When an upper arm of U-phase has failed because of short-circuit, lower arms of V-phase and W-phase as the opposite arms are switching-operated. When only the lower arm of V-phase is turned on, a route of motor current passing through an IGBT element from a V-phase coil is formed, and therefore, the motor current returning to the short-circuited phase decreases. Further, by the switching operation of the arm opposite to the short-circuited arm, an AC current is induced in a motor generator. Therefore, it is possible to continuously drive the motor generator while preventing increase in the current passing through the short-circuited phase, without adding a new device structure. This ensures running of the vehicle in the limp mode.

Recently, a hybrid vehicle and an electric vehicle are attracting attention as ecologically friendly vehicles. A hybrid vehicle has, as power sources, a DC power source, an inverter and a motor driven by the inverter, in addition to a conventional engine. Specifically, power is obtained by driving the engine and, in addition, the DC voltage from the DC power source is converted to AC voltage by the inverter, the motor is rotated by the converted AC voltage, and whereby power is obtained.
An electric vehicle has a DC power source, an inverter and a motor driven by the inverter, as power sources.
In a motor drive device mounted on a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle as such, typically, when a malfunction such as short-circuit of a switching element forming the inverter is detected, the inverter operation is stopped, in order to prevent excessive heating of the switching element caused by an excessive current flowing to the short-circuited switching element.
At this time, a back electromotive force generates in a motor coupled to the drive shaft of the vehicle in accordance with the speed of rotation. Therefore, when the motor speed is high, a current passing through the inverter may undesirably increase, as it receives high back electromotive force. Therefore, in some type of vehicles, in response to a detection of inverter malfunction, a clutch arranged between the drive shaft and the motor is disconnected, to stop power transmission from the drive shaft to the motor, and the vehicle enters a so-called limp mode, in which the vehicle runs to a place not to block foot or vehicle traffic, with the clutch disconnected.
At this time, the limp mode running depends only on the inertia acting on the driving wheels, as the power is not supplied to the drive shaft. Therefore, it is difficult to secure a running distance to reliably move the vehicle to a safe area.
In view of the foregoing, recently, a technique has been proposed for ensuring torque necessary for the limp mode running. For example, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-120883 discloses an inverter for driving a three-phase AC motor in which an operation of a three-phase AC motor can be continued even if a switching element forming the inverter fails.
According to this laid-open application, the inverter for driving three-phase AC motor includes a DC power supply circuit with a rectifying circuit rectifying an output of an AC power supply, an inverter circuit formed by first to third arm circuits connected in parallel, each including two semiconductor switching elements connected in series and converting a DC voltage from the DC power supply to a three-phase AC voltage, and a PWM controller for PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control of the inverter circuit, and drives a three-phase AC motor having star-connected excitation windings of three-phases.
In the inverter, the DC power supply circuit has a voltage dividing circuit equally dividing the output voltage of the rectifying circuit and outputting to a neutral point, and the first to third arm circuits have first to third output points formed by a node of two semiconductor switching elements. Between the neutral point and the first to third output points, a neutral point connecting switch circuit is provided, for selectively connecting the neutral point to any one of the first to third output points.
In the structure described above, if any of the plurality of semiconductor switching elements forming the inverter circuit is found defective, the neutral point connection switch circuit connects the neutral point and the output point of the arm circuit including the failed semiconductor switching element. As a result, the excitation windings of three-phase AC motor attain to a state equivalent to a state in which normal two-phase excitation windings are V-connected. In this state, the PWM controller performs PWM-control of four semiconductor switching elements included in two arm circuits regulating the current flowing through the V-connected two-phase excitation windings, and generates an output current of three-phase equilibrium, for driving the AC motor.
Further, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 9-23501 discloses an electric vehicle controller in which a failure diagnosis circuit as auxiliary motor control means is used for executing motor drive control in place of a motor control circuit, if a defect is found in any of three current sensors detecting currents flowing through respective phases of a three-phase motor or in a current control circuit executing feedback control based on the detected current from the current sensors.
According to this technique, as the failure diagnosis circuit as the spare motor drive control means, a back-up microcomputer is provided, separate from a microcomputer functioning as the original motor control circuit.
According to the inverter for driving three-phase AC motor disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-120883, in order to continue operation of the three-phase AC motor even after the failure of a semiconductor switching element is found, a neutral point connection switching circuit becomes necessary, for connecting the output point of the arm circuit including the short-circuited semiconductor switching element to the neutral point of the DC power supply circuit. This inevitably leads to larger size of the inverter. Further, it leads to increased cost of the device.
Further, in the electric vehicle controller in accordance with Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 9-23501, control circuits are provided corresponding to the normal state and abnormal state of the current sensor. Therefore, as in the technique of Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-120883, it involves the problems of the size and cost of the device. Other patent documents do not disclose any measure to control driving of a short-circuited inverter only by an existing device structure.
The present invention was made to solve these problems and its object is to provide a motor drive device that can ensure safety and output performance of a motor when a failure of an inverter is detected, with a simple and inexpensive device structure.


In a scheduler circuit for a network processor, bandwidth assigned to a virtual path is allocated among virtual channels associated with the virtual path. The allocation of bandwidth among the virtual channels is varied dynamically as virtual channels become active or inactive.

