A method of preventing refrigerant condensation in a discharge volume or discharge line of a compressor is disclosed. The method involves the application of one or more heaters to a cooling circuit to prevent condensed refrigerant from migrating into the discharge line and/or discharge volume of the compressor. In one embodiment, a heater is in thermal communication with the dome of the compressor. The heater may be a band heater. In another embodiment, a flexible strip heater is used on the discharge line of the cooling circuit. In another embodiment, both a heater on the discharge volume of the compressor and a heater on the discharge line may be used to prevent migration and condensation of refrigerant.

The present invention relates generally to a method of preventing refrigerant condensation in a discharge volume or discharge line of a compressor, and, more particularly to the application of one or more heaters to a cooling circuit to prevent condensed refrigerant from migrating into the discharge line and/or discharge volume of a compressor.
Electronic equipment in a computer or telecommunication room requires precise, reliable control of room temperature, humidity and airflow. Excessive heat or humidity can damage or impair the operation of critical computer systems and other components. For this reason, precision cooling systems are operated to provide cooling in these situations.
A typical cooling system 10 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. The cooling system 10 includes compressor 20, condenser 30, expansion valve 50 and evaporator 60. Refrigerant for use in the cooling system 10 may be any chemical refrigerant, such as chloroflourocarbons (CFCs), hydroflourocarbons (HFCS) or hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFCs) such as R-22.
Operation of cooling system 10 is as follows. Refrigerant is compressed in a compressor 20, which may be a reciprocating or scroll compressor or other compressor type. After the refrigerant is compressed, it travels through a discharge line 12 to a condenser 30. A high head pressure switch 24 is attached to discharge line 12. High head pressure switch 24 shuts down the compressor if the discharge pressure exceeds a predetermined level.
In condenser 30, heat from the refrigerant is dissipated to an external heat sink, e.g., the outdoor environment. Upon leaving condenser 30, refrigerant passes through a liquid line solenoid valve 40 and travels through a first liquid line 14 to expansion mechanism 50. Expansion mechanism 50 may comprise a valve, orifice or other possible expansion apparatus known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The expansion mechanism 50 causes a pressure drop in the refrigerant, as the refrigerant passes through the mechanism.
Upon leaving the expansion mechanism, the refrigerant travels through second liquid line 16, arriving at evaporator 60, which comprises a heat exchanger coil. Refrigerant passing through evaporator 60 absorbs heat from the environment to be cooled. Specifically, air from the environment to be cooled circulates through evaporator coil, where it is cooled by heat exchange with the refrigerant. Refrigerant carrying the heat extracted from the environment then returns to compressor 20 by suction line 18, completing the refrigeration cycle.
The precision cooling systems, such as that outlined above for a computer or telecommunications room, are typically operated year round, even when the outdoor ambient temperature is below 40xc2x0 F. Certain operating conditions produce a high head pressure within the cooling system 10 and particularly in discharge line 12. As a result, high head pressure switch 24 shuts down compressor 20 if the discharge pressure exceeds a predetermined level. In particular, when the environment in which the condenser is situated is 30xc2x0 F. or cooler than the environment in which the evaporator is situated (i.e., the environment to be cooled), condenser 30 is significantly cooler than the evaporator.
With the cooling system 10 shut down for an extended period of time, refrigerant is in liquid line expands through evaporator 60 and draws through compressor 20. The refrigerant then condenses in the cold condenser 30. The condenser fills with liquid refrigerant, and refrigerant may begin to condense in discharge line 12 and compressor 20. Starting compressor 20 with liquid refrigerant present in the discharge line 12 and/or the discharge volume of compressor 20 is likely to cause pressure excursion incidents. Condensation-induced shock (CIS) and vapor-propelled liquid slugging (VPLS) are phenomena that can produce dangerous high-pressure excursion incidents in the discharge lines.
To describe the occurrence of CIS and VPLS, operation of cooling system 10 is described after refrigerant has migrated from the liquid lines and condensed in the discharge line 12 and/or discharge volume of compressor 20. During start up of compressor 20, the refrigerant mass flow rate may increase from zero to the normal operating conditions in less than 10 seconds. To transfer momentum to the liquid in discharge line 12, the refrigerant vapor being pumped by compressor 20 undergoes a pressure surge.
Any volume of liquid in discharge line 12 decreases the volume available for the vapor from compressor 20. The less vapor volume available to absorb the pressure surge, the greater is the peak of the pressure surge to provide the necessary transfer of momentum. The condensation in line 12 or the discharge volume of compressor 20 induces a shock or pressure surge. If the vapor discharge volume is too small at startup, the peak of the pressure surge will exceed the predetermined setting of high head pressure switch 24 (which is chosen to prevent damage to the components of the cooling system).
High head pressure switch 24 will trip and shut down compressor 20. Multiple attempts to restart cooling system 10 will eventually result in successful operation. With repeated starts of the compressor, the liquid slugging the line is eventually propelled by the vapor along the line 12, and the volume available to the vapor increases. In other words, the liquid condensate in discharge line 12 can be forced through the line, allowing for enough volume in the discharge line to accommodate the compressed vapor without tripping high head pressure switch 24.
Field reports indicate high-pressure pulses in discharge line 12 in close proximity to the location of pressure switch 24. In some cases this pulse is high enough to peg and bend the needle on the gauge used to perform the measurement. Therefore, damage and wear to compressor 20 and other components of cooling system 10 can result from repeated occurrences of the high head pressure at startup.
It is to be understood that the formation of high-pressure excursion incidents can result from a number of other factors or conditions not listed herein. Furthermore, those conditions cited in the present disclosure as contributing to the possible occurrences of high-pressure excursion incidents may vary with the given design characteristics or installation conditions of a cooling system. The conditions cited are presented as exemplary of those conditions that may lead to high-pressure excursion incidents for a given cooling system in a conventional field setting.
One prior art solution to the refrigerant migration and condensation problem is to move liquid line solenoid valve 40 from the outdoor unit, i.e., condenser unit 30, to the other end of the liquid line 14 just ahead of expansion mechanism 50. Adding a liquid line solenoid valve to all evaporator units in production would prove costly. The circumstances associated with high-pressure excursion incidents as discussed herein occur in only a few installations of cooling system. Furthermore, the problems associated with liquid line slugging and high head pressures at startup are not usually discovered until after installation of a cooling system. Moving or inserting a liquid line solenoid 40 to just ahead of the expansion valve 50 involves a complicated retrofitting procedure. Typically, the procedure involves cutting the liquid line 14 and installing the liquid line solenoid 40 in the new location 42, which can be cost prohibitive.
The present invention is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing the effects of, one or more of the problems set forth above.
In view of the foregoing and other considerations, the present invention relates to the application of one or more heaters to a cooling circuit to prevent condensed refrigerant from migrating into the discharge line and/or discharge volume of a compressor.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cooling system that includes a first and a second discharge section. The first discharge section includes a discharge volume of a compressor. The second discharge section includes a discharge line, where the discharge line runs from the discharge volume of the compressor to a condenser. The cooling system includes a heating element in thermal communication with at least one of the discharge sections.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cooling system. The cooling system includes a first means for collecting a discharge volume of a compressor and includes a second means for communicating the discharge volume of the compressor to a condenser. The cooling system includes a third means for applying heat to at least one of the first or second means.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compressor. The compressor includes a discharge section on the compressor and a heating element in thermal communication with the discharge section.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preventing high-pressure excursion incidents in a cooling system. The method includes the step of heating a compressor discharge volume of the cooling system.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the method further includes the step of heating a discharge line of the compressor.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cooling system having steps for preventing high-pressure excursion incidents in the cooling system. The cooling system includes steps for heating a compressor discharge volume of the cooling system.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, the cooling system further includes steps for heating a discharge line of the compressor.

