The present invention is a fragrance precursor of formula I:

The present invention relates to fragrance precursors for a fragrant ketone and a fragrant ester. Compositions containing such fragrant precursors are also provided. A process for imparting a fragrance to a substrate using such a fragrance precursor is also provided.
A principal strategy currently employed in imparting odors to consumer products is the admixing of the fragrance directly into the product. There are, however, several drawbacks to this strategy. The fragrance material can be too volatile and/or too soluble, resulting in fragrance loss during manufacturing, storage, and use. Many fragrance materials are also unstable over time. This again results in loss during storage.
In many consumer products it is desirable for the fragrance to be released slowly over time. Microencapsulation and inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins have been used to help decrease volatility, improve stability and provide slow-release properties. However, these methods are, for a number of reasons, often not successful. In addition, cyclodextrins can be too expensive.
Precursors for the delivery of organoleptic compounds, especially for flavors, fragrances and masking agents are described in EP-A 0 936 211. This delivery system releases one or more odoriferous compounds upon exposure to light and/or UV irradiation. Using this system in various consumer products leads to a prolonged perception of the fragrant compound(s) to be released.
WO 99/60990 describes fragrance precursors which release fragrant alcohols, aldehydes or ketones upon exposure to light. Perfuming compositions containing these fragrance precursors can be used in various consumer products such as detergents, fabric softeners, household products, hair care products, etc.
It is known that phenacyl glycosides undergo a Norrish Type II photoreaction leading to gluconolactones and the corresponding phenacyl compound (Crich et al., Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 11945-11952). However, it has not been described or suggested to use such phenacyl acetals as fragrance precursors, which are capable of releasing a fragrant ketone and a fragrant ester over a prolonged period.
Many fragrant compounds with odors accepted by the public are esters of high volatility resulting in a short period of perceivable odor. Such esters are quickly hydrolyzed in an alkaline environment, thereby losing the fragrant characteristic. Therefore, they are of limited use for laundry products.
It is therefore desirable to have a fragrance delivery system which is capable of releasing the fragrant compound or compounds in a controlled manner, while maintaining a desired odor over a prolonged period of time.
An object of the present invention is to provide non-volatile precursors for volatile fragrant esters.
Another object of the present invention is to provide fragrance precursors which are stable in an alkaline environment, especially in laundry products.
A further object of the present invention is to provide fragrance precursors with high substantivity.
Another object of the present invention is to provide fragrance precursors which are activated and cleaved by light.
A further object of the present invention is to provide fragrance precursors with slow release properties.
Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention is a fragrance precursor of formula I:
for a fragrant ketone of formula II:
and a fragrant ester of formula III:
wherein,
R1 to R5 represent independently H, xe2x80x94NO2, linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkenyl, C1-C6-alkinyl, or C1-C4-alkoxy,
R6 and R7 are independently H, linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl-, C1-C6-alkenyl, or C1-C6-alkinyl,
R8 and R9 are the residues of an acid R8-COOH and an alcohol R9OH respectively forming the fragrant ester of formula III.
Another embodiment of the invention is a composition containing a base and a fragrance precursor of formula I:
that upon exposure to light forms a fragrant ketone of formula II:
and a fragrant ester of formula III:
wherein,
R1 to R5 represent independently H, xe2x80x94NO2, linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkenyl, C1-C6-alkinyl or C1-C4-alkoxy,
R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, and R4 and R5 may form together one or two aliphatic or aromatic rings,
R6 and R7 are independently H, linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl-, C1-C6-alkenyl, C1-C6-alkinyl, and
R8 and R9 are the residues of an acid R8-COOH and an alcohol R9OH respectively forming the fragrant ester of formula III.
A further embodiment of the invention is a process for providing a fragrance to a substrate having the steps of:
(a) contacting a substrate with a composition comprising fragrance precursor of formula I:
wherein,
R1 to R5 represent independently H, xe2x80x94NO2, linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkenyl, C1-C6-alkinyl or C1-C4-alkoxy,
R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4,and R4 and R5 may form together one or two aliphatic or aromatic rings,
R6 and R7 are independently H, linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl-, C1-C6-alkenyl, C1-C6-alkinyl, and
R8 and R9 are the residues of an acid R8xe2x80x94COOH and an alcohol R9OH respectively forming the fragrant ester of formula III; and
(b) exposing the substrate to light source, to form a fragrant ketone of formula II:
and a fragrant ester of formula III:
The present invention relates to fragrance precursors of formula I:
which upon exposure to light, and in particular daylight, release a fragrant ketone of formula II:
and a fragrant ester of formula III:
wherein
R1 to R5 represent independently H, xe2x80x94NO2, branched or linear C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkenyl, C1-C6-alkinyl, or C1-C4-alkoxy,
R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, and R4 and R5 may form together one or two aliphatic or aromatic rings, these rings may optionally contain branched or linear C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkenyl, or C1-C4-alkinyl residues, and the above rings and residues may contain one or more oxygen atoms,
R6 and R7 are independently H, branched or linear C1-C6-alkyl, C1-C6-alkenyl, or C1-C6-alkinyl, and R6 or R7 may form with either R1 or R5 a carbocyclic ring optionally substituted by an aliphatic residue.
R8 and R9 are the residues of an acid R8xe2x80x94COOH and an alcohol R9OH respectively forming the fragrant ester of formula III.
The branched carbon chains defined above also may have multiple branched chains.
The fragrance precursors of formula I release, upon exposure to light, volatile fragrant esters of formula III and fragrant ketones of formula II. Because the precursors of the invention are stable in an alkaline environment, and show high substantivity, they are well adapted for detergent and laundry use.
The fragrance precursors of the present invention are slowly cleaved when exposed to light, in particular daylight. Upon absorption of energy from the light, the phenacyl acetals of formula I undergo a Norrish Type II photoreaction, which leads to the release of a fragrant ketone of formula II and a fragrant ester of formula III.
The release of the above mentioned fragrant compounds occurs, for example, upon exposure to a UV radiation source, such as sunlight penetrating through ordinary windows, although the light need not be particularly rich in UV irradiation. Upon exposure to bright sunlight, in particular direct sunlight from the outdoors, the release of the fragrant compounds of formula II and III will occur faster and to a greater extent than upon exposure to room light inside a building. The cleavage of the precursors of the present invention can also be initiated by an appropriate lamp, for example, a sun tanning lamp.
The photoreaction of the fragrance precursors of formula I involves, in a first step, the absorption of light by the keto-group followed by abstraction of the acetal-H atom and subsequent cleavage of the resulting 1,4-diradical (Scheme A). It has been found that the aromatic residue of the fragrance precursors plays an important role in this photoreaction as it influences the absorption maxium xcexmax of the keto-group. Therefore, the cleavage properties of the fragrance precursors can be modified by variation of the substituents R1 to R5.
The fragrant ketones of formula II may be used as an ingredient for the formulation of perfumes or perfumed articles using well known techniques. Non-limiting examples of aryl alkyl ketones of formula I include acetanisole (1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), acetophenone (1-phenyl-ethanone) (Haarmann and Reimer GmbH, Germany), Crysolide(copyright) (4-acetyl-6-tert-butyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), dimethyl acetophenone (1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethanone) (Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland), Fixolide(copyright) (1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthalenyl-ethanone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Florantone T(copyright) (1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone) (Takasago Perfumery Co., Japan), Grassenone 34(copyright) (3-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-4-hexen-1-one) (Keemia Institute, Tallin USSR), isopropylindanone (2-(1-methylethyl)-indanone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Lavonax(copyright) (1-phenyl-4-penten-1-one) (International Flavors and Fragrances, USA), Musk F (5-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-indane) (CNNP), Musk ketone(copyright) (4-tert-butyl-3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethyl-acetophenone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Novalide(copyright) (1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,4,6,6,8,8-hexamethyl-indacen-3(2H)-one) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Oranger Crystals(copyright) (1-(2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Orinox(copyright) (1-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-ethanone) (Polak""s Frutal Works BV, Netherlands), Phantolide(copyright) (1-(2,3-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3,6-hexamethyl-1H-inden-5-yl-ethanone) (Polak""s Frutal Works BV, Netherlands), propiophenone (1-phenyl-propanone) (Haarmann and Reimer GmbH, Germany), Traseolide 100(copyright) (1-[2,3-dihydro- 1,1,2,6-tetramethyl-3-(1-methylethyl-1H-inden-5-yl-ethanone) (Quest International, Netherlands), Vernolide(copyright) (1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3xe2x80x2, 5xe2x80x2, 5xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2-penta-methyl-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Versalide(copyright) (1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3xe2x80x2-ethyl,5xe2x80x2, 5xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), and Vitalide(copyright) (1-(hexahydrodimethyl-1H-benzindenyl)-ethanone) (Takasago Perfumery, Japan).
The above list is illustrative only and is not intended to limit fragrant ketones of formula II. For example, additional fragrant ketones of formula II are e.g., described in xe2x80x9cPerfume and Flavor Chemicals,xe2x80x9d S. Arctander Ed., Vol. I and II, Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, USA, 1994 and in K. Bauer, D. Garbe and H. Surburg, Eds., Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials, Wiley-VCH, 3rd Edition, Weinheim, 1997.
Fragrance esters of formula III represent an important class of perfumery raw materials and include compounds of a great structural variety. Fragrance esters of formula III contribute to the odor and aroma of nearly all fruits and are known to be useful ingredients for the formulation of perfumes or perfumed articles. In the following, a non-limiting list of such esters are given as examples.
Most of the aliphatic esters of formula III are either acetates or include ethanol as the alcohol component. Examples of such esters of formula III include amyl butyrate, butyl 2-methylpentanoate, 3,7-dimethyloctan-3-yl acetate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, hexyl acetate, hexyl isobutyrate, and isopropyl 2-methylbutyrate.
The lower fatty acid esters of acyclic terpene alcohols, e.g. geraniol, linalool, and citronellol, and of cyclic terpene alcohols, e.g. menthol, xcex1-terpineol, borneol, and guaiyol, are important both as fragrance and as flavor substances, and are envisaged as esters of formula III.
