A composition for the treatment of diabetes in a subject in need thereof, said composition—comprising Trigonelline of concentration ranging between 20 to 30%, amino acids of concentration ranging between 20 to 60%, and soluble fiber of concentration ranging between 10 to 60%, optionally along with pharmaceutically acceptable additives, a process thereof and also, a method of treating diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disease. This disease is characterized by poor regulation of blood glucose levels in human beings. Blood glucose is the source of energy for basic cell functions. This glucose is driven to the cell by insulin, which is secreted by the pancreas. Diabetes Mellitus is caused by inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreas or the resistance generated by insulin receptors to the insulin. Therefore, this disease is characterized by a metabolic abnormality. Diabetes is a major metabolic disorder in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin and is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, hyperlipidemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonemia. Diabetes is one of the most common diseases affecting human population today.
In India, as per WHO reports, about 60 million people would be suffering from diabetes by the year 2025. This would put India as the #1 country in the world affected from this epidemic disorder. Diabetes among urban Indians has increased from 11.8% in 1995 to 13.2% in 2000. This disorder strikes people during the most productive stage of their lives. Based on recent studies conducted and published, it appears that this disease is caused more by lifestyle and food habits than genetic predisposition for the disease. This is particularly true in urban areas wherein the lifestyle results in people exercising inadequately or tending to eat more processed, ready-to-eat food. This in turn has led to obesity and later, to the onset of diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus is not curable. Presently, this disorder is managed by taking popular drugs available in the marketplace. These drugs fall into the following categories: -    i. Pancreatic stimulators:—This class of drugs helps to stimulate the pancreas, leading to increased secretion of insulin. This addresses the diabetes caused by inadequate insulin secretion.    ii. Insulin sensitizers:—This category of drugs improves the cell's sensitivity to the presence of insulin, thereby improving the uptake of glucose into the cells, leading to better blood sugar control.    iii. Insulin:—This is exogenously supplemented in the case of people suffering from both type I and type II diabetes.
As mentioned earlier, diabetes is a lifestyle disease and cannot be cured. The current therapies available therefore only offer a blood sugar management mechanism. As diabetes is a chronic, long-duration disease, these drugs need to be taken on a sustained basis. Currently, available synthetic drugs suffer from concomitant side effects caused due to long duration of usage. Literature survey indicates that cardiovascular mortality was higher in patients with oral hypoglycemics than in those treated with diet and exercise alone or with insulin. Sulphonylureas cause hypoglycemia as a side effect. Biguanides cause lactic acidosis. Oral hypoglycemia drugs also cause GIT irritation, weight gain, hypertension, etc. On continuous and constant exertion, the diabetic person is also liable for pancreatic fatigue. In addition, it is also seen that many of the existing drugs available lead to drug resistance in patients with long durations of use.
As mentioned earlier, the long-term complications of diabetes are more damaging. This is caused by spikes in blood sugar in patients during the day. Increased blood sugar even for short periods leads to glycosylation of Haemoglobin. And glycosylated Haemoglobin causes long-term irreversible damages to eyes, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels.
Complications of Diabetes: - A wide-spread pathological change is thickening of capillary basement membrane, increase in vessel wall matrix and cellular proliferation resulting in vascular complications like lumen narrowing, early atherosclerosis, sclerosis of glomerular capillaries, retinopathy, neuropathy and peripheral vascular insufficiency. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) is also increased in diabetes and is taken as an index of protein glycoslyation. It reflects the state of glycaemia over the preceding 2-3 months. As such, there is no drug available for the treatment of diabetic complications.
Consequently, the need of the hour is to develop safe and efficacious drugs that can help in the management of blood sugar in diabetes mellitus patients. This drug should lend itself for long-term use without any side effects and without developing resistance.
Ayurveda:—Ayurvedic literature refers to the usefulness of many plant extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In general, pharmacological studies over the last five decades have not brought out adequate effectiveness of such blood glucose lowering drugs. However, physicians in India who practice Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha use extracts of leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, wood, bark, roots, or even whole plants of more than a hundred Indian medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes.
In Ayurveda, each herb has properties of curbing many disorders. Therefore, the crude extracts of herb have failed in offering clinically significant results in any single disorder. Comprehensive studies on the components of the herb that are responsible for certain indications need to be undertaken to obtain effective medications from this therapy.
Alternative Approach / Therapy for Control and Management of Diabetes:—In recent years, efforts have been focused on increasing beta cell mass in diabetes through induction of islet neogenesis or pancreatic regeneration. In this context, the role of herbal remedies is highly significant. Ayurveda aims at treating the disease at the root level. Hence, it would be worth exploring the action of selected pure ingredients composition from herbs for their pancreatic viability enhancement and neogenesis potential.
Fenugreek is used to treat diabetes, migraines, allergies and elevated cholesterol in traditional medicinal practices in India. As per the ancient Indian practice of Ayurveda and Naturopathy, fenugreek seed is traditionally taken in a powdered form, or boiled with water, or as a sprouted seed for the control of blood sugar. It must also be noted that Fenugreek in India is used as a culinary spice and as a medicinal herb. In general, the varieties that are used for medicinal purpose have smaller grains, are dark brown in colour and bitter in taste when compared to the varieties used for culinary purposes. At present, there is no documented evidence of better medicinal property of the varieties used for medicinal purposes. Also, it appears that the medicinal effect of control of blood sugar obtained with the consumption of fenugreek seed is widely varying and cannot be relied upon as a reliable agent for control of blood sugar.
Clinical Studies:—Fenugreek seeds contain about 50% dietary fiber if used as a defatted powder. Similar to Guar Gum, fibers present in the seeds may slow gastric transit time. Slowing the rate and extent of glucose absorption in the gut is not likely to be the sole mechanism for hypoglycemic benefit. Sauvaire et al isolated an amino acid present in fenugreek seeds (4 Hydroxyisoleucine) that increases glucose-induced insulin release. Fenugreek seeds contain the alkaloid trigonelline, which has a hypoglycemic effect.
The following human studies demonstrate the role of fenugreek in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes therapy. Madar et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,109) found that 17 of 21 patients with type 2 diabetes had a reduction in 2 hour postprandial serum glucose averaging 30 mg/dL following administration of 15 grams of ground fenugreek seed (these are approximate figures interpreted from a chart; numeric data were not given). Four patients had no significant change in post-prandial glucose measurements.
Sharma et al (European J. of Clinic Nutr Volume 44, Pages 301, 306, 1990) studied fenugreek in type 1 and type 2 patients using an interesting mode of delivery. Fenugreek powder was treated to remove the familiar taste, divided into two equal doses and incorporated into chapati, a type of unleavened bread. A serving of chapati was given with lunch and dinner. In a crossover, placebo-controlled trial with 60 type 2 patients, the treatment group received 12.5 mg defatted fenugreek powder in chapatis at lunch and dinner with isocaloric diets for 24 weeks. This trial found a significant decrease in the area under the curve for blood glucose concentration of 40.6% in the treatment group. A double blind study was conducted using isocaloric diets with or without defatted fenugreek powder in 10 patients with type 1 diabetes for two 10-day study periods. Five of the patients received fenugreek during the first 10 days and the rest received it during the second period. The fenugreek diet significantly reduced fasting serum glucose levels from 271.8±4.2 mg/dL to 196.2±49.5 mg/dL. After ingestion of a glucose load, serum glucose levels in the treatment group were reduced and the area under the curve for blood glucose concentration decreased significantly by 18.7%. Significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglycerides have been documented with the use of fenugreek.
Lessly Fowden, Helen Empratt and Alfred Smith of the Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College, Gower Street, London did a very detailed study of Fenugreek seed and identified an Amino Acid—4 Hydroxy Isoleucine in fenugreek seed. They published their findings in Phytochemistry, 1973, volume 12, page 1707 to 1711 under the title "4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine from seeds of Trigonella Foenum Graecum". This paper explains a detailed method for extraction & purification of 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine from Fenugreek seeds. They have also explained a method for identification of this amino acid. They suggested ethyl alcohol & water extraction of ground seeds of amino acid followed by ion exchange separation. This crude extract as per their method was further purified & crystallized to give a pure compound of 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine. Their structure elucidation was also explained in the above article.
In 1989, N. W. Alcock, David H, G Grocet et al of Department of Chemistry University of Warwick published a detailed paper in Phytochemistry Volume 23, page 1835 to page 1841 of 1989 titled "Stereochemistry for the 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine from Trigonella Foenum Graecum". They used an extraction process as used by Lessly Fowden to get a pure compound of 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine. They elucidated the structure correctly. U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,879 of 1995 title "Treatment of Non-Insulin dependant Diabetes" by Sauvaire et al talk about 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine for increasing insulin secretion in diabetic patients. Coincidently, the method of extraction and purification used in the patent is same as the one published by Lessly Fowden in 1973 in the prior art. This patent, however, discloses certain properties of 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine in stimulation of the pancreas to increase insulin secretion. This patent studies the effect of 4 Hydroxy Iso Leucine in animals only. They have disclosed studies invitro in rat pancreas, invivo in experimental rats, experimental dogs and mice. There is no study done in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Ingestion of Amino Acid:—Protein Mixture leads to a significant increase in the insulin secretion response to Type II Diabetes, Diabetes Care 2003 26, 625-630 by Dr. Luc J. C. Van L Maastricht University, Netherlands. The insulin response to carbohydrate consumption with Type II Diabetes is enhanced by administering free Amino Acid/Protein mixture. The Researchers examine the insulinotropic capacity of a mixture containing free Leucine and Protein in Diabetic Patients. They find that compared with carbohydrate ingestion alone, co-ingestion of the amino acid protein mixture led to significant insulin secretory response among Type II Diabetes. This is tripled as per the study.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,109 of 1998 title "Galactomannan products of compositions containing the same by Garti et al claim method for Isolation of Fenugreek Galactomanin & use as a nutraceuticals in reducing post—prandial glucose, insulin response & cholesterol levels. They have quoted results of a one-week study on 22 subjects for this claim. The quantity of fenugreek derived galactomanin administration to them was 10 grams.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,877 of 1999 by Peter Chang describes a process for the fractionation of Fenugreek seeds & extraction of the various fractions such as soluble dietary fibre, deflavoured fenugreek seed, high protein fenugreek meal, etc. There is no reference to any diabetic treatment.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,175 of 2002 by G. B. Rao et al describes 'a method for obtaining substantially pure fixed oil, Oleoresin & dietary fibre from fenugreek seeds. There is no mention of any diabetic treatment with any of these compounds.
The hypoglycemic effect of the alkaloid Trigonelline of fenugreek seed has been explained in the publication 'LANCET' 1967, 2 [7529]1311-2 title 'Hypoglycemic effect of trygonelline by Mishkins KYJ, Joseph B, Suleman F G et al.