Method and apparatus for maintaining compressor discharge vapor volume for starting with condensing unit ambient temperatures less than evaporator unit ambient temperatures


Techniques for executing database commands include receiving a database command that includes an XML component operation that operates on an XML construct that is based on a first set of one or more relational database constructs. It is determined whether the XML component operation can be transformed to a relational database operation on a particular set of one or more relational database constructs of the first set, which does not involve the XML component operation. If it is determined that the XML component operation can be transformed, then the XML component operation is rewritten as a particular relational database operation that operates on the particular set and that does not involve the XML component operation. The particular relational database operation is evaluated. In another aspect, techniques include determining a primitive set of XML generation operations and replacing non-primitive XML generation operations with one or more operations from the primitive set.

The World Wide Web (WWW) involves a network of servers on the Internet, each of which is associated with one or more Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) pages. The HTML pages are transferred between clients that make requests of servers and the servers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Resources available from servers on the Internet are located using a Universal Resource Locator (URL). The standards and protocols of the WWW are promulgated by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) through its servers at www.w3c.org, and are used on many private networks in addition to their use on the Internet.
The HTML standard is one application of a more general markup language standard called the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). Recently, a subset of SGML that is more powerful and flexible than HTML has been defined and has gained popularity for transferring information over the Internet and other networks. The new standard, developed and promoted by W3C, is called the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML provides a common syntax for expressing structure in data. Structured data refers to data that is tagged for its content, meaning, or use. XML provides an expansion of the tagging that is done in HTML, which focuses on format or presentation. XML tags identify XML elements and attributes of XML elements. XML elements can be nested to form hierarchies of elements.
A set of syntax rules for XML elements shared by multiple XML documents is defined by an XML schema, itself an XML document. For example, the syntax rules indicate what elements can be used in a document, in what order they should appear, which elements can appear inside other elements, which elements have attributes, what those attributes are, and any restrictions on the type of data or number of occurrences of an element. XML allows documents to contain elements from several distinct XML schema by the use of namespaces. In particular, elements from other, independently created XML schema can be interleaved in one XML document.
Given the elements defined and used by XML, a document object model (DOM) is a tree structure formed to define how the information in an XML document is arranged. The DOM is navigated using an XPath expression that indicates a particular node of content in the hierarchy of elements and attributes in an XML document. XPath is a standard promulgated by W3C.
Relational databases predate, and developed independently of, the World Wide Web. Relational databases store data in various types of data containers that correspond to logical relationships within the data. As a consequence, relational databases support powerful search and update capabilities. Relational databases typically store data in tables of rows and columns where the values in all the columns of one row are related. For example, the values in one row of an employee table describe attributes of the same employee, such as her name, social security number, address, salary, telephone number and other information. Each attribute is stored in a different column. Some attributes, called collections, can have multiple entries. For example, the employee may be allowed to have multiple telephone numbers. Special structures are defined in some relational databases to store collections.
A relational database management system (DBMS) is a system that stores and retrieves data in a relational database. The relational DBMS processes requests to perform database functions such as creating and deleting tables, adding and deleting data in tables, and retrieving data from the tables in the database. A well-known standard language for expressing the database requests is the Structured Query Language (SQL).
Object-relational databases extend the power of relational databases. Object-relational databases allow the value in a column to be an object, which may include multiple attributes. For example, the value in the address column may be an address object that itself has multiple attributes, such as a street address, a city, a state, a country, and a zip code or equivalent. An object type defines the attributes of an object in an object-relational database. SQL has been extended to allow the definition and use of objects and object types in object-relational databases. As used hereinafter, the term "object-relational database" refers to a subset of relational databases that support object-relational constructs; and an object-relational construct is one example of a relational construct.
Because of the popularity of XML as a data exchange format that supports hierarchical relationships among elements, and because of the power of relational DBMSs to update and retrieve data, there is a demand for generating XML data output from relational databases and storing XML data into relational databases. To support this demand, an industry standard SQL to operate on XML documents has been developed. This standard is called SQL/XML and documents relating to SQL/XML are available at the time of this writing at www.sqlx.org. As used in the following, XML constructs include XML elements, XML attributes, XML documents (which always have a single root element), and document fragments that include multiple elements at the root level; object relational constructs include such constructs as tables, rows, columns, objects and views.
Recent work, described in Murthy-1., has been directed to mechanisms for mapping XML constructs in an XML schema, to constructs in an object-relational DBMS Murthy-1. also describe mechanisms for storing XML content into the appropriated object-relational construct. One or more object-relational constructs that correspond to all or part of an XML construct are associated with an XML type. These mechanisms support various options for storing the XML type, from storing the entire document as a single featureless large object in the database (e.g., a character large object, CLOB, of the ORACLE™ DBMS available from Oracle International Corporation, of Redwood Shores, Calif.) to storing one or more XML elements as one or more simple or object type columns or collections in one or more tables.
An SQL/XML query may include XPath based operations such as EXTRACT, EXISTNODE, and EXTRACTVALUE, which operate on a portion of an XML construct indicated by an XPath expression provided as an argument to the operator. EXISTNODE returns one value (e.g., 0) if there is no XML element at the position in the hierarchy indicated by the XPath expression, and a different value (e.g., 1) otherwise. EXTRACT returns a data stream representing a portion of the XML construct at nodes in the hierarchy of the XML construct that include and descend from the XML element or elements indicated by the XPath expression. EXTRACTVALUE returns a scalar value, if any, from the XML element indicated by the XPath expression.
When a query with an XPath based operation is directed to an XML type, the SQL/XML DBMS may convert the stored data to its XML form and then send the XML form of the data to the process that implements the XPath operation. The XPath operation process parses the data to identify and return the indicated information. This process can be wasteful if only a portion of the XML construct, stored separately in one or more columns of a relational or object-relational database, affects the results. It would be desirable to extract only data from the columns of interest with an SQL query. In addition, the use of an SQL query enables further SQL optimizations that fully exploit the object-relational storage. Such optimization may not be available during parsing by an XPath operation.
Based on the foregoing, there is a clear need for a mechanism to rewrite a query with an XPath operation, directed to an XML type object-relational construct, as an SQL query
Many database owners have large amounts of data already stored in legacy databases that did not define object-relational constructs that correspond closely to XML constructs. For such users to operate on XML data, the object-relational constructs have to be related to XML constructs, before XPath based queries can be evaluated.
One approach to making legacy relational and object-relational databases available for XPath based queries is to migrate the entire database to a different database that supports XML. This approach involves converting the relational or object-relational data into XML format, such as by writing and executing a procedure to do the conversion, and storing the resulting XML constructs in a native XML database, such as the ORACLE™ XMLDatabase. However, such data migration may be expensive; and costs may exceed a database owner's willingness or ability to pay for the migration.
Another approach is to retrieve data from the database using relational or object-relational queries from a mid-tier application separate from the database server; and modify the mid-tier application to form and manipulate XML constructs. This approach can also be expensive, because the application must be modified. Also, this approach may be inefficient in that more data is often exported to the mid tier than is used in the results after the XML constructs are manipulated. This wastes communication bandwidth, wastes the processing resources at the database server to retrieve and send the excess data, and wastes the processing resources at the application to convert the excess data to XML constructs.
A SQL/XML DBMS, for example ORACLE™ XML Database, may allow a view of XML type to be defined based on one or more underlying tables. A view is a relational database construct for a stored query that generates a set of rows with columns from one or more tables, when a query directed to the view is executed. The query stored in the view becomes a sub-query of the query directed to the view. An XML type view is a stored query that generates a data stream of XML elements of the associated type from columns in one or more tables, when a query directed to the view is executed. XML type views can be used to generate XML data from legacy data stored in relational and object-relational constructs.
A SQL/XML DBMS, may allow some queries to include an XPath portion and a second portion, called a "sub-query" that produces an XML type. The XML type sub-query might not be stored as a view, but also generates a data stream of XML elements. As used hereinafter an XML type sub-query refers to a sub-query that generates a stream of XML elements, whether or not the sub-query is stored as a XML type view.
It would be desirable if, in some circumstances, the XML query directed to the XML type sub-query would be rewritten as one or more SQL queries on the underlying object-relational constructs. Rewriting XML queries as SQL queries avoids composing the data into an XML data stream and then parsing the XML stream during an XPath operation. Avoiding such composing and parsing saves computational resources and enhances performance. In addition, rewriting XML queries as SQL queries also allows SQL optimizations of the rewritten SQL query to fully exploit the object-relational storage, such as the use of indexes.
Based on the foregoing, there is a clear need for a mechanism to rewrite a query with an XPath operator directed to an XML type sub-query as an SQL query.
The past approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not to be considered prior art to the claims in this application merely due to the presence of these approaches in this background section.

Techniques for rewriting XML queries directed to relational database constructs


A fuse holder having at least two separate electrical paths may include a first hollow support containing a first fuse and a second hollow support containing a second fuse. The first hollow support may have first electrical connection devices, and the second hollow support may have second electrical connection devices. A support member may be coupled to the first hollow support and to the second hollow support. The support member, the first hollow support, and the second hollow support may be made of a non-conductive material.

This invention relates to a dual fuse holder for providing electrical circuitry protection to the supply side and the load side of an electrical utility distribution system, which may include, for example, low-current electrical devices. One exemplary use of the dual fuse holder is for protecting electrical equipment in a power line data communication system.
Over the past few decades, much interest has been placed on delivering data over reliable electrical networks. More recently, the power grid has emerged as a viable alternative to telephone and cable networks due to improved modulation techniques increasing data rates across the power lines. Power line communication (PLC) relies on the existing power grid infrastructure, thus significantly reducing the costs in implementing a data network. However, one cost associated with a PLC system involves the equipment at or near the customer premises that allows the customer to receive a radio frequency (RF) data signal from the power lines.
One problem in delivering the data signal across the power grid lines is that transformers damage the RF data signal. While a transformer is necessary for stepping down voltage to a customer useable level, a transformer also prevents or significantly inhibits the ability of a receiving device to recover a transmitted RF data signal. When transporting electricity from the electrical substation to the customer, typically the voltage may be stepped down through one or more transformers to power lines that lead into the customer's home, business, or building. In implementing a PLC system, the transformer is typically bypassed through separate equipment to preserve the RF data signal.
Conventionally, PLC systems are implemented using existing electrical utility distribution system equipment to bypass a transformer. FIG. 7 is a photograph of a PLC system 700 using such existing electrical utility distribution system equipment. A power line 702 is connected to a utility pole 704, and a choke bushing 706 is arranged on the power line 702. Two fused cutouts 710A and 710B are coupled to the choke bushing 706 through wires 708A and 708B, respectively. The two fused cutouts 710A and 710B include fuse devices 712A and 712B, respectively, which hold fuse links. A bracket 714 supports the two fused cutouts 710A and 710B. A coupler 716 is attached to the bracket 714 and coupled to the two fused cutouts 710A and 710B. A coaxial cable 718 is coupled to the coupler 716 and also connects to low voltage lines that lead into a building.
The fused cutouts 710A and 710B create an open circuit by switching through mechanical separation. The fused cutouts 710A and 710B are shown in a mechanically separated position. The mechanically separated condition may occur when a fuse door of the fused cutout is opened with a switch stick, when a fuse link is broken by pulling or pushing on a breaking device included in a tensioning device, or when the fuse links in the fuse devices 712A and 712B, respectively, are overloaded after receiving an electrical current greater than a rated electrical current level for the fuse link. In the first instance above, the mechanical separation de-energizes and isolates an electrical circuit without damaging the fuse link. In the latter two instances, the mechanical separation of the fused cutout occurs after the fuse is damaged: either manually by the breaking device or after the fuse link is overloaded. An overload causes the fuse link to melt and the fused cutouts 710A and 710B to separate due to a loss of tension on the fuse link.
One problem with using existing electrical utility distribution system equipment is the significant costs associated with using this equipment in a PLC system. The electrical utility distribution system equipment is designed to protect electrical utility power equipment, and does not cost effectively meet the needs of the PLC system. The fuses in conventional electrical utility system equipment are rated to protect against damaging electrical current surges in electrical power distribution, and are grossly oversized for PLC equipment. In PLC systems, the RF data signal electrical current is much smaller in comparison to the electrical current associated with electrical power distribution. What is needed is a fuse holder designed for the requirements of the PLC industry, rather than the electrical utility industry.


