any available nitrogen atom and which may bear up to three substituents including a substituent on any available nitrogen atom.
A suitable value for the heteroaryl substituent on Q or the heteroaryl group in a heteroaryl-containing substituent on Q which comprises a 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur is, for example, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, furazanyl and thiadiazolyl which may be attached through any available position including, through any available nitrogen atom.
Particularly preferred substituents of Q are selected from halo (ideally chloro or bromo) and C1-4alkyl (ideally methyl).
Suitable values for optional substituents for B, Q and for R2 and R1 are:
Suitable values for substituents (where applicable) which may be present on B, on a heterocyclic or phenyl group within a substituent on Ar, on Q or on a phenyl- or heteroaryl-containing substituent on Q include, for example:
A preferred class of compounds of the present invention is that wherein:
A is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl or pyridazinyl;
B is 1,4-piperidinediyl, 1,4-piperazinediyl or para-phenylene;
R2 and R3 are joined together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring, preferably substituted:
Q is styryl or naphthyl optionally substituted by fluoro, chloro or bromo or is phenyl optionally substituted by fluoro, chloro or bromo;
and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.
Particular compounds of the invention are those listed as Examples below.
A heterocyclic derivative of formula I, or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, may be prepared by any process known to be applicable to the preparation of related compounds. Such procedures are provided as a further feature of the invention and are illustrated by the following representative processes in which, unless otherwise stated A, B, X1, R, R1, R2, R3 and Q have any of the meanings defined hereinbefore wherein any functional group, for example amino, alkylamino, carboxy or hydroxy, is optionally protected by a protecting group which may be removed when necessary.
Compounds of formula I may be prepared by:
(a) Reacting an acid of formula (II) or a reactive derivative thereof.
xe2x80x83with an amine of formula
R2R3NHxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(III)
A suitable reactive derivative of an acid of the formula (III) is, for example, an acyl halide, for example an acyl chloride formed by the reaction of the acid and an inorganic acid chloride, for example thionyl chloride; a mixed anhydride, for example an anhydride formed by the reaction of the acid with a chloroformate such as isobutyl chloroformate or with an activated amide such as 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole; an active ester, for example an ester formed by the reaction of the acid and a phenol such as pentafluorophenol, an ester such as pentafluorophenyl trifluoroacetate or an alcohol such as N-hydroxybenzotriazole or N-hydroxysuccinimide, an acyl azide, for example an azide formed by the reaction of the acid and an azide such as diphenylphosphoryl azide; an acyl cyanide, for example a cyanide formed by the reaction of an acid and a cyanide such as diethylphosphoryl cyanide, or the product of the reaction of the acid and a carbodiimide such as N,Nxe2x80x2-dicyclolhexylcarbodiimide or N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-Nxe2x80x2-ethylcarbodiimide.
The reaction is conveniently carried out in the presence of a suitable base such as, for example, an alkali or alkaline earth metal carbonate, alkoxide, hydroxide or hydride, for example sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium ethoxide, potassium butoxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydride or potassium hydride, or an organometallic base such as an alkyl-lithium, for example n-butyl-lithium, or a dialkylamino-lithium, for example lithium di-isopropylamide, or, for example, an organic amine base such as, for example, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, collidine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, triethiylamine, morpholine or diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene.
The reaction is also preferably carried out in a suitable inert solvent or diluent, for example methylenle chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, dimethylsulphoxide or acetone, and at a temperature in the range, for example, xe2x88x9278xc2x0 to 150xc2x0 C., conveniently at or near ambient temperature.
A suitable protecting group for an amino or alkylamino group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an alkoxycarbonyl group, for example a methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or tert-butoxycarbonyl group, an arylmethoxycarbonyl group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl, or an aroyl group, for example benzoyl. The deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group. Thus, for example, an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or alkoxycarbonyl group or an aroyl group may be removed for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide. Alternatively an acyl group such as a tert-butoxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by treatment with a suitable acid such as hydrochloric, sulphuric or phosphoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid and an arylmethoxycarbonyl group such as a benzyloxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon, or by treatment with a Lewis acid for example boron tris(trifluoroacetate). A suitable alternative protecting group for a primary amino group is, for example, a phthaloyl group which may be removed by treatment with an alkylamine, for example dimethylaminopropylamine, or with hydrazine.