Synergistic composition for the treatment of diabetes mellitus


A differential interpolation pulse width modulation (iPWM) digital to analog converter is provided, including an iPWM module for generating differential pulses from an input digital audio data stream, a power driver for providing energy to a terminal load and a filter for removing unwanted harmonic signals to reconstruct an analog signal, wherein the iPWM module further includes a PWM pulse generator to convert the digital input numerical code to a series of time domain pulses; an interpolation unit to increase the time domain resolution of the pulses; a self-calibration unit to maintain the pulse-width accuracy of the interpolation unit; a differential pulse width generator to convert the series of time domain pulses into voltage and time domain differential form.

A Class-D audio amplifier is a switching amplifier or PWM amplifier. Class-D amplifier usually can provide high power efficiency over 90%, comparison to the 50% provided by conventional linear amplifier. To obtain a high-SNR Class-D amplifier, a feedback loop is often included. FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a conventional Class-D amplifier. As shown in FIG. 1, Class-D amplifier is embodied by a PWM generator 102 and a noise shaping sigma-delta modulator 101, wherein the PWM generator 102 outputs complementary signals to a power driver 103 and through a filter 104 to drive a load. The drawback of the above embodiment is that sigma-delta modulation suffers stability problem and the modulator output signal gain is less than 1.
FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show schematic views of a conventional PWM generator and corresponding waveform of the conventional PWM generator respectively. As shown in FIG. 2, the input of modulating digital audio signal S(θ)=B sin(θ), where 0≦B≦1, is modulated by a differential PWM generator. The PWM sample-rate is defined as ωc=Mωs, where M is an integer greater than 2. FIG. 3 shows a schematic view of the waveform of digital audio input and output signal Vo of the digital differential PWM, generator, where Vo=DP−DN, and output signal Vo can be expressed as Fourier series:V0(θ)=Σn=1∞[An cos(nθ)+Bn sin(nθ)]  (1)Where
                              A          n                =                  2                                V            CC                                                        ∑                              k                =                0                                            M                -                1                                                                                Sign                                                        (                                          s                                                                    (                                                                              2                                                        π                                                                                k                                                    M                                                )                                                              )                                                                    n                                                                                π                                            [                                                cos                                                        (                                                                  2                                                π                                                                                nk                                            M                                        )                                                                                sin                  (                                                            n                                                                                π                                                                                B                                                                                                                      s                                                                                (                                                                                2                                                                π                                                                                k                                                            M                                                        )                                                                                                                                        M                                    )                                            ]                                                          (        2        )                                          B          n                =                  2                                V            CC                                                        ∑                              k                =                0                                            M                -                1                                                                                Sign                                                        (                                          s                                                                    (                                                                              2                                                        π                                                                                k                                                    M                                                )                                                              )                                                                    n                                                                                π                                            [                                                sin                                                        (                                                                  2                                                π                                                                                nk                                            M                                        )                                                                                sin                  (                                                            n                                                                                π                                                                                B                                                                                                                      s                                                                                (                                                                                2                                                                π                                                                                k                                                            M                                                        )                                                                                                                                        M                                    )                                            ]                                                          (        3        )
FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of an N-bit digital PWM converter, and FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of an N-bit digital word representing quantized signal Q and resulted quantization error, where error=Q−S. As shown in FIG. 4, the N-bit PWM converter includes a numerical quantized unit 301 and a D-to-T (D→T) convertor 302 for converting a digital value to a time pulse width. The maximum amplitude of input ramp signal S is defined as U. The quantization can be expressed as:Q=U×Bin  (4)Bin=b12−1+b22−2+b32−3 . . . +bn2−n  (5)The minimum resolution of the quantized signal is:
                    Lsb        =                  U                      2            N                                              (        6        )
Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 5, the relation of maximum time-slot length 2π/M corresponding to the peak value U of input signal S and the relation of minimum level resolution Lsb mapped to minimum length resolution LLSB can be depicted in FIG. 6.
FIG. 7 shows a schematic view of quantization noise error VQ. As shown in FIG. 7, VQ=L×Vcc, where L is the difference between minimum quantization length LLSB and minimum quantization resolution of Lsb.
Assume that the PWM output amplitude is unity, i.e., 1, and the N-bit word is only for expressing positive input value. The range of the error length is:
                              L          ∈                      [                                                            L                  Lsb                                2                            ,                              -                                                      L                    Lsb                                    2                                                      ]                          ,                              V            CC                    =          1                                    (        7        )            The rms value of the quantization noise signal, ⊃1], is given by
                              V                      Q                                      (              rms              )                                      =                                            [                                                1                  T                                                                                ∫                                                                  -                        T                                            /                      2                                                              T                      /                      2                                                                                V                      Q                      2                                                                                ⅆ                      θ                                                                                ]                        0.5                    =                                    [                                                1                  T                                                                                ∫                                                                  -                        T                                            /                      2                                                              T                      /                      2                                                                                L                          Lsb                          2                                                                                (                                                                                -                              θ                                                        T                                                    )                                                                    2                                                                                ⅆ                      θ                                                                                ]                        0.5                                              (        8        )                                                                            =                                                    [                                                                            L                      Lsb                      2                                                              T                      3                                                                                (                                                                                θ                          3                                                3                                                                                ❘                                                                              -                            T                                                    /                          2                                                                          T                          /                          2                                                                                )                                                  ]                            0.5                        =                                          L                LSB                                            12                                                                        (        9        )            Therefore, Quantization noise intensity rms is represented as:
                              V                      Q                                      (              rms              )                                      =                                            L              Lsb                                      12                                =                                    2                            π                                                      2                N                                          M                                            12                                                                        (        10        )
FIG. 8 shows a schematic view of comparison between a differential PWM-DAC and a sample-and-hold DAC. As shown in FIG. 8, the differential PWM-DAC outputs digital pulse and the sample-and-hold DAC outputs analog signal. The SNR of the PWM-DAC is derived as:
                              S                                                              N                                                              R                =                              20                                      log                                            (                                                      Signal                    rms                                                        Noise                    rms                                                  )                                              =                                    20                                            log                (                                                                            1                      2                                                                                A                          1                          2                                                +                                                  B                          1                          2                                                                                2                                            π                                                                                2                        N                                                                  M                                                                    12                                                                                )                                      =                          20                                            log                (                                                                            2                      N                                                                                MC                      1                                                                                12                                                                            4                                        π                                                  )                                                                        (        11        )                                                      S                                                                          N                                                                          R                    =                                    6.02                            N                        +                          20                                            log                                                  (                                      MC                    1                                    )                                                      -                          11.18                                                                                dB                                                                                Where                            (        12        )                                          C          1                =                                            A              1              2                        +                          B              1              2                                                          (        13        )                                          A          1                =                              ∑                          k              =              0                                      M              -              1                                                                                2                                                  Sign                                                        (                                          s                                                                    (                                                                              2                                                        π                                                                                k                                                    M                                                )                                                              )                                                              π                        [                                          cos                                                  (                                                            2                                            π                                                                                k                                        M                                    )                                                                          sin                (                                                      π                                                                                B                                                                                                            s                                                                          (                                                                                2                                                            π                                                                                k                                                        M                                                    )                                                                                                                            M                                )                                      ]                                              (        14        )                                          B          1                =                              ∑                          k              =              0                                      M              -              1                                                                                2                                                  Sign                                                        (                                          s                                                                    (                                                                              2                                                        π                                                                                k                                                    M                                                )                                                              )                                                                              n                                                                                π                                      [                                          sin                                                  (                                                            2                                            π                                                                                k                                        M                                    )                                                                          sin                (                                                      π                                                                                B                                                                                                            s                                                                          (                                                                                2                                                            π                                                                                k                                                        M                                                    )                                                                                                                            M                                )                                      ]                                              (        15        )            In contrast, the SNR for the sample-and-hold DAC is 6.02N+10 log(M)+1.76 dB.
The SNR of differential PWM-DAC is a function of quantization bit-N, over sample-rate M and input modulating signal band-width BW. FIG. 9 shows a schematic plot of the SNR corresponding input signal's BW and PWM sample-rate ωc=Mωs when N is set as 14 bits. As shown in FIG. 9, in order to maintain SNR>100 dB for differential PWM output with respect to audio band-width 20 Khz, where M=25, BW=20 Khz, N=14:
                              P                                                              V                                                              M                                                              D                                                              A                                                              C                                                              S                                                              N                                                              R                =                                            6.02                            N                        +                          20                                            log                                                  (                  M                  )                                                      -                          11.18                                                                                dB                                =                                                    6.02                ×                14                            +                              20                                                  log                                                        (                    25                    )                                                              -                              11.18                                                                                dB                                      =                          101                                                                                dB                                                          (        16        )
There is a critical choice for minimum-time-resolution (or minimum-time-slot) of differential PWM as shown in FIG. 7:
                              Minimum                                                              Time                                                              resolution                                                                          T            R                          =                              1                                          2                N                                          M              ×              BW                                          sec                                    (        17        )                                          T          R                =                                            1                              8.192                                                                                Ghz                                                  sec                    =                      122                                                                          ps                                              (        18        )
As revealed in equation (16), the minimum-time-resolution should reach 122 ps to guarantee SNR greater than 100 dB. This is very short pulse-width for differential PWM implementation and may raise two issues. The first issue is how to generate this short pulse while lowering the power consumption and cost; and the second issue is that the next stage of differential PWM output is a power driver stage, which will cause the short pulse diminished when signal pass through the power driver due to the dead-time and power MOS's parasitic capacitor, as shown in FIG. 10.
Thus, it is imperative to devise a solution to address the aforementioned issues.