Data and storage communication networks are in widespread use. In many data and storage communication networks, data packet switching is employed to route data packets or frames from point to point between source and destination, and network processors are employed to handle transmission of data into and out of data switches. An example of a network processor is disclosed in commonly-assigned patent application Ser. No. 10/102,343, filed Mar. 20, 2002. This commonly-assigned patent application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A network processor typically includes a scheduler circuit which determines an order in which frames are transmitted by the network processor.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram that shows a conventional scheduler circuit for a network processor, together with external memories utilized by the scheduler circuit. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 10 generally indicates the scheduler circuit. The scheduler circuit 10 includes an interface (I/F) block 12, a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer 14, a queue manager block 16, a calendars block 18, a "winner" block 20 and a memory manager block 22. Coupled to the memory manager block 22 are external memories 24, 26.
The interface block 12 handles exchanging of messages between the scheduler circuit 10 and a data flow circuit (not shown) to which the scheduler circuit 10 is coupled. As is familiar to those who are skilled in the art, the data flow circuit handles the actual data to be transmitted, whereas the scheduler circuit 10 works with frame pointers that indicate the location of the data in a data flow memory (not shown), and instructs the data flow circuit on which data to transmit.
The FIFO buffer 14 is provided to buffer incoming messages for the scheduler circuit 10, and is coupled to the interface circuit 12. The queue manager block 16 is coupled to the FIFO buffer 14 and takes appropriate action upon receipt of new frames to be transmitted. The calendars block 18 stores one or more schedules (also referred to as "time wheels") which indicate an order in which flows are to be serviced. As is familiar to those who are skilled in the art, a "flow" is a logical connection between a source and a destination. Flows are sometimes referred to as virtual connections or virtual channels (VC's).
The winner block 20 is coupled to the calendars block 18 and selects flows to be serviced on the basis of information stored in the calendars block 18. The memory manager block 22 is coupled to the queue manager block 16 and the winner block 20, and handles storage and retrieval of data with respect to the external memories 24, 26. The external memories 24, 26 store data such as flow queues and flow queue control blocks (sometimes also referred to as flow control blocks or queue control blocks). Depending upon the number of flows to be handled by the scheduler circuit 10, the external memories 24, 26 may be dispensed with, and internal memory (not shown) associated with the memory manager block 22 may be used for storing flow queue control block information.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a conventional flow queue. As is familiar to those who are skilled in the art, a flow queue includes a linked list (indicated at 28) which contains frame pointers indicative of data frames associated with a flow which have been received for transmission. The first frame pointer in the linked list 28 is referred to as the "head" of the queue and is indicated at 30. The last frame pointer in the linked list 28 is referred to as the "tail" of the queue as indicated at 32. Also associated with the flow queue is a header 34 that identifies the flow associated with the flow queue.
The flow queue control block, which is not shown, contains flow configuration information, such as the desired flow average rate or bandwidth, which may be based on a contracted Quality of Service (QoS) for the flow. The flow queue control block also contains flow run time information which is required by the scheduler circuit 10 to support the desired flow configuration.
FIG. 3 schematically represents a time wheel 35 of the type stored in the calendars block 18. The time wheel 35 is made up of a number of slots 36. Each slot corresponds to a present or future cycle in which a frame may be transmitted. A flow queue identifier (fqid) may be entered into a slot to indicate that the corresponding flow is to be serviced in the cycle represented by the slot. A "current time" (CT) pointer 38 is associated with the time wheel 35 and points to the slot of the time wheel 35 which represents the cycle which is currently to be serviced. A flow identified by a flow queue identifier in the slot pointed to by the CT pointer (in this particular example, slot number 2) is serviced by transmitting the head frame in the corresponding flow queue. The flow is then "reattached" to the time wheel 35 by entering the corresponding flow queue identifier in a later slot of the time wheel 35. The later slot is the one which corresponds to a "next service time" (NST). The NST is determined by adding to the current time (CT) a parameter known as a "sustained service distance" (SSD). The SSD is stored in the flow queue control block that corresponds to the flow in question, and reflects the QoS for the flow. In general, the higher the bandwidth or rate to which the flow is entitled, the shorter the SSD. In the particular example illustrated in FIG. 3, it is assumed that the SSD is "4", so that the slot to which the flow is reattached is determined by adding the CT (having a value of "2") with the SSD having a value of "4", indicating that slot 6 is the slot to which the flow is to be reattached.
Contention for a time wheel slot is handled by conventional practices, such as "chaining" or queuing of contending flows within a time wheel slot.
Referring again to FIG. 1, incoming messages for the scheduler 10 are indicated at 40, and outgoing messages from the scheduler 10 are indicated at 42. The incoming messages indicated at 44, namely "CabRead.request" and "CabWrite.request" and the outgoing messages indicated at 46, namely "CabRead.response" and "CabWrite.response", are concerned with configuring flows. The "PortStatus.request" message 48 informs the calendars block 18 when servicing of flows must be suspended to implement a "back pressure" arrangement. The concept of back pressure is familiar to those who are skilled in the art and need not be further discussed.
The incoming message indicated at 50, namely "FlowEnqueue.request" is a message indicating arrival of a new frame to be transmitted by the network processor, and to be scheduled by the scheduler circuit 10. The "FlowEnqueue.response" message indicated at 52 is an acknowledgment of the "FlowEnqueue.request" message 50 by the queue manager block 16.
The "PortEnqueue.request" message indicated at 54 is an instruction from the winner block 20 of the scheduler circuit 10 to the data flow circuit (not shown) to enqueue a particular data frame for transmission based on a flow queue identifier read from the CT (current time) slot of a time wheel in the calendars block 18.
In operation, FlowEnqueue.request messages 50 are received by the scheduler circuit 10 from time to time. Each FlowEnqueue.request message 50 points to a new frame that has arrived for a particular flow. In response to the FlowEnqueue.request message 50, the queue manager block 16 fetches the flow queue control block for the particular flow in question. The flow queue control block indicates the number of frames waiting in the flow queue. If the number is non-zero (i.e., the flow queue is not empty), then the newly arrived frame is simply added at the tail of the flow queue. If the flow queue is empty, a next service time (NST) parameter stored in the flow queue control block is compared with the current time (CT) for the time wheel in the calendars block 18 to determine whether the next service time for the flow in question has already occurred. If so, the newly arrived frame is immediately dispatched via a PortEnqueue.request message 54 issued by the winner circuit 20. If the next service time for the flow has not already occurred, the flow is attached to the time wheel at the indicated NST, and the frame is enqueued to the flow queue (thereby becoming both the head and the tail of the flow queue).
Servicing of flows by the scheduler 10, and in particular by the winner block 20, is as follows. The current time (CT) pointer advances to the next slot of the time wheel and a flow queue identifier is read from that slot. Then the flow queue control block for that flow is fetched. The winner block 20 then issues a PortEnqueue.request message 54 to cause the frame at the head of the flow queue for the flow in question to be enqueued for transmission by the data flow circuit (not shown). The winner block 20 also calculates a next service time (NST) as the sum of current time (CT) and the SSD parameter stored in the flow queue control block.
It is then determined whether the frame just enqueued for transmission was the last frame in the flow queue. If so, then the calculated value for NST is written to the flow queue control block. If not, the flow is reattached to the time wheel at the slot corresponding to the indicated NST.
It has been proposed to provide a "virtual path" feature in a network processor. A "virtual path" is a group of virtual channels that together share an assigned amount of bandwidth. According to a proposed manner of implementing a virtual path, a path control block is provided. The path control block points to a linked list of channel control blocks, each of which corresponds to an active virtual channel associated with the virtual path. A QoS parameter, such as an SSD, is stored in the path control block and reflects a bandwidth that is assigned to the virtual path and is to be shared by the active virtual channels associated with the virtual path.
No flow queue identifiers are attached to the time wheel for virtual channels associated with the virtual path. Instead, a path identifier which points to the path control block is attached to the time wheel. When the current time pointer points to the slot in which the path identifier is entered, the path control block is fetched. The path control block points to the first channel control block in a list of channel control blocks. The virtual channel which corresponds to the first control block in the list is serviced by enqueuing for transmission the first frame in the flow queue which corresponds to the virtual channel. The control block for that virtual channel is then placed at the end of the list, and the path control block is changed to point to the new head of the list of channel control blocks. The path identifier is reattached to the time wheel at a next service time (NST) that is calculated based on a QoS parameter (e.g., SSD) for the virtual path.
This proposed manner of implementing virtual paths has some disadvantages. For example, since the active virtual channels are serviced in a round robin fashion, all virtual channels are accorded an equal share of the path bandwidth, which prevents flexibility in assigning bandwidths to the virtual channels associated with the virtual path.

Method and apparatus for varying bandwidth provided to virtual channels in a virtual path

International Business Machines Corporation


An apparatus for providing paint product related information to customers and recording customer telephone calls includes work stations (10, 23) having a memory device (18) storing a plurality of paint product information and a plurality of customer information, an input device (12) for generating a customer request for information signal related to a selected one of the paint products, a display device (14) for visually displaying information and graphic displays in response to display signals, a computer (13) responsive to the customer request for information signal for selecting from the customer information caller information related to a customer associated with the customer request and generating a first display signal to the display device (14) to visually display a call log graphic display (43) including the caller information (44), and being responsive to the customer request for information signal for selecting a portion of the paint product information related to advice to be given to the customer and generating a second display signal to visually display (58, 88) the selected portion of the paint product information on said display device (14) and a modem (16) connected between the computer (13) and a telephone system (17) for sending the selected portion of the paint product information to the customer.

The present invention relates generally to an information system for serving customers and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for providing and collecting information related to automotive paint customers.
Generally, knowledge systems can be grouped according to whether the primary purpose is for defining or checking equipment or processes, or for supporting a user in the tasks of learning, information retrieval, or problem-solving.
An example of the "defining and checking" type of knowledge system in shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,983 which describes a hierarchical knowledge base comprising a functional decomposition of a set of elements into subsets over a plurality of hierarchical levels, a plurality of predefined functions or conditions of the elements within the subsets of a plurality of the hierarchical levels, and a predefined set of operations to perform on a user-defined set of elements responsive to the functional knowledge base. A practical use of this system is inventory control and the processing of orders for flexibly assembling systems or items of manufacture, specifically embodied in a computer system to aid in the checking of orders for products or systems to be manufactured or assembled.
An example of the "supporting" type of knowledge system is shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,648,037 which describes a system and method for making available financial and employee benefit information to any one individual of a group of individuals who are members of an employer's benefits plan. The system enables an employee to interactively access information via a terminal, concerning their savings plans, withdrawal information, explanations of provisions, employee benefit information, explanation of savings plan and benefit options, and benefit news bulletins. Thus, this system is utilized merely for end-user information retrieval and for personal financial problem-solving.
As the number of knowledge or information users in the workplace increases, systems that can serve as reference or help users learn job tasks, specifically information processing tasks, have evolved to address three specific areas: information distribution, employee development and improved decision-making. Primarily implemented in an off-the-job context on mainframe systems, they are known respectively as on-line reference, computer-based training and problem-solving systems.
On-line reference systems are essentially an automation of flipping through a manual. Just as one might use a table of contents and separator tabs to flip to specific information in a three-ring notebook, an on-line reference system provides menu selections to tab down through a sequentially organized information file to retrieve and display the requested information. Such automation was designed to eliminate the costly problems of publishing and distributing the manual, and by storing it in one central resource, to eliminate the inaccuracy and inconsistency of information that results when individual pages are not updated. Because of the cost savings, many organizations eventually install several such systems, each to replace an existing manual. Since they are not cross-referenced and these individual systems are generally updated by the different departments who "own" them, the old problems of duplication and inconsistency that characterized multiple hard-copy manuals, often resurface. Other problems include content display that is difficult to read. Although studies have shown that reading a screen takes 30% longer than reading a hard-copy page, most reference systems are installed as verbatim copies of the paper bound manuals they replaced. In order to save cost and decrease the period of time required for implementation, many on-line reference systems were implemented by digital scanning or merely re-keying from hard copy. Moreover, while some may allow for rudimentary connections to other systems or remote data, cross-references and/or real integration with other systems or data is precluded due to the single-purpose, flat-file, sequential structures. To the extent cross-referencing between different knowledge content files has been attempted, this has normally been achieved by complex programming techniques which are not generalized and need skilled maintenance.
Another form of knowledge transmission has been computer based training. These systems have typically been designed for individualized self-study by following a system-controlled sequence of presenting content, testing knowledge levels, suggesting remedial activity, and repeating lessons where necessary. A clear disadvantage, however, is that the physical structure (flat-file, sequential) and design methodology creates severe limitations: (1) It precludes any ability to address individual information or learning style needs, e.g., the same content is presented to all, whether needed or not, pictures and text can only be presented where programmed to do so, and content can be geared to only one "average" skill level. The inherent flaws here are that there are no homogeneous audiences when relating to skill and knowledge levels, learning styles and job need. Further, people learn when they can control how and when they learn, e.g., in the sequence and the media that makes sense to them, not in the media, sequence and skill level of the instructor-developer. (2) Traditional course development methods are so tedious and time-consuming that course content is often obsolete by the time it has been developed. (3) Since training is usually a scheduled event, and not available at the time of actual need, the content learned but not applied within forty-eight hours is usually forgotten. (4) High development and maintenance costs, especially as compared to the actual developmental playback, remain a serious problem. (5) Finally, the sequential, flat-file structure precludes useful, maintainable integration with other systems or data.
Automated problem-solving systems generally fall into two different types. The inexpensive, simpler type uses a tree structure to narrow down a problem to the point whereby the system makes a specific recommendation to the user. While this provides an advantage of quick assistance in the solution of known, simple problems, the technique is also inherently system, not user-driven, which provides clear disadvantages to others: (1) It provides for little learning as the data analysis and decision-making is automated. (2) The value of the system is limited to the conditions and problems known to the programmer at the time. (3) Maintenance requires reprogramming. The other type, known as expert systems, perform the same functions with the same attendant problems but with increased severity because of its increased complexity. The heavy integration of complex logic with rules for professional application of complex knowledge is very difficult if not impossible to program. It requires the programmer to be as skilled in the expert knowledge and its application as in programming, and for all possible conditions and variables of complex problems to be redefined with an action related to each. Because of these impossible barriers, only a few real expert systems are working satisfactorily, at a cost of many millions for development and maintenance.
The U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,185 shows a knowledge system having a development configuration by which a knowledge engineer enters knowledge content into a database, and a user configuration employed by the end user to access the database for interactive learning, information retrieval, and problem solving in a specified subject area. The knowledge is organized by a hierarchy of topic nodes, with each node having an associated plurality of cross referenceable information units representing a variety of types, or categories, of information. The user can control the navigation path and information display sequence among information units in accordance with personal learning needs and style. One category can include a pattern of prompts and possible responses. The separation of knowledge content from program logic permits non-programmers to set up, modify, and maintain the knowledge content of the system.

Paint customer service information method and apparatus


A bandstop filter module (200) with a shunt zero is provided. The module (200) contains a circuit substrate (202) with input and output pads and transmission lines (208). The module (200) also contains at least one dielectric monolithic block (210) mounted to the circuit substrate (202) having a plurality of metallized through holes defining resonators (224) and guard holes (226). All surfaces of the dielectric monolithic block (210) are substantially covered with a conductive material with the exception that the top surface (212) is selectively metallized providing an unshorted metallization pattern (228) relative to a ground plane in proximity to the guard holes (226). The guard holes (226) and the unshorted metallization pattern (228) provide a shunt zero in a frequency response curve of the module (200). The module also contains means for coupling each of the resonators (224) with the transmission lines (208) on the circuit substrate (202). Other module components include at least one inductor coil (230) mounted on the circuit substrate (202) and a shield (232) having tuning windows.

The use of dielectric filters to selectively attenuate signals for electronic applications is well known in the art. Typically, this is accomplished using dielectric materials having metallized through holes formed therein to create one quarter wavelength resonators. The use of guard holes (also referred to as ground holes) to decouple consecutive resonators is also known in the art. FIG. 1 shows a prior art dielectric ceramic block filter 100 having guard holes 104 strategically placed between the resonators 102 to decouple the adjacent resonators. Heretofore, the guard holes have always been shorted (electrically connected to ground) at both the top and bottom surfaces of the filter block to achieve the desired electrical results. Shorting to ground is achieved by creating a continuously conductive path from the guard holes to the metallization on the sidewalls of the filter block. Also, prior art band reject filters have only provided rejection on either the high side or the low side of the passband.
Moreover, dielectric ceramic block filters have often been used as "stand alone" components that need to be integrated into the circuit board designs of a cellular telephone, for example. A bandstop filter module offers the advantages of additional integration by incorporating the dielectric monolithic block along with a circuit board, transmission lines, coil inductors and a shield to form the filter module.
Such a package offers the advantages of a small, compact, low-profile package which can be customized to meet specific radio architecture applications such as a duplexer, triplexer, or dual band filter module. Additionally, as more design features are placed directly into the filter module, less work is required by those designing the rest of the circuit board. Thus, a veritable "drop in" component can be designed which can perform elaborate filtering functions and requires only a predetermined footprint on the master circuit board.
A bandstop filter module which is designed to offer a shunt zero which creates a notch or a sharp point of increased attenuation in the frequency response and which is achieved by selectively leaving regions around the guard holes unmetallized on the top surface of a dielectric block, and where the bandstop filter module offers the advantages of additional integration in a low profile, small, compact, customized filter package, would be considered an improvement in the art.


Systems, methods, and apparatuses may be used to test devices using a portable device. A portable device is a tablet computer, a smart phone, or other type of device. In embodiments, the different components of the portable device are utilized to perform tests on a medical device such as a hearing prosthesis or other type of medical device. For example, portable device components such as accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, microphones, speakers, etc. are used to provide testing stimuli and/or record the responses from the hearing prosthesis to the testing stimuli. The portable device is used to generate testing stimulus and record the response from the device being tested using the various components of the portable device. Analysis of the output of the medical device can be performed to determine a remedy to improve operation of the device.

Auditory prostheses, such as bone conduction devices, convert a received sound into vibrations. The vibrations are transferred through teeth and/or bone to the cochlea, causing generation of nerve impulses, which result in the perception of the received sound. Bone conduction devices are suitable to treat a variety of types of hearing loss and may be suitable for individuals who cannot derive sufficient benefit from acoustic hearing aids, cochlear implants, etc., or for individuals who suffer from stuttering problems. Bone conduction devices may be coupled to a user using a direct percutaneous implant and abutment, or using transcutaneous solutions, which can contain an active or passive implant component, or other mechanisms to transmit sound vibrations through the skull bones, such as through vibrating the ear canal walls or the teeth. In many cases, it is useful to test such a device to ensure it is working properly. It is with respect to this general environment that embodiments of the present technology have been contemplated.

Medical device diagnostics using a portable device


A heat exchanger comprising an outer tube, one or more inner tubes disposed with interstice within said outer tube, and a spiral element extending longitudinally within said inner tube(s). The spiral element is made up of a plurality of unit elements connected together with a connection angle of 0.degree.. Each of the unit elements has a twist angle of 180.degree., with the direction of twist being reversed from one to a neighboring unit element. Channeling phenomenon is effectively avoided. Heat exchange medium with Rheynolds number Re>10.sup.4 is suitable.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a heat exchanger comprised of an inner tube fitted with a spiral member therein, and an outer tube, and in which heat exchange of fluid, above all, liquid, is carried out between the inner and outer tubes.
2. Related Art and Problem
It has been known with conventional heat exchangers to provide a large number of heat transfer fins and baffle plates to improve the heat transfer rate. However, with this type of heat exchangers, so-called channeling phenomenon in which the fluid flows as a laminar flow, is produced, thereby placing limitation in improving the heat exchange performance.
It has also been known to use a so-called static mixer in which baffle plates with a twist of 180.degree. are alternately connected to one another in an inverse direction each with a connection angle of 90.degree.. However, the structure tends to be complicated due to the increased number of interconnections, and a large number of process steps are required in production. This presents a grave problem if it is necessary to provide a large number of the inner tubes or to provide a large heat transfer area with the use of an elongated tube. Besides, the conventional static mixer undergoes considerable pressure loss and hence is not satisfactory from the viewpoint of energy saving.


A data management system or “DMS” provides a wide range of data services to data sources associated with a set of application host servers. The data management system typically comprises one or more regions, with each region having one or more clusters. A given cluster has one or more nodes that share storage. To facilitate the data service, a host driver embedded in an application server connects an application and its data to a cluster. The host driver provides a method and apparatus for capturing real-time data modifications and application state notifications and, in response, generating data transactions in the form of an event journal that is provided to the data management system. The driver functions to translate traditional file/database/block I/O into a continuous, application-aware, output data stream. Using the streams generated in this manner, the DMS offers a wide range of data services that include, by way of example only: data protection (and recovery), and disaster recovery (data distribution and data replication).

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to enterprise data protection and data management.
2. Background of the Related Art
A critical information technology (IT) problem is how to cost-effectively deliver network wide data protection and rapid data recovery. In 2002, for example, companies spent an estimated $50B worldwide managing data backup/restore and an estimated $30B in system downtime costs. The "code red" virus alone cost an estimated $2.8B in downtime, data loss, and recovery. The reason for these staggering costs is simple—traditional schedule based tape and in-storage data protection and recovery approaches can no longer keep pace with rapid data growth, geographically distributed operations, and the real time requirements of 24×7×265 enterprise data centers.
Traditionally, system managers have use tape backup devices to store system data on a periodic basis. For example, the backup device may acquire a "snapshot" of the contents of an entire hard disk at a particular time and then store this for later use, e.g., reintroduction onto the disk (or onto a new disk) should the computer fail. Typically, snapshot techniques fall into one of three categories: hot, warm and cold. A hot snapshot is created while applications continue running; this creates difficulties if critical data is being modified at the time. In particular, a "hot" snapshot may have an incomplete update such that, when the data is reintroduced, it is not fully consistent. Cold snapshot requires that applications that may be modifying data be shutdown to generate a consistent image in storage. This technique causes significant application downtime. Warm snapshot can only be applied on very specific applications, such as a database that implements a standby mode where all modified data is flushed to storage; in this mode a given application may continue to receive request, but it does not modify data in the storage until it gets out of the standby mode. In most databases, this is known as "quiescent" mode and, for example, a database may enter this mode when it receives a "lock" command. While a consistent database snapshot can be generated using a warm snapshot, any data change that occurs after a snapshot (and before the next one) is at risk, resulting in data loss.
Thus, the problems with the snapshot approaches are well known and can be summarized. First, critical data can change as the snapshot is taken, which results in incomplete updates (e.g., half a transaction) being captured so that, when reintroduced, the data is not fully consistent. Second, changes in data occurring after a snapshot is taken are always at risk. Third, as storage device size grows, the burst of bandwidth required to repeatedly offload snapshots and store the complete snapshot can become impractical. Moreover, the amount of storage resources required to store the snapshots can become impractical, even in small systems without significant data changes. Most importantly, storage based snapshot does not capture fine grain application data and, therefore, it cannot recover fine grain application data objects without reintroducing (i.e. recovering) the entire backup volume to a new application computer server to extract the fine grain data object.
There have been many approaches to try to solve these deficiencies. One approach, known as block journaling, records every disk block change as it happens. Block level journaling is a storage-based approach to data protection. To perform block journaling, a secondary storage must by available. For all primary storage volumes to be protected, an initial image is first copied to the secondary storage. Once the initialization is complete, an agent must be used to capture real-time block changes. The data capturing agent records in real-time all the changed blocks. The block journal is written into the secondary storage. In particular, if a given block is modified, a block journal in the secondary storage saves both the original block and the modified block. An analogous solution is block level mirroring, which differs only in that the original block is overwritten (with the modified block) as the block journal is saved in the secondary storage. While block journaling has advantages over schedule-based tape solutions, it has other problems that make it a less than desirable approach. In particular, block-level solutions cannot perform automated recovery with application consistency and zero data loss. In addition, without manual shutdown procedures these solutions cannot protect many types of applications such as email servers and network file servers. Block level data protection also requires excessive amounts of storage and bandwidth, and it cannot be cost-effectively applied to multi-site disaster recovery. Because block-level protection has to deal with large amounts of raw blocks, its failure modes are likely to be disruptive to primary applications when applied to real-time protection.
Yet another approach is known as file journaling. File journal-based technologies are an improvement over block journaling, but they also have fundamental limitations that prevent them from moving to support rich data services or global data management and automated recovery capabilities. File journaling records only file changes, as such changes occur. It preserves all file changes in the exact order and form. While file journaling facilitates database recovery to any point in time with consistency, that reconstruction has to be done manually. This is because file journaling techniques do not capture or store application relevant events or otherwise preserve knowledge of actual transactions, file types, file relationships or other metadata. The only object that can be recovered is the file. In addition, to preserve the change order, file journaling cannot extract deltas (differences) from the application changes. Thus, although file journaling techniques have advantages over block journaling solutions, they are only file system aware only. Finally, as existing file journaling solutions are PC-based and use a standalone SQL database to store data, from an architectural standpoint they are not well-suited to scaling to support heterogeneous, enterprise-wide data management.
Thus, there remains a long-felt need to provide new and effective solutions to these and other problems in the art.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and system for real-time event journaling to provide enterprise data services


The fastener includes a pin and a grommet for attaching a primary panel to a secondary panel. The pin includes two dual-height finger assemblies and a circular flexible flange or umbrella head. A primary panel through a first range of thicknesses is sealingly engaged between the flexible flange and the fingers of a first height of the dual-height finger assemblies, and a primary panel through a second range of thicknesses is sealingly engaged between the flexible flange and the fingers of a second height in the dual-height finger assemblies. The pin further includes a male element with external serrated ridges. The male element engages a passageway in the grommet which includes an internal ridge for engaging the external serrated ridges. The grommet further includes a pair of spaced disks for engaging an opening in a secondary panel.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to a two-piece pin and grommet, particularly for the fastening of a trim panel to a primary panel. The pin includes a flexible flange which, in combination with dual-height finger assemblies, provides a sealing function.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the prior art, it is known to provide a flexible flange or umbrella head as a sealing member in a pin and grommet or similar fastening device. A typical use of such a pin and grommet configuration is to secure a secondary panel, such as an automotive trim panel, to a primary panel, such as an automotive body panel. Examples of this include U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,634, entitled "Connection Between a Support and a Plate Element", issued on Jul. 29, 1997 to Kraus and U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,863, entitled "Clip", issued on Nov. 25, 1997 to Sinozaki. With the use of such a flexible flange, as the panel thickness increased, tension would increase until the head flattened. This increased tension resulted in improved sealing characteristics with respect to water, dust and sound. However, with thinner panels, there was less tension and the sealing characteristics degraded. As tooling techniques only allow for a certain amount of flex under the flexible flange or umbrella head, the panel thickness range and sealing capabilities are limited.
Fasteners with multiple height fingers to accommodate a variation in panel thicknesses are likewise known in the prior art, but have not provided adequate sealing such as is necessary in many applications, particularly automotive applications.


A transceiver suitable for interfacing a logic device to a shared bus includes a transmit node that receives an input signal from the logic device and an I/O node, that is coupled to the shared bus. The transceiver may be designed for use with a shared-bus, single master, multiple slave architecture, e.g., a Local Interconnect Network (LIN). In a LIN compliant implementation, the transceiver may be suitable for use in at least some types of automobiles and other motorized vehicles. Control logic coupled to the transmit node may assert a current driver enable signal in response to detecting an assertion of the input signal. A current driver of the transceiver is configured to draw a time varying driver current from the shared bus node after detecting an assertion of the current driver enable signal. The driver current may cause a sinusoidal transition of the shared bus voltage.

1. Field
The disclosed subject matter is in the field of communication networks and, more particularly, communication networks for use in automobiles and similar applications.
2. Related Art
The local interconnect network (LIN) is a universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART)-based, single-master, multiple-slave serial bus architecture originally developed for automotive sensor and actuator networking applications. The LIN Standard, which specifies various layers, formatting, and interface aspects of the network, is maintained by and available from the LIN Consortium. LIN provides a cost-effective option for connecting motors, switches, sensors and lamps in an automobile or other type of motorized vehicle. A LIN master node may extend the communication benefits of in-vehicle networking to individual sensors and actuators by connecting LIN with higher-level networks, such as a controller area network (CAN). LIN was not designed as a high speed bus and evolving standards have imposed challenging requirements for LIN bus implementations.

Current driver suitable for use in a shared bus environment


A closed loop method and apparatus for controlling the administration of an hypnotic drug to a patient. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signal data is obtained from the patient. At least one measure of the complexity of the EEG signal data is derived from the data. The complexity measure may comprise the entropy of the EEG signal data. The EEG signal data complexity measure is used as the feedback signal in a control loop for an anesthetic delivery unit to control hypnotic drug administration to the patient in a manner that provides the desired hypnotic level in the patient. An EEG signal complexity measure obtained from the cerebral activity of the patient can be advantageously used in conjunction with a measure of patient electromyographic (EMG) activity to improve the response time of hypnotic level determination and of the feedback control of drug administration. A pharmacological transfer function may be used, along with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models.

The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for controlling the administration of an hypnotic drug in "closed loop" fashion.
An hypnotic drug may comprise an anesthetic agent and the hypnotic state induced in a patient by the administration of such a drug in one of anesthetization. An hypnotic drug typically acts on the brain to produce a lessening or loss of consciousness in the patient. The extent to which the patient is anesthetized is often termed the "hypnotic level" or "depth of anesthesia." In the present invention, the existing hypnotic level, or depth of anesthesia, in the patient is sensed and used to control the hypnotic drug administration to the patient in the manner of a closed loop, or feedback, regulator to achieve and maintain a desired level in the patient.
More particularly, the present invention employs the complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) data obtained from the patient as a sensed indication of the hypnotic level of the patient for use in controlling hypnotic drug administration. The use of such an indication provides closed loop control of drug administration that is based on an accurate assessment of the hypnotic condition of the patient and one that is highly responsive to changes in that condition. Such an indication can be made rapidly responsive to changes in the hypnotic condition of the patient.
Hypnotic drugs, or anesthetic agents, are administered by inhalation or intravenously. When administration is by inhalation, the anesthetic agent comprises a volatile liquid that is vaporized in a vaporizer. The vaporized anesthetic agent is entrained in breathing gases for the patient. The concentration of the anesthetic agent supplied by the vaporizer is determined by the anesthesiologist by manipulating appropriate controls on the vaporizer. The concentration of anesthetic agent in the lungs of the patient may be measured by measuring the amount of anesthetic agent contained in the breathing gases exhaled by the patient at the end of the exhalation phase of the respiratory cycle, i.e. the end tidal concentration (ETconc). Typical inhaled anesthetic agents are sevoflurane, enflurane, and desflurane, among others.
In a simple form, intravenous administration of an hypnotic drug may employ a syringe that injects the drug into a vein of the patient. For extended administration, a motor driven syringe or a motor driven infusion pump may be employed. A commonly used, intravenously administered, anesthetic agent is propofol.
In addition to hypnosis, high quality anesthesia must also consider loss of sensation (analgesia), muscle relaxation, suppression of the autonomous nervous system, and blockage of the neuro muscular function. This may require administration of a number of different drugs via the same or different routes. Further, different hypnotic drugs and/or different administration routes may be used at different stages of an anesthetization or a medical procedure. For example, hypnosis may be introduced by an intravenously administered drug and maintained by an inhaled drug.
In the process by which a drug, including a hypnotic drug, takes its effect in the body, two aspects are important: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics  Pharmacodynamics deals with the effect of the body on the drug, such as the body's absorption, distribution or diffusion, metabolism, and excretion of the drug. Pharmacokinetics describes how the drug is distributed in the course of time from the site of delivery to different parts of the body and to a particular organ in which the drug is supposed to have its effect.
For use in the study of drugs, the determination of dosages, and the like, mathematical models have been developed for the pharmacokinetics of a drug. Because of the complexity of the physiology of the body, the models are typically based on theoretical compartments, such as plasma, fat, or the brain. Pharmacokinetic models typically allow for consideration of anthropometric data, such as patient height, weight, age, sex, etc. Pharmacokinetic models are available for hypnotic drugs, or anesthetic agents, including propofol, based on two or more different compartments. See Shafer, et al. Anesthesiology, 1998; 69:348-356 describing a two compartment model for propofol.
When a specific effect of a drug can be directly or indirectly measured, such data can be used to define a pharmacodynamic model of the drug with respect to its concentration at the site at which it is effective, i.e. effect-site concentration. Such models may also use anthropometric data. For hypnotic drugs the effect is the hypnotic state of the patient and the effect-site in the brain.
In a broad sense, all hypnotic drug administration is of a controlled loop nature. In a basic form, an anesthesiologist administers such a drug to a patient, observes the state of the patient resulting from the administration of the drug, and then maintains or alters the dose based on his/her observations. However, in a more specific sense, reflecting recent work in the field of anesthesia, closed loop control relates to the sensing of the hypnotic state of the patient by some form of instrumentation and automatically controlling the administration of the drug responsive to a feedback signal from the instrumentation. The term is used herein in the more specific sense.
The interest in closed loop control is posited, at least in part, on a desire to accurately establish the hypnotic level or depth of anesthesia of the patient. If the anesthesia is not sufficiently deep, the patient may maintain or gain consciousness during a surgery, or other medical procedure, resulting in an extremely traumatic experience for the patient, anesthesiologist, and surgeon. On the other hand, excessively deep anesthesia reflects an unnecessary consumption of hypnotic drugs, most of which are expensive. Anesthesia that is too deep requires increased medical supervision during the surgery recovery process and prolongs the period required for the patient to become completely free of the effects of the drug.
Rapidity is another desirable feature of an hypnotic drug administration control system. Fast response is particularly desirable should the patient approach consciousness since, as noted above, unexpected emergence is to be avoided, but is rendered more likely as excessively deep anesthesia is avoided.
A closed loop hypnotic drug delivery system has been described using the bispectral index as a control parameter. See Mortier E., et al. Anesthesia, 1998, August; 53 (8):749-754. See also published European Patent Application No. EP 959,921 to authors of this article. The bispectral index is proprietary to Aspect Medical Systems of Farmingham, Mass. and is described in one or more of the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,907,597; 5,101,891; 5,320,109; and 5,458,117. The bispectral index is an effort to form a single variable, termed the bispectral index (BIS), that correlates behavioral assessments of sedation and hypnosis over a range of anesthesia for several hypnotic drugs.
The bispectral index comprises three components that are combined in various ways to provide an indication over a range of hypnotic levels from light sedation to deep anesthesia. See Ira R. Rampil, "A Primer for EEG Signal Processing in Anesthesia", Anesthesiology 89 (1998), 980-1002. See also U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 09/688,891 to an inventor named herein and another, assigned to a common assignee, also containing a description of this index.
In order to compute a BIS value, measured EEG data over a period of fifteen seconds is used. During anesthesia, the level of painful stimulation can vary drastically and cause rapid changes in the hypnotic level of the patient, i.e. wake the patient up. Because of the time required to compute a BIS value, the bispectral index may not be sufficiently rapid to warn the anesthesiologist that this is occurring. Also, the bispectral index is contaminated by electromyographic (EMG) activity which may lead to misjudgment of the hypnotic level of a patient. See Bruhn J., et al., Anesthesiology 2000; 92:1485-7. Certain paradoxical behavior of the bispectral index (BIS) not connected to EMG has also been reported; see Detsch O. et al., British Journal of Anesthesia 84 (1):33-7 (2000); Hirota K. et al., Eur J Anaesth 1999, 16, 779-783.
Another approach to closed loop or feedback control of hypnotic drug administration is disclosed in published International Patent Appln. WO 98/10701 by Mantzaridis, et al. In the technique of the patent, the patient is fitted with headphones and is subjected to noise in the form of "clicks" of one ms duration at a frequency of 6.9 Hz. The auditory evoked potential (AEP) resulting from this stimulation, and more particularly, the alteration of the delay between the auditory stimulus and the auditory stem response in the brain is used in this method to evaluate the level of hypnosis of a patient during anesthesia. While an AEP index has been shown to distinguish between the conscious and unconscious states of a patient in an accurate manner, the correlation with drug concentration is not as good and has been reported as poorer than that for the bispectral index. See Doi M, et al., Br J Anaesth. 1997, February; 78(2):180-4. The auditory response does not persist to the lowest hypnotic levels, restricting the range of measurement. This tends to lessen the utility of the AEP index for use in closed loop hypnotic drug administration. Also, the technique requires placing earphones on the patient and is limited to patients having adequate hearing.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,444 to E. R. John, describes another method using information extracted from EEG signal data to control a closed-loop drug delivery system. The parameters mentioned include EEG spectral powers measured in different frequency ranges and the spectral edge frequencies, below which are found, for example, 50% or 90% of the total power spectrum. In addition to the EEG spectrum derived parameters, the method also uses brain wave evoked responses, such as brain stem or cortical auditory evoked responses, which may bear a correlation to anesthesia level. Electrodes are applied to the front and back of the scalp and the method essentially compares the derived features between these locations using covariance matrices. After the patient has been anesthetized and when he/she has obtained the plane of anesthesia desired by the anesthesiologist, a form of calibration procedure called "self-normalization" is carried out. The plane of anesthesia is determined by clinical signals observed by the anesthesiologist. After self-normalization, the system tries to maintain the anesthetic level of the patient established during that procedure as the set point.
The need for the self-normalization procedure presents a disadvantage to this procedure in that the anesthesiologist may forget to carry it out or carry it out at the wrong plane of anesthesia. In the time period required for the procedure, which according to the patent preferably lasts for 60 seconds, the condition of the patient may change. Also, there is no published evidence that the particular EEG-derived parameters chosen for measurement correlate very well with hypnotic levels.

Closed loop drug administration method and apparatus using EEG complexity for control purposes


An aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic composition for dyeing natural or synthetic fibers, especially hair, contains a combination of at least one cyclic oxo-substituted enediol according to formula I: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different and independently of each other represent a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal atom, or R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together represent an alkaline earth metal atom and n=0, 1, 2 or 3; and at least one member selected from the group consisting of malonic acid dinitrile, maleic acid diaminodinitrile, 2,5-diamino-6-nitropyridine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitroquinoxaline, 7-amino-3,4-dihydro-6-nitro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine and substituted nitrobenzene compounds; as well as water and at least one cosmetic ingredient including solvents other than water, surfactants, thickeners, care materials and adjuvant materials.

The present invention relates to a composition for dyeing natural or synthetic fibers containing cyclic oxo-substituted enediols and malonic. acid dinitrile, maleic acid diaminodinitrile or nitrobenzene derivative compounds and a method of dyeing of keratin fibers using this composition.
Dye systems based on oxo-substituted enediols are known from German Published Patent Application DE-OS 43 35 626. According to DE-OS 43 35 626 these compounds in combination with a primary or secondary amine group or a heterocyclic compound containing one nitrogen atom or an aromatic hydroxy compound, produce especially brilliant colors in the yellow, brown, green and violet ranges. Both reactive components are mixed with each other, heated to boiling and the cooled dye solution is filtered. This method is complicated and without heating produces a barely satisfactory orange shade or tone.

Composition and method for dyeing keratin fibers


An air filter unit for use in an air conditioner having an outside air duct through which air passes through a divider wall separating the outdoor section and indoor section of the air conditioner. The air filter unit includes a filter frame containing an air filter and a connector for removably supporting the frame upon the divider wall so that the air filter covers substantially all of the duct entrance. A hinge is located along one side edge of the frame and a door is mounted upon the hinge between an open position wherein outside air can move through the filter into the duct and a closed position wherein outside air is prevented from moving through the filter into the duct. Controls for selectively positioning the door are provided inside the front cover of the unit.

This invention relates generally to an outdoor air vent for an air conditioning unit, and specifically to a combination outdoor air filter and positionable door for an air conditioning unit vent system.
This invention will be explained with reference to a packaged terminal air conditioning unit of the type typically found in hotel and motel rooms to provide comfort air to the room. The unit is usually mounted within a rectangular shaped sleeve that is located within an outside wall of the room. The unit includes a wall that divides the unit into an indoor section and an outdoor section. The air in the room is conditioned within the indoor section where it is either heated or cooled, depending upon the mode of operation that is selected. Outside air is drawn into the unit and mixed with the conditioned indoor air through an opening in the divider wall to keep the indoor air fresh.
A filter is typically placed in the divider wall opening to remove contaminants from the outdoor air being brought indoors. The amount of outdoor air passing through the opening is generally controlled by a positionable door that can be set at one of an infinite number of positions between a fully opened position and a fully closed position. Although the outside air system works well in practice, it typically involves a rather large number of inter-related component parts which are difficult to mount in assembly and add to the overall cost of the unit. In addition, the filter must be periodically removed form the unit for cleaning or replacing, however, this generally requires removal of the entire door assembly in order to reach the filter which is a time consuming and oftentimes difficult task.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve air conditioning units.
It is a further object of the present invention to better facilitate the cleaning and replacement of the outdoor air filter of an air conditioning unit.
A still further object of the present invention is to reduce the number of component parts needed to filter and control the flow of outside air into the indoor section of a packaged terminal air conditioner.
Another object of the present invention is to reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs associated with a packaged terminal air conditioner.
These and other objects of the present invention are attained by an air filter unit for use in an air conditioning unit that has a divider wall between the indoor section and the outdoor section of the unit. A filter frame containing an air filter is arranged to enclose the entrance to an air duct that passes through the divider wall. Hinge pins protrude from the top and bottom sections of the frame adjacent to one side edge. The hinge pins are adapted to mate with tabs mounted upon a door so that the door can pivot between a fully open position and a fully closed position against the filter frame. A control lever is mounted on a side wall of the unit beneath the front cover of the unit. The lever can be manually adjusted when the cover is removed to set the position of the door and thus regulate the amount of air passing through the duct.


An exercise apparatus used to simulate skating or roller blading movement in a user includes a pair of sleds or shuttles which include a pedal adapted to support the foot of a user standing thereon. The shuttles are movable along a respective guide assembly consisting of one or more rails which curve away from each other extending from proximate forwardmost ends, outwardly and rearwardly. The rail assemblies are provided in a substantially mirror arrangement and curve downwardly from their respective forwardmost ends to a lowermost distal portion. A guide member is provided to assist in positioning and maintaining the shuttles in sliding movement along each guide assembly, whereby the reciprocal sliding movement of the shuttles along an associated guide assembly acts to guide the feet of the user in skating or roller blade movement.

Exercise apparatus which simulate walking, running and stair climbing are well known. Running and walking exercise apparatus typically comprise an inclined moving belt or treadmill upon which the user walks or runs. Stair climbing or stepping apparatus typically include a pair of hinged pedals upon which a user stands, and in which the pedals are moved up and down by the user shifting his or her weight to simulate stair climbing movement. While conventional exercise apparatus achieve the exercise and movement of the biceps femoris muscle, they are poorly suited to provide toning and exercise the remaining leg muscles used in skating, such as abductors and adductor muscles, the gastrocnemius muscle, the soleusmuscle the gracilis muscle and/or the sartorius muscle.
In an effort to provide an exercise apparatus better adapted to exercise muscles used in skating, U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,658 to Miller et al describes a skate training apparatus which includes a pair of cantilevered support arms which are adapted to support a user's legs in lateral movement. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,234,935 to Chu describes a skating exercise machine which is adapted to simulate skating movement by the use of a pair of cantilevered supports geared so as to move in an arcuate plane. The exercise apparatus of Chu and Miller, however, suffer the disadvantage in that in their operation, the user's feet are maintained in a generally forward oriented position while moving about a lateral horizontal arc. In contrast, in roller blading or ice skating, an individual typically performs a skating stride whereby the position of each foot during each stride moves so as to turn outwardly, to provide an increased thrust force.
Heretofore, conventional skate training apparatus suffer the further disadvantage in that they are poorly suited to mimic the forward motion achieved in skating movement. In particular, as prior art skating devices are adapted to provide lateral movement substantially in a horizontal plane, conventional skating exercise apparatus fail to account for the change in leg and foot position experienced by a skater during actual forward movement. Furthermore, conventional skating exercise devices which operate to move the user's leg only in a horizontal plane as the user's leg moves outwardly, may result in increased stressing on the user's Achilles and/or fibularis tendons.
Conventional skating exercise devices suffer a further disadvantage in that their complex design makes manufacture difficult, and the cantilevered arrangement of the user supporting pedals may be susceptible to premature wear and failure.

Exercise apparatus for simulating skating movement


A drilling head, method of drilling, and use of the drilling head, for reboring a stuck valve or drilling into the formation downhole and, in particular a drilling tool having a drilling head and a driving unit. The drilling head includes a hole saw beside a drill bit for cutting out a piece from the stuck valve. A drilling system includes the drilling tool and a driving tool for moving the drilling tool downhole.

Drilling tools are used when drilling a well in the subterranean formation. However, drilling may also be performed in an existing well for reboring a stuck valve or for taking out a sample of the formation.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,643,858 discloses a drilling tool for taking out a sample. For this purpose, the drilling tool is arranged with lifting fingers which are lowered for engaging the sample after this has been cut out. The disclosed drilling tool has a very complicated design for taking out the sample, where the arms may break or get stuck during a drilling operation.
Occasionally, a valve downhole which has been closed for some time gets stuck due to corrosion or the like, and thus cannot be reopened with normally used equipment. In such situations, reboring of the stuck valve is the only solution. When reboring the stuck valve, the drill bit tends to slide on the abutting surface, especially if the valve is a ball valve.

Drilling head for reboring a stuck valve


A ramp for launching an object at a target is provided, the ramp having: a release mechanism mounted to the ramp for movement between a first position and a second position, wherein the release mechanism is configured to retain the object with respect to the ramp when it is in the first position and wherein the release mechanism is configured to release the object when the release mechanism is in the second position; and wherein the release mechanism further comprises an arm member pivotally mounted to the ramp and the arm member has a plurality of features each spaced from each other and extending from the arm member above a surface of the ramp when the release mechanism is in the first position.

Various embodiments of the present invention relate to a toy game and more particularly, a toy game that provides an element of excitement to the game. Board games, in particular, provide such entertainment. However, if the board game does not provide an added level of uncertainty, anticipation, or surprise the game itself may become mundane with repeated use. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a game that provides an added level of uncertainty and interaction between the players as well as requiring some skill.

Toy game apparatus and method of playing


A device for bundling newspapers and the like comprises a pair of upright walls each having an upwardly open substantially V-shaped notch formed by elements of the walls that converge downwardly and that define an interior angle of about 90.degree., the notches being in parallel alignment. In a preferred embodiment, the walls are longitudinal side walls of a box having upright end walls and having sloping top walls extending between corresponding notch-defining elements of the side walls. Newspapers are stacked on one of the top walls, with an edge thereof engaging the other top wall, and with portions extending beyond the side walls. Cords are tied around those portions to bundle the newspapers. The end walls have openings forming hand holds by which the box is lifted and which provide access to the interior of the box. The box has a shelf therein and contains a supply of cord, a cord cutter being provided along an edge of one opening. A strap may be placed over the stack centrally and is detachably engaged with portions of the top walls.

As recycling programs have become more popular (in some cases mandatory), the need for a simple, inexpensive, and easily used device for holding and bundling newspapers has become evident. Prior devices for holding and bundling newspapers have been deficient in one or more respects, particularly with regard to complexity, cost, and difficulty or impracticality of use.


A delay-locked-loop control circuit and a method of controlling a delay-locked-loop. When the delay-locked-loop is in an off-operation mode, such as a power-down mode, a self-refresh emulation mode, a self-refresh mode, and the like, the delay-locked-loop is updated with a predetermined period, thereby preventing a malfunction of the delay-locked-loop. The delay-locked-loop has an oscillating portion which generates an oscillation signal having a predetermined period when in an OFF state; a pulse generating portion which generates a pulse signal having a predetermined period using the oscillation signal; a dividing portion which divides the pulse signal to generate a delay-locked-loop update signal; and a combining portion which combines the delay-locked-loop update signal and a delay-locked-loop on signal that is enabled by an external command to generate a delay-locked-loop control signal for controlling the delay-locked-loop.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, and more particularly, to a delay-locked-loop control circuit and a method of controlling a delay-locked-loop.
In general, a semiconductor memory device uses a variety of control methods to effectively manage current consumption.
Among them, a power-down mode, a self-refresh emulation mode, a self-refresh mode, and the like are few control methods for effectively managing current consumption related to operations of a delay-locked-loop, which compensates for a skew between an external clock and data, or an external clock and an internal clock.
Here, the self-refresh emulation mode means a mode, which operates similarly to a self-refresh by combining a pre-charge power-down operation and an auto-refresh operation.
FIG. 1 is a waveform diagram illustrating the control operation of a delay-locked-loop in a power-down mode. Referring to this, when a clock enable signal (CKE) falls to a low level, it is synchronized at a next rising edge of an external clock (CLK), and a power-down signal (PWDN) is enabled.
If the power-down signal (PWDN) is enabled, a semiconductor memory device enters into a power-down mode, and particularly in case of a pre-charge power-down mode, which enters into a power-down mode when all banks are in a pre-charge state, a delay-locked-loop is turned off or enters into a standby state to reduce the current consumption of the memory chip.
In other words, if the power-down signal (PWDN) is enabled when all banks are in a pre-charge state, a signal (DLL_ON) for turning on the delay-locked-loop by the power-down signal (PWDN) is disabled, and the delay-locked-loop is turned off or enters into a standby state.
Similar to this, also in a self-refresh mode, the delay-locked-loop is turned off or enters into a standby state by a self-refresh command, thereby reducing the current consumption by the delay-locked-loop.
At this time, if the power-down mode or the self-refresh mode is maintained for a long time, or a change occurs in the power or the like, malfunction may occur since the delay-locked-loop cannot perform an update sufficiently.
Looking into this in detail with reference to FIG. 2, the specification for a self-refresh mode specifies that, a chip is accessible after a duration of 'tXSNR (Exit Self Refresh To A Non-Read Command time)' if a read command is not inputted, and a chip is accessible after a duration of 'tXSRD (Exit Self Refresh To A Read Command time)' if a read command is inputted.
The 'tXSNR' can be defined as 'tRFC (Refresh To Active/Refresh Command time)+10*tCK', and the 'tXSRD' can be defined as '200*tCK'.
However, a chip can be accessed faster in a self-refresh emulation mode than in the self-refresh mode. In other words, a chip can be accessed 'tXP (Exit Precharge Power-Down To Any Non-Read Command time)' later when a read command is not inputted, or 'tXPRD (Exit Precharge Power-Down To Read Command time)' later when a read command is inputted.
Here, the 'tXP' can be defined as '2*tCK', and 'tXPRD' can be defined as 'tXP+tRCD (RAS To CAS Delay)−AL (Additive Latency)'.
A refresh operation can progress as an internal operation of the memory chip even if an auto-refresh command ('A' of FIG. 2) is inputted during a high interval of the clock enable signal CKE.
Accordingly, in the self refresh emulation mode, a case may occur that it is maintained high for a minimum pulse holding time of the clock enable signal CKE, '3* tCK', and then maintained low for 'tREFI (Average Periodic Refresh Interval).'
In this case, a high interval of the clock enable signal CKE, which is a possible interval for updating the delay-locked-loop, is very short, and the update time of the delay-locked-loop (typically, a time between '5*tCK' and '20*tCK') is not sufficiently ensured, thereby causing a malfunction of the delay-locked-loop, and accordingly there is a problem that data may not be normally outputted.

Semiconductor memory device including delay-locked-loop control circuit and control method for effective current consumption management


A shaped part and a method for forming the shaped part from a lightweight metal or alloy by extrusion of a slug performed along a pressing axis. The shaped part is formed in at least one region with a deviation from a basic form that is rotationally symmetrical with respect to the pressing axis. The symmetry-deviating region extends over a wall portion of the shaped part that is formed by backward cup extrusion with a normal vector extending predominantly orthogonally in relation to the pressing axis. The same extruding operation forms a structure that surrounds the pressing axis, on a sheet-like base of the shaped part that adjoins the wall portion and has a normal vector extending predominantly in the direction of the pressing axis on the side thereof opposite from the wall portion. In a region of lowest wall thickness of the wall portion at the transition to the base, the quotient of this wall thickness in mm and an average curvature (1/r) in mm−1, formed at the transition, is greater than 0.03 and/or, in an at least predominant region of the base-wall transition when seen in the circumferential direction, the ratio of the wall thickness to the base thickness is less than 1.0.

The invention refers to a method for forming a moulding from a light metal or a light metal alloy by extrusion of a slug carried out along a press axis, as well as mouldings produced with it and combination components formed from it.
Extrusion is a known solid forming process, in which the material to be formed, which is in the form of a slug, is made to flow in an extrusion press under the effect of high pressure and is put into the form that determines the moulding by the shape of the extrusion press.
Because of the high pressures that may be achieved, forming may also take place at room temperature (cold extrusion), that is to say the slugs do not necessarily have to be brought up to temperatures of between 200° and 800°, depending on the material, before the pressing process.
Extrusion may best be used for producing mouldings with a rotationally symmetrical basic form with reference to the press axis. Therefore one of the main problems when producing mouldings by means of extrusion is the limited possibility of geometric form, provided sufficiently good mechanical material properties are to be achieved over the whole cross section of individual parts, such as wall parts for instance. Problems possibly occurring, for load bearing parts and/or parts under intense mechanical stress for example, may be seen in impairments to the microstructure of the material for instance, such as in the form of grooves or indentations on the surface, which particularly with changing tensile stresses may lead to fatigue fractures.

Method for forming a moulding and moulding


According to various embodiments, methods and systems are provided to accelerate artificial intelligence (AI) model training with advanced interconnect communication technologies and systematic zero-value compression over a distributed training system. According to an exemplary method, during each iteration of a Scatter-Reduce process performed on a cluster of processors arranged in a logical ring to train a neural network model, a processor receives a compressed data block from a prior processor in the logical ring, performs an operation on the received compressed data block and a compressed data block generated on the processor to obtain a calculated data block, and sends the calculated data block to a following processor in the logical ring. A compressed data block calculated from corresponding data blocks from the processors can be identified on each processor and distributed to each other processor and decompressed therein for use in the AI model training.

Neural networks are becoming increasingly complex in order to solve complex problems. Complex neural networks require complex deep learning algorithms and more data bandwidth during the training phase. As a result, training time, cost, and power consumption have increased. To accelerate training, advanced servers, for example, faster servers or server clusters with more sophisticated interface, have been used to improve computing and communications to reduce the cost of expensive hardware. However, existing solutions still present challenges in terms of performance and cost.

Accelerating AI training by an all-reduce process with compression over  a distributed system

BAIDU.COM TIMES TECHNOLOGY (BEIJING) CO., LTD.

KUNLUNXIN TECHNOLOGY (BEIJING) COMPANY LIMITED


The present invention provides (i) a novel composition which is the polyol reaction product polyol made by mixing together a polyhydroxyl-tertiary amine, at least two of the hydroxyl groups of said amine being indirectly bonded to a nitrogen atom of said amine through a chain containing at least two carbon atoms, with an organic polyisocyanate, essentially all the isocyanate groups of said polyisocyanate being reacted with hydroxyl groups of said amine, and (ii) a coating composition containing a film forming binder and a volatile organic liquid carrier, said binder containing (I) hydroxyl-containing acrylic polymer and (II) the novel composition (i).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to coating compositions which are especially useful for clear coating over a colored base coat.
2. Description of Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,862 discloses a clear coating composition which can be used as the clear coat of a motorized vehicle clear coat/color coat finish. The clear coating composition has a film-forming binder and volitile organic liquid carrier, the binder including hydroxy functional acrylic polymer and organic polyisocyanate and is characterized by rapid curing to form a finish that is tack free and can be buffed as soon as 3–4 hours after application, resulting in increased productivity of the paint shop.
Even more rapid curing of the clear coat is desired for further increase in paint shop productivity. A catalyst for the hydroxy-isocyanate crosslinking reaction is present in the clear coating composition, typically an organo tin compound. When the amount of catalyst is increased to speed-up the cure, other problems arise, including decreased potlife and reduced coating quality. In the latter case, the faster cure entraps liquid carrier within the dried clear coating, causing the coating to have poor gloss and distinctness of image.
There are other indicia of increased productivity, e.g. how soon after application the film coating dries sufficiently to be dust-free, so that the painted article (vehicle) can be moved from the paint booth, to make room for the next vehicle to be painted. The vehicle can be moved outside the paint shop, i.e. into the open air, only after the film coating has dried further so as to be free of water spotting damage.


An ultra wideband antenna includes: a substrate; a grounding unit, installed on the substrate and scooped with a first slot and a first strip hole; a signal feeding unit, installed on the substrate and including a horizontal portion and a vertical portion, in which the horizontal portion is located in the first slot and the vertical portion is located in the first strip hole; a first complementary, separate, circular resonator; and a second complementary, separate, circular resonator, wherein the first complementary, separate, circular resonator and the second complementary, separate, circular resonator are installed in the horizontal portion of the signal feeding unit and are connected with each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics, particularly to an ultra wideband antenna capable of suppressing transmission and reception in a particular frequency range through providing two complementary, separate, circular resonators, connected with each other, in a signal feeding unit.
2. Description of Related Art
Accompanied by rapid growth of demand of radio transmission over a short distance, wireless communication of local area networks and variety of personal mobile communication products, the quantity and speed of transmission of radio communication data are increasing. In view of that, in February, 2002, the Federal Communications Commission approved that ultra wideband technology may be used in a general commercial communication system, and regulates that ultra wideband communication is a high transmission, low power and short distance communication system. However, the frequency range of the ultra wideband (from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) includes the frequency band, such as 5.150 GHz to 5.875 GHz, used in a wireless local area network (WLAN). Thus, interference of the communication signals between the ultra wideband communication and the WLAM system will be incurred.
Therefore, in order to allow the ultra wideband communication to become more practicable, those engaged in the industry submit many solutions to suppress signals transmitted or received in the operation frequency band of the WLAN for the ultra wideband communication, so as to reduce the afore-mentioned signal interference. As described below, there are three conventional ultra wideband antennas with band-notched characteristics that are able not to transmit or receive a high frequency signal in the operation frequency band (5 GHz to 6 GHz) of the WLAN.
As shown in FIG. 1A, the first conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics includes a substrate 11, a grounding unit 12, a signal feeding unit 13, and a rectangular strip slot 14. The substrate 11 is preferably a microwave substrate with FR-4 material. The grounding unit 12 is installed on the substrate 11 and scooped with a first slot 121 and a first strip hole 122, in which the first strip hole 122 is communicated with the first slot 121 and extended to a side 111 of the substrate 11. In addition, the signal feeding unit 13 is installed on the substrate 11 and includes a horizontal portion 131 and a vertical portion 132, in which the horizontal portion 131 is in the first slot 121 and the vertical portion 132 is in the first strip hole 122.
As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the first slot 121 of the grounding unit 12 is a rectangular strip slot and the shape of the horizontal portion 131 of the signal feeding unit 13 is rectangular. Further, the material of the grounding unit 12 and the signal feeding unit 13 is metal. Furthermore, the rectangular strip slot 14 is installed on the horizontal portion 131 of the signal feeding unit 13 and has an opening 141, in which the direction of the opening of the rectangular strip slot 14 is parallel to the extension direction of the vertical portion 132 of the signal feeding unit 13 and the length of the rectangular strip slot 14 is 21.4 mm.
Besides, the sizes of various labels for the first conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B are listed in the following Table 1:
TABLE 1labelsize (mm)labelsize (mm)labelsize (mm)L35W33Ls23Ws13t2Sf0.4Wf3.6AB10.8AE4
Therefore, in the first conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics, the "band-notched unit" is constituted by the rectangular strip slot 14 such that the first conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics is able not to transmit or receive a high frequency signal in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 6 GHz. The detailed characteristic curves, such as return loss and gain, will be shown together with those of the present invention in the following.
As shown in FIG. 2A, the second conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics includes a substrate 21, a grounding unit 22, a signal feeding unit 23, and a complementary, separate, circular resonator 24. The substrate 21 is preferably a microwave substrate with FR-4 material. The grounding unit 22 is installed on the substrate 21 and scooped with a first slot 221 and a first strip hole 222, in which the first strip hole 222 is communicated with the first slot 221 and extended to a side 211 of the substrate 21. In addition, the signal feeding unit 23 is installed on the substrate 21 and includes a horizontal portion 231 and a vertical portion 232, in which the horizontal portion 231 is in the first slot 221 and the vertical portion 232 is in the first strip hole 222.
As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the first slot 221 of the grounding unit 22 is a rectangular slot and the shape of the horizontal portion 231 of the signal feeding unit 23 is rectangular. Further, the material of the grounding unit 22 and the signal feeding unit 23 is metal. Furthermore, the complementary, separate, circular resonator 24 is installed on the horizontal portion 231 of the signal feeding unit 23 and includes a first rectangular strip slot 241 and a second rectangular strip slot 242, in which the first rectangular strip slot 241 surrounds the second rectangular strip slot 242. The first rectangular strip slot 241 and the second rectangular strip slot 242 respectively have an opening 243 and an opening 244 and the direction of the opening of the first rectangular strip slot 241 is opposite to the direction of the opening of the second rectangular strip slot 242. Furthermore, the direction of the opening of the first rectangular strip slot 241 is parallel to the extension direction of the vertical portion 232 of the signal feeding unit 23.
Besides, the sizes of various labels for the second conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B are listed in the following Table 2:
TABLE 2labelSize (mm)labelsize (mm)labelsize (mm)L35W33Ls23Ws13t2Sf0.4Wf3.6AB10.8AE4g0.1c0.2d0.4r0.9
Therefore, in the second conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics, the "band-notched unit" is constituted by the complementary, separate, circular resonator 24 such that the second conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics is able not to transmit or receive a high frequency signal in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 6 GHz. The detailed characteristic curves, such as return loss and gain, will be shown together with those of the present invention in the following.
As shown in FIG. 3A, the third conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics includes a substrate 31, a grounding unit 32, a signal feeding unit 33, a first complementary, separate, circular resonator 34 and a second complementary, separate, circular resonator 35. The substrate 31 is preferably a microwave substrate with FR-4 material. The grounding unit 32 is installed on the substrate 31 and scooped with a first slot 321 and a first strip hole 322, in which the first strip hole 322 is communicated with the first slot 321 and extended to a side 311 of the substrate 31. In addition, the signal feeding unit 33 is also installed on the substrate 31 and includes a horizontal portion 331 and a vertical portion 332, in which the horizontal portion 331 is in the first slot 321 and the vertical portion 332 is in the first strip hole 322.
As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the first slot 321 of the grounding unit 32 is a rectangular slot and the shape of the horizontal portion 331 of the signal feeding unit 33 is rectangular. Further, the material of the grounding unit 32 and the signal feeding unit 33 is metal. Furthermore, the first complementary, separate, circular resonator 34 and the second complementary, separate, circular resonator 35 are installed on the horizontal portion 331 of the signal feeding unit 33, and the first complementary, separate, circular resonator 34 and the second complementary, separate, circular resonator 35 are spaced apart from a distance S in installation.
As shown in FIG. 3B, the first complementary, separate, circular resonator 34 includes a first rectangular strip slot 341 and a second rectangular strip slot 342, in which the first rectangular strip slot 341 surrounds the second rectangular strip slot 342. The first rectangular strip slot 341 and the second rectangular strip slot 342 respectively have an opening 343 and an opening 344 and the direction of the opening of the first rectangular strip slot 341 is opposite to the direction of the opening of the second rectangular strip slot 342. Furthermore, the direction of the opening of the first rectangular strip slot 341 is parallel to the extension direction of the vertical portion 332 of the signal feeding unit 33. In addition, the second complementary, separate, circular resonator 35 includes a third rectangular strip slot 351 and a fourth rectangular strip slot 352, in which the third rectangular strip slot 351 surrounds the fourth rectangular strip slot 352. The third rectangular strip slot 351 and the fourth rectangular strip slot 352 respectively have an opening 353 and an opening 354 and the direction of the opening of the third rectangular strip slot 351 is opposite to the direction of the opening of the fourth rectangular strip slot 352. Furthermore, the direction of the opening of the first rectangular strip slot 341 is parallel to the direction of the opening of the third rectangular strip slot 351.
Besides, the sizes of various labels for the third conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B are listed in the following Table 3:
TABLE 3labelSize (mm)labelsize (mm)labelsize (mm)L35W33Ls23Ws13t2Sf0.4Wf3.6AB10.8AE4g0.1c0.2d0.4r0.9S0.2
Therefore, in the third conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics, the "band-notched unit" is constituted by that the first complementary, separate, circular resonator 34 and the second complementary, separate, circular resonator 35 are spaced apart from a distance S in installation, such that the third conventional ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics is able not to transmit or receive a high frequency signal in the frequency range from 5 GHz to 6 GHz. The detailed characteristic curves, such as return loss and gain, will be shown together with those of the present invention in the following.
As described above, in the three conventional ultra wideband antennas with band-notched characteristics, either the suppression ability of the "band-notched unit" is insufficient, or the "band-notched unit" occupies a big area of the substrate. Therefore, it is necessary in the industry to have an ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics, having better suppression ability and occupying a smaller substrate area.

Ultra wideband antenna with band-notched characteristics


An electronic device includes a body, a disc cover, a button, at least one guiding post, at least one first hook and a number of resisting elements, and a button securing structure. The button securing structure defines a button groove for receiving the button and includes at least one sleeve, a sliding bar, and an elastic element. The button groove includes a sidewall detachably clasped by the first hooks. The sleeve defines a pivot hole defining at least one groove containing lubricant on its inner wall. The sliding bar is slidably coupled to the body and detachably clasps the disc cover. One end of the sliding bar resists against the resisting elements. The elastic member includes one end clasped by a clasping member protruding from the sliding bar, and an opposite end being clasped by a second hook protruding from the body.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an electronic device having a button securing structure.
2. Description of Related Art
Many electronic devices, digital video disc (DVD) players, for example, are equipped with various buttons such as power buttons and disc cover buttons. The button includes a pressing portion, a guiding post protruding from the bottom surface of the pressing portion, a guiding groove for receiving and guiding the guiding post, and a resisting portion for resisting the pressing portion. When the pressing portion is depressed, the guiding post slides along the guiding groove. The pressing portion triggers a switch or pushes an element of the electronic device when depressed, to activate/close a function or the element of the electronic device. However, the lubrication provided in the gap between the guiding post and the guiding groove becomes weak after the repeated use of the button. And the friction between the guiding post and the guiding groove may give off metal particles, which may cause the button to jam and stop working.
Therefore, what is needed is an electronic device having a button securing structure to overcome the limitations described above.

Electronic device having button securing structure

ShenZhen Goldsun Network Intelligence Technology Co., Ltd.