A suitable protecting group for a hydroxy group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an aroyl group, for example benzoyl or an arylmethyl group, for example benzyl. The deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups will necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group. Thus, for example, an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or an aroyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide. Alternatively an arylmethyl group such as a benzyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
A suitable protecting group for a carboxy group is, for example, an esterifying group, for example a methyl or an ethyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a base such as sodium hydroxide, or for example a tert-butyl group which may be removed, for example, by treatment with an acid, for example an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or for example a benzyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
(b) Reacting an acid of formula (IV), or a reactive derivative thereof,
Axe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94COOHxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(IV)
xe2x80x83with an amine of formula (V)
Suitable reactive derivatives of an acid of the formula (IV) and conditions are described in process method (a) above.
(c) Coupling a compound of formula (VI)
xe2x80x83with a compound of formula
Zxe2x80x94SO2xe2x80x94Qxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(VII)
xe2x80x83wherein Z is a displaceable group such as halo, in conditions similar to those described in process method (a) above.
(d) For compounds of formula I, wherein A is attached to B by an alkyl bond, by coupling a compound of formula (VIII)
xe2x80x83wherein Z is a displaceable group such as halo, with an activated derivative of heterocyclic ring A. Suitable activated derivatives include metalised derivatives such as with zinc or tin and borane derivatives. The activated derivative of heterocyclic ring A is reacted with a compound of formula (VII) to effect cross coupling where Z is a halo group, such as iodo. bromo or chloro, or triflate. Suitably the reaction is catalysed by use of a transition state metal catalyst, such as palladium, e.g. tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0).
Alternatively it is possible that ring A contains the displaceable group Z and ring B is activated and the reaction performed as described above.
(e) For compounds of formula I, wherein A is attached to B by an alkyl bond, by forming A ring on compounds of formula (VIII), wherein Z is a functional group capable of cyclisation. Suitable reagents and conditions are described below in the preparation of compounds of formula (IV) by cyclisation.
(f) For compounds of formula I, wherein A is attached to B by an amide bond, by reacting an amine of formula (VIII), wherein Z is hydrogen, with a derivative of heterocyclic ring A containing a suitable displaceable group, such as halo, in the presence of a base in conditions similar to those described in process method (a) above.
(g) Oxidation of a compound of formula (IX)
xe2x80x83wherein Y is S or SO.
A suitable oxidising agent is, for example, any agent known in the art for the oxidation of thio to sulphinyl and/or sulphonyl, for example, hydrogen peroxide, a peracid (such as 3-chloroperoxybenzoic or peroxyacetic acid), an alkali metal peroxysulphate (such as potassium peroxymonosulphate), chromium trioxide or gaseous oxygen in the presence of platinum. The oxidation is generally carried out under as mild conditions as possible and with the required stoichiometric amount of oxidising agent in order to reduce the risk of over oxidation and damage to other functional groups. In general the reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent or diluent such as methylene chloride, chloroform, acetone, tetrahydrofuran or tert-butyl methyl ether and at a temperature, for example, at or near ambient temperature, that is in the range 15 to 35xc2x0 C. Those compounds of formula (IX) which contain oxygen labile groups (such as A ring is pyridyl) are probably not suitable intermediates for this process step, unless oxidation of such groups is desired.
Compounds of formula (II) may he prepared by reacting a n acid of formula (IV), as defined above, with an amine of formula (X)
wherein P, including the carboxy group to which it is attached, is a suitable protecting group such as an alkoxy ester, for example ethoxycarbony; in an analogous method as described in process method (b) above, and subsequently conversion to the acid compound of formula (II) by deesterification.
Compounds of formula (IV) may be prepared by coupling of the B ring to the A ring as described in alternative process steps (d) and (f). For a coupling of A to B, via an alkyl bond, one ring is activated and the other contains a suitable displaceable group. Ideally the reaction is catalysed, such as with a palladium catalyst. Suitable reagents and conditions are described in a review article Harvey R. G. Organic Preparations and Procedures International, Vol. 29, (1997), 139.
Activated derivatives of heterocyclic ring A or B include metalised derivatives, such as with zinc or tin, borane derivatives and stannyl derivatives. Formation of the activated form desired is typically by substitution reactions. The activating group is added to the ring in place of a suitable leaving group or atom, such as halo or triflate. Suitable reagents and conditions are described in Shikara M. et.al.; Chem. Pharm. Bull.; 33(11), 4755-4763 (1985); Sandosham J. et.al.; Hetrerocycles, Vol. 37, No. 1, p501, (1994); and Salamoto T. et.al.; Tetrahedron: Vol. 49, No. 43, 9713-9720, (1993).
Alternatively compounds of formula (IV) may be prepared as described in process variant (e) above by forming A ring on the B ring containing a suitable functional group for cyclisaton. Suitable reagents and conditions are described in Bredereck H. Chem. Ber.; 96, 1505, (1963); Fuchigami. T., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 49, p3607, (1976); Huffman. K. R., J. Org. Chem., 28, p1812, (1963); Palusso, G., Gazz, Chim. Ital., 90, p1290, (1960) and Ainsworth C. J., Heterocycl. Chem., 3, p470, (1966). Processes suitable for synthesis of starting materials in such cyclisation reactions are described in Zhang M. Q. et.al; J. Heterocyclic. Chem.; 28, 673, (1991 ) and Kosugi. M, et. al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 60, 767-768 (1987).
Compounds of formula (XII) may be prepared via ring formation, such as described in Church R, et.al.: J. Org. Chem., 60, 3750-3758, (1995) and Falck-Penderson M. L. et.al.; Acta Chem. Scand., 47, 63-67, (1993). Compounds formed by such reactions are also suitable starting materials for preparation of activated derivatives of the heterocyclic ring A by substitution reaction, as described above.
Compounds of formula (V) may be prepared by reacting an acid of formula (XI)
wherein P is a protecting group, with an amine of formula (III), as defined above, in an analogous manner as described in method (a) above, and subsequently removing the protecting group.
Compounds of formula (VI) may be prepared from the amino acid of formula (XII)
by performing both reactions (a) and (b) described above, in either order, with the use of suitable protecting groups as described above.
Compounds of formula (VII) may be prepared by conversion of the thio analogue of the compound of formula (XIII), wherein Z is a dispaceable group
to the sulphonic acid halide by reactions as described in Kharasch N. Et.al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73, p3240, 1951. Suitable reactions for the preparation of the thio analogues of compounds of formula (VII) are described in Newman M. S. et.al.; Organic synthesis. Vol. 51, p139.
Compounds of formula (VIII) may be prepared from compounds of formula (XI), as defined above, by performing reaction (a) described above and reacting the product with an acid of formula
Zxe2x80x94Bxe2x80x94COOHxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(XIV)
in conditions similar to those described for reaction (b) above.
Compounds of formula (IX) may be prepared by an analagous reaction for the preparation of compounds of formula I using, method (c) above, reacting, a compound of formula (VI), as defined above, with a compound of formula (XIII), as defined above.
When a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt of compound of the formula I is required, it may be obtained, for example, by reaction of said compound with a suitable acid or base using a conventional procedure.
When an optically active form of a compound of the formula I is required, it may be obtained, for example, by carrying out one of the aforesaid procedures using an optically active starting material or by resolution of a racemic form of said compound using a conventional procedure.
As stated previously, the compounds of the formula I are inhibitors of the enzyme Factor Xa. The effects of this inhibition may be demonstrated using one or more of the standard procedures set out hereinafter:
a) Measurement of Factor Xa Inhibition
An in vitro assay system is carried out based on the method of Kettner et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265, 18289-18297, whereby various concentrations of a test compound are dissolved in a pI7.5 buffer containing 0.5% of a polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and incubated at 37xc2x0 C. with human Factor Xa (0.001 Units/ml. 0.3 ml) for 15 minutes. The chromogenic substrate S-2765 (KabiVitrum AB, 2 xcexcM) is added and the mixture is incubated at 37xc2x0 C. for 20 minutes whilst the absorbance at 405 lime is measured. The maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) is determined and compared with that of a control sample containing no test compound. Inhibitor potency is expressed as an IC50 value.
b) Measurement of Thrombin Inhibition
The procedure of method a) is repeated except that human thrombin (0.005 Units/ml) and the chromogenic substrate S-2238 (KabiVitrum AB, 7 xcexcM) are employed.
c) Measurement of Anticoagulant Activity
An in vitro assay whereby human, rat or rabbit venous blood is collected and added directly to a sodium citrate solution (3.2 g/100 ml. 9 parts blood to 1 part citrate solution). Blood plasma is prepared by centrifugation (1000 g, 15 minutes) and stored at 2-4xc2x0 C. Conventional prothrombin time (PT) tests are carried out in the presence of various concentrations of a test compound and the concentration of test compound required to double the clotting time, hereinafter referred to as CT2, is determined. In the PT test, the test compound and blood plasma are incubated at 37xc2x0 C. for 10 minutes. Tissue thromboplastin with calcium (Sigma Limited, Poole, England) is added and fibrin formation and the time required for a clot to form are determined.
(d) Rat Disseminiated Intravascular Coagulation in vivo Activity Test
Fasted male Alderley Park rats (300-450 g) are pre-dosed by oral gavage (5 mls/kg) with compound or vehicle (5% DMSO/PEG200) at various times before being anaesthetised with Initraval(copyright) (120 mg/kg i.p.). The left jugular vein and the right carotid artery are exposed and cannulated. A 1 mL blood sample is taken from the carotid canular into 3.2% trisodium citrate, 0.5 mL of the whole blood is then treated with EDTA and used for platelet count determination whilst the remainder is centrifuged (5 mins, 20000 g) and the resultant plasma frozen for subsequent drug level, fibrinogen or thrombin antithrombin (TAT) complex determinations. Recombinant human tissue factor (Dade Innovin Cat.B4212-50), reconstituted to the manufacturers specification, is infused (2 mL/kg/hr) into the venous canular for 60 minutes. Immediately after the infusion is stopped a 2 mL blood sample is taken and platelet count, drug level, plasma fibrinogen concentration and TAT complex are determined as before. Platelet counting is performed using a Coulter T540 blood analyser. Plasma fibrinogen and TAT levels are determining using a clotting assay (Sigma Cat.880-B) and TAT ELISA (Behring) respectively. The plasma concentration of the compound is bioassayed using human Factor Xa and a chromogenic substrate S2765 (Kabi), extrapolated from a standard curve (Fragmin) and expressed in Anti-Factor Xa units. The data is analysed as follows: tissue factor-induced reductions in platelet count are normalised with respect to pre-dose platelet count and drug activity expressed as a percent inhibition of tissue factor-induced thrombocytopenia when compared to vehicle treated animals. Compounds are active if there is statistically significant (p less than 0.05) inhibition of TF-induced thrombocytopenia.
e) An ex vivo Assay of Anticoagulant Activity
The test compound is administered intravenously or orally to a group of Alderley Park Wistar rats. At various times thereafter animals are anaesthetised, blood is collected and PT coagulation assays analogous to those described hereinbefore are conducted.
According to a further feature of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a heterocyclic derivative of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier.
The composition may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example a tablet, capsule, aqueous or oily solution, suspension or emulsion; for topical use, for example a cream, ointment, gel or aqueous or oily solution or suspension; for nasal use, for example a snuff, nasal spray or nasal drops: for vaginal or rectal use, for example a suppository; for administration by inhalation, for example as a finely divided powder such as a dry powder, a microcrystalline form or a liquid aerosol; for sub-lingual or buccal use, for example a tablet or capsule; or for parenteral use (including intravenous, subcutaneous. intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), for example a sterile aqueous or oily solution or suspension. In general the above compositions may be prepared in a conventional manner using, conventional excipients.
The amount of active ingredient (that is a heterocyclic derivative of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof) that is combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the host treated and the particular route of administration. For example, a formulation intended for oral administration to humans will generally contain, for example, from 0.5 mg to 2 g of active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of excipients which may vary from about 5 to about 98 percent by weight of the total composition. Dosage unit forms will generally contain about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.
According to a further feature of the invention there is provided a heterocyclic derivative of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in medical therapy.
According to a further feature of the invention there is provided a heterocyclic derivative of formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.
The invention also includes the use of such an active ingredient in the production of a medicament for use in:
(i) producing a Factor Xa inhibitory effect;
(ii) producing an anticoagulant effect;
(iii) producing an antithrombotic effect;
(iv) treating a Factor Xa mediated disease or medical condition;
(v) treating a thrombosis mediated disease or medical condition;
(vi) treating coagulation disorders: and/or
(vii) treating thrombosis or embolism involving Factor Xa mediated coagulation.
The invention also includes a method of producing an effect as defined hereinbefore or treating a disease or disorder as defined hereinbefore which comprises administering to a warm-blooded animal requiring such treatment an effective amount of an active ingredient as defined hereinbefore.
The size of the dose for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes of a compound of the formula I will naturally vary according to the nature and severity of the medical condition the age and sex of the animal or patient being treated and the route of administration, according to well known principles of medicine. As mentioned above, compounds of the formula I are useful in the treatment or prevention of a variety of medical disorders where anticoagulant therapy is indicated. In using a compound of the formula I for such a purpose, it will generally be administered so that a daily dose in the range, for example, 0.5 to 500 mg/kg body weight is received, given if required in divided doses. In general lower doses will be administered when a parenteral route is employed. for example a dose for intravenous administration in the range, for example, 0.5 to 50 mg/kg body weight will generally be used. For preferred and especially preferred compounds of the invention, in general, lower doses will he employed, for example a daily dose in the range, for example, 0.5 to 10 mg/kg body weight.
Although the compounds of the formula I are primarily of value as therapeutic or prophylactic agents for use in warm-blooded animals including man, they are also useful whenever it is required to produce an anticoagulant effect, for example during the ex-vivo storage of whole blood or in the development of biological tests for compounds leaving anticoagulant properties.
The compounds of the invention may be administered its a sole therapy or they may be administered in conjunction with other pharmacologically active agents such as a thrombolytic agent, for example tissue plasminogen activator or derivatives thereof or streptokinase. The compounds of the invention may also be administered with, for example, a known platelet aggregation inhibitor (for example aspirin, a thromboxane antagonist or a thromboxane synthase inhibitor), a known hypolipidaemic agent or a known anti-hypertensive agent.

(Hetero) aryl-sulfonamide derivatives, their preparation and their use as factor XA inhibitors

Abstract: A compound of formula (I),

Abstract: or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein A is an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms; B is optionally substituted phenylene or a 6-membered heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2 or 3 nitrogen heteroatoms; R and R1 are hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; n is 1 or 2; R2 and R3 are hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, (4-7C)cycloalkyl, or (2-6C)alkenyl, or R2 and R3 may form along with the nitrogen to which they are attached a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein each R2 or R3 group or any heterocyclic ring formed from R2 and R3 may be optionally substituted with various substituent groups, and wherein Q may be optionally substituted by various substituent groups, which posseses antithrombotic and anticoagulant properties and are accordingly useful in methods of treatment of humans or animals. The invention relates to processes for the preparation of the compounds represented by formula (I), to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to their use in the manufacture of medicaments for use in the production of an antithrombotic or anticoagulant effect.


A directional microphone includes a housing, a diaphragm dividing the housing into a front volume and a back volume, electronics for detecting signals corresponding to movements of the diaphragm, and front and back inlets for the front and back volumes, respectively. To obtain additional low frequency roll-off in the directional microphone, the directional microphone includes an elongated acoustical conduit connecting the front volume and the back volume. The acoustical conduit may be external or internal to the housing.

Directional microphones have openings to both the front and back volumes and provide an output corresponding to the subtraction of two time delayed signals (i.e., the principle of directivity), resulting in a 6 dB/octave low frequency roll-off in their frequency response curves. Compared to pressure or omnidirectional microphones, the output for directional microphones is attenuated by the effective subtraction of the two input signals, while the noise is magnified by the presence of an essentially infinite rear or back volume. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of directional microphones is much poorer at low frequencies, which makes them more sensitive to low frequency noise sources, like wind noise. A brief explanation of the properties of wind provides a better understanding of the problems that wind creates in directional microphones.
Air molecules are always in motion, but usually in a random direction. During a wind, the air molecules have an appreciable bias towards one direction. When an obstacle is met, the air is redirected. Sometimes the velocity of the air is decreased when an obstacle is met. For some obstacles, however, the velocity of the air increases and the air is diverted. The diverted air may produce a vortex where the air swirls in a circular motion. This vortex can have very high wind velocity and pressure. The sound produced by this vortex is usually of low frequency and acts as though it were coming from a point source in the vicinity of the vortex. For a low frequency point source, the phase difference at two loci close to the sound origin will be very small. The amplitude difference, however, can be very large.
Now consider the effect of a vortex caused by the presence of a directional microphone. The output of a directional microphone is related to the displacement of the diaphragm, which reacts to a difference in sound pressure between the front and back volumes. As said above, the turbulence of the wind causes a source of noise that is essentially a point source of low frequency sound at the center of the vortex. The signals received at both sound inlets will then be appreciably in phase, because the frequency is low and, therefore, the wavelength much greater than the spacing between the sound inlets. If the distance between the sound inlets is approximately the same distance as the distance from the closer inlet to the vortex, however, the further inlet will receive a sound 6 dB lower in level than the one arriving at the closer inlet. It is the pressure difference that causes the problem and results in a diaphragm displacement in the direction of the lowest pressure which, consequently, results in a relatively high microphone output. In effect, the directional microphone becomes a close-talking microphone for the wind turbulence, yet remains a directional microphone for plane wave or distant sounds. The problem is accentuated for wind noise since the amplitude of the sound from the wind can be very high, which may deafen the desired sounds, such as those from speech.
The current solution practiced in many directional hearing aids is to use an open celled foam cap or a protective mechanical flat screen or grid that is applied mostly in the faceplate of the hearing aid to smooth the turbulence. Although this solution appears to be helpful in practice, it has a great impact on the design of the faceplate or shell of a hearing aid since it may require more faceplate area, and/or additional parts, and/or additional production steps for assembly. These mechanical solutions do not, however, entirely solve the problem since the wind still produces an annoying sound to the wearer of the hearing aid. Further, the use of an electronic high pass filter may not be effective in situations where high SPL noise sources cause overload in the input stage of the microphone amplifier. Therefore, the low frequency noise signals should be attenuated before they cause distortion products in the high frequency spectrum. As such, there is still a strong desire in the market to reduce the effects of wind noise in directional microphones.

Wind noise suppression in directional microphones


The present invention relates to a shoe having an improved unitary dual hardness dowel-lift with superior wear and non-slip characteristics. The dual hardness dowel-lift includes a hard polyurethane top portion and a soft polyurethane bottom portion. The bottom portion is cast onto the top portion. The bottom portion is a softer material which possesses a hardness lower than the top portion as measured by the Shore A Hardness test, and preferably is a thermoset polyurethane elastomer.

A heel-lift is disposed at the end of the heel and makes contact with the walking surface. A heel-lift can be used on a wide variety of shoes, including men's shoes. A dowel-lift is a heel-lift used on women's shoes having at lest a slightly elevated heel. The dowel-lift is molded around a pin or dowel which typically is metal. The dowel projects outward and upward from the dowel-lift. The dowel is driven into the bottom of the heel of the shoe.
For the comfort and safety of the wearer, it is important that the heel-lift have good cushioning and non-slip characteristics. The heel-lift should also have good wear characteristics to extend the life of the shoe.
Prior art dowel-lifts are constructed of a metal dowel and a material having a single hardness, typically a hard thermoplastic polyurethane resin. The hard thermoplastic polyurethane dowel-lift caps off the main part of the heel of the shoe and prevents that main part from being destroyed during normal use.
Hard thermoplastic polyurethane dowel-lifts have several drawbacks. First, the hard thermoplastic polyurethane dowel-lift creates a loud noise when striking a hard walking surface, thereby causing embarrassment to wearers. Moreover, the hard thermoplastic polyurethane has inferior non-slip characteristics. Such inferior non-slip characteristics can result in accidents with injury to the user. Shoe manufacturers have been, and continue to be, involved in numerous lawsuits for damages due to such injuries. Finally, the hard thermoplastic polyurethane has poor wear resistance. Generally, persons in the industry accept that dowel-lifts frequently will need replacement due to wear. In fact, it is a common practice in the industry to include a replacement set of dowel-lifts in the original shoe box so that the woman can replace the dowel lift when worn out.
Another problem with the conventional hard thermoplastic polyurethane has Seen the undesired disengagement of the polyurethane from the metal dowel. Such disengagement can occur when the user pivots on the heel.
Persons in this art have accepted the inferior product because of supposed molding constraints. Persons looked only to conventional hard materials which could be injection molded around a metal dowel. For that reason they accepted the inferior performance characteristics of the hard thermoplastic polyurethane dowel-lifts. The use of the hard material insured that the material adhered to the dowel. It was generally believed that other materials would be inappropriate. Other materials were though to be difficult to adhere to the metal dowel.
Further, the prior art taught that if a soft material was used to contact the walking surface, it was desirable, indeed even necessary, that such softer material be provided in a replaceable form. This was based upon the general belief in the prior art that such softer materials had inferior wear characteristics. Thus, the prior art focussed on the ability to rapidly replace the walking surface contacting piece of a heel lift. See, e.g., French Patent 1,176,647 dated 14 April 1959 to Plouviez.

Shoe with improved dual hardness heel-lift


Disclosed is a method of forming a transistor in an integrated circuit structure that begins by forming a collector in a substrate and an intrinsic base above the collector. Then, the invention patterns an emitter pedestal for the lower portion of the emitter on the substrate above the intrinsic base. Before actually forming the emitter or associates spacer, the invention forms an extrinsic base in regions of the substrate not protected by the emitter pedestal. After this, the invention removes the emitter pedestal and eventually forms the emitter where the emitter pedestal was positioned.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to self-aligned bipolar transistor (BT) for which the extrinsic base implant, extrinsic base silicide, and the emitter are self-aligned to one another.
2. Description of the Related Art
It has been shown that introducing a SiGe epitaxial layer to serve as the base of a bipolar transistor allows the bipolar transistor to achieve high switching speeds. By reducing the parasitic base resistance and capacitance, one can take advantage of the speed increase to further increase in the maximum oscillation frequency (fmax). One easy approach to accomplish this goal is to reduce the lateral dimensions of the transistor. Aligning one part of the transistor to another is traditionally done by lithography. In designing such a structure one must consider the alignment and critical dimension tolerance associated with the lithography processes. Integration schemes that make use of self-alignment instead of lithography, where of one part of the transistor is used to align another feature of the transistor, have proven to be efficient in reducing the lateral dimensions and increasing transistor performance.
For a conventional bipolar transistor, the extrinsic base layer is implanted after the patterning of the emitter polysilicon layer. These conventional patterning processes still rely on lithography to align the emitter polysilicon layer pattern to the emitter opening and the subsequent contact. The emitter polysilicon layer pattern is typically large enough to allow for tolerance in the lithographic processes for the emitter contact. Therefore, for this type of integration scheme, the extrinsic base implant and silicide are non-self aligned and are spaced far away from the emitter base junction, which results in high base resistance. The maximum oscillation frequency of such a non-self aligned transistor is limited by a base resistance (Rb) caused by such spacing.
The below-referenced U.S. patents disclose embodiments that were satisfactory for the purposes for which they were intended. The disclosures of the below-referenced prior U.S. patents, in their entireties, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the present invention for purposes including, but not limited to, indicating the background of the present invention and illustrating the state of the art.
For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,372, the extrinsic base is delimitated by a permanent spacer formed around a temporary emitter pedestal or by the temporary emitter pedestal itself. The temporary pedestal is later removed by lithography and etching to be replaced by a polysilicon emitter. The permanent spacer must then be of sufficient width for the second lithographic pattern edge with its associated critical dimensions (CD) and alignment tolerance to be formed on top of the spacer. In addition, the spacer width has to be sufficient to provide emitter-base isolation. This adds a structural constraint on the emitter dimension and minimum distance between the heavy doped extrinsic base area and the emitter-base junction. Also, the emitter polysilicon layer and the extrinsic base silicide are defined by lithography which adds to the lateral dimension and base resistance.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,720, the lateral profile of the extrinsic base doping is determined by a dual spacer formed around a temporary emitter pedestal. The emitter polysilicon layer and the extrinsic base silicide are defined by lithography which adds to the lateral dimension and the base resistance. Another drawback of this integration scheme is that the temporary pedestal lays on top of a thick stack of oxide nitride and polysilicon layers. In this case, the stack is needed to later form the emitter-base isolation and, consequently, the dopant implantation through such a thick stack have to be of high energy to achieve low base resistance in the extrinsic base region. This results in less control over the doping profile and loss of intrinsic base region due to dopant diffusion.

Bipolar transistor with self-aligned retrograde extrinsic base implant profile and self-aligned silicide

International Business Machines Corporation