Apparatus for differential interpolation pulse width modulation digital-to-analog conversion and output signal coding method thereof


In a piezoelectric valve the actual control member (7) is formed by a displacer fluid motor (9) though which the fluid stream (5) flows. A piezoelectric actuating element (8) is disposed in the region of a displacer element (1), which can be moved by the fluid stream (5) and belongs to this fluid motor (9), and acts exploiting the inverse piezo effect during electric actuation to at least indirectly block or release this displacer element (1). The fluid motor (9) is formed preferably by a rotating piston machine, such as a gear pump.

The invention relates to a valve to shut off or control a fluid stream, with a housing exhibiting one inlet and one outlet each for the fluid stream to be controlled, a control member disposed between the inlet and outlet, and an actuating element for the control member.
Especially in recent years valves have been known that allow, for example, a control member for a fluid stream to be influenced in accordance with an applied voltage while utilizing the inverse piezo effect. The inverse piezo effect has the advantage of being able to make do with only a small amount of electric energy in order to actuate the control member, but is accompanied by the drawback that only relatively small deformations or adjusting paths are possible. In order to take this circumstance into consideration, either lever transmissions or the like are to be provided, in order to increase sufficiently the range of change in the cross sections to be controlled--a feature that makes the valves complicated and susceptible--or the valve is to be designed and applied from the beginning only as a pilot valve for small cross sections or fluid mass flow. Similar advantages and disadvantages are also to be expected, for example, when actuating the control member by means of other suitable actuating elements, which utilize the thermal expansion (bimetals or the like) or the socalled shape memory (memory metals).
The object of the present invention is to design a valve of the aforementioned kind in such a manner that while retaining the advantages of the simple actuation or control, the aforementioned drawbacks are avoided and that also a relatively large fluid mass flow can be controlled with minimum complexity in design.

