A leg shield for covering a rider's leg from front includes a shielding body positioned forwardly of a foot rest and having a ventilation opening defined therein, and a vent door pivotable about an axis of pivot for selectively opening and closing the ventilation opening. The vent door has first and second ends spaced from each other in a direction conforming to the axis of pivot and is rotatably supported at the first and second ends by first and second door support members, respectively. The axis of pivot is positioned spaced from the ventilation opening in a direction towards an inner surface of the shielding body, and the first and second door support members of the shielding body are positioned spaced away from the ventilation opening when viewed from front.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to leg shields in an automotive vehicle for protecting driver's legs against the incoming wind induced during the travel of the automotive vehicle and moving relatively in a direction opposite to the direction of travel of the automotive vehicle.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Some of the large motorcycles, particularly touring models thereof, are equipped with left and right leg shields positioned forwardly of foot rests on respective sides of the motorcycle for protecting driver's legs from the incoming wind. It has, however, been found that since the motorcycle combustion engine is positioned inwardly of the foot rests, interruption of flow of the wind around the driver's legs leads to stagnation of air of a relatively elevated temperature in the vicinity of and around the driver's feet particularly during the summer season. Japanese Examined Utility Model Publication No. S61-19994, published Jun. 16, 1986, for example, discloses a small motorcycle such as a motor scooter employing a ventilating system.
According to this Japanese publication, the motor scooter has a protective shield for protecting the driver's legs and a front cover above the protective cover. The front cover has the ventilating system which includes left and right openings or windows and a shutter employed for each of the windows for opening and closing the window. The window is opened to allow the incoming wind to enter through the windows towards and around the driver's legs.
In respective embodiments shown in and described with particular reference to FIGS. 3 to 6 of the Japanese Examined Utility Model Publication referred to above, each of the doors is supported for movement between opened and closed positions about upper and lower vertical stud shafts that are coaxial with each other and that are positioned at a location substantially intermediate of the width of the window. Accordingly, when the shutter is moved to the opened position to allow the incoming wind to enter inwardly of the front cover, the shutter and the stud shafts constitute an obstruction to the incoming wind flowing through the windows. Furthermore, since the shutter is exposed to the incoming wind, the stud shafts are required to be robustly supported.
Also, in a different embodiment shown in and described with particular reference to FIG. 10 of the Japanese Utility Model Publication referred to above, since the stud shafts for pivotally supporting the shutter are disposed adjacent upper and lower corners of one side edge of the shutter, the stud shafts will not constitute any obstruction to the incoming wind. However, since the shutter is equally exposed to the incoming wind, the stud shafts must be robustly supported with high strength.


Detecting stalling of a software process in a computer system includes receiving identification of a work process thread group, including a work process thread, for a task. The task is marked as running responsive to detecting whether there is a state change for the work process thread and is marked as stalled responsive to detecting an absence of the state change for a first predefined amount of time. The work process is marked as stalled responsive to detecting an absence of a predetermined signal from the work process for a second predefined amount of time. An API gets stack traces for the work process thread via calls. Instances of a hash are calculated for each of the stack traces. Respective instances of the hash calculated at least the first amount of time apart are compared for detecting whether there is a state change for the work process thread.

To determine when a software process is stalled in a computer system, a monitoring subsystem may detect if the process is progressing as expected. This may include monitoring for external changes, such as entries in a log file, and for completion of the process within a time limit. The monitoring subsystem notifies the user through an event that a process appears to be stalled, and then the user must intervene to determine if this is a real problem or not.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

International Business Machines Corporation


A feedback loop, for experience driven development of mixed reality (MR) devices, simulates application performance using various synthetic MR device configurations. Examples display, using an application, a virtual object on a first MR device, during a recording session; record, during the recording session, sensor data from the first MR device; simulate sensor data, based at least on the recorded sensor data, for the virtual object on simulated MR devices having various configurations of simulated sensors, during simulation sessions; and generate displays, using the application, of the virtual object on the simulated MR devices, during playback sessions. Some examples further collect recording key performance indicator (KPI) data during the recording session; collect simulation KPI data during the simulation sessions; compare the simulation KPI data with the recording KPI data to produce simulation KPI comparison data sets; and collect playback key performance indicator (KPI) data during the playback sessions.

Advanced virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR), collectively MR, applications may be demanding on MR hardware devices. When an MR software application (app) is developed prior to the availability of hardware for testing, there is a risk that the app may not run satisfactorily on the MR hardware devices when they do become available. Waiting for the availability of the MR hardware devices prior to developing the MR app, however, may introduce undesirable delay. The alternative is that hardware designers must speculate as to the minimum hardware requirements.

Experience driven development of mixed reality devices with immersive feedback


A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) having an array of RAM memory cells comprising at least one row of RAM memory cells, each RAM cell of the at least one row of RAM memory cells coupled to a row driver line; a row decoder coupled to a first end of the row driver line of each at least one row of RAM memory cells. A monitoring memory cell is coupled to a row driver line. Each monitoring memory cell is also coupled to a memory writing line. An FPGA also has RAM memory cells that act as the programming mechanism. The FPGA further has erase circuitry for clearing the RAM memory cells for reprogramming of the FPGA. The FPGA is erased by providing at least one monitoring memory cell coupled to the erase circuitry. A memory clear phase is initiated on at least one monitoring memory cell. The monitoring memory cell then indicts the cell has been cleared.

1. Field of the Disclosed System
The present disclosed system relates to field-programmable gate arrays ("FPGAs"), and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for verifying the proper operation of memory cells of an FPGA.
2. Description of the Related Art
An FPGA is an integrated circuit (IC) that includes a two-dimensional array of general-purpose logic circuits, called cells or logic blocks, whose functions are programmable. The cells are linked to one another by programmable buses. The cell types may be small multifunction circuits (or configurable functional blocks or groups) capable of realizing all Boolean functions of a few variables. The cell types are not restricted to gates. For example, configurable functional groups typically include memory cells and connection transistors that may be used to configure logic functions such as addition, subtraction, etc., inside of the FPGA. A cell may also contain one or two flip-flops. Two types of logic cells found in FPGAs are those based on multiplexers and those based on programmable read only memory (PROM) table-lookup memories. Erasable FPGAs can be reprogrammed many times. This technology is especially convenient when developing and debugging a prototype design for a new product and for small-scale manufacture.
FPGAs typically include a physical template that includes an array of circuits, sets of uncommitted routing interconnects, and sets of user programmable switches associated with both the circuits and the routing interconnects. When these switches are properly programmed (set to on or off states), the template or the underlying circuit and interconnect of the FPGA is customized or configured to perform specific customized functions. By reprogramming the on-off states of these switches, an FPGA can perform many different functions. Once a specific configuration of an FPGA has been decided upon, it can be configured to perform that one specific function.
The user programmable switches in an FPGA can be implemented in various technologies, such as ONO antifuse, M-M antifuse, SRAM memory cell, Flash EPROM memory cell, and EEPROM memory cell. FPGAs that employ fuses or antifuses as switches can be programmed only once. A memory cell controlled switch implementation of an FPGA can be reprogrammed repeatedly. In this scenario, an NMOS transistor is typically used as the switch to either connect or disconnect two selected points (A, B) in the circuit. The NMOS' source and drain nodes are connected to points A, B respectively, and its gate node is directly or indirectly connected to the memory cell. By setting the state of the memory cell to either logical "1" or "0", the switch can be turned on or off and thus point A and B are either connected or disconnected. Thus, the ability to program these switches provides for a very flexible device.
FPGAs can store the program that determines the circuit to be implemented in a RAM or PROM on the FPGA chip. The pattern of the data in this configuration memory CM determines the cells' functions and their interconnection wiring. Each bit of CM controls a transistor switch in the target circuit that can select some cell function or make (or break) some connection. By replacing the contents of CM, designers can make design changes or correct design errors. The CM can be downloaded from an external source or stored on-chip. This type of FPGA can be reprogrammed repeatedly, which significantly reduces development and manufacturing costs.
In general, an FPGA is one type of programmable logic device (PLD), i.e., a device that contains many gates or other general-purpose cells whose interconnections can be configured or "programmed" to implement any desired combinational or sequential function. As its name implies, an FPGA is "field-programmable", meaning that the device is generally programmed by designers or end users "in the field" via small, low-cost programming units. This is in contrast to mask programmable devices which require special steps in the IC chip-manufacturing process.
A field-programming unit typically uses design software to program the FPGA. The design software compiles a specific user design, i.e., a specific configuration of the programmable switches desired by the end-user, into FPGA configuration data. The design software assembles the configuration data into a bit stream, i.e., a stream of ones and zeros, that is fed into the FPGA and used to program the configuration memories for the programmable switches. The bit stream creates the pattern of the data in the configuration memory CM that determines whether each memory cell stores a "1" or a "0". The stored bit in each CM controls whether its associated transistor switch is turned on or off. End users typically use design software to test different designs and run simulations for FPGAs.
When an FPGA that has been programmed to perform one specific function is compared to an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that has been designed and manufactured to perform that same specific function, the FPGA will necessarily be a larger device than the ASIC. This is because FPGAs are very flexible devices that are capable of implementing many different functions, and as such, they include a large amount of excess circuitry that is either not used or could be replaced with hard-wired connections when performing one specific function. Such excess circuitry generally includes the numerous programmable transistor switches and corresponding memory cells that are not used in implementing the one specific function, the memory cells inside of functional groups, and the FPGA programming circuitry. This excess circuitry is typically eliminated in the design of an ASIC which makes the ASIC a smaller device. An ASIC, on the other hand, is not a flexible device. In other words, once an ASIC has been designed and manufactured it cannot be reconfigured to perform a different function like is possible with an FPGA.
Designers of FPGAs (as well as other PLDs) often provide their circuit designs to IC manufacturers who typically manufacture the FPGAs in two different ways. First, an FPGA design may be manufactured as its own chip with no other devices being included in the IC package. Second, an FPGA design may be embedded into a larger IC. An example of such a larger IC is a system on a chip (SOC) that includes the embedded FPGA as well as several other components. The several other components may include, for example, a microprocessor, memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), state machine, etc. In this scenario the embedded FPGA may be only a small part of the whole SOC.
Whether an FPGA is to be manufactured as its own IC or embedded into a larger IC (e.g., an SOC), the intended application/use of the IC will determine the size and complexity of the FPGA that is needed. In some scenarios a large FPGA is needed, and in other scenarios a small FPGA is needed. Because conventional FPGAs are typically designed for their intended application/use, an FPGA designed to fulfill a need for a small FPGA must be substantially redesigned for use where a larger FPGA is needed. Therefore, it would be highly advantageous to have an FPGA apparatus and method that could be easily adapted for use in both ICs requiring large FPGAs and ICs requiring small FPGAs. Furthermore, it would be highly advantageous if such FPGA apparatus and method could be used in both the scenario where the FPGA is to be manufactured as its own IC and the scenario where the FPGA is to be embedded into a larger IC.

Method and apparatus of memory clearing with monitoring RAM memory cells in a field programmable gated array


The present invention provides a chip ESD protection circuit, includes an integrated circuit layer and a conductive layer. A first ground bonding pad that is connected to a first ground wire of a first power domain is disposed on each of the first power domain and a second power domain in the integrated circuit layer. The first ground bonding pads are bonded to the conductive layer. A second power clamping unit is disposed on the second power domain. A first end of the second power clamping unit is connected to a second power wire of the second power domain, and a second end thereof is connected to the first ground wire or a second ground wire of the second power domain. According to the chip ESD protection circuit, the ESD protection capability of a chip can be improved. The occupied area of the chip is reduced.

ESD is an important factor that affects the reliability of an integrated circuit. In the whole process of chip manufacturing, packaging, testing, transportation and use, accumulation of electrostatic charges and a corresponding discharge phenomenon are inevitable. A chip damaged by ESD can be disabled, may have more electric leakage and may be compromised in capacity.
With the development of an integrated circuit process, more and more circuit modules are integrated onto one chip. For example, a mixed-signal integrated circuit comprises an analog circuit and a digital circuit, of which power voltages may be the same or different. To reduce noise, different power domains are usually adopted for circuits with different power voltages. However, abnormal ESD damage may be generated on interface circuits of the different power domains.
At present, an ESD bus is usually disposed on an integrated circuit board for ESD protection of the chip. As the number of the power domains in the chip and the size of the chip increase, the size of the ESD bus needs to be improved. The bigger the chip is, the longer the ESD bus is. If the width of the ESD bus is kept unchanged, the wiring parasitic resistance is increased due to length increase of the ESD bus, which increases the parasitic resistance of an ESD discharge channel and reduces the ESD protection capability. If the parasitic resistance of the ESD bus is kept unchanged, the width of the ESD bus is required to be increased at an equal proportion. This requires further increase of the occupied area of the chip. Meanwhile, the parasitic resistance of the chip will be increased, leading to lower speed of the integrated circuit.

CHINA ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, 24TH RESEARCH INSTITUTE


Liquid pressure amplification with superheat suppression is used in an air-conditioning or refrigeration system which includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an evaporator, interconnected by conduits in a closed refrigerant loop. A first conduit coupling an outlet of the compressor to an inlet to the condenser. A centrifugal pump is coupled to the condenser (or receiver) outlet for boosting the pressure of the condensed liquid refrigerant by a substantially constant increment. A second conduit transmits a first portion of the condensed liquid refrigerant from outlet of the pump through the expansion valve into the evaporator to effect cooling. A third conduit transmits a second portion of the condensed liquid refrigerant from the pump outlet into the condenser inlet, which cools the superheated vapor refrigerant entering the condenser, reducing head pressure.

This invention relates generally to refrigeration and operation and more particularly to a method and apparatus for boosting the cooling capacity and efficiency of air-conditioning systems under a wide range of ambient atmospheric conditions.
In air conditioning, the basic circuit is essentially the same as in refrigeration. It comprises an evaporator, a condenser, an expansion valve, and a compressor. This, however, is where the similarity ends. The evaporator and condenser of an air conditioner will generally have less surface area. The temperature difference .DELTA.T between condensing temperature and ambient temperature is usually 27.degree. F. with a 105.degree. F. minimum condensing temperature, while in refrigeration the difference .DELTA.T can be from 8.degree. F. to 15.degree. F. with an 86.degree. F. minimum condensing temperature.
I have previously improved the cooling capacity and efficiency of refrigeration systems. As disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,873, this is accomplished by addition of a liquid pump at the outlet of the receiver or condenser. Operation of the pump adds 5-12 p.s.i. of pressure to the condensed refrigerant flowing into the expansion valve, a process I call liquid pressure amplification. This suppresses flash gas and assures a uniform flow of liquid refrigerant to the expansion valve, substantially increasing cooling capacity and efficiency. The best results are obtained when such a system is operated with the condenser at moderate ambient temperatures, usually under 80.degree. F. As ambient temperatures rise above the minimum condensing temperature, the advantages gradually decrease. The same thing happens when the principles of my prior invention are applied to air conditioning, except that the minimum condensing temperature is higher.
While conventional air-conditioning systems can benefit from my prior invention, the greatest need for air conditioning is when ambient temperatures are high, over 80.degree. F. Conventional air conditioning becomes less effective and efficient as ambient temperatures rise to 100.degree. F. or more, as does use of my prior liquid refrigerant pressure amplification technique.
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to improve the efficiency of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
Another object of the invention is to increase the cooling capacity of such systems when operated at high ambient temperatures.
A further object of the invention is to enable the aforementioned objects to be attained economically and by retrofitting existing systems as well as in new systems.
The present invention is an improvement in the structure and method of operation of an air-conditioning or refrigeration system which includes a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator, and conduit means interconnecting the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator in series in a closed loop for circulating refrigerant therethrough, and optionally may include a receiver between the condenser and expansion valve. The conduit means includes first conduit means coupling an outlet of the compressor to an inlet to the condenser to convey superheated vapor refrigerant from the compressor into the condenser at a first pressure and temperature. A centrifugal pump means has an inlet coupled to an outlet of the condenser (or to the receiver outlet) for receiving condensed liquid refrigerant at a second pressure less than said first pressure and boosting the second pressure of the condensed liquid refrigerant by a substantially constant increment of pressure within a predetermined range to discharge the condensed liquid refrigerant from an outlet of the pump means at a third pressure greater than said second pressure. A second conduit means couples the outlet of the pump means to an inlet to the expansion valve to transmit a first portion of the condensed liquid refrigerant from outlet of the pump means at said third pressure through the expansion valve into the evaporator to vaporize and effect cooling for air conditioning or refrigeration. A third conduit means couples the outlet of the pump means to an inlet to the condenser to transmit a second portion of the condensed liquid refrigerant from outlet of the pump means into the inlet of the condenser to vaporize therein. The portion of the condensed liquid refrigerant injected into the condensor inlet cools the superheated vapor refrigerant entering the condenser to a reduced temperature, thereby reducing said first pressure.
The first and second conduit means are preferably proportioned so that the second portion of refrigerant is sufficient to reduce the first temperature to a reduced temperature close to a saturation temperature of the refrigerant, preferably within 10.degree. F. to 15.degree. F. above saturation temperature, and so that the second portion of refrigerant is substantially less than the first portion, preferably less than about 5% of the first portion and typically in the range of 2%-3% of the first portion. Suitably, the first and second conduit means are proportioned with a cross-sectional area ratio of about 16:1. The system preferably further includes means responsive to a temperature of the evaporator for modulating the expansion valve.
In the improved method of operation, superheated vapor refrigerant is transmitted from the compressor to an inlet to the condenser at a first temperature and pressure. The vapor refrigerant is condensed and discharged as liquid refrigerant at a second temperature and pressure less than said first temperature and pressure. The pressure of the liquid refrigerant discharged from the condenser (or receiver) is boosted to a third pressure greater than the second pressure by a substantially constant increment of pressure. Then, in accordance with the invention, a first portion of the liquid refrigerant is transmitted at said third pressure via the expansion valve into the evaporator and a second portion thereof is transmitted into the condenser inlet so that the first temperature of the superheated vapor refrigerant is reduced toward said second temperature, thereby reducing said first pressure.
The first and second portions of liquid refrigerant at said third pressure are proportioned so that the first portion is substantially greater than the second portion. Preferably, the added increment of pressure is 8 to 10 p.s.i. and the second portion has a flow rate less than 5% of the flow rate of the first portion. The flow of the first portion through the expansion valve can be modulated in response to a temperature in the evaporator.
Prior art ammonia-refrigeration systems are known in which a portion of liquid refrigerant is injected from the receiver to the condenser inlet to suppress superheat. This has not been done, however, in combination with adding an incremental pressure, for example by means of a centrifugal pump, to the pressure of the liquid refrigerant flowing into the expansion valve.
Operation with an added incremental liquid refrigerant pressure preferably includes allowing the first pressure to float with an ambient temperature. This reduces overall system pressures, thereby increasing system efficiency at moderate ambient temperatures. The present invention desuperheats the compressed refrigerant vapor as it enters the condenser, lowering its temperature and further reducing the first pressure, even when ambient temperatures are high. The invention thus raises the temperature range over which benefits can be obtained from adding an increment of pressure to the liquid refrigerant. This further improves efficiency and enables effective operation in very high ambient temperature environments.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.


Disclosed is a method for determining a data rate of a user equipment (UE) for an enhanced uplink dedicated channel (EUDCH) service by a Node B in a mobile communication system having a radio network controller (RNC), the UE transmitting UE transmission power class information to the RNC, and the Node B having a table for storing total transmission power corresponding to the transmission power class, the Node B supporting the EUDCH service of the UE. The method comprises receiving uplink channel condition information of the UE from the UE, and receiving UE transmission power class information from the RNC; and reading total transmission power corresponding to the received UE transmission power class from the table, and determining a data rate of the UE considering the uplink channel condition information and the total transmission power.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a mobile communication system supporting an enhanced uplink dedicated channel (hereinafter referred to as "EUDCH") service, and in particular, to a method for determining a data rate for an EUDCH service of a user equipment (UE) by a Node B in performing control scheduling on the UE.
2. Description of the Related Art
The present invention is provided on the assumption that an enhanced uplink dedicated channel (EUDCH) is used in a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) communication system. The EUDCH is a channel proposed to improve packet transmission capability for uplink transmission in an asynchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system. For the EUDCH technology, new short transmission time interval (TTI) technology can be used together with AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) and HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request) used in existing HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). The TTI can be defined as a transmission unit for which one data block is transmitted over a physical channel. In HSDPA, as scheduling of a downlink channel is performed not by a radio network controller (RNC) but by a Node B, scheduling of an uplink channel is also performed by the Node B. Of course, Node B's uplink control scheduling is greatly different from Node B's downlink control scheduling.
FIG. 1 is a fundamental conceptual diagram illustrating a situation where EUDCH is used. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 100 represents a Node B supporting EUDCH, and reference numerals 101 to 104 represent user equipments (UEs) transmitting EUDCH. The Node B 100 analyzes channel conditions of UEs that use the EUDCH, and performs proper scheduling on each UE. The scheduling is performed in such a manner that a low data rate is assigned to a UE located far from the Node B and a high data rate is assigned to a UE located close to the Node B as long as a measured noise rise value of the Node B does not exceed a target noise rise value, in order to increase the entire system capability.
A fundamental EUDCH transmission/reception procedure will be described with reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 illustrates a transmission/reception procedure between a UE 202 transmitting EUDCH and a Node B 201 to which the UE 202 belongs. The Node B 201 and the UE 202 perform EUDCH transmission/reception setup in step 203. The setup process includes a process of delivering messages over a dedicated transport channel. After EUDCH setup is performed in step 203, the UE 202 sends scheduling information to the Node B 201 in step 204. The scheduling information sent in step 204 can include the UE's transmission power information from which uplink channel information can be detected, the UE's transmission power margin information, or an amount of transmission data stored in a buffer of the UE. The Node B 201, receiving the scheduling information from a plurality of UEs, schedules the respective UEs while monitoring the scheduling information from the UEs in step 211. A scheduling method can be dependent upon the Node B 201, and a detailed description of the scheduling method will now be described.
When the Node B 201 schedules the UE 202 according to the process of step 211, the Node B 201 transmits scheduling assignment information to the UE 202 in step 205. The UE 20 then transmits EUDCH using an assigned data rate and transmission timing included in the scheduling assignment information of step 205 in step 207. A transport format resource indicator (hereinafter referred to as "TFRI"), which is resource information of EUDCH of step 207, is transmitted to the Node B 201 together with EUDCH of step 207, in step 206. After receiving the channels of steps 206 and 207, the Node B 201 determines whether there is an error in the TFRI of step 206 and the EUDCH of step 207. If there is any error in either the TFRI of step 206 or the EUDCH of step 207, the Node B 201 transmits NACK information to the UE 202 over an ACK/NACK channel in step 208. However, if there is no error in both the TFRI of step 206 and the EUDCH of step 207, the Node B 201 transmits ACK information to the UE 202 over the ACK/NACK channel in step 208.
Meanwhile, the Node B 201 determines a data rate to be designated to the UE based on the scheduling information received in step 204. In this process, the Node B must assign a proper data rate and transmission timing to several UEs using EUDCH, and resources must be assigned to the UEs so that an uplink noise rise value should not exceed a target noise rise value in the scheduling. Of course, for improvement of the entire system capability, more resources are assigned to a UE having a better channel condition.
Herein, a description will be made of a procedure for scheduling a UE by a Node B in transmitting and receiving EUDCH. As described above, the Node B schedules EUDCH transmission of several UEs so that a noise rise value should not exceed a target noise rise value, and at the same time, the Node B's capacity should be maximized. The Node B performs such scheduling using the scheduling information received from respective UEs in step 204. The scheduling information of step 204 can be used in the following two methods.
In a first method, each UE notifies a Node B of its transmission power value. Also, the UE can inform the Node B of an amount (quantity size) of data stored in its buffer. In this method, the Node B can estimate an uplink channel condition in a situation that each UE faces, using transmission power of the UE, so it can assign proper resources to each UE.
A detailed description of the method will now be made with reference to FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the UEs 101 to 104 are different from each other in distance from the Node B 100, and the UE 101 is located closest to the Node B 101 while the UE 104 is located farthest from the Node B 101. In this case, the UE 101 has the lowest uplink channel power strength (represented by a thinnest arrow 111), and the UE 104 has the highest uplink channel power strength (represented by a thickest arrow 114). Therefore, as a method for obtaining the highest capability while maintaining the same measured noise rise value, scheduling is performed in such a manner that power strength should be in reverse proportion to a data rate. That is, scheduling is performed in such a manner that a UE located close to a Node B, like the UE 101, having low uplink transmission power is assigned the highest data rate, while a UE located far from the Node B, like the UE 104, having high uplink transmission power is assigned the lowest data rate. Such a method is called "maximum CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) scheduling." However, in this method, the Node B has no information on a transmission power margin available for each UE, increasing possibility that flexibility of scheduling will be lost.
That is, even though more resources are assigned to a UE having a good uplink channel environment, if a transmission power margin of the UE is not sufficient, the UE cannot sufficiently use the assigned resources. For example, since the UE is located close to the Node B 100, like the UE 101, it can transmit data at low uplink transmission power. In addition, although the UE can be assigned a relatively high data rate in transmitting data, if a transmission power margin of the UE is not sufficient, the UE, in some cases, cannot use maximum resources determined by the Node B 100. That is, as described above, since the Node B 100 does not have information on an available power margin of the UE 101, the Node B 100 cannot effectively determine how many resources it should assign to the UE 101.
In a second method, a transmission power margin of a UE is determined with the scheduling information. A UE informs a Node B of its available power margin, and the Node B receiving the transmission power margins from several UEs assigns resources to the UEs through scheduling so as to efficiently increase cell capability.
However, in this method, the Node B cannot accurately detect a channel condition of each UE. That is, transmission power margin information that the UE sends to the Node B does not have uplink channel condition information of the UE. Therefore, the maximum CQI scheduling method that performs scheduling according to a channel condition cannot be used.
For example, according to this method, when a transmission power margin is transmitted from the UEs 101 to 104 to the Node B 100, relatively many resources are assigned to a UE having a large power margin while relatively fewer resources are assigned to a UE having a small power margin. In this case, even the UE having a large power margin, when its channel environment is poor, cannot be sufficiently assigned as many resources as the value for which the power margin is considered. That is, even though sufficient resources as determined by the power margin are assigned, normal data transmission/reception becomes difficult due to the poor channel environment, causing a reduction in channel capacity.
As described above, a Node B assigns resources to UEs that use EUDCH, through scheduling. The scheduling is performed using scheduling information delivered by a UE over an uplink. The above-stated two proposed conventional methods lack information for optimized scheduling. Accordingly, there is a demand for a method for maximizing system capability by efficiently performing scheduling in which the Node B assigns resources to UEs that use EUDCH.

Method for determining data rate of user equipment supporting EUDCH service


A liquid circulation device includes a supply unit that forms a flow path supplying a liquid from a reservoir unit; a collection unit that forms a flow path collecting the liquid to the reservoir unit; and N number of the connection units provided respectively corresponding to N number of ejection units ejecting the liquid forming a flow path connecting the supply unit and the collection unit via the ejection units, wherein with regard to each of N number of the connection units, a connection order of the connection units with respect to the supply unit, which is counted from upstream in a flow direction of the liquid in the supply unit coincides with a connection order of the connection units with respect to the collection unit, which is counted from upstream in the flow direction of the liquid in the collection unit.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid circulation device and a liquid ejection apparatus which circulate a liquid via a plurality of ejection units.
2. Related Art
An ink circulation type printer has been known (refer to JP-A-2011-79169, JP-A-2009-166307 and JPA-2009-101668), in which an ink is supplied from an ink tank, and is collected again into the ink tank via a plurality of ejection heads. In JP-A-2011-79169, JP-A-2009-166307 and JP-A-2009-101668, a common supply unit to which the ink is supplied from the ink tank and a collection unit collecting the ink to the ink tank are provided, and connection units connecting between the supply unit and the collection unit are provided corresponding to the plurality of ejection heads, respectively. The connection units, via each of plurality of ejection heads, can supply the ink to each of the plurality of ejection heads.

Liquid circulation device and liquid ejection apparatus


A rotor includes: a circular rotor core; and a plurality of θ magnets. The θ magnets are contained in a magnet holding sections such that the same magnetic pole of one magnet as that of another magnet adjacent to said one magnet faces the same magnet pole of the adjacent magnet in circumferential directions of the rotor core. Given that the number of magnetic poles of the rotor is denoted by P, the maximum outside diameter of the rotor core is denoted by Dr [mm], and the thickness of the plate-like magnet in a circumferential direction of the rotor core is denoted by Lm [mm], the following inequality (2) is satisfied:0.665×10−4×P2−0.28×10−2×P+0.577×10−1<(Lm/Dr)<3.38×10−4×P2−1.86×10−2×P+3.36×10−1  (2).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rotor and a motor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the conventional practice, motors are used as driving sources of various types of apparatuses and products. For example, the motors are used for business machines, such as printers and copying machines, various kinds of home electric appliances, and power assist sources of vehicles, such as automobiles and power-assisted bicycles. In particular, brushless motors are sometimes used as the driving sources of movable parts with high operation frequency in the light of increased durability and reduced noise.
Known as a type of such a brushless motor is an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor where a permanent magnet is embedded in a rotor. For example, there is an electric motor in which a plurality of plate-like magnets are radially embedded in a rotor yoke and also each magnet is disposed such that the same poles of adjacent magnets face each other circumferentially (see Japanese Patent 3425176).
While it is an idea to use a magnet with high residual magnetic flux density in order to improve the average magnetic flux density in an outer circumferential part of the motor's rotor yoke, it can disadvantageously lead to an increase in the cost.


A driver hammer for driving an elongated member into the earth and for extracting the member from the earth includes a hammer body and a forward driving anvil slidably mounted in the body that is engaged directly with the elongated member when the latter is driven into the earth. A conventional hammer drive mechanism is used to repeatedly impact the forward driving anvil to drive the member into the earth. When the member is to be extracted from the earth, a back driving lever, which is pivotally mounted on the hammer body, is pivoted into the position where the forward driving anvil can strike an impact surface on one side of the pivot point of the lever and a back driving anvil is engaged with a second impact surface on the opposite side of the pivot point of the lever and which is attached to the elongated member. Accordingly, the forward driving anvil repeatedly strikes the first impact surface, thereby causing the second impact surface to pivot upwardly and impact the back driving anvil, which extracts the member from the earth.

This invention relates to an automatic hammer for driving elongated members into the earth and for extracting such members from the earth.
Earth probing for environmental and geotechnical soil sampling has become increasingly necessary. Samples may be taken by drilling into the earth and taking samples at predetermined depths, or by driving samplers into the earth. Where possible, driving samplers directly is usually less expensive and more convenient than drilling. Samplers, rod, casing or other members are hammered into the earth by automatic hammers that apply impact forces to the member in a downwardly acting motion. However, samplers and other members driven into the earth in this way must usually also be removed. Existing automatic hammers are not capable of driving a sampler in both a downward direction and an upward direction. Several devices such as hoists, hydraulic cylinders, etc., are used to apply a steady, upward force to remove an object from the earth. However, impact force is more effective than a steady force in removing stuck objects from the earth.
One prior art method of driving samplers, rod, casing or other members into the ground employs a cathead (or power rotating drum) and rope to raise and drop a hammer. An operator engages the rope which is connected to the drop weight with the rotating drum. The drum raises the drop weight to a predetermined height, at which time the operator releases the rope to allow the drop weight to drop and thus impact the object being driven into the ground. Catheads may also be used to provide an upwardly directed impact force to drive members out of the ground. Catheads are dangerous to operate and must be used by skilled operators only. Their use has largely been replaced by the automatic hammer to drive members into the ground, which is a safer, more accurate method of driving rods, samplers, casing or other members into the ground. But since these automatic hammers are not capable of back driving, many rigs are still equipped with catheads for back driving.


In a wheel support frame for connecting wheel support elements of a vehicle to a vehicle body with two longitudinal frame members extending parallel to the longitudinal vehicle axis and two transverse frame members being connected to the longitudinal frame members, at least one of the transverse frame members is connected to the longitudinal frame members by elastic mounts and also the longitudinal frame members which support the wheels are connected to the vehicle body by elastic mounts.

The invention relates to a support frame for mounting the wheel support elements of a vehicle to the vehicle body including two spaced longitudinal frame members extending in spaced relationship parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and two transverse frame members. Such a wheel support frame may be provided particularly for the driven rear wheels of a vehicle and may support the rear wheel drive housing.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a support frame for mounting the wheel support elements to a vehicle body which has a positive effect on the inherent steering characteristics of the wheels mounted to the support frame.

Support frame for connecting the wheel support elements of a vehicle to a vehicle body


Disclosed is a process for combusting dry gas to heat the air supplied to an FCC regenerator to increase its temperature and minimize production of undesirable combustion products. Preferably, the dry gas is a selected FCC product gas. Alternatively or additionally, dry gas from an FCC product stream is separated and delivered to an expander to recover power before combustion.

The field of the invention is power recovery from a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit.
FCC technology, now more than 50 years old, has undergone continuous improvement and remains the predominant source of gasoline production in many refineries. This gasoline, as well as lighter products, is formed as the result of cracking heavier (i.e. higher molecular weight), less valuable hydrocarbon feed stocks such as gas oil.
In its most general form, the FCC process comprises a reactor that is closely coupled with a regenerator, followed by downstream hydrocarbon product separation. Hydrocarbon feed contacts catalyst in the reactor to crack the hydrocarbons down to smaller molecular weight products. During this process, the catalyst tends to accumulate coke thereon, which is burned off in the regenerator.
The heat of combustion in the regenerator typically produces flue gas at temperatures of 677° to 788° C. (1250° to 1450° F.) and at a pressure range of 138 to 276 kPa (20 to 40 psig). Although the pressure is relatively low, the extremely high temperature, high volume of flue gas from the regenerator contains sufficient kinetic energy to warrant economic recovery.
To recover energy from a flue gas stream, flue gas may be fed to a power recovery unit, which for example may include an expander turbine. The kinetic energy of the flue gas is transferred through blades of the expander to a rotor coupled either to a main air blower, to produce combustion air for the FCC regenerator, and/or to a generator to produce electrical power. Because of the pressure drop of 138 to 207 kPa (20 to 30 psi) across the expander turbine, the flue gas typically discharges with a temperature drop of approximately 125° to 167° C. (225 to 300° F.). The flue gas may be run to a steam generator for further energy recovery. A power recovery train may include several devices, such as an expander turbine, a generator, an air blower, a gear reducer, and a let-down steam turbine.
In order to reduce damage to components downstream of the regenerator, it is also known to remove flue gas solids. This is commonly accomplished with first and second stage separators, such as cyclones, located in the regenerator. Some systems also include a third stage separator (TSS) or even a fourth stage separator (FSS) to remove further fine particles, commonly referred to as "fines".
The FCC process produces around 30% of the dry gas produced in a refinery. Dry gas mainly comprises ethane, methane and other light gases. Dry gas is separated from other FCC products at high pressures. FCC dry gas is heavily olefinic and typically used as fuel gas throughout a refinery. Olefinic dry gas, such as dry gas having over 10 wt-% olefins is not viable for use in gas turbines in which the olefins can cause internal fouling particularly due to the presence of diolefins. In some cases, FCC units produce more dry gas than the refinery consumes. The excess dry gas can be flared which is an environmental concern. To make less dry gas, the riser temperature can be reduced, adversely affecting the product slate, or throughput can be reduced, adversely affecting productivity. Olefinic dry gas can also be obtained from other unit operations such as those that are hydrogen deficient like cokers and steam crackers.


A reference member for determining a position of an implant analog can comprise a trapezoidal body including a first side and a substantially parallel second side. The first side can define a first dimension and the second side can define a second dimension that is greater than the first dimension.

Determining a position of an implant analog can be difficult. An implant analog body can be embedded in a working model. Currently, a reference member can be screwed to an implant analog and alignment or position of the implant analog can be determined by a plurality of scans. The reference member can be cylindrical or a conical cylinder with a flat section that can be used for orientation of the geometry of the body. The reference member can be matched to each of a number of implant analog systems. Consequently, a high degree of user skill and concentration can be required to match the reference member to each implant analog system. In order to mitigate potential for error during processing of data, the reference member alignment or position can be documented manually or taken when selecting the corresponding geometry.
Dimensions of the reference member can be constrained by adjacent teeth, such that the cylinder can be no thicker than about 5 millimeters (mm). Measurement of the reference member can be a tactile, as well as a visual, endeavor. The tactile measurement can include measuring a cover surface of the cylinder, which is defined by a circle and a plane. A center of the circle and a vector describing the position of the plane can describe a direction of the reference member. Since height of the measured cylinder can be known, the position and direction of the implant analog can be described. Visual measurement of the reference member can be scanned and software can extrude data. Also with this technique, the center of the lid surface can be obtained.
Another way to determine the position of an implant analog body can be a best fit function. In this technique, the reference member can be scanned or triangulated relative to another body.

Reference member for determining a position of an implant analog


A synthesized image showing the situation around a vehicle is produced from images taken with cameras capturing the surroundings of the vehicle and presented to a display. A position computation section computes position information and the reliability of the position information, for a plurality of points in the camera images. An image variable-synthesis section produces a first synthesized image from the camera images using the position information. An image fixed-synthesis section produces a second synthesized image by road surface projection, for example, without use of the position information. A synthesis scheme selection section selects either one of the first and second synthesized images according to the reliability as the synthesized image to be presented.

The present invention relates to a technology on a vehicle surroundings monitoring device in which images taken with a camera capturing the surroundings of a vehicle are transformed to provide a synthesized image showing the situation around the vehicle.
In recent years, to help drivers drive safely, vehicle surroundings monitoring devices for monitoring the surroundings of a vehicle with a camera have been increasingly put into practical use.
In one type of conventional vehicle surroundings monitoring device, a camera is placed so as to capture a blind spot for the driver, such as an area behind the vehicle. Image taken with the camera are transformed by a predetermined fixed method, to be displayed on a display. For example, in a technique disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 03-99952 (literature 1), a plurality of cameras are placed on a car as shown in FIG. 20A. Images of the surroundings of the car taken with the cameras are transformed, to produce an image viewed from top with the car in the center as shown in FIG. 20B, and the resultant image is presented to a display mounted in the car.
In another type, the position of an obstacle in an image taken with a camera placed on a vehicle is computed. The image is transformed according to the computed position of the obstacle, to be displayed on a display. For example, in a technique disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 06-333200 (literature 2), the position of an obstacle in an image is computed using two images taken at slightly different times when the vehicle is moving. The images are transformed using the computed position of the obstacle, to obtain a synthesized image viewed from side as shown in FIG. 21A.
By use of the monitoring devices described above, the driver can check a blind spot, of which direct observation is not possible from the driver's seat, with a display, and can easily grasp how the obstacle is apart from the vehicle with an image viewed from top or side. In this way, the driver can drive more safely.
However, the conventional techniques described above have the following problems.
In the case of transformation of a camera image by a predetermined fixed method, no consideration is given to the shape of an obstacle in the image. Therefore, the shape of the obstacle is distorted in a synthesized image, and this makes the synthesized image unnatural. For example, in the literature 1, a camera image is transformed on the assumption that any object in the image exists in the same plane, that is, in the plane of road surface, for example. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 20B, while the road surface is displayed correctly, an object that is not in the plane of road surface, such as an obstacle, is displayed as a distorted unnatural image.
In the case of transformation of an image according to the position of an obstacle computed from images, a natural synthesized image with no distortion is produced when the position of the obstacle is correctly computed. However, if the computed position includes errors greatly, the obstacle may possibly be displayed at a wrong position, or the obstacle may not be displayed in a synthesized image. For example, in the literature 2, the position of an obstacle is computed by extracting the motion of a luminance edge from two images taken at slightly different times. In the actual drive environment, however, there often occur such cases that the computed position includes errors greatly and that the position of an obstacle is undetectable at all. In the case that the computed position includes errors greatly, the obstacle may be displayed at a position farther than the actual position, or the obstacle may not be shown in the synthesized image. This may mislead the driver and thus prevent the driver from driving safely.

Vehicle surroundings monitoring device, and image production method/program

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A system and method for routing packets in a multihopping wireless communication network (100). The system and method selects a node (106-1) of the wireless network (100) to operate as an aggregation point, at which two or more possible routes for transmitting packets or packet fragments from a source mobile node (102-1) to a destination mobile node (102-2) meet. A primary route is selected based on historical quality of one or more links between nodes (102, 106, 107), and one or more secondary routes are selected based on the success rate of packets reaching the aggregation point.

In recent years, a type of mobile communications network known as an ad-hoc network has been developed. In this type of network, each mobile node is capable of operating as a base station or router for the other mobile nodes, thus eliminating the need for a fixed infrastructure of base stations. As can be appreciated by one skilled in the art, network nodes transmit and receive data packet communications in a multiplexed format, such as time-division multiple access (TDMA) format, code-division multiple access (CDMA) format, or frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) format.
More sophisticated ad-hoc networks are also being developed which, in addition to enabling mobile nodes to communicate with each other as in a conventional ad-hoc network, further enable the mobile nodes to access a fixed network and thus communicate with other mobile nodes, such as those on the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and on other networks such as the Internet. Details of these advanced types of ad-hoc networks are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/897,790entitled "Ad Hoc Peer-to-Peer Mobile Radio Access System Interfaced to the PSTN and Cellular Networks", filed on Jun. 29, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,072,650, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/815,157entitled "Time Division Protocol for an Ad-Hoc, Peer-to-Peer Radio Network Having Coordinating Channel Access to Shared Parallel Data Channels with Separate Reservation Channel", filed on Mar. 22, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,807,165, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/815,164 entitled "Prioritized-Routing for an Ad-Hoc, Peer-to-Peer, Mobile Radio Access System", filed on Mar. 22, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,873,839, the entire content of each being incorporated herein by reference.
Typically, to make routing decisions, routing algorithms need some criteria pertaining to the usability or quality of the potential links between nodes. Certain existing routing algorithms for routing packets between nodes in ad-hoc networks may ignore the behavior of wireless channels. For example, in first generation wireless routing algorithms, the criteria is typically the existence of a link between nodes. In these algorithms, therefore, routing is based on optimizing the number of hops for the route. The optimal route is identified thus to be the route having the lowest total number of hops.
In second generation wireless routing algorithms, additional information is gathered, such as the reliability, bandwidth, signal strength and other such parameters, as can be appreciated by one skilled in the art. The routing algorithms use this information in a raw or filtered format to select the links that should be used for communication between nodes. Also, a simple prediction of the future parameters of the links can be performed using a linear prediction algorithm as can be appreciated by one skilled in the art. Although these algorithms may be somewhat suitable, they may not respond to quick changes in channel properties. For example, when Rayleigh fading occurs on a mobile channel because a wireless node travels into an area having many obstructions, the algorithm may not account for the fact that such fading can occur rapidly. Also, selecting a link based on a prediction algorithm before the transmission occurs may be unsuitable for transmissions that are broadcast in nature and are received by multiple destinations or intermediate nodes, since some of those nodes may be in an environment prone to fading when the transmission actually occurs.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.

System and method for routing packets in a wireless multihopping communication network


A moveable control pedal assembly includes a pedal carriage to which a pedal arm is mounted. The pedal carriage can be moved forward and backward via threaded extender rods which engage the pedal carriage to move it along the extender rods when they are rotated. A threaded control rod, extending between the pedal arm and a control device, such as a hydraulic cylinder or control cable, rotates with the extender rods and allows movement of the pedal carriage and pedal arm without altering the mechanical advantage provided by the pedal arm and without altering the lateral positioning of the control rod.

The ergonomics and safety of motor vehicles have undergone many improvements. One of these improvements has been the increased range of adjustments that can be made to the positioning of the vehicle operator and the positioning of the operating controls of the vehicle with respect to the operator. Specifically, in addition to providing a variety of positioning adjustments to the operator's seat, many vehicles now provide adjustments to the steering wheel height and distance and the forward and backward positioning of the control pedals (brake, accelerator and/or clutch) with respect to the operator's position.
An example of an adjustable pedal is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,431,021 which shows a pedal which can be moved about a pivot point to adjust the pedal position forward and backward as desired. Published PCT application WO 01/6924 shows another adjustable pedal which moves about pivot points to allow forward and backward adjustment.
While prior art adjustable pedals have been well received in the marketplace, they do suffer from some problems. For example, some adjustable pedals are quite complex and expensive to manufacture. Further, movement of the pedals in many of the prior art adjustable pedal mechanisms is achieved by pivoting a sub-assembly of the pedal mechanism through a circular path about a pivot point. This pivoting motion changes the geometry between the pedal, its mounting bracket and the rod or cable being acted on by the pedal. Thus, adjustment of the pedals along the circular path about the pivot also alters the mechanical advantage provided by the pedal assembly and this results in the controls of the vehicle operating somewhat differently when the pedals are adjusted to different positions. Other prior art adjustable pedals also suffer from changing mechanical advantage between the pedal and the control cable or rod as the position of the pedal is adjusted. Such a variation in the operation of the vehicle controls is clearly undesirable.
It is therefore desired to have a moveable control pedal assembly which is not overly complex and/or expensive to manufacture and which does not alter the operation of the vehicle controls when moved into different positions.


A method for performing transactions using an aggregate payment medium involves obtaining payee data associated with a payee, obtaining transaction data associated with a transaction to be performed between a payer and the payee, and determining, for each payment medium, a benefit and a cost associated with using the payment medium for the transaction. The method further includes obtaining, for each of the payment media, a return from using the payment medium for the transaction, based on the benefit and the cost, selecting, from the payment media, a payment medium with a highest return, and providing, by the aggregate payment medium, payment medium data associated with the selected payment medium to the payee to enable execution of the transaction.

Optimally using payment media such as credit cards is complicated by the myriad of rules that are associated with these payment media. These rules may sharply differ between different payment media, they may be specific to particular transactions and may further change over time. A user, thus, faces a significant challenge when attempting to select an appropriate payment medium for a transaction, in an attempt to minimize the transaction cost while maximizing the transaction benefit.

Method and system for performing transactions using aggregate payment media


A grinding wheel machining device includes a movable platform and a grinding wheel machining mechanism. The grinding wheel machining mechanism includes a mounting assembly, a tool holder mounted on the movable member, a machining tool mounted on the tool holder, and an adjusting assembly. The mounting assembly includes a fixing base mounted on the movable platform, a movable member mounted onto the fixing base, and a rotation shaft received into the fixing base and the movable member. The machining tool includes a cutting edge. The adjusting assembly includes a reference member and an adjusting member. The reference member is fixed on the movable member and includes a reference surface. The reference surface is coplanar with a central axis of the rotation shaft. The adjusting member is received into the tool holder and threaded into the reference surface.

In a process of machining a grinding wheel, a grinding wheel machining device machines sidewalls of the grinding wheel. However, a thickness of the grinding wheel is manually measured by a measuring tool, which is inefficient. Furthermore, the grinding wheel and/or the grinding wheel machining device may need to be manually adjusted many times, which may result in deviations of positions of the grinding wheel relative to the machining tool.
Therefore, there is room for improvement in the art.

HONG FU JIN PRECISION INDUSTRY (ShenZhen) CO., LTD.


The invention relates to a substrate for a liquid crystal display that forms a part of a display of an information apparatus and a liquid crystal display having the same. The invention provides a substrate for a liquid crystal display which contributes to suppression of an increase in the number of manufacturing steps and an increase in a manufacturing cost and which improves the yield of manufacture, a liquid crystal display having the same, and a method of manufacturing the same. There is provided a base substrate that sandwiches a liquid crystal in combination with an opposite substrate provided opposite thereto and having an electrode formed thereon, a plurality of gate bus lines formed on the base substrate, a plurality of drain bus lines formed such that they intersect with the gate bus lines with an insulation film interposed therebetween, a light-reflective pixel electrode formed in each pixel region on the base substrate, thin film transistors formed in the vicinity of positions where the gate bus lines and the drain bus lines intersect with each other, and a protective film formed of a photosensitive material on the drain bus lines.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a substrate for a liquid crystal display that constitutes a display of an information apparatus and a liquid crystal display having the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A liquid crystal display is constituted of a TFT substrate on which a thin film transistor (TFT) is formed in each pixel region, an opposite substrate provided opposite to the TFT substrate, and a liquid crystal sealed between the substrates. A TFT substrate for a transmissive liquid crystal display having inverted staggered type TFTs with a channel protection film is manufactured using five photo-masks, in general. A first photo-mask is used for forming gate bus lines, and a second photo-mask is used for forming a channel protection film. A third photo-mask is used for drain bus lines and source and drain electrodes, a fourth photo-mask is used for forming contact holes by providing openings in the protection film on the source electrodes. A fifth photo-mask is used for forming pixel electrodes. It is advantageous to reduce the number of photo-masks in reducing the manufacturing cost of a TFT substrate.
Unlike a transmissive liquid crystal display manufactured using five photo-masks, in the case of a TFT substrate for a reflective liquid crystal display having TFTs in the same configuration and having pixel electrodes that also serve as light reflecting plates, one photo-mask can be deleted because drain bus lines, source and drain electrodes, and pixel electrodes (reflective electrodes) are simultaneously formed from the same material. Further, since the drain bus lines, source and drain electrodes, and pixel electrodes are formed in the same layer, there is no need for a protective film between the source/drain electrodes and the pixel electrodes which is dispensable in a transmissive liquid crystal display.
In a reflective liquid crystal display, in general, alignment films are directly formed on a top surface of drain bus lines on a TFT substrate and on a top surface of a common electrode on an opposite substrate. If a conductive foreign substance enters the gap between the two substrates when they are combined, the foreign substance can penetrate the alignment films to contact a drain bus line and the common electrode directly. This results in short circuiting between the drain bus line and the common electrode. When short circuiting occurs between the drain bus lines and the common electrode, a line defect occurs because a grayscale voltage is not applied to the pixels on the same drain bus line. Since a line defect is a fatal detect of a product, it can reduce the yield of manufacture of liquid crystal displays.
In order to prevent a line defect attributable to short circuiting as described above, a protective film may be formed on drain bus line. However, when a protective film is formed on the drain bus lines, the protective film will extend on to regions which must be exposed such as regions above pixel electrodes and regions above drain bus line terminals that must be conductive. This results in a need for using a separate photo-mask to pattern the protective film such that openings are formed above the pixel electrodes and drain bus line terminals, which leads to problems such as an increase in the number of manufacturing steps and an increase in the manufacturing cost.

Method of manufacturing a LCD using a photoresist with varying thickness


Beam measurement reporting circuitry is provided for a user equipment (UE) of a wireless telecommunications network. The beam measurement reporting circuitry receives from the network, beam measurement configuration data and measures signal qualities for a plurality of received beams originating from a beam source of the network (serving and neighbouring cells). Beam measurements are performed by the UE to facilitate identification of a non-zero integer, N, beams depending upon the signal quality measurements. The identified beams can be candidate beams for a handover. Circuitry for a NodeB is also provided. A UE, a NodeB and corresponding methods incorporating the beam measurement reporting circuitry and beam measurement configuration circuitry are also provided.

Communication devices such as terminals are also known as e.g. User Equipments (UE), wireless devices, mobile terminals, wireless terminals and/or mobile stations. Terminals are enabled to communicate wirelessly in a cellular communications network or wireless communication system, sometimes also referred to as a cellular radio system or cellular networks. The communication may be performed e.g. between two terminals, between a terminal and a regular telephone and/or between a terminal and a server via a Radio Access Network (RAN) and possibly one or more core networks, comprised within the cellular communications network.
Terminals may further be referred to as mobile telephones, cellular telephones, laptops, or surf plates with wireless capability, just to mention some further examples. The terminals in the present context may be, for example, portable, pocket-storable, hand-held, computer-comprised, or vehicle-mounted mobile devices, enabled to communicate voice and/or data, via the RAN, with another entity, such as another terminal or a server.
The cellular communications network covers a geographical area which is divided into cell areas, wherein each cell area being served by an access node such as a base station, e.g. a Radio Base Station (RBS), which sometimes may be referred to as e.g. "eNB", "eNodeB", "NodeB", "B node", or BTS (Base Transceiver Station), depending on the technology and terminology used. The base stations may be of different classes such as e.g. macro eNodeB, home eNodeB or pico base station, based on transmission power and thereby also cell size. A cell is the geographical area where radio coverage is provided by the base station at a base station site. One base station, situated on the base station site, may serve one or several cells. Further, each base station may support one or several communication technologies. The base stations communicate over the air interface operating on radio frequencies with the terminals within range of the base stations. In the context of this disclosure, the expression Downlink (DL) is used for the transmission path from the base station to the mobile station. The expression Uplink (UL) is used for the transmission path in the opposite direction i.e. from the mobile station to the base station.
In 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE), base stations, which may be referred to as eNodeBs or even eNBs, may be directly connected to one or more core networks.
3GPP LTE radio access standard has been written in order to support high bitrates and low latency both for uplink and downlink traffic. All data transmission is in LTE controlled by the radio base station.
The development of the 5th Generation (5G) access technology and air interface is still very premature but there have been some early publications on potential technology candidates. A candidate on a 5G air interface is to scale the current LTE, which is limited to 20 Mega Hertz (MHz) bandwidth, N times in bandwidth with 1/N times shorter time duration, here abbreviated as LTE-Nx. A typical value may be N=5 so that the carrier has 100 MHz bandwidth and 0.1 millisecond slot lengths. With this approach, many functions in LTE can remain the same, which would simplify the standardization effort and allow for a reuse of technology components.
The carrier frequency for an anticipated 5G system could be much higher than current 3G and 4th Generation (4G) systems, values in the range 10-80 Giga Hertz (GHz) have been discussed. At these high frequencies, an array antenna, or antenna array, must be used to achieve coverage through beamforming gain. Since the wavelength is less than 3 centimeters (cm), an array antenna with a large number of antenna elements may be fit into an antenna enclosure with a size comparable to 3G and 4G base station antennas of today. To achieve a reasonable link budget, a typical example of a total array antenna size is comparable to an A4 sheet of paper.
To provide a sufficient link budget, the beams are typically highly directive and give beamforming gains of 20 decibels (dB) or more since so many antenna elements participate in forming a beam. This means that each beam is relatively narrow in angle, a Half Power Beam Width (HPBW) of 5 degrees is not uncommon. Hence, a sector of a cell may need to be covered with a large number of potential beams. Beamforming may be seen as when a signal is transmitted in such as narrow HPBW, that it is intended for a single wireless device or a group of wireless devices in a similar geographical position. This may be seen in contrast to other beam shaping techniques, such as cell shaping, where the coverage of a cell is dynamically adjusted to follow the geographical positions of a group of users in the cell. Although beamforming and cell shaping use similar techniques, transmitting a signal over multiple antenna elements and applying individual complex weights to these antenna elements, the notion of beamforming and beams in embodiments herein relates to the narrow HPBW basically intended for a single wireless device or terminal position.
Here, a system with multiple transmission nodes is considered, where each node has an array antenna capable of generating many beams with small HPBW. These nodes may then for instance use one or multiple LTE-Nx carriers, so that a total transmission bandwidth of multiples of hundreds of MHz may be achieved leading to downlink peak user throughputs reaching as much as 10 Gbit/s or more.
In LTE, a wireless device searches for a cell using a cell search procedure, where a unique Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) are transmitted from each eNB. When a cell has been found, the wireless device may be associated with this cell, and then the cell is known as the serving cell for this wireless device. When a cell has multiple antennas, each antenna may transmit an individual encoded message to the wireless device, thereby multiplying the capacity by the number of layers transmitted. This is well known as MIMO transmissions, and the number of layers transmitted is known as the rank of the transmission. Beamforming, which traditionally is equivalent to a rank 1 transmission, where only one encoded message may be transmitted, but simultaneously from all antennas with individually set complex beamforming weights per antenna. Hence, in beamforming, only a single layer of a Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH) is transmitted in a single beam. This beamforming transmission is also possible in LTE, so after a wireless device has been associated with a cell, a set of N=1, 2, 4 or 8 Channel State Information Reference Signals (CSI-RS) may be configured for measurement reference at the wireless device, so that the wireless device may report a preferred rank 1 N×1 precoding vector containing the complex beamforming weights based on the CSI-RS measurement. The precoding vector is selected from a codebook of rank 1 precoding vectors.
FIG. 1 depicts a 5G system example with three Transmission Points (TPs), Transmission Point 1 (TP1), Transmission Point 2 (TP2), Transmission Point 3 (TP3) and a wireless device. Each TP utilizes beamforming for transmission.
The current beamforming usage today does not result in a desired gain of the performance of the wireless communications network.

Beam measurement in a wireless communication network for identifying candidate beams for a handover


Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for determining transaction-related user intentions using artificial intelligence techniques are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes obtaining data pertaining to digital behavior of a user during a transaction-related session on one or more electronic commerce websites; classifying the user into one of multiple categories by processing the obtained data pertaining to the digital behavior of the user using artificial intelligence techniques, wherein the multiple categories correspond to multiple predicted levels of user intention to complete a transaction; determining, based on the classification of the user and the obtained data pertaining to the digital behavior of the user, at least one reason why the user may not complete a transaction during the transaction-related session; and performing one or more automated actions based at least in part on the at least one determined reason.

When a user (e.g., a customer) of an electronic commerce (e-commerce) web site selects a product for purchase (e.g., adds a product to a virtual shopping cart) and does not subsequently complete the transaction (e.g., does not checkout), the reason is typically unknown to the proprietor of the e-commerce website. Conventional transaction management techniques exist that attempt to make determinations about these types of uncompleted transactions. Such conventional techniques include sending email reminders to users of uncompleted transactions, but email reminders are often ineffective because they are typically not sent to the users until after the users have left the website(s) in question. Other conventional techniques include providing additional product recommendations to the users of uncompleted transactions, but providing additional recommendations often does not correspond to the reason(s) for the users abandoning the transactions, and conventional techniques typically do not provide such recommendations until after the conclusion of the users' transaction-related sessions on the website(s). Additionally, other conventional techniques include carrying out surveys, wherein users are queried for reasons for their abandonment of one or more transactions. However, such surveys are often ineffective due to low participation rates.

Determining transaction-related user intentions using artificial intelligence techniques


A steering column set includes a first steering column, a second steering column, an extending device and a tilting device. The first steering column is connected to a steering wheel. The second steering column is telescopically connected to the first steering column. The extending unit is used to move the first steering column with respect to the second steering column. The tilting unit is used to tilt the first and second steering columns.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a steering column set with changeable angle and length.
2. Related Prior Art
A steering column is arranged between a steering wheel and a universal joint that is further connected to a steering mechanism for steering the front wheels of the vehicle. A driver steers the vehicle by turning the steering wheel.
Conventionally, the angle and length of a steering column is fixed. Therefore, it is difficult for a very tall or short driver to turn the steering wheel properly without adjusting the position of the driver seat. If the driver is very short, it is dangerous for the driver whose face is very close to the steering wheel.
There has been a steering column with a changeable angle. When the steering column is tilted down, the steering reel is moved closer to a driver and further from his face. However, the steering wheel is close to the driver 's legs and causes the driver some troubles in moving his legs.
There has been a steering column set with a changeable angle and an extensible length. The tilting and extension of the steering column set is however conducted manually.
The present invention is therefore intended to obviate or at least alleviate the problems encountered in prior art.

Steering column set with changeable angle and length


A pulse oximeter sensor with a light source optimized for low oxygen saturation ranges and for maximizing the immunity to perturbation induced artifact. Preferably, a red and an infrared light source are used, with the red light source having a mean wavelength between 700-790 nm. The infrared light source can have a mean wavelength as in prior art devices used on patients with high saturation. The sensor of the present invention is further optimized by arranging the spacing between the light emitter and light detectors to minimize the sensitivity to perturbation induced artifact. The present invention optimizes the chosen wavelengths to achieve a closer matching of the absorption and scattering coefficient products for the red and IR light sources. This optimization gives robust readings in the presence of perturbation artifacts including force variations, tissue variations and variations in the oxygen saturation itself.

Pulse oximetry is used to continuously monitor the arterial blood oxygen saturation of adults, pediatrics and neonates in the operating room, recovery room, intensive care units, and increasingly on the general floor. A need exists for pulse oximetry in the delivery room for monitoring the oxygen status of a fetus during labor and delivery, and for monitoring the oxygen status of cardiac patients.
Pulse oximetry has traditionally been used on patient populations where arterial blood oxygen saturation is typically greater than 90%, i.e., more than 90% of the functional hemoglobin in the arterial blood is oxyhemoglobin and less than 10% is reduced hemoglobin. Oxygen saturation in this patient population rarely drops below 70%. When it does drop to such a low value, an unhealthy clinical condition is indicated, and intervention is generally called for. In this situation, a high degree of accuracy in the estimate of saturation is not clinically relevant, as much as is the trend over time.
Conventional two wavelength pulse oximeters emit light from two Light. Emitting Diodes (LEDs) into a pulsatile tissue bed and collect the transmitted light with a photodiode positioned on an opposite surface (transmission pulse oximetry), or an adjacent surface (reflectance pulse oximetry). The LEDs and photodetector are housed in a reusable or disposable sensor which connects to the pulse oximeter electronics and display unit. The "pulse" in pulse oximetry comes from the time varying amount of arterial blood in the tissue during the cardiac cycle, and the processed signals from the photodetector create the familiar plethysmographic waveform due to the cycling light attenuation. For estimating oxygen saturation, at least one of the two LEDs' primary wavelength must be chosen at some point in the electromagnetic spectrum where the absorption of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) differs from the absorption of reduced hemoglobin (Hb). The second of the two LEDs' wavelength must be at a different point in the spectrum where, additionally, the absorption differences between Hb and HbO2 are different from those at the first wavelength. Commercial pulse oximeters utilize one wavelength in the near red part of the visible spectrum near 660 nanometers (nm), and one in the near infrared part of the spectrum in the range of 880-940 nm (See FIG. 1). As used herein, "red" wavelengths or "red" spectrum will refer to the 600-800 nm portion of the electromagnetic spectrum; "near red", the 600-700 nm portion; "far red", the 700-800 nm portion; and "infrared" or "near infrared", the 800-1000 nm portion.
Photocurrents generated within the photodetector are detected and processed for measuring the modulation ratio of the red to infrared signals. This modulation ratio has been observed to correlate well to arterial oxygen saturation as shown in FIG. 2. Pulse oximeters and pulse oximetry sensors are empirically calibrated by measuring the modulation ratio over a range of in vivo measured arterial oxygen saturations (SaO2) on a set of patients, healthy volunteers or animals. The observed correlation is used in an inverse manner to estimate saturation (SpO2) based on the real-time measured value of modulation ratios. (As used herein, SaO2 refers to the in vivo measured functional saturation, while SpO2 is the estimated functional saturation using pulse oximetry.)
The choice of emitter wavelengths used in conventional pulse oximeters is based on several factors including, but not limited to, optimum signal transmission through blood perfused tissues, sensitivity to changes in arterial blood oxygen saturation, and the intensity and availability of commercial LEDs at the desired wavelengths. Traditionally, one of the two wavelengths is chosen from a region of the absorption spectra (FIG. 1) where the extinction coefficient of HbO2 is markedly different from Hb. The region near 660 nm is where the ratio of light absorption due to reduced hemoglobin to that of oxygenated hemoglobin is greatest. High intensity LEDs in the 660 nm region are also readily available. The IR wavelength is typically chosen near 805 nm (the isosbestic point) for numerical convenience, or in the 880-940 nm spectrum where additional sensitivity can be obtained because of the inverse absorption relationship of Hb and HbO2. Unfortunately, pulse oximeters which use LED wavelengths paired from the 660 nm band and 900 nm bands all show diminished accuracy at low oxygen saturations.

Pulse oximeter and sensor optimized for low saturation