Method for conversion of hydrocarbons assisted by gliding electric arcs in the presence of water vapor and/or carbon dioxide.. The objective of the process and the plasma assistance device to steam reforming, to the reforming with CO2 or to simultaneous reforming with an H2O/CO2 mixture of hydrocarbons is the production of gases rich in CO and H2, containing also high ratios of C2H2, C2H4 and C3H6, without formation of soot or coke. The process makes it also possible to upgrade the CO2 by converting it into CO in the presence of hydrocarbons.. This mixture of valuable products is obtained in a reactor /1/ with electric gliding arcs /4/ which strike directly into an endothermic reaction medium consisting of hydrocarbons mixed with H2O and/or CO2. The reactor is equipped with a diaphragm /19/ with a convergent/divergent hole /20/ to reinforce the agitation of the arcs with the load to be converted and, at the same time, to have the conversion of the load progress after prolonged contact with catalytic species derived from the plasma.

This invention concerns a hydrocarbon conversion process assisted by special gliding arc plasma in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or water vapor. This process is illustrated by the conversion of two model mixtures in an arc reactor equipped with a maturation post-plasma compartment:
a natural gas containing mainly methane and some ethane, propane and butanes, PA1 a "propane" containing some ethane and butanes. Therefore, the invention can be applied to any pure hydrocarbon, such as CH4, C2H6, C3H8 or C4H10 and to their mixtures. PA1 For the CH4/CO2 systems, mostly H2, CO, C2H2, with presence of C2H4 (<5%) and of C2H6 (<1%). PA1 For the CH4/H2O system, the same as above but with a few traces of CO2.
In the presence of water vapor and/or of CO2, it is then possible to convert, totally or partially, all these hydrocarbons basically into synthesis gas (consisting of a majority of hydrogen H2 and of carbon monoxide CO), but also into other valuable products, such as ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2) and propane (C3H6), and all without using traditional catalysts. The process is based mainly on steam reforming reactions, such as: EQU CH4+H2OVAP=CO+3H2 (1) EQU C2H6+2H2OVAP=2CO+5H2 (2) EQU C3H8+3H2OVAP=3CO+7H2 (3) EQU C4H10+4H2OVAP=4CO+9H2 (4)
reforming reactions with carbon dioxide, such as: EQU CH4+CO2=2CO+2H2 (5) EQU C2H6+2CO2=4CO+3H2 (6) EQU C3H8+3CO2=6CO+4H2 (7) EQU C4H10+CO2=8CO+51H2 (8)
cracking reactions, such as: EQU 2CH4=C2H4+2H2 (9) EQU 2CH4=C2H2+3H2 (10) EQU C2H6=C2H4+H2 (11) EQU C2H6=C2H2+2H2 (12) EQU C3H8=C3H6+H2 (13) EQU C4H10=2C2H4+H2 (14) EQU C4H10=2C2H2+3H2 (15)
as well as single and inverse water shift: EQU CO+H2O=CO2+H2 (16) EQU CO2+H2=CO+H2O (17)
All these reactions are performed in a medium highly activated by the presence of a special plasma produced by the gliding electric arcs. The activation of the medium is evident by the presence of rather unusual species (with respect to the traditional hydrocarbon conversion conditions) originating from the matter in which these arcs are developed. Thus, electrons can be detected, as well as atoms, ions and/or molecular radicals such as: H, OH, O, O2, H+, O+, O2+, OH-, HO2, CH3, CH2, CH, C2 and many others. Most of these species can exist in their excited electronic or vibrational states with a very long lifetime. They are also known as being extremely active chemically.
The production of synthesis gas starting from light saturated hydrocarbons is a very well-known and very important stage, especially for the upgrading of natural gases. The most used process at the present time, the catalytic steam reforming (or "steam reforming) encounters major problems. In principle, a high temperature (thermodynamic ratio) and a high pressure (for kinetic ratios) are sufficient for this process. However, in practice, despite the know-how for the production of "synthesis gas" according to the processes, the joint management of the compositions, pressures and temperatures is delicate, even impossible without resorting to catalysts.
Then, in order to perform natural gas (mainly rich in methane) reforming with water vapor, usually a catalytic way is sought: presence of an active solid substance for temperatures which can be attained without too much difficulty. Therefore, the traditional steam reforming technology uses furnaces in which several hundred fragile metal tubes (filled with a catalyst and having a length which can reach several dozen meters) are located, heated with natural gas. This technology is tied to the very strong drops in pressure and, especially, in heating energy. The temperature which the furnace pipes can withstand prevents also the reduction of CO2 content (awkward product originating from a parasite reaction at too low a temperature).
Other problems are connected with catalyst poisoning (by sulfur and/or nitrogen), with catalyst aging, with the necessary excess of water vapor and/or with the formation of soot which blocks the tubular system at a macroscopic scale and, most of all, the microscopic pores of the catalyst. These problems are observed particularly with steam reforming of hydrocarbons heavier than methane; they are more fragile and, hence, more coking.
The conversion of hydrocarbons according to the endothermic reactions (1) through (15) requires a supply of energy (preferably "clean"), without connection with any internal or external combustion. The best way to promote these reactions would be to strike electric arcs directly in the medium to be converted, imposing a permanent distribution of energy in the largest volume to be treated. The transfer of energy of electric origin to the gas mixture would be made by direct transfer of the energy to the molecules. This would result in excitation, ionization and dissociation phenomena and also in part by Joule effect, considering the ionized mixture as a gaseous conductor. This is to say that the gaseous mixture, which has been made into a conductor after ionization, itself due to dielectric breakdown (hence, a preionization) between electrodes brought to different potentials, would be considered as an electric resistance and, at the same time, as a sort of electrolyte in gaseous phase: the plasma.
Plasma is defined as the fourth state of matter and, therefore, cannot in any case be taken as a criterion of similitude for previously known different processes. Wanting to claim the concept of plasma or any type of reaction capable of developing at the plasma state, comes to wanting to claim all the reactions developing at the liquid state . . . There are one thousand one types of plasma, and one thousand one ways to obtain these plasmas. By definition (simplified), plasma is a gaseous medium in which the particles are in part ionized. Likewise, a part of the electrons is not associated with an atom, a molecule, an ion or a radical. Thus, even though globally, at a scale of a few microns, the medium is electrically neutral, two large families can be defined, in a simplistic way: the heavy particles (radicals, atoms, molecules and ions) and the electron cloud.
In most plasmas, the main macroscopic physical parameter--temperature--is the same for all the components: this is thermodynamic equilibrium. These conditions can be very easily obtained: it is sufficient to supply much energy, as in the case of plasma torches (plasmatrons, for some), where the plasma is produced by a very high electric arc current. There are also other devices capable of generating this state, such as, for example, induction or radiofrequency torches whereby the gaseous medium becomes resonant with an electric circuit. Such plasmas are called thermal plasmas by the experts. It is obvious that a thermal plasma will modify the chemistry of a gas medium, simply by destroying all the molecules, particularly the fragile ones, such as the hydrocarbons. The fragments found at the end of the process originate from partial recombination phenomena, often yielding too simple molecules. Such chemistry offers very poor prospects, requires much energy and presents problems connected with the high temperature (such as the resistance of the materials).
Professional chemists indisputably prefer the idea of a plasma which does not respect the conditions of complete thermodynamic equilibrium. For example, it is sufficient to act on the free electrons by taking advantage of the fact that they are much lighter. It is also possible to act on the rotation or vibration properties of some molecules. In terms of energy, this comes to breaking the energy exchange equilibrium between the plasma and the surrounding medium (heat, electrical energy, radiation, etc.). This state is qualified as non-equilibrium. Such plasmas are often called "low temperature" plasmas, although the concept of temperature cannot be used: there are several methods whereby such plasmas may be generated: microwaves, electron beams, flame front, etc. However, the generators of these plasmas are rare on an industrial scale and are appropriate only for a very precise application. This is the reason why, despite the great number of patents, such plasmas are rarely used in chemistry.
Also, when a plasma is established or when its existence is ended, the equilibrium is broken. These transitory states are actually non-equilibrium plasmas and last only a few milliseconds. One type of plasma takes advantage of this phenomenon, the gliding electric arc plasma, known under the name of "GlidArc", a relatively recent invention (1968) by H. LESUEUR et al. ["Low Temperature Plasma Generation Device through the Formation of Gliding Electric Discharges", BF 2,639,172]. Outside of the numerous geometric possibilities of a GlidArc plasma generator, and in a very global way, the parameters on which a chemist can act are: pressure, temperature, gas speed, current, electrical frequency and voltage. Such a number of parameters exceeds the conventional reasoning capabilities of the man of the trade. For each application, a real know-how and an inventive activity are necessary in order to obtain a result the objectives of which are both the economic profitability and the respect of the ecological principles. The approach allowed by the GlidArc enables the chemist to envision the distribution of a supply of energy directly in the gaseous mixture without, for example, resorting to catalysts. The chemist can also (to a certain extent) distribute directly the energy either in thermal form or in chemical form. He can also intervene on the flux still loaded with active species leaving the gliding arc zone, to have these species reach with the load to be converted in a maturation post-plasma zone.
Our bibliographic research concerning the last three decades yields few published and/or patented results concerning the partially oxidizing conversion of saturated hydrocarbons assisted by plasma. This may be due to the problems connected with the presence of oxygen originating from dissociation of the H2O and/or CO2 molecules and attacking the traditional tungsten or graphite electrodes of classic plasma devices. Nevertheless, we report these attempts to use different sources of plasma. Systematically, both the approach and the reaction process are different from ours. They have only point in common: the use of the word "plasma" or the possibility of treating the same hydrocarbon molecules.
K. KARL et al. [ . . . , CH 378,296 (1957)] proposed hydrocarbon steam reforming under 66.7 kPa-0.3 MPa pressure, in a "silent" discharge characterized by a 0.3-0.5 MV/m very intense electric field. This source of plasma has been known for a century and is totally different from that of the invention.
R. J. HEASON presented, in 1964, his doctorate thesis concerning methane pyrolysis and the reaction of CH4 with water vapor in an arc plasma (700 A, 20 V) in argon. These results are published only in manuscript form ["Investigation of methane and methane-steam reactions in an argon plasma", Dissertation, Ohio State Univ., Columbus]. A "thermal" plasma and a device consuming a great quantity of argon (2 moles Ar for 1 mole CH4) are involved.
C. H. LEIGH and E. A. DANCY ["Study of the reforming of natural gas by a plasma arc", Proc. of the Int. Round Table on Study and Appl. of Transport Phenomena in Thermal Plasmas, contribution 1.5, Odeillo, 1975, 11 pages] heated a mixture of CH4/CO2.about.1 in a jet of argon plasma, a traditional plasma arc torch. The jet temperature was approximately 10 kK. The argon flux was of the same order of magnitude as that of the mixture to be treated. These researchers observed a 11-74% conversion of carbon to H2, CO, C2H4 and C2H6 (without having ever detected C2H2 or H2O in the products?). No application was possible because of the high consumption of electrical energy (70% of it passed in the plasma torch cooling water) and of noble gas.
Also P. CAPEZZUTO et al. ["The oxidation of methane with carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen in radio-frequency discharges at moderate pressures", 3rd Int. Symp. of Plasma Chemistry, Limoges, 1976, contribution G.5.11, 7 pages] studied partial oxidation of methane placed separately in mixture with CO2, either with O2 or with H2O, with the ratios CH4/oxidizer=1. The 35 MHz radiofrequency (RF) plasma reactor needed an additional argon flux and could only work at low pressures of approximately 2.7 kPa. For a 3 to 36 l(n)/min total flow of entering gas, the energy density varied from 1 to 12 kWh/m3. No industrial use was possible because of the high consumption of electrical energy and of noble gas (in addition to the complexity of the electrical supply and the requirement to work under vacuum). The mechanical setup constraints, the low energy yield and the insufficient unit powers of the sources of RF plasma make the use of this method economically poorly suited for the transformation of major volumes of gas. However, it is interesting to note that, in all the cases, the authors observe an almost total conversion of the methane and an appearance of the following products:
A patent by S. SANTEN et al. ["Thermal reforming of gaseous hydrocarbon" GB-A-2 172,011] of 1986, claims the use of a plasma generator to heat reagents (a gaseous hydrocarbon, some water vapor and, possibly, some coal), completely or partially, up to a temperature exceeding 1200.degree. C. At such temperatures, these inventors expect favorable conditions to carry out their purely thermal process without the use of catalysts. The temperatures reached in the reactor and the thermal mode of the reforming (claimed and even emphasized in the title of the patent), therefore indicate a treatment of hydrocarbons under thermodynamic equilibrium. The process is based on a direct arc (two annular electrodes) or transferred arc plasma generator, which are very traditional devices known for almost a century.
L. KERKER writes in a general manner on the tests on production of synthesis gas at Huls [. . . in German . . . ]. The illustrations indicate that a tubular reactor with traditional arc, with very high power (1 to 9 MW), is involved; it has been used at this plant since 1939 to produce acetylene. This time, the case involved is a natural gas steam reforming project for the production of 99.9% pure hydrogen, at a very competitive price with respect to electrolysis (although still more expensive than the hydrogen generated by the traditional steam reforming or partial oxidation methods).
Our team in Orleans has also been working since 1986 on the conversion of hydrocarbons in thermal plasma reactors. These traditional torches with simple or transferred arc plasma make it possible to obtain plasmas with relatively small volume, but at very high temperatures (T>10 kK). Although these devices may be potential sources of active species, they are, nevertheless, poorly suited for chemical applications requiring lower temperatures (in order not to completely demolish the hydrocarbon molecules to soot) and, above all, greater plasmagenic volumes to be able to act intimately on all the fluid to be treated. The plasma torch technology, for example, well established in the solid project domain, has thus been found at the same time very costly and very difficult to implement for chemical processes. However, we have obtained some improvements in the thermal plasma domain in the case of a transformation of methane with carbon dioxide or elementary oxygen in a specifically controlled electric arc, see P. JORGENSEN et al., "Process for the Production of Reactive Gases Rich in Hydrogen and in Carbon Oxide in an Electric Post-Arc, BF 2,593,493, (1986). The structure of the device placed in operation at the time unfortunately did not allow using water vapor as reagent or to work without consuming the argon necessary as plasmagenic gas of a first pilot arc. Later we used almost the same arc with higher current (20-150 A) to study the oxidation of ethylene, see K. MEGUERNES et al., "Oxidation of ethane C2H6 by CO2 or O2 in an electric arc". J. High Temp. Chem. Process, vol. 1(3), p. 71-76 (1992), without much improvement in the consumption of electric energy or of plasmagenic argon.

Conversion of hydrocarbons assisted by gliding electric arcs in the presence of water vapor and/or carbon dioxide


An input device having a plurality of low-visibility sensor electrodes and method for fabricating the same are provided. In one example, an input device includes a display device having an array of pixels and a plurality of sensor electrodes disposed on a viewing side of the display device. At least a first sensor electrode of the plurality of sensor electrodes includes a plurality of spaced apart conductive traces forming a conductive mesh, wherein mesh having a first periodicity defined by intersections of the conductive traces forming the mesh. A terminal portion of one of the conductive traces terminates at an edge of the first sensor electrode and has an attached light occluding element. The attached light occluding element is disposed over a subpixel having the same color as a subpixel which an intersecting trace would lay over when the intersection occurs in an interior region of the sensor electrode.

Input devices including proximity sensor devices (also commonly called touchpads or touch sensor devices) are widely used in a variety of electronic systems. A proximity sensor device typically includes a sensing region, often demarked by a surface, in which the proximity sensor device determines the presence, location and/or motion of one or more input objects. Proximity sensor devices may be used to provide interfaces for the electronic system. For example, proximity sensor devices are often used as input devices for larger computing systems (such as opaque touchpads integrated in, or peripheral to, notebook or desktop computers). Proximity sensor devices are also often used in smaller computer systems (such as touch screens integrated in cellular phones).
Some proximity sensor devices proximity sensor devices utilize microscopic wiring patterns made from opaque conductive materials to form conductive sensor elements. When used over a display of the touch screen, these conductive traces or wires can block some of the pixels or sub-pixels in the display. Certain patterns interfere with the display more than others. For example, if the sensor periodicity is close to the display periodicity, a moiré pattern may be visible when the display is illuminated. Because the eye is more sensitive to some pattern sizes than others, the moiré pattern has a different appearance depending on its size. In the size range of typical displays, small features are less visible. Because of this, fabricators have conventionally attempted to minimize the moiré pattern by reducing the size and width of each conductive trace. Cost effective processing precludes making the conductive traces so small that they cannot be seen under any condition, rendering simple size reduction as an ineffective solution.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved an input device having a plurality of low-visibility sensor electrodes for sensing an input object relative to a sensing region of the input device.

Mesh sensor design for reduced visibility in touch screen devices


According to one embodiment, an automatic transfer switch (ATS) module for an electronic rack includes a container and four pairs of relays that are disposed within the container, each pair having a first relay connected in series with a second relay. A first two pairs of relays are arranged to connect to a first power source and are arranged to connect to a power supply unit, and a second two pairs of relays are arranged to connect to a second power source and are arranged to connect to the power supply unit. The four pairs of relays are arranged in one of several open-closed configurations, such that in a first open-closed configuration the first source connects to the power supply unit through a first two pairs of relays and in a second open-closed configuration the second source connects to the power supply unit through a second two pairs of relays.

Large clusters of computer servers can be kept in dedicated facilities, often in a rack enclosure. The servers can be used in support of the data center industry. Power supply units (PSUs) are used to power the servers in order to enable the server' functionalities, and are therefore an essential element of the rack enclosure. Specifically, PSUs convert power (e.g., alternating current (AC) power) that is drawn from a utility, such as mains AC, to regulated direct current (DC) power that is provided to the servers. As such, the PSU's resiliency is high priority, especially in critical facilities that may be running servers twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, such as hospitals and data centers.
A common practice to increase resiliency is to have one or more primary PSUs and at least one extra PSU installed in the electronic rack as a backup unit, which may be connected to the same power source as a primary PSU (e.g., the mains AC) or a different power source (e.g., an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system). If the primary PSU fails (e.g., malfunctions), the extra PSU will begin providing power to the rack. Installing extra PSUs within each electronic rack, however, may cost a considerable amount of money.

