Disclosed herein is an attaching device for extension eyelashes adapted to attach false eyelashes to natural eyelashes by overlapping the false eyelashes containing an adhesive with the natural eyelashes and applying heat to the adhesive. The device includes a body defining a space therein and shaped to be held by a hand. A support is formed on an end of the body to support the false eyelashes. An inner grip is shaped to surround the support, and grips the natural eyelashes and the false eyelashes. An outer grip is shaped to surround the inner grip, further grips the natural eyelashes and the false eyelashes that are gripped by the inner grip, and applies heat to the adhesive contained in the false eyelashes. A manipulating portion is slidably coupled to an exterior of the body and moved to sequentially operate the inner grip and the outer grip.

Eyelashes play an important role in aesthetic appearance. Particularly, women prefer long and curled eyelashes. In order to make such a shape of the eyelashes, mascara is usually utilized.
Mascara functions to make the eyelashes into a desired shape and to make up the eyelashes of the desired shape black. Since mascara is most convenient to make up the eyelashes, it is widely used.
The above-mentioned method is generally applied to long eyelashes to create more beautiful eyelashes. However, in the case where the eyelashes are short, a method wherein separate false eyelashes are attached to enhance aesthetic appearance is utilized.
The false eyelash consists of a lash portion and a base portion, and is attached to the eyelid after an adhesive is applied to the base portion.
The false eyelashes are problematic in that a user should elaborately attach them to the eyelid in person, so that it takes a long time for an unskilled user to attach the eyelashes and thereby it is very inconvenient to use. In order to overcome the problem, Korean U.M. Registration No. 165452 has been proposed, which enables a user to easily attach the eyelashes.
Such false eyelashes are superior in enhancing aesthetic appearance. However, the false eyelashes are problematic in that they are disposable, so that new false eyelashes should always be used when necessary. Further, while a user is out, she should carry the false eyelashes.
On one hand, if a user's eyelashes are short, an eyelash extension procedure as well as the false eyelashes can be used. The eyelash extension procedure is usually performed in a skin care shop or a beauty shop, and is designed to attach separate extension eyelashes to some natural eyelashes via the adhesive. The eyelash extension procedure is advantageous in that it can create long eyelashes, and is maintained for several months after a single procedure, so that the eyelash extension procedure is widely used. According to the prior art, many methods of attaching the extension eyelashes have been proposed.
For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-87658 discloses a method of extending the eyelashes using an adhesive that acts under a specific optical wavelength. This method is advantageous in that the function of the adhesive is implemented at the specific optical wavelength, thus making it convenient to perform the extension using the adhesive.
Further, Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2005-94973 discloses an eyelash perm method.
This perm method is performed by attaching extension eyelashes and then setting the entire eyelashes. This is advantageous in that a user has only to make up the eyelashes in black simply using mascara after the perm, so that it shortens a time to make up the eyelashes, and the shape of the eyelashes is maintained for a relatively long period of time with a single procedure.
Such an extension procedure is advantageous in that it enhances aesthetic appearance in case of the short eyelashes. However, this is problematic in that every extension procedure is performed manually, so that it requires a large amount of time. Further, this is performed in a separate shop, so that it is impossible for a user to perform the procedure in person.
Therefore, there is a need for a new attaching device that can rapidly perform the eyelash extension procedure which is performed manually in the prior art, and enables one to perform the procedure by oneself.
Due to such a need, the applicant of this invention filed Korean Patent Appl. No. 2012-0003537 on Jan. 11, 2012, which is entitled "Attaching Device for Extension Eyelashes".
The above invention proposed a basic configuration as the first application for an extension eyelash procedure, and is advantageous in that it is efficient in most cases. However, this is problematic in that some adhesive attached to the false eyelashes is transferred to the attaching device when it is continuously used, so that the adhesive may hinder the procedure.
Therefore, an attaching device wherein a grip structure is added to the conventional device so as to enhance the operational accuracy of the attaching device and improve marketability is required.

Attaching device for extension eyelashes

UNIST ACADEMY-INDUSTRY RESEARCH CORPORATION


A syringe for use in connection with a pre-filled medicament cartridge that is sealed on one end by a pierceable seal and on the other end by a plunger supported therein. The syringe includes a plunger rod for axially advancing the plunger within the cartridge to discharge the medicament therefrom. The plunger rod is also attachable to the syringe body prior to use. A sheath is provided to cover the portion of the double ended cannula that protrudes from the syringe body. The sterile syringe body/plunger rod and sheath assembly serve to maintain the sterility of the cannula prior to use.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to medical syringes and, more particularly, is directed to syringe systems adapted for use in connection with pre-filled medicament cartridges and methods for maintaining the sterility of such systems prior to use.
2. Description of the Invention Background
Hypodermic syringes are used for a variety of injection procedures including the delivery of medicinal drugs to a recipient. A typical hypodermic syringe arrangement may include a hollow syringe body that has a double-ended needle or cannula attached to one end of the tube. One end of the cannula usually protrudes from the syringe body for insertion into a patient or suitable port and is protected prior to use by a removable sheath. The other end of the cannula extends into the hollow syringe body for engagement with a cartridge that has been pre-filled with medicament.
The cartridge typically comprises a glass tube that is sealed at one end with a pierceable membrane usually fabricated from rubber. The other end of the cartridge is sealed by a plunger member that is slidably mounted within the cartridge tube. The cartridge is inserted into the open end of the syringe body until the inwardly protruding cannula pierces through the rubber seal. A plunger rod is then inserted through the open end of the syringe body to engage the plunger located in the cartridge. The sheath is removed from the outer end of the cannula to enable it to be inserted into a patient or port. The medicament is discharged through the cannula by axially pushing the plunger rod and plunger towards the cannula. In instances wherein it is desirable to use the syringe as an aspirator, the plunger rod is fastened to the plunger to enable the plunger to be pulled towards the rear end of the cartridge. Such movement of the plunger will cause body fluids to be drawn into the cartridge through the cannula.
A great majority of syringes used today are disposable to prevent the spread of infectious diseases from the reuse of contaminated syringes. The syringe components (i.e., the syringe body/cannula assembly, cannula sheath and plunger rod) are sterilized and packaged in an airtight sterile package for shipment to the end user. Because the syringes are discarded after a single use, it is desirable to minimize their cost.
Over the years, syringe manufacturers have developed various innovative syringe designs that utilize relatively low cost plastics in an effort to make the use of disposable syringes a safe and economically viable alternative to using reusable syringes that must be re-sterilized prior to each use. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,693,803 to Ogle discloses a disposable pre-filled syringe which has a plunger rod that functions as a needle sheath prior to use. The syringe body houses the medicament and is sealed on one end by a plunger and the plunger rod serves to encase the end of the needle when it is pressed onto the front of the syringe body. However, these disposable syringe arrangements are ill-suited for use with separate pre-filled medicament cartridges which may be supplied by a host of different suppliers. Also, because the plunger rod is only pressed onto the front of the syringe, it is susceptible of being jarred loose during shipping which could compromise the syringe's sterility. Similar syringe designs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,616,420 to Hart, U.S. Pat. No. 2,662,740 to Hickey, U.S. Pat. No. 2,880,723 to Adams, U.S. Pat. No. 3,375,825 to Keller, U.S. Pat. No. 3,534,734 to Budreck and U.S. Pat. No. 3,783,997 to Brown.
Another syringe arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,728,341 to Roehr. That arrangement employs a hollow plunger rod for storing a detachable hub mounted cannula. A sterile stopper must be inserted in the open end of the plunger rod to maintain the sterility of the cannula prior to use. While this syringe arrangement is constructed for use with a pre-filled cartridge, it requires the application of a sterile stopper to the open end of the plunger rod to maintain the sterility of the cannula prior to use.
Other syringes that are adapted for use with pre-filled cartridges are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,826,195 to Ashkenaz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,169 to Haber et al. and Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Serial No. PCT/US88/03316 to Habley Medical Technology Corporation. In each of those syringe designs, the plunger rod is adapted to alternatively serve as a needle sheath prior to use. However, to maintain the sterility of these syringes prior to use, they must be packaged in airtight sterile packages.
In addition, medications adapted to be administered by means of injection through a needle or cannula are designed for introduction into a patient's system in a specific manner. Certain medications must not be injected into a patient's vein or artery. Instead, some types of medications are adapted to be injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. When medications are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, the injection device is typically aspirated after the cannula has been injected into the patient. During such aspiration, the user observes the rear end of the cannula through the transparent syringe barrel. If the forward point of the cannula has penetrated a vein or artery, blood will immediately appear in that area. With many hypodermic devices and medications, the foregoing procedure presents little or no problems with detecting the presence of blood. However, with certain medications such as those comprising translucent or opaque medicaments, visual detection of blood presents somewhat of a problem or at least an inconvenience since an excessive amount of blood must be withdrawn through the cannula before it becomes detectable. This problem is also commonly encountered with the syringe designs discussed above.
Thus, all of the above-mentioned syringe designs have various shortcomings. While some of those syringes do not have to be packaged in airtight sterile packages to maintain their sterility prior to use, they are ill-suited for use with separate cartridges that are pre-filled with medicament. Also, while some of the above-mentioned cartridges are specifically adapted for use in connection with separate pre-filled cartridges, they must be packed in sterile airtight packages prior to use to prevent them from becoming contaminated. Moreover, while some of the prior syringes can be used for aspiration purposes, they lack means for quickly detecting the presence of blood during aspiration.
Accordingly, there is a need for a syringe system that is adapted for use in connection with separate pre-filled medicament cartridges that do not have to be packaged in airtight packages to maintain their sterility prior to use.
There is a further need for a syringe system with the above-mentioned attributes that can be easily adapted for use in connection with a variety of different ports.
There is yet another need for a syringe that can be used for aspiration purposes that is equipped with means or quickly detecting the presence of blood during aspiration.

Hypodermic injector system and method for maintaining the sterility thereof prior to use


A vehicle having a chassis, front wheels each having an axis of rotation, and a suspension assembly for connecting the front wheels to the chassis. The suspension assembly is adapted to allow the front wheels to move transverse to their axes of rotation, but in opposite directions, in order to tilt the chassis. The suspension assembly includes a wheel orientation defining rod coupled to at least one of the front wheels, and a unit for pivotably coupling the wheel orientation defining rod to the chassis. The coupling unit ensures that a wheel orientation of the front wheel defined by the wheel orientation defining rod is essentially independent of movement of the front wheel transverse to the axis of rotation thereof.

The present invention relates to a vehicle comprising a chassis, a pair of front wheels and a suspension assembly for connecting said front wheels to said chassis, said suspension assembly being adapted to allow said front wheels to move transverse to their axis of rotation, but in opposite directions, in order to tilt said chassis.
In other words, the present invention relates to a tiltable vehicle. Tiltable vehicles are already known, e.g. from U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,572,456; 4,003,443; 5,040,812; 4,877,829; EP-B-0 606 191 and WO 98/43872. These known tiltable vehicles, however, comprise only a single front wheel and a pair of rear wheels.
In the case of an accident, vehicles having a pair of front wheels are advantageous as compared to those with only a single front wheel, because the forces occurring in the case of an accident can be absorbed by two instead of a single front wheel.
A tiltable vehicle with a pair of front wheels is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,149,226. A further prior art reference is U.S. Pat. No. 2,521,986.
A problem with a tiltable vehicle having a pair of front wheels is the so-called "bump steer". In other words, what might happen is that the orientation of a front wheel might be affected by the tilting movement, resulting in undesired steering movements. This is particularly true with view to the fact that large vertical wheel movements occur resulting from the tilting.


Systems, apparatus, and methods are disclosed that include a divided exhaust engine with at least one primary exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cylinder and a plurality of non-primary EGR cylinders. The systems, apparatus and methods control the EGR fraction by deactivation of one or more of the cylinders.

Engines operating with one or more cylinders as dedicated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cylinders can provide the entire EGR flow for the engine. The EGR flow can be provided to the intake manifold that feeds all the engine cylinders, including the dedicated EGR cylinder(s). Engines operating with one or more cylinders as dedicated EGR cylinders enjoy greatly simplified controls and pressure management, fewer hardware devices, and other benefits. However, these simplifications come at the cost of a loss of control over the system, including a loss of control of the EGR fraction. When cylinders are dedicated to providing EGR, and standard fueling and controls are applied, the EGR fraction provided by the cylinders is limited to the simple ratio of the number of EGR cylinders to the total number of cylinders. For example, an engine with one cylinder dedicated for EGR and four cylinders total will operate at a 25% EGR fraction if all of the cylinders are operated in the same manner. Additionally, an engine having dedicated EGR cylinders provides an opportunity for greater control over the temperature and composition of gases at the intake manifold, if a system could be developed to take advantage of this opportunity. Therefore, further technological developments are desirable in this area.

Systems and methods for cylinder deactivation in dedicated EGR engine


Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for public warning messages. In some example embodiment, there may be provided a method including receiving, at a user equipment, an indication, wherein the indication indicates whether a radio access network provides support for public warning system warning messages and/or indicates whether the radio access network allows the public warning system warning messages to be received by non-allowed user equipment; and deciding, by the user equipment, whether to select or reselect the radio access network based on the received indication. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

Public warning system (PWS) notifications may be provided in the cellular system to warn users of emergencies or provide other important information. For example, the PWS system may provide a message broadcast over cellular to user equipment (UE) in a defined area to warn of earthquake, tsunami, or other emergencies. In 5G, there is provided support in the system for PWS.


This application relates to systems and techniques for automatically and/or dynamically generating a network map. The network map can be updated based on a changed condition, which can include, among other things, a change in the underlying schedule and/or underlying data (e.g., weather data, news data, etc.). The network map can be updated in real time and/or in accordance with a predetermined schedule.

Many events require the generation of a network map. As used herein, the term network map refers to a schedule that outlines which content will be displayed on which channel at a certain time. As one example, the National Football League® ("NFL") needs to generate a network map for the numerous NFL football games played on Sundays, many of which are played simultaneously. The NFL needs to determine which content (games) will be displayed on which channel (television channels) at which times (usually 1 pm and 4 pm ET). The current system for generating such maps has several negative features. For example, the current process is entirely manual, static and incapable of responding to changing conditions, fixed on one default configuration and unable to consider multiple possible schedule permutations or configurations, and unable to forecast the impact of a proposed schedule change.
Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved technique for generating network maps.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Systems and methods for automatically and dynamically generating a network map


A garment includes a body portion having a neck opening and a pair of arm openings formed therethrough. First and second breast exposing openings are formed through the body portion that are adapted to encircle and completely expose the breasts of the wearer. Thus, the body portion is free from any type of obstructive covering over the first and second breast exposing openings. The body portion may be formed from a single tube-shaped piece of material or it may be formed from a plurality of pieces of material. If desired, a bodice portion may extend from body portion. The body portion and the bodice portion may be formed from a single tube-shaped piece of material or from a plurality of pieces of material. The first and second breast exposing openings may have respective aesthetic decorations, such as decorative flower petals, provided thereabout.

This invention relates in general to under garments. In particular, this invention relates to an improved structure for an under garment that can, for example, be worn by a woman having a need to have her breast area completely exposed for easy access thereto, such as to facilitate breast feeding.
There is a need among breast feeding women for an under garment that will expose the breast to facilitate nursing a baby without having to disrobe or partially disrobe. A variety of outer garments are available that are specifically designed for breast feeding women. However, these outer garments tend to be either costly, limited in style and selection, or both. Furthermore, many women find it inconvenient to purchase a whole new wardrobe of shirts, blouses, dresses, and upper garments that are designed specifically for breast feeding.
Prior art approaches to breast feeding garments are typically characterized by either (1) a garment featuring slits or vents for selective exposure of the breast or (2) a garment featuring patches, flaps, or connecting elements (such as buttons) that interconnect the garment in such a way that the breast is normally covered, and a flap can be lifted or shifted that would allow the breast or bra to be exposed. However, garments having slits usually require either cumbersome adjustment of clothing, the breast, or both. Also, a slit does not lend itself to any type of form fitting design, but rather is usually incorporated into an A-line type loose garment. Patches and flaps are also cumbersome, obvious, and often require manipulation of the connecting elements for exposure of the breast.
One earlier proposal for a nursing garment is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,449,763 to Grate, which issued on Jun. 17, 1969. This patent discloses a garment that simulates a slip under garment. The openings to expose the breast are closed or opened by means of a slide fastener construction. Although this garment can be worn as an under garment, it is disadvantageous to a woman in need of quick access to her breast because the slide fastener construction creates the need for further manipulation of her breast feeding apparel, making the process difficult for her and causing delay in feeding the hungry baby. Another proposal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,725 to Witczak, which issued on Oct. 31, 1995. In this patent, the openings to expose the breast are closed or opened by means of a male/female snap construction. Like the Grate patent, this garment also has the disadvantage of requiring a more extensive process of preparing the breast to feed the sometimes impatient baby. Proposals disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,182,813 to Booze, which issued on Feb. 2, 1993, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,208,743 to Whitcraft, which issued on Jun. 24, 1980, both consist of openings to expose the breast, yet include cover panels that make them cumbersome and bulky to be worn as an under garment. U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,398 to Knapp, which issued on Mar. 26, 2002, discloses a brassiere garment consisting of nursing holes, but not offering coverage for the upper torso area below the breasts. Another prior art approach is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,086 to Eggen, which issued on Mar. 18, 1997. The Eggen patent discloses an under garment with a pair of openings therein through which the nursing mother's breast will protrude. However, the disadvantage to this garment is that it is attached to a vest that includes a pair of flaps designed to be a sleeping gown for a nursing woman. Not only does this garment require the manipulation of flaps to retrieve the breast, but this garment also could not be used as an under garment. Another disadvantage of the prior art affects the woman who is returning to work and does not desire to wear nursing clothes during the day. For the breast feeding woman who pumps her breasts during the day, a nursing garment is not practical. She will usually wear certain office attire or wardrobe suitable to her profession. Yet, there is a need to have coverage and protection during the times of breast pumping. The prior art does not offer her a solution. What is needed, therefore, is an under garment that will offer a woman coverage when she is pumping, yet leaves her breasts uncovered for easy access to make the pumping process more comfortable and easy. None of the above-mentioned prior art garments leave the breast completely exposed with no flaps, fasteners, or slits to contend with and, at the same time, is close fitting, lightweight, constructed with a low neck line, and can be worn under virtually any other garment to offer coverage of the desired body parts, yet provide easy access to the breast. What is also needed is a garment that is free from any type of obstructive covering over the breast or bra to make access to the breast quick and easy by allowing the breast or bra to remain completely exposed. Ideally, this garment would provide coverage for the section of the torso she does not desire to be exposed and also offer the woman protection from drafts or exposure.


An fluid control valve and actuator assembly includes a valve configured to control a flow of liquid, and a valve actuator configured to control opening and closing of the valve, and further configured to provide both a maximum flow rate and a minimum flow rate of the liquid through the valve. In a particular embodiment, the valve actuator has a communications module configured to facilitate communication with the valve actuator over a network, and further configured to allow both remote monitoring of the flow through the valve, and remote control of the valve actuator.

Many types of commercial and industrial systems involve processes in which liquids are supplied via fluid control systems that may include a variety of both pumping assemblies and control valves. These fluid control systems include, but are not limited to, those used in electrical power stations, chemical manufacturing operations, food and beverage processing, liquid gas supply and disposal, water supply and disposal, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, etc. Improving the control mechanisms for the various components of these fluid control systems may reduce energy usage and increase the efficiency of these systems.
For example, with conventional fluid control systems, the control valves may have a maximum flow setting that can be locally set, but is not adjustable from a remote location. Further, many conventional fluid control systems cannot properly handle HVAC control applications involving two pipe changeover heating/cooling water systems, seasonal changeovers, and energy synchronization with a building's centrifugal chillers and condensing boilers, or with the building management system (BMS). A building management system implemented using a communications network is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0142535, the teachings and disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.
Embodiments of the present invention represent an advancement over the state of the art with respect to fluid control systems and the control thereof. These and other advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.

Advanced valve actuator with remote location flow reset


A low DC input, low wattage, high efficacy metal halide arc discharge lamp apparatus is provided which has a simplified control system including a regulated power supply, a forty kilohertz oscillator and driver for powering the bulb a main power transformer connected to the metal halide bulb; a starting and filtering inductive/capacitive network connected to the secondary of said main power transformer for start up and running the arc discharge bulb, and a power output sensing and emergency shutdown control circuit for safety shutdown of the system should a failure occur in the lamp or associated circuitry that could cause undesired sparking. An automatic mechanism for compensating for aging of the discharge bulb is also provided.

This invention relates to high efficacy, low wattage metal halide arc discharge lamps, and more particularly to an apparatus including a low wattage bulb and associated operating circuitry therefor. This application is directed to a DC ballast metal halide arc discharge lamp apparatus.
In the prior art metal halide lamps have generally been of the so called higher power type, usually over 35 or 40 watts and have included rather involved and complicated, as well as expensive control circuitry and apparatus for operating metal halide arc discharge lamps. Discharge lamp inductive/capacitive ballasts have tended to be, heavy per kilowatt of total power, have high power consumption (10%-20% of total power input) and expensive. As the demand for low wattage metal halide lamps having high efficacy, i.e., high lumens per watt, has increased, it has become increasingly important to create new and improved circuits and apparatus for starting and operating metal halide lamps in a more efficient fashion, without sacrificing efficacy. It also has been necessary in miniature applications of these low power lamps, where they are frequently installed in inaccessible locations, to provide means for automatically compensating for aging of the bulb so that the rated light output can be maintained for the life expectancy of the bulb. Further, as the size of the lamp has decreased, many portable applications have become desirable in which the physical orientation of the metal halide bulb will frequently change. It is known that changes in physical positioning of a metal halide bulb will change the operating characteristics and hence light output.
Metal halide arc discharge lamps have three basic control requirements, namely, sufficient starting voltage, lamp current regulation and for AC operation relighting of the lamp each half cycle. Because of these requirements, ballasts have tended to have large transformers, inductors and capacitors connected between the discharge lamp and a power supply, with feedback circuits, special variable magnetic paths in the transformers, and multiple transformer windings.
Also, since the metal halide low wattage lamp is particularly adapted for miniature applications involving access to remote locations, frequently involving dangerous or explosive atmospheres, safety of operation has become a concern. Traditional prior art control systems for discharge lamps generally were not concerned with the safety aspects of discharge lamp operation.


A swash plate type variable-capacity compressor (3) includes a piston (23) with a piston rod (53) and a piston driving mechanism, the piston driving mechanism comprising a drive shaft (5), a swash plate (59) inclined and hinged with the drive shaft (5) to be rotatable together with the drive shaft (5) but being swingable on the drive shaft (5), and sliding shoes (79, 81) coupling the swash plate (59) to the piston rod (51) so as to reciprocate the piston (23) by rotation of the swash plate (59). In the compressor (3), the swash plate (59) is made of a copper alloy. Preferably, the copper alloy is at least one alloy selected from the group consisting of a high-strength brass alloy, a bronze alloy, and a lead-bronze alloy.

The present invention relates to a swash plate type compressor, and more particularly, to materials for a swash plate of a swash plate type compressor.
The swash plate type compressor is well known in the prior art and comprises a cylinder block having a plurality of cylinder bores formed in parallel with a cylinder axis and angularly spaced around the cylinder axis. A plurality of pistons are slidably fitted in the cylinder bores. A cylinder head having a suction chamber and a discharge chamber is mounted on one end of the cylinder block through a valve plate assembly so that each of the cylinder bores is connected to the suction chamber and the discharge chamber through a suction valve and a discharge valve mounted on the valve plate assembly. The cylinder block is also formed with a crank chamber adjacent the cylinder bores at the opposite side of the cylinder head end. In the crank chamber, a driving mechanism including a swash plate is disposed and drives the pistons to reciprocate in the cylinder bores. Reciprocation of the pistons sucks fluid such as refrigerant gas into the cylinder bores through the suction valve from the suction chamber and compresses and discharged the fluid to the discharge chamber through the discharge valve. Thus, fluid compression is carried out.
The driving mechanism comprises a drive shaft which is disposed in the crank chamber to extend on the cylinder axis and which is rotatably supported to the cylinder block. The swash plate is of a circular disk having a center hole and is disposed around the drive shaft which passes through the center hole but is inclined from the drive shaft by a predetermined slant or inclination angle. The swash plate is coupled to the drive shaft with a coupling mechanism and is thereby rotatable together with the drive shaft. Each of the pistons has a piston rod extending into the crank chamber in parallel with the cylinder axis. The piston rod is slidably connected to the outer periphery of the swash plate through sliding shoes. Thus, when the drive shaft rotates, each of the pistons are reciprocatively moved in the direction of the cylinder axis through the piston rod by the swash plate rotating together with the drive shaft.
Typical structures of the swash plate type compressor are disclosed in, for example, EP-A-0 587 023, U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,139, EP-A-0 740 076 and others. These documents disclose a variable capacity type compressor where the inclination angle of the swash plate is variable so as to regulate the displacement of the compressor. That is, when the slant angle is changed, the reciprocating stroke of the piston is also changed. Therefore, the displacement of the compressor is changed.
Although those documents discloses a structure where all of the cylinder bores are disposed at one side of the crank chamber, another structure is also known which is provided with another set of cylinder bores at the opposite side of the crank chamber with another set of pistons reciprocated within the set of cylinder bores by the same swash plate, as disclosed in, for example, JP-A-2 267371.
The swash plate type compressor, which can be provided with various structures as described above, is used for refrigerant compressor in an automotive air-conditioning system. In the application, the automotive engine output is utilized to drive the compressor. In detail, the engine output is selectively coupled with the drive shaft of the compressor through an electromagnetic clutch as is shown in FIG. 1 of EP-A-0 740 076.
In the swash plate type compressor, the swash plate and the sliding shoe are conventionally made of iron alloy. In specifically, the sliding shoe is made of bearing steel because it comes in sliding contact with the swash plate and the piston rod during operation of the compressor. On the other hand, since the outer peripheral portion or the sliding portion of the swash plate is in a sliding contact with the shoe, the surface of the sliding portion is coated with a coat of a copper-based bearing alloy so as to realize smooth sliding contact with the shoe. The copper-based bearing alloy coat is formed by sintering, thermal spraying, cladding, welding, or the like. After forming the coat, the coat is finished to obtain demanded accuracies in thickness and roughness.
However, the use of the copper-based bearing alloy coat on the swash plate makes the production process of the swash plate complicated and causes the cost of the swash plate increased. Further, the swash plate possibly suffers from a problem of peeling or separation at the interface between the iron based alloy and the copper-based bearing alloy.
In an application of the swash plate compressor for automotive air conditioning system using the electromagnetic clutch, the swash plate of the iron-based alloy is easily magnetized by magnetic flux from the electromagnetic clutch so that the compressor particularly has a disadvantage of damage or wear of the surfaces of the swash plate and shoes. This is because the swash plate magnetized attracts any iron powder caused by wear of any iron or iron alloy part or parts of the compressor, and the iron powder readily enters the clearances between the swash plate and the shoes.

Swash plate type compressor using swash plate made of highly wear-resistant material


A process for mounting conductive blocks on a surface of a substrate is disclosed wherein the substrate may be an IC chip, carrier, or a PCB. An adhesive layer is formed on each of the pads of the substrate. Thereafter, a plurality of conductive blocks are scattered on the surface of the substrate. The conductive blocks are vibrated such that only one of the conductive blocks is attached to the adhesive layer of each pad. After removing the un-attached conductive blocks from the surface of the substrate, and the remaining conductive blocks become the conductive blocks for electrical connection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a process for mounting conductive blocks. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for mounting conductive blocks on a substrate for electrical connection.
2. Description of the Related Art
Flip chip interconnection technology is a technique for connecting an IC chip to a carrier. Before the connection, a chip with a surface having an array of pads thereon is provided. Thereafter, bumps are formed respectively on the pads of the chip. The chip is flipped over and bonded with the carrier such that the pads of the chip are electrically and structurally connected to the contacts of the carrier via the bumps. Through circuits embedded within the carrier, the chip is able to communicate electrically with an external device. Since flip chip interconnection technology is able to produce a flip chip package with a high pin count, a small package area and a short transmission path, flip chip bonding processes are widely adopted in the fabrication of high grade chip packages.
In addition, ball grid array (BGA) interconnection technology is also widely used in the field of chip package. In a typical BGA package, a carrier electrically connects to a printed circuit board (PCB) through a plurality of conductive balls wherein the balls are deposited between the carrier and the PCB in an area array. In a conventional process of BGA package, BGA balls are mounted on a surface of the carrier, and then the carrier is mounted on the PCB with the BGA balls by surface mount technology (SMT).
Whether flip chip interconnection technology or BGA interconnection technology is applied, the conductive blocks, such as flip-chip bumps or BGA balls, are arranged in an area array and deposited between two substrates. The two substrates may be a chip and a relative carrier, a carrier and a relative PCB, or even a chip and a relative PCB.

Conductive block mounting process for electrical connection


A high-frequency switch includes a transmission terminal, an antenna terminal, a reception terminal, and a voltage-control terminal; a first diode, the cathode thereof being electrically connected to the transmission terminal, and the anode being electrically connected to the antenna terminal; a first transmission line, electrically connected between the antenna terminal and the reception terminal; a second diode, the cathode thereof being electrically connected to the reception terminal, and the anode being electrically connected to the voltage-control terminal; a second transmission line, one end thereof being electrically connected to the transmission terminal, and the other end being connected to ground; and a capacitor, electrically connected between the voltage-control terminal and ground. The above high-frequency switch can be miniaturized and has superior performance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high-frequency switch, and more particularly to a high-frequency switch for being incorporated in a mobile communications device and the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
A high-frequency switch is generally used for switching between a transmission circuit and a reception circuit in a digital mobile telephone and the like. FIG. 6 is an electrical circuit diagram showing a prior art high-frequency switch 1. The anode of a diode D1 is connected to a transmission terminal Tx. The anode of the diode D1 is grounded via a series circuit comprising a transmission line 2 and a DC-blocking capacitor C1. A voltage-control terminal Vc1 is connected via a resistor Ra at an intermediate connection point between the transmission line 2 and the capacitor C1. The cathode of the diode D1 connects to an antenna terminal ANT.
A reception terminal Rx is connected to the antenna terminal ANT via a transmission line 3. Moreover, the anode of a diode D2 is connected to the reception terminal Rx. The cathode of the diode D2 is grounded.
Here, the DC-blocking capacitor C1, connected between the transmission line 2 and the ground, has a large capacitance (approximately 47 pF near 1 GHz, and approximately 22 pF near 2 GHz). Since the size of the capacitor C1 connected between the transmission line 2 and ground is large, miniaturization of the high-frequency switch 1 is hindered.
Furthermore, in the high-frequency switch 1, when the transmission terminal Tx and the antenna terminal ANT are connected, isolation must be maintained between the antenna terminal ANT and the reception terminal Rx. When this isolation is poor, insertion loss between the transmission terminal Tx and the antenna terminal ANT increases.


A system for the automated validation of a semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) is disclosed. The system includes a receive assembly and a transmit assembly, each configured to autonomously relocate within the SAC. The system also includes a local client communicatively coupled to the transmit assembly. The local client is configured to send a validation arrangement to the transmit assembly describing a validation location and a distance. The transmit assembly is configured to receive the validation arrangement, move the transmit assembly to the validation location and send an instruction to the receive assembly, the instruction describing the distance. The receive assembly is communicatively coupled to the transmit assembly and configured to receive the instruction and move the receive assembly such that a separation between the transmit and receive assemblies is restored to the distance. Each validation arrangement corresponds to a validation point. A plurality of validation points defines a test volume.

All electrical devices in the world must be approved by the government of the country in which they operate. Laws have established requirements for testing to regulatory standards, such as those of the FCC (US) or CE (European Union). Test equipment used for this testing must be traceable and shown to meet international reference standards. Additionally, all testing must be accredited by an independent agency. These tests are typically done at a unique test stations using specialized test equipment.
The most utilized test station in a lab, and where most regulatory failures happen, is the semi-anechoic chamber (SAC). A semi-anechoic chamber is a large metal box, typically 5-15 m long and 5 m tall. The interior walls and ceiling are covered in absorbers made of foam or other materials. Within the SAC, electrical signals are absorbed by the walls rather than bouncing off of them. The purpose of this chamber is to simulate a perfect ground surface with an infinite volume in 3 dimensions. On one end of the chamber is a large turntable (0.5-6 m diameter) for rotating the "equipment under test" (EUT). On the opposite end is an antenna on a mast for measuring the electrical noise emitting from the EUT. The turntable rotates, allowing the EUT to be measured from all directions.
In order for test results from a SAC to be used for the regulatory certification of devices, the SAC must be validated or characterized to meet a standard. For example, one type of validation must show that the environment within the SAC sufficiently approximates that perfect ground plane beneath an infinite three-dimensional volume. Traditionally, this validation is performed using a transmitter and a receiver, each mounted on masts. The transmit mast is placed at different positions within the volume or "quiet zone" being validated, a volume that is typically centered on the turntable. At each of those positions, a standing wave inside the chamber is examined. For example, the transmit mast may be placed at the four cardinal points of the turntable, and the center. The transmit mast may also be placed at different heights. The receive mast is moved so it is always separated from the transmit mast by the same distance (e.g., 3 m, etc.). For each point, a signal is sent between the masts, and then they are moved slightly to examine the standing wave (e.g., 6 points at each location to validate at 18 GHz, etc.). The SAC is validated if the differences in signal strength at the different points do not exceed a limit (i.e., a regulatory limit).
The traditional methods for validation are problematic for a number of reasons. Validation of an SAC is expensive. Unlike most pieces of test equipment, the SAC cannot be packaged and shipped back to the manufacturer for annual calibration and correction. Instead, on an annual basis, a characterization of the chamber is accomplished by accredited professionals over several days. In many cases, the cost of the validation is increased due to the expenses related to travel and housing for those accredited professionals for days or weeks at a time.
The procedure itself is time consuming. The masts are moved manually to their various positions. Each measurement point performed within the quiet zone requires the technician to unseal the door, enter the chamber, move the transmit mast, move the receive mast, measure the separation between the masts and adjust to ensure the separation stays the same, leave and seal the chamber, and take a reading. This is a time consuming process that gets repeated for each position, height, and polarity. As a specific example, five locations at two heights tor both polarities, taken at six linear alterations to probe an 18 GHz standing wave means the technician is repeating this process 120 times. Each measurement can take up to five minutes, which adds up to many hours. This tedious process also provides many opportunities for error. The distance measurements are typically performed manually using tape measures, to reduce the amount of reflective materials within the chamber. The validation of a single SAC can cost tens of thousands of dollars, or more.
The semi-anechoic chamber is usually the largest, most costly, and most utilized test station in a lab. These chambers can cost millions of dollars; any downtime for validation is time the chamber is not earning and recouping that large cost. Additionally, a failed validation can call into question all of the test results produced by that chamber since its last validation. Because conventional methods are so expensive and slow, the time between validations can be long (e.g., annual validation), risking a large number of test results and additional lost revenue.

System and method for the automated validation of a semi-anechoic chamber


A wire pulling windier apparatus attachable to a tractor, loader or other mobile transport device capable of receiving attachments has a pass through frame attachable to the mobile device, a vertical support member on the frame for supporting a first winch with cable for attaching and pulling a fence wire to be tensioned, a second winch for raising and lowering a slide block assembly through which the first winch cable is guided to allow pulling the first winch cable at different vertical heights, and has winch tension limiting apparatus.

This invention relates to the field of fence wire pullers, for barb or nonbarb wire.
The process of setting a several strand wire fence is a tedious and labor intensive process that involves a series of posts, typically t-posts, to which the wire (s) will be secured upon tightening. The last two of these line posts in each pulling procedure is referred to as the brace post and the end post. After setting the t-posts, the end post, and the brace post, the barb wire(s) is dispensed, laid along the ground next to the posts. The task of pulling the wire to the proper tension and securing the wire end to the post needs to be performed. Typically this process requires pulling the wire from the end post. Normally a rope puller or fence wire puller is affixed to the end post at or near the height that the wire is to be tied. These are manually pulled and work mostly for short distances of wire. All are attached to the end post. After the wire is tensioned, it must be tied to the end post which is difficult with the pulling device in the way. The puller must be attached to the end post at the proper wire height and to the wire to be pulled and then winched manually. The wire then needs to be tied off on the end post near where the puller is attached, sometimes unsafe.
The process is currently slow, cumbersome and sometimes awkward, as well as unsafe.
Often the wires are pulled at different tensions, thus the various wires on a fence containing four or five wires has fence wire that is at different tensions.
Its also cumbersome to reset the puller height each time for the next wire height.
What is needed is an electric winch assembly that is attachable to a loader that overcomes these problems.
The invention is a winch assembly attachable to a loader or other mobile means with attachment means for moving the assembly. It has a walk through frame to allow one to walk back and forth on both sides of the apparatus during winching.
It also allows for pulling the wire from a few feet in front of the end post without having the puller attached to the end post interfering with tying off the fence wire.
It also allows for pulling at different heights and doing so quickly and easily lowering the winch to a desired height for pulling that matches the level of the wire placement on the post.
It also allows for a consistent tension for pulling the wire.
It also has means for pulling at different angles, in this case rotation means.
It has electric powering means to operate by remote control.
It has means for quickly disconnecting and connecting to the next lower wire by providing slack automatically on positioning the puller horizontally.
It is attachable quickly to standard tractors, skid loaders or other mobile attachment means.
It allows short or long length pulls, and thus as show is much faster when pulling multiple wires over long distances.
It allows the operation to be done in a safer manner as well, including allowing the wire to be tied off to the end post without interference of the puller at the tie off point.
It is thus not only safer, it does the job much more easily, in an organized and consistent method, saving as much as half the time to install a barbed wire fence as with other pullers.
Remote control means allows for controlling the pulling without having to be next to the winch, to allow the operator to check or guide wire during the pull, or better view the safe pull of the entire wire from some vantage point, or to assist as needed during the pulling.
It is thus more universal and flexible in use, allowing for use at different heights, locations and distances, yet still provides more uniformity.
While some may have used winches, none are shown in a manner to achieve the objectives herein.
It is thus an object of the invention to provide a means for quickly, easily, uniformly pulling fence wires taut for securing to fence posts, at desired levels, at essentially uniform tensions, and in a manner that is safe and allows for the operator to maneuver himself and the wire easily and efficiently.
Other features and objectives will be apparent from the disclosure herein.


A belt winch may be formed from stretchy fabric, includes a front panel joined to a rear panel. Flaps may be provided to form interior pockets, which are further formed by stitching or other joining techniques. Internal stiffening and resilient members may be incorporated between the panels at each end, aiding in the structure of the opposing ends of the belt which tie together.

While engaging in sports like running, biking, walking and many other outdoor and leisure activities it is often desirable to bring personal items such as phones, cards, money, medication, personal medical devices, sunglasses, eye drops, or other items a person may need. The nature of the clothing suitable for such activities, and sometimes the activities themselves, often make it difficult to carry such items easily.


A restraint system is disclosed for securing a passenger to a seat in a motor vehicle. The restraint system is composed of a restraint belt removably attached to a vehicle seat having a plurality of vertical straps and an attachment mechanism for connecting said straps across the passenger's chest. Each of the vertical straps has a first end removably attached to a lap belt and a second end removably attached to a latch located behind the vehicle seat.

Federal vehicle seat minimum performance standards have been established to ensure a reasonable degree of safety for a seat occupant. In the case where vehicle seats are intended for children, these performance standards require providing a child with a seat restraint compatible with the child's size. Among other requirements, when the child is secured in the seat, the restraints should not pass over the face, neck or throat of the child. As a result, child restraint systems are typically provided in many sizes and configurations.
A wide variety of potential child restraint systems are well known in the art and include both conventional forward (or rearward) facing car seats and boaster seats which utilize the vehicle supplied shoulder and lap belt for restraining the child in the seat. Each of these potential child restraint systems possess known drawbacks resulting from the rapid growth and development of children. Conventional car seats tend to be "grown out of" in relatively short periods of time, requiring adjustment or replacement at various stages of the physical development of the child. Conventional car seats also are typically only intended to safely and comfortably secure a child weighing up to sixty pounds. Boaster seats which utilize the vehicle supplied shoulder and lap belt for restraining the child in the seat can be difficult to position and adjust to provide a larger child with maximum benefit from the restraint system. Both conventional car seats and child booster seats are also balky and create storage and space availability issues when not in use within a vehicle.
It is therefore desirable to provide a child restraint system that is easily adjustable, compact and capable of accommodating and providing a child weighing over sixty pounds with the maximum benefit from the restraint system.


A liquid crystal display device having transistors disposed at the intersections of gate lines and source lines, pixel electrodes connected with the transistors, opposite electrodes opposite to these pixel electrodes, and liquid crystal held between said opposite electrodes and said pixel electrodes is disclosed. The pixel electrodes comprise a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode. The second pixel electrode are disposed in a layer above an insulating layer which is itself disposed in a layer above the first pixel electrode. The second pixel electrode has a region that does not overlap with the first pixel electrode. The second pixel electrode are electrically connected with the first pixel electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a matrix-type liquid crystal display device, and is more particularly associated with technology relating to the viewing angle characteristics of this liquid crystal display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A matrix-type display device such as a liquid crystal display device usually comprises two substrates: a thin film transistor array substrate (hereinafter "TFT array substrate") whereon thin film transistors (hereinafter "TFTs") and so forth are established, and an opposite substrate whereon a color filter, black matrix, and so forth are established, with a display material such as liquid crystal held between those substrates. Image display is realized by selectively applying voltage to this display material.
FIG. 17 shows an equivalent circuit for a TFT array substrate. As shown in FIG. 17, the pixels are arranged in a matrix. In FIG. 17, G1, G2, and G3 are scanning signal lines (hereinafter "gate lines"). S1, S2, and S3 are picture signal lines (hereinafter "source lines") Cs1, Cs2, and Cs3 are storage capacitive electrode lines (hereinafter "Cs lines") for stabilizing the potential of the pixel electrodes during the holding period. 111 through 133 are TFTs. These TFTs function as switching elements and control the charging and discharging of charge to the pixel electrodes. 211 through 233 are storage capacitors (hereinafter "Cs capacitors") and are created by forming an insulating film between the pixel electrodes and Cs lines. The pixel electrodes are formed with transparent electrodes such as ITO (Indium tin oxide) 311 through 333 are liquid crystal capacitors Clc formed between the opposite substrate and liquid crystal.
Turning the TFT ON and OFF is controlled by applying voltage pulses to the gate lines connected to the gate electrodes of the TFTs. The pixel electrodes are connected with the source lines through the TFTs. The amount of charge in the pixel electrodes varies according to the signal level in the source lines and the potential of the pixel electrodes is established. The displacement amount of the liquid crystal changes according to the voltage across the pixel electrodes and opposite electrodes and changes the quantity of light transmitted from the back surface. Consequently, the optical signal change is controlled and the image is displayed by controlling the signal level of the source lines.
In order to improve image quality, it is necessary to reduce as much as possible the variation of pixel potential due to the change in signal level of the gate lines and so forth. For this reason, the Cs capacitors 211 through 233 are established on the pixel electrodes and provide a large total capacitance for the pixel. The Cs capacitors are formed by establishing an insulating film between the Cs lines, at the same potential as the opposite electrodes, and the pixel electrodes.
Next, FIG. 18 shows the pixel layout in a conventional TFT array substrate. FIG. 19 shows a cross sectional view of the pixel in FIG. 18 at the line A–A′.
In FIG. 18, 2 shows a gate line, 4 shows a semiconductor thin film, 7 shows a source line, 8 shows a source electrode, 9 shows a drain electrode, 11 shows a Cs line, and 14 shows a pixel electrode. In FIG. 19, 1 shows the glass substrate, 2 shows the TFT gate line, 3 shows the gate insulating film, 4 shows the semiconductor thin film, 8 shows the source electrode, 9 shows the drain electrode, 11 shows the Cs line, 14 shows the pixel electrode, and 103 shows the insulating film.
The manufacturing method for a conventional TFT array substrate is explained using FIG. 19. First, a metal film to become the gate electrode is formed on the glass substrate 1, a resist pattern is developed, and the gate electrode 2 is formed. After the resist is removed, as shown in FIG. 19, the gate insulating film 3 and the semiconductor thin film 4, comprising an i layer and n layer, are formed from the bottom, a resist pattern is developed, and the semiconductor thin film 4 is etched. After the resist is removed, an ITO thin film, to become the pixel electrode, is formed, the resist is developed, and the ITO film is etched, whereby the pixel electrode 14 is formed. After the resist is removed, a metal film is formed, a resist pattern is developed, and the source electrode 8 and drain electrode 9 are formed by etching. Furthermore, all of the n layer and part of the i layer on the TFT back channel side are etched (back channel etching) and the insulating film 103 is formed.
The manufacture and functions of a conventional TFT are explained next using an example. In the case of charging charge to the pixel electrode 14 in the TFT shown in FIG. 18, positive voltage of about 9 V is applied to the source electrode 8 and positive voltage of around 20 V is applied to the gate electrode 2. The TFT is thereby turned on and the drain electrode 9 and pixel electrode 14 are charged to about 9 V. Thereafter, when the potential of the pixel electrode increases sufficiently, negative voltage of about −5 V is applied to the gate electrode 2, the TFT is turned off, and the charge is confined in the pixel.
However, in addition to the TN (twisted nematic) type, various operating modes are used for the operating modes of a liquid crystal display element, for example, the IPS (in plane switching) type, VA (vertical alignment) type, and so forth for widening the viewing angle. FIG. 20 shows the relationship (V-T characteristics) of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal and the transmittance in the normally white (black display on a white background) mode for a TN-type liquid crystal display element. As shown in FIG. 20, there is a difference of about 1 to 2 V, for example, between the voltage at the start of the change in transmittance (threshold voltage Vth) and the voltage when the transmittance change has almost ended (saturated voltage Vsat). In an active matrix-type liquid crystal display element using a TFT as a switching element, a tonal display is made by establishing a number of voltage levels between this Vth and Vsat.
In a TN-type liquid crystal display element, there is a large change in transmittance when changing viewing angle based on the operating principles, and the narrow range of the viewing angle is a problem. The conventional art for improving this problem is discussed in detail next using the drawings.
A proposed technology is to establish a range where the electrical field intensity applied to the liquid crystal varies while the same voltage is applied across the pixel electrode and the opposite electrode, opposite thereto and holding the liquid crystal therebetween, in one pixel. In this conventional art, as shown in FIG. 19, the insulating film 103 is formed on the upper layer of the pixel electrode 14, and then a region A where the insulating film 103 is removed and a region B where the film remains are formed on the pixel electrode 14. Actually, because the alignment layer is formed on the TFT array substrate and the opposite substrate, an alignment layer is formed on the pixel region in FIG. 18. The voltage drop occurs in this portion of the alignment layer as well, but at a level that can be ignored, so there is no problem even if this alignment layer is omitted in the following explanation.
In the region A of the pixel electrode 14 from which the insulating film 103 is removed, voltage applied across the pixel electrode 14 and opposite electrode is applied to the liquid crystal. In the region B where the insulating film 103 remains, a voltage drop occurs in the portion with the insulating film and the voltage applied across the pixel electrode 14 and the opposite electrode is not applied without any change thereto. In other words, in the pixel electrode 14, the regions A and B, having mutually different characteristics of voltage applied across the electrodes to transmittance (V-T characteristics), are established within one pixel.
FIG. 20(a) shows the V-T characteristics curve of a pixel in the region A with the insulating film 103 removed. FIG. 20(b) shows the V-T characteristics curve occurring in the region B where the insulating film 103 remains. If each pixel is sufficiently small compared to the entire liquid crystal display device, the V-T characteristics curve is projected to an observer as shown in FIG. 20(c) which is the sum of the characteristics in FIG. 20(a) and (b). As a result, the difference between Vth and Vsat is substantially expanded.
With the expansion of the difference between Vth and Vsat, the narrowness of the viewing angle range during tonal display is also reduced. FIG. 21 shows the situation of the change of the V-T characteristics due to the viewing angle direction. FIG. 21(a) shows the case where there are no regions on the pixel electrode with different electrical field intensities applied. FIG. 21(b) shows the case where there is a region on the liquid crystal with part of the insulating film on the pixel electrode removed as shown in FIG. 18 and with different electric field strength applied.
In a liquid crystal display element with the TN-type operating mode, the relationship between the applied voltage and transmittance changes from the solid line to the dotted line because of changing the viewing angle direction. As a result, in the case where there are no regions on the pixel electrode with different electric field strength, the transmittance changes greatly with a change in the viewing angle direction as shown in FIG. 21(a). On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 21(b), in the case where there is a region with different electric field strength, the voltage shift width of the V-T characteristics, due to the change in the viewing angle direction when regions of different characteristics are seen as a single pixel, is about the same. As a result, the change in transmittance due to the viewing angle direction is small corresponding to the portion with a gentle change in transmittance due to the applied voltage and the viewing angle range becomes wide.
On the other hand, various methods are proposed as methods for expanding the viewing angle for liquid crystal display devices using the TN mode. For example, these include a method for expanding viewing angle by varying the array direction of the liquid crystal molecules in the pixels with a multidomain structure, in other words by varying the rising direction of the liquid crystal molecules when voltage is applied; and a method for expanding viewing angle by reducing the slope of the voltage-brightness characteristics by manufacturing the display so that different voltages are applied to the liquid crystal in a single pixel. Furthermore, there is a method for expanding the viewing angle as a result of suppressing the light leakage, in the black display state with voltage applied to the liquid crystal, by inserting an optical compensating film such as a retardation film between the liquid crystal and polarizing plate.
Gray-scale inversion in half tones gray is an issue for the viewing angle characteristics. In the TN mode, gray-scale inversions do not easily occur upwards and horizontally, but gray-scale inversions occur easily downwards. FIG. 22 shows the relationship between the vertical relative transmittance and angle in the case of applying voltage so that the relative transmittance is 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and black display at normal to the panel surface of a conventional TN mode liquid crystal display device. As clear from the drawing, when the half tone gray display is observed at about −20°, there is an intersection with the relative transmittance curves and it is understood that the display quality markedly deteriorates with the excessively dark image from downwards.
As discussed above, in order to expand the viewing angle range, it is necessary to create regions with different electric field strength applied to the liquid crystal in one pixel. In order to create such regions, it has been proposed to form a region with an insulating film removed and a region with that film remaining on the pixel electrode. In order to expand the viewing angle range, however, it is necessary to reduce the inclination of the characteristics curve of the total of a plurality of V-T characteristics and it is necessary to form a thick insulating film on and then to remove this thick insulating film from the same pixel electrode.
By employing this type of constitution, large steps are formed in the insulating film on the same pixel electrode. Consequently, even if an alignment layer is applied in the panel process, the steps cannot be filled in and large steps will be formed in the individual pixels of the liquid crystal display device. The side walls and bases of the steps become a cause of light leakage because they make it difficult to apply the alignment process by rubbing treatment or the like in the panel process and make it difficult for the liquid crystal to align in the desired direction even when voltage is applied. For this reason, a normally white type of liquid crystal display device has a structural problem such that, even if sufficient voltage is applied for the black display state, the brightness of the black state becomes high because of the light leakage and this brings about reduced contrast.
In recent years, the requirements for high contrast have been increasing more and more with the employment of liquid crystal display devices in television set displays. On the other hand, there are also problems of gray-scale inversion occurring in half tone grays.

Liquid crystal display device and manufacturing method therefor


Devices and methods for the stimulation of neural signaling of an apical splenic nerve, the device having a transducer for placement on or around the apical splenic nerve, and a signal generator to generate a signal that stimulates or inhibits the neural activity of the apical splenic nerve to produce a physiological response. The transducer has at least one electrode, and the signal generator is a voltage or current source. The stimulation electrical signal has a frequency of between 1 Hz and 50 Hz.

Inflammation plays a fundamental role in host defenses and the progression of immune-mediated diseases (reviewed in [1]). The inflammatory response is initiated in response to an injury and/or an infection by chemical mediators (e.g. cytokines and prostaglandins) and inflammatory cells (e.g. leukocytes). A controlled inflammatory response is beneficial, for example, in the elimination of harmful agents and the initiation of the repair of damaged tissue providing protection against infection. However, the inflammatory response can become detrimental if dysregulated, leading to a variety of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma, allergies, septic shock syndrome, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and other clinical conditions mediated by chronic inflammation.
The spleen contains half of the body's monocyte population making this organ the main contributor in inflammation, in particular in response to endotoxemic shock [2] and, consequently, the target for septic shock therapy. This organ is known to be innervated by different nervous branches (reviewed in [3]). The parasympathetic innervation of the spleen is a matter of debate since Dale's isolation of acetylcholine (ACh) from the spleen [3]. Buij and co-workers have suggested a parasympathetic innervation of the spleen in rodents [4, 5], but human correlation to this nerve is not known. The traditional view of splenic nerve is one of periarterial plexus which is proposed to be 98% sympathetic as demonstrated by neuroanatomical and neurochemical evidences [3].
From a functional point of view, vagus nerve stimulation (reviewed in [6]) as well as splenic nerve electrical stimulation inhibits LPS-induced TNF release in mice [7]. According to Tracey and coworkers, the splenic nerve activity is directly controlled by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) originating from the efferent branch of the vagus [6]. While vagal regulation of inflammatory tone and inflammatory reflex has received much attention, others have disputed the connections between vagus and splenic nerve. Some authors have shown that denervation of the arteriolar splenic nerve in mice led to the inhibition of the CAP [7]. However, Martelli et al. have challenged this view by showing that the splenic nerve was not directly connected to the vagus [8] but rather emerged as an independent branch of the greater splanchic nerve which controls splenic nerve activity [9, 10]. These authors also counter the view that neural sensing of inflammatory markers is humoral and not neural [11]. Furthermore, it is disputed whether the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex response is sympathetic or parasympathetic.
Electrostimulation of the vagus nerve has been shown to relieve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in a clinical trial [12]. However, there are concerns that stimulation of the vagus nerve can produce undesired, non-specific CNS effects because the vagus nerve is comprised predominantly of afferent fibers and innervates other tissues in addition to the spleen, including the heart, liver and gastrointestinal tract.
References 7, 13, 14, 15 describe electrostimulation of the nerve plexus surrounding the splenic artery. However, this approach is not ideal because it may cause off-target effects. For example, it may cause arterial smooth muscle contraction through direct electrical stimulation or via activation of the network of arterial plexus nerves, and this may lead to an increased atherosclerotic risk in the area targeted. Furthermore, the splenic artery contains multiple pancreatic branches (including a great pancreatic artery or arteria magna pancreatica) that supply the pancreatic body and tail. Thus, stimulation of the nerve plexus surrounding the splenic artery may additionally lead to pancreatic stimulation.
Thus, there is a need for further and improved ways of treating inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune disorders (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis) and sepsis.

GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property Development Limited

Centre Nationale de La Recherche Scientifique


Use of low dose streptozocin in the preparation of an animal model for screening drugs for treatment of antoimmune type 1 diabetes is disclosed, in which streptozocin is administrated intravenously at a dose of 15-30 mg/kg per time for 5 days and administrated again on the 7th day and 14th day after last time of offering drug. A method for preparing rhesus monkey model of autoimmune type 1 diabetes and autoimmune type 1 diabetes animal model obtained are also disclosed.

The etiology of autoimmune type 1 diabetes is unknown and no effective prevention method has been developed yet. While the common insulin treatment may regulate blood glucose levels to some extent, but long-term use cannot control the occurrence of complications of diabetic effectively, and some patients may encounter hypoglycemia shock. How to prevent autoimmune attack on islet β cells and develop effective β cell transplantation treatment has become a crucial issue in diabetes research.
At present, rodents are the most commonly used animal models in diabetes study. Since rodents are far away from human beings on the evolutionary relationships, the experimental data obtained by studying them have little clinical significance. Rhesus monkey has the similar anatomical characteristics, physiological functions of various systems, and response to diseases and drugs to human beings and is a sensitive animal for evaluating preclinical efficacy and safety of immunological-related treatments, stem cell transplantation, and heterotransplantation. The use of rhesus diabetes model for evaluation of new diabetes drugs and study of immune rejection mechanism and transplantation tolerance induction of islet stem cells and islet heterotransplantation is an internationally recognized pre-clinical experimental system, which has important guiding significance to future clinical application of these treatment programs. Therefore it is an urgent demand to establish a non-human primate model of diabetes for the islet (stem) cell transplantation research and preclinical drug evaluation.
Now the commonly used diabetes animal models include experimental diabetes animal model and spontaneous diabetes animal model. The spontaneous model has higher application value, but cannot be widely used due to low incidence, expensive cost, strict feeding and breeding conditions. Experimental model is used more widely and commonly used induction methods include pancreatic resection, chemical drug induction, virus infection, antagonizes insulin factor, food induction and fattening. Chemical drug induction method is highly thought of by many researchers due to its simple operation and high feasibility; however, in these methods streptozotocin has relatively small toxicity to body tissues and allowing animals have high survival rate, and is more widely used for preparing animal model of diabetes at home and abroad.
Streptozocin (STZ) is an induced reagent that is commonly used for preparing models of diabetes, which has selective destruction of pancreatic β cells of certain animal species, making many animals develop diabetes and the most commonly used of streptozocin is in rat model. Common induction method is as follows: the rats are fasted for 12 h and intraperitoneally injected with 60 mg/kg body weight of STZ once a day for two consecutive days to prepare a rat model of type 1 diabetes successfully. And such model has the characteristics of high blood glucose, mitigated weight, polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria, which are consistent with the clinical type 1 diabetes; however, in this experiment, when the model is injected intraperitoneally with STZ only once and fed with high calorie feed for 12 weeks, then the model prepared is an animal model of type 2 diabetes, and the model prepared by such method has the characteristics of overweight, reduced glucose tolerance, elevated blood lipids, elevated serum insulin and reduced insulin receptor binding along with insulin resistance, which are similar to the clinical features of patients with type 2 diabetes. The preparation of animal models of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes may be related to the injection dose of STZ: when injected with high dose of STZ (usually 120 mg/kg), due to the directly extensive destruction of pancreatic β cells, type 1 diabetes model is prepared; when injected with low dose of STZ, partial function of pancreatic β cells is destroyed, causing peripheral tissue not to be sensitive to insulin. Meanwhile high calorie feed is given. The combination of two conditions induce an animal model, the pathological and physiological changes of which are close to that of human type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the dose of STZ directly determines the type of the diabetic animal model prepared.
Establishment of rhesus monkey model of diabetes with STZ has been reported in some references, such as: KUANG De-xuan, et al. (Effect of Different Dosage of Streptozotocin on Some Physiological Data in Rhesus Monkey, Acta Lab Anim Sci Sin, March, 2003, Vol. 11, No. 1) studied the physiological data of food and water intake, urination, body weight, plasma glucose and glycosuria with streptozotocin (STZ) in rhesus monkeys, which was essential to establish animal model for diabetes. Methods: Seven rhesus monkeys were injected intravenously with different doses of STZ. The administration dose and method of STZ are as follows: low dose of 30 mg/kg, with an interval of 15 days, repeatedly injected for once to twice; mild dose of 45 mg/kg, injected with STZ once; high dose of 60 mg/kg, injected once. Experimental results: The seven monkeys showed the same clinical features as those of diabetes patients at a different time and extent, such as polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, hyperglycosuria, body weight loss. The clinical characteristics were lightened and controlled by using insulin. Especially the clinical symptoms of mild-dose and high-dose of STZ were more obvious than those of low-dose in monkeys. The body weight of low-dose monkeys rose in a short time, then dropped rapidly. Plasma glucose and glycosuria of monkeys were increased with STZ injected, especially mild-dose and high-dose monkeys varied obviously. Thus, the acute animal model similar to human diabetes was induced by mild-dose and high-dose of STZ (45-60 mg/kg). The course of animal model of diabetes may be extended by using insulin treatment or low-dose of STZ, which is suitable for studying complications of diabetes. Biochemical changes in rhesus monkey during the first days after streptozotocin administration are indicative of selective beta cell destruction, Takimoto G, Jones C, Lands W, Bauman A, Jeffrey J, Jonasson O., Metabolism. 1988 April; 37(4): 364-70. 22 rhesus monkeys were selected and injected intravenously with STZ (45 to 55 mg/kg). Almost half of the monkeys developed insulin-dependent diabetes within five days after injection. Four of the remaining monkeys did not become insulin dependent for at least 6 months after STZ administration, during which time they were considered non-insulin-dependent, and the remaining eight monkeys never required exogenous insulin.
Autoimmune diabetes may be divided into diabetes in children and adolescents and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), which are subtypes of type 1 diabetes. They have the characteristics as follows: 1) Diabetes in children occurs at age under 15 years old, while LDAD may occur at any age over 15 years old. They are not insulin-dependent within half of a year after outset and have no ketosis; 2) Most patients are non-obese at the outset of diabetes; 3) Islet B cell antibodies in vivo (such as ICA, GAD and insulin autoantibodies) are always positive; 4) They have predisposing genes of type 1 diabetes (such as HLA-DR3, HLA-DR4, BW54 and DQ-131-57-Non-Asp); 5) They are often accompanied by specific antibody positive of organs such as thyroid and gastric parietal cells. Once diagnosed as LDAD, insulin treatment should be applied in early stage to protect the relict β cells. The information about patients in Europe and the United States shows that LADA accounts for about 10%-15% of type 2 diabetes, and the ratio was up to 50% in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. It is reported that the positive rate of GAD-Ab in patients with type 2 diabetes is 14.2%. The cause of this type is insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of islet β cells. Markers of the autoimmune process include lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets and pancreatic islet cells autoantibodies, islet cell antigen autoantibodies, and detection of insulin autoantibodies.
While the reference has reported that rhesus monkey animal model of insulin-dependent diabetes could be induced by mild-dose and high-dose of STZ (45-60 mg/kg), primate animal models of autoimmune type 1 diabetes prepared by low dose of STZ (less than 30 mg/kg) has not been reported yet.

Establishment of rhesus monkey model of autoimmunity type 1 diabetes


A new compositional relationship in the starting charge of a crystal growth station (FIG. 1 ) provides homogeneous monocrystalline lithium niobate. A new measurement system (FIG. 2 ) provides Curie point values of significantly greater accuracy then that of conventional measurements. Careful control of the starting charge composition for crystal growth and effective utilization of the measurement system enable the determination of the compositional range of starting charges for producing congruent crystalline production. The composition corresponds to a mol percentage of 48.35.+-..01 to 48.40.+-..01 of Li.sub.2 O and the remainder Nb2.sub.O 5 for producing homogeneous crystal whose solidification fraction of the molten charge exceeds that which was heretofore achievable.

This invention relates to the manufacture of crystalline materials primarily for acoustic and optical applications, and it relates, more particularly, to the formation of homogeneous crystals in an improved process wherein substantially all of the liquid material is efficiently converted into crystalline material of spatially uniform properties throughout its volume.
The useful properties of single crystalline lithium niobate, such as associated with its energy transmissive crystal structure and piezoelectric nature, have long been recognized and are responsible for extensive and widespread applications for sometime. Although often noted as "LiNbO.sub.3 ", the lithium niobate phase encompasses a relatively broad range of composition, with possible Li to Nb elemental ratios from roughly 44 to 50 mol % Li. Due to the rather adaptive nature of the dynamic, complex, crystal growing process for forming such crystalline material, efficiency of production and uniformity of product have until now continued to elude crystal growers.
Lithium niobate is typically prepared in single crystal form by pulling crystals in the well-known Czochralski process. Single crystal boules as large as 10 kg have been prepared in this way.
Central to any solidification process, including the Czochralski process, is the concept of "congruency". A liquid is considered to solidify "congruently" if, on cooling, it produces a solid of exactly the same composition as the liquid. By contrast, in incongruent solidification, the solid forming at any time has a composition different from that of the immediately adjacent freezing liquid. The consequence is rejection of some chemical component from the solidification front back into the liquid. As solidification progresses, this rejection effects a gradual enrichment of the liquid by the rejected species which in turn results in spatial variation of the chemical composition of the resulting solidified body. As a result, the failure to begin with the exact "congruent" composition drives the liquid phase composition even further away from the correct composition which makes it impossible to produce crystals of spatial uniformity in a high yielding process.
In a practical production process for single crystalline material of a given phase, congruent solidification, if possible, is generally preferred to incongruent solidification largely for two reasons. First, from a crystal production standpoint, a congruent solidification process is generally more efficient. Due to the rejection phenomena going on at an incongruent solidification front, conventional growth rates must be kept relatively low to avoid interfacial breakdown effects that would otherwise result in a highly defective product. Also, due to the build-up of rejected species in the liquid as incongruent solidification progresses, the fraction of a given volume of liquid that can be successfully crystallized is limited. In addition, the spatial variation in composition in a crystal grown incongruently may also result in spatial variation of its thermal expansion properties. As a consequence, there is a tendency to crack on subsequent cooling.
Second, from the standpoint of using fabricated crystalline material in construction of electronic, optical, or acoustic devices, a congruent solidification process yields more desirable material. Efficient production of high-performance crystal-based devices to tight design tolerances requires high uniformity in critical crystal material properties, both within individual pieces and from piece to piece. Generally, such uniformity in critical material properties in turn requires uniformity in crystal composition. Clearly, a congruent solidification process favors such uniformity in crystal composition.
The subject of congruency as it relates to lithium niobate Czochralski growth has been a rather confused issue from the earliest work on the material. In large part, difficulty in resolving the confusion has been due to the practical difficulty in measuring to necessary precision the chemical composition of crystalline lithium niobate. Due to the extremely low solubility of solid lithium niobate in common acids, standard wet-chemical analytical techniques are relatively imprecise. Potentially more accurate techniques like Curie temperature measurement and non-linear optical phase-match temperature measurement are rather subtle in their application.
Initial lithium niobate growth work was based on the belief that the congruent composition should be a Li:Nb ratio of 50 mol % Li. In 1968 Lerner et al. in the Journal of Crystal Growth 3/4 (1968) 231 reported the congruent composition to lie between 48 and 49 mol % Li. Later, Carruthers et al. in the Journal of Applied Physics 42 (1971) 1846 reported the congruent composition as 48.60 mol % Li. In 1974, Chow et al., Mat Research Bull. 9 (1974) 1067 determined that the congruent composition lies between 48.50 and 48.60 mol % Li. In 1985, O'Bryan et al. in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68 (1985) 493 reported the congruent composition as 48.45 mol % Li. Most recently, in Applied Physics Letters 53 (1988) 260 Wen et al. made an uncited reference to a congruent composition value of 48.71 mol % Li.
Obviously, not all of the foregoing conflicting reports on congruent compositions can be correct. Moreover, each of these studies is open to serious doubt, due to one or more of several shortcomings. Primarily, these drawbacks are:
(1) Inaccuracy or imprecision in compositional measurement technique, PA1 (2) Growth of crystals representing total melt fractions smaller than desirable for maximizing effects of incongruency, PA1 (3) Compositional characterization of specimens inappropriately large with respect to the size of the parent crystals being analyzed, and PA1 (4) Analysis of measurement results based on dubious extension of approximate theoretical construction.
If one were to take as an illustration the recent work by O'Bryan et al., these people skilled in the art based an analysis of a preferred lithium niobate growth composition on compositional measurements they performed on both fabricated crystalline specimens cut from lithium niobate crystals and solidified polycrystalline samples withdrawn from the corresponding melts used in crystal growth. The compositional measurements were performed using a differential thermal analysis (DTA) technique to determine the ferroelectric Curie temperature of each of the samples. It is also significant to note that the fraction of liquid crystallized only corresponded to 0.72 of the melt.
The precision on the Curie temperature measurements of O'Bryan et al. was quoted as .+-.2.degree.C. Such precision in Curie temperature measurement corresponds to a roughly .+-.0.2 mol % Li precision in specifying melt composition for growth. It is generally known and is confirmed in data and discussion presented hereinafter that such wide error bars associated with specifying melt composition are unable to provide a significant improvement in lithium niobate crystal production beyond present conventional commercial practices of those skilled in the art.

Composition for growth of homogeneous lithium niobate crystals


A golf club head 2 is provided with a head body h1 and a CFRP member 16. The CFRP member 16 constitutes at least a part of a crown 6 or at least a part of a sole 8. The CFRP member 16 has a UD lamination part 18 having laminated UD layers. Orientation of a fiber is substantially set to three directions in the UD lamination part 18. When the three directions are a first direction, a second direction, and a third direction, preferably, an angle of the second direction to the first direction is substantially +60 degrees, and an angle of the third direction to the first direction is substantially −60 degrees. Preferably, the UD lamination part 18 has a lamination symmetrical property in a fiber orientation angle. Preferably, the number of layers of the UD lamination part 18 is 5 or greater and 12 or less.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a golf club head. In particular, the present invention relates to a golf club head having a CFRP member.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a golf club head, a coefficient of restitution and a volume of the head are regulated by the rule. In respect of a swing balance, a weight of the head is restricted. Furthermore, in respect of practicality, high strength is required. The regulation and the restriction complicate the design of a head having enhanced performance.
In order to improve the performance of the head, a head using CFRP is known. The CFRP means carbon fiber reinforced plastic. The CFRP can have specific strength higher than that of titanium. An excess weight can be created by using the CFRP. A position of a center of gravity of the head can be changed by redisposing the excess weight. The excess weight can improve a degree of freedom of the design of the head.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 4222118 (US2005/0026721) discloses a hollow golf club head having a front face body made of an integral titanium-based metal material, a metal sole plate, and a fiber-reinforced resin body. Paragraph [0036] discloses a sheet having a carbon fiber obliquely oriented by 60 degrees in a clockwise direction to a toe-heel direction, and a sheet having a carbon fiber obliquely oriented by 60 degrees in a counterclockwise direction to the toe-heel direction. In FIG. 6 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-253606, a laminate oriented in four directions is disclosed. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-312646 (US2005/0245328, US2009/0139643, US2009/0176600) discloses a constitution in which fibers are crossed at the angle of 30 to 90 degrees. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-296626 (US2005/0209022) discloses a resin member including a 0° direction prepreg of which a fiber substantially makes an angle of 0 degree to a front-back direction line of a head, and a 90° direction prepreg of which a fiber substantially makes 90 degrees to the front-back direction line of the head.


Smart window apparatus, systems, and related methods for use with vehicles are disclosed. A disclosed apparatus includes control circuitry configured to obtain data associated with a vehicle that is parked, determine, based on the data, a status of the vehicle associated with relatively high cabin temperature or an unattended occupant in the vehicle, and open a vehicle window via a window actuator to cool the vehicle cabin. The control circuitry is also configured to detect, based on the data, an event in an environment associated with the vehicle while the vehicle window is open and adjust the vehicle window via the window actuator in response to the detection.

An interior or cabin space of a vehicle can get relatively hot while the vehicle is parked outside (e.g., in direct sunlight), which may be undesirable to a driver or vehicle owner returning to the vehicle and/or pose risks to an unattended occupant in the vehicle, such as a child or pet. Typically, a Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system and/or an automatic climate control system can be employed to facilitate cooling the cabin space when the vehicle is turned on.

TOYOTA MOTOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING NORTH AMERICA, INC.


Provided is a device for multi-portal irradiation of particle beams which makes it possible to carry out multi-portal irradiation by remote operation without an operator having to enter an irradiation room. This device for remotely multi-portal irradiation of particle beams includes an irradiation room and a control room. The irradiation room comprises an irradiation device for emitting a particle beam at an irradiation target, an irradiation control device for controlling the position and direction of the irradiation device, and a support stand for supporting the irradiation target. The control room, in turn, includes a control device and a remote operation controller. The control device controls the position and direction of the irradiation device by controlling the irradiation control device.

For example, JP 2009-89853 A (Patent Literature 1) discloses a particle beam irradiation method. This publication discloses that multi-portal irradiation is performed in a case where a target site cannot be irradiated with a particle beam unless the particle beam goes through a normal organ (paragraph 0017 in this publication).
JP 2008-22994 A (Patent Literature 2) discloses a particle beam therapy system in which a particle beam irradiation section (irradiation room) and a diagnosis support section (control room) are disposed on the same floor. However, with this system, an operator needs to enter the irradiation room to adjust the particle beam irradiation section every time multi-portal irradiation is performed.
When multi-portal irradiation is performed, an operator moves a position of a particle beam emitting apparatus every time particle beam irradiation is performed (Rei Watanabe, Nobuo Ono, and Katsumi Nagai, Journal of Japan Radiological Society vol. 23 No. 7 pp. 33 to 40, Oct. 25, 1963: Non Patent Literature 1).

Device for remotely cross-firing particle beams