Various cycloaliphatic esters of formula III are widely used as perfumery chemicals, and include, for example: Agrumex(copyright) (2-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate) (Haarmann and Reimer GmbH, Germany), Vertenex(copyright) (4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate) (International Flavors and Fragrances, USA), Verdylacetate(copyright) (4,7-Methano-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-5(6)-indenyl acetate) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Givescone(copyright) (ethyl 2-ethyl-6,6-dimethyl-2-cyclohexenecarboxylate and ethyl 2,3,6,6-tetramethyl-2-cyclohexenecarboxylate) (Givaudan Roure (International) SA, Vernier, Switzerland), Cyclogalbanat(copyright) (allyl cyclohexyloxyacetate) (DRAGOCO Gerberding and Co. AG, Germany), Methyl jasmonate(copyright) (3-oxo-2-(cis-pentenyl)cyclo-pentaneacetic acid methyl ester) (Firmenich S.A., Switzerland), and Hedion(copyright) (methyl (3-oxo-2-pentyl-cyclopentyl)acetate) (Firmenich S.A., Switzerland).
Other important esters of formula III used in perfumery are those derived from araliphatic alcohols and aliphatic acids. Such compounds have characteristic odor properties. Important esters that fall into this category are e.g. benzyl acetate, phenethyl acetate, xcex1,xcex1-dimethylphenethyl acetate, and cinnamyl acetate.
Many of the esters of formula III described above, which are of pleasant odor, have a rather high volatility. This is especially true for aliphatic esters exhibiting typical fruity odors and for lower fatty acid esters of acyclic terpene alcohols having pleasant, citrusy, floral odors. An example of such a volatile ester is e.g. cis-3-hexenyl acetate. Cis-3-hexenyl acetate when applied to a surface of a substrate, for example, a fabric using a fabric softener in the rinsing cycle of the washing process, can only be perceived over a short period of time of one or two hours, depending on the concentration of cis-3-hexenyl acetate in the fabric softener.
The fragrance precursors of the present invention are not, or only slightly, volatile. The fragrant ketone of formula II and the fragrant ester of formula III are released only upon exposure to light, especially daylight. The photochemical cleavage provides over days and weeks perceptible amounts of the fragrant compounds. The period of release depends inter alia on the amount or concentration of the precursor applied to a substrate, the duration of exposure to light, its intensity, and its wavelength.
Fragrance esters of formula III are prone to undergo hydrolysis into an acid of formula R8COOH and an alcohol of formula R9OH, especially in alkaline products. Therefore, many fragrance accords containing such esters, e.g. fruity accords, cannot be imparted to such products.
Today""s consumers select a certain product not only based on performance but also based on the odor. From the foregoing it is evident that products for introducing a variety of fragrance accords to products having alkaline pH are desirable. The fragrance precursors of the present invention have the advantage that they are not or only slightly volatile and are chemically stable in consumer products having alkaline and neutral pH. A precursor of formula I added to, e.g., a powder detergent is stable in the detergent powder throughout storage. During the washing cycle (alkaline pH) and the rinsing cycle (neutral pH), the precursor is deposited on the fabric surface. It is only upon exposure of the fabric to light, for example during line drying in the sun, that the release of the fragrant ketone of formula II and the fragrant ester of formula III is started.
It has been noted above that esters of formula III, and especially the aliphatic ones, are rather volatile compounds. Furthermore, they are water soluble and are, therefore, lost to some extent during the washing/rinsing cycle, if introduced directly into detergents.
The fragrance precursors of formula I have the advantage that they have good substantivity on different substrates, especially on fabrics. Furthermore, the precursors are not or only slightly volatile, thus no loss occurs during storage. With the precursors of the present invention, highly volatile esters of formula III with low substantivity are successfully applied to achieve a long lasting pleasant odor. The volatile esters are produced in situ after application of the precursors of formula I onto a fabric during the washing cycle.
In the precursors of the invention, the moiety derived from a fragrant ketone of formula II brings three advantages: it introduces stability and substantivity to the precursors of formula I, and upon activation by light exhibits fragrant properties.
The fragrance precursors of the present invention are advantageously prepared via two methods. Both methods use an (xcex1-hydroxy-ketone as starting material. The latter is prepared by bromination of the corresponding fragrant ketone followed by sodium formate treatment and subsequent hydrolysis as shown in scheme I:
According to the first method, the xcex1-hydroxy-ketone intermediate is reacted under acid conditions with a vinyl ether to the desired precursor of formula I. The vinyl ether is obtained via the acetal of an aldehyde R8CHO and an alcohol R9OH. The synthesis is illustrated in scheme II:
According to the second method, the xcex1-hydroxy-ketone is transformed to the corresponding vinyl ether using a Hg catalyst. The vinyl ether is then coupled with the alcohol R9OH from which the fragrant ester of formula III is derived. This method allows for the use of a great variety of alcohols, i.e. residues R9 especially for allylic residues. The synthesis via this route is illustrated in scheme III:
Preferred precursors of the present invention are compounds releasing an aliphatic ester of formula III wherein R8 is the residue of an aliphatic acid having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R9 is the residue of an aliphatic alcohol having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Most preferred precursors are those releasing an ester derived from acetic acid, i.e. wherein R8 is xe2x80x94CH3.
Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein R8 is the residue of an aliphatic acid having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and R9 is the residue of an aliphatic alcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Most preferred compounds are those releasing an ester derived from ethanol, i.e. wherein R9 is xe2x80x94CH2CH3.
Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein R8 is the residue of an aliphatic acid having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R9 is the residue of a terpene alcohol having 10 to 20 carbon atoms. Most preferred compounds are those wherein the alcohol is a monoterpene alcohol.
Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein R8 is the residue of a cycloaliphatic acid having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and R9 is the residue of an aliphatic alcohol having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Most preferred compounds are those wherein the alcohol is ethanol.
Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein R8 is the residue of an aliphatic acid having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R9 is the residue of an araliphatic alcohol having more than 5 carbon atoms. Most preferred precursors are those releasing an ester derived from acetic acid, wherein R8 is xe2x80x94CH3.
Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein at least one of the residues R6 or R7 is H. Most preferred are compounds wherein R6 and R7 is H. Upon cleavage of these precursors, a fragrant ketone of formula II is released wherein said ketone is an aryl methyl ketone.
Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein R6 and R7 are H, and R1 to R5 represent independently hydrogen, xe2x80x94NO2, linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, and C1-C4 alkoxy. Most preferred compounds are those releasing a fragrant ketone of formula II wherein the fragrant ketone is selected from 1-phenyl-ethanone, 2,4-dimethylphenyl-ethanone, 1-[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,6-dimethylphenyl]-ethanone, 1-(4-tert-butyl-3,5-dinitro-2,6-dimethyl)-ethanone and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone. Other preferred precursors include compounds wherein R1 and R2, R2 and R3, R3 and R4, R4 and R5 form together an aliphatic or aromatic ring, wherein this ring optionally contains substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl residues and includes one or more oxygen atoms. Most preferred compounds are those releasing a fragrant ketone of formula II wherein the fragrant ketone is selected from 1-(2-naphtalenyl)-ethanone, 4-acetyl-6-tert-butyl-1,1-dimethyl-indan, 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthalenyl-ethanone, 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3xe2x80x2, 5xe2x80x2, 5xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2-pentamethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone, 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3xe2x80x2-ethyl-5xe2x80x2, 5xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2, 8xe2x80x2-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone, 1-(2,3 -dihydro-1,1,2,3,3 ,6-hexamethyl-1H-inden-5-yl-ethanone, 1-[2,3-dihydro-1,1 ,2,6-tetramethyl-3-(1-methylethyl-1H-inden-5-yl-ethanone, 5-acetyl-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-indane, and 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-ethanone.
Since the compounds of formula I, upon exposure to light, are cleaved and provide a fragrant ketone of formula II and a fragrant ester of formula III, they permit the development of useful consumer products with enhanced fragrant properties, especially having long lasting pleasant odors. Therefore, the present invention also relates to the use of all compounds of formula I as precursors for fragrant compounds.
The fragrance precursors of the present invention can be used in any product in which a prolonged and defined release of the above mentioned fragrant compounds is desired. Therefore, these precursors are especially useful in functional perfumery, and in products which are exposed to sunlight, during or after application.
The compounds of the present invention can act as fragrance precursors in functional and fine perfiunery, i.e. in fine fragrances, industrial, institutional, home, and personal care products. Industrial, institutional, and home cleaning products to which the fragrance precursors can be added include all kinds of detergents, window cleaners, hard surface cleaners, all purpose cleaners, and furniture polishes. The products can be liquids or solids, such as powders or tablets. Substrates including fabrics and surfaces treated with a product containing a fragrance precursor of the present invention will diffuse a fresh and clean odor upon exposure to light much longer than when cleaned with a conventional cleaner. Fabrics or clothes washed with such detergents will release the fragrant compounds even after having been stored for weeks in a dark place, e.g. a wardrobe.
The precursors of the present invention are also useful for application in all kinds of body care products. Especially interesting products are hair care products, for example, shampoos, conditioners, and hairsprays and skin care products such as cosmetic products, and especially sun protection products.
The above mentioned examples are of course only illustrative and non-limiting. Other products to which the precursors of the present invention may be added include soaps, bath and shower gels, deodorants, and even perfumes and colognes.
The fragrance precursors of the present invention can be used alone or in combination with other fragrance ingredients, solvents, or adjuvants known to those skilled in the art. Such ingredients are described, for example, in xe2x80x9cPerfume and Flavor Chemicals,xe2x80x9d S. Arctander, Ed., Vol. I and II, Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, USA, 1994 and include fragrance compounds of natural or synthetic origin and essential oils of natural products.
The amounts in which the precursors of formula I are incorporated in the various above-mentioned products will vary. The amounts depend on the nature of the fragrant compounds to be released, the nature of the product to which the precursors are added, and the desired olfactory effect. The amounts used will also depend on the co-ingredients in a given composition when the precursors of the present invention are used in admixture with perfuming co-ingredients, solvents, or adjuvants. Typical concentrations are in the order of 0.01% to 5% by weight of the products.
The following examples are provided to further illustrate the process of the present invention. These examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: for a fragrant ketone of formula II:

Abstract: and a fragrant ester of formula III:

Abstract: wherein,

Abstract: R1 and R2,R2 and R3, R3 and R4, and R4 and R5 may form together one or two aliphatic or aromatic rings,

Abstract: R8 and R9 are the residues of an acid R8-COOH and an alcohol R9OH respectively forming the fragrant ester of formula III. A method for providing an odor by admixing with a product a fragrance precursor as detailed above.


A method and an apparatus for outputting information are provided. A specific embodiment of the method comprises: in response to receiving voice inputted by a user, generating a voiceprint characteristic vector based on the voice; inputting the voiceprint characteristic vector into a voiceprint recognition model to obtain identity information of the user; selecting, from a preset multimedia file set, a predetermined number of multimedia files matching the obtained identity information of the user as target multimedia files; and generating, according to the target multimedia files, preview information, and outputting the preview information. This embodiment realizes the multimedia preview information recommendation with pertinence.

Smart televisions have been widespread in our lives. The smart televisions are not only limited to traditional television program viewing functions. At present, the popular television application market provide thousands of television applications for users, covering television live streaming, video-on-demand, stock and finance, healthy life, system optimization tool, etc.
In the existing technology, the television, as a household device shared by family members, generally provides the same service for every family member.

Method and apparatus for outputting information

Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd.


The present invention and embodiments thereof provide a process to separate ethylene products from impurities such as nitrogen, hydrogen, ethane, propane and isobutane without the need for distillation processes.

Ethylene-ethane separations for current commercial applications require the use of very large distillation towers and energy requirements in order to separate ethylene to a polymer-grade level. In the polyethylene plant there are stranded gas streams containing significant ethylene content, ranging from 50 to greater than 90 mol %. Due to the intensive process currently used, these gas streams cannot be recycled or recovered at smaller scales. In prior art, some membrane technologies have been developed that have moderate ethylene membrane selectivity, typically less than 10.
Pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) technology is an alternative technology for recovering stranded ethylene in a polyethylene plant that uses a solid adsorbent material to remove impurities that include ethane, hydrogen, nitrogen and methane gas. The adsorbent selection can function as either an equilibrium-based or kinetic-based separation. In principle, all adsorption processes utilize at least two steps: adsorption or uptake of the target molecule in the adsorbent; and desorption or removal of the same target molecule from the adsorbent. This may be achieved by changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature. In the case of PSA and vacuum-swing adsorption (VSA), pressure changes are used to regenerate the adsorbent. PSA does not require a dehydration step necessarily prior to separation of target components. PSA technology is able to treat stranded ethylene gas to recover ethylene up to a target purity of at least 98 mol % without the use of distillation or other thermally driven separation processes.
It would be desirable to have a PSA or VSA process utilizing an adsorbent material which would require lower vacuum power consumption or elimination of vacuum entirely while allowing for improved recovery of ethylene product. Such a process would enable deployment and competitive use of PSA units to recover stranded ethylene gases.

Ethylene separations using small pore zeolite SSZ-45


A capacitor discharging circuit and a converter are disclosed. The converter comprises: a capacitor connected between the live line and null line of an AC power input terminals, a conversion module coupled to the capacitor and comprising an energy storage component at least, an energy transfer unit coupled with the energy storage component and the capacitor, an AC power-off detecting unit and a control unit; wherein the energy transfer unit comprises a switch device; when AC power is disconnected, the AC power-off signal triggers the control unit to output a switch driving signal, controlling the operation of the energy transfer unit to transfer the energy stored in the capacitor to the energy storage component to discharge the capacitor.

Under normal circumstance, in order to meet the requirement of electromagnetic compatibility, a filter configuration comprising a capacitor is connected between AC power and the electronic devices. In compliance with the "safety of information technology equipment" standard, the capacitor is a safety capacitor which comprises X-capacitors and Y-capacitors. X-capacitor is connected between L line (Live line) and N line (Null line) of the input terminals of AC power.
Specifically positioned, X-capacitor will be charged upon the introduction of AC power, and will store energy in power plug when AC power is disconnected, which is likely to induce current leakage or make the enclosure charged to endanger user safety. Therefore, X-capacitor should be discharged rapidly in the event of AC power disconnection, and furthermore, the design of X-capacitor discharging circuit should meet related safety standard.
To comply with the "safety of information technology equipment" standard, one should ensure that the stored electric charge in a capacitor component of primary circuit is reduced to a minimal when designing electrical equipments at the external disconnection position of AC power. Specifically, if an electrical equipment is provided with a capacitor in the primary circuit, and if rated or nominal capacitance is more than 0.1 μF and the discharge time constant of the capacitor is not more than the following specified values, the electrical equipment will be considered as qualified:
a) 1 second, for pluggable equipment of A type, and
b) 10 seconds, for equipment of permanent connection and pluggable equipment of B type;
Wherein, the discharge time constant refers to a calculation from equivalent capacitance (μF) and equivalent discharge resistance (MΩ). That is to say, after a time period which equals to the discharge time constant, the voltage will reduce to 37% of its initial value.
In usual ways, discharging resistor is used to connect in parallel with X-capacitor and the time constant of capacitor and resistor should be less than the specified value to meet the rules concerning capacitor discharge in "safety of information technology equipment". Next, the X-capacitor discharging technology in the prior art will be described using an example that an X-capacitor is comprised in a converter circuit.
FIG. 1 shows a circuit schematic diagram of a converter with an X-capacitor in the prior art, in which a discharging resistor is connected in parallel with the X-capacitor. As shown in the figure, an X-capacitor 2, a discharging resistor 3 and a converter module 1 are coupled successively, and the X-capacitor 2 is connected in parallel between the input terminals (between L line and N line) of AC power. The converter with the X-capacitor in the prior art is the same as other electrical equipment in which a discharging resistor is connected in parallel between the two terminals of the X-capacitor, i.e. high voltage energy is stored in the X-capacitor 2 for long time in the event of AC power disconnection, the discharging resistor 3 is used to provide discharging path for the X-capacitor 2 to meet the safety requirement.
However, the discharging resistor 3 connected in parallel in the circuit will consume energy all along and induce energy consumption, especially, the energy consumption will become greater when the input voltage being higher, which is an important factor leading to the energy consumption of the converter during standby mode and no-load mode. With the increasing requirement of efficiency at the light load mode, it is more and more important to minimize the energy consumption caused by the discharge of the X-capacitor 2.
Furthermore, the converter module 1 can be composed of a power factor correction (PFC) conversion unit and a DC/DC conversion unit. It should be stressed that the two-stage conversion module having a bridgeless PFC conversion unit has much higher efficiency in the case of heavy load due to the advantage of topology, compared to the conventional PFC conversion unit having a bridge diode structure, but the X-capacitor having greater capacitance needs to be used. If the discharging resistor is used to discharge the X-capacitor, the resistor having relative low resistance is preferred. The lower the resistance is, the greater the energy consumption of the discharging resistor is when AC power is introduced, which could lead to lower efficiency of the bridgeless PFC conversion unit in the light load mode. Therefore, it becomes more and more urgent to solve the problem of the energy consumption induced by discharge of the X-capacitor.
Consequently, to meet the requirement of "safety of information technology equipment" and meanwhile to achieve high efficiency of electrical equipments especially in the light load mode is becoming a pressing problem needs to be resolved.

Capacitor discharging circuit and converter


A method for preparing a nanoporous silica sol-gel matrix containing at least one amine reactant selected from hydroxylamine, methylhydroxylamine, tertbutylhydroxylamine, methoxyamine, tetraethylenepentamine, dicarboxylic acid dihydrazides, particularly adipic acid dihydrazide, and the salts thereof, said method including the following steps: a) synthesising a gel from tetramethoxysilane or from a mixture of tetramethoxysilane and another organosilicon precursor selected from among phenyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltriethoxysilane, a fluoroalkyltrimethoxysilane, a fluoroalkyltriethoxysilane, a chloroalkylmethoxysilane, a chloroalkylethoxysilane, an alkyltrimethoxysilane, an alkyltriethoxysilane, an aminopropyltriethoxysilane and the mixtures thereof, the synthesis being performed in an aqueous medium at a temperature ranging from 10 to 70° C. in the presence of at least one amine reactant selected from among hydroxylamine, methylhydroxylamine, tertbutylhydroxylamine, methoxyamine, dicarboxylic acid dihydrazides, particularly adipic acid dihydrazide, and the salts thereof; b) drying the gel obtained during step a) so as to obtain a sol-gel matrix containing at least one amine reactant.

The majority of the adsorbent materials used for trapping carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones are porous materials which are impregnated with reagents capable of reacting with the aldehydes or carbonyl compounds, to produce products of varying stability which often-times are not colored.
This is the case for the Radiello® cartridges of silica impregnated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, which are widely used globally for the trapping of carbonyl compounds. The products formed by the reaction between the hydrazine and the aldehydes and ketones are hydrazone derivatives which absorb in the UV and are therefore not colored. On the same principle, Dräger (Lübeck, Germany) offers reactive tubes filled either with glass fibers or with silica gels which are impregnated with hydrazine derivatives, permitting the trapping of aldehydes. The resulting hydrazone derivatives are not colored. It should also be noted that both the Radiello® cartridges and the Dräger® tubes are used solely for measuring aldehyde and ketone levels and not as specific filters. The hydrazones formed are eluted and then separated by liquid chromatography, and measured optically. Both the Radiello® cartridges and the Dräger® tubes involve impregnation of the adsorbent material with reagents.
Nanoporous filters for the trapping of aldehydes, doped with an enaminone, preferably Fluoral-P, have been described in international patent application WO 2007/031657 A2. Filters of these kinds are sold by Ethera company under the name Puretech® as selective filters for the trapping of aldehydes, with a gradual change in coloration from pale yellow to deep yellow, to orange and brown at saturation. This filter, however, traps only aldehydes; Fluoral-P reacts only with aldehydes and undergoes coloration only with formaldehyde, with which it forms a cyclic compound which absorbs in the visible with a maximum centered around 410 nm. Accordingly, if the filter is used for trapping aldehydes other than formaldehyde, the coloration will not be developed upon saturation of the filter.
There are numerous amino reagents known for reaction with carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes and ketones: for example, ammonia, primary amines, hydroxylamine, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, semicarbazide and hydrazide. These reactions are all catalyzed in acidic medium and the pH of the reaction medium plays an important role in the stability of the products formed. Moreover, these amino compounds, when used in the commercialized processes, produce no coloration.
In order to produce a coloration, it is therefore necessary to add a dye to the amino reagents. In a first case described in the literature, Denda et al. (Thin films exhibiting multicolor changes induced by formaldehyde-responsive release of anionic dyes; Talanta 144(2015); 816-822) used protonated primary and secondary amines in a polyacrylamide film in the presence of various anionic dyes. These dyes with the cationic amines form electrostatic complexes which are stable to a greater or lesser extent. Accordingly, when the film is immersed into a solution containing formaldehyde, the reaction of the amines with the formaldehyde will release the dye, which is released in the solution, which undergoes coloration.
In a second case described in the literature, Suslick et al. (A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010. 132, 4046-4047) report another process, in which the amino reagent is mixed with a pH-sensitive dye in a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The change in pH on reaction of the amine with the formaldehyde gives rise to coloration of the dye, which is of appropriately selected pKa.
In the two cases cited, the materials are based on low-porosity polymer and the sensors are in the form of thin films, in order to promote the diffusion of the formaldehyde, which is the smallest of the aldehydes. A process of this kind cannot be envisaged for the trapping of larger carbonyl compounds, and especially for making filters for depollution—the film is quickly saturated and must therefore be renewed often.
Lastly, the filters of the prior art do not always take account of the need for irreversible trapping and/or for preventing pollutant releases when the trapping reaction is reversible or when the filter reaches saturation.

Preparation of new aldehyde and/or ketone traps and filters

COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES

CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE—CNRS—


A method for shifting a transmission in a machine. The method includes detecting a request for a directional shift of the transmission and determining a ground speed of the machine in response to the request. The method further includes overriding the request if the ground speed is above a ground speed threshold. Further, the method includes preparing the machine for the directional shift by limiting an output speed of a power source of the machine and by issuing a command to a brake unit of the machine to reduce the ground speed of the machine. Furthermore, the method includes validating and raising the request to the transmission to execute the directional shift if the ground speed is below the ground speed threshold.

A mobile machine, such as a haul truck or a wheel loader, applicable in mining and construction environments, typically includes a transmission that transfers rotational power from a power source (e.g., an internal combustion engine) of the machine to one or more traction devices of the machine. In so doing, the transmission helps attain machine motion. It is common for such transmissions to be switched between multiple speeds to suitably allow the machine to travel at different speeds and be shifted between multiple directions to allow the machine to travel in different directions.
If a directional shift of such a transmission is attempted (e.g., to switch the transmission from a first direction to an opposite, second direction) while the machine is in motion, a momentum aligned with the first direction would be dissipated before the transmission begins to move in the second direction. For example, the momentum may be dissipated to components of the transmission and to components of an associated powertrain of the machine. A component, such as a clutch, for example, that may need to be engaged to attain the second direction may slip until it is fully engaged to transmit motion in the second direction—during slipping, some friction material of the clutch may wear away. In effect, a resultant output of a directional shift may correspond to a relatively high energy event which often causes wear of several components and parts, leading to lower than expected life of the components.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,545,925 ('925 reference) relates to a transmission system that has a first clutch configured to transfer power in a first direction, a second clutch configured to transfer power in a second direction, a brake, and an interface device configured to generate a first signal indicative of a desire to shift power transfer directions. The '925 reference includes a controller that causes disengagement of the first clutch in response to the first signal, to cause the brake to apply a retarding torque to a traction device, and to determine an amount of the retarding torque being applied to the traction device. The controller also selectively transfers the retarding torque to the second clutch when a capacity of the second clutch to provide retarding torque is about equal to the amount of the retarding torque being applied by the brake.

System and method to shift transmission in machines

Caterpillar Underground Mining Pty. Ltd.


A receiver for use in digital cellular communication systems determines the type of data transmitted without having to decode the data. Digital cellular communication systems typically use convolutional forward error correction (FEC) coding to allow for error detection and correction at the receiver. The type of encoding is different depending on whether voice data or control data is transmitted. In general, FEC coding is a redundant coding of the encoded data so that for a given encoding algorithm with FEC coding, there will be a limited number of valid code sequences less than the total possible number of code sequences for a transmission of the same number of bits. This characteristic is used to identify the type of encoding without decoding the received information. Consequently, decoding requirements are reduced to those corresponding to the active transmitting encoder, resulting in receiver complexity reduction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to digital communication systems and, more particularly, to complexity reduction in the implementation of receiver equipment for such communication systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
For the particular case of North American digital cellular communications, either of two information types can be transmitted. The receiver must determine the type, and this selection is not assisted by any external flagging information. The two data types, corresponding to compressed voice information (voice) and control information (FACCH) are encoded with different convolutional forward error correction codes. "FACCH" is the acronym for "Fast Associated Control Channel" from "Dual-Mode Mobile Station - Base Station Compatibility Standard", EIA/TIA Project Number 2215, Interim Standard 54, December 1989. One method of overcoming the ambiguity as to which type of data was transmitted is to separately decode received information under both hypotheses and then determine the more consistent hypothesis by examining both sets of decoded data. This approach is wasteful of resources in that the results of one of the decoding processes are never used.

Identification of encoder type through observation of data received


Systems and methods are disclosed and include a processor configured to execute instructions stored in a nontransitory computer-readable medium. The instructions include generating first message authentication code (MAC) bytes based on a shared secret key. The instructions include generating first nonce bytes and an authenticated packet based on the first MAC bytes, the first nonce bytes, and a message byte. The instructions include generating a de-whitened tone byte based on the shared secret key. The instructions include generating a message packet that includes the authenticated packet and the de-whitened tone byte. Generating the message packet includes pseudo-randomly identifying a first location of the authenticated packet and inserting the de-whitened tone byte at the first location. The instructions include transmitting the message packet to the peripheral device and establishing the communication link between a portable device and a peripheral device in response to the peripheral device validating the message packet.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure and is not necessarily prior art.
Traditionally, a passive entry/passive start (PEPS) system, which is a vehicle system that includes a keyless entry system, allows anyone in possession of a key fob that has been previously paired with a vehicle's central PEPS electronic control unit (ECU) to access the vehicle by simply grabbing the door handle and to start the vehicle with a push of a button. In response to a button push, the central PEPS ECU authenticates the key fob to determine if the key fob is authorized to access the vehicle and uses the signal strength indicated by a plurality of vehicle antennas to estimate the location of the key fob. If the key fob is authenticated and is located within an authorizing zone, the vehicle's function is made available to the user (e.g., doors are unlocked or vehicle is started).
Traditionally, PEPS systems use proprietary grade radio protocols using low frequency (LF) signals of approximately 125 kHz. PEPS systems are also hampered by the physics of the LF systems. LF was selected by early PEPS systems, because the wave propagation allows for relatively accurate estimation of range and location by using signal strength within the typical target activation range of 2 meters. However, due to the extremely long wavelength of the LF signal compared to the size of a practical vehicle antenna and key fob receiver, it is difficult within reasonable power consumption and safe transmit power levels to reliably communicate with a key fob using LF beyond a few meters. Consequently, it is difficult to make any of the vehicle's functions available to the user when the key fob is located more than a few meters away from the vehicle.
Accordingly, key fobs are being implemented by smart devices, such as smartphones and wearable devices, wherein the smart devices are able to communicate at a range greater than the activation range of LF systems. As such, smart devices enable the availability of various vehicle functions and long range distancing features, such as passive welcome lighting, distance bounding on remote parking applications, and so on.
However, traditional PEPS systems and PEPS systems with key fobs that are implemented by smart devices include wireless vulnerabilities that may subject the respective PEPS systems to malicious attacks. As an example, a user may attack a PEPS system by passive eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, replay attacks, and identity tracking of various telemetric links of the PEPS system.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A liquid processing apparatus of the present disclosure includes a rotatable substrate holder that holds a wafer from above, and a top plate nozzle that supplies at least rinse liquid to the wafer and is provided in the rotation center of the substrate holder. The top plate nozzle is movably configured with the substrate holder in the top-bottom direction, and the rinse liquid is supplied to the wafer from the top plate nozzle while the top plate nozzle is spaced from the substrate holder. When the top plate nozzle approaches to the substrate holder, the rinse liquid is supplied to the lower surface of the substrate holder from the top plate nozzle to clean the lower surface of the substrate holder.

In a process that manufactures semiconductor wafers or glass substrates for flat panel displays, a liquid processing is performed for the substrates as a substrate processing.
The substrate is held by a substrate holder, the substrate is rotated while the substrate is covered with a substrate, and a cover plate may be provided to prevent the scattering of the mist of the processing liquid dropped from the substrate. See, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-176795.

Liquid processing apparatus, liquid processing method, and storage medium


The present invention relates to a cryogel scaffold capable of controlling the degree of degradation and a soft bio-integrated device in which a drug modulating an immunosuppressive action in solid tumor microenvironment is loaded in the scaffold.

A porous scaffold fabricated using a biomaterial and a synthetic polymer is used in various fields. Particularly, the porous scaffold has been used as scaffolds for cell growth and tissue engineering in the biomedical field, a cell delivery system and a drug delivery system, and for purification of a biomaterial. Such a porous scaffold has been fabricated using the main ingredient of an extracellular matrix (ECM) such as alginate, gelatin, collagen or hyaluronic acid by a physical/chemical crosslinking method. Conventionally, to form a pore in the porous scaffold, a method of using a special template or porogen material has been actively used, but all of porous scaffolds fabricated by the above method have uniform degradability or have the shortcoming of having a very low swelling ratio. However, since the degradability or swelling ratios of porous scaffolds used in biological and medical fields have to be freely adjusted according to their use and purpose, recently, there have been attempts to use a low molecular weight constituent material to adjust degradability or to lower a crosslinking density. But, in this case, the porous scaffolds had the shortcoming of lowering mechanical properties. Therefore, the porous scaffolds that can control degradability and maintain mechanical properties and swelling ratios are expected to be effectively used in biological and medical fields.
Meanwhile, an anti-cancer immunotherapy method for treating cancer using the body's immune system has an advantage of minimizing side effects compared with conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Among these anti-cancer immunotherapeutic methods, a cell therapeutic method of directly injecting therapeutic immune cells such as dendritic cells, natural killer cells or T cells into the body after in vitro activation has been actively studied. In addition, research on a cancer vaccine increasing an anticancer effect by activating therapeutic immune cells in the body by injecting a cancer antigen and an immune-activating material into the body is being actively conducted. However, such a cell therapeutic agent or cancer vaccine is mainly used for blood cancer-associated diseases, and has the shortcoming of having a very low therapeutic effect on most solid tumors. One of the reasons of the low therapeutic effect on solid tumors is a microenvironment that inhibits an immune function near a solid tumor. Actually, cells degrading the function of immune cells (myeloid-derived stromal cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM)), immunosuppression-inducing cytokines or metabolites actively function in a tumor microenvironment, thereby rapidly reducing the activities of an immune-activating material and therapeutic immune cells.
In addition, dendritic cells, NK cells and T cells, which are therapeutic immune cells currently tried in clinical trials, are injected into the body intraperitoneally or through blood vessel injection. Here, a large number of the injected cells remains near the injection site, or the cells do not properly function and die in in vivo circulation. Therefore, in the actual clinical field, attempts to increase a cancer therapeutic effect are progressing by in vivo injection of a large amount, for example, 10(9) or more, of therapeutic immune cells. However, a lot of time and costs are needed to in vitro culture a large number of cells, and treatment costs are also very high. In addition, a large number of cells cultured in vitro should be used in patients within a specific period, otherwise, there is a fatal disadvantage in that the large number of therapeutic cells prepared at high cost must be disposed of.
Drugs targeting cells, cytokines or metabolites involved in an immunosuppressive action in the solid tumor microenvironment have been developed, and thus a test for the efficacy thereof is actively progressing in the clinical field. However, most of the drugs have very low stability, and when a high dose of a drug is injected into the body through intravenous injection, toxicity and side effects that can kill even immune cells responsible for an anti-cancer treatment function as well as normal cells are becoming the biggest problems.
Therefore, to increase the therapeutic effect against a solid tumor, there is a very urgent need to develop a novel therapeutic platform technique that can control an immunosuppressive factor in the solid tumor microenvironment, activate therapeutic immune cells and maintain the function of the cells. However, until now, there is no invention relating to a bio-integrated device that can control an immunosuppressive factor in the solid tumor microenvironment and maintain the activation of therapeutic immune cells at the same time.
Recently, the Mooney group at Harvard University (USA) developed a novel type of cancer vaccine, which includes GM-CSF, CpG and a cancer cell lysate in a porous scaffold fabricated using a PLGA polymer, and there is a case of applying the cancer vaccine in the cancer treatment field (U.S. Pat. No. 6,748,954 B2). In this research, to fabricate a porous scaffold, a gas-foaming process was used. In addition, the Stephan group at the Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center (USA) simultaneously loaded therapeutic T cells and an activator into an alginate matrix to be used as cancer therapy technology. However, in the prior research, a scaffold in which a dendritic cell-activating vaccine component and therapeutic T cells are loaded was fabricated, but no immunosuppressive factor under the solid tumor microenvironment was considered. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a bio-integrated flexible device that can induce local delivery of various customized immunosuppressive factors in the solid tumor microenvironment.

Cryogel scaffold capable of controlling degree of degradation and soft bio-integrated device in which drug modulating immunosuppressive action in solid microenvironment is loaded in same scaffold

Research & Business Foundation Sungkyunkwan University


Disclosed is an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel which comprises a thin-film transistor (TFT) device layer and a light-emitting layer disposed on the thin-film transistor device layer. A reflection-enhancing layer provided between the thin-film transistor device layer and the light-emitting layer includes an insulating layer disposed on the thin-film transistor device layer, a plurality of reflecting electrodes disposed on the insulating layer in a matrix manner and corresponding one-to-one to each emitting area of the organic light-emitting diode display panel, and a planarization layer disposed on the insulating layer and covering the plurality of reflecting electrodes. A plurality of anodes of the light-emitting layer are disposed on the planarization layer, and the plurality of anodes of the light-emitting layer are positioned opposite to the plurality of reflecting electrodes.

Display devices, such as liquid crystal display (LCD), active matrix-organic light emitting diode (AMOLED), and etc., mainly display an image by controlling light transmittance of liquid crystal using electric field or by controlling light emission of organic light-emitting material using electric current.
Currently, in most processes of top-emitting AMOLED devices, a combination of silver and indium tin oxide is used as reflecting anodes. However, silver protrusions are prone to be formed during the process of manufacturing silver film layer by physical vapor deposition process resulting in short-circuiting of anodes and cathodes, thereby occurring dark spots. If other materials for reflecting anodes are used, the reflectivity obtained will be low or specific equipment will be needed for the manufacturing.
In summary, in the process of manufacturing OLED display panels in the prior art, silver protrusions are prone to be formed since anodes are manufactured by using materials of silver and indium tin oxide resulting in short circuiting of anodes and cathodes, forming dark spots, and low reflectance of other anode materials. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a new OLED display panel to improve this defect.

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel and method thereof

Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd.


In a current cut-off type automated stroboscope circuit which controls a flashlight intensity by cutting off the current flowing through a flash lamp, a high-speed semiconductor switching device inserted in series with respect to the stroboscopic tube has been encountered up to now with malfunction and breakdown problems induced by chattering. To solve aforesaid problems, the present invention is to provide a xenon tube 1 with an IGBT 2 connected in series with respect to the xenon tube 1. The gate electrode of the IGBT is connected to two pnp-type transistors Q1 and Q2 substantially inbetween, both transistors of which are connected in series with respect to each other. The IGBT is controlled by turning on and turning off of the transistors Q1 and Q2. Furthermore, a time constant circuit which is formed of a capacitor C1 and a resistor R1 is connected to the transistor Q1. A gate voltage is applied to the IGBT 2 only for a certain period of time (one shot) which is defined by a time constant of CR product.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates mainly to a stroboscope circuit capable of controlling a dimmer operation of an electronic flashlight and, more particularly, to a series-type automated stroboscope dimmer circuit which cuts off a current flowing through a flash lamp when an intensity of an exposure light reaches a predetermined value.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
A circuit, for instance, shown in FIG. 3 has been proposed up to now as an electric current cut-off type automated stroboscope dimmer circuit.
In FIG. 3, a numeric character 1 stands for an electronic flash lamp, for instance, a xenon tube while 2 stands for an insulated gate bipolar transistor (referred to as "IGBT" hereinafter) which is connected in series with respect to the xenon tube 1. Q1 and Q2 are pnp-type transistors which are connected in series to each other. A gate electrode of the IGBT 2 is connected to an emitter-sided electrode of the transistor Q2 and substantially connected also to a collector electrode of the transistor Q1. On the other hand, a base electrode of the transistor Q1 is connected to a collector-sided electrode of a pnp-type transistor Q3.
Another numeric sign 3 stands for a dimmer circuit, 4 stands for a power supply terminal for receiving a driving voltage to be supplied to the xenon tube 1, 5 stands for an input terminal for receiving a control voltage signal VB and 6 stands for another input terminal for receiving a synchronous signal (a timing signal) SY. Herein R2 to R4, R6 and R8 to R10 stand for resistors, respectively.
Aforesaid circuit employs the IGBT 2 as a switching device which cuts off the current. When the flashlight illuminated from the discharging xenon tube 1 extends to a certain intensity, a dimmer action is performed by switching the IGBT 2 from a conductive status to a cut-off status thereby stopping the current flowing through the xenon tube 1.
Namely, when the synchronous signal SY is switched from an H (high level) status to an L (low level) status first, the transistor Q1 turns on and the control signal voltage (the gate voltage) VB is applied to the gate electrode of the IGBT 2. Accordingly, the IGBT 2 turns on to fire the xenon tube 1, by which a flashlight illumination is initiated.
When the intensity of the flashlight emitted from the xenon lamp 1 reaches a desired value, an output signal A transmitted from the dimmer circuit 3 turns from an H status into an L status, which turns on the transistor Q2. The turning on of the transistor Q2 turns off the IGBT 2 as well as turns the transistor Q3 into a conductive status, the latter of which turns off the transistor Q1 on the contrary. As a result, the gate voltage supplied to a gate electrode of the IGBT 2 is terminated.
In such an automated stroboscope circuit as mentioned above, the transistors Q2 and Q3 are simultaneously turned on to turn off transistor Q1 during dimmer operation. However, such a circuit configuration is apt to induce some chattering phenomena in switching operation, which encounters with a big problem that causes sometimes fatal breakdowns in the IGBT 2.
On the other hand, aforesaid circuit configuration requires simultaneously three pieces of transistors, which proposes another problem that the circuit requires many pieces of expensive electronic components called semiconductor devices.

Stroboscope circuit controlling dimmer operation


Features of content may be identified using a server that is coupled with a client unit via a bandwidth-limited communications link. In one embodiment, the client unit forwards a subset of representations of the content, such as a lossy compressed version of an image, to the server. The server analyzes the image and forwards information regarding the features included in the content to the client unit. If the server determines that a sufficient number of representations are not available, the server requests the client unit to forward additional representations. An embodiment of the present invention reduces usage of the bandwidth used by the bandwidth-limited communications link by having the server request subsets of representations of the content rather than transmitting all representations for remote processing in a manner supporting a division of labor by the client unit and the server.

Remote processing typically refers to the use of a remote processing center (e.g., located across a wide area network or in "the cloud") relative to a client device and configured to execute a task or subroutine for the client device. A remote processing center can employ one or many processors operative to process representation(s) of content in the form of an image file or audio file, for example, on behalf of a client device and return requested data.


A communications system is designed to allow a call waiting subscriber who is already busy on a first call to receive information associated with a message being recorded by a second caller attempting to reach the subscriber. According to one aspect of the principles disclosed herein, a one-way conference call is established between the second caller and the subscriber as the message is being recorded to allow the subscriber to eavesdrop on the message. According to another aspect of the principles disclosed herein, an Automatic Speech Recognition system may transcribe the message being recorded into ASCII coded data that is delivered to the called party. The received message allows the subscriber to effectively assess whether the first call in progress should be interrupted to answer the second call in waiting.

Voice messaging and call waiting are well known communications services features that have enjoyed tremendous commercial success in the marketplace. Voice messaging allows a caller to record a message for an unavailable called party. By contrast, call waiting permits a called party who is already busy on a first call, to be informed that another call is waiting. The benefits of call waiting are not without some inconveniences. For example, call waiting subscribers quite often resent having to interrupt a conversation with a first party to answer a less important, if not a nuisance second call in waiting. Yet, the presumption of importance of the second call in waiting sometimes compels a called party to interrupt a first call to answer that second call. Too often the presumption is rebutted when the called party finds out--to his or her chagrin --. that the second call is an unimportant or a nuisance call.
In response to this problem, network designers have developed communications features, such as call screening or caller-identification to screen incoming calls based on a caller's telephone number or to provide identification information of a calling party to a called party. While those features sometimes assist a subscriber in deciding whether to interrupt a current call in progress to answer a second call in waiting, they represent an inadequate solution to the problem at hand for certain types of calls. For example, the caller identification feature does not help a called party to ascertain the identity of a caller who initiates a call from an originating point other than the caller's personal telephone number(s). This is because the identification information displayed to the called party does not allow the called party to associate the identification information to a particular person. Similarly, the call screening feature would typically cause calls initiated from unknown originating points, such as public telephone sets, to be blocked regardless of the importance of the call. The problem of identifying a calling party and/or the importance of a call in waiting is further complicated by the fact that even when a called party is able to associate the identification information with a particular caller, the called party does not know whether the nature of the call in waiting warrants interruption of a first call in progress.
In an attempt to find a solution to this problem, some subscribers use their answering machines as a screening device for incoming calls. In essence, the subscriber would interrupt the recording of a message to answer a call only if the content of the message identifies a caller to whom the subscriber wishes to communicate regarding a subject of mutual interest. As is well known in the art, the operations of an answering machine, e.g., delivery of a greeting announcement and recording of a message, are triggered when the machine receives at least one ringing tone signal from a central office switch. Unfortunately, when a call waiting subscriber is already engaged in a first call, the subscriber's answering machine does not receive the appropriate ringing tone signal to trigger the operations of the subscriber's answering machine.

Advanced call waiting and messaging system


A process control system that controls an industrial process implemented in a plant, may include: a network provided in the plant; a first field device that is connected to the network, the first field device being configured to output one of measurement data, which is obtained by measuring a state quantity in the industrial process, and first simulation data, which simulates the state quantity; a controller that is connected to the network, the controller being configured to perform control in response to one of the measurement data and the first simulation data output from the first field device; and a simulator configured to generate the first simulation data to be output from the first field device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process control system.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-068042, filed Mar. 23, 2012, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of the Related Art
All patents, patent applications, patent publications, scientific articles, and the like, which will hereinafter be cited or identified in the present application, will hereby be incorporated by reference in their entirety in order to describe more fully the state of the art to which the present invention pertains.
Conventionally, in plants and factories (hereinafter collectively referred to simply as plants), process control systems are implemented, which control various state quantities such as pressure, temperature, and flow amount in industrial processes, and a high level of automated operation is achieved. In these process control systems, in order to achieve a high level of control while securing safety, control systems such as distributed control systems (DCSs) and safety systems, such as safety instrumented systems (SISs), are provided.
In the above-noted distributed control systems, on-site devices called field devices such as measuring instruments and actuators and controllers that control the field devices are connected via a communication means, the controllers collect measurement data measured by the field devices, controlling various state quantities by actuating (controlling) field devices in accordance with the collected measurement data. The above-noted safety instrumented systems, by stopping the plant reliably in a safe condition when an emergency occurs, prevent accidents involving bodily injury and environmental pollution, and protect high-cost equipment.
The above-noted distributed control systems are generally subjected to various tests before the plant is built and operated. For example, a connection test to verify whether various field devices and controllers are properly connected and an operational verification tests to verify whether control programs used in the controllers are operating normally. In this case, the above-noted connection test cannot be performed unless the field devices and the controllers are installed in the plant and actually connected. In contrast, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2004-29910 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2008-21135 disclose art enabling the above-noted operational verification test even in the condition in which there are no field devices (and no communication means connecting the field devices and the controllers).
In most conventional process control system, field devices and controllers are connected via an analog transmission line (for example, a transmission line used in 4 to 20 mA signal transmission), with analog signals being transmitted and received via analog transmission lines. In contrast, in order to implement a high level of functionality, in many process control systems in recent years, controllers and field devices are connected via a cable or wireless network, and digital signals are transmitted and received via a cable or wireless network.
In a conventional process control system, because there are direct one-to-one connections between field devices and interfaces of the controllers, once the tasks of installing and connecting the field devices and the controllers is completed, analog signal transmission and reception have been possible between the field devices and the controllers without a major problem. In process control system in recent years, however, in order to provide field devices with advanced functionality by digitization, the amount of data of the digital signals transmitted and received increases, and in order to achieve normal, safe operation, it is important to verify, for example, the following items (1) to (3) throughout the entire process control system.
(1) The influence on overall system performance by an increase in the amount of data.
(2) Whether or not the operating state of the highly functional field device is optimal (whether or not the device parameters of intelligent field devices are optimally set).
(3) The communication quality via the network and the system controllability under the influence thereof.
The above-noted item (1) is, for example, verified by measuring the degree of load on the network and the degree of load on the CPU (central processing unit) provided in the controllers. The above-noted item (2) is verified not only by judging with regard to the contents of the device parameters set in the individual field devices, but also by whether or not alarms and events notified from the field devices are proper. The above-noted item (3) is verified by measuring jitter, amount of delay, and number of re-transmissions, for example, when communicating via a network.
Such items, which apply throughout the entire process control system, basically cannot be verified unless the process control system is actually operating in a plant that is operating. For this reason, the tasks of verifying the above-noted items can be thought of as being performed after the commissioning task (task of performing trial runs of the plant to verify performance). However, if an abnormality is discovered in the verification tasks performed after the commissioning task, it is necessary to return to and correct the condition before the commissioning task was performed and then performing the commissioning task once again, this leading to the problem of extremely low efficiency. Also, when the commissioning task is performed, it is necessary to actually run material (samples) through the plant, thereby leading to a problem of cost as well.


Techniques are described for determining and performing actions associated with a vehicle based on an analysis of sensor data that describes a state of component(s) of the vehicle. Sensor data is generated by sensor(s) on a vehicle and/or external to the vehicle. The sensor data is analyzed to determine a current state of vehicle component(s), such as whether a component is damaged or otherwise in need of repair or maintenance. The analysis of the sensor data may be performed by a rules engine that applies a set of rules indicating what action(s) are to be performed based on certain detected states of the vehicle component(s) indicated by the sensor data. The rule(s) may also indicate instances in which action(s) can be performed automatically or autonomously in response to detecting vehicle component state(s), or whether authorization is to be requested from an owner, operator, or other individual associated with the vehicle.

Maintaining a complex electrical and mechanical system, such as a vehicle, traditionally requires regular inspections, care, and vigilance, to ensure that the device is system is operating as expected or as designed. In many instances, if a minor problem in a vehicle goes undetected and/or uncorrected it can lead to a more serious, more expensive problem, or even lead to a harmful accident.

Rules based analysis of vehicle sensor data for actions

United Services Automobile Association (USAA)


A connector for a self sealing fitment that includes a body, a lower flange, and a locking mechanism. The connector is configured to sealingly engage with a cap coupled to a spout of a flexible bag by sealingly engaging with a sealing membrane of the cap. The locking mechanism facilitates the maintaining of the same in the inserted configuration. A lockout collar is provided to preclude inadvertent and undesirable coupling between a connector and a sealing membrane of a cap.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The invention relates in general to packaging and dispensing equipment, and more particularly, to a connector assembly for a self sealing fitment. While not limited thereto, the connector assembly for a self sealing fitment is particularly well suited for use in association with flexible packaging of flowable material, including but not limited to bag in box packaging.
2. Background Art
This application incorporates by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/100,271 filed May 3, 2011 which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/589,368 filed Oct. 22, 2009, entitled "Self Sealing Bag in Box Cap Assembly," which claims priority from U.S. Pat. App. Ser. No. 61/196,969, filed Oct. 22, 2008, entitled "Self Sealing Bag in Box Cap Assembly", and, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 29/383,152 filed Jan. 13, 2011, entitled "Self Sealing Bag in Box Cap Assembly".
Self sealing bags have become increasingly useful, especially in the food packaging industry. One current system utilizes a flexible bag having a spout to which a Sentry cap available from Scholle Corporation is affixed. A separate hose is provided which has at a first end a probe and at a second end a connector available from Erie Plastics with a flexible membrane. One such membrane is available from LMS of Midland, Mich. The probe is inserted into the opening of the Sentry cap and the other end is affixed to a distribution hose so that flowable material can be withdrawn from the flexible bag through the Sentry Cap and to the distribution hose. One such system is shown in FIG. 1 of the incorporated '271 application. Several different embodiments of such a cap are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,387,220 issued to Verespej et al and assigned to Scholle Corporation and U.S. Pat. No. 7,357,277 issued to Verespej et al and assigned to Scholle Corporation. Both of these patents are incorporated by reference herein, in their entirety.
Among other drawbacks, such a system requires many separate components which increase the cost of use of such a system. Additionally, with such a system, many connections are utilized, each of which is susceptible to failure. Further still, such sealing membranes are prone to damage during the insertion of the probe therein, and there are drawbacks associated with the membrane configurations themselves.
Further still, there have been drawbacks with the different connectors that can be utilized in association with such sealing membranes. Among other drawbacks, the use of the same connector for a number of different packages can lead to inadvertent coupling of a bag to a wrong connector. In addition, some of the connectors allow for relative movement of the sealing membrane and the connector such that the integrity of the seal is challenged.

Connector assembly for a self sealing fitment


Described herein are techniques related to implementation of a quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme by a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). For example, the PIC is a component in a wireless device that is used for quantum communications in a quantum communications system.

A quantum key distribution (QKD) system uses quantum mechanics to guarantee secure communications in a quantum communications system. For example, the QKD system transmits cryptographic key data encoded in quantum states of individual optical photons. In this example, an advantage of the QKD system is that, it allows secure transmission of a key data over unsecured optical links with security guaranteed by fundamental quantum properties of light rather than by computational complexity of certain mathematical functions. For example, the quantum property may utilize single photons that cannot be split into smaller pieces. In this example, a possible interception by a third party may allow diversion of the photons or simply the photons may not arrive at intended destinations.
The QKD system is used to produce and distribute a key and not to transmit any message data. This key may then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt and decrypt a message, which may be transmitted over a standard communications channel.
The following Detailed Description is provided with reference to the accompanying figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number usually identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical items.

Quantum key distribution (QSD) scheme using photonic integrated circuit (PIC)


Embodiments of the present disclosure can include a hybrid transformer system comprising an electrical voltage transformer comprising: a high-voltage winding, the high-voltage winding comprising a first end and a second end, the first end having a lower voltage than the second end; a plurality of taps disposed proximate the first end of the high-voltage winding; a multi-level converter coupleable to the plurality of taps of the electrical voltage transformer, the multi-level converter configured to simultaneously control voltage injection and VAR injection to the high-voltage winding of the electrical voltage transformer; and a controller electrically coupleable to the multi-level converter, such that when the multi-level converter is coupled to the plurality of taps of the electrical voltage transformer, the controller is configured to selectively inject at least one of VARs or voltage to the high-voltage winding of the electrical voltage transformer.

Recent field measurements have shown increased voltage volatility observed at the edge of the grid. The volatility could be because of the increased load variations over a day. Voltage volatility can worsen with increased residential and commercial solar/photovoltaic penetration. Grid-edge proposals to address voltage volatility include stand-alone voltage or VAR injection. These stand-alone solutions are typically large and bulky, and are expensive, especially for series voltage injection. The effectiveness of each of the above solutions in mitigating voltage volatility depends on factors such as the cause of volatility, type of feeder etc. Field-upgradable transformers (FUTs) have been proposed, where the utility can equip the transformer with either voltage injection or VAR injection capability by adding the appropriate converter, on an as-needed basis directly in the field.


The present invention relates to a process fluid handling device in an electrochemical cell system having a fluid barrier between a process fluid compartment and a drive compartment of the fluid handling device. The fluid barrier comprises an interconnection compartment, filled with barrier gas. The pressure of the interconnection compartment is maintained above the process fluid and drive compartments, by fluid communication with barrier gas stored in a storage device. The barrier gas is preferably a non-reactive and dehumidified gas. The present invention also contemplates methods of isolating the hydrogen-containing process fluid in the process fluid compartment from the drive compartment, which is preferably in fluid communication with the ambient.

Electrochemical fuel cells can be used in a vast array of applications as a power source, including as an alternate power source to the internal combustion engine for vehicular applications. An electrochemical fuel cell contains a membrane sandwiched between electrodes. One preferred fuel cell is known as a proton exchange membrane (PEM), where hydrogen (H2) is used as a fuel source or reducing agent at an anode electrode and oxygen (O2) is provided as the oxidizing agent at a cathode electrode, either in pure gaseous form or combined with nitrogen and other inert diluents present in air. During operation of the fuel cell, electricity is garnered by electrically conductive elements proximate to the electrodes via the electrical potential generated during the reduction-oxidation reaction occurring within the fuel cell.
Fluid handling devices within the fuel cell circulate the process fluids (e.g. reactant gases, coolant, effluent streams) throughout the system. Fluid handling devices that deliver hydrogen-containing gases to and from the anode pose particular design challenges due to the reactivity of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing gases. The fluid handling device should sufficiently isolate the hydrogen-containing process fluids, so that the hydrogen-containing gases are not released into the surrounding environment. Fluid handling devices, such as pumps, blowers, and compressors, typically have rotating shafts that extend through the housing of a motor compartment to a process fluid compartment. The seals surrounding the shaft and separating the motor and process fluid compartments may fully seal process fluids from the environment. Other fluid handling device configurations may isolate the device from the surrounding environment by encasing it in a sealed (e.g. hermetically) protective housing. The present invention relates to improving the fluid barriers of fluid handling devices that handle reactive, corrosive, and/or combustible process fluids, which must be isolated, such as the anode process fluids handled in a fuel cell system.

Fluid handling device for hydrogen-containing process fluids


An apparatus is disclosed comprising a display device or indicator device and a timer circuit. The display device can be placed in a first or a second state. In the first state the display device provides a first visual indication of a first type of beverage which is within a beverage receptacle. In the second state the display device provides a second visual indication of a second type of beverage which is within the beverage pitcher. The timer circuit, automatically, after a certain period of time, may change the indicator device from the first or second state to a third state in which the indicator device does not provide a visual indication of the type of beverage within a beverage container.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,564,696 to Koncelik discloses an indicator device which provides an indication of whether coffee which has been prepared is decaffeinated or non-decaffeinated. After an operator has set the indicator device to, for example, "decafe", the indicator device remains in a state which indicates "decafe" until the indicator device is changed by an individual.

Display device for beverage pitcher or coffee machine


Methods and systems for a centralized notification service are described herein. The centralized notification service may store notification data received from a plurality of devices and workspaces in a notification database. The notification database may store user account information, associated device and workspace information, associated application information, and notifications received or retrieved from each device and application associated with a user account. The notification service may receive notification data from a plurality of applications based on hooks injected into applications or into a notification manager service.

Increasingly, employees use multiple devices and switch between multiple devices throughout the day. Usually, users focus their workspace attention on one device at a time. As such, a user may not be aware of device specific information that is pushed to a single device when the user is not working on or checking that device. For example, if a user forgets a device at home or is focused on a single task for a long period of time, notifications sent to a single device may be missed for a long period of time. On the other hand, if users are frequently switching between applications or devices they may lose efficiency or become distracted.
According to other research, companies are proliferating applications at an astonishing rate. Many employees may have five or more applications open simultaneously. The average large company uses more than 500 applications, and the average employee uses at least nine applications. Intelligent workspaces may associate notifications with tasks via micro-applications that enhance productivity thru short-cuts. Task switching, as well as device switching, may lower an end user's productivity.
The configuration of many applications and micro-applications, and the aggregation of each application's notifications into a single workspace, may require substantial resources, and maintaining those applications requires additional resources. In addition, users may find notification messages in their workspace to be distracting and overwhelming. However, users may also be distracted or interrupted by notifications on personal devices outside of their workspace.


There is disclosed a lens frame structure having a movable lens holding frame, a shaft which guides movement of the lens holding frame and a support member which supports the shaft. Owing to an impact force applied to a lens frame, the lens holding frame and the support member are able to relatively move in an axial direction of the shaft to come in face contact with each other. At least a part of regions of the lens holding frame and the support member which come in face contact with each other are slant surfaces with respect to the shaft.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens frame structure which moves a lens frame forwards and backwards.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a lens barrel in which a lens frame capable of moving forwards and backwards is incorporated, it is demanded that, even if impact is applied to a camera owing to drop or the like, the incorporated lens frame should move so that a lens is protected from breakage.
An actuator unit disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-292514 is a unit which is applicable to an optical device of a small-sized camera. This actuator unit has a lens frame structure which moves the lens frame forwards and backwards along a guide shaft. In a case where an impact force is applied to this actuator unit in an optical axis direction, the lens frame moves in the optical axis direction and abuts on a comparatively large abutment surface crossing an optical axis at right angles to suppress concentration of stress at contact, so that the breakage of a lens is prevented.
On the other hand, another conventional lens barrel has a lens barrel structure shown in an enlarged view of a main part in FIG. 12. This lens barrel 100 has a barrel main body 101, a guide shaft 102 fixed to the barrel main body 101 in parallel with a lens optical axis O, and a lens frame 103 supported by the guide shaft 102. The lens frame 103 is formed into an L-shape, and has a guide portion 103a fitted into the guide shaft 102 and a lens holding portion 103b which holds a lens 104.
In a case where the conventional lens barrel 100 shown in FIG. 12 receives an impact force and the lens frame 103 drops down along the guide shaft 102 in an S0 direction, as shown in a collision state diagram of FIG. 13, either of the guide portion 103a and the lens holding portion 103b collides with an abutment surface 101a or 101b crossing the optical axis O at right angles. Even after the collision, as shown in a repulsive state diagram of FIG. 14, the portion is repulsed from the abutment surface 101a, 101b owing to repulsion to move in an S1 direction.

Abstract: Otherwise, the regions of the lens holding frame and the support member which come in face contact with each other can be a pair of a concave surfaces and a convex surface (a wedge surface, a curved surface, a conical surface or the like) substantially parallel to each other.


A wireless communication system includes a first base station device, a second base station device, and a mobile station device configured to communicate with the first and second base station devices. The first base station device includes a request notifying unit configured to notify the mobile station device of a request for carrier aggregation. The mobile station device includes: a cell search unit configured to, upon receiving the request, perform cell search and thereby search the second base station device available for carrier aggregation; and a base station notifying unit configured to notify the first base station device of information indicating the second base station device detected by the cell search unit performing the cell search.

Currently, specifications of LTE-A (long term evolution-advanced) are considered by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). Implementation of higher-speed LTE-A communication than LTE communication has been requested. For this reason, it has been decided that the LTE-A supports a wider band than used in LTE (beyond the LTE bandwidth of 20 MHz, up to the bandwidth of 100 MHz).
In LTE-A, for the purpose of maintaining the compatibility with LTE as much as possible, carrier aggregation (CA) technology is used. The carrier aggregation technology is a technology that uses a plurality of frequency bandwidths, each of which is up to 20 MHz and is called a component carrier (CC), performs collective communication, thus saving the bandwidth by up to 100 MHz and thereby implementing high speed communication with large capacity (see unit 5.5 of Non-Patent Document 1).
There are three CA methods based on the use of the frequency band to be used.
(1) Same contiguous frequency bands are used (Intra-band Contiguous CA).
(2) Same dispersed frequency bands are used (Intra-band Non-Contiguous CA).
(3) Different frequency bands are used (Inter-band Non-Contiguous CA).
The conventionally considered CA technology is CA technology among mobile stations and one macrocell base station, which has the feature that PUCCH (physical uplink control channel) is transmitted from the mobile station using only one CC. There are the following two reasons that it has been agreed that PUCCH be transmitted using one CC.                If PUCCH is transmitted using a plurality of CCs, PAPR and current consumption increase, and therefore the load on a battery of the mobile station device increases. For this reason, the PUCCH is transmitted using only one CC.        When the same contiguous frequency bands are used (the above (1)), the bands used for transmission of PUCCHs overlap one another, thus occasionally causing generation of spurious signals. For this reason, the PUCCH is transmitted using any one of the CCs.
A CC used to transmit PUCCH is defined as a PCC (primary component carrier), and a CC not used to transmit PUCCH is defined as an SCC (secondary component carrier). Additionally, it has been agreed that an SCC is not used to transmit PRACH. In other words, the CA communication described here means a communication method in which a plurality of frequency bands are used to perform transmission and reception, but PUCCH is transmitted using only one CC.
Further, in the conventional multicarrier communication, in a case where a new frequency band is added, PRACH (physical random access channel) is transmitted using that frequency band to be added, synchronization is established, a connection process is performed, and thus the frequency band is added. PRACH signals also have been able to be used independently in any frequency bands.
The CA communication uses a different connection process from that used for the multi-carrier communication, and it is limited to a PCC, a first frequency band, that can use PRACH signals (see Section 7.5 of Non-Patent Document 1).

Wireless communication system, wireless communication method, mobile station device, and base station device