Automatic transfer switch (ATS) module for an electronic rack


An automatic prime and flush siphon condensate pump system (100) is provided for displacing condensate water accumulated from an air conditioning evaporator to a drain, such as the drain of a basin (50). Initially, the pump assembly (2) displaces the condensate from the reservoir (1) responsive to the closure of a switch (34) when the condensate level exceeds a predetermined height within reservoir (1). The pump outlet (128) is coupled to the inlet of a pilot operated check valve assembly (3) which is opened responsive to the pressure in the valve chamber (28) exceeding the bias force of the compression spring (33) and a fluid pressure in a reference chamber (29). The pumped condensate exits the pilot operated check valve assembly (3) and is fluidly coupled to the ball-type check valve housing (126) for delivery of the condensate to the passage (18) for fluid coupling with the drain conduit (52). Subsequently, when the level of condensate within the reservoir (1) drops sufficiently such that switch (34 ) opens, condensate is then free to flow through the U-shaped siphon housing (122). The siphon flow is regulated by a flow regulating valve assembly (4), having a valve actuator (10) coupled to the float (5). The siphon flow from the flow regulating valve assembly (4) passes through the passage (130), the passage (13), past the ball check (14), through the check valve chamber (16), and finally through the passage (18) to the drain conduit (52).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention directs itself to a fluid transfer system utilizing siphon principles. In particular, this invention directs itself to a condensate displacement system wherein a pump is utilized to initiate siphon flow. Still further, this invention directs itself to a condensate displacement system having a flow regulation valve disposed at the inlet to the siphon assembly, providing a siphon flow rate which is proportional to the height of the condensate within the condensate reservoir. More in particular, this invention pertains to a condensate displacement system having a position sensitive switch coupled to a float for actuating a pump when the condensate level exceeds a predetermined value. Further, the position sensitive switch includes a displaceable mass for closing an electrical circuit for actuating a pump and increasing the buoyancy of the float, thereby providing hysteresis for the operation of the switch, allowing the pump to run longer than would otherwise occur.
2. Prior Art
Pumping and siphoning systems, and their combination, are well known in the art. The best prior art known to the Applicant includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,363,313; 3,575,004; 4,573,490; 301,391; 4,255,937; 3,011,510; 4,041,971; 2,387,483; 5,044,391; 3,491,787; 4,488,408; 4,250,629; 2,142,556; and, 4,414,997.
In some prior art systems, such as that disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 2,363,313, there is disclosed the combined pumping and siphoning of liquids from one location to another. In such systems, both the siphon and pump have a common inlet, and thus the pump cannot be primed unless the reservoir level is above the siphon inlet. It is further noted that such systems provide for automatic flow regulation responsive to the height of fluid at the second location, but provide no means for limiting the flow responsive to the level of fluid in the supply reservoir. Since these systems have no means for regulating the flow responsive to the fluid level in the supply reservoir, air is able to enter the system when the fluid level falls below the inlet to the siphon, and thereby break the siphon, requiring the pump to be enabled when the fluid level subsequently rises. As a result of this deficiency, the disclosed system provides for air relief valves to remove entrapped air from the siphon. Such apparatus is not required by the instant invention since the flow control valve of the instant invention seals the siphon prior to the reservoir level dropping below the siphon inlet.
In other systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,575,004, a siphon tube control device is provided to regulate the liquid flow therethrough. In such systems a valve is provided at the outlet of the siphon tube which is actuated in response to a predetermined liquid level at the tube inlet for alternately stopping and starting the liquid flow through the tube. However, such systems are not self-priming, requiring a manual initial priming thereof.

Automatic prime and flush siphon condensate pump system


The present invention is directed to crystalline addition salts of (i) 8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives and (ii) a dicarboxylic acid or a sulfimide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof.

WO 2013/068552 and WO 2013/068554 disclose compounds which are known to have a dual muscarinic receptor antagonist and β2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity. However, many of these compounds cannot be formulated for effective delivery by inhalation as a dry powder which is challenging. It requires careful control of the particle size of the powder which is to be inhaled, and careful control of the particle size distribution. Further, it is important to avoid particle agglomeration or aggregation. In addition, when preparing pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for use in such devices, it is highly desirable to have a crystalline form of a therapeutic agent that is neither hygroscopic nor deliquescent and which has a relatively high melting point thereby allowing the material to be micronized without significant decomposition or loss of crystallinity.
Although the 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl-8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives disclosed in WO 2013/068552 and WO 2013/068554 have shown adequate pharmacological behavior, it has proved difficult to obtain them in the form of a salt which is crystalline, not hygroscopic nor deliquescent and which has a relatively high melting point to enable micronization.
So far no crystalline salt of any of the compounds disclosed in WO 2013/068552 and WO 2013/068554 having the desired properties has been reported.
Accordingly, a need exists for stable, non-deliquescent salt forms of at least some of these compounds having acceptable levels of hygroscopicity and relatively high melting points.

Salts of 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl-8-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives having both muscarinic receptor antagonist and β2 adrenergic receptor agonist activities


A magnetron including a cathode, an anode axially aligned with the cathode and including a plurality of radial vanes defining resonant cavities, an output coupler connected to a first set of the vanes, a second set of vanes not connected to the output coupler, and extensions formed on only the vanes of the second set, the extensions extending in the axial direction towards the output coupler in a direction parallel to the axis of the anode, the extensions not being connected to the output coupler, whereby a capacitance between the axial extensions and the cathode at least partly compensates for the capacitance between the output coupler and the cathode.

This invention relates to magnetrons.
The invention particularly relates to magnetrons having a coaxial output.
Thus, referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, which is an axial section, partly in perspective, through a part of the vacuum chamber of a known magnetron, the output is taken from an output coupler in the form of aerial 1 which is coaxial with the axis of the magnetron. The magnetron has a cathode 2 arranged coaxially within an anode indicated generally by the reference numeral 3, which has the usual resonant cavities defined by vanes such as vanes 4, 10. The magnetron is operated in n mode, which means that, referring to FIG. 2, which is a section taken through the lines 2-2 in FIG. 1 but omitting the vanes in one half of the magnetron, alternate vanes 4, 6, 8, 10 have one polarity, and intervening vanes 5, 7, 9 have the opposite polarity. The aerial is fed through legs 11 connected to the bottom (as seen in FIG. 1) of the equipotential vanes 5, 7, 9. The aerial 1 launches the magnetron output along output line 12, with the electric vector being developed across the slot 13 surrounding the stub 14 of the aerial.
A problem with such a magnetron is that there are high r.f. fields between the lower end (as seen in FIG. 1) of the cathode termed the "end hat" 15, and the upper face of the output coupler (aerial 1), due to capacitive coupling between the two parts. The anode is usually held at earth potential, and the cathode usually held at a large negative dc potential.
Such capacitive coupling introduces the coaxial TEM mode between the anode 3 and the cathode 2. RF energy can then propagate out of the magnetron by travelling along the cathode 2, resulting in loss of power in the desired n mode, generation of undesirable radiation from the magnetron, and high voltages between the cathode and internal structures, which could result in arcing.
To minimise creation of the coaxial TEM mode, the magnetron is provided with radial extensions 16 to the alternate vanes 4, 6, 8, 10 that are not connected by legs to the aerial 1. Such "neutralising pegs" were proposed in Crossed-Field Microwave Devices, Volume 2, 1961, Academic Press, New York, Long Anode Magnetrons by H. A. H Boot, page 269-271.
The pegs introduce capacitance between the end hat 15 of the cathode and the pegs themselves. However, the r.f. field induced between the end hat 15 of the cathode and the pegs 16 is of opposite polarity to the r.f. field induced between the end hat and the aerial (since the latter is connected to the vanes 5, 7, 9 of opposite polarity). This results in the cathode being decoupled from the output (in this case, aerial 1).
The magnetron described above may have in known manner a ring or strap connected to the tops of the vanes 4, 6, 8, 10 at equipotential, as well as another to the tops of the intervening vanes, 5, 7, 9, which are also at equal potential to each other but opposite polarity to the vanes 4, 6, 8, 10, in order to improve the stability to the operation of the magnetron in the n mode. Such straps could be distributed along the length of the anode in a known manner (U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,940).
A disadvantage with the neutralising pegs described is that they could not be used at frequencies and power levels for which the distance between the peg and end hat was insufficient in terms of voltage breakdown. Nor could they be used in an arrangement in which the end hat of the cathode terminated below the ends of the anode vanes, again due to voltage breakdown considerations.
It is for this reason that an alternative solution to the problem of decoupling has been proposed (U.S. Pat. No. 7,026,761). Here a decoupling plate is located between the end hat of the cathode and an output coupling member. However, the decoupling plate has to be sized to be resonant at the operating frequency of the magnetron in order to decouple, but other factors might imply a different plate diameter.

Magnetron with cathode decoupled from output


An in-case oil passage extending in an axial direction above a plurality of gears is formed inside an outer peripheral wall portion of the accommodating case. The in-case oil passage includes an in-case oil passage opening portion which opens from the cover wall portion to the one end side in the axial direction. The cover wall portion is provided with an oil guide member at a position where at least a part of the cover wall portion overlaps the in-case oil passage opening portion when viewed from the one end side in the axial direction, the oil guide member guiding oil discharged from the in-case oil passage opening portion to the oil collecting portion of the oil collecting pocket.

In the related art, a transmission unit is mounted on a motorcycle or the like. In a transmission unit mounted on a motorcycle or the like, it is necessary to supply oil to a gear or the like in order to lubricate and cool the gear or the like. In this case, it is preferable that a larger amount of oil is supplied to the gear or the like.
Therefore, for example, JP-A-2020-085021 discloses a transmission unit in which an in-shaft oil passage extending in an axial direction and having an open right end portion is formed inside a counter shaft, and a cover wall pivotally supporting a right end portion of the counter shaft is provided with an oil collecting pocket protruding rightward from the cover wall at a position where at least a part of the oil collecting pocket overlaps the counter shaft. In the transmission unit of JP-A-2020-085021, oil scattered in a clutch chamber adjacent to the right side of a transmission chamber for accommodating the counter shalt and a plurality of gears can be collected in the oil collecting pocket, and the oil collected in the oil collecting pocket is supplied to the in-shaft oil passage.
However, in the transmission unit of JP-A-2020-085021, since the oil supplied to the in-shaft oil passage is only a part of the oil scattered in the clutch chamber, there is a limit to the amount of oil supplied to the in-shaft oil passage.


A heat sink and module cage assembly for receiving a pluggable electronics component, such as an opto-electronic transceiver module. The heat sink is attached to the module cage and includes a bottom surface forming one of four sidewalls of a chamber that receives the electronics component. The attachment of the heat sink in this manner enables the heat sink and module cage to be assembled during fabrication and prior to the assembly being shipped to a third party who may use the assembly on a printed circuit board. The top surface of the heat sink defines a plane that enables the assembly to be press fitted onto the printed circuit board using a flat rock tool. The sidewall of the cage assembly opposite the bottom surface of the heat sink includes leaf springs that bias the electronics module against the heat sink, thereby facilitating heat transfer to the heat sink.

1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of electrical connector systems for electrical components. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to a heat sink structure associated with a cage body that is adapted to receive low-profile, user-removable, electronic modules that interface with a port of a host device.
2. The Related Technology
Fiber optics are increasingly used for transmitting voice and data signals. As a transmission medium, light provides a number of advantages over traditional electrical communication techniques. For example, light signals allow for extremely high transmission rates and very high bandwidth capabilities. Also, light signals are resistant to electromagnetic interferences that would otherwise interfere with electrical signals. Light signals also provides a more secure signal because it does not allow portions of the signal to escape from the fiber optic cable as can occur with electrical signals in wire-based systems. Light signals also can be conducted over greater distances without the signal loss typically associated with electrical signals on copper wire.
While optical communications provide a number of advantages, the use of light as a transmission medium presents a number of implementation challenges. In particular, the data carried by light signal must be converted to an electrical format when received by a device, such as a network switch. Conversely, when data is transmitted to the optical network, it must be converted from an electronic signal to a light signal. Transmission of optical signals are typically implemented using a transceiver module at both ends of a fiber optic cable. Each transceiver module typically contains a laser transmitter circuit capable of converting electrical signals to optical signals, and an optical receiver capable of converting received optical signals back into electrical signals.
Typically, a transceiver module is electrically interfaced with a host device, such as a host computer, switching hub, network router, switch box, computer I/O and the like, via a compatible connection port. Moreover, in some applications it is desirable to miniaturize the physical size of the transceiver module to increase the port density, and therefore accommodate a higher number of network connections within a given physical space. In addition, in many applications, it is desirable for the module to be hot-pluggable, which permits the module to be inserted and removed from the host system without interrupting electrical power. To accomplish many of these objectives, international and industry standards have been adopted that define the physical size and shape of optical transceiver modules to insure compatibility between different manufacturers. For example, in 1998, a group of optical manufacturers developed a set of standards for optical transceiver modules called the Small Form-factor Pluggable Transceiver MultiSource Agreement (SFP Transceiver MSA). In addition to the details of the electrical interface, this standard defines the physical size and shape for the SFP transceiver modules, and the corresponding module cage that is mounted on a printed circuit board at the host and receives the transceiver modules, so as to insure interoperability between different manufacturers' products.
As the protocols used in optical networks increase in native transmission speed, the heat generated by the transceivers typically increases. For instance, 10-Gigabit transceivers generally require heat dissipation mechanisms, whereas transceivers used with optical transmission of lower speeds may not require heat dissipation. The use of heat dissipation mechanisms, however, increases the complexity and cost of the transceiver/cage assembly and reduces the space that would otherwise be available for the functional optical and electrical components of the assembly.
In addition, it is desirable to obtain module cages that have a substantially planar top surface that permits a flat rock tool to be used to mount the cages to printed circuit boards. Specifically, when a component has a substantially planar top surface and has pins that are aligned with corresponding holes in the surface of a printed circuit board, a flat rock tool can be used to press the pins of the component into the corresponding holes. In contrast, components that are not planar or otherwise have irregular top surfaces are mounted to printed circuit boards using dies that are formed to correspond to the shape of the top surface. The use of such specialized dies is expensive and cumbersome compared with the relatively simple flat rock tools that can be used with components having planar top surfaces.

Modular cage with heat sink for use with pluggable module


A absorption chiller-heater includes a low temperature regenerator, a high temperature regenerator, a condenser, an evaporator, an absorber, and a heat exchanger, in which water is used as a refrigerant and a lithium bromide aqueous solution is used as an absorption liquid, and the absorption liquid contains a molybdate as a corrosion inhibitor, sodium sulfite or sodium bisulfite as a concentration improving agent, and an octyldimethylethylammonium salt or a lauryldimethylethylammonium salt as a dispersant.

An absorption chiller-heater is an apparatus including an evaporator, an absorber, a regenerator, a condenser, and the like, and is widely put into practical use as an air conditioner for large constructions such as buildings. When water is used as a refrigerant, a concentrated aqueous solution of lithium bromide (concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution) is suitable as an absorption liquid. Lithium bromide as a main component of the absorption liquid is excellent in hygroscopicity, but has strong corrosion properties. Therefore, lithium bromide causes corrosion of a constituent member of the absorption chiller-heater.
To solve this problem, a method in which a corrosion inhibitor is added to the concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution is used in the related art. In general, a mixed corrosion inhibitor are used, in which an alkali metal hydroxide such as lithium hydroxide, a nitrate such as lithium nitrate, and a molybdate such as lithium molybdate are combined. The molybdate forms a corrosion protection oxide film, which is a composite film of an iron oxide and a molybdenum oxide, on a surface of carbon steel which is a main constituent material of the absorption chiller-heater. Therefore, in the mixed corrosion inhibitor, the molybdate is excellent in inhibiting both entire corrosion and local corrosion, and contributes to improvement of reliability for corrosion resistance of the absorption chiller-heater.
However, the molybdate has a disadvantage that a solubility in the concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution (absorption liquid) is small. In addition, the corrosion protection oxide film formed by the molybdate is broken by flow of the absorption liquid or the like, and the molybdate is consumed for forming the corrosion protection oxide film with operation of the absorption chiller-heater since the corrosion protection oxide film is formed again by the molybdate in the broken place. Therefore, a concentration of the molybdate in the absorption liquid decreases over time with operation of the absorption chiller-heater.
For this reason, in order to maintain a sufficient corrosion inhibition effect over a long period, it becomes necessary to control the concentration of the molybdate appropriately and replenish the molybdate regularly, and maintenance becomes complicated. Further, in general, the molybdate is added to the concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution (absorption liquid) in an amount corresponding to or slightly exceeding the solubility. However, when the molybdate having a concentration considerably exceeding the solubility is added to the concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution, precipitation occurs. Therefore, there occurs a problem that the operation of the absorption chiller-heater is interrupted. That is, although the corrosion inhibition effect can be obtained by the molybdate, a charging amount of the molybdate is limited.
Therefore, it has been proposed so far to use an additive (high concentration agent) that increases a concentration of the molybdate in the concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution (see, for example, PTL 1). A charging amount of the molybdate can be increased by charging such a high concentration agent into the concentrated lithium bromide aqueous solution.
PTL 1 discloses a method for delaying corrosion of a metal in contact with a lithium halide aqueous solution "including charging a crystal habit modifier and lithium molybdate into an aqueous solution containing the lithium halide" (see Abstract).
Further, Examples of PTL 1 describes that a concentration of the lithium molybdate is increased to 700 mg/L and a corrosion rate of mild steel ST37, which is an iron-based material, is inhibited to about half of that in the related (reduced from 11.5 mpy to 4.1 mpy) by charging a crystal habit modifier.

Absorption chiller-heater, replenishing liquid for absorption chiller-heater, absorption liquid for absorption chiller-heater, and maintenance method


An assembly simulation apparatus and method for a wooden structure are provided. The assembly simulation apparatus for a wooden structure includes an element analysis unit for analyzing shapes of a plurality of elements constituting a three-dimensional (3D) wooden structure model and a coupling relation between the elements. A relation graph generation unit generates a relation graph based on the analyzed shapes of the plurality of elements and the analyzed coupling relation between the elements. An animation creation unit creates an animation of a movement path depending on a task for coupling or separating the plurality of elements, based on the generated relation graph. An animation play unit simulates an assembly method for the wooden structure by playing the created animation depending on the assembly method for the wooden structure.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to an assembly simulation apparatus and method for a wooden structure and, more particularly, to a scheme that simulates an assembly method from elements constituting a Korean traditional wooden structure in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment, and creates and plays an animation of an assembly completion process.
2. Description of the Related Art
Traditionally, methods of assembling a Korean traditional wooden structure have been verbally handed down by carpenters to their apprentices.
Recently, as software technology has developed, a process for designing and constructing buildings or structures has begun to be documented using a computer. In order to show a construction process using a computer simulation, a simulation creator must spend a lot of time and effort to create the simulation using graphic content software. However, in the case of a simulation created in this way, there is a problem in that the results of a simulation are very simple and only an assembly sequence is shown, and thus the utilization of the simulation is low. In particular, since a Korean traditional wooden structure is built in various manners without using an adhesive or nails, it is important to automatically create and show a high-quality simulation in conformity with a traditional construction scheme.
In relation to this, Korean Patent Application Publication No. 2000-0058784 discloses technology entitled "Method for creating simulation related to architecture interior design and performing customization based on the simulation."

Assembly simulation apparatus and method for wooden structure

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE


A method of assembling of a door comprising the steps of providing a door inner panel having an outer face and an inner face, at least one functional component of the door, an anti intrusion beam and a door outer panel. The functional component is assembled onto and towards the outer face. The anti intrusion beam is assembled towards the outer face prior to assembling the door outer panel towards the outer face. Fixing means secure the door inner panel, the functional component, the anti intrusion beam and the door outer panel relative to each other.

The present invention relates to a method of assembling a door and a method of assembling a vehicle including a door. In particular, the invention relates to a method of assembling a car (automobile) door.
Known car doors are typically assembled by welding various strengthening and reinforcement elements to an inner panel and then attaching an outer panel to this subassembly by a hemming technique. This bare door is then allocated to a car body along with other bare doors and a bare hood and a bare trunk and this set of components is then painted together to provide the final exterior color for the vehicle. Such a technique ensures that all exterior surfaces of the vehicle are of uniform color since the final coat of paint on all panels is from the same batch of paint.
Subsequently the functional hardware is then installed through holes in the inner panel into the painted doors and water management membrane is applied to this inner panel to close the various access holes.
Finally, a trim panel is fixed to the inner panel to provide a styled aesthetically pleasing surface which incorporates appropriate features such as switches, door pockets, loudspeakers and heater grills.
Thus, the assembly of the door components into the door is from the inside (when considering the associated vehicle). Such an assembly method means that the various door components must be assembled into the door on the vehicle assembly line since all exterior panels are painted together and the door components must be assembled after painting.
An object of the present invention is provide improved method of assembling a door.


A monolithic wavelength stabilized system comprises a laser monolithically formed with a waveguide splitter having at least two branches. Non-identical resonators having different wavelengths are operatively coupled to each branch of the splitter and a photodiode is communicatively coupled to receive the output from each non-identical resonator. A control unit receives the photocurrent outputs from the photodiodes, determines based on the photocurrents whether the wavelength of the laser signal is at a desired value, and transmits a feedback signal to the laser to move the laser output toward the desired wavelength. The laser, splitter, resonators, and photodiodes are monolithically formed in a single chip using asymmetric waveguides.

In a dynamic wavelength division multiplexing ("WDM") network, unintended changes or "drift" to the wavelength of a transmitter component can result in severe signal degradation and network disruption. In order to avoid wavelength drift, transmitter components may be monitored for changes to operational characteristics including wavelength, output power, side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and relative intensity noise (RIN).
Existing systems for monitoring output signals from tunable lasers typically employ a complicated electronics circuit that monitors the output of a single resonator device to identify a shift in signal wavelength. Also, existing systems are typically formed from non-monolithic discrete components. FIG. 1 provides a diagram depicting an existing wavelength stabilization system or wavelength locker. As shown in FIG. 1, existing wavelength lockers comprise lens 110, beam splitter 112, etalon 114, and photodiodes 116, 118. Lens 110 collimates light emerging from a transmitter (not shown) before it is divided into two paths by beam splitter 112. One light path contains photodiode 116 which is used to monitor laser power. The second light path consists of etalon 114 and remaining photodiode 118 which are used to monitor laser signal wavelength. Etalon 114 has a periodic transmission characteristic designed to correspond to the WDM channel spacing. Variations in the signal intensity emerging from etalon 114 indicate a change in laser wavelength. An electronic feedback control loop (not shown) monitors the output from photodiode 118 and adjusts the transmitter parameters such as current, temperature, etc. so as to maintain the desired wavelength output.
In existing stabilization systems such as that depicted in FIG. 1 wherein a single wavelength monitoring device—etalon 114—is employed to identify a peak in the output signal, a complicated electronic feedback control loop is required to interpret the etalon output and determine what feedback steps should be taken to arrive at the desired wavelength.
Also, existing wavelength stabilization systems typically consist of separate and non-monolithic components. Such systems often have a relatively large form factor in order to accommodate the several discrete components. Production of wavelength stabilization systems from discrete components involves the additional complexity of aligning components on a submount and fixing the components in place. Indeed, existing stabilization systems are often subject to inaccuracies and instabilities resulting from imperfections in the alignment of discrete components. Moreover, the additional efforts directed at attempting to align components greatly increases the costs of manufacturing existing wavelength stabilizing devices.

Monolithic wavelength stabilized asymmetric laser


An automated well servicing system comprised of computer controlled tong assemblies, a remote controlled robotic racking system and unique slips and backup clamps. The system has a pair of tong assemblies for automatically disconnecting or connecting rods or tubes. Each tong assembly is pivotally mounted on the frame of a vehicle for deployment once the vehicle is parked at a well head and includes power tongs, backup clamps and slips mounted on hydraulically operated carriers for positioning over a well head. A robotic rod tubular handler controlled by a joy stick mounted on the waist of a floor man permits remote racking of rods and tubes. A slip assembly is provided comprised of a pair of housings forming a conical cavity and a conical mandrel having pins or slugs that clamp a tubular string when the two housings are pressed together. The slips are also constructed to maintain the clamping force on a string until a hoist and elevator lifts the string a short distance activating a proximity switch to release the string. The system also includes a unique elevator head having interchangeable plates to change the system from handling rods to handling tubes.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to automated oil servicing equipment and more particularly, relates to utility equipment to automatically service oil wells and increase well servicing efficiency.
2. Background Information
It was not long ago that service rigs, for oil wells, required a crew of four to set-up and service the well. However, with the advent of tube and rod tongs, the crew was reduced to three.
The typical oil rig servicing system requires a rig operator who runs the hoisting operation and also the slips and tongs. A floor man handles the tubes that are being hoisted and placed in a racking board. A third workman, called a "derrick man", on a platform, racks the tubulars in the racking board.
In the oil rig servicing environment, accidents are frequent enough to be costly and significantly damage the public image of the oil industry. These factors have lead to the increasing desire to create automated systems for servicing oil wells.
Over the years there have been a number of attempts at automation. One such attempt was a completely automated drilling rig built by a company called Automatic Drilling Machine (ADM) in the late 1960's that was considered somewhat successful. Improved models of this drilling rig, however, did not have any success. Another attempt at automation is described in the October 1987 issue of Off Shore Magazine on Pg. 53. The article describes a new pipe handling unit and drilling tower. The robotic pipe handling unit was developed by a company called Tempco Drilling Products. The robotic pipe handling unit moves pipe to and from a finger board and rotary without human intervention. The robot is rail mounted to a drill floor and not connected to a derrick, which presumably is supposed to provide greater safety. A computer, positioned away from the drill floor, assists in controlling the unit. A control console is positioned at a driller's station. The machine is in the form of a tower with a hydraulic hoist machine which is supposedly easier to install than conventional derricks and is constructed to move pipe to and from a racking board. However, the success with the unit has not been achieved.
Another system is described in the July 1987 issue of Drilling Contractor and was developed by Varco International, Inc. Supposedly, the unit enables a single operator to execute all the pipe tripping functions from the floor to the monkey port. The unit consisted of a built-in stand make-up and break-up, which was supposed to eliminate equipment so an individual could perform these tasks. In operation, the operator supposedly could control each function manually using an observed position, or let automatic sequences take over with the unit controlled by its own microprocessor. To-date, this system has not been entirely successful.
An automated well servicing and drilling rig was disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,006 of Hutchinson et al issued May 27, 1986 and owned by Chevron Research Company of San Francisco, Calif. However, this machine was never successful. It included a device that had a transfer system to transfer tubulars from a horizontal racking system for lowering or extracting tubulars from a well. The system included storage means, conveying and elevating individual elongated well elements such as pipe, tubing and rods from a storage position into a position with alignment with well bore. The system also included automated tongs for connecting and disconnecting well tubulars from a string within a well bore, and an automatic gripper in the form of slips to prevent longitudinal movement of the string. Automatic centralizing means were included for positioning the well elements with respect to the centerline of the well bore. The system was designed so that the overall apparatus could be stored on a mobile rig to be transportable, as a unit, from one well head to another.
It is therefore, one object of the present invention to provide an automated oil well servicing rig.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil well servicing rig having a remotely controlled racking system.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil rigging system comprised of automated tongs for making and breaking pipes, rods and tubulars.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an automated well servicing rig system having a remotely controlled robot for racking pipes and rods.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an oil well servicing rig that includes a remote controlled robot on a racking board some 25 feet above ground for remotely racking tubulars.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automated well servicing rig known as an "Auto-rig" that includes an automated tong/slip assembly permanently mounted on the rig to handle pipe and rods.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil well servicing rig that allows the rig operator to run the hoisting operation as well as the slips and tongs. The tongs are automatically operated and require a minimum of the rig operator's attention, which permits the operator to concentrate on the hoisting operation.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil well servicing rig that allows a floor man to handle pipes and rods by a remote control unit mounted around the floor man's waist.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil well rigging system that includes a robotic racking system remotely operated by the floor man.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil well servicing rig that automatically makes and breaks rod and tube connections reducing the possibility of accidents.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automated oil well servicing rig that includes a robotic racking machine on a platform that automatically racks pipes and rods on the racking board.


A technique for reducing multipath distortion in a mobile FM receiver with a plurality of antennas is accomplished through a number of steps. Initially, a first antenna signal and a second antenna signal are received. The first antenna signal is weighted with a variable first weight and the second antenna signal is weighted with a variable second weight. The weighted first antenna signal and the weighted second antenna signal are then combined to provide a combined received signal having a combined signal level. The variable first and second weights are determined by an adaptation strategy that is substantially controlled by a first algorithm, when the combined signal level is greater than a predetermined signal level. When the combined signal level is less than the predetermined signal level, the variable first and second weights are determined by an adaptation strategy substantially controlled by a second algorithm.

As is well known, multipath interference is caused when two or more signal rays of an original transmitted signal converge upon a receiving antenna of a receiver at significantly different times. This misalignment or superposition of signals, which are replicas of the original signal, may cause distortion in audio recovered from the signals. Distortion caused by the multipath interference may be attributable to long delay (e.g., greater than five microseconds between signals) multipath interference or short delay (e.g., less than five microseconds between signals) multipath interference.
In a typical urban environment, RF signals experience changes in amplitude and phase due to short delay multipath. This amplitude and phase shift may result in broadband signal fades of up to 40 dB as the receiver and its associated motor vehicle change locations (see FIG. 1, signal 102 of graph 100). At typical highway speeds, signal fluctuation rates in the range of 100 to 1 kHz may occur. In general, long delay multipath (or frequency selective multipath) is found in areas where reflectors are greater than four to five miles away. Typically, long delay multipath occurs in cities with large buildings and in mountainous regions.
Generally, long and short delay multipath coexists and creates frequency selective fading and broadband fading, simultaneously (see FIG. 2, RF level signal 204 and FM demodulator output (MPX) signal 202 of graph 200, which depicts exemplary audio distortion attributable to long delay multipath).
For example, as is shown in FIG. 2, the signal 202 may contain a 1 kHz tone with a 75 kHz deviation. In such a situation, a reflected signal may have an amplitude of, for example, 0.9 units while a direct signal has, for example, an amplitude of 1 unit. In the case where the time delay of the reflected signal is about 30 microseconds, the distortion attributable to the time delay may be on the order of approximately twelve percent.
In various receiver systems, antenna diversity has been implemented in conjunction with an FM receiver to reduce degraded reception performance caused by multipath interference. Typically, antenna diversity has been accomplished through the use of at least two uncorrelated antennas. Prior art antenna diversity reception for mobile communication systems has been achieved by implementation of a number of different systems. For example, antenna diversity has been accomplished with equal gain combiner (EGC) systems, maximal ratio combiner (MRC) systems and antenna diversity systems, such as the adaptive reception system (ARS) disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,686, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In general, EGC systems and MRC systems outperform switched antenna diversity systems. However, EGC and MRC systems tend to be more expensive to implement, as they require multiple analog front-ends. Typically, EGC and MRC systems attempt to optimize certain characteristics of a received signal in order to minimize the number of fades or maximize the desired signal.
In a switched antenna diversity system, only one antenna is utilized for reception at any instant in time and, thus, the non-selected antennas do not contribute to the demodulated signal. In contrast, EGC and MRC systems utilize signals from all antennas through a variety of combining techniques.
Constant modulus algorithm (CMA) systems have been implemented extensively in digital broadcasting. In general, combining signals from multiple antennas advantageously provides antenna directionality, which allows interferers (i.e., multipath rays) to be suppressed by creating a null in the antenna pattern in the direction of the multipath interferer. In such systems, the method for determining the combining weights varies, depending upon the application. In the case of an FM receiver implemented in a mobile application, the combining of the signals is particularly challenging, as an implemented algorithm must adapt as the vehicle moves. In a usual case, adaptation is blind, i.e., there is no cooperation between the transmitter and receiver, and the received signal is an analog signal. As such, signal imperfections are difficult to mask.
However, FM modulated signals initially have a constant modulus (amplitude), which provides prior knowledge about the transmitted signal (see FIG. 3, signal 302 of graph 300). Unfortunately, in a multipath reception environment, a received signal no longer possesses this constant modulus property, as a result of flat or frequency selective fading, and, as such, the complex baseband signal trajectory is no longer a circle but may take the form of a complicated spiro-graph (see FIG. 4, graph 400, with spiro-graph first antenna signal 402, and FIG. 5, graph 500, with spiro-graph second antenna signal 502). Fortunately, in systems that combine antenna signals, the signal amplitude information can be utilized to determine combining weights for the signals from the different antennas.
In general, for narrowband modulation, signal combining may be accomplished by adjusting the amplitudes and phases of the individual antenna signals, prior to summation, to optimize appropriate receiver metrics. The gain and phase applied to each antenna signal is equivalent to complex weighting in the complex baseband model and are referred to as antenna or combining weights. The weighted summation of the individual antenna signals results in an overall reception pattern. The combining method determines the weights which optimize certain receiver metrics. In practice, an iterative solution is generally used to solve for the optimal weights and the system is said to 'adapt'.
The MRC method attempts to maximize some measure of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (often called CNR). The CMA method attempts to minimize variation of the received signal amplitude. The CMA method is known to steer the antenna pattern so as to place nulls in the direction of the interfering signals (multipath reflections in this case). The combined antenna pattern varies with the frequency of the received signal so for an FM modulated signal the weights must be adapted rapidly such that the multipath reflection is nulled as it moves in frequency due to the modulation. Because the signal modulation is normally not present in the amplitude of an FM signal, the CMA adaptation bandwidth can extend into the modulation bandwidth such that the adaptation can be fast enough to maintain the necessary null direction as the frequency of the received signal changes due to the modulation.
In general, the CMA method performs well for FM multipath, especially in strong signal conditions where the received distortions are dominated by multipath interference, as opposed to noise. However, as the received signal becomes weak, the amplitude becomes corrupted by noise and the constant modulus assumption of the received signal begins to fail and the CMA performance correspondingly degrades. In addition, the CMA can 'lock' to spurs in the received signal that become unmasked as the desired signal becomes weak. In contrast, the MRC adaptation is influenced by the signal modulation and, thus, the adaptation bandwidth is limited. However, the MRC assumptions remain valid even for weak received signals. Therefore, while the CMA tends to outperform the MRC for strong signals, the CMA may have difficulty with weak signals and, in this case, the MRC tends to yield better and more consistent performance.
With reference to FIG. 6, an exemplary block diagram 600 of an MRC algorithm includes function blocks 602, 604 and 606, which are implemented in software. With reference to FIG. 7, an exemplary block diagram 700 of a constant modulus algorithm (CMA) includes function blocks 702, 704 and 706, which are implemented in software.
The CMA is a relatively efficient algorithm that allows for adaptation, based on amplitude variation of known constant amplitude signals. In a two antenna case with a single interferer, it is usually possible to position a null in the direction of the multipath interferer (i.e., in the long delay multipath). For an incident plane wave, only the phase of the received signals differ between the two antennas and, thus, combining weights can be found such that the signals cancel in the combined output. While this solution does, in fact, satisfy the constant modulus constraint, it does not guarantee that a system implementing a CMA will adapt to the solution and, in general, the solution may not be unique. For example, a null can be placed in the direction of the direct path and still satisfy the CMA constraint. While this may be acceptable, as noted above, the assumption of constant modulus degrades as the received signal becomes weak, as noise violates the constant modulus property. Furthermore, the wide adaptation bandwidth, which makes the CMA effective in long delay multipath, results in noisy adaptation for weak signals.
What is needed is an improved technique for reducing multipath distortion in a mobile FM receiver having multiple antennas.

Technique for reducing multipath distortion in an FM receiver


Spring latch (30) for a connector assembly (10) having an engagement section (40,42) at a forward end (38) to latch to a post (24) of a mating connector (22), to maintain the connectors in mated engagement. Forward end (38) comprises a pair of beams (50) coextending to respective transverse feet (40), the beams and feet separated by a slot (48) extending rearwardly along a body section (42). Beams (50) are pried apart during mating as inner edges of feet (40) bear against tapered side surfaces (56) of the forward end (26) of a post (24) of the mating connector (22), until full mating when feet (40) seat into an annular groove (28) rearwardly of the post forward end (26).

An electrical connector assembly is known having a pair of latching springs secured within a shell enclosing an electrical connector; one such connector assembly is the AMPLIMITE HDP Crimp Snap-In Contact connector sold by AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, Pa. The latching springs extend forwardly from a pivot section midway along the body section to latching forward ends at the mating face of the connector assembly to latch with and be delatchable from corresponding posts of a mating connector. The latching springs include actuator sections exposed along the sides of the shell to be manually depressed to pivot the spring bodies and thus moving the latching forward ends apart to engage with and disengage from the posts during connector mating and unmating. During mating the spring latches are actuated by manual depression of the actuators to pivot outwardly the latching forward ends to pass by either conical or frustoconical forward ends of the posts as the connectors are urged together to mate, whereafter the actuators are released. The latching forward end of each spring latch is claw-like and includes a short transverse foot having a large wide notch thereinto to facilitate passing by the enlarged head, whereafter the transverse foot seats in the annular groove of the post just rearwardly of the forward post end. The spring latch is made of stainless steel alloy having a thickness of about 0.012 in., to have spring characteristics enabling deflection during mating to maintain at moderate levels the forces of resistance to mating generated by engagement of the spring latches with the posts during mating.
It is desired to eliminate the need to depress the actuator sections during mating while maintaining the retention strength of the latching springs against accidental unmating.

Unitary spring latch for an electrical connector assembly


A pointing device is placed in a through hole provided on an outer case of the portable information terminal. The portable information terminal includes a fingerplate attached to a through hole via a hinge 4e; an image pick-up element placed on a circuit board; a condensing lens that forms an image on an outer surface of the fingerplate on an image pick-up plane of the image pick-up element; and a light emitting device that irradiates the outer surface of the fingerplate with illumination light, and takes the image of a pattern such as a fingerprint of a fingertip that touches the outer surface of the fingerplate by using the image pick-up element. When the fingertip moves while touching the fingerplate, the image taken by the image pick-up element changes and the pointer displayed on a display screen is moved in a direction according to a change direction and by a distance corresponding to a quantity of change.

The present invention relates to a pointing device for moving a pointer (cursor) on a display screen used for a portable information terminal such as a cellular phone, and a portable information terminal using the pointing device.
Conventionally, a portable information terminal such as a portable type personal computer and cellular phone has an operation panel provided with a display screen on which a pointer for pointing to a desired position of an image is displayed and a pointing device for moving this pointer to a desired position.
As such a conventional pointing device, a track ball that moves a pointer by detecting the rotation of a ball and a dial type pointer that moves a pointer by detecting the rotation of a disk are known. Furthermore, as portable information terminals are being increasingly implemented with multi-functions and large-sized display screen, and in order to make it possible to arbitrarily and smoothly select more selection items with a pointer, a cross pointer having independent feed switches for upward/downward, rightward/leftward movements of a pointer and a stick pointer used for a game machine in particular that moves a pointer by tilting a stick or disk back and forth, right and left are also known. Furthermore, as used for a personal computer, etc., to continuously move a pointer on an image such as a map displayed on a display screen, a pointing device called a "track pad" is also known which consists of a flat table shaped sensor plate with a certain area and when a finger is moved continuously on this sensor plate, the continuously changing position of the finger is detected and the pointer is moved continuously according to this detection result.
On the other hand, since a portable information terminal must meet the need for portability, there is a demand for a smaller, lighter or thinner terminal. For the track ball or dial type pointing device above, meeting this demand is difficult because this pointing device includes a physical movable section such as a ball or disk, which puts a limit to reduction of the size.
With the pointing device such as the cross pointer and stick pointer above, the pointer basically moves one step by one operation, that is, the pointer moves by one item displayed on the display screen at a time, and therefore selecting an item at a considerable distance on the display screen requires more operations, which takes time and trouble.
Moreover, the track pad described above moves the pointer by touching the sensor plate with the finger and therefore the sensor plate must have an area sufficiently greater than the area of the finger that touches this and is not suited to miniaturization.

Pointing device and portable information terminal using the same


The method of diagnosing lesions of crystalline lens such as cataract is disclosed. It comprises detecting variation of crygs gene, transcript and/or protein of individuals compared with normalty. The individual suffers from cataract more possible than normalty when occurring the variation. The present invention also discloses the method and pharmaceutical composition of treating lesions of crystalline lens such as cataract.

Cataract is a common eye disease, one of the leading causes of human blindness and one of the main diseases that severely influence the people's life. The main cause of cataract is the degeneration or sedimentation of crystallin in the lens. There are three kinds of crystallin: α-crystalline, β-crystalline, γ-crystallin. The γ-crystallin family consists of 7 members: A, B, C, D, E, F, S-crystallin. The previous reports show that the change of some crystallins may cause the lens illness and cataract. However, the mechanism of cataract is still unclear so far. Also the relationship between cataract and some special kind of crystallin is not reported.
Further, there is still no effective method to diagnose cataract early and to cure cataract by non-operative treatment in the art.
Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new and efficient methods to diagnose and cure cataract, the relative pharmaceuticals, and diagnostic technology and reagents.

Method of diagnosing and treating lesion of crystalline lens using human CRYGS gene and coding product thereof

Shanghai Institutes of Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences


An electron acceleration portion of a Betatron having a vacuum chamber with an interior wall spaced from an exterior wall with a main electron orbit located approximate to the exterior wall and the interior wall. An electron injector has an anode structured and arranged adjacent a wall selected from the group consisting of the interior wall and the exterior wall that is shaped so as to not impede the main electron orbit. There is at least one electron deflection plate disposed approximate an anode end of the anode and the main electron orbit. There can be two electron deflection plates spaced apart that form a gap of a width effective to receive emitted electrons from the electron injector. Such that, there is a voltage potential between the two electron deflection plates that is effective to deflect emitted electrons towards the main electron orbit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is generally related to circular electron accelerators. More particularly, a combination of an internal electron injector and electrostatic deflection electrodes enhances the number of injected electrons that enter a main electron orbit of a Betatron and are accelerated to relativistic velocity.
2. Background of the Invention
Oil well bore hole logging is a process by which properties of earth strata as a function of depth in the bore hole are measured. A geologist reviewing the logging data can determine the depths at which oil containing formations are most likely located. Most present day well logging relies on gamma-rays obtained from chemical radiation sources to determine the bulk density of the formation surrounding a borehole. These sources pose a radiation hazard and require strict controls to prevent accidental exposure or intentional misuse. In addition, most sources have a long half life and disposal is a significant issue. For some logging applications, in particular determination of formation density, a 137Cs source or a 60Co source is used to irradiate the formation. The intensity and penetrating nature of the radiation allow a rapid, accurate, measurement of the formation density. In view of the problems with chemical radiation sources, it is important that chemical radiation sources be replaced by electronic radiation sources. The main advantage of the latter is that they can be switched off, when no measurement is made and that they have at most a very minimal potential for intentional misuse.
One proposed replacement for chemical gamma-ray sources is a Betatron accelerator. In this device, electrons are accelerated on a circular path by a varying magnetic field until being directed onto a target. The interaction of the electrons with the target leads to the emission of Bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-rays of the target material. Before electrons can be accelerated, they are injected into a magnetic field between two circular pole faces at the right time, with correct energy and correct angle. Control over timing, energy and injection angle enables maximizing the number of electrons accepted into a main electron orbit and accelerated.
In a typical Betatron, electrons are accelerated in a circular orbit by the EMF (electromotive force) induced by an increasing magnetic field. This requires that electrons be injected at the correct angle and energy at the right time. The injection angle is critical for optimal injection and needs to be controlled to better than one degree. Injection angle is typically controlled by proper alignment and positioning of an electron ejector. The injection angle can be fairly easily controlled in large Betatrons, i.e. with a circular magnetic field of 4.5 inches in diameter or larger, through the use of an external electron injector. One such external electron injector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,976 to Zumoto, et al.
Large Betatrons are suitable for applications where size constraints are not critical, such as to generate x-rays for medical radiation purposes. However, in applications such as oil well bore holes where there are severe size constraints, it is desired to use smaller Betatrons, typically with a magnetic field diameter of 3 inches or less. With this size constraint, an external electron injector is not practical and a Betatron with an internal electron gun and injector is preferred. An internal injector is mounted inside the main vacuum chamber in close proximity to the electron orbit. One such Betatron is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,201,851 to Piestrup, et al. With an internal injector, accurate control of the injection angle becomes more difficult and adjustments after sealing the vacuum chamber are difficult or impossible. In addition to the cathode and an anode, an internal injector may include additional electrodes such as grids for improved electron extraction, pulsing and/or focusing or other electrodes required for improved electron optics. However, the direction of the beam exiting the injector is fixed and given by the geometry of the electron gun and the magnetic field.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,201,851 and 6,713,976 are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.
There remains a need for an internal electron gun and injector having better control over the injection angle of electrons for use in a betatron having application for down hole well bore applications.


A charge air cooler includes a high temperature side heat exchanger and a low temperature side heat exchanger. The high temperature side heat exchanger is provided on a high temperature side cooling flow path through which a first refrigerant cooled by a first heat exchanger (radiator) flows. The low temperature side heat exchanger is provided on a low temperature side cooling flow path through which a second refrigerant cooled cooler than the first refrigerant by a second heat exchanger (sub-radiator) flows. The low temperature side heat exchanger cools, by the second refrigerant, intake air cooled by the high temperature side heat exchanger. According to the above charge air cooler, the second heat exchanger (sub-radiator) can be prevented from becoming big in size, and intake air temperature can be cooled to desired temperature.

Generally, a charge air cooler (an intercooler) is used with an internal combustion engine having a supercharger. When intake air is compressed by the supercharger, intake air temperature increases while this compression process. Since combustion characteristics may get worse due to excessive increase of the intake air temperature, the intake air temperature is reduced by the charge air cooler. Note that, if not specified, a term "supercharger" in the present application means a supercharger in a broad sense including a turbocharger and so on [a supercharger in a narrow sense means a supercharger that does supercharging by utilizing a drive force of a drive source (an combustion engine)].
As a typical charge air cooler, known are an air-cooling type charge air cooler that does cooling by utilizing a flow of outside air involved with a vehicle, and a water-cooling type charge air cooler that does cooling by utilizing refrigerant (coolant, cooling water). Know is a water-cooling type charge air cooler with a structure in which a heat exchanging section that forms a coolant flow path is produced independently and then the heat exchanging section is inserted into a case. By flowing intake air through the case, the cooling water and the intake air exchange heat therebetween.
In a water-cooling type charge air cooler, intake air is cooled by a low temperature side cooling flow path that is provided with a sub-radiator and separated from an engine cooling flow path (a high temperature side cooling flow path) provided with a radiator for cooling an engine. Target temperature of intake air to be supplied to the engine is about 45° C. and that is relatively low. Therefore, intake air cannot be cooled sufficiently by the engine cooling flow path. Consequently, intake air is cooled by the low temperature side cooling flow path.
In order to cool intake air to about 45° C., it is needed that refrigerant flowing through the low-temperature side cooling flow path should be cooled to about 40° C. For cooling the refrigerant to about 40° C., the sub-radiator must be made big in size to enhance its cooling capacity. Since installation freedom degree of the sub-radiator made big in size is restricted, the sub-radiator is generally located in front of the radiator (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-522893 [Patent Document 1] and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-514890 [Patent Document 2]).


A method for making continuous fiber-reinforced plastic composites is disclosed. It involves the steps of (a) using an extruder to continuously extrude a first plastic resin through an extruder die to form a first plastic resin layer; (b) continuously pulling a plurality of prepreg strips along with the first plastic resin layer; and (c) combining the plurality of prepreg strips with the first plastic resin layer to form a sandwiched composite containing at least two prepreg layers separated by the first plastic resin. The prepreg strip contains reinforcing fibers impregnated with a second plastic resin. The fiber-reinforced and sandwich-structured plastic composites exhibit greatly improved flexural strength and flexural modulus approaching those of real wood, and can be drilled, nailed, chiseled, saw, etc, similar to natural wood.

Because natural wood is non-recyclable and takes long time to grow, it is always desirable to develop substitute materials, preferably plastic materials, that can take up some of the functions provided by natural wood. However, plastic materials are typically characterized by their inferior flexural strength and flexural modulus, and are thus largely considered non-ideal candidates.
The mechanical characteristics of plastic materials can be improved by combining them with fiber-reinforced materials. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,993,726, the content thereof is incorporated herein by reference, it was disclosed a method of making continuous length articles or reinforced plastic materials. Rovings of temperature resistant material were passed through a crosshead extruder to impregnate the rovings with a thermoplastic polymer under high pressure. The impregnated rovings are pulled from the extruder through a die and are cooled and shaped into a void free article.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,439,387, the content thereof is incorporated herein by reference, it was disclosed a method of manufacturing a compound composite reinforcing structure, by which a thermoplasitc resin material is bonded to, by mixture with, a composite reinforcing structure. The composite reinforcing structure consists of fibers imbedded in a thermoplastic resin material which is formed by passing extruded plastic resin through a die which imbeds fibers. The compound composite reinforcing structure is formed by mounting a preformed composite reinforcing structure in a molding die and by injecting thermoplastic resin material into the molding die.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,823, the content thereof is incorporated herein by reference, it was disclosed a pultrusion/extrusion method for manufacturing fiber reinforced plastic articles. The method disclosed in the '823 patent involves the step of pultruding a first profile through a die, followed by the step of applying a thermoplastic resin to the first profile to form a second profile bonded integrally to the first profile.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,277,566, the content thereof is incorporated herein by reference, it was disclosed an extrusion impregnating device for the continuous production of unidirectionally fiber-reinforced polymer moldings with fiber content between 50 and 70 vol-%. The extrusion impregnating device comprises a split casing with a split jacket. The split casing has an extruder connector with a melt inlet for introducing thermoplastic material, a separable impregnating insert with an inlet nozzle for introducing fiber material into the impregnating insert, an outlet nozzle through the fiber-reinforced linear profile exits.
The above mentioned methods have provided certain improvements in the mechanical properties of the finished plastic articles. However, none of them appears to provide the solution for making artificial wood. These methods either provide only one-dimensional reinforcement, do not allow foamed plastics (thus incurring high density), do not allow simple machining (such as nailing, sawing, drilling, etc), or suffer from a combination of these shortcomings.

Method of making continuous glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic foam sandwich composites

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A method and apparatus for treating animals that are milked in an automated milking system. For the animals involved or groups of such animals, there is stored a predetermined desired weight pattern for such animals or groups of animals, which weight pattern is based on the animal's actual weight pattern which extends over a relatively long period of time including, at least, each animal's last lactation period, into a computer memory. An animal is weighed in a milking compartment where it is simultaneously milked and fed two to four times in each twenty-four hour period. On the basis of the animal's ongoing weights, having in view its earlier established desired weight values, there is determined average actual weight values taking into account the weight variations due to contents of the animal's digestive tract and udder to provide expected variations around the average value. Thereafter, when the desired weight value stored in the computer memory applicable to the particular time insofar as the animal's life cycle is concerned is different than the actual average weight of the animal, considering variations, the quantity of feed to be distributed to the animal while it is being milked in the milking compartment is adjusted accordingly. If the actual weight of an animal is sufficiently different from the expected weight, the operator of the automated milking process is informed of such fact by signals provided to capture the operator's attention.

It is of importance that the animals maintain an optimal condition for the production of milk, i.e. that their musculature and extended fatness be such so as to retain them in an optimal healthy condition for producing milk. Part of the fat and the muscles is used at the beginning of the period of lactation because of energy deficiency. There is a so-called mobilization of physical reserves. After having calved, a cow normally looses forty to fifty kilograms of her weight, mainly in the form of fat. However, in extreme situations this loss may be much greater. In the course of the period of lactation these reserves are made up again and in particular by the time when the animal is set dry, the animal should have attained a condition that should be maintained until it has calved again. Taking into account the weight pattern shown in the course of time, in particular in the course of the lactation period, it is of importance that the treatment of the animal be such that its physical condition is optimal for producing milk.

Method and apparatus of caring for animals, in particular feeding same

Massland N.V. a Dutch limited liability company


This invention relates to a compound represented by formula (I) or a salt thereof, and a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, an osteoblast activator, and an osteoclast suppressor comprising the same:

Osteoporosis is developed as a result of an imbalance between functions of osteoblasts, which play a role in osteogenesis, and osteoclasts, which play a role in deossification. Compounds that activate osteoblasts and compounds that suppress osteoclasts are considered to be effective in treating osteoporosis. Compounds having a single function, however, cannot produce satisfactory effects. Estrogen is deduced to activate osteoblasts and to suppress osteoclasts, and it is utilized in treating osteoporosis. Since estrogen also affects cells other than bones, particularly reproductive organs, side effects, such as increased risk of uterine cancer or breast cancer, may become an issue of concern. Also, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan) issued safety information as of Jan. 29, 2004, to warn of the possibility of an increase in the development of breast cancer or dementia due to the prolonged ingestion of estrogen. Since estrogen has a complicated molecular structure, synthesis thereof is complicated and difficult.
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), which is an indole derivative represented by formula (I), is reported to act suppressively both on osteoblasts and osteoclasts:
wherein X represents a hydrogen atom; R1 represents a hydrogen atom; R2 represents methyl; R3, R5, and R6 each represent a hydrogen atom; and R4 represents methyl (N. Suzuki and A. Hattori, J. Pineal Res., 33, 253-258, 2002).
Also, it is reported that a compound represented by formula (I) wherein X represents a bromine atom; R1 represents a hydrogen atom; R2 represents methyl; R3, R5, and R6 each represent a hydrogen atom; and R4 represents methyl; a compound represented by formula (I) wherein X and R5 each represent a bromine atom; R1 represents a hydrogen atom; R2 represents methyl; R3 and R6 each represent a hydrogen atom; and R4 represents methyl; a compound represented by formula (I) wherein X and R3 each represent a bromine atom; R1 represents a hydrogen atom; R2 represents methyl; R5 and R6 each represent a hydrogen atom; and R4 represents methyl; and a compound represented by formula (I) wherein X, R3, and R5 each represent a bromine atom; R1 represents a hydrogen atom; R2 represents methyl; R6 represents a hydrogen atom; and R4 represents methyl can be obtained by brominating melatonin, although influences thereof on osteoblasts and osteoclasts have not been examined (M. Somei, Y. Fukui, M. Hasegawa, N. Oshikiri, and T. Hayashi, Heterocycles, 53, 1725-1736, 2000).

Indole derivative and application thereof

Abstract: wherein X represents a halogen atom; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C2-6 alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, or hydroxyl; R2 represents substituted or unsubstituted C1-21 alkyl; R3, R5 and R6, which may be the same or different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; and R4 represents a hydrogen atom or substituted or unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl.