The variation of the parasitic inductance generated at the output terminal of a transistor in the final stage of a multistage amplifier unit is reduced. One side of the semiconductor chip that includes the final stage transistor is put in contact with the inner wall of a square recess formed in a wiring substrate. The semiconductor chip is positioned and fixed accurately at the bottom of the recess, whereby the drain wire of the transistor is fixed. Then, a chip edge at which the drain electrode is disposed on top of the chip is put in contact with the inner wall of the recess, which is closer to the drain bonding pad. A metallized layer is formed of the same size as that of the chip at the bottom of the recess and a fusion bonding material is supplied on the metallized layer.

A high frequency power amplification unit employed for such a radio communication device as a car telephone, mobile phone, or the like is configured by a plurality of amplifiers, each being configured by a transistor (semiconductor amplification element) and connected to another serially. Usually, two or three of such amplifiers are disposed in a plurality of amplification stages. The amplifier in the last stage (final amplification stage) is defined as an output one and each amplifier (amplification stage) positioned before the final amplification stage is defined as a driving stage. An inductor used to adjust the circuit impedance is built in each of those amplification stages.
This type of high frequency power amplification is already disclosed in the official gazettes of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 9(1997)-283700 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 10(1998)-70159. In the high frequency power amplifier disclosed in the official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 9(1997)-283700, a power transistor (semiconductor chip: bare chip) is fixed at the bottom of each aperture provided in the top face of a multi-layer substrate formed mainly of glass. A gap is formed between the periphery of the power transistor and the inner wall surface of the aperture. Consequently, the fixing position of the power transistor (semiconductor chip) is never restricted by the inner wall of the aperture.
The official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 10(1998)-70159 describes a technique for manufacturing a high frequency module in which a semiconductor chip is provided at the bottom of each aperture provided in the main surface of a printed circuit board. Also in this example, the semiconductor chip never comes in contact with the inner wall of the aperture, so that its fixing position is not restricted by the inner wall of the aperture.
On the other hand, the official gazettes of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 5(1993)-13474 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 9(1997)-148623 disclose techniques for fixing a semiconductor chip in a predetermined position respectively.
According to the technique disclosed by the official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 5(1993)-13474, an area on a die pad is plated in a similar shape to that of a die to be mounted on the die pad or a size smaller than the die, then the die is placed on the plated die pad together with a wax material, and finally adhered with the wax material there accurately.
The official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 9(1997)-148623 discloses a technique for fixing a light receiving/emitting element on the target substrate. According to the technique, a laminated metallic layer of the same in size as the light receiving/emitting element is provided on the target substrate beforehand, then the element is heated to improve the accuracy of the height between the reference plane and the light axis of the light receiving/emitting element, thereby the light receiving/emitting element is fixed accurately there.
The official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 5(1993)-114800 also discloses a technique for fixing a semiconductor chip accurately in a rectangular recess formed in the target substrate. According to the technique, fine vibrations are applied to the recess by supersonic waves to position and fix the semiconductor chip accurately. However, this technique just positions and fixes the semiconductor chip in the recess by inclining the inner wall of the recess and using the inclined plane to move the chip or using a surface tension of a member having the predetermined surface tension, which is inserted between the chip and the side face (inner wall) of the recess. It does not restrict the fixing position of the semiconductor chip directly by the inner wall of the recess.
As described above, the high frequency power amplification unit is used as an amplifier of the subject mobile phone. A high frequency power amplification unit (high frequency power amplification module) built in a mobile phone usually employs a multistage structure in which two or three transistors (semiconductor amplification elements) are connected serially to form a multistage amplifier unit. The electrode of each transistor is connected to such a wiring line as a micro-strip line of the module substrate through a conductive wire.
Generally, a chip bonding device is used to supply semiconductor chips to be fixed in the manufacturing process of the high frequency power amplification module. The accuracy of positioning and fixing those chips is decided by the performance accuracy of the chip bonding device or the solder reflowing after the chip is supplied.
In any way, the accuracy of positioning and fixing semiconductor chips comes to be affected by the supplying accuracy of those chips by a chip bonding device or the like.
If the fixing position of a semiconductor chip is varied, the length of the wire for connecting the electrode provided on the surface of the semiconductor chip to a wire electrically in the subsequent process comes to be varied.
Conventionally, consideration has been taken only to the accuracy in chip bonding of each transistor (semiconductor chip) of the high frequency power amplification module in its predetermined position. And, it has been considered that if a semiconductor chip is fixed accurately, the wire length also comes to be determined as it is designed.
In such a radio communication device as a mobile phone that is required of high and efficient outputs, however, such conventional techniques have been found imperfect, since the techniques depend only on the performance of such a chip bonding device. In other words, it is found that in a high frequency power amplification module that employs a multistage amplifier unit, if the connection length between the output terminal of the transistor in the final amplification stage (for example, drain electrode of an FET and collector electrode of a bipolar transistor) and a wiring is varied, the parasitic inductance comes to be varied and both output and efficiency of the device come to be varied.
To avoid such a problem, therefore, it is desirable that the length of the wire for connecting the output terminal of the transistor in the final stage to a wiring should be shorter to reduce the parasitic inductance.
FIG. 25 shows a typical cross sectional view of a wire bonding portion according to a conventional technique, which includes a problem that must be solved. As shown in FIG. 25, in a ceramic wiring board 70 manufactured by a lamination method, the periphery of a recess 71 formed in a main surface (top face) of the board 70 is shaped as an inclined or arc plane due to the sags that occur at the manufacturing time, thereby the surface of each bonding pad used to connect a wire also comes to be shaped as an inclined or arc plane. As a result, the connection property of the wire bonding is often degraded.
In other words, the ceramic wiring board 70 is formed as follows; at first, a plurality of patterned green sheets that include a printed conductor layer are laid in layers and pressed into a laminated substrate, then the laminated substrate is heated and baked to obtain a baked ceramic plate to be used as the board 70. In this baking process, the periphery of the recess 71 is melted and flown into the recess. This is why the periphery of the recess 71 comes to sag.
If a bonding pad for wire bonding is formed at a halfway to the periphery of the recess 71, therefore, the top face of the bonding pad is not flattened, but inclined or arced, resulting in imperfect wire bonding.
To avoid such problems, the inventors of the present invention propose a technique for disposing a bonding pad 72 outside a position apart from the periphery of the recess 71 by a predetermined distance "a". This bonding pad 72 is connected to one end of the wire 76 having the other end connected to the electrode 75 of the semiconductor element (semiconductor chip) 74 fixed at the bottom of the recess 71 with a bonding material (fusion boding material) 73 therebetween. The bonding pad 72 is also connected to the wiring 77.
In such a structure, however, the wire 76 for connecting the electrode 75 of the semiconductor element (semiconductor chip) 74 to the bonding pad 72 comes to be longer, thereby the parasitic inductance increases.
Under such circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to accurately position and fix a semiconductor element in an amplification stage of a semiconductor device in which a multistage amplifier unit is built.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a technique for forming a wire that connects an electrode of a semiconductor element to a bonding pad of a wiring accurately at a predetermined length in a semiconductor device in which a multistage amplifier unit is built.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a technique for fixing the length of a wire that connects an electrode of a semiconductor element to a bonding pad of a wiring accurately at a predetermined length and fixing the parasitic inductance in a semiconductor device in which a multistage amplifier unit is built, thereby stabilizing the production yield of semiconductor devices.
It is still another object of the present invention to reduce the variation of the parasitic inductance at the output terminal side of the transistor in the final stage of a semiconductor device in which a multistage amplifier is built.
It is still another object of the present invention to improve the output of a semiconductor device (high frequency power amplification unit) in which a multistage amplifier unit is built and improve the output of a radio communication device in which the high frequency power amplification unit is built.
These and other objects, novel features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

Semiconductor device, its manufacturing method, and ratio communication device

Renesas Eastern Japan semiconductor, Inc.


A wireless communication system includes: a mobile station; a first base station that communicates with the mobile station; and a second base station that communicates with the mobile station. The mobile station includes a measuring unit, a calculating unit, and a sending unit. The measuring unit measures a location of the mobile station. The calculating unit calculates, by using location information measured by the measuring unit and location information on the first base station, a distance between the mobile station and the first base station. The sending unit sends, to the second base station based on the distance calculated by the calculating unit and a predetermined threshold, a request signal that is used to request setting of a channel between the second base station and the first base station.

In recent years, wireless communication terminals, such as smart phones, are becoming rapidly spread. Accordingly, the traffic between terminals and a network is increased and thus a load applied to a dedicated network, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network, is increased. As a countermeasure against this increase, for example, telecommunications carriers use a method in which small size base stations (for example, femto base stations) having a communication area smaller than normal base stations (for example, macro base stations) are placed in offices or homes and the traffic is saved in a public network, such as the Internet or the like, via the femto base station. In addition to the wireless communication standard, such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) or Long Term Evolution (LTE), the use of the femto base stations in wireless LAN (for example, IEEE 802.16) or WiFi (registered trademark, for example, IEEE 802.11) is studied. In particular, the adoption of the femto base stations that use a wireless LAN that effectively reduces the wireless traffic is promising as load distribution measurement (i.e., offload) of the traffic.    Patent Document 1: International Publication Pamphlet No. WO 2004/057903    Patent Document 2: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-260448    Patent Document 3: Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-284432
However, the related technology described above has the following problem. Namely, in order to reduce the load applied to a dedicated network, a wireless communication terminal (hereinafter, referred to as a "mobile station") is handed over from the base station that is connected to the dedicated network to a small size base station (hereinafter, referred to as a "femto base station") that is connected to the public network in accordance with a user moving to an office or home. However, because the dedicated network and the public network are connected via a large number of upper-layer apparatus or paths, when a handover is performed, a connection path needs to be greatly changed in order to use an optimum path. Furthermore, in accordance with a change in the connection path, data that is targeted for communication needs to be transferred or retransmission. Furthermore, the handover described above is performed between both the networks and is a handover or a hard handover in which a channel is temporarily disconnected and then connected again. Consequently, the time needed to set a channel with a base station in the public network becomes longer than the time needed to set a channel with a base station in the dedicated network.
Furthermore, if a mobile station is not present in a communication area of a femto base station for a long time due to a user is away from the area, the femto base station stops or intermittently operates some function in order to save electrical power. In such a case, in order for the mobile station is handed over from a base station that is connected to a dedicated network to the femto base station, the femto base station needs to perform control such that the operation mode is returned to a normal operation mode from an electrical power saving operation mode. Consequently, when the femto base station detects that the mobile station enters the area of the femto base station, the femto base station performs control of, for example, synchronization of operation timing of each function, adjusting transmission electrical power in order to reduce the interference with the other base stations, or the like. The time needed to set a channel with a base station in a public network, i.e., a femto base station, due to this control is longer than that in a dedicated network. Namely, the time needed to perform a handover is longer than that performed between the base stations that are connected in the same network due to any one of the above reasons described above, which causes a decrease in a transmission speed of the mobile station.

Wireless communication system, mobile station, base station, and wireless communication method


A stepping motor includes a hollow cylindrical fixed yoke; a magnet disposed coaxially with the fixed yoke and divided into sections in the circumferential direction, the sections being alternately magnetized; a first coil and a second coil coaxially fixed to the fixed yoke; a first rotational yoke facing a magnetized surface of the magnet and excited by the first coil; a second rotational yoke facing the magnetized surface of the magnet and excited by the second coil; and bearing units formed in bobbins for supporting a rotor including the first rotational yoke, a connecting member, and the second rotational yoke such that the rotor is rotatable with respect to the fixed yoke.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to hollow cylindrical motors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Up to now, some stepping motors having small diameters with respect to rotation axes and having increased outputs have been proposed (See Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 09-331666 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,356)). FIG. 9 is an exploded perspective view illustrating component parts of a known stepping motor. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the structure of the stepping motor after assembly. The stepping motor includes a rotor 201, a first coil 202, a second coil 203, a first stator 204, a second stator 205, an output shaft 206, and a connecting ring 207.
The rotor 201 is a permanent magnet divided into four sections in the circumferential direction that are alternately polarized. The first and second coils 202 and 203 are disposed adjacent to the respective ends of the rotor 201 in the axial direction. The first and second stators 204 and 205 are composed of a soft magnetic material, and are excited by the first and second coils 202 and 203, respectively.
The first stator 204 includes first outer magnetic poles 204A and 204B facing the outer periphery of the rotor 201 with a spacing therebetween, and first inner magnetic poles 204C and 204D facing the inner periphery of the rotor 201 with a spacing therebetween. The second stator 205 includes second outer magnetic poles 205A and 205B facing the outer periphery of the rotor 201 with a spacing therebetween, and second inner magnetic poles 205C and 205D facing the inner periphery of the rotor 201 with a spacing therebetween.
The output shaft 206 is fixed to the rotor 201, and supported by a bearing unit 204E of the first stator 204 and a bearing unit 205E of the second stator 205 so as to be rotatable. The connecting ring 207 is composed of a non-magnetic material, and retains the first and second stators 204 and 205 with a predetermined spacing therebetween.
In the stepping motor having the above-described structure, the rotor 201 is rotated by switching the current-carrying direction to the first coil 202 and the second coil 203 so as to switch the polarities of the first outer magnetic poles 204A and 204B, the first inner magnetic poles 204C and 204D, the second outer magnetic poles 205A and 205B, and the second inner magnetic poles 205C and 205D.
In this stepping motor, magnetic flux generated by energizing the coils flows from the outer magnetic poles to the opposing inner magnetic poles, or from the inner magnetic poles to the opposing outer magnetic poles so as to efficiently act on the magnet located between the outer magnetic poles and the inner magnetic poles. Moreover, since the distances between the outer magnetic poles and the inner magnetic poles can be reduced to approximately the thickness of the cylindrical magnet (rotor), the resistance of the magnetic circuit including the outer magnetic poles and the inner magnetic poles can be reduced. More magnetic flux can be generated with a small current, and the output can be increased as the resistance of the magnetic circuit is reduced.
The stepping motor of this type disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 09-331666 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,356) is cylindrical. When such a stepping motor for driving diaphragm blades, a shutter, a lens, and the like is disposed in a barrel of a camera so as to be parallel to the optical axis, the radius of the barrel is the sum of the radius of the lens, the radius of the aperture, and the diameter of the motor. Therefore, the diameter of the barrel of the camera cannot be sufficiently reduced. FIG. 11 illustrates the layout of a light-amount adjusting device, an aperture, and a motor shown in the axial direction. When diameters of a motor M, an aperture 301, and a barrel base plate (light-amount adjusting device) 300 are defined as D1, D2, and D3, respectively, the diameter D3 of the barrel base plate 300 is at least the sum of twice the diameter D1 and the diameter D2. Therefore, toroidal motors having thin thicknesses in the radial direction are demanded for such a use. Furthermore, a reduction in size of the barrel device or the light-amount adjusting device is also demanded.
A stepping motor that resolves the above-described problem is proposed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-51526. FIG. 12 is an exploded perspective view illustrating component parts of another known stepping motor. FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the structure of the stepping motor after assembly. The cross-sectional view is taken at the center of the axis. The stepping motor includes a rotor 401, a first coil 402, a second coil 404, a first stator 418, a second stator 419, and a connecting ring 420.
The rotor 401 is a permanent magnet divided into N sections in the circumferential direction that are alternately polarized. In this case, N equals 16. The first and second coils 402 and 404 are disposed adjacent to the respective ends of the rotor 401 in the axial direction. The first and second stators 418 and 419 are composed of a soft magnetic material, and are excited by the first and second coils 402 and 404, respectively. The connecting ring 420 is composed of a non-magnetic material, and coaxially retains the first and second stators 418 and 419 at a predetermined angle with a predetermined spacing therebetween.
In the stepping motor having the above-described structure, the rotor 401 is fitted into the connecting ring 420, and retained by bearing units 420a and 420i of the connecting ring 420 so as to be rotatable. Output for driving diaphragm blades and a lens barrel is extracted from pins 401t of the rotor 401.
Since the stepping motor is a hollow cylinder, the stepping motor can be disposed in a barrel of a camera so as to be parallel to the optical axis, and diaphragm blades, a shutter, a lens, and the like can be disposed inside the motor. Thus, the diameter of the barrel of the camera can be reduced.
However, in the stepping motor described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-51526, the magnet serving as the rotor is covered with yokes. Thus, the stepping motor needs the pins 401t in order to extract the output. This leads to increases in size, the number of parts, and costs.
Moreover, projections 420t of the connecting ring 420 extend inward in the radial direction from the outer periphery of the rotor 401. Therefore, the projections 420t must be elastically deformed when the rotor 401 is fitted into the connecting ring 420, resulting in poor assembling workability.
Furthermore, the axial-direction distance between the two bearing units 420a and 420i that support the rotor 401 such that the rotor 401 is rotatable cannot be longer than the length of the magnet (rotor) in the axial direction. Therefore, the rotor is easily inclined, and the rotation is not stable.
In addition, gaps in the radial direction are required between the rotor 401 and the stators. This leads to an increase in magnetic resistance and a reduction in space efficiency, and thus high torque cannot be obtained.


A luminescence conversion element for wavelength conversion of primary electromagnetic radiation into secondary electromagnetic radiation includes first luminescent material particles that, when excited by the primary electromagnetic radiation, emit a first electromagnetic radiation, a peak wavelength of which is at least 515 nm to at most 550 nm of a green region of the electromagnetic spectrum; second luminescent material particles that, when excited by the primary electromagnetic radiation, emit a second electromagnetic radiation, a peak wavelength of which is at least 595 nm to at most 612 nm of a yellow-red region of the electromagnetic spectrum; and third luminescent material particles that, when excited by the primary electromagnetic radiation, emit a third electromagnetic radiation, a peak wavelength of which is at least 625 nm to at most 660 nm of a red region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

DE 102011078402 A1 describes a conversion element and a light-emitting diode with such a conversion element.
It could nonetheless be helpful to provide a luminescence conversion element suitable to generate electromagnetic radiation with predefinable spectral characteristics, an optoelectronic semiconductor component, and a method of producing such an optoelectronic semiconductor component that emits electromagnetic radiation with predefinable spectral characteristics.

Luminescence conversion element and optoelectronic semiconductor component comprising such a luminescence conversion element and method of producing same


There is provided a power system for an area containing a set of power consumers which can be applied to a collective housing consisting of a single or more buildings and can prevent power supply stop of a supply line having a higher priority. The system includes: means for cutting off each of the power supply lines in a single power consumer section from a remote management section by remote operation; means for setting the power consumption limit amount within the maximum power that can be supplied to the single power consumption section via the Internet; and means for setting the power supply priority for the power supply lines in advance and outputting an instruction to cut off power in the power supply line having the lowest power supply priority by the remote out-off means when the remote measurement value of the total power consumption amount exceeds the set value of the power consumption limit amount.

Electric power is important as means for supplying energy, and a power failure due to supply shortage has been a problem caused by excessive electric power consumption. For example, the supplier's side cannot deal with a large consumption of electric power for air conditioning during summer, thereby causing a power failure in a particular region. A technology has been proposed which corrects such an unbalance between supply and demand of electric power and, furthermore, optimizes a balance between supply and demand of general energy including electric power by means of IT (Information Technology) which fully utilizes networks and computers.
In particular, in recent years, restrictions on business of selling electricity from a power producer and supplier (PPS) to any consumers are removed. Hence, in electric power supply, business providing new additional services attractive to customers has been sought. Under such circumstances, there is a demand, for technology to optimize electric power supply and demand, and improve the convenience of customers, and such technology has been being proposed.
In such proposals, electrical devices and electric power systems for a general-purpose power source or a house have been known which prevent as much as possible supply interruption of a supply line having a high order of priority set by a manager or a resident (see Patent Documents 1 to 8). For example, in Patent Document 1, an overload prevention control device is disclosed in which an electric apparatus having the lowest order of priority is first detached from a power source. Further, in Patent Document 2, a control device is disclosed which performs interruption according to the order of presettable priority of device interruption when the contract demand with an electric power company is exceeded.
However, for an electric power system for collective housing composed of a single or a plurality of buildings, or for an electric power system for a developing area, such as a narrow housing developing area within several hundred meters, in which a plurality of buildings are dispersed and scattered, an appropriate system for preventing as much as possible supply interruption of a supply line having a high order of the abovementioned priority has not been proposed. Specifically, in a conventional system shown in, for example, FIG. 4 (a conventional system for supplying electric power to collective housing composed of a single building through a plurality of supply lines and managing the electric power), interruption means C for an electric power distribution line not having remote interruption means are only provided in a switchboard 16 of a residence section 14 of a resident for protecting overcurrent. Hence, it has been difficult to prevent as much as possible supply interruption of a supply line having a high order of priority. It has been known that an individual resident of a collective housing may place a device described in Patent Document 1 or 2 in a residence section. However, a system capable of providing flexibility to interruption conditions for allowing the conditions to be freely set through the Internet has not been proposed.
The present applicant has proposed an electric power meter suitable for a system which supplies electric power to collective housing composed of a single or a plurality of buildings through a plurality of supply lines and manages the electric power. This electric power meter is suitable for controlling a balance between supply and demand of electric power through utilizing IT (Information Technology) (see Patent Document 9). However, any specific system has not been proposed which has this electric power meter applied to an electric power system of collective housing composed of a single or a plurality of buildings to thereby prevent as mush as possible supply interruption of a supply line having a high order of priority individually set by a resident.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open Publication No. Sho 57-130543 "OVERLOAD PREVENTION CONTROL DEVICE", Kitatani Electric Industry Co., Ltd.
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 3-285518 "ELECTRIC POWER CONTROL DEVICE FOR HOUSEHOLD ELECTRIC APPLIANCE", NEC Corporation
Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 11-341707 "REMOTE AUTOMATIC POWER SOURCE SWITCHING DEVICE", RONIKKU Co., Ltd.
Patent Document 4: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-83323 "POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM", MIYAMOTO ENGINEERING CO., LTD.
Patent Document 5: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-13933 "CONTROL SWITCHBOARD", NEC Engineering, Ltd.
Patent Document 6: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-319572 "ELECTRIC POWER CONTROL SYSTEM FOR INDOOR EQUIPMENT", Nippon Telegram and Telephone Corporation.
Patent Document 7: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-320849 "POWER SOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM", NEC Fielding, Ltd.
Patent Document 8: Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2004-129477"LOAD LIMITING DEVICE", Dainichi Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Patent Document 9: Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-293336"METHOD FOR MEASURING AMOUNT OF ELECTRIC POWER USAGE AND ELECTRIC POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM" INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY BANK CORP.

Power system for area containing a set of power consumers


In an archive device which has a disc storing case which stores a plurality of discs, a disc writing/reading unit having an ODD, and a disc conveying unit which conveys each of the discs between both, the fixing strength for a drive fixer to be incorporated to fix the ODD can be increased. The archive device includes holding members which fix surfaces of the ODD in a direction parallel to a direction in which the disc is delivered and received between the disc conveying unit and the ODD, one of the holding members integrally including a detecting member which detects a relative position of the disc storing case with respect to the ODD. The holding members for the surfaces of the ODD may be individual components, and may be integrally formed.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an archive device. More specifically, the present invention relates to an archive device which can increase the fixing strength of a drive fixer which fixes an optical disc drive (hereinafter, ODD) to be incorporated.
(2) Description of the Related Art
As a device which writes and reads information data, a storage device using an optical disc which is a removable recording medium has been widely used.
The recording capacity of the optical disc has been increased due to the widespread use of Blu-ray discs and the increase of the number of recording layers in recent years. However, many industries including the finance industry need to store large-capacity data over a long period, so that a further increase of the recording capacity has been desired. Therefore, as a large-capacity storage device which is suitable for storing data over a long period, an archive device using the optical disc has been developed.
The archive device includes a storing portion which can store a plurality of optical discs therein, and an ODD. The ODD writes and reads information data to and from the optical discs. Further, the archive device has a conveying mechanism which selects any one of the optical discs stored in the storing portion and inserts the disc into the ODD and removes the disc from the ODD to store the disc into the storing portion.


The present invention relates to a method for treating comorbid anxiety disorders and depression disorders, as well as for preventing depression disorders in individuals affected by anxiety disorders, by administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of general formula (I):

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) it is estimated that mental and neurological diseases affect nearly 700 million people in the world, which represents one third of all cases of non-communicable diseases.
Anxiety disorders are defined by psychic conditions comprising symptoms common to an acute or excessive anxiety setting, which plays a key role in the behavioral and psychological processes of the individual, resulting in losses on his professional and social performance.
According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America—ADAA, anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses in the United States, affecting about 40 million adults above 18 years, i.e. 18% of the population.
In Brazil, the most recent statistical study regarding the prevalence of mental illness is São Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey, a study conducted in great Sao Paulo sponsored by FAPESP. This study, whose statistics were published in the Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (2011 ed., page 55), the incidence of anxiety disorders affects 19.9% of a population, out of 29.6% of individuals who alleged to have been affected by mental disorders within 12 months before the interview.
It is estimated that only one third of individuals affected by any anxiety disorder receive treatment. This low index is caused by factors such as prejudice, fear, incomprehension, lack of information about this mental disturbance and inability to seek assistance due to the condition itself.
According to DSM-IV—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition, Text Revision) anxiety disorders include: panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder due to general medical conditions, substance-induced anxiety disorder and anxiety disorder without specific cause.
Although this manual intends to categorize the various anxiety disorders through descriptive and observable definitions, in practice, these definitions represent only a part of the clinic observed reality. Frequently, health care professionals face health frameworks whose standardization to the disorders described in DSM is inadequate for patients under treatment. This is due to phenomena such as comorbidity and frequent setting of atypical and sub-clinical symptoms.
A collaborative study of the World Health Organization about the psychological problems in general health treatment ("The World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborative Study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care") pointed out that anxiety and depression disorders are the most frequent co-occurring psychiatric disorders. In this study, among patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder, 45% also had depression disorder, of which 40% also had anxiety disorder.
According to DSM-IV, depression disorders include major depressive disorder or major depression, dysthymic disorder or dysthymia and minor depression. This category also includes atypical mood disorders, whose development occur under special or singular circumstances, which are psychotic depression, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder and bipolar disorder.
Two long-term studies indicated the existence of a correlation between anxiety and depression. The study, known as "Munich follow-up Study" (Wittchen H U, Essau C A. Comorbidity of anxiety disorders and depression: does it affect course and outcome? Psychiatry Psychobiol. 1989, 4: 315-323; Lifetime and Six-month Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the Munich Follow-up Study—Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1992, 241: 247-258) demonstrated that most individuals with both disorders initially presented pure anxiety diagnosis before depression. This same observation was made in the study known as "Zurich Cohort Study of Young Adults" (Angst J, M Vollrath, Merikangas K R, Ernst c. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. In: Maser J D, Cloninger C R, eds. Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1990: 123-137). These studies also evidenced that individuals originally diagnosed with pure depression tend to remain with this diagnosis. These observations demonstrated that anxiety has a strong correlation with depression, and could trigger it over time.
In general terms, individuals from comorbid anxiety disorders to depression disorders have more severe symptoms, which leads to a more accentuated disability percentage than it is observed in patients with any of these pure disorders. The course of the disease is less favorable in patients with comorbid condition, since the response to antidepressant treatment and remission of symptoms is significantly lower (Medicographia. 2009, 31: 126-131).
Although anxiety disorders are different from depression disorders, people with depression usually develop symptoms similar to anxiety disorders, such as nervousness, irritability, sleeping problems and concentration. Even so, each disorder has its own cause, as well as behavioral and emotional symptoms. Many of the individuals who develop depression showed some history of anxiety disorder in their lives. Although there is no evidence that a disorder causes the other, it is clearly evident that many individuals are affected by both (source: http://www.adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/depression).
In a recent research on the determining factors for the lack of response in patients with treatment-resistant depression, the presence of any comorbid anxiety disorder was the most significant factor associated with this lack of response (Souery D, Oswald P, Massat I, et al; Group for the Study of Resistant Depression. Clinical factors associated with treatment resistance in major depressive disorder: results from a European multicenter study. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2007, 68: 1062-1070).
Much progress was made on the understanding that the comorbid anxiety disorders to depression disorders are a very common condition. If not treated properly, patients with this comorbidity have a recovery lower than patients with another pure condition, besides of presenting more severe symptoms and in higher number than those observed in patients diagnosed with depression.
Presently, there are several classes of medicines that are used in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Benzodiazepines for long corresponded to the group of medicines of choice for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Although they are effective in relieving symptoms related to these disorders, this class of medicines triggers tolerance, causes physical dependence and, when the use is interrupted after a long period of time, causes withdrawal syndrome. Due to these disadvantages, this type of medicine is usually prescribed for short periods of time, especially for patients with a history of alcohol abuse or of development of medicine dependence. Examples of medicines belonging to this class are alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam and oxazepam, among others.
Buspirone is a partial agonist of 5-HT1A receptors which has effect in the treatment of anxiety. Since it acts on the serotonergic system, this medicine is associated with a lower incidence of side effects when compared to benzodiazepines. The time required to establish the anxiolytic effect provided by this medicine is considerably long, from four to six weeks to be effective, which is a disadvantage and restricts its use in cases of emergency. Besides this factor, many clinical professionals do not believe that its effectiveness is comparable to that of benzodiazepines (Uriel Halbreich and Stuart A. Montgomery—Pharmacotherapy for Mood, Anxiety, and Cognitive Disorders—American Psychiatric Press. Ed. 2000, pg. 336).
Many medicines originally developed for treating depression relieved the symptoms observed in anxiety disorders.
Tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, desipramime, amitriptyline and clomipramine, among others, were the first medicines developed to treat depression that demonstrated a relieve of symptoms observed in anxiety disorders. The medicines have In common structures comprised by three fused rings, and most of them act as serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, blocking the serotonin transporter and the norepinephrine transporter. They also act on muscarinic receptors of cholinergic system and act as antagonists on histamine receptors H1 and H2. Due to the multiple activity on several receptors and transporters, tricyclic drugs are associated with a wide range of side effects, the most dangerous being those related to cardiac and central nervous systems, in case of overdose. Besides this factor, these medicines also trigger the withdrawal syndrome, requiring a gradual reduction of dose until the complete withdrawal. The withdrawal syndrome caused by this class of medicines includes symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, unrest, insomnia, headaches, dizziness, runny nose, tremor, chills, weakness, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, abdominal spasms, malaise, anxiety and irritability, among others (Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1981, 125(5): 420-422).
With the development of modern medicines for the treatment of depression, which target a narrower range of receptors or carriers, these new medicines, considered more selective, occupied the place of the tricyclic antidepressants and also earned their place in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Among the preferred medicines currently employed the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, known as ISRS (or SSRI in English) are worthy to mention. Examples of compounds belonging to this class are paroxetine, fluoxetine, citalopram, escitalopram and sertraline. As buspirone, the therapeutic effect of ISRSs takes between four to six weeks to be reached achieved, which is a disadvantage. These medicines have a smaller range of side effects, the most common of them being weight gain, insomnia and particularly sexual dysfunction. It is estimated that the percentage of patients that develop some kind of sexual dysfunction associated with the use of ISRSs is between 30% to 60% of patients treated (Gregorian R S et al., Ann. Pharmacother., 2002, 36 (10): 1577-1589), an extremely high percentage and that certainly interferes significantly with treatment compliance. Moreover, as in previous cases, the ISRSs also trigger the withdrawal syndrome whose main symptoms are nausea, headaches, electric shock sensations, insomnia, tremor, confusion, nightmares and vertigo, as well as psychological symptoms such as anxiety, unrest, crying, irritability and aggressiveness.
Another class of medicines that have been currently highlighted for treating anxiety is comprised by the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, known as IRSN (or SNRI in English). This class of medicines includes compounds such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. As dual inhibitors, these medicines act on serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, being subject to the same side effects and withdrawal syndrome observed for ISRSs. Therapeutically, these medicines act by inhibiting serotonin reuptake when used in low concentration and, when used in high concentrations, they inhibit norepinephrine reuptake.
Agomelatine is an antidepressant that was recently placed on the market. This medication has a mixed action mechanism, acting through the agonism of melatoninergic MT1 and MT2 receptors, and the antagonism of serotonergic 5-HT2C receptors. Although its use is approved for the treatment of depression, some studies indicate potential to be used in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (Levitan, N M et al. em Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2012, 20(6): 504-509 —A review of preliminary observations on agomelatine in the treatment of anxiety disorders).
Although there are several options for treating anxiety disorders, all drugs developed so far present negative features, many of which interfere with its clinical use. Among them, there should be highlighted the trend of benzodiazepines in developing physical dependence, issues related to withdrawal syndrome observed in all classes of medicines mentioned and, when considering the two classes of medicines more employed nowadays for the treatment of anxiety disorders, ISRS and IRSN, besides of the withdrawal syndrome triggered by an abrupt interruption of medication, the use of these inhibitors is associated with a high percentage in triggering some kind of sexual dysfunction, which negatively interferes on patient compliance to treatment.
Among the current possibilities for treating anxiety disorders, the need in developing medicines with greater efficiency and less prone to induce withdrawal syndrome still exists.
Surprisingly, it was found that the compounds of general formula (I), where R1 is —OCH3 or —CN, are potent anxiolytic.

A complementary study conducted with the compound of general formula (I), where R1 is —OCH3, showed that, besides of being anxiolytic, this compound cannot trigger the withdrawal syndrome.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method of treatment of anxiety disorder comorbid with depression disorder

Abstract: wherein R1 is —OCH3 or —CN    or suitable pharmaceutical salts, hydrates or anhydrates thereof.


A display device and a method for manufacturing the display device are provided. The display device includes an organic layer on an auxiliary wiring is removed with high precision by one operation and, thereby, the yield and the productivity are improved. A lower electrode is formed by patterning in each pixel on a substrate. An auxiliary wiring including a light absorption layer is formed between individual pixels. An organic layer is formed on the substrate while covering the lower electrodes. Laser irradiation is conducted from the organic layer side, the laser light is converted to heat in the light absorption layer exposed at a portion under the organic layer, and the organic layer portion above the light absorption layer is removed selectively. An upper electrode is formed on the organic layer and is connected to the light absorption layer portion of the auxiliary wiring.

The present application relates to a method for manufacturing a display device and to a display device. In particular, it relates to a method for manufacturing a display device, in which a plurality of organic electroluminescent elements are disposed, and a display device produced by this method.
An organic electroluminescent element taking advantage of electroluminescence (EL) of an organic material (so-called organic electroluminescent element) is configured by holding an organic layer, which is a laminate of a hole transporting layer, a light emitting layer, and the like, between a lower electrode and an upper electrode, and has been noted as a light emitting element capable of emitting high luminance light by low voltage direct current driving. A display device including such an organic electroluminescent element (hereafter simply referred to as a display device) is an excellent flat panel type display device and has been developed toward the scale-up of screen from the viewpoint of the color reproducibility and the response speed.
The above-described display device is allowed to deliver higher performance on the basis of active matrix drive by including thin film transistors (TFTs) to drive organic electroluminescent elements. In the active matrix-driven display device, an interlayer insulation film is disposed covering TFTs, and organic electroluminescent elements are disposed on the interlayer insulation film. Lower electrodes of individual organic electroluminescent elements are formed on the interlayer insulation film by patterning on a pixel basis while being connected to the TFTs. An organic layer of the organic electroluminescent elements is disposed on these lower electrodes. An upper electrode is disposed as a solid film common to organic electroluminescent elements of individual pixels, while organic layers are held between the lower electrodes and the upper electrode.
For the above-described active matrix-driven display device, a so-called top emission type, in which the emitted light is taken out from the side opposite to a substrate provided with the TFT, is effective at ensuring an aperture ratio. In this case, it is desired that the upper electrode is formed from a transparent material or a translucent material. However, the upper electrode including such a material as a solid film common to individual pixels has a high resistance value and display quality is significantly deteriorated due to a voltage drop. Consequently, the resistance of the upper electrode is reduced by forming an auxiliary wiring between pixels as the same layer with the lower electrode and connecting the upper electrode to the auxiliary wiring.
However, as pixel sizes and pixel pitches have been made finer in recent years, organic layers are formed having different colors on a pixel corresponding to each color of RGB basis, and tend to significantly extend in between pixels and cover the auxiliary wiring. In the configuration in which the organic layer is formed as a solid film common to individual pixels in consideration of the limit of differentiation in colors of the organic layers due to the above-described miniaturization, all over the surface of the auxiliary wiring is covered with the organic layer. In this case, the contact between the auxiliary wiring and the upper electrode becomes poor due to the organic layer on the auxiliary wiring.
Consequently, a method in which the organic layer on the auxiliary wiring has been removed by ablation through laser irradiation has been proposed. In this case, the irradiation portion of the laser light (radiant ray) is set by using a mask having an opening at the position corresponding to the auxiliary wiring, and the organic layer portion on the auxiliary wiring is selectively ablated. Alternatively, the laser light is applied after being aligned with the auxiliary wiring and, thereby, the organic layer portion on the auxiliary wiring is selectively ablated (refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-11810, in particular, paragraphs [0031] and [0032]).
However, according to the above-described method disclosed by Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-11810, a misalignment between the auxiliary wiring and the mask opening and a misalignment between the auxiliary wiring and the position of the laser irradiation tend to occur, and a reduction of the yield results. In particular, in the method in which a mask is used, the production cost is increased due to the use of the mask. In the method in which the laser light is applied after being aligned with the auxiliary wiring, an operation time is increased as compared with that of the laser irradiation by one operation and, therefore, the production efficiency is reduced.
It is desired to provide a method for manufacturing a display device provided with organic electroluminescent elements and a display device produced by the method, wherein an organic layer on an auxiliary wiring is removed with high precision by one operation and, thereby, the yield is improved and the productivity is improved.

Display device and method for manufacturing display device


Provided is a production printing system for production printing capable of variable printing for specifying printing, post-processing, and an output destination. The production printing system process variable data for production printing. The variable document creation unit creates a variable document in which condition is set for each record. The job ticket creation unit creates a job ticket that specifies prepress, printing, post-processing, and output destination according to the condition set for each the record of the variable document created by the variable document creation unit. The variable processing unit performs processing by using the job ticket created by the job ticket creation unit.

The present disclosure relates specifically to a production printing system, a server, and a variable printing method.
In industrial printing, which is called production printing by using commercial (industrial) printing equipment, the components of the final product are manufactured by dividing the work into multiple processes. For example, in the case of bookbinding, a cover, a body (color), a body (black and white), a promotional material, a band, a shipping envelope, and the like, are processed as different jobs, respectively. Then, in the middle of the process, each job is combined and finished as a final product, a book.
On the other hand, there is a variable printing technology that prints differently for each record in the database by using a common form, or the like.
As a typical variable printing technology, a print control program and a variable printing system capable of easily setting an output form for each record on the apparatus side instructing variable printing are described. In this technology, image layout information that associates each record with an image to be printed is generated based on a database in which a plurality of records is described. In addition, the apparatus information in which the print setting condition of the apparatus that executes variable printing are described is acquired. Then, based on the information set by using the database and the apparatus information, the print setting information that associates each record with the print setting condition is generated. It also outputs image layout information and print setting information.

Production printing system, server, and variable printing method capable of variable printing for specifying printing, post-processing, and output destination


The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention includes: a groove forming step of forming a groove in an insulating layer made of an insulating material containing Si and O; an alloy film applying step of covering the side surface and the bottom surface of the groove with an alloy film made of an alloy material containing Cu and Mn by sputtering; a thinning step of reducing the thickness of a portion of the alloy film covering the bottom surface of the groove; a wire forming step of forming a Cu wire made of a metallic material mainly composed of Cu in the groove after the thinning step; and a barrier film forming step of forming a barrier film made of MnSiO between the Cu wire and the insulating layer by heat treatment.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device having a Cu wire made of a metallic material mainly composed of Cu (copper).
2. Description of Related Art
In a highly integrated semiconductor device, Cu having higher conductivity than Al (aluminum) may be employed as the material for a wire. A wire made of Cu is embedded in a fine groove formed in an insulating film (an interlayer dielectric film) on a semiconductor substrate by a damascene process, since it is difficult to finely pattern Cu by dry etching.
In general, SiO2 is employed as the material for the insulating film. However, Cu has high diffusibility into SiO2. When the inner surface of the groove formed in the insulating film made of SiO2 and the wire made of Cu are directly in contact with each other, Cu diffuses into the insulating film. This diffusion tends to reduce the dielectric voltage of the insulating film. Therefore, a barrier film for preventing Cu from diffusing into the insulating film must be provided between the insulating film and the wire made of Cu.
A self-formation process employing a CuMn alloy is known as a technique of forming the barrier film. In the self-formation process, an alloy film made of an alloy of Cu and Mn (manganese) is formed on the surface of the insulating film including the inner surface of the groove by sputtering, in advance of formation of the wire. Then, a plating layer made of Cu is formed on the alloy film by plating. Thereafter heat treatment is performed, whereby Mn in the alloy film is bonded to Si (silicon) and O (oxygen) in the insulating film, and a barrier film made of MnxSiyOz (x, y and z: numbers greater than zero. MnxSiyOz is hereinafter simply referred to as "MnSiO") is formed between the plating layer and the insulating film, i.e., on the inner surface of the groove.
Excess Mn not contributing to the formation of the barrier film diffuses into the plating layer made of Cu. If the quantity of Mn diffusing into the plating layer is large, Mn remains in the Cu wire formed by planarizing the plating layer, to increase the resistance of the wire. Therefore, the alloy film made of the CuMn alloy is preferably formed with a thickness necessary and sufficient for forming the barrier film.
When the alloy film is formed by sputtering, however, the CuMn alloy is harder to bond to the side surfaces of the groove as compared with the bottom surface thereof. If the alloy film is formed with a small thickness as a whole to have the thickness necessary and sufficient for forming the barrier film on the bottom surface of the groove, therefore, portions of the alloy film formed on the side surfaces of the groove are excessively reduced in thickness. Consequently, adhesiveness between the alloy film and the side surfaces of the groove may be reduced, to result in separation of the alloy film from the side surfaces of the groove. When the alloy film separates from the side surfaces of the groove, the barrier film made of MnSiO cannot be excellently formed on the separating portions.
If the alloy film is formed with a thickness not causing separation of the alloy film on the side surfaces of the groove, on the other hand, the thickness of a portion of the alloy film formed on the bottom surface of the groove is increased more than necessary. Consequently, the quantity of Mn contained in the alloy film is excessively increased, to disadvantageously cause an increase in wiring resistance resulting from the increased quantity of Mn remaining in the Cu wire.

Method of manufacturing semiconductor device


A method for forming an MRAM bit is described that includes providing a covering layer over an integrated circuit structure. In one embodiment, the covering layer includes tantalum. A first mask layer is formed over the covering layer followed by a second mask layer. The first mask layer and second mask layer are etchable by the same etching process. The first and second mask layer are etched. Etch residue is removed from the first and second mask layers. The first mask layer is then selectively removed and the second mask layer remains.

During the 1950s and 1960s, magnetic core memories were the predominant storage technology for the working memory of computing systems. The magnetic core memory technology was costly. In the 1970s, magnetic core memories were replaced with integrated circuits, including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and including static random access memory (SRAM). Non-volatile memories, such as FLASH memory for example, have been developed to address the problem of data volatility. Because of the rapid advancement in semiconductor density coupled with the advent of the DRAM cell, magnetic storage technology was not used for high-speed on-line memory, but rather was left to be used for low-cost, high-density memory in the form of various disk drive technologies.
The semiconductor industry continuously strives to reduce the size and cost of memory, increase the speed for accessing memory, and improve the reliability of memory. One particular problem confronting the semiconductor industry is that of reducing the size of the memory cell in a Random Access Memory (RAM).
Magnetic storage such as Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) technology has been proposed as a replacement or supplement to the DRAM. In the MRAM structures that are being proposed, the capacitor storage element of the DRAM cell is replaced by a magnetic element that has a magnetic moment and is characterized by a predominant or easy axis of magnetization. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the magnetic moment is oriented along the easy axis of magnetization in one of two stable states. In magnetoresistance technology, one of the stable states for the magnetic moment of the magnetic element is a high resistance state and the other of the stable states is a low resistance state.
Conventional etching processes for MRAM have been found to be too aggressive which results in etching layers that are not intended to be etched. Unintentional etching may create undesirable residues such as metals, metal alloys, etc., which in some applications include tantalum (Ta). The residues have been found to form footings adjacent the bases of bit masks. Aggressive etching techniques must be employed to remove the footings. However, aggressive etching causes further unwanted etching of MRAM layers. Etching of the MRAM layers may cause shorting of the MRAM bit or create a defective device.
Without the aggressive etching techniques mentioned above the footings remain adjacent the bit mask base. The presence of footings negatively affects critical dimensions (CD) of the MRAM bit etch mask, which are the desired shape and size of the mask layer. An unintentionally large MRAM bit created because of footing issues may exceed dimensioning tolerances and thus contact other MRAM bits, which degrades performance and may prevent MRAM function, or other integrated circuit structure function.
Therefore, there is a need in the art to overcome the problems attributable to defining an MRAM bit etch mask.

Method of forming a magnetic random access memory structure


A movable electronic device includes at least one camera module, a driving module configured to support movement on a specified path of the electronic device, and a processor electrically connected to the camera module and the driving module. The processor is configured to control the electronic device to perform capture while moving on a specified first path and to set the first path to a second path based on state information about at least one Internet of Things (IoT) device obtained based on a capture image on the first path.

Due to the rapid development of network technology and smart devices, the so-called IoT environment for establishing an intelligent communication infrastructure for objects equipped with communication functions has been proposed. With regard to the operation of the IOT environment, electronic devices of various types that detect abnormal situations based on continuous or periodic monitoring of IoT devices have been developed.

Monitoring system control method and electronic device for supporting same


The present invention has an object to provide an optical glass which has middle refractive index and low dispersibility, a low yield point (Ts) and a liquidus temperature (L.T.) and excellent weather resistance, and is suitable for mold press molding. The present invention relates to an optical glass comprising, in mass % on oxide basis, SiO2: 20 to 40%, B2O3: 10 to 30%, SrO: 10 to 30%, Al2O3: 5.5 to 15%, La2O3: 0.5 to 11%, Li2O: 3 to 12%, CaO: 0 to 10%, BaO: 0 to 9.5%, and ZnO: 0 to 10%.

In recent years, a mold press molding method is widely used as a production method of an optical lens, having high productivity and low production cost. In this production method, a droplet-shaped preform glass heated to a temperature higher than a glass transition temperature is pressed using a pair of upper and lower molds each having a high precision surface, thereby realizing an optical lens having a desired shape.
In general, in a mold press production method, expensive release films are formed on the surfaces of molds in many cases in order to prevent fusion between the mold and a heated glass. However, those release films are liable to deteriorate when exposed to high temperature. As a result, the durability of the mold is decreased, and manufacturing costs are increased. To improve durability of a mold, an optical glass having a low yield point (Ts) and low-temperature softening properties is necessary.
The mold press molding method mostly uses a droplet-shaped preform glass obtained by cooling a dropped glass melt. However, in order to increase production yield of a preform glass, it is necessary to prevent devitrification of a glass during dropping through molding, which is the cause of yield lowering, and optical glass is also required to have a low liquidus temperature (L.T.).
In recent years, a so-called middle refractive index and low dispersion optical lens having a refractive index (nd) of from 1.55 to 1.65 and an Abbe number (νd) of from 55 to 65 is generally used in optical pickup of various optical disc systems such as CD and DVD, video cameras, digital cameras and the like. Demands of those commercial products are remarkably increasing. With the demands, an inexpensive and high quality optical glass for middle refractive index and low dispersion suitable for a press molding method is desired.
Barium crown glass type or heavy crown glass type glasses have conventionally been known as a middle refractive index and low dispersion glass having a refractive index (nd) of from 1.55 to 1.65 and an Abbe number (νd) of from 55 to 65. For example, many glasses of SK (SCHOTT AG, catalog name) type are described in "Glass Composition Data Book, 1991, The Glass Manufacturer's Association of Japan". However, those glasses generally have a high yield point exceeding 600° C., and are therefore not suitable for mold press molding.
To overcome this problem, it has been investigated to add an alkali oxide such as Li2O, Na2O or K2O to those glasses. However, there is the problem that SiO2—B2O3—BaO—R2O glass obtained by merely adding only an alkali oxide to the conventional SiO2—B2O3—BaO glass has poor weather resistance.
In view of the above, addition of weather resistance improvement components as described below has been investigated. However, to realize practically sufficient weather resistance, the component must be added in a large amount, and as a result, there is the problem that other properties such as devitrification resistance and optical properties deteriorate. For example, Patent Document 1 proposes a glass comprising SiO2—B2O3—BaO-R2O glass and added thereto, TiO2 and Nb2O5. However, due to the addition of TiO2 and Nb2O5 in large amounts, low dispersibility of refractive index cannot be realized. Furthermore, Patent Document 2 proposes an optical glass comprising SiO2—B2O3—BaO—R2O glass and added thereto in a large amount, Gd2O3. However, there are the problems that devitrification resistance properties markedly deteriorate, and due to the addition of a large amount of Gd2O3 which is an expensive material, it increases costs.
On the other hand, Patent Document 3 proposes SiO2—B2O3—SrO glass using SrO in place of BaO as an alkali earth oxide. This glass has a low yield point (Ts) and excellent weather resistance, and regarding optical properties, it has middle refractive index and low dispersion properties. However, there are the problems that a liquidus temperature (L.T.) is relatively high, and it is difficult to prepare a preform by a falling-drop method. A middle refractive index and low dispersion optical glass which has overcome those problems has been desired.
Patent Document 1: JP-A-6-107425
Patent Document 2: JP-A-2004-2178
Patent Document 3: JP-A-7-149536


In a method for synthesizing polymeric microstructures, a monomer stream is flowed, at a selected flow rate, through a fluidic channel. At least one shaped pulse of illumination is projected to the monomer stream, defining in the monomer stream a shape of at least one microstructure corresponding to the illumination pulse shape while polymerizing that microstructure shape in the monomer stream by the illumination pulse.

This invention relates generally to polymer materials, and more particularly relates to techniques for synthesizing polymeric microstructures.
Polymeric microstructures are important for a wide range of applications, including MEMS, biomaterials, drug delivery, self-assembly, and other applications. The ability to controllably synthesize such microstructures, herein defined as structures having features in the size range of about 10 nm to about 1000 μm, is increasingly significant for enabling applications such as paints, rheological fluids, catalysis, diagnostics, and photonic materials. Monodisperse polymeric microstructures, herein defined as having a microstructure size distribution where >90% of the distribution lies within 5% of the median microstructure size, are particularly desirable as they can exhibit a constant and predictable response to external fields and can self-assemble in a predictable manner.
Conventionally, polymer microstructure synthesis is carried out by a batch process such as photolithography, stamping, or emulsion polymerization, or by an emulsion-based microfluidic technique such as flow-through microfluidic synthesis. Although these techniques have provided significant advances in microstructure synthesis, it is found in general that each limits microstructure composition and/or geometry. For example, photolithographic techniques generally limit the microstructure material to that which is compatible with a photolithographic process, e.g., requiring a photoresist as the structural material. Historically, the synthesis of polymeric microstructures with microfluidics has focused almost exclusively on spheroidal microstructures, in part because the minimization of microstructure interfacial energy leads to the formation of spheres or deformations of spheres such as rods, ellipsoids or discs, or cylinders.
In addition to these limitations in polymeric microstructure composition and geometry, conventional polymeric microstructure synthesis generally requires isotropic structural arrangements of materials. Further, the through-put of such processes is typically limited by a requirement for making one structure at a time or a limited photo-mask-defined field of structures at a time. These limitations in polymeric microstructure synthesis through-put, microstructure geometry, morphology, and functionality have restricted the ability to address the growing number of critical applications for which polymeric microstructures could be well suited.

Microstructure synthesis by flow lithography and polymerization


Methods, systems, and computer readable media for preventing traffic congestion in a long term evolution (LTE) multi-user equipment (multi-UE) simulator device are disclosed. In one example, a method includes transmitting, from a first module to a second module over a shared bus, one of a plurality of LTE subframe signal portions at the beginning of a first transmission interval. The method further includes sending, from the first module to a third module over the shared bus, a trigger signal upon completing the transmission of the LTE signal portion. The method also includes forwarding, from the third module to the second module over the shared bus, decoded control information associated with at least one of the plurality of LTE subframe signal portions during an idle time period defined by the receipt of the trigger signal and the beginning of a second transmission interval.

In response to growing customer demand for mobile data, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined specifications for an improved IP-based network called the LTE network. LTE promises true mobile broadband by delivering peak user data rates of ups to 300 Mbps on the downlink and 150 Mbps on the uplink, with user plane latency of less than 5 ms.
Long term evolution and other radio communications technologies can require significant infrastructure and configuration. Generally, network operators test various aspects of their network equipment to ensure reliable and efficient operation. Network operators typically simulate various conditions before equipment is deployed in a live network to decrease avoidable delays and other problems. Comprehensive testing with realistic network scenarios and user traffic is critical in validating the eNode B performs to specifications on initial deployment. This presents many new testing challenges which may be addressed by utilizing user equipment simulation testing systems. The UE simulation testing systems may be configured to generate various levels of data traffic that simulates capacity or overload conditions that may be experienced by an eNode B.
The generation of data traffic to conduct such stress tests, however, can cause problems within an LTE multi-UE simulator node itself. For example, multiple components within an LTE multi-UE simulator node simultaneously send data to the same endpoint via the device's backplane or bus. As a result, bus collisions occur, which cause traffic throughput to be reduced and/or transmitted data to be corrupted. For instance, two different modules within an LTE multi-UE simulator node may both write data over the shared bus to the downlink signal chain field programmable gate array at or near the same time.
Accordingly, in light of these difficulties, a need exists for improved methods, systems, and computer readable media for preventing traffic congestion within an LTE multi-UE simulator device.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media for preventing traffic congestion within a long term evolution (LTE) multi-user equipment (multi-UE) simulator device


A laser level with a sensorless DC motor controller having a feedback sampling circuit connected in parallel with the coil to sense back EMF. An integrator provides a feedback signal from the sensed back EMF, which the amplified difference from a reference level is used as a pulse width control signal. A pulse width modulation generator uses the control signal to generate variable “on” time pulse widths for each motor drive pulse such that high resolution is provided to the DC motor, permitting accurate rotor position at low rotational speeds. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract to allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that is will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

The present invention relates generally to the control of DC motors, and particularly, but not exclusively, to a method and apparatus providing electronic rotor pointing with high angular resolution using a sensorless permanent magnet DC motor.
There are numerous techniques in the prior art for controlling the positioning of a rotor of a permanent magnet (PM) DC motor. These techniques can be generalized into two major categories. The first category generally includes those techniques in which a PM DC motor is designed to move at a precise speed in synchronism with, or locked to, the waveform of the driving voltage or current which energizes the windings. PM stepper motors, which have a permanent magnet in the form of a rotor magnetized in alternate polarity "stripes" parallel to the rotor shaft, are used with this type of technique. The step size (angular resolution) of such a motor is entirely a function of the angular "width" of these magnetized stripes, and an angular resolution of 7.5 degrees is common in most inexpensive motors. However, costs increase greatly if such motors are to provide high resolution in the 2 to 5 arc minute range. Additionally, PM stepper motors move in steps by sending pulse trains of varying polarity to multiple windings. The frequency of the pulses and the phasing between the pulses applied to the various windings determines the speed and direction of motor motion, respectively. As a result, precise control over rotor positioning is provided, but at the cost of control circuitry complexity.
The second category of PM DC motor rotor positioning techniques includes those in which sensors are external to, or built into, the motor. Typically, such position sensors include Hall effect sensors and optical encoders. With Hall effect sensors, resolution is limited by the number, the positioning accuracy, and the gain tolerance of the sensors. With optical encoders, high resolution is provide at a higher cost. Optical encoders require electronics for decoding and accumulation. Such a system requires initialization, and over time may also require alignment and adjustment. Accommodating either Hall effect sensors or optical encoders also increases the size of the resulting device.
Conventional laser levels typically use the rotor of a sensorless permanent magnet DC motor to rotate a prism. The prism reflects a beam of laser light used in leveling operations. The operator controls such a sensorless DC motor using open loop control (no feedback) and therefore, moves the beam at a desired speed by increasing or decreasing the DC voltage applied to the motor. In order to position a beam in a desired direction with such an arrangement, the operator typically jogs the DC motor (applies a succession of voltage pulses) to point the laser beam at a small, distant object. However, with open loop control, rotor pointing by jogging the motor is inaccurate, often unrepeatable, and can be frustrating to the operator due to the lack of reliable beam pointing.
For example, stopping the laser beam on a two-inch wide object 100 feet away requires a DC motor speed of about one revolution per minute given an average human reaction time of 100 ms and a typical 6:1 drive ratio. However, rotating a DC motor at such slow speeds is problematic, since a motor's resolution changes with temperature and at different angular positions due to unavoidable variations in the manufacturing process and wear patterns of a motor's bearings. These variations make fine positioning operations at such a slow speed difficult with open loop control of a PM DC motor. However, due to space and cost considerations, using a stepper motor and/or position sensors in a laser level for closed loop rotor positioning control of the DC motor to provide acceptable resolution is not economical.
Therefore, a method and apparatus are needed for providing electronic rotor pointing to a sensorless permanent magnet DC motor, which take into account friction, temperature, bearing manufacturing, and wear pattern variations to provide accurate, repeatable, and reliable resolution position control.

Electronic rotor pointing with high angular resolution


There is provided an electrical junction box which can improve rigidity of a case body. An electrical junction box includes a block, a case body and an inner cover which regulates a wiring path of an electric wire attached to the block. The case body is formed into a deep box-like shape having a peripheral wall, a bottom wall and an opening portion, wherein a portion of the case body adjacent to the bottom wall has a tapered shape. Cutout portions are formed at two opposing faces of the peripheral wall. A width of the cutout portion is smaller when the case body is in a natural condition in which the block is not housed in the case body than when the block is housed in the case body. The width of the cutout portion is broadened as the block is inserted into the case body.

An automobile is mounted with an electrical junction box. There are various electrical junction boxes of various structures. One known example of such electrical junction box includes an inner cover, as shown in FIG. 8 (refer to PLT 1).
As shown in FIG. 8, an electrical junction box 301 includes a block 302 to which a relay and a fuse are to be attached on the side of an upper face 302a and to which an electric wire 309 is to be attached on the side of a lower face 302b, an undercover 303 arranged to be attached on the side of the lower face 302b of the block, and an inner cover 304 arranged to be attached on the side of the lower face 302b of the block 302 to regulate a wiring path of the electric wires 309.
The undercover 303 includes a peripheral wall 330 and a flat bottom wall 331. A cutout portion 333 for drawing out the electric wires 309 is formed on one face of the peripheral wall 330 and on the bottom wall 331.
The inner cover 304 holds the electric wires 309 between the lower face 302b of the block 302 and the inner cover 304 and thereby regulates the electric wires 309 not to protrude outward from the side face of the block 302. Thus, when the undercover 303 is to be attached to the lower face 302b of the block 302, the inner cover 304 prevents the electric wires 309 from being caught between the side face of the block 302 and the peripheral wall 330 of the undercover 303.


Computer implemented processes and software products generate profiles of entities, such as providers, clients, merchants and customers, and entities comprising interacting pairs of entities. The processes including deriving direct profiles from transaction data pertaining to an entity and enhancing the profile of one entity using the profile of another entity. Parallel and serial applications of the derive and enhance processes on various individual and multiple entites yields enhanced profiles that powerfully describe the interactions and relationship of the entities to each other, and between their members.

1. Technical Field
The present invention related generally to creating statistical models of transactional behavior, useful, for example, for detecting aberrant behavior of individuals or organizations, and more particularly to forming profiles of various entities and combinations of entities for development of such statistical models.
2. Background of the Invention
In many real-world problems involving prediction, detection, forecasting and the like, the problem setting consists of the interactions between different entities such as individuals, organizations or groups. In such cases, the activity related to the problem at hand is largely described by a body of transaction data (historical and/or ongoing) that captures the behaviors of the relevant entites. Examples of such problems abound in everyday life. A few sample settings along with the corresponding transaction data and related entites are described below in Table 1.
TABLE 1Problem/SettingTransactionsEntitiesHealthcare fraud and abuseClaims (inpatient andClient (Patient), Doctor,detectionoutpatient)Hospital, Pharmacy, LabCredit Card fraud detectionPurchases, Payments, Non-Account holder, Merchant,monetary transactionsCredit Card issuerBank Checking SystemCheck processing transactionsAccount holder, Bank, TellerFood Stamp fraud detectionFood Stamp transactionsRetailer, Client
In each of these settings, the common phenomenon is the fact that the encounters between the different entities are captured in the form of the associated transactions.
An entity is an operational unit within a given setting, application or environment and represents objects that interact within that setting, application or environment. The members of an entity are generally objects of a similar type. Different entities interact with each other and their interactions are encapsulated in the transaction data corresponding to that application. Thus, examples of entities in a healthcare setting are clients, providers (this includes doctors, hospitals, pharmacies, etc.), clients' families, etc. and their interactions are captured in the claims data; i.e. the interaction of a healthcare provider and a patient is captured in a claim by the provider for reimbursement. In the credit card world, the interacting entities are account holders, merchants, credit card issuers, and the like and their interactions are captured through different types of transactions such as purchases and payments.
Usually, entities correspond to individuals or organizations that are part of the setting, as the examples in the previous paragraph illustrate. However, more abstract entities characterizing a transaction may also be defined. Examples include procedure codes (describing the type of healthcare service rendered), disease groups and SIC codes (Standard Industry Codes).
The member of an entity is an individual instance of the entity. For example, a specific doctor is a member of the healthcare provider entity, a particular grocery store is a member of the credit card merchant entity and so on.
A target entity is the primary entity of interest for a given application. Usually, it is the focus of some type of analysis such as a statistical model or a rule. A target entity interacts with other entities through the transactions. Thus, in provider fraud and abuse detection, the helathcare providers are the target entity while the clients (patients), clients' families, other providers, etc are the entites interacting with the target entity. In credit card fraud, the merchant would be one example of a target entity (depending upon the type of fraud being analyzed) and the interacting entities then are the cardholder, the credit card issuer, etc. Alternatively, a point of sale terminal could be another type of target entity, and the cashiers who use the terminal would be the interacting entities.
As noted above, a transaction captures the information associated with an interaction beween a group of entities. A transaction may initially arise between two entities (e.g. a doctor and a patient) and then be processed by still other entities (e.g. a pharmacy providing a prescription and a laboratory providing a lab test required by the doctor). Different types of transactions will typically capture different types of interactions or interactions between different groups of entities. For example in the credit card setting, a purchase transaction captures the interaction between the cardholder and the merchant, while a payment transaction encapsulates the information regarding the payments made by a cardholder to the credit card issuer. Similarly, in healthcare, an outpatient claim represents the service received by a client (i.e. patient) from a provider as part of an office or home visit, while an inpatient claim encodes data regarding a patient's stay at a hospital or another facility.
The word "profile" literally means "to draw in outline". In the context of the present invention, the word "profile" is used to denote a set of behavioral features (profile variables) that figuratively represents the "outline" of an entity. A profile may be understood as a summary of the historical (and/or ongoing) transactional behavior of the entity, which ideally eliminates the need to store the details of all the historical transactions that are summarized by the profile variables. The values of the profile variables can be used to characterize the different members belonging to that entity. The primary intention of a profile is to capture the behavioral characteristics of an entity's members as exhibited through the transactions, in as complete a manner as possible.
In order to perform a meaningful analysis in settings that are described by a large number of transactions (and supporting data), a rich characterization of the target entities based on their transactional activity is required. This process has two key aspects—                defining a set of profile variables for an entity, and        setting up a process to derive the values of these variables for each member of the entity using the relevant set of transactions.
The profile variables that are thus defined and derived for an entity constitute that entity's profile, that is, constitute a summary of the entity's behavior. Thus, for instance, to build a model that assesses the risk of healthcare providers performing fraudulent/abusive activity, it is desirable to first define characteristics that would help distinguish fraudulent providers from legitimate providers and then build profiles for each provider that include their respective profile variables, derived from the relevant transactions, here claims. The method of transforming the raw transaction data into meaningful behavior features is significant to the effectiveness of any analysis that uses the derived features.
Each profile variable for an entity captures some aspect of the entity's behavior as observed through the transaction data. The comprehensiveness of a profile is determined by the diversity and depth of its profile variables.
A profile variable of an entity may be generally defined as follows:                A formulation that converts data from a set of transactions involving the entity to a scalar quatity that summarizes some aspect of that entity's transactional activity.
Typically, a profile variable is derived by applying a distributional or statistical function to a series of numbers extracted either directly from the entity's transactions, or indirectly through an intermediate profile dataset. Note that a profile and hence a profile variable is generated for each individual member of an entity (e.g. in the case of healthcare providers, a profile will be generated for each individual provider). While the formulation of the profile variable is the same across all members of an entity, the value of the profile variable differs from one member to another depending on the specific transaction activity of the specific member. For example, one doctor (member of a healthcare provider entity) will likely have a different average number of services per month than another doctor (a different member).
The simplest general example of a profile variable for an entity is the number orf transactions. This is derived by applying the summation function to the series of numbers created (from the transaction dataset) by associating an indicator variable that is set to 1 for transactions in which the particular member of the entity is involved and set to 0 for all other transactions.
The specific set of profile variables that should be included in a profile is highly dependent on the application that the profiles are going to be used for. However, even though the interpretation and the relevance of the variables depends on the specific problem at hand, the general definition above applies to any setting, and enables the construction of a common framework through which profile variables may be derived. Common techniques and formulations cna be used to derive variables that have different interpretations in different environments.
For example, consider the healthcare application where the transaction is a claim, the entity is a healthcare provider and the profile variable is the average dollars paid to the provider per claim. This variable would typically be derived by summing the field in each transaction containing the dollar amount for that transaction, across all transactions of a member (provider) and then dividing by the total number of transactions for that member (provider).
Now consider the credit card environment, where the cardholder is an entity and each transaction represents a purchase made by a cardholder. Applying the same type of formulation (i.e. total spent by cardholders for all purchases divided by number of purchases) yields the average dollars spent by a cardholder each time the card is used for a purchase. If instead of the dollar amount, the field contained the time passed since the last transaction, then the same computation yields the average time between purchases for the cardholder. Although these are simple examples, they serve to illustrate the fact that the same mathematical formulation may be applied to derive profile variables in different settings for different entities.
In the past profiles have been created for individual entities and used to devlop statistical models based solely on the profiles of the invidual entities. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,819,226 discloses, among other things, the use of profiles of individual credit card account holders for modeling credit card fraud by such individuals. While this approach is useful for particular applications, in other applications it is desirable to understand the complex interactions between different entities. Accordingly, profiles based only on transactions of individual members of the entity are insufficient to capture these rich interactions between entities in a manner that yields statistically useful information for modeling the interactions between entities.

Cascaded profiles for multiple interacting entities


Embodiments are disclosed that relate to calibrating an eye tracking system for a computing device. For example, one disclosed embodiment provides, in a computing device comprising a gaze estimation system, a method of calibrating the gaze estimation system. The method includes receiving a request to log a user onto the computing device, outputting a passcode entry display image to a display device, receiving image data from one or more eye tracking cameras, and from the image data, determining a gaze scanpath representing a path of a user's gaze on the passcode entry display image. The method further includes comparing the gaze scanpath to a stored scanpath for the user, and calibrating the gaze estimation system based upon a result of comparing the gaze scanpath to the stored scanpath for the user.

Eye tracking may be used in computing systems to detect user inputs made by gazing at virtual and/or real objects. For example, a computing device may be configured to detect user interactions with a displayed user interface by detecting a location on the user interface at which the user gazes, and registering an input at that location.
However, the use of eye tracking as a computing system input mechanism may pose various challenges. For example, some eye tracking systems may utilize images of a center of a user's pupil and also of corneal reflections from glint light sources to determine a line of sight of the user's eye. However, different users may have anatomical differences that can affect such a determination. For example, the location of the fovea on the retina may differ from person to person. As such, the visual axis of the eye (i.e. the axis extending from the physical object imaged on the user's fovea to the fovea) may be offset from the optical axis of the eye (i.e. the axis extending through the center of the pupil to the back pole of the eyeball). As the image data is used to determine an estimate of the optical axis of the eye, such an offset may complicate the accurate estimate of an actual location at which the user is gazing.