Valve containing coupled, rotatable elements to control fluid flow therethrough


A method for making a casing (1) with protective bellows (2, 2A) for transmission device, such as a transmission joint, includes at least two shafts mobile axially and/or at an angle relative to each other, the casing (1) with bellows (2, 2A), whereon at least part of the bellows (2′) are radial, having at each open end a section (3A, 3B) for being fixed to the transmission device. The method includes moulding the casing (1) with bellows (2, 2A), using a hollow mould and at least one core, having each at least a matching helical thread delimiting the moulding space and stripping the casing (1) formed by relatively unscrewing the casing (1) and the core to obtain a single-piece casing (1). The invention is applicable to a casing with bellows by arrangement of extensible or flexible coupling elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for the production of a casing with protective bellows for a transmission device, such as a transmission joint, comprising at least two shafts movable axially and/or angularly relative to each other, this casing with bellows, for which at least one portion of the bellows is radial, having at each open end a securement section to the transmission device, as well as a casing with protective bellows obtained particularly by the practice of this process.
2. Description of the Related Art
Different systems for the transmission of movement of a drive shaft to a driven shaft are at present used, preferably with a cardan joint, in particular in the automotive industry in which more and more uses had, for the drive of the wheels from the motor, to devices with homokinetic joints. In such joint devices, a mechanical assembly is lubricated permanently by a mass of grease which is enclosed in a protective bellows. The latter must be able on the one hand to deform elastically in several directions and on the other hand to keep its properties despite multiple causes for damage which can arise in the course of the life of the vehicle. Thus, it has been known for a long time that damage to the bellows is due in particular to the shocks arising from projections of road paving particles which give rise to fissures in the elastomeric material used, or to friction of the elements of the bellows against each other.
There exists in the prior art two types of casings with bellows, namely, on the one hand, casings with protective bellows whose bellows are so-called axial, as shown in FIG. 2, so as to permit essentially a small axial deformation of said bellows, on the other hand casings with radial bellows (FIG. 1) permitting radial, axial or angular displacements of the transmission device. In the case of axial bellows, the wall of the envelope is formed by undulations or holes whose flanks extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of said casing (see FIG. 2). This type of casing has the advantage of being easy to produce because of the absence of counter-clearances. Thus, for this type of casings with bellows, numerous production techniques can be used. However, casings with bellows most often used nowadays are shown in FIG. 1 because of their possibilities for deformation. In this case, at least a portion of the bellows of said casing are radial. In the second family of casings with bellows, the body of the casing, constituted by a tubular body disposed about an axis longitudinal of said casing, is delimited by an undulant wall whose flanks of the folds extend substantially in an essentially radial direction relative to the longitudinal axis of said wall. This arrangement of folds of the bellows permits both an axial and an angular deformation of the bellows, rendering such casings with bellows applicable to a large number of transmission mechanisms.
To permit optimum deformation of such a casing with bellows, these casings have for a long time been produced by molding or injection of vulcanized rubber. However, because of the low mechanical resistance of rubber, the producers have sought to replace rubber with materials of greater rigidity characteristics. As a result, the usual technique applicable to rubber had been replaced by injection/blowing techniques such as described in French patent 2.610.566. In addition to the blow injection technique described in French patent 2.610.566, other blowing techniques have been developed. Thus, generally and as shown in French patent 2.606.849, during production, the molding material, constituted by a thermoplastic elastomeric tube in a pasty condition, is blown. The thermoplastic elastomer presses itself against the cold walls of the mold which represent the external surface of the bellows. Upon opening, the two parts of the mold release the obtained bellows. This blowing process represents a complicated and costly mode of production which is not yet perfected from a point of view of quality. Thus, the correct distribution of thickness of material along the bellows is difficult to obtain because it depends on a number of factors. As a result, there is required on the one hand the use of an excess of material so as to guarantee minimum thickness, on the other hand to provide unitary monitoring of the pieces.
There are thus sought nowadays processes permitting the production of casings with bellows having radial bellows with substantial counter-clearances and made of a relatively rigid material, in particular to resist high temperatures and to increase the mechanical resistance of said casing.

Method for making a casing with protective bellows for transmission device and casing obtained by said method


A heat exchanger for cooling a liquid comprising a cavity (2) containing a refrigerating liquid capable of evaporation under the effect of a depression maintained by a pump. The cavity includes at least a first wall (21) in contact with the liquid to be cooled, the first wall (21) being substantially conical such that its cross-sectional surface tapers from the base towards the top, and at least a second wall (22) forming the base of the conical shape and incorporating communication (30) between the cavity (2) of the exchanger and the pump.

The present invention relates to a heat exchanger for the implementation of a cooling of a liquid by a method of evaporation and adsorption. The principle of such a method of cooling consists of evaporating a liquid under the effect of a reduced pressure maintained by pumping of the vapors of said liquid.
The heat exchanger according to the invention is intended to be used in a receptacle in the form of a cooling dip tube or incorporated in a self-cooling drink container. The aim of the present invention is thus to allow the consumption of a drink at an ideal temperature at any place and at any time.
The implementation of the method of cooling by evaporation and adsorption is known and has been the subject of numerous research projects in the prior art. Numerous devices have been proposed, combining a heat exchanger containing a liquid to be evaporated with a reservoir containing an adsorbent, in particular for application in self-cooling drink containers.
Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 4,928,495, an illustration of which is given in FIG. 1, discloses a self-cooling container configuration 10 (presented as a can) comprising a heat exchanger 16 in flattened rectangular form, immersed in a drink to be cooled and connected to an adsorption device 22. This patent describes a basic scheme without specifying the means of realizing such a device taking account of the economic constraints associated with an application for disposable containers.
Moreover, International patent applications WO 01/10738 and WO 01/11297 of the same inventors, an illustration of which is given in FIG. 2, also disclose a self-cooling drink container 10 comprising a cylindrical U-shaped exchanger 30. These patent applications specify the geometry of the exchanger 30 as well as the method of manufacture and assembly of such a device, compatible with the industrial constraints of high-speed industrial manufacture of drink cans.
However, the exchanger 30 as it is disclosed has several drawbacks. In fact, the effectiveness of the heat exchange between the evaporator and the drink to be cooled, which governs the speed of cooling of the drink, depends chiefly on the geometry of the exchanger. In order to obtain a satisfactory cooling effectiveness, these patent applications propose increasing the dimension of the exchanger 30 to the maximum of what can possibly be inserted into the can, i.e. a diameter of 50 mm for a height of 100 mm. The volume of the resultant exchanger is 80 ml for a consumable drink volume of 300 ml, which represents more than 25%.
Another drawback of the device disclosed in the above-mentioned international applications relates to the quantity of metal necessary to produce this exchanger 30, therefore its cost. In particular, the water to be evaporated contained in the exchanger for the implementation of the method of cooling by adsorption evaporation must be kept under vacuum in the exchanger, and the difference in pressure between the inside and the outside of the exchanger 30 requires a significant thickness of metal constituting the walls of the exchanger.
Moreover, another drawback, linked to the particular geometry of the exchanger 30 disclosed in these international applications, lies in the requirement to use a gel to fix the cooling liquid in the exchanger in order to avoid the entrainment of the liquid by its own vapors during the operation of the device.
There is further known from FR 2,011,939 a self-refrigerating device for a drinks packaging that includes a conical-shaped heat exchanger containing a pressurised fluid such as liquified freon. Release of gas pressure to the outside atmosphere leads to cooling of the drink in contact with the heat exchanger. Adiabatic expansion of pressurized gas leads to a very significant drop in temperature allowing effective cooling of the drink despite a reduced surface of contact with the drink to be cooled. Nevertheless, this method of cooling is not compatible with industrial production techniques, the pressurized gas being somewhat difficult to handle. This method is also contrary to certain environmental protection standards aimed at reducing discharge of gas to the atmosphere.


A headliner for preventing an assist grip located proximate a curtain side airbag (CSA) from detaching from a motor vehicle frame during deployment of the CSA is provided. The headliner can include a substrate layer with an assist grip aperture dimensioned such that an assist grip attachment end can extend through the substrate layer and attach to sheet metal located adjacent to a back side of the headliner. Proximate to the assist grip aperture is a weakened region within the substrate layer that affords for headliner to bend and/or tear around the assist grip during deployment of the CSA. In addition, a fabric layer attached to and extending across the substrate layer is provided wherein the fabric layer covers the weakened region within the substrate layer.

Most motor vehicles have a fabric covered board that covers the roof portion of the vehicle interior. This fabric covered board is known as a headliner and is usually made from a pressed material, much like cardboard. The headliner covers sheet metal material, wiring, and the like. As such, the headliner adds aesthetic value to the interior of a motor vehicle.
With the advent of curtain side airbags (CSA), headliners have been developed that conceal the CSA from view and afford for the proper deployment of the CSA during a collision. In some headliners, the board material, also known as the substrate, has a weakened region outlining where the curtain side airbag is stored, the weakened region allowing the curtain side airbag to burst through the headliner during deployment and properly protect occupants within the motor vehicle.
Most motor vehicles also have assist grips located in the interior above side windows. As the name implies, the assist grips are grip structures that can be grasped by an individual and assist them with entering or leaving the motor vehicle, shifting their weight, stabilizing their selves while the vehicle is turning, and the like. Assist grips typically penetrate through the headliner and attach to sheet metal material of the interior roof and located on a backside of the headliner. In some instances, the deployment of the curtain side airbag out from under the headliner can cause an assist grip to be detached from the sheet metal underneath. In this situation, the assist grip can become a flying object during an accident and possibly injure an occupant. Therefore, a headliner that affords for assist grips located proximate to the CSA to remain attached to the motor vehicle frame during deployment of the CSA would be desirable.

Vehicle headliner and method of manufacture

Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.


The suction fixing sheet of the present disclosure is a suction fixing sheet to be placed on a suction surface of a suction device to prevent contact between a suction target and the suction surface. The suction fixing sheet includes a porous sheet having air permeability in its thickness direction; and a double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet provided with a substrate, having air permeability in its thickness direction, and disposed on one surface of the porous sheet, or a double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive layer unprovided with a substrate, formed of a crosslinked pressure-sensitive adhesive, having air permeability in its thickness direction, and disposed on one surface of the porous sheet. The ratio of the thickness of the porous sheet to the thickness of the double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet or the double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is 8.0 or more.

Steps of processing a thin and light sheet-like body such as a metal foil, a plastic film, or a ceramic green sheet for use in production of ceramic capacitors conventionally involve fixing or conveying the sheet-like body while holding the sheet-like body on a suction surface of a suction device by suction. At this time, it has been common practice to place an air-permeable suction fixing sheet on the suction surface. The suction fixing sheet placed on the suction surface prevents direct contact between the sheet-like body, which is a suction target, and the suction surface. This can prevent damage to the suction target, formation of scratches on the suction surface, contamination of the suction surface with components contained in the suction target, and the like during the suction holding of the suction target. The scratches on the suction surface and the contamination of the suction surface can cause defects in suction targets to be subsequently suction-held on the suction surface.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a suction fixing sheet that includes a porous sheet made of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and a hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive disposed on one side of the porous sheet. The suction fixing sheet of Patent Literature 1 is used in a state of being fixed to a suction surface of a suction device with the hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive.
Patent Literature 2 discloses a suction fixing sheet that includes a porous sheet made of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and a double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape bonded to the porous sheet. The double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the adhesive strengths of both surfaces thereof are different from each other. The suction fixing sheet of Patent Literature 2 is used in a state of being fixed to a suction surface of a suction device with the double-sided pressure-sensitive adhesive tape.


Systems, methods, and devices for promoting eyelash hair growth includes an energy transducer, positionable proximate the eyelid, configured to provide light energy to a user's eyelids at an output wavelength suitable for stimulating eyelash hair growth, and a scleral shield, positionable inside of the eyelid, to protect the eye from the light energy. The device may be powered by an internal power source, such as a rechargeable battery or disposable batteries, or by an external power source, such as a plug used in connection with an AC outlet. In use, the eyelid is positioned between the energy transducer and the scleral shield, and the light energy from the energy transducer is applied to the eyelash region of the eyelid to promote eyelash hair growth.

The present disclosure relates to medical devices and methods of using the same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to systems, methods, and apparatus used to treat eyelashes and surrounding tissue.
Eyelashes grow at the edge of the eyelid and help filter out foreign matter, including dust and debris, and prevent the foreign matter from getting into the eye. An eyelash is sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object may be too close to the eye. Many people lose their eyelashes, a condition called madarosis. There are numerous conditions that can result in eyelash loss, including ophthalmological conditions, such as blepharitis, dermatologic conditions, Nutritional defects, Infections, Trauma, Drugs/Medications, Genetics, and other diseases.
A blepharitis attack of eyelids repeatedly can cause eyelash loss. It causes swelling and itching on the eyelid due to excessive bacteria growth in tiny oil glands. Antibiotics are typically used to combat the bacterial infection. Blepharitis can include anterior blepharitis or posterior blepharitis. Anterior blepharitis is usually either staphylococcal or seborrhoeic, and posterior blepharitis refers to any of the varieties of meibomian gland dysfunction. The symptoms of anterior blepharitis include itching, burning, foreign body sensation, photophobia, and tearing. Posterior blepharitis is also known as meibomian gland dysfunction and is characterized by either excessive foam in the tear film in the hypersecretory type, or plugging of the meibomian orifices in the obstructive type. Expression of the secretions reveals a turbid or toothpaste-like material. If there is spillover inflammation of the anterior lid margin, there may be a loss of eyelashes.
A need exists for improved methods and devices to diagnose and treat eyelash loss.


A method, system, and apparatus for installing channel nuts includes a shank, a handle formed on a first end of a shank, and an end piece with a threaded shaft configured to receive a channel nut formed on the second end of the shaft. The tool can be used to insert or remove a channel nut in a channel framing system and then removed from the channel nut.

The task of assembling channel framing systems requires that a channel nut be inserted into a channel by hand. This is a difficult process which requires workers to use their fingers to insert the channel nut into the channel and then put the channel nut in place.
Alternatively, prior art approaches to inserting channel nuts have made use of a magnetic connection between the channel nut and tool. However, these methods depend on the magnetic connection and fail when the nut is made of stainless steal, fiberglass, or other non-magnetic material. These methods and systems are further limited because they only work with spring nuts, which have a spring in the back. The disclosed methods and systems are designed to overcome the disadvantages associated with such tools.


A semiconductor device includes a wiring board having a wiring pattern, a semiconductor chip that has an integrated circuit and is mounted on a first surface of the wiring board to electrically connect with the wiring pattern, a spacer that is disposed on a second surface of the wiring board and has inside thereof an electronic component that is electrically connected with the wiring pattern and an external terminal that is disposed on the second surface and electrically connected with the wiring pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, a circuit board and an electronic device.
2. Detailed Description of Related Art
A semiconductor device that has a semiconductor chip mounted on one surface of a wiring board and an external terminal on the other surface thereof is known. When the semiconductor device is mounted and when the height of the external terminal can be made constant, the reliability of the semiconductor device after mounting can be improved.
An advantage of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device high in reliability and a method of manufacturing the same, a circuit board and an electronic device.

Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same, circuit board and electronic device


The present inventors presumed that rice globulins accumulating in vacuole-derived type II protein bodies comprise a vacuolar translocating signal and proceeded to identify such a signal. As a result, fusion proteins composed of a 15 amino acid residue peptide of globulin, extending from the 72nd leucine residue to the 86th serine residue, added to the C terminus of GFP were surprisingly found to be intracellularly localized to non-vacuole-derived type I protein bodies (PB-I), and not to vacuole-derived type II protein bodies (PB-II). Furthermore, based on this 15 amino acid residue sequence, the consensus sequence “QCCXQ” (where X is an arbitrary amino acid), which is conserved in plants, was discovered. Accordingly, the present invention suggests that arbitrary peptides can be accumulated in plant endosperm tissues by adding the QCCXQ sequence thereto.

Findings to date suggest three types of methods for expressing and accumulating high levels of exogenous gene products in rice endosperm tissues while avoiding degradation during the ripening process. In the first of these methods that are now actually in use, the desired protein or peptide is introduced into the variable region of a seed storage protein of rice, or some other species, for translocation into vacuole-derived type II protein bodies (PB-IIs) as a part of that storage protein. The second method is useful in cases where the desired protein does not originally comprise a vacuolar translocation signal. It involves attaching a signal peptide to the N terminus of the desired protein and secreting it to the cell wall apoplast. In the third method, a signal peptide is attached to the N terminus of the desired protein and a known endoplasmic reticulum localization signal, such as KDEL (SEQ ID NO: 17) or HDEL (SEQ ID NO: 18), is attached to the C terminus; the desired protein is then accumulated in the endoplasmic-reticulum.
Rice endosperm comprises PB-Is, protein bodies which are not vacuole-derived and in which primarily prolamines accumulate. Since PB-Is are produced directly from the endoplasmic reticulum, their production process is vastly different from that of vacuole-derived PB-II protein bodies. With regards to the accumulation of prolamines in PB-Is, a Washington State University group reported that prolamine mRNAs are transported to PB-Is via their 3′ untranslated region and translated therein into prolamines (Choi et al. Nature 2000, 407: 765-767).

Methods for accumulating arbitrary peptides in plant protein bodies

National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences


A sidewall contact parameter tool, adapted to be disposed in a mud-filled wellbore, includes a pad assembly, in accordance with the present invention, which is adapted to cut through mudcake and measure a parameter of a formation disposed under the mudcake. The wellbore wall includes a mudcake and an earth formation disposed under the mudcake. The pad assembly includes at least one formation parameter sensor, and the formation parameter sensor includes a base portion and a knife edge portion integrally connected to the base portion. The base portion of each formation parameter sensor is adapted to contact a surface of the mudcake but the knife edge portion is adapted to cut into the mudcake and contact or penetrate a surface of the earth formation disposed under the mudcake. The knife edge portion of each sensor includes an internal space or pinhole aperture, and a parameter sensing apparatus disposed within the internal space or aperture. When an arms assembly extends the pad assembly radially in the wellbore and the pad assembly contacts the wall of the wellbore in response to the force applied to the arms assembly by a spring in a hydraulics assembly, the sensing apparatus disposed within the internal space of the knife edge portion senses the parameter of the earth formation under the mudcake but not the parameter of the mudcake. The tool also includes a mud temperature sensor for sensing mud temperature and a mud pressure sensor for sensing mud pressure, the mud temperature and mud pressure being used to check and confirm the accuracy of the formation parameter measured by the parameter sensing apparatus in the knife edge portion of the formation parameter sensor.

The subject matter of the present invention relates to apparatus for measuring a temperature in a wellbore, and more particularly, to a sidewall contact temperature tool adapted to be disposed in a wellbore including a pad assembly having a pair of sensors, each sensor of the pad assembly including a knife edge for cutting into a mudcake disposed on a wall of the wellbore and contacting an earth formation traversed by the wellbore for measuring a temperature of the formation and not the mudcake.
When a well tool apparatus is disposed in a wellbore, mud normally fills the hole; as a result, the mud accumulates on a wall of the formation traversed by the wellbore thereby forming a mudcake. Various wellbore apparatus of the prior art have measured the temperature of the mud in the wellbore, and other wellbore apparatus have measured the resistivity of the formation traversed by the wellbore. For example, a prior art wellbore apparatus known as the Microlog Resistivity Tool (MLT), available from Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Houston, Tex., measures the resistivity of the formation traversed by the wellbore. The MLT included a tool body, an arms assembly connected to the tool body, and a pad assembly connected to the arm assembly for measuring the resistivity of the formation when the arm assembly, in response to instructions from the tool body, extends the pad assembly into contact with the mudcake which has accumulated on the wall of the formation. The pad assembly of the MLT was smooth on its base, the smooth base of the pad assembly contacting the mudcake (and not the formation) when the resistivity of the formation was measured. In addition, another prior art wellbore apparatus known as the Measure While Perforating Sonde included a probe sensor for measuring the temperature of the fluid in the wellbore, and a separate sensor for measuring the pressure of the fluid in the wellbore. However, none of the aforementioned prior art wellbore apparatus measured the actual temperature of the formation, and not the mudcake, which is traversed by the wellbore.

Sidewall contact temperature tool including knife edge sensors for cutting through mudcake and measuring formation temperature


There is provided a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial over a finite field, capable of operating at high speed and making the circuit scale in implementation small.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a root finding method and a root finding circuit of a one-element quadratic polynomial over a finite field used for elliptic cryptosystem and the like.
2. Description of Related Art
Prior to describing a conventional technique, computation of a finite field will first be described.
(Computation of Finite Field),
A finite field GF(2m) is a set formed of 2m elements, and each element is represented using vector representation. An element of the degree 2mxe2x88x921 is referred to as primitive root. According to the vector representation, GF(2m) is regarded as an m dimensional vector space of GF(2), and an arbitrary element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d is represented by an m dimensional numerical vector (a0, a1. . . , amxe2x88x921), where each component ai of the vector is an element over GF(2), i.e., 0 or 1. In vector representation, a vector space is not limited to one type of basis, and representation of an element can vary depending on the basis used.
As for the basis, there are a normal basis and a polynomial basis. The normal basis uses a basis as shown below.
(xcex1, xcex12, xcex122, . . . , xcex12mxe2x88x921)
where the primitive root xcex1 is used so that the followings are linearly independent.
xcex1, xcex12, xcex122, . . . , xcex12mxe2x88x921
The polynomial basis is a basis (1, z, z2, . . . zmxe2x88x921) which is generated from a monic irreducible polynomial of degree m xe2x80x9cfxe2x80x9d over GF(2) serving as a generation polynomial using an element xe2x80x9czxe2x80x9d which is the root of xe2x80x9cfxe2x80x9d. Here, a=(a0, a1, . . . , amxe2x88x921) is regarded as an element over GF(2) [x] where x is a variable, and xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d is represented by a=amxe2x88x921xmxe2x88x921+. . . +a1x +a0. This representation is referred to as polynomial representation.
Addition of two elements xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cbxe2x80x9d over GF(2m) is represented by a+b=(a0+b0, a1+b1, . . . , amxe2x88x921+bmxe2x88x921). That is, the two elements may be added over GF(2) for each component. The addition over GF(2) is carried out as Exclusive OR. As for the multiplication of two elements xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cbxe2x80x9d over GF(2m), methods each employing a normal basis are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,627, xe2x80x9cComputational Method and Apparatus for Finite Field Arithmeticxe2x80x9d and U.S. Pat. No. 4,745, 568, xe2x80x9cComputational Method and Apparatus for Finite Field Multiplication.xe2x80x9d Each of these methods has a drawback that a circuit for implementation is complicated and the circuit scale becomes very large when m is large. The multiplication using a normal basis is described in detail in A. J. Menezes, Ed, xe2x80x9cApplications of Finite Fieldsxe2x80x9d, Kluwer Academic Pub. On the other hand, the method using a polynomial basis is described in detail in J. Weldolon, Jr., xe2x80x9cError-Correcting Codesxe2x80x9d, MIT Press. As compared with the multiplication using a normal basis, the method using the polynomial basis has an advantage that the circuit is simple, the circuit scale does not become so large even when m is large, and high speed operation with a high rate clock is possible.
(Elliptic Cryptosystem)
The elliptic cryptosystem is a cryptosystem using addition of GF(2m) rational points of an elliptic curve
E:y2+xy=x3+c1x2+c2, c1xcex5GF(2m)
over GF(2m). In this cryptosystem, a message is mapped onto a rational point over an elliptic curve E to form an encrypted sentence at the time of encryption. At the time of decryption, the encrypted sentence is mapped onto a rational point over an elliptic curve E to restore the original message.
In this elliptic cryptosystem, the encrypted sentence is formed of a rational point (xc, yc) on the elliptic curve E. A message having m bits becomes 2m bits when encrypted. This results in a drawback that the size of the encrypted sentence becomes twice as compared with other cryptosystems using an information group over a finite field. For eliminating this drawback, there is such a method as to make the encrypted sentence have a size which is equal to one bit plus the size obtained when other cryptosystems using an information group over a finite field are employed. For implementing this, it is necessary to find roots of a quadratic polynomial over GF(2m).
(Mapping from Message onto Rational Point)
For mapping a message onto a rational point, typically the message is subjected to binary expansion, and blocking every mxe2x80x2 bits, where mxe2x80x2 less than m. This message is used as components of mxe2x80x2 high-order bits of an element M of GF(2m) represented as a vector, and components of m-mxe2x80x2 low-order bits are filled up with a random number. This element M is associated with an x coordinate of the elliptic curve E. A rational point having an x coordinate equivalent to the element M is calculated. In other words, y satisfying the relation
y2+My=M3+c1M2+c2
is found. If y does not exist, then the m-mxe2x80x2 low-order bits are filled up with a different random number, and y is found again. If y exists and y is found to be Y, the map of the message onto a rational point is defined to be (M, Y).
If at this time the elliptic curve E is converted in variable by z=y/x, then z satisfying the relation
z2+z=a
where   a  =      M    +          c      1        +                  c        2                    M        2
is found. From this z, Y=Mz is found. Mapping from the message to the point has thus been conducted.
(Reduction of Encrypted Sentence)
Since the elliptic curve E can be represented by a quadratic polynomial as described above, there are only two rational points on the elliptic curve E each of which has an element X over GF(2m) as the value of its x coordinate. Therefore, a cryptosystem sentence (X, Y) can be represented by X and 1-bit information. If z=Y/X is found and its lowest order bit z0 is used as the cryptograph sentence together with X, therefore, then the cryptograph sentence is reduced by mxe2x88x921 bits. In the case where this method is used, Y corresponding to X can be found by letting the least significant bit be z0 and solving z2+z=a and ,   a  =      X    +          c      1        +                  c        2                    X        2
and letting Y=Xz at the time of decryption. The cryptograph sentence (X, Y) can be thus reconstructed. The configuration of the elliptic cryptosystem is described in detail in A. J. Menezes, xe2x80x9cElliptic Curve Public Key Cryptosystemsxe2x80x9d, Kluwer Academic Pub.
As for the root finding method of the quadratic polynomial, a method of the case where a normal basis is used is generally known. As described above, however, multiplication using a normal basis involves a complicated circuit. In addition, a root finding method, and root finding apparatus of the quadratic polynomial has not been known to the person in the art.
The present invention has been conceived to solve the above described problem. An object of the present invention is to provide a root finding method, and root finding apparatus, of a quadratic polynomial over a finite field using a polynomial basis capable of operating at high speed and making the circuit scale in implementation small.
The above described object is achieved by the following aspects of the present invention.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, assuming that an expansion degree m is selected so that a polynomial f=xm+xmxe2x88x921+. . . x+1 over GF(2) is irreducible and the polynomial f is used as a generation polynomial of GF (2m), a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial includes mxe2x88x923 cascade-connected exclusive OR gates X(1, 0) to X(1, mxe2x88x924) each supplied with a corresponding bit of the element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d at a first input thereof and each supplied with output of an exclusive OR gate of an immediately preceding stage at a second input, a second input of only X(1, 0) being supplied with amxe2x88x921instead of the output of an exclusive OR gate of an immediately preceding stage, and m/2xe2x88x921 exclusive OR gates X(2, 0) to X(2, m/2xe2x88x922) respectively supplied with amxe2x88x921 and outputs of X(1, 1), X(1, 3), . . . , X(1, mxe2x88x925) at first inputs and each supplied with a0 at a second input thereof, in which outputs of the exclusive OR gates X(2, 0) to X(2, m/2xe2x88x922), and outputs of the exclusive OR gates X(1, 0), X(1, 2), . . . , X(1, mxe2x88x924), and the a0 are output as a root z=(z0, z1, . . . , zmxe2x88x921) of z2+z+a.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial includes an exclusive OR gate X(1, mxe2x88x923) supplied with a corresponding bit of the element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d and the output of X(1, mxe2x88x924) at inputs thereof, and output of the exclusive OR gate X(1, mxe2x88x923) is output together with outputs of the other exclusive OR gates.
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial includes mxe2x88x923 cascade-connected exclusive OR gates X(1, 0) to X(1, mxe2x88x924) each supplied with a corresponding bit of the element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d at a first input thereof and each supplied with output of an exclusive OR gate of an immediately preceding stage at a second input, a second input of only X(1, 0) being supplied with am/2 instead of the output of an exclusive OR gate of an immediately preceding stage, and m/2xe2x88x921 exclusive OR gates X(2, 0) to X(2, m/2xe2x88x922) respectively supplied with outputs of X(1, 0), X(1, 2), . . . , X(1, mxe2x88x924) at first inputs and each supplied with a0 at a second input thereof, and outputs of the exclusive OR gates X(2, 0) to X(2, m/2xe2x88x922), outputs of the exclusive OR gates X(1, 1), X(1, 3), . . . , X(1, mxe2x88x925), am/2, and a0 are output as a root z=(z0, z1, . . . , zmxe2x88x921) of z2+z+a.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial over includes an exclusive OR gate X(1, mxe2x88x923) supplied with a corresponding bit of the element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d and the output of X(1, mxe2x88x924) at inputs thereof, and output of the exclusive OR gate X(1, mxe2x88x923) is output together with outputs of the other exclusive OR gates.
In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial includes a first circuit for finding n outputs z (where n less than mxe2x88x921) by using exclusive OR gates of a predetermined number of stages beginning from a first stage of the circuit according to the first aspect, and a second circuit for finding such mxe2x88x921n outputs z that those outputs and the output z of the first circuit will not duplicate, by using exclusive OR gates of a predetermined number of stages beginning from a first stage of the circuit according to the second aspect, the second circuit is connected to the first circuit, and all of the roots z=(z0, z1, . . . , zmxe2x88x921) of z2+z+a are found.
In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention, a root finding circuit of a quadratic polynomial includes an exclusive OR gate supplied with output of a final stage of the cascade-connected exclusive OR gates in the first circuit at a first input thereof and supplied with output of a final stage of the cascade-connected exclusive OR gates in the second circuit at a second input thereof, and an output of the exclusive OR gate is output together with outputs of the other exclusive OR gates.
In accordance with a seventh aspect of the present invention, assuming that a polynomial f=xm+xmxe2x88x921+. . . x+1 over GF(2) is irreducible and has an expansion degree m and the f is used as a generation polynomial of GF(2m), a root finding method of a quadratic polynomial includes the steps of deriving an exclusive OR of mutually corresponding bits of the element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d, letting the derived exclusive OR value be a value of a corresponding bit of z, thereafter letting a value of an exclusive OR between a corresponding bit of the element xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d and immediately derived bit of z be a value of next corresponding bit of z, and thereafter repeating these steps and thereby find z.

Root finding method and root finding circuit of quadratic polynomial over finite field

Abstract: The root finding circuit includes mxe2x88x923 cascade-connected exclusive OR gates X(1, 0) to X(1, mxe2x88x924) each supplied with a corresponding bit of an arbitrary element xe2x80x9ca=(a0, a1, . . . , amxe2x88x921)xe2x80x9d over a finite field GF(2m) at a first input thereof and each supplied with output of an exclusive OR gate of an immediately preceding stage at a second input, a second input of only X(1, 0) being supplied with amxe2x88x921 instead of the output of an exclusive OR gate of an immediately preceding stage, and m/2xe2x88x921 exclusive OR gates X(2, 0) to x(2, m/2xe2x88x922) respectively supplied with amxe2x88x921 and outputs of X(1, 1), X(1, 3), . . . , X(1, mxe2x88x925) at first inputs and each supplied with a0 at a second input thereof. Outputs of the exclusive OR gates X(2, 0) to X(2, m/2xe2x88x922), outputs of the exclusive OR gates X(1, 0), X(1, 2), . . . , X(1, mxe2x88x924), and the a0 are output as a root z=(z0, z1, . . ., zmxe2x88x921) of z2+z+a.


An adjustable orthodontic apparatus formed by at least one base plate having opposing sides, the first side being a tooth engaging side and the second side having a plurality of columns of protrusions and channels created by the columns of protrusions and at least one connecting plate having opposing sides, the first side having a plurality of columns of protrusions and channels created by the columns of protrusions. The protrusions are designed to travel within the channels during an adjustment stage. A securing device locks the connecting plate to a desired position on the base plate.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an adjustable orthodontic device and more particularly, a orthodontic apparatus with a base plate, a vertically and horizontally adjustable connecting plate and a device for locking the base plate to the connecting plate.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Science of Orthodontics has been advancing at a rapid pace in the past several years. High-tech alloy wires, used in applying orthodontic forces to teeth, were previously only available in stainless steel. The more flexible "memory" wires of today employ the use of titanium, niobium, copper and other more efficient materials. These heat activated wires allow for lower longer acting forces with more allowable deflection of the wire to engage malpositioned teeth. Wires themselves have been tied into the brackets first by steel ligatures, then elastometric ties, and most recently by self closing "doors".
Bracket placement has always been important in Orthodontics, and the introduction of the self-ligating brackets has only stood to increase its importance. Since bracket position directly effects the force application of the archwire and ultimately the final position of the tooth, much has been said about correctly placing brackets during treatment. Positioning instruments have been devised, indirect bonding has been useful in certain cases and most recently, computer aided indirect bonding has been devised which attempts to predict the final tooth position based on a recommended bracket position.
Even using the newest and most advanced types of orthodontic brackets still requires a visit to be scheduled about 6 months after the initial application of the brackets. This appointment is focused on repositioning the brackets using a panorex to help parallel roots and improve bracket position. This "pano-repo" visit is done on all patients and may be necessary more than once during their treatment thereby requiring multiple visits to the orthodontist.
Specifically, a patient is reappointed in 6-8 weeks for a 45 minute appointment. During this visit, an average of 4-6 brackets are removed and discarded. Cement is cleaned off the tooth; the teeth are then etched, sealed, re-bracketed with new brackets and retied. The significance of this visit is that sliding reduced friction mechanics do not work if the archwire has bends in it and the high tech memory wires cannot be bent. Tooth positioning is extremely dependent upon ideal bracket positioning.
To overcome these problems, the present invention provides for a design for a bracket and pad connector that allows the bracket to be repositioned on the base without having to remove the cemented base from the tooth.
The connector of the present invention can be used on any bracket design and creates an interface between the bracket pad or base which is glued to the tooth and the bracket archwire slot itself. The archwire slot of the present invention may be either the standard style design or self ligating design.
Unlike the prior art, the connector of the present invention is strong, simple to use and allows for multiple options in bracket positioning both vertically and horizontally. Application of this connector would reduce the need to reposition brackets by recementation, and should help to reduce or eliminate the need to place compensating bends in the orthodontic archwires during treatment. The present invention would also reduce chair time requirements as well as increase treatment efficiency enabling patients to complete treatment in less time.


An organic light emitting diode display and its driving method, in which gate signals input to transistors may be input to one pixel at an interval corresponding to ½ period of a gate shift clock. The organic light emitting diode display comprises a panel including a plurality of pixels formed by crossings of gate lines and data lines, each pixel including an organic light emitting diode and transistors; a timing controller configured to generate a gate shift clock; and a gate driver configured to receive the gate shift clock and output a plurality of gate signals to the transistors of each of the pixels based on the gate shift clock, the gate driver outputting at least one of the gate signals to a corresponding one of the transistors shifted by a time interval of one half of a period of the gate shift clock.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an organic light emitting diode display, and more particularly, to an organic light emitting diode display and its driving method, in which three or more transistors are provided in each pixel.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Examples of flat panel displays (FPDs) which has been recently used widely include a liquid crystal display (LCD), a field emission display (FED), a plasma display panel (PDP), and an electroluminescence device.
Since the PDP is simple in its structure and manufacturing process, it has received attention as a display which is lightweight, thin, short and small, and is the most advantageous for a large sized screen. However, the PDP has a problem in that it has low light emitting efficiency and luminance and has high power consumption. Although a thin film transistor (TFT) LCD to which a TFT is applied as a switching device is the flat panel display device which is used most widely, since it is a non-light emitting device, it has a problem in that a viewing angle is narrow and a response speed is low.
By contrast, the electroluminescence device is classified into an inorganic light emitting diode display and an organic light emitting diode display depending on a material of a light emitting layer. Particularly, the organic light emitting diode display has advantages in that a response speed is fast, and the light emitting efficiency, luminance and viewing angle are improved compared to the other types of FPDs described above by using a self-light emitting device that light emits by itself.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating a structure of one pixel of an organic light emitting diode display according to the related art, specifically illustrating a pixel structure of two N type transistors. FIG. 2 is an exemplary view illustrating various waveforms applied to an organic light emitting diode display according to the related art, especially illustrating waveforms applied to an organic light emitting diode display that requires four gate signals for one pixel.
As shown in FIG. 1, a pixel 50 of the organic light emitting diode display according to the related art may include an organic light emitting diode (OLED) and at least two transistors T1 and T2 connected to a data line DL and a gate line Gn to control the organic light emitting diode (OLED).
An anode electrode of the organic light emitting diode is connected to a first power source VDD, and its cathode electrode is connected to a second power source VSS. The organic light emitting diode generates light of predetermined luminance in response to a current supplied from the second transistor T2.
Various circuits formed in the pixel 50 control the amount of current supplied to the organic light emitting diode in response to an image signal supplied to a data line DL when a scan signal is supplied to the gate line Gn. To this end, the pixel 50 includes the second transistor T2 (driving transistor) connected between the first power source VDD and the organic light emitting diode, the first transistor T1 (switching transistor) connected among the second transistor T2, the data line DL and the gate line Gn, and a storage capacitor Cst connected between a gate electrode of the second transistor T2 and the organic light emitting diode.
In the meantime, although only one gate signal (scan signal) may be input to the organic light emitting diode display shown in FIG. 1, the organic light emitting diode display generally uses two or more gate signals.
In other words, each pixel 50 of the aforementioned organic light emitting diode display needs a compensation circuit to remove luminance non-uniformity, that is, Mura defects, as well as the switching transistor T1 and the driving transistor T2. Accordingly, a plurality of gate signals are required to control a plurality of transistors applied to the compensation circuit. Examples of the gate signals may include various kinds of signals such as an emission signal for controlling an emission transistor in addition to the scan signal for controlling the switching transistor that supplies an image signal (data voltage) transmitted through the data line to the pixel.
Accordingly, the organic light emitting diode display according to the related art may include three or more transistors in one pixel, or may include four or more transistors.
In other words, although one gate signal (scan signal) is only transmitted to one pixel in a liquid crystal display, at least two gate signals including the scan signal should be transmitted to one pixel in the organic light emitting diode display, whereby the pixel may be driven normally.
Particularly, in case of a gate driver of the organic light emitting diode display in which four gate signals should be applied to one pixel, as shown in FIG. 2, a gate output enable signal GOE is fixed at low level L, and each gate signal is synchronized at one clock (gate shift clock (GSC)), whereby four gate signals are respectively output at the time of rising of the clock.
However, since the organic light emitting diode display of the related art has no option whether to output a gate signal at the time of rising of the gate shift clock GSC or at the time of falling of the gate shift clock GSC, transistors adjacent to one another within one pixel are operated in a unit of 1 period of the clock CLK. In other words, as shown in FIG. 2, supposing that the period between the rising time of the gate shift clock GSC and next rising time is 1 period, in the organic light emitting diode display of the related art, a first gate signal X1 input to the first transistor and a fourth gate signal X4 input to the fourth transistor are output to the pixel at the time of rising of the gate shift clock, and a second gate signal X2 input to the second transistor and a third gate signal X3 input to the third transistor are output to the pixel at the time of next rising of the gate shift clock. The gate signals X5, X8, X6, and X7 describe gate signals input to transistors of another pixel.
In other words, the respective gate signals are input to the pixel at an interval as much as 1 period (1 clock) of the gate shift clock.
As described above, in the organic light emitting diode display of the related art, since the gate signals are input to one pixel at an interval as much as 1 period of the gate shift clock, the time for driving all the transistors formed in one pixel is increased. For this reason, a problem occurs in that the time when an image is output is delayed.

Organic light emitting diode display and its driving method


A space weather monitoring system for polar routes includes: a satellite which flies over polar routes; a route-information providing server which receives data collected by the satellite monitoring the polar routes and generates various pieces of information about space weather; a flight vehicle which makes a request for information about the polar routes of the flight to the route-information providing server, and flies over the polar routes based on the received information; and a network which relays data among the satellite, the route-information providing server and the flight vehicle, so that an aurora-distribution map needed for an aircraft flight, an electromagnetic wave absorption map based on the ionosphere, information about space weather, and the situation and forecast of the space weather can be provided to an airline, thereby having effects on allowing the airline to check the information about the space weather in real time and fully considering a user who is unfamiliar to the space weather.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a space weather monitoring system for polar routes, and more particularly to a space weather monitoring system for polar routes, which provides an aurora-distribution map, an electromagnetic wave absorption map, and space weather information needed for an aircraft flight to an airline, thereby allowing the airline to check the information about the space weather in real time and fully considering a user who is unfamiliar to the space weather.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there has been no system for monitoring space weather of polar routes, and therefore an airline cannot receive information about the space weather in real time and check space whether the polar routes for safety.

Space weather monitoring system for polar routes

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute