A method for detecting radar is provided by the present invention. The invention begins by sweeping a first local oscillator (LO). Once a band has been identified as containing a radar signal, the detector interrupts its normal operation and rechecks the frequency in question for confirmation of CW radar, rather than waiting for the initial sweep to finish. Upon receiving partial information from the initial fast sweep, the detector may repeat this sweep at a slower rate in order to improve sensitivity towards a CW source. If information was from a CW source one can be assured to see the information again when sweeping the same frequency. By contrast, if initial information is from a swept radar detector the information will not be present in the rescan, as the offending radar detector would have moved to a different frequency during the same period of time.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a detector device, and more particularly, to a method for decreasing time to respond to police radar while maintaining selectivity towards signals produced by other police radar detectors.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is generally known in the art, speed detection systems may be used to determine the speed of moving objects, such as automobiles and other motorized vehicles. Speed detection systems currently known in the art typically utilize either radar or laser devices in their operation. A speed detection system that utilizes radar may generally be referred to as a so-called radar gun. Radar guns typically include a microwave signal source that emits a signal having a frequency in the radio-frequency electromagnetic spectrum. The radio-frequency spectrum utilized in speed-detection radar devices is divided into a series of bands, with each band covering a range of frequencies within the radio-frequency spectrum. The frequencies of interest range from about 10.500 to 36.000 GHz., although all the frequencies within this range are not allocated for speed-detection radar devices. The bands which are allocated for this purpose include: X-band, which ranges from 10.500–10.550 GHz.; K-band, which ranges from 24.050–24.250 GHz.; and Ka band, which presently ranges 33.400–36.000 GHz. Furthermore, radar guns may emit signals in either a continuous or a pulsed mode.
Operators of moving vehicles oftentimes find it useful know when the speed of their vehicle is being monitored. Thus, electronic assemblies for detecting the presence of speed detection systems have been developed and are now in common use. Typically, such assemblies include a detection means, a processing means and a displaying means. For example, an electronic assembly capable of detecting the presence of speed detection systems utilizing radar is generally known and will be referred to as a radar detector. A radar detector typically includes an antenna, which receives radiated radio-frequency electromagnetic waves and converts them into electrical signals. A horn antenna 120, such as shown in FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,146,227, is typical of conventional radar detectors. The horn antenna derives its name from the characteristic flared appearance. The flared portion can be square, rectangular, or conical. The maximum response of such an antenna corresponds with the axis of the horn.
Detector devices known in the art typically include a housing containing the detection, processing and displaying means. The housing is comprised of a generally rectangular box with the detection means protruding out one end, the displaying means fixed on the other end, and the processing means disposed there between. The housing may also include an internal power source or a port for an external power supply. The housing of such devices is typically mounted on the dashboard of a motor vehicle or clipped to an overhead visor. When properly mounted, the longitudinal axis of the detector device is typically oriented parallel with the longitudinal orientation of the motor vehicle. The detection means of the device is typically oriented with the front and/or, in some instances, the rear of the vehicle.
At first, police speed radar was only on X band and a simple detector diode and horn was necessary to sense the electromagnetic radiation. This method of detection was completely passive and did not emit electromagnetic radiation. As K band was introduced, early detectors modified their horn and detector diode to receive the new frequency as well as the older X band frequency. This method of detection was also completely passive and did not emit electromagnetic radiation. As X and K band police speed radar advanced with lower emissions and instant on features, it became necessary for detector manufacturers to become more sensitive and to provide advanced consumer warning of the presence of police radar. This required a change in technology and for the first time, consumer radar detectors became active devices by using an internal RF oscillator to beat against a detector diode.
There were two basic methods of performing the frequency coverage necessary to detect X band and K band. One method uses a fixed first LO (local oscillator) at approximately 11.535 GHz and a sweeping second LO at approximately 1 GHz, with a swept coverage of approximately 250 MHz. The other method was a swept first LO at approximately 11.500 GHz to 11.600 GHz and a fixed second LO at approximately 1GHz. For the first time both units had to deal with the radiated emissions of each other.
More frequencies have been added for police speed radar usage like the introduction of 34.3 GHz in the late 1980's, 34.000 GHz to 35.000 GHz in the early 1990's, and finally 33.400 GHZ to 36.000 GHz in the mid 1990's.
This has caused radar detector manufacturers to create a number of changes over the years in order to detect the new bands of operation. Because the new speed radar frequencies were introduced in stages a few years apart, there are now many variations of first LO frequency plans and sweep rates. Most operate in a saw-tooth pattern in which the Local Oscillator starts at a desired frequency and then sweeps at a slow rate to a second lower desired frequency in order to detect police speed radar at acceptable performance levels. A few models sweep in the opposite direction of the saw-tooth in order to minimize sensitivity towards the traditional saw-tooth type radar detectors, as this method would increase the rate at which they cross each other.
The abundance of swept frequency plans and rates creates a problem. All of these radar receivers are emitting a first LO at a variety of frequencies, and a variety of sweep signatures. Other radar detectors can detect these signatures. This is commonly referred to in the industry as the detection of police radar detectors, "PRD falsing". In order to minimize this annoyance, radar detector manufacturers have adopted many different software techniques such as 2-sweep rule, 3-sweep rule and 4-sweep rule in order to assure the consumer of the presence of CW (continuous wave) police radar prior to alerting the consumer. Some have even resorted to designing the unit specifically to detect the presence of other radar detectors and ignore signals that reside on previous or future scans until the radar detector is no longer seen. All of these methods do a reasonable job in reducing the number of false occurrences when in the presence of other radar detectors but the time to respond to a valid police radar source can be from 300 ms to one second due to the time required to rule out offending police radar detectors.
For the average user, this time was not critical. If the radar detector took an additional 300 milliseconds to determine if it will alert the driver, the delay is not sufficient to place the driver in a position of being seen before he is notified of the radar event further down the road. However, with the recent introduction of the BEE III gun with POP™ (short burst) mode, radar can capture the speed of a vehicle in approximately 67 ms.
Therefore it would be desirable to have a method for defining the presence of police radar, while reducing false readings from other radar detectors in the vicinity, without the time delay of prior art methods.


Embodiments enable HTTP servers to pass incomplete and/or corrupted files in response to file requests from clients. In the various embodiments, HTTP servers may be enabled to generate status codes identifying that an incomplete version of a file is being returned in response to a file request. In an embodiment, an HTTP server may be enabled to determine the ability of a client to handle incomplete versions of files.

The File Delivery Over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) implements the file transport mechanism defined in Internet Engineering Task Force proposed standard Request for Comments (RFC) 3926 entitled "FLUTE—File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport," published October 2004, available at http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3926. As currently defined a FLUTE receiver only passes up complete files (i.e., files that do not begin with missing/corrupted data portions or file that do not have intermediate missing/corrupted data portions). Current FLUTE receivers/handlers/interfaces are not capable of discerning whether a partially received file fragment may be useful to a specific application and/or a specific client implementing all or part of that application, such as a Dynamic Adaptive Streaming Over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (DASH) client that may access the DASH formatted files delivered via FLUTE to play back media in such FLUTE delivered files. Currently, a FLUTE receiver is not enabled to parse files; a FLUTE receiver merely delivers files to applications and/or clients.
An application and/or a client providing inputs to a codec, such as a DASH client, may be enabled under certain conditions to recover and provide some portion of a file to the codec even though the file may not have been received by the application and/or client in its entirety. Because FLUTE receivers as currently defined cannot pass incomplete files up to an application, the functionality of applications and/or clients providing inputs to a codec which may be enabled to recover and playback partially received files may be reduced by the current limitations of a FLUTE interface serving those applications and/or clients. As an example, currently FLUTE receivers will simply discard incomplete and/or corrupted files received in broadcast and/or unicast communications, and the discarding of the incomplete and/or corrupted files may result in a DASH player receiving too few symbols for effective Forward Error Correction (FEC) to decode. As another example, discarding of incomplete and/or corrupted files by current FLUTE interfaces may result in a DASH player failing to receive enough data from a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) connection before playback time. As a further example, discarding of incomplete and/or corrupted files by current FLUTE interfaces may result in a DASH player having a long gap, or long stall, in presenting media content because of lost content.
Incomplete file issues impact more than merely FLUTE interfaces. In the current Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 1.1 defined in Internet Engineering Task Force proposed standard Request for Comments (RFC) 2616 entitled "Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.1" published June 1999, available at http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616, there is no mechanism for servers to pass known incomplete versions of files (i.e., files that being with missing/corrupted data portions or files that have missing/corrupted data portions) to clients in response to file requests. In the current HTTP when a server receives a request for a file, or a partial file in the form of one or more byte ranges, such as a "GET" or "partial GET" method, and the server identifies the requested file or partial file is incomplete and/or corrupted, the server merely returns a message with an error status code, such as a message with a 404 "Not Found" status code. In the current HTTP, the incomplete and/or corrupted file is not sent to the requesting client. Because HTTP as currently defined cannot pass incomplete files to a client, the functionality of clients and/or applications enabled to recover and use partially received files may be reduced by current HTTP servers providing files to those clients and/or applications.

Responding to hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) requests


A machine tool comprises an elongated beam adapted to be supported in a horizontal orientation at two locations spaced apart therealong and adapted to support a machining head. Tensioning bars extend parallel to the beam and engage the beam at opposite ends thereof. At least one of the tensioning bars is below the medial plane of the beam, and the tensioning bars are selectively operable to eliminate deflection from the beam.

This invention relates to a portable machine tool, and particularly a machine tool for machining a large area.
Numerous machine tools have been designed to allow machining of a large area. For example, Appleton, U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,178, discloses a milling machine having two horizontal guide rails supporting a beam that is displaceable along the rails, and a machining head mounted on the beam and movable therealong. Klein, U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,485, discloses a machine that is similar in some ways to that of Appleton.
In certain applications, it is desirable to be able to mill a large area of work without transporting the work to a machine shop. The co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/590,240 discloses a portable milling machine, which allows work to be machined in situ. The milling machines shown by Appleton and Klein are not designed to be portable and therefore are not suitable for this application.
A machine tool based on the design shown by Appleton is somewhat limited with respect to machining accuracy when the horizontal guide rails are spaced widely apart, because the beam is then deflected under its own weight between its points of support on the rails. Deflection can be prevented by employing a beam whose cross sectional shape is such that the beam is very stiff. Generally, however, a beam that is very stiff will have a large mass, and this is not favorable with regard to portability.
The portable milling machine disclosed in the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/590,240 is designed to allow milling of a surface that is disposed either above or below the milling tool. It is sometimes necessary also to be able to mill a surface that is disposed vertically, and in the case of a milling machine in which the machining head is mounted on a beam, this may necessitate rotation of the beam about its longitudinal axis through 90.degree. relative to its orientation when used to mill a horizontal surface. A beam whose cross-sectional shape is such that the beam is very stiff with respect to bending in a first plane is not generally stiff with respect to bending in a plane perpendicular to the first plane unless the beam has a large mass, and this is not favorable with regard to portability.


Operating a receiver communication device during a real time communication session including a real time media content data stream provided by another communication device may include receiving the real time media content data stream of the communication session from the other communication device wherein packets of the real time media content data stream include an identification of the real time media content data stream. A pause request may be transmitted from the receiver communication device to the other communication device with the pause request including the identification of the real time media content data stream and a pause request sequence number. After transmitting the pause request, a pause acknowledge message may be received from the other communication device with the pause acknowledge message including the identification of the real time media content data stream and the pause request sequence number. Related devices and methods are also discussed.

Multimedia conferencing may allow real time streaming between two or more endpoint devices over a network such as the Internet to provide real time communications. Each of a plurality of endpoint devices participating in a video conference session, for example, may generate a multimedia content data stream including video and audio content, and a central communication node may select a content data stream or streams that is/are provided to each of the endpoint devices. A communication node, for example, may select a content data stream based on a comparison of audio content/volume associated with each of the content data streams. Stated in other words, the communication node may attempt to select a content data stream corresponding to a speaker that is currently most active in the conference call. In such an implementation, however, selection of a content data stream may be undesirably biased toward an endpoint device generating the greatest audio volume, for example, due to undesired noise.
Accordingly, there continues to exist a need in the art for improved selection of content data streams in communication environments such as multimedia conferencing.

Real-time communications methods providing pause and resume and related devices


A heat dissipation device adapted for dissipating heat from a heat-generating electronic element, includes a plurality of fins assembled together. Each of the fins has a rectangular body and four arch-shaped flanges extending from edges of the body to form four round corners in four corners of the body. Each main body of the fins defines a plurality of locking members thereon to engage with corresponding locking members of a corresponding front fin. The arch-shaped flanges in four respective corners of the fins cooperate with each other to form four arced faces in four corners of the assembled fins along an entire length of the assembled fins.

1. Field of the Invention
The disclosure relates generally to a heat dissipation device, and more particularly to a heat dissipation device having a plurality of fins to remove heat from an electronic heat-generating component, wherein the fins have an improved structure.
2. Description of Related Art
Heat sinks are usually used to remove heat from heat-generating electronic components, such as central processing units (CPUs), power transistors, etc., to keep the components in stable operation. A typical heat sink comprises a base for contacting a heat-generating component to absorb heat generated by the heat-generating component and a plurality of parallel planar fins attached to the base by soldering or adhering. The fins are used for dissipating the heat to the ambient environment.
Typically, the heat sink is a parallel fined heat sink, which is fabricated by processes including an extrusion process, a gang sawing process and a bonding process. It is known that thickness and number of the fins produced by the extrusion process is restricted by the structure limitation and stress loading limitation of a die. If the number of the fins increases, the die fingers become weaker thus easily break off. Therefore, the extrusion process is not suitable for fabricating the high-density fin heat sink. The gang sawing process is performed by cutting off portions of a metal block to produce fins having predetermined thickness, number, depth and gap, which results in a great loss of material. In the bonding process, each fin is individually bonded into a base of the heat sink, which is time-consuming and labor intensive. In addiction, the fins that are not well-bonded into the base are likely to fall and thus be detached from the base.
A current thermal resolution to overcome the problems mentioned above is to provide a composite fin unit having a plurality of individual fins assembled together. The fins each have at least a flange extending perpendicularly from at least an edge thereof. Each flange of the fins is provided with a locking structure thereon. The locking structure of each fin engages with the locking structures of the rear and front fins to assemble the fins together with their flanges oriented in a same direction. The density of the fins can be predetermined by width of the flanges and able to be increased dramatically. However, the fins which are usually rectangular sheets have sharp angles in their corners, and the flanges of the fins all have exposed sharp edges. The sharp corners and edges of the flanges and the fins are in a high risk of damaging components surrounding the heat-generating component and hurting an operator during installation.
What is needed is a heat sink which has a plurality of individual fins assembled together to obtain a fin unit which has a high density of fins and is safe in installation and in use.

Heat dissipation device having an improved fin structure

Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd.


A mulching and shredding attachment for use on lawn mowers or lawn vacuums held in place by a bracket which uses a lever (44) and a clevis pin (54) so that the mulcher can easily be removed or lifted up while remaining attached to said lawn equipment. The mulcher is made of rigid material and shaped into a chute (10) and uses a bottom plate (24) and an adjustable deflector (20) which allows lawn debris to be directed into the lawn. Inside the mulcher chute (10) is a cutter grid with sharpened blades (16) positioned parallel with the natural travel of exiting lawn debris as it passes through the mulcher chute (10). The cutter grid is fastened by a rod (34) which permits up and down movement of said cutter grid. This movement is limited by means of a lever (32) attached to the upper end of the cutter grid as it comes in contact with the upper inside surface of the mulcher chute (10). The horizonal position of the sharpened blades (30) allows a variety of materials, including leaves, pine needles, twigs, ect. to be properly shredded and mulched, even when wet.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to the reduction of leaves, pine needles, and small twigs, specifically to reduce labor time, garbage dump space and cost needed to dispose of said waste.
2. Description of Prior Art
Disposing of leaf waste matter has been an ongoing problem. Various methods have been employed for their disposal. Generally they are raked by hand into piles and inserted into plastic bags. These bags are then taken to garbage dumps. This has proven costly and time consuming. The environment has also been endangered as garbage dump space decreases.
The problem was partially solved with the implementation of mulching lawn mowers. This has been hindered by the cost of replacing an existing lawn mower with a new mulching mower. Also mulching lawn mowers are limited in their use. Leaf texture and thickness vary thus giving inconsistent and unsatisfactory results. The problem is aggravated further when the leaves become damp.
To provide a solution to the mentioned problems various inventors created attachments to be used with lawn mowers. In particular the simplest of these incorporates a method of blocking the discharge opening and constraining the residue in the mower housing to permit the blade to have a longer time to reduce the residue. Examples of this method are shown in the following U.S. patents.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,808 to Paker, 1980 Feb. 26, has no means to prevent the openings from becoming plugged when heavy concentrations of residue gather on the vent holes. Ventilation holes must remain open and be of sufficient size to allow the mower to operate properly. This is an increasingly important issue since more and more mowers are incorporating blades that are shaped to produce high air volume. The mulching grid in U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,409 to Wulfers, 1981 Dec 22, provides for ventilation with cleaning capability but the unconstrained motion of the flexible chain does not control the size of the ventilation openings, thus allowing uneven discharges to occur. Also the danger of blade and chain contact exists due to the flexible motion of the chains.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,808 to Weber, 1989 Sep. 12, uses a grid comprised of rods which pulverize leaves and lawn clippings into mulch. This is limited as the leaves must be spread evenly across the lawn to avoid clogging and thus having residue attach to the under side of the mower deck. Further the rods do not allow a cutting action in the event of small twigs and pine needles. U.S. Pat. No. 4,135,351 to Akgulian, 1979 Jan 23, incorporates an assembly having a mower housing in which air holes are offset in two plates. In order for this to work properly constant attention must be given to the vent holes as they become plugged. Also the aforementioned limitation on leaf thickness is a problem. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,890,446 to Isreal, 1990 Jan 2, an attachment is used limiting lawn debris to the under side of the mower deck. Again leaf thickness poses a threat to the effectiveness of this attachment. Also because of the vast variety of mower decks this attachment would require continual design changes. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,011 to Pernia, 1990 Jul 3, the problem also exists mower size and shape require a vast variety of design changes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,142,851 to Schueller, Nickel, and Rauwerdink, 1992 Sep 1, utilizes a post-processor having a housing in communication with the discharge chute of a lawn mower. The housing contains a blade which is operated by pulleys and a belt which is rotated by a pulley attached to the mower motor blade shaft. Due to the time involved in attaching the apparatus to the mower and that the belt is in the debris area, the practicality is considerably reduced. Also it limits the general public's ability to attach this themselves. And many mower motors do not have the space or the ability to utilize a second pulley that is needed to operate the secondary cutter blade.
In each of the above mentioned patents, there are several shortcomings and problems that need to be solved. First the simplicity with which a mulching attachment can be attached to a variety of lawn mowers, as well as use on lawn vacuums, thus allowing a person not skilled in mechanics to perform this. This in turn should allow simple removal as well. Second, the ability to cut debris as it exits the mower deck, thereby eliminating stress to the lawn mower engine. And it must do this regardless of conditions of the leaves, whether they are spread evenly across the lawn or in piles. Also the ability to cut pine needles and small twigs is needed to be an effective tool. This should prove to be the case even when leaves are wet. Third, clogging must be reduced to a minimum even under the aforementioned conditions.


A measuring device for determining the concentration of such gas components from a gas mixture, which includes collision dilation of the absorption lines constituting the absorption spectral bands for measuring objects. The device comprises a non-dispersive concentration measuring sensor (20), which includes: a measuring chamber (6) containing a gas mixture to be analyzed; a radiation source (17) for emitting over a wavelength range which includes an absorption spectral band used in concentration determination; a detector (18) receiving radiation that has passed through the measuring chamber and for producing a first signal (7) therefrom; as well as an optical bandpass filter (16) positioned between the detector and the radiation source. The measuring device further comprises a second measuring sensor (4) for identifying the viscosity or some other viscosity-related feature of a gas mixture to be analyzed and for producing a second signal (9). Both signals (7, 9) are delivered to a calculating unit (8), which uses at least a second signal for performing the corrections required for the first signal. In addition, the device is provided with a display means (10).

The present invention relates to a method for determining in a gas mixture the concentration of at least one gas component, which gas mixture contains or may contain component materials which cause collision dilation or boardening of the absorption lines constituting the absorption spectral band of the gas component, said method comprising: (a) providing a radiation source for emitting radiation through a gas mixture to be analyzed over a wavelength range, in which is included the absorption spectral band used in the concentration measuring of said gas component, providing the path of radiation progressing through the gas mixture with an optical bandpass filter, having a transmission band which positions itself in line with said spectral band and using a detector for detecting the radiation that has passed through the gas mixture and the optical bandpass filter; (b) carrying a first signal produced in the detector by this intensity to a calculating unit for obtaining a first result based on non-dispersive radiation absorption measuring. The invention relates also to a measuring device for implementing this method.
When measuring a gas concentration with infrared technique, the most common practice is to use a non-dispersive method, which means that the absorption signal is measured over a narrow wavelength range, i.e. through an optical bandpass filter provided with a narrow transmission band. Thus, the measured signal representing the radiation that has passed through a sample and an optical filter will be an integrated value of transmissions occurring at various wavelengths of the band. The absorption spectrum of a gas in molecular state normally consists of absorption bands produced by molecular vibrations and of a fine structure, i.e. absorption lines, resulting from rotational transitions inside the molecule. Thus, when measured at a sufficient resolution, the absorption spectrum of a gas consists of a large number of very narrow absorption lines. For example, carbon dioxide has a vibration absorption range, whose spectral band has a mean wavelength of 4260 nm. A more accurate analysis confirms that the band consists of more than 80 narrow absorption lines produced by rotation. These lines have a half-value width and intensity which are dependent on several factors, such as temperature, self-absorption resulting from a long measuring path, and collisions by other molecules included in a gas mixture. The first two are generally quite easy to account for in the compensation of a measuring signal by measuring the temperature and the linearization effects on a gas in question caused by measuring geometry. On the other hand, the alteration resulting from collisions by other gas components, i.e. a mixture gas effect, which sometimes can be significant, must be taken very carefully into consideration for the minimization of concentration errors.
The publication JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY, Vol. 25 No. 3, 1968, pp. 333-335: Ammann, Galvin--"Problems associated with the determination of carbon dioxide by infrared absorption" discloses how the measured concentration value of carbon dioxide changes in different gas mixtures. The obtained result is typical when measuring is effected nondispersively with an optical filter having a narrow transmission band, said transmission band extending, as per normal, across several rotational lines. In the collisions of gas molecules, the energy spectrum of a rotational transition increases, resulting in the dilation or broadening of an absorption line. In measuring, it is detected as an increased absorption, even if the absorbances of rotational lines integrated across the measuring band were in fact invariable. This is due to the fact that the object of measuring is transmission instead of absorbance. The absorbance value, which is calculated on the basis of transmission and which is proportional to concentration, differs from a correct value just enough to overestimate the concentration. If the calibration of carbon dioxide is performed by using a nitrogen compound therefor, as in the cited publication, the concentration measured for certain other gas mixtures is too high and for others it is too low.
Especially polar gases, such as nitrous oxide, have a major effect on the line width. The magnitude of a concentration error is also influenced by the length of a measuring duct. With a short duct, i.e. with a short absorption length for a gas mixture to be measured, the demand for compensation is lesser whereas with a longer duct, wherein the absorption of a gas to be measured has decreased transmission substantially more, the demand for compensation can be considerable. When measuring e.g. carbon dioxide from the alveolar air of a patient, whereby a considerable portion of the gas mixture may consist of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), the calculated concentration value can be even 15% too high as a result of the above-explained error caused by transmission measuring. Therefore, for example, compensation of the amount of carbon dioxide measured in the alveolar air of a patient is conducted by measuring separately the content of laughing gas and by implementing on the basis thereof a mathematical correction of the carbon dioxide concentration, as described in the publication U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,739. Likewise, the effect of oxygen and the effect of anesthetic gases used during anesthesia are often compensated for although, in practice, the error caused thereby is slightly lesser. A problem with the method described in the cited publication is that all gases contributing to the collision dilation must be measured separately or concentrations of the gases must be otherwise known. This is inconvenient and unreliable, especially since the mixture includes varying amounts of hard-to-measure gases, such as nitrogen or in some cases helium or argon.
The publication GB 2,218,804 endeavours to provide a correction signal for the collision dilation by measuring thermal conductivity. It seems that the collision dilation produced by nitrous oxide in carbon dioxide is presented in the cited publication in a wrong direction. In reality, when the concentration of nitrous oxide rises, the measured absorption of carbon dioxide increases and this, in turn, increases the uncompensated concentration of carbon dioxide. In fact, there is no evidence to indicate that thermal conductivity in general would actually correlate in any way with collision dilation, although this seems to be the case in terms of the discussed gas mixture. Nitrous oxide has a low thermal conductivity, which must be proportioned to its major contribution in carbon dioxide in terms of promoting collision dilation. However, nitrogen and oxygen have both roughly the same thermal conductivity, although nitrogen contributes more than oxygen towards collision dilation. A result of this is that in alveolar air, for example, a measuring error of CO.sub.2 resulting, for example, from various concentrations of oxygen cannot be corrected. As an example, a measuring process has been applied to a mixture containing 5% of carbon dioxide in nitrogen, oxygen, and nitrous oxide by using a non-dispersive infrared measuring device. Relative to the tendency of nitrogen to dilate the absorption lines of carbon dioxide, it was confirmed that oxygen yielded 6% lower concentration values for carbon dioxide. On the other hand, nitrous oxide yielded carbon dioxide with values that were 7% too high. This can be contributed to the fact that oxygen has a thermal conductivity which is just 0.7% higher than that of nitrogen, while nitrous oxide has a thermal conductivity which is 37% lower than that of nitrogen. This leads to a conclusion that it is totally impossible to create a reliable correction method by the application of thermal conductivity. In addition, there are anomalies, such as hydrogen, which has a very high thermal conductivity, but still has a collision-dilation promoting effect on carbon dioxide which is even stronger than that of nitrous oxide.

Correction of a mixture gas effect in measuring based on radiation absorption


A semiconductor memory having a plurality of memory cells coupled to bit lines includes a bit line selecting circuit, a latch circuit, and a switching circuit. The bit line selecting circuit is disposed in a cell area where the memory cells are formed. The bit line selecting circuit is configured to select one of the bit lines in response to a first control signal. The latch circuit is disposed in a surrounding circuit area. The latch circuit is configured to perform a program operation or a read operation on the memory cells corresponding to the bit line selected by the bit line selecting circuit. The switching circuit is disposed in the surrounding circuit area, and is coupled between the bit line selecting circuit and the latch circuit. The switching circuit is configured to switch between the bit line selecting circuit and the latch circuit in response to a second control signal.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device. More particularly, the present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device having a reduced number of high voltage transistors, thereby reducing the size of the semiconductor memory device.
A flash memory device is a kind of semiconductor memory device, and has a page buffer for programming mass storage data or reading data in a short period of time. Accordingly, a program operation or a read operation is performed in a page unit by the page buffer.
FIG. 1A is a view illustrating a conventional memory device. Here, FIG. 1A shows only a part of the flash memory device.
In FIG. 1A, the memory device includes a memory cell array 110 having a plurality of memory cells for storing data and a page buffer circuit 120.
The memory cell array 110 has a plurality of cell strings where memory cells are serially connected. Each of the cell strings is connected to a bit line.
The page buffer circuit 120 has a plurality of page buffers.
Each of the page buffers is connected to a pair of bit lines of the memory cell array 110. Each bit line pair includes an even bit line BLe and an odd bit line BLo, and the page buffer is connected to the even bit line or the odd bit line.
Each of the page buffers includes a bit line selecting circuit 121 for selecting the even bit line BLe or the odd bit line BLo, and a latch 222 for latching input/output data and assisting the program operation or the read operation.
The bit line selecting circuit 121 has first to fourth N-MOS transistors N1 to N4. Each of the transistors N1 to N4 is a high voltage transistor.
Gate voltage signals DISCHe and DISCHo are inputted to the first N-MOS transistor N1 and the second N-MOS transistor N2 to apply a voltage VIRPWR to a bit line that is not selected. Voltage signals BSLe and BSLo are applied to the third N-MOS transistor N3 and the fourth N-MOS transistor N4 to precharge or sense a selected bit line.
The flash memory device performs an erase operation of whole memory cells in a block unit to erase data stored in the memory cell array 110. To perform the erase operation, a high voltage of 20V is applied to a P well of the memory cell array 110.
FIG. 1B is a sectional view illustrating the memory device in FIG. 1A.
In FIG. 1B, an N well is formed on a substrate Psub, a P well is formed in the N well, and the memory cell array 110 is manufactured in the P well. This structure protects surrounding circuits from a high voltage applied to the P well when the erase operation is performed.
However, the high voltage applied to the P well is provided to the bit line in a forward direction when the erase operation is performed. In addition, the high voltage is applied to the bit line selecting circuit 121 in the page buffers connected to the bit line. Accordingly, the N-MOS transistors N1 to N4 of the bit line selecting circuit 121 should be manufactured with a high voltage N-MOS transistor.
The high voltage transistor is manufactured with a large length and width to tolerate the high voltage. Accordingly, when the number of high voltage transistors is increased, it is difficult to reduce the size of the memory device.


A photosensitive material for forming a conductive film including a silver salt-containing emulsion layer, and a conductive layer containing conductive fibers, wherein the amount of the conductive fibers in the conductive layer is 0.005 g/m2 to 0.2 g/m2.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a photosensitive material for forming a conductive film and a conductive material using the photosensitive material. Specifically, the present invention relates to a photosensitive material for forming a conductive film, in which conductive fibers are contained in any layer, and a conductive material using the photosensitive material.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, conductive films produced by various production methods have been studied. For example, there is a conductive film in a silver halide system, which is produced by applying a silver halide emulsion, and exposing patternwise so as to form a conductive film having a conductive region of silver for conductivity and an opening region for securing transparency. Moreover, a method of using a metal oxide such as ITO in combination, so as to supply electricity to an entire film surface has been proposed. However, since such conductive films are generally formed by vacuum deposition methods, such as vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, there is a problem such that the production cost thereof is high.
In view of such problem, a method of applying ITO fine particles so as to reduce production cost is proposed. However, in order to decrease resistance, it is necessary to apply a large amount of fine particles having conductivity. As a result, transmittance is decreased. Thus, the fundamental problem has not been solved (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2009-146747).
Moreover, recently, a transparent conductive film using a silver nanowire has been studied and reported (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/74316). The transparent conductive film using a silver nanowire is excellent in terms of transparency, resistance, and a reduced amount of metal used. However, it is generally synthesized at high temperature using an organic solvent, and there are problems of high cost caused by production scale, and environmental problem by using the organic solvent. Moreover, because the material having conductivity is used in small amount, electromigration occurs by using the material in a current driving element.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Photosensitive material for forming conductive film, and conductive material


The invention relates to a display screen comprising a phosphor composition of a sulphide and/or selenide-containing phosphor which is provided with a coating which comprises molybdenum (VI)-trioxide. In such display screens, the advantages of the efficient sulphide or selenide-containing phosphors can be used and said display screens remain bright and rich in contrast for a long period of time because the coating, which comprises molybdenum (VI)-trioxide, surprisingly acts as a stabilizing protective coating which limits the corrosion processes in sulphide and/or selenide-containing phosphors induced by low-energy radiation.

The invention relates to a display screen, especially a flat-panel display screen such as a low-energy cathode ray display screen, which comprises a phosphor composition of a sulphide or selenide-containing phosphor which is provided with a coating.
The trend towards flat-panel display screens has led to low-energy cathode ray display screens which constitute a new development in the field of luminescent-display devices. Flat-panel display screens were developed for three market segments, i.e. office automation, audio/video technology and navigation and entertainment. In the field of office automation reference must be made, in particular, to mobile applications which range from the Notebook Computer, Personal Digital Assistant, fax machine to the mobile telephone. In the field of audio/video, the flat-panel display screens are intended not only for use in camcorders but also in television receivers and monitors. The third field of application comprises flat-panel display screens which are to be used as monitors for navigation systems in cars and aircraft, but also as display screens for electronic games.
In the case of flat-panel display screens, geometric and other aspects have led to a reduction of the maximum accelerating voltage to values which are much lower than in customary cathode ray display screens. As, on the other hand, the picture brightness and energy efficiency of the display screen decreases as the accelerating voltage decreases, said accelerating voltage must not be reduced too much. Low-energy cathode ray display screens are therefore operated at accelerating voltages in the range from approximately 1 to 10 kV. Said accelerating voltages are clearly below those of customary cathode ray display screens, which are operated at a voltage of typically 25-35 kV; however, they are clearly above the accelerating voltage of vacuum fluorescent display screens, which are operated at approximately 0.01 to 0.3 kV.
Phosphors for cathode ray display screens, also when they are of the conventional type, are customarily subjected to a surface treatment so that they can more adequately meet the requirements.
One of the requirements to be met is that the phosphor powders should be readily dispersable in dispersion solutions used in the photolithographic manufacturing processes for display screens. For this purpose, surface coatings are developed which yield free-flowing powders from which stable dispersions can be made in a simple manner.
A further aspect in the development of coatings is the protection against the aggressive chemicals used in the photolithographic manufacturing processes. Particularly in the customarily used "flow coating" process in which dichromates are applied, unprotected phosphors are subject to chemical attack.
Further requirements to be met by phosphors relate to the colour quality. This is the reason why in the so-called "pigmented" phosphors the coating of dispersing aids is replaced by or combined with a second type of coating whose main constituents are colour particles. Said colour particles reduce the reflection of ambient light from the phosphor grains and hence increase the contrast of the image depicted on the display screen. In the case of phosphors whose chromatic values deviate from the standard, said colour particles additionally serve as colour filters which bring the chromatic values in conformity with said standard.
Functionally different coatings are used in the case of phosphors for vacuum fluorescent display screens in which excitation takes place by means of low-energy electrons of several tens of volts to maximally several hundred volts. In this case, charging effects during excitation of the phosphors, which adversely affect the excitation efficiency, must be precluded. Coatings for phosphor powders for vacuum fluorescent display screens are therefore composed of conductivity-improving materials such as indium tin oxide, fine metal powders and such.
It is for example known from JP 3-26781 (A) to provide the surface of fluorescent substances with a complex, electroconductive coating which is preferably composed of 0.1-15 wt. % of complex, electroconductive particles which are manufactured by providing electroconductive, fine particles, which preferably have an average particle diameter of 1.0001-0.1 .mu.m and which comprise one or more elements selected from the group formed by Al, Au, Ag or Cu, on the surface of large electroconductive particles which have an average particle diameter, preferably, of 0.01-1 .mu.m, and which comprise one or more compounds of the group formed by SnO.sub.2, Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3, ZnO, In.sub.2 O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3, CdS or MoO.sub.3.
However, phosphors used for low-energy cathode ray display screens must meet entirely new requirements. In order to achieve a good picture brightness in spite of the low exciting voltage, these display screens must be operated at high currents. To ensure that the necessary current does not increase to impracticably high values, use must simultaneously be made of phosphors having a high efficiency. Even if the architecture of the display screen permits extremely high current values, the low efficiency of a phosphor cannot be compensated for at will by increasing the current value because, after increasing linearly with the current intensity, the luminous intensity of the phosphor finally attains a saturation value. The current intensity at which this saturation value is attained depends upon the type of phosphor used and on how it must be prepared.
Therefore, it is very important for low-energy cathode ray display screens that the phosphors used exhibit a high efficiency and that they reach said saturation value only at high current intensities. The condition of a high efficiency at a sufficiently high saturation value is fulfilled by only very few phosphors, in particular by sulphide-containing phosphors and selenide-containing phosphors such as ZnS:Ag, ZnS:Cu, ZnCdSe:Ag and such.
However, under the excitation conditions in low-energy cathode ray display screens, said sulphide and/or selenide-containing phosphors are very rapidly degraded, i.e. the bombardment with low-energy electrons leads to an accelerated reduction of the luminous intensity and efficiency of the phosphor. Probably the low penetration depth of the low-energy electrons causes the radiation-induced reactions to be concentrated and intensified in the surface layers of the phosphor grains.
In conventionally coated display screens, which are excited by low-energy cathode rays, a rapid reduction in brightness is observed. In coloured display screens, in which customarily three different phosphors are used, this additionally leads to a slow change of the chromatic values of all mixed colours when each one of the phosphors used does not degrade at an equal rate.
However, commercial low-energy cathode ray display screens, for example color television receivers having a flat display screen should produce images having a constant brightness and pure chromatic values for several thousand hours of operation.

Luminescent screen containing phosphor particles coated with MoO.sub.3


Various embodiments of systems, methods, and software provide attachment-based mass data input and output for a distributed application system. Software for interactive, attachment-based data management may comprise computer readable instructions operable when executed to receive a request from a logically remote client via a network interface, where the request indicates a data file and a business object associated with a business application. The business object is then updated with a message in a format associated with the business application based on the data file. The data file is then stored in a repository and a dependent object (included in, or referenced by, or otherwise associated with the business object) is then updated with a logical location of the data file in the repository.

Business applications often have to support or utilize the input of large amounts of data based on files or the extraction of large amounts of data by having the application generate files. In networked or distributed architectures, the end user interface is executed on workstations different from the server application, potentially with firewalls or other security between that may restrict possible communication channels between front end and server. In such situations, the developer, administrator, or information manager may identify several considerations such as the transfer of a copy of the data file to or from the application server and from or to the user's local file system, the user interfaces for file transfer, reasonable access permissions to files generated on the server, and the organization of the files on the server.
For example, current user triggered file-based data input into client-server application typically begins when the user enters the location of the file to be uploaded into a special user interface of the application and executes some action to start the upload. In this example, the application system either pulls the file from the location (where the application normally has or requests access to the file in the original location) or the client (via the local front end) actively transfers the file to the server application. In certain cases, a special file transfer mechanism (such as FTP, HTTP PUT, XML message exchange) may be used instead of the channel used for normal user interface-server application communication. The server application may then process the file once it is received. Often, the end user has no means of looking at the file being processed within the application. Moreover, the file may be persisted within the application during processing, but not normally in such a way that an end user can access it. Once the file is successfully processed by the business application, it is typically deleted or moved to a location often unknown or inaccessible to non-expert end users.
Conventional mass-data output into a file typically works in a similar way. For example, in distributed systems, the generated file is usually stored somewhere in the server application and may be downloaded using a user interface for end users. This user interface is often decoupled from the application's standard user interface to read or maintain object data. The organization and access permission concept for the generated files is then devised, which may be challenging for hosted applications.

Providing attachment-based data input and output


For radio transmission on the downlink the transmit power must be calculated also for that signals which shall be sent on the common physical channel, known as secondary common control physical channel (SCCPCH), in the Frequency Division Duplex mode of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. In the case where no data is transmitted in a SCCPCH frame, the transmit power level is not defined for SCCPCH data bits. Therefore the well-known adaptation of the TFCI and Pilot powers cannot be applied. The solution proposed here is to set or change the transmit indicator power of the TFCI indicator bits in dependence from a virtual reference power which is calculated from parameters comprising first power values preferably defined by the radio network controller (CRNC) or comprising second power values representing an average of that transmit powers which have been used to transmit that data within at least two of the preceding frames. The virtual reference power can also be a fixed power value which is signalled by the radio network controller or which is a hard-coded value stored in the base station. An advantage of is that the TFCI and the Pilot powers can both be calculated very easily by adapting them to the virtual reference power in the some manner as this is done in the normal case with respect to the data bit power.

This secondary common control physical channel (S-CCPCH) is known to be a physical common channel on the downlink that may carry basically two transport channels, namely the paging channel (PCH) and the forward access channel (FACH). The S-CCPCH is therefore used for paging and for transmission of signalling bits or quite small amount of data. There may be one or several S-CCPCHs in each cell with different gross bit-rates in function of the traffic load on this physical channel.
The S-CCPCH is a physical channel comprising frames which are subdivided into time slots, each time slot is having a data field for inserting useful data bits, namely data bits of the transport channels PCH and/or FACH. As a result from this the S-CCPCH is able to carry zero or one PCH transport channel and zero, one or several FACH transport channels. These different combinations of the transport channels are called TFC (transport format combinations). The possible TFCs do also include the case that temporally no data at all is transmitted on the S-CCPH. In order to indicate the used TFC there is defined a so-called TFCI (TFC identification) which is a number indicating the used TFC.
The TFCI bits are transmitted in a field within the slots of the S-CCPCH frame, so that all mobile stations, i.e. user equipments (UEs), within the radio cell can know the currently used TFC.
Further to this there are so-called pilot bits which are inserted in a further field of the slots, these pilot bits are representing a bit pattern for constituting a pilot signal which allow at the receiving end, i.e. at the UE, to optimize the equalization of the data received on the S-CCPCH.
At the transmitting end, i.e. at the base station, the transmit power level to be used for data bits transmitted on the S-CCPCH is controlled by a radio network controller (RNC) which is connected to that base station. The transmit powers for the TFCI bits and Pilot bits which may be different are also controlled by the RNC by adapting these powers relatively to the currently used power of the S-CCPCH data bits.

Method and devices for operating a radio-based telecommunications system


Verification of a design for a multi-voltage circuit which defines a plurality of iso-voltage rail blocks, and which comprises voltage state information for the iso-voltage-rail blocks. Verification includes generating cross-over information regarding a cross-over signal between two iso-voltage-rail blocks, identifying the voltage state relationship between the two iso-voltage-rail blocks based on the voltage state information, and verifying the validity of the cross-over signal based on the determined voltage state relationship.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates generally to verification of electronic circuit designs, and particularly to validation of multi-voltage circuit designs against predefined rules.
2. Prior Art
Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is a process which uses computer programs to design, simulate, and test electronic circuits before they are fabricated. Using these tools detects and corrects design flaws before fabrication of the silicon device. Test before fabrication processes save manufacturers millions of dollars in Non-Recoverable Engineering (NRE) costs.
An automated circuit design process includes several steps, beginning with providing a Hardware Description Language (HDL) description (a high level description) of a circuit design. Several HDLs are commonly available, e.g. Verilog and VHDL. The HDL description may also be in the form of a Register Transfer Logic (RTL) code. A computer-implemented process converts the high-level description into a netlist, which is a structural representation of the electronic circuit that specifies details on (i) cells that constitute the circuit and (ii) details on the wire connections (nets) of different pins of cells. A netlist does not describe the physical location of the cells on a silicon chip. The netlist creation process is followed by a placement process, which finds a location for each cell on a circuit board or silicon chip. The locations are specified, typically, in two dimensional (i.e., x, y) spatial coordinates on the circuit board or silicon chip. Subsequently, the netlist and the cell location information are used to perform a wire routing process which generates a wire geometry within a data structure for connecting pins together. This information is converted into a description of a mask for fabrication of the actual silicon chip. The description may be provided in available languages such as GDS2.
After certain stages of the automated circuit designing process, the intermediate resulting information needs to be verified for potential errors.
FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a generic method for verification and modification of a multi-voltage circuit design. Step 102 inputs a Hardware Description Language (HDL) description of the multi-voltage design and multi-voltage information. The HDL describes the circuit design in blocks and sub-blocks, which may also be referred to as design elements. Each design element may in itself be a semiconductor device, for example a transistor. A design element may also be a combination of two or more semiconductor devices. Some examples of HDLs that may be used include the commonly available languages Verilog and VHDL. The HDL description may also be in the form of an RTL code. Multi-voltage information comprises design partitioning information and voltage state information, as further detailed in conjunction with FIGS. 2A and 2B. The voltage state information is further detailed in conjunction with FIG. 3.
Step 104 checks the multi-voltage circuit design for certain pre-defined rules. Based on the rule checking step 106 modifies the multi-voltage circuit design.
Step 108 compiles the HDL description of the multi-voltage circuit design to logically validate the design. A typical compilation process converts the HDL into several design objects. The design objects may correspond to each design element, the voltage connections to the design element, the logical connections between design elements, and the like.
Step 110 performs the simulation process, which applies voltage vectors at the inputs of the circuit design. These voltage vectors generate logic waveforms in the circuit design. The logic waveforms in a digital circuit have certain specific values, for example, 0, 1, X and Z in case of Verilog. The voltage vector values varying with time change the resulting logic waveforms, which are observed and recorded. Step 112 generates the simulation results representing the behavior of the circuit for certain parameters. The behavior is then compared with the desired results from the circuit.
Electronic circuits are becoming increasingly complex and consequently encountering new problems of power management. Contemporary electronic circuits consume significant amounts of power, which is undesirable because of heating problems and limited battery life of electronic devices. Therefore, managing power for optimal use is highly desired.
One way of optimizing power consumption is by partitioning multi-voltage electronic circuits and managing power for these partitions separately. In a multi-voltage design, different functional units of the electronic circuit are operated at different voltages at different times. For example, in case of an electronic circuit for a mobile phone, the functional units for audio, processing and camera are different. When the audio unit is being operated, the camera unit may be switched off and the processing unit may be operated at 1.0 V. In another case, when the camera unit is being operated, the audio unit may be switched off and the processing unit may be operated at 1.2 V. A mobile phone circuit design element may have voltage states such as active, standby, sleep, shutdown, etc.
Multi-voltage electronic circuits as described above have complex designs comprising several elements or cells which are characterized by their connections to various power rails carrying different voltages which may change with time.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematics of an example design element 202 having input 204 and output 206 connections that carry logic waveforms having particular values, for example 0, 1, X or Z in Verilog. Design element 202 is connected to six voltage rails; a VDD rail 208, a SLPP rail 210, a SLPN rail 212, a VBBP rail 214, a VBBN rail 216, and a VSS rail 218.
VDD rail 208 is a driving rail that provides power to design element 202. SLPP rail 210 and SLPN rail 212 are sleep rails connected to the gates of header transistor 209 and of footer transistor 211 to apply positive, zero, or negative voltage differences between the gate and the source of the transistors and thereby cut off leakage current between rails 208 and 218. VBBP rail 214 and VBBN rail 216 are body bias rails for Positive Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) transistor 215 and for Negative Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) transistor 217 respectively, which are applied to the bulk connection and can either be forward or reverse biased to control threshold voltage (Vt).
Other design elements may have connections to fewer or more voltage rails.
The values of voltages on the rails connected to design element 202 determine its voltage state, of which there may be several. An example design element 202 may have four voltage states: active state, shutdown state, standby state and sleep state. During the active state, VDD rail 208 operates on an allotted functional voltage value, and design element 202 can perform all its functions. During shutdown state, VDD rail 208 is either turned off, or the value of voltage in VDD rail 208 is below a shutdown threshold voltage value. However, during this state the voltage value on VDD rail 208 is not zero. Standby state is a low power state which expects a quick wakeup. During standby state, the voltage value on VDD rail 208 is between a maximum standby threshold voltage value and a minimum standby threshold voltage value. State retention in memory elements of a design element 202 is essential. Typically, in standby state all the clocks are gated, i.e. deactivated by a gating design element such as an AND gate (not shown). Standby state may have multiple grades which progressively turn off more circuitry. Entering and leaving standby state involves gradually turning off/on of clocks, PLLs, and voltages. Sleep state is a variation of shutdown state, and is also called power gating. SLPP 210 and/or SLPN 212 are controlled with a negative Vgs (V gate-source) to cut off design element 202 from VDD 208 and VSS 218.
However, complex voltage designs of electronic circuits make verification of the designs extremely difficult. The above-mentioned generic verification process is insufficient for validation of multi-voltage circuit designs. Existing methods for checking multi-voltage electronic circuit designs suffer from one or more of the following problems. First, the verification tools for electronic circuits are not voltage aware, i.e. they do not consider voltage as a parameter for performing the verification, although in reality voltage is a key parameter. Therefore, any design verification tool without consideration of voltage is susceptible to lead to faulty designs. Second, the existing methods of verification of multi-voltage circuit designs do not provide the required accuracy. Third, the existing verification methods are slow and therefore require long time to generate results. There exists, therefore, a need for a verification method of electronic circuit designs that overcomes the limitations of existing systems.

Method and system for static verification of multi-voltage circuit design


A water sport binding is disclosed having a rigid base plate that is adapted to be mounted to a board such as a wake board. A heel loop is pivotably mounted to the base plate and a flexible upper assembly is provided that includes a forward portion that attaches to the base plate and a rearward portion that attaches to the pivotable heel loop. A lever mechanism, including a lever mounted on the heel loop and a cable that attaches to either side of the base plate and extends through a channel in the lever provides a mechanism for locking the heel loop in an upright position during use. The user pivots the lever to permit the heel loop to pivot rearwardly, permitting ready entry or egress from the binding. The flexible upper assembly may include front and back panels, an instep support, an ankle support, and attachment means.

Water skis, wake boards, and other water sporting boards generally require a binding that releasably attaches the user to the water sports board. Typically, a user rides a wake board while being towed behind a boat or jet ski. The wake board resembles a surf board but, unlike a surf board, the wake board includes bindings that attach the feet of a rider onto the top surface of the wake board.
One challenge associated with bindings for wake boards and water skis is that the binding must securely hold the rider's foot in contact with the wake board during rigorous use and during relatively benign falls, but must be flexible enough to allow release of the rider upon a sufficiently violent fall. Prior art bindings addressed these problems in a number of ways. For example, some water sports bindings are designed primarily of an elastic material that is stretchable to fit and grip many different foot sizes, but is sufficiently stretchable to release the foot upon a sufficiently dynamic fall. These designs are often uncomfortable, however, because the stretchable material is tensioned around the entire foot to hold the rider in place. An example of a prior art wake board binding having this construction can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,291 to McClaskey. The wake board binding in McClaskey includes two strips that are attached at the top of the wake board on opposite sides of a heel of a rider. The strips extend upward around the instep of the rider and are attached by hook-and-loop material. Attachment of the two strips binds the rider's foot to the upper surface of the wake board and maintains the rider's foot against the upper surface.
Another type of water ski or wake board binding is formed primarily of a semirigid material. For example, the two patents to Uren et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,181,332 and 5,334,065) disclose a water ski boot and binding including rigid side panels or cowls, rigid heel supports, and straps mounted over the instep of a rider's foot. A rigid cuff extends around the ankle of the rider that is made as a monolithic tube of stiff, semirigid, or substantially rigid plastic material. A problem with this design is that it does not permit release of the rider's foot, but instead, the boot releases from the ski upon a fall.
In yet another type of water sports binding, a releasable boot is worn by the user, wherein the boot is attachable to the binding. An example of this type of binding is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,023 to Berger et al,. wherein a coupling is attached to the sole of the boot, the coupling being adapted to mate with a second coupling attached to a lower attachment plate. These bindings require the user to wear relatively heavy and uncomfortable boots in the water and have not gained wide acceptance.
All of the prior art water sports bindings are difficult or impossible to engage while in the water, so if a user falls and releases from the binding, the user may have to return to shore or onto the pulling watercraft to re-engage the binding to continue the sport. There remains a need for water sports bindings that provide the functional benefits of a binding and that also are relatively easy to engage while in the water.


This patent discloses a docking station for a cellular phone. The docking station may include a housing, charger pins, keys, a red LED, a green LED, an upload button, a docking station memory, a signal emitter and a set of templates. The housing may have a slot, a cradle, an angled front face supporting the keys and LEDs, and a ledge supporting the upload button. A template may fit into the slot to adjust the cradle size to receive various cellular phones. The docking station may have electronics to receive and store phone contact information from a first cellular phone and upload that stored phone contact information into a second cellular phone. The signal emitter may send a disable signal to the first cellular phone.

1. Field
The information disclosed in this patent relates to a cellular phone docking station that may charge a cellular phone and automatically retrieve a current record of a cell phone's internal phone book for storage.
2. Background Information
A cellular telephone (mobile telephone) is a long-range, portable electronic device for personal telecommunications over long distances. In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones can support many additional services such as Short Message Service (SMS) for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) to send and receive photos and video. Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN), with an exception being satellite phones.
Because of their small size, cellular telephones are carried by individuals over other electronic devices such as a personal organizer, day planner, and personal planner. The cellular telephone industry encourages this by providing many features that overlap personal organizers. Cellular phones may operate as a calendar, address book, notebooks, and a host of other memory utilizing functions. Although important information may be safely stored within the memory of a cellular phone, if that cellular phone is lost, that important information may be lost with it. Thus, there is a need to backup data in a cellular phone to guard against data loss with the loss of a cellular phone.


Generally, this disclosure provides systems and methods for a power switching system with a switching control circuit powered by a supply voltage derived from an input control signal. The system may include a power switch configured to electrically couple a device between a battery voltage and a ground, the device to be powered by the battery when the power switch is closed; a control circuit coupled to a gate port of the power switch, the control circuit configured to open and close the power switch by adjusting a gate driving signal provided to the gate port in response to a switching control signal provided to the control circuit; and a voltage conditioning circuit configured to generate a supply voltage based on the switching control signal, such that the supply voltage powers the control circuit.

Automotive ignition systems generally employ a power switching circuit that alternately makes and breaks an electrical connection from the battery, through an ignition coil to ground. The switching is typically based on a signal received from an engine control unit which is timed to fire the engine spark plugs as needed for operation of the engine. The switching circuit, which may be implemented as an integrated circuit (IC), requires a supply voltage to power the circuit and its constituent components. This supply voltage is generally provided by the vehicle battery and may therefore include high voltage transients, large voltage swings, high frequency noise and other artifacts that can be detrimental to the switching circuit.
Additional circuitry is therefore needed to protect the switching circuit IC from these voltage transients as well as from electrostatic discharge (ESD). The protection circuitry, which may include larger resistors and capacitors, can consume up to half of the IC area, or more, in some cases. This typically results in increased size and cost for the switching circuit IC and may adversely impact reliability if these harsh environmental conditions imposed by the battery are not adequately filtered by the protection circuitry.
Although the following Detailed Description will proceed with reference being made to illustrative embodiments, many alternatives, modifications, and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Power switching system with control signal driven supply voltage


Updating firmware on multiple systems or nodes within a merged networked environment includes providing firmware update code and a firmware update utility to a primary node. The firmware update utility determines the presence of a multi-node partition and detects the partition's configuration. The configuration determination includes determining the location of a remote service processor on each secondary node. The primary node creates an image of the firmware update code and distributes the created image to each of the secondary node service processors over a sideband link. Each of the remote service processors would then restart their respective systems. The node's BIOS detects the presence of the firmware update code on the service processor and forces the node to boot the update code directly. After the firmware update is complete, the firmware update code is deleted. When it subsequent restart occurs, the nodes will boot to the merged state.

1. Field of the Present Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of data processing systems and more particularly to a method and system for updating system firmware on multiple, interconnected systems.
2. History of Related Art
In the field of data processing systems generally and networked data processing systems in particular, updating the firmware of one or more systems is typically a manually intensive procedure. Traditionally, firmware updates have been achieved by inserting a computer readable medium (such as a diskette or CD) into an appropriate drive and restarting the system. The medium includes codes that, when executed as part of the system boot procedure, will reprogram some or all of the system's firmware. In a traditional networked environment, firmware updating is made more difficult because the number of systems increases. Even more significantly, in many network environments, it may not be appropriate to assume that all systems have a bootable drive that can accept the firmware update medium. In such environments, network-wide firmware update would have to include a method of updating firmware via the network or, even less desirably, a manual process in which a drive, keyboard, and monitor are temporarily attached to each system for purposes of performing the firmware update.
In some environments, the firmware update problem is still further complicated by the architecture of the network. As an example, some multi-system networks employ an architecture that effectively merges the resources of multiple systems into a single multi-system partition. In a merged environment, the firmware modules of the individual systems may be effectively hidden or inaccessible such that, even if a remote firmware update procedure were available, they could not be applied to systems within the partition that are invisible to the network. Accordingly, it would be desirable to implement a procedure and mechanism for updating firmware in a multi-system environment. It would be further desirable if the implemented solution were effective in merged architectures and did not require complete disassembly of the merged environment. It would be still further desirable if the implemented solution did not require significant manual oversight and did not require re-arrangement or reconfiguration of physical resources.

Firmware update mechanism in a multi-node data processing system

International Business Machines Corporation


A seating apparatus, and in particular a vehicle or aircraft seating apparatus, includes a seat base bearing unit which is provided in order to mount a seat base in a movable manner. The seat base bearing unit comprises at least one movably mounted stiffening member which has at least two coupling points in the transverse direction of the seat base bearing unit.

DE 10 2005 022 694 A1 discloses a generic seating apparatus with a seat base bearing unit which is provided in order to mount a seat base in a movable manner. However, in such an apparatus it is always desirable to reduce weight, components, costs and/or outlay on the installation.

Seating apparatus, and in particular vehicle or aircraft seating apparatus


A system and method for scheduling and managing computer applications is provided. In one embodiment, an event processor dispatches messages to run a job to an agent module residing on a local or remote node. The agent module, upon receiving the messages, spawns processes to run the job, returning status notifications of the running job to the event processor.

Remote agents running on remote machines typically require or depend on the database vendor client software on the remote nodes. Further dependence on a specific operating system service burdens many database system management procedures. Accordingly, an agent that does not depend on specific database vendor client software or specific operating systems to improve job scheduling and management application is desirable.

Modified auto remote agent for job scheduling and management applications


A computer-based system that provides services for searching and displaying catalog items. The system enables a user to pass a request to one or more catalog servers and display aggregated results in a user interface. Furthermore, the system enables the user to select one or more items from the user interface and transfer the one or more items to a procurement system for additional processing.

This invention relates to catalog searching by software application agents.
Businesses and individuals often rely on catalogs to determine what products or services may be obtained from a particular supplier, and to receive information (such as price, available colors and styles, etc.) about those products and services. Electronic catalogs provide a number of advantages for companies that wish to provide information about their products and services to potential customers. For example, electronic catalogs can be updated and distributed more easily than can paper catalogs. Electronic catalogs can also provide automated searching capabilities so that customers can more readily find the information they seek.
Each supplier generally produces its own catalog, and each of these catalogs may be formatted in a different manner than other catalogs. Also, a catalog may contain information not contained in other catalogs for similar products or services. Therefore, it can be difficult for a potential customer who is trying to find a product but is not focused on a single supplier, to receive concise, usable information about the product, especially where the information comes from a number of vendors.


A bottle and a bottle cap device thereof are provided. In the bottle cap device, the outer-cap outer ring is threadedly connected with the inner-cap outer ring, the outer-cap inner ring penetrates through the inner-cap inner ring, the lower end of the outer-cap inner ring protrudes for a distance from the inner-cap inner ring, and the guide tube is arranged to extend in the outer-cap inner ring. The distance is sufficient to allow the end cap to be connected with the lower end of the outer-cap inner ring in a releasably sealing manner, and when the outer-cap outer ring is turned toward the loosening direction, the distance is sufficiently shortened to allow the end cap abutting with the inner-cap inner ring; while the end cap is connected with the inner-cap inner ring, the guide tube is connected with the end-cap hole, such that a stockage space is formed.

Some medicaments or solvents are formed by mixing solid and liquid, and it cannot be stable for a long time after dissolving solid in liquid. Therefore, such medicaments or solvents can only be mixed when used, and the solid and liquid are stored separately before use. For example, the solid and liquid are separated in different packages. As an example, the solid is powder packed in a bag, and the liquid is packed in a bottle, and when used, the bag is torn open, and the powder is poured into the bottle, so as to form the required medicament or solvent. As the solid and liquid are stored separately, one kind of demand can be met through two kinds of packaging. Moreover, during unpacking the fixed package and when putting the solid into the liquid, it is very likely that the solid powder will be scattered.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 9,776,198B2, bottles equipped with product dispensing system are known, wherein a first and a second product are stored separately before the first use of the bottle, the products being mixed together in the container of the bottle before the first use, especially upon specific manipulations that are performed by the user.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,776,198B2 further records a system for dispensing a mixture of a first product and a second product, comprising a pump having a pump body intended to be rigidly connected to a bottle which contains a first product. The pump comprises a cover and a sealing ring for mounting it on the neck portion of the bottle. The pump further comprises a piston secured to the push button, so as to be actuated by the user in the translation motion of the pump body between a release position and an actuation position, along a descending dispensing stroke and an ascending suction stroke. The system further comprises an additional container attached to the pump body for containing the second product. The system further comprises an organ for opening the additional container, the organ being coupled with a lower check valve of the piston, so as to open the additional container by the movement of the lower check valve at least during the first actuation of the pump.
The aforementioned systems have limited space for storing the second product, and the space for storing the second product is not highly sealed.

Zhejiang Yuejia Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd


A safe energy supply unit (1) and system, for supplying an electrical device (8) in an explosion-proof area, transmits power from an energy source (9), including a plurality of galvanically isolated individual sources, with a multiple line connection (2) with a plurality of galvanically isolated and individually shielded conductor pairs (31, 32, 33, 34). A collector device (4), in an explosion-proof jacket (5) at an end of the multiple line (3), has uncoupling devices (45) for the galvanically isolated conductor pairs and a combiner circuit (47, 49) that combines the transmitted electric power from each line into a global power. The global power is outputted at an output (48) of the collector device to the electrical device. The conductor pairs allow for an increased global power, which is scalable, safely transmittable, with standard, conductor pairs. The electrical device is intrinsically safely supplied with high power with minimal effort.

Electrical devices are used in special applications in potentially explosive areas, for example, where combustible gases, dusts or other explosive substances may be present. In order to avoid a potential explosion, neither the electrical device nor its energy supply may form an ignition source for an explosion. Devices installed or located in potentially explosive areas must be built to this end according to defined types of protection "e."
The rules of explosion protection defined in relevant national and international standards and guidelines specify different types of protection "e," to which electrical devices are classified depending on the particular applicable explosion protection. The application of the type of protection "intrinsic safety," abbreviated by the symbol "Ex-I," is advantageous in many cases. Voltages, currents and power are limited in this type of protection such that no igniting sparks or hazardous increases in temperature can develop. The limitation is selected here to be such that the minimum energy and ignition point of an explosive mixture will not be reached. Intrinsically safe electrical operating materials contain only circuits that meet the requirements imposed on intrinsically safe circuits. Only circuits with low power can come into consideration for intrinsically safe circuits. Voltages, currents and power are limited here such that no sparks capable of generating ignition or hazardous temperature increases can develop. There are two technical configurations in this connection, namely, "Ex ia" and "Ex ib." "Ex ia" offers an especially high level of safety, and "Ex ib" offers a high level of safety. The technical configuration is described, for example, in the standard IEC 60079-11.
Because of the limitations imposed in respect to voltages, currents and correspondingly also to power, the supply of sensors over long lines has proved, among other things, difficult, especially when these require more than the power that is allowable from the viewpoint of safety engineering. Depending on the particular concrete values for current, voltage, line coatings and other device parameters, the power is frequently limited in practice to values in the range of about 2 W in the case of the type of protection "Ex ia."
If an output higher than the permissible output according to the standard IEC 60079-11 at a given voltage and current level is needed to supply an electrical device, the application of the method mentioned in the standard IEC 60079-39 offers a remedy. This method makes provisions for the detection of a short circuit or of an interruption of the line and for then interrupting the introduction of energy before an explosion can develop. The method requires a comparatively great effort. Because of the electronic current limitations, auxiliary circuits and uncoupling networks needed for this, only the lower type of protection "Ex ib" is reached. It does not, as a rule, represent a solution for the higher type of protection "Ex ia."
There is a need for an intrinsically safe supply, with which electrical devices with a power drain higher than that which can be transmitted conventionally in an intrinsically safe manner can be supplied with power continuously and sufficiently.

Intrinsically safe energy transmission unit for supplying an electrical device with increased power


Allocating resources in a content delivery environment is disclosed. An initial demand from initial clients for content is serviced by assigning those initial clients a first content source. A determination is made that additional demand from additional clients is either present or anticipated for the first content source. The initial demand and the additional demand together have a potential to overload the first content source. An interaction with a first initial client is adjusted to allow the additional demand to be at least partially serviced without overloading the content source.

Users are increasingly using networks such as the Internet to access content, such as video files and live streaming/video on demand content, via client machines. As demand for such content increases, there are challenges in distributing that content efficiently and with high quality. As one example, excessive demand, power failures, and other problems can result in the inability of the network infrastructure to simultaneously provide content to all users who wish to access it. Improvements in the allocation of resources in such networks are therefore desirable.


In order to appropriately control a TCI state for a CORESET in a beam recovery procedure for future radio communication systems, one aspect of a user terminal of the present disclosure includes a transmitting unit that transmits a beam failure recovery request (BFRQ), and a control unit that makes an assumption on a transmission configuration indicator state (TCI state) corresponding to a beam for which the beam failure recovery request (BFRQ) has been transmitted, as a CORESET TCI state related to a control resource set (CORESET) for beam failure recovery (BFR).

At initial access in future radio communication systems (e.g., New Radio (NR)), at least one of detection of a synchronization signal block (SSB), acquisition of broadcast information (e.g., master information block (MIB)) communicated via a broadcast channel (physical broadcast channel (PBCH)), or establishment of a connection by random access is performed.
The synchronization signal block (SSB) may be a signal block that includes a synchronization signal and a broadcast channel. The signal block may be referred to as an SS/PBCH block. The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) (Non Patent Literature 1).

User terminal and radio communication method


Firearm docking systems include a receiver bracket configured for attachment to a mounting structure, a bracket slot in the receiver bracket, an adaptor retaining mechanism carried by the receiver bracket adjacent to the bracket slot and a male adaptor configured for attachment to a firearm and including an adaptor flange inserted in the bracket slot. The adaptor flange is selectively rotatable in the bracket slot. A plurality of adaptor flange openings is provided in the adaptor flange. The adaptor retaining mechanism releasably engages at least one of the plurality of adaptor flange openings. The firearm can be mounted and rotated relative to the mounting structure by rotating the adaptor flange relative to the adaptor retaining mechanism in the bracket slot. Thus, the firearm can be both secure and ergonomically correct in an easily-retrievable position.

The background description provided herein is solely for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. Aspects of the background description are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the claimed subject matter.
Firearm users frequently maintain a pistol, rifle or other firearm in a ready-to-use position in a home, office, vehicle or other location in case use of the firearm is necessary for self-defense. Some firearm users may carry a firearm on their persons such as in a holster which may be worn on a belt around the waist or an ankle. In a home or office setting, a firearm may be kept in a drawer, cabinet or other space. In a vehicle, the firearm may be kept under a seat or in a glove box. Since it may not be secured in a particular location, however, the firearm may not be properly positioned for quick apprehension and use in the event that such use is necessary. Moreover, the firearm user does not develop muscle memory which would otherwise enable the user to quickly locate and retrieve the firearm each time use of the firearm is desired.
Therefore, firearm docking systems which facilitate mounting of a firearm to a mounting structure in an easily-retrievable position may be desirable for some applications. Additionally, an option of locking the firearm in the firearm docking system to prevent theft or child tampering of the firearm may also be desirable.


An universal window treatment support device or holder for supporting various lengths, sizes and types of curtain and/or drapery material in a wide variety of different decorative treatment arrangements. The holder is an elongated, relatively thin, flat rigid element containing a number of openings of different sizes and shapes along its length. The device is vertically mounted in front of an area to be decorated and looped sections of material is passed from the back of the holder to its front through one or more of the openings after which the looped sections are fluffed out or draped in front of the holder to provide individualized decorative treatments.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to fixtures and devices for supporting and positioning window curtains and draperies and in particular to a universal support device for supporting various lengths of curtain and/or drapery material or fabric in an unlimited number of different decorative treatment arrangements.
2. The Prior Art
Curtain and drapery fixtures, traverse rods, supports, ring bars and the like are known which are designed to support, shape, arrange and position curtains or drapes in an orderly and specific manner. With these prior-art devices, little or no variation in window treatment appearance is possible except by (i) substitution of different-colored or different-lengthed curtains or drapes which would still be supported in the specific manner dictated by the design of the support elements, or by (ii) replacing the support elements with ones designed to create a specific but different window treatment appearance.
Other support devices are known which will cause unpleated curtains or drapes to assume a pleated or folded position when affixed to such supports, but again there is little variation possible in the overall appearance of the window treatment as substitute drapes will still appear pleated and folded drapes will still appear folded, even though their length or color may be changed.


A cab mount for attaching a frame to a body is provided to prevent a forcible movement of the body generated under the influence of vertical vibration of the frame. A first cab mount includes: a collar extending vertically; and an upper mount rubber and a lower mount rubber disposed to face in the upper-lower direction on an outer periphery of the collar. The collar is attached to a body of a vehicle by being inserted into an attachment hole of a ladder frame of the vehicle while a peripheral part of the attachment hole is positioned between the upper mount rubber and the lower mount rubber. The upper mount rubber is spaced apart from the ladder frame in the upper-lower direction by a first predetermined distance while the lower mount rubber is spaced apart from the ladder frame in the upper-lower direction by a second predetermined distance.

Conventionally, in a body-on-frame vehicle with a ladder frame or the like, the frame is attached to the body via cab mounts having a rubber elastic body in order to reduce vibration transmitted from the frame to the body.
The cab mount that is frequently used in the above case is a cab mount including an upper-side rubber elastic body and a lower-side rubber elastic body that are disposed so as to face each other in the upper-lower direction on the outer periphery of a vertically extending collar (also called as a sleeve). In this cab mount, the collar is inserted into an attachment hole formed in the frame while a peripheral part of the attachment hole is sandwiched between the upper-side rubber elastic body and the lower-side rubber elastic body in the upper-lower direction. Then, the inserted collar is bolt-fastened to the body, and thus the frame is attached to the body.
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a cab mount to be attached such that the upper mount rubber (upper-side rubber elastic body) and the lower mount rubber (lower-side rubber elastic body) sandwich the frame in the upper-lower direction, in which the lower mount rubber includes a bored part and a rigid restriction plate.