A communication terminal initiates a Wireless Session Protocol (WSP) session by forwarding a request of data to a server. The request comprises an identification of the requested data and a communication terminal identification number provided by the server. The server. when receiving a request containing a communication terminal identification number, recalls user profile information from an associated database memory corresponding to said communication terminal identification number. The user profile information indicates a data format which will be handled by the communication terminal. Then the server replies to the request by forwarding the requested data in the format defined by the user profile information.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a new method and system for a session service in a wireless session protocol (WSP) between a user and a server terminal.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a result of continuous work to define an industry wide standard for developing applications over wireless communication networks. WAP is disclosed in the Wireless Application Protocol Architecture Specification; Version 30 Apr. 1998; by Wireless Application Protocol Architecture Working Group;
The scope for the WAP working groups is to define a set of standards to be used by service applications. The wireless market is growing very quickly, and reaching new customers and services. To enable operators and manufacturers to meet the challenges in advanced services, differentiation and fast/flexible service creation WAP defines a set of protocols in transport, session and application layers.
The Session layer protocol family in the WAP architecture is called the Wireless Session Protocol, WSP. WSP provides the upper-level application layer of WAP with an interface for session services and management. One example of a session service is a connection-mode service that operates above a transaction layer protocol called Wireless Transport Layer (WTP), See also Wireless Application Protocol: Wireless Transport Protocol specification, version 30 Apr. 1998, by Wireless Application Protocol Transport Working Group.
Another session service may be a connectionless service that operates above a secure or non-secure datagram service.
The Wireless Session Protocol comprises one protocol most suited for browsing applications (WSP/B). WSP/B provides HTTP 1.1 functionality and incorporates new features such as long-lived sessions, a common facility for data push, capability negotiation, and session suspend/resume. HTTP 1.1 is disclosed in Fielding, R., et. al., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol—HTTP/1.1", RFC 2068, UC Irvine, January 1997. The protocols in the WSP family are optimized for low bandwidth bearer networks with relatively long latency.
The WAP Architecture is very similar to the Internet Architecture. FIG. 1 shows a comparison between the Internet Architecture 10 and the WAP Architecture 20. The Internet Architecture 10 comprises a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 12, e.g. Java Script, a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 14, Transport Layered Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 16, and a Transport Configuration Protocol (TCP)/User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 18. The Internet Architecture 10 is a well known prior art, and is disclosed e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,657,390. The WAP Architecture 20 comprises a Wireless Application Protocol (WAE) 22 corresponding to HTML 12, a Wireless Session Layer (WSP) 24 corresponding to HTTP 14, a Wireless Transport Layered Security (WTLS) 26 corresponding to TLS/SSL 16, and a Wireless Transport Layer (WTP) 28 corresponding to TCP/UDP 18. Further, the WAP Architecture comprises different bearers 29 like e.g. SMS, USSD and CODMA 30. There is also a possibility to implement different kinds of services and applications in the WAP Architecture, for example, Value Added Services (VAS). The WAP Architecture 20 is a well known prior art and more information about the different blocks WAE, WSP, WTLS, WTP and bearers is found in on the Internet.
The present invention relates to WSP, which provides a means for organized exchange of content between co-operating client/server applications. Specifically, it provides the applications with a means to:
a) establish an optionally secure, reliable session from client to server, and release the session in an orderly manner;
b) exchange content between client and server; and
c) suspend and resume the session.
In addition, WSP also supports a non-confirmed session service. The connectionless session service can be used over unreliable transport when applications do not care about confirmation. The non-confirmed service is accessed outside the context of an established session.
In, for example, the GSM system it is relatively expensive to transfer data. At the same time it is desired to reduce the size of the required memory space in the phone.
EP-A2-0,851,696 discloses a way of providing data from an information database in response to a request from a mobile station in a wireless network, by using short messaging service, SMS. The subscriber uses a mobile station to place a call via the wireless network and a PSTN to an information service provider. An identification (ID) of the mobile station is forwarded to the information service provider. That provider can then use the ID to retrieve a user personal identification number (PIN) or user identification number. The database information service provider constructs a message containing the desired data and the appropriate PIN or user ID number and forwards that to a message center. The message center then forwards the data from the provider to the mobile station as an SMS.
However, EP-1-0,851,696 uses the ID every time it retrieves a user PIN or user ID number. Thus, this procedure has to be repeated every time when the user sends a request to the server. This means that it will not be easier or faster when the user would like to establish another session. This is a major drawback since the cost for a call will then increase. Also, this document does not describe how it is possible to support different types of data formats/types, upon sending/receiving a request. One example of a data format/type supported by WAP is the MIME multipart format, which transports composite data objects (for example, multipart/mixed). See WAP WSP draft version 2 Apr. 1998, 7.4 Multipart data. WSP defines a compact binary form of the MIME multipart entity and the content type. Thus, there is a need to support different data formats of a WSP session, and to increase the speed to establish a session.

Method of and a network for handling wireless session protocol (WSP) sessions


A method of managing authorization of a private node-B in a wireless communication system is disclosed. The method includes performing cell searching, when a cell is found, reading system information corresponding to the cell, and then determining authorization validity of the private node-B according to the system information and licensed band area corresponding to the private node-B.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods and devices utilized in a wireless communication system, and more particularly, to methods and devices utilized in the wireless communication system for controlling selection for home cells.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A System Architecture Evolution (SAE) system, set forth by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) is a packet core network architecture for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), addressing cost-efficient deployment and operations for mass-market usage of IP services. The main network evolutions include meeting the targets for a radio-interface of a long term evolution (LTE) system, simplified network architecture, an All-IP Network, only packet switched means for all services, no circuit switching, and support for mobility and service continuity between heterogeneous access networks, such as between 2G/3G, LTE, non-3GPP access systems.
The SAE core network, or an evolved packet system (EPS) core network, includes an MME (Mobility Management Entity), an S-GW (Serving Gateway) and a P-GW (PDN gateway). The MME is a control plane entity that manages the attachment to the network, the authentication of the user equipment (UE), and interfaces an E-RAN (evolved radio access network) for the creation of relevant radio bearers. The S-GW is a user plane entity handling packet forwarding uplink and downlink between the PDN gateway and the radio environment (e.g. E-RAN). The S-GW is always located in the network where the UE is camping.
Functions of the SAE include the Non-Access-Stratum (NAS) functions to be performed by the UE in idle mode, the NAS signalling procedures between the UE and an evolved packet core network (EPC) via an E-UTRAN (evolved UMTS radio access network) including eNBs (evolved Node-Bs), and layer 3 signalling procedures between the UE and the EPC via non-3GPP access networks.
Under NAS functions, home cell deployments are defined as a single eNB used in a building or a small group of cells, e.g. in a campus deployment. Access to home cells is restricted to particular subscribers. In home cell deployments, a CSG (closed subscriber group) cell as part of the PLMN (public land mobile network) is only suitable for a UE if an id of the CSG cell is in a whitelist of the UE. The whitelist is a list of CSG cell ids where the UE is allowed to camp.
In the home cell deployments, a CSG area is defined as a tracking area (TA) that consists of a cell or group of cells to which access is restricted to a defined group of users. An eNB, which belongs to a CSG area, sends the CSG cell area identity to the MME whenever authorization needs to be checked in the MME.
A private node-B usually owned by an individual is normally deployed in the home network to provide services for CSG subscribers. In provision of CSG business, a user attempting to be a CSG subscriber goes to an operator's store to subscribe the CSG services and thereby gets a private node-B. The user can use the private node B at home via Internet. The private node-B is set to communicate to the operator's EPS core network via IP connection. The private node B and the EPS core network (i.e. the MME or the Serving Gateway) authorize each other.
However, the user possibly takes the private node B out of the home network coverage, and the prior art does not specify how the private node-B and the EPS deal with this situation. AS a result, the private node B used in unauthorized area works in the same way as in home network coverage. In this situation, the private node-B may use a frequency band that belongs to other operators for data transmission. This is an illegal usage and makes interference to frequency bands licensed for other operators.

Method of managing authorization of private node B in a wireless communication system and related device


An example method for cooling a build volume is described. In one implementation, a heating mechanism is set to a temperature identified based on the build material information, and the build volume is heated using the heating mechanism for a time period identified based on the build material information.

3D printing is a form of solid freeform fabrication that may enable the generation of 3D objects including final products, prototype parts, and working tools. There are many forms of 3D printing techniques and various printable materials usable in 3D printing. 3D printing techniques may utilize an additive process in which an object (described by electronic data) is built layer by layer from build material(s). For example, an object model of an object may have voxel information and be sliced into layers to allow a print device to form a cross section slice of the object using build material as a first layer and build a second layer on top of the first layer, and continuing until the final object is produced.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


An electronically operated cup holder includes a cup propping plate and at least one movable cup supporter mounted over the cup propping plate opposite a corresponding cup supporting face. The weight of a cup placed on the cup propping plate activates a motor which drives the at least one movable cup supporter toward a circumferential surface of the cup.

In present-day life, the use of automobiles is increasing day by day, and these automobiles are being equipped with independent living devices beyond that required for movement in traffic means.
In this respect, convenience features of automobiles are emphasized, depending on one's daily life as well as technical matters, like driving stability and good drive feeling. Generally, the convenience features of an automobile include a cigarette lighter, an ash tray, a cup holder for holding a cup or can, etc. Additionally, depending on a driver's interest, other convenience features can be optionally installed.
A cup holder for an automobile is installed in a center facia panel mounting audio equipment for use by a driver or passenger. A cup or can must be held regardless of its size, and the holding state must be stabilized. "Cup" is hereafter used to generally refer to a cup, can, glass or other similar container.

Cup holder of an electric motion type for a vehicle


When a drive frequency for an electrode used to cause an electrostatic force to act on an ink composition is assigned A, and a division frequency for a thread is assigned B, a relationship of A≧5 kHz and B/A≧5 is met, and a division frequency for the thread is reduced for a time period required to apply a pulse voltage to the electrode in order to eject the ink composition. As a result, it is possible to provide an electrostatic ink jet recording method with which excellent gradation controllability and controllability for dot diameters in a shadow area can be realized.

The present invention relates to an electrostatic ink jet recording method for ejecting an ink composition by utilizing an electrostatic field.
In an electrostatic ink jet recording process, an ink composition (hereinafter, referred to as "ink") containing color fine particles charged with electricity in a dispersion medium is used, and predetermined voltages are respectively applied to ejection portions of an ink jet head in correspondence to image data, whereby the ink is ejected and controlled by utilizing electrostatic forces to record an image corresponding to the image data on a recording medium.
Known as an example of an electrostatic ink jet recorder is an ink jet recorder disclosed in JP 10-138493 A.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an ink jet head of an electrostatic ink jet recorder disclosed in JP 10-138493 A.
The ink jet head 80 includes a head substrate 82, an ink guide 84, an insulating substrate 86, a control electrode 88, a counter electrode 90, a D.C. bias voltage source 92, and a pulse voltage source 94.
A nozzle (through hole) 96 through which ink is to be ejected is formed so as to extend perfectly through the insulating substrate 86. The head substrate 82 is provided so as to extend in a direction of disposition of the nozzles 96, and ink guides 84 are disposed in positions on the head substrate 82 corresponding to the through holes 96. The ink guide 84 extends perfectly through the nozzle 86 so as for its tip portion 84a to project upwardly and beyond a surface of the insulating substrate 86 on a side of a recording medium P.
The head substrate 82 is disposed at a predetermined distance from the insulating substrate 86. Thus, a passage 98 of an ink Q is defined between the head substrate 82 and the insulating substrate 86.
The ink Q containing fine particles (color fine particles) which are charged at the same polarity as that of a voltage applied to the control electrode 88 is made to circulate through the ink passage 98 from the right-hand side to the left-hand side in the figure, for example, by a circulation mechanism for ink (not shown). Thus, the ink Q is supplied to the corresponding ones of the nozzles 96.
The control electrode 88 is provided in a ring-like shape on the surface of the insulating substrate 86 on the side of the recording medium P so as to surround the periphery of the through hole 96. In addition, the control electrode 88 is connected to the pulse voltage source 94 for generating a pulse voltage in correspondence to image data. The pulse voltage source 94 is grounded through the D.C. bias voltage source 92.
In addition, the recording medium P is held on the insulating layer 92 of the grounded electrode substrate 90 with the recording medium P being charged at a high voltage opposite in polarity to that applied to the control electrode by a charger utilizing the scorotron charger or the like. Consequently, in this system, the recording medium P functions as a counter electrode, and the high voltage applied to the recording medium P becomes a bias voltage.
In such an electrostatic ink jet recording process, in a state where no voltage is applied to the control electrode 88, the Coulomb's attractive forces between the bias voltage applied to the counter electrode 90 and the charged particles (color fine particles) in the ink, the viscosity of the ink (dispersion medium), the surface tension, the resiliencies between the charged particles, the fluid pressure when the ink is supplied, and the like operate in conjunction with one another. Thus, the balance is obtained among these factors in a state where as shown in FIG. 4, the ink Q has a meniscus shape of slightly rising from the nozzle 96.
In addition, the charged particles migrate to move to the meniscus surface due to the Coulomb's attractive forces or the like, i.e., there is provided a state where the ink Q is concentrated on the meniscus surface.
When the voltage is applied to the control electrode 88, the bias voltage is superposed on the drive voltage so that the ink Q is attracted towards a side of the recording medium P (counter electrode) P to form a nearly conical shape, i.e., a so-called Taylor cone.
When a time elapses after application of the voltage to the control electrode, the balance between the Coulomb's attractive forces acting on the charged fine particles and the surface tension of the dispersion medium is broken. As a result, there is formed a slender ink liquid column having a diameter of about several microns to several tens of microns which is called a thread. When a time further elapses, a tip portion of the thread is divided, and as a result, droplets of the ink Q are ejected to fly towards the recording medium P by the electrostatic attraction force.
In the electrostatic ink jet recording process, normally, a modulated pulse voltage is applied to the corresponding ones of the control electrodes 88 to turn ON/OFF the corresponding ones of the control electrodes 88 to modulate and eject ink droplets. Thus, the ink droplets are ejected on demand in correspondence to a recording image.
Hence, the division of the thread is caused at a frequency much higher than the drive frequency for the pulse voltage used to eject the ink droplets. That is, the division of the thread is continuously caused multiple times for a time period required to apply a pulse voltage to the corresponding ones of the control electrodes once. Consequently, one dot on the recording medium P is formed with a plurality of minute droplets which were separately ejected.
In the electrostatic ink jet recording process, this process is utilized. That is, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,263, a time period required to apply a pulse voltage once (so-called pulse width) is controlled to thereby adjust the quantity of ejected minute droplets (the number of minute droplets) forming one dot. As a result, the uniformity of dot diameters on the recording medium P can be enhanced, and also the promotion of high gradation in the image recording can be realized by carrying out the control or the like for concentration and gradation utilizing the intentional adjustment of the dot diameters.
When the control for the image recording based on such an electrostatic ink jet recording process is carried out, if an area on the recording medium P is an area hot requiring high concentration so much, the control can be suitably carried out.
However, for a high concentration area called a shadow, a pulse voltage with a long pulse width is applied to the corresponding ones of the control electrodes 88 to eject the large quantity of ink onto the recording medium P. For this reason, the controllability for the gradation and the controllability for the dot diameters are reduced in the shadow area. That is, in the image recording based on the above-mentioned electrostatic ink jet recording process, though there are merits in high image quality, high gradation and the like, a problem occurs in that the controllability and the gradation reproducibility in the shadow area are poor.


A system for providing receipt inspection reporting (RIR) allows for entry, modification, searching and reporting of RIR data. The RIR data is stored in a database and accessible online to facilitate tracking and analysis of defects and other problems. Searches and custom reports also may be generated to provide RIR tracking and analysis of problems. Logging and tracking of defects allows for root cause analysis using RIR data stored in a database to improve the RIR resolution process.

The present invention relates generally to a system for providing receipt inspection reporting and tracking.
Large projects, and in particular large construction projects (e.g., nuclear power plant construction project), often require the coordination of many parties, including, for example, different suppliers and contractors. Specifically, for these types of projects, it is necessary to ship to the project site assembled equipment built by a large number of suppliers, which may be located throughout the world. Further, the shipments may occur over an extended period of time (e.g., many years) and may even occur well in advance of the project start date.
When constructing a nuclear power plant, equipment and supplies are shipped from many different suppliers, with all the equipment having to be built and packaged per federal (e.g., NRC) and international codes (e.g., ROC-AEC), as well as complying with strict nuclear, ASME, and military standards. These standards are specified in procedures (i.e., GLPs) that must be followed by all contractors and suppliers and are subject to customer, regulator, and independent audits.
Further, the equipment, instrumentation, and operational systems (referred to as "packages") are often very complex, including for example safety systems for use in the construction of a nuclear power plant. Procedures are established to track, follow, and resolve all issues associated with the quality of each package prior to installation. For example, equipment may arrive at the construction site with some type of damage caused before, during, or after shipment. These problems may include packaging damage, equipment damage, parts damage (e.g., sealant missing or torn), water damage or rust, missing quality document package, missing O&M manuals, or missing parts. This damage may occur at any point in the packaging and shipping process. It is important to determine the cause for each type of damage, provide a means for prompt action, customer notification, documentation, and resolution of defects in the received equipment. Otherwise, delays and added costs may result.

System providing receipt inspection reporting


A gateway module according to the disclosure includes an Ethernet connector for receiving a broadcasting signal and a network signal through a coaxial cable to separate to the broadcasting signal from the network signal, a network switch for selecting at least one from a plurality of internal communication networks to transmit the separated network signal to the selected communication network, and an interface part for receiving and transmitting the separated network signal to a TV, in which the gateway module is mounted on one surface of the TV.

A home network system is a system for controlling PCs, peripheral devices, portable phones, and electronic appliances at home by connecting the PCs, the peripheral devices, the portable phones, and the electronic appliances to each other. The home network system is configured in that a user may access a network constructed at home through the Internet or a telephone line inside and outside the system to control various digital electronic appliances such as computers, digital TV receivers, digital video players, and coolers/heaters.
A wireless near field communication scheme used to construct such a home network may include a Bluetooth scheme, a Zigbee scheme, and a wireless LAN scheme.
Among them, the wireless LAN scheme refers to a scheme of constructing a network using electric wave or light instead of a wired LAN network, and uses a technology based on narrowband, infrared, and spread spectrum.
Hereinafter, the related art will be described with reference to FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 1, a network according to the related art mainly includes a broadband communication network 10, a gateway 20, and a terminal 30.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a schematic configuration of the gateway 20.
The gateway 20 may include a switch, a controller, a communication part, a storage unit, and a power supply. A fundamental configuration of the gateway 20 is generally known in the network field, so the description of the gateway 20 will be omitted.
The gateway 20 is used to distribute network data provided from an external broadband communication network 10 to the terminal 30. In this case, the distribution of the network data is achieved on a wireless network (WLAN) and a wired network.
The gateway 20 has one wide area network (WAN) and a plurality of local area networks (LANs), a WAN port performs a function for accessing a broadband communication network, and the LAN performs a function for accessing an internal communication network. That is, the gateway 20 is aimed at distributing one WAN to the LANs, and the LAN is aimed at exchanging data between internal networks.
However, there is a problem in that a scheme of processing network data through a conventional gateway 20 causes an unnecessary space, and the Internet cannot be used in a place where the LAN is not installed.
Since a Service Set Identifier (SSID) serving as a unique identifier of the gateway 20, a password for security, and a bandwidth supported from the gateway 20 are set through accessing the Internet, the controlling of the gateway 20 is very difficult.


An enclosure (10) that contains a switch (40, 42) and that is surrounded by an explosive or flammable environment that could be ignited by a spark from the switch, includes a body (52) that guides a flat cable (16) through a body bore (56) to the inside of the vessel. A tight and strong seal is formed around the flat cable by a tubular seal (60) that lies in the body bore, that is formed of Teflon, and that has a tapered seal section (84) that lies in a tapered section (74) of the bore. A nut (62) at the rear of the body can be turned to push the tubular seal forward within the body bore and thereby compress it against the outside of the flat cable to form an explosion-proof seal.

Industrial plants that process volatile (explosive or flammable) chemicals such as gaseous hydrocarbons, often maintain the chemicals at a predetermined temperature by heating them with currents passing through a flat self-regulating heating cable. A pipe carries fluid at the same temperature as the chemicals being processed, to an explosion containment vessel that contains one or more switches that are closed and opened according to the temperature of fluid in the tube. This gives rise to the danger that when switches operate, they can create sparks that may ignite chemicals in the environment. Sometimes the containment vessel is opened for maintenance etc. and the volatile environment drifts into the explosion containment vessel, where it can ignite when the next spark is generated. The purpose of the containment vessel is to prevent the flame or explosion that occurs inside the vessel, from passing out of the vessel into the volatile environment.
One prior system for forming an explosion-proof seal around the flat cable that carries current between a switch(s) in the vessel and a heater outside the vessel, guided the flat cable through a bore in a body. After the cable was in place, the bore was filled by flowing a flowable inert potting compound such as epoxy into the bore and letting the potting compound set. It could take two days to seal the flat cable in place with such system, which can hold up other projects.
A system for providing a tight seal around a flat cable that extends through a body into an explosion proof vessel, which could be set up in a short period of time, would be of value.


A method includes obtaining failure initiation characteristics of a bonding layer of one or more bonded structures and determining, based on the failure initiation characteristics, a first characteristic dimension for each analysis element of a first portion of a finite element analysis model. The method includes obtaining failure propagation characteristics of the bonding layer and determining, based on the failure propagation characteristics, a second characteristic dimension for each analysis element of a second portion of the model. The method includes assigning a first set of material parameters to analysis elements of the first portion of the model and assigning a second set of material parameters to analysis elements of the second portion of the model. The method includes evaluating failure modes of the one or more bonded structures based on a solution to the model, the first set of material parameters, and the second set of material parameters.

Aerospace structures are typically bonded together, such as by bonding metal to metal, composite to composite, or metal to composite. If bonded structures are subjected to too much stress, delamination or disbond can occur. One technique for performing failure analysis on a bonded structure is the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The VCCT determines if a failure is going to grow from a known failure based on facture mechanics of the composite material. One problem with the VCCT is that a failure state (e.g., a damage state) must be known or assumed ahead of time. The VCCT lacks the ability to predict the onset of the failure (e.g., damage). Additionally, the VCCT approach uses determinate analysis sweeps to create response surfaces and design spaces, which can be extremely manual (e.g., require analysis and input from an engineer) and use extensive engineering judgment to place the failure a-priori. Additionally, determining the location of the failure may require extensive manual analysis and materials testing. Thus, use of the VCCT can be labor intensive.

System and method for predicting failure initiation and propagation in bonded structures


A new variety of carnation plant named ‘CFPC Lahana’ having medium size flowers. The flower color is a burgundy stained pink base with a burgundy splash broad picotee. The burgundy color on the flower's petal edge appears to stain the lighter white background of the center of the flower petals giving the flowers an attractive and distinctive look.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of hybrid carnation botanically known as Dianthus caryophyllus, and referred to by the cultivar name 'CFPC Lahana'.
'CFPC Lahana', identified as selection no. 000320, originated from a cross made by Oscar T. Hasegawa in a controlled breeding program in Salinas, Calif. The female parent of the new variety is an unknown seedling and the male parent is an unknown seedling. The new variety 'CFPC Lahana' has been asexually reproduced by vegetative side shoot cuttings in Salinas, Calif. and the distinguishing characteristics are retained through successive generations of asexual reproduction.


The invention relates to the voltage supply of mass spectrometers, particularly electrostatic Kingdon ion analyzers, requiring extremely noise-free operating voltages. The invention proposes the use of passive charge storage devices, which operate without any feedback control and display no measurable noise or ripple if they are well shielded, instead of the usual actively operating high-voltage generators. Chemical charge storage devices or capacitors with good insulation can be used for this purpose. These may display slight voltage decreases due to continuous discharge, depending on their quality, but these decreases can be mathematically compensated.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the supply of operating voltages for mass spectrometers, particularly Kingdon electrostatic ion traps and time-of-flight mass spectrometers.
2. Description of the Related Art
The term Kingdon ion traps refers to electrostatic ion traps in which ions can orbit around one or more inner longitudinal electrodes, or oscillate between inner longitudinal electrodes, and where an outer, enclosing housing is at a DC potential which the ions with a specified kinetic energy cannot reach. A very simple Kingdon ion trap consists of a rod (ideally an infinitely long rod) as the inner electrode and a surrounding tube as the housing or outer electrode. In special Kingdon ion traps which are suitable for use as mass spectrometers, the inner surfaces of the housing electrodes and the outer surfaces of the inner electrodes are designed so that, firstly, the motions of the ions in the longitudinal direction (z) of the Kingdon ion trap are decoupled from their motions in the transverse direction (x, y) or (r, φ) and, secondly, a parabolic potential profile is generated in the longitudinal direction, in which the ions can oscillate harmonically. The frequencies of these oscillations can be determined from the measured image currents by means of Fourier transforms; they represent a measure for the mass of the ions.
In this publication, the terms "Kingdon ion traps" and "Kingdon mass analyzers" refer in particular to these special forms in which ions can oscillate harmonically in the longitudinal direction, decoupled from their motions in the transverse direction.
Different types of Kingdon ion trap with these characteristics are known. The patent specification U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,346 (A. A. Makarov) describes the fundamentals of a special Kingdon mass analyzer which was launched by Thermo-Fischer Scientific GmbH Bremen under the name Orbitrap®. The electrostatic ion trap here consists of a housing electrode which is split across the center and a single spindle-shaped coaxial inner electrode (FIG. 1). The housing electrode has an ion-repelling electric potential and the inner electrode an ion-attracting electric potential. The cross-sections of the inner surface of the housing electrodes and the outer surfaces of the inner electrodes are both circular. With the aid of a special ion-optical device and a special injection method, the ions are tangentially injected through an opening in the housing electrode and then orbit in the hyperlogarithmic electric potential of the ion trap. The kinetic injection energy of the ions is set so that the centripetal attractive forces and the centrifugal forces are in balance, and the ions therefore largely move on practically circular trajectories.
In the document DE 10 2007 024 858 A1 (C. Köster), other types of Kingdon ion trap are described which, in one preferred embodiment, have precisely two inner electrodes (FIG. 2). Here too, the inner electrodes and the outer housing electrodes can be precisely shaped in such a way that a potential distribution is formed in which the longitudinal motions are decoupled from the transverse motions, and a parabolic potential well is created in the longitudinal direction to generate a harmonic oscillation. These "bipolar Cassini ion traps" or "second-order Cassini ion traps" are characterized by the fact that the ions not only can fly on complicated trajectories around the two inner electrodes, but can also oscillate transversely in the center plane between the two inner electrodes. The orbiting or transversely oscillating ions can then execute harmonic oscillations in the longitudinal direction.
All these Kingdon ion traps can be used as mass analyzers by measuring the image currents induced by the axial oscillations of the ions in bisected housing electrodes (or bisected inner electrodes), and by processing them appropriately with the aid of Fourier transforms to produce mass spectra. They therefore belong to the class of Fourier transform mass spectrometers (FT-MS). The electrodes can also be divided into more than two insulated partial segments in order to detect higher-order oscillations. The electric fields in the interior are generated by voltages between the inner and outer electrodes; the voltages are regularly between two to eight kilovolts, but can also be selected to be much higher. The higher the voltage, the higher will be the mass resolution and mass accuracy. This voltage is called "operating voltage" here; it determines the frequency with which the ions of a specific mass oscillate, and thus has a "frequency dispersive" effect and therefore a "mass-dispersive" effect, in contrast to lens voltages or voltages at beam deflectors for example.
In practical operation, the image currents are measured over a period of 0.1 to 10 seconds, depending on the analytical task; usually between 0.2 and 1 second in order to obtain several mass spectra of the substance peaks when the device is coupled to substance separators such as chromatographs. The longer the measured image current transient, the higher the mass resolving power.
As is known from ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (ICR-MS), Fourier transform mass spectrometers provide extremely high mass resolutions and mass accuracies. This also applies to Kingdon mass spectrometers, but only if the ions can oscillate in the axial direction in an electric field with high temporal constancy. The electric field in Kingdon ion traps has an equivalent function to the magnetic field of the ICR mass spectrometers. The magnetic field of the ICR mass spectrometers is usually generated by superconducting solenoids, which have magnetic field strength decreases of only around 10−8 per day (≈10−13 per second). Moreover, these magnetic fields have no superimposed noise or hum; even magnetic storms of the Earth's magnetic field are shielded.
Such temporal constancy and freedom from noise of the DC operating voltage for the electrostatic fields in Kingdon ion traps cannot be achieved with today's high-voltage generators. These high-voltage generators are usually based on the active switching of voltages and currents, which cause high voltages to be induced in the secondary winding of a transformer, and they have feedback control circuits (i.e. active regulation) which unavoidably generate small control oscillations. High-voltage generators comprising means for active switching of voltages and currents and/or feedback control circuits may be termed active high-voltage generators. Top-quality active high-voltage generators, specifically designed for these purposes, have a short-term constancy of around 10−6 per minute; often this is dependent on ambient temperature and supply voltage, albeit only slightly. Drifts of the operating voltage may occur toward both larger and smaller voltages, so they cannot be corrected prospectively. Even more serious, however, are voltage variations (ripple) due to control oscillations of the order of magnitude of 10−6 or more, sometimes also exhibiting superimpositions of different frequencies (residuals of the supply voltage frequency, for example). The voltage variations by ripples are on a short time scale, in particular on a time scale for acquiring a single mass spectrum or few subsequent mass spectra.
Noise-free DC operating voltages which are constant over time are required not only in Kingdon mass spectrometers, but also in other mass spectrometers. A time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal injection of the ions into an ion pulser, as is shown schematically in FIG. 5, is given here as a second example. The ion pulser usually pulses sections of a continuous ion beam, at right angles to the direction of flight of the ions, into an acceleration lens system, which accelerates the ions into the flight region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a reflector. The acceleration is carried out with voltages of 10 to 20 kilovolts. This accelerating voltage determines the mass-dependent time of flight of the ions; it therefore has a "time-of-flight dispersive" effect The pulse rate of the ion pulser is usually 5 to 10 kilohertz, which means that 5000 to 10,000 time-of-flight spectra are acquired in one second, which are summed over a specified duration of 0.05 to 20 seconds, subjected to a peak recognition algorithm and then converted into a mass spectrum. The accelerating voltage is applied to an enclosure of the flight region, which is located within a grounded housing. The decelerating voltages on the individual diaphragms of the reflector must also be as free from drift, noise and ripple as possible when high mass resolutions and mass accuracies are required. Today, top-class time-of-flight mass spectrometers are designed to achieve mass accuracies which are far better than a millionth of the mass.
It should be noted here that slight, but constant, drifting of the DC operating voltages having a critical mass-dispersive effect, can be compensated by mathematical methods; but the noise cannot, and ripple only to a very limited extent. Voltage drifts can be corrected during the acquisition of an image current transient in a Kingdon mass analyzer: see the documents DE 10 2008 025 974 B3, GB 2 461 965 A or U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,842 B3 (C. Köster and K. Michelmann, 2008). Voltage drifts nevertheless have a negative effect because the analytical method then drifts away from its mass calibration, making it necessary to take special measures, such as the use of internal mass references. If the drifts always occur in the same direction and are very constant, however, then the resulting changes in the operating voltages can be automatically taken into account in mass calculations from the image current transients or the times of flight.


An on screen display (OSD) apparatus and a method for displaying a menu on the OSD apparatus are provided. The ODS apparatus includes: a memory module which stores a system program and data for a first region, where the data for the first region includes a plurality of first menu items; a screen which displays the first region; an input device which generates signals for displaying the first region on the screen; and a controller which divides the first region into a first sub-region and a second sub-region by using the system program, upon receipt of signals from an input device, and which displays the first sub-region and the second sub-region at different heights on the screen.

1. Field of the Invention
Apparatuses and methods consistent with the present invention relates to an On Screen Display (OSD) and, more particularly, to an OSD apparatus for displaying a menu for a user more effectively by giving the menu a structural change or an animation effect, and a method for displaying a menu on the OSD apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
An OSD apparatus is typically included in a video device having a screen and the OSD apparatus displays, on the screen, information needed to operate the video device on the screen. Video devices having the OSD apparatuses include television (TV) sets, video cassette recorders (VCRs), automated-teller machines (ATMs), computers, and the like. OSD apparatuses are widely used in TV sets. Hereinafter, a conventional method for displaying a menu on a conventional OSD apparatus will be described with respect to a TV set.
According to a menu display method of an OSD apparatus used in a conventional TV set, a main menu is displayed sequentially on the screen as a user manipulates an input device, such as a control panel and a remote control, to select a desired function from the menu. Typically, the main menu includes option items that can be selected in the TV set or items for controlling the functions of the TV set. When the user selects one of the main menu items by using a control panel or a remote control, a sub-menu of the selected main menu item is displayed on the screen.
According to the menu display method of this conventional OSD apparatus, when the user selects a main menu item, it is difficult to know what options are available for his or her choice or what function of the TV set he or she can control, based on this selection, because the main menu items are simply displayed in the form of text. Therefore, the user has to go over each of the main menu items one by one and move between the menu items several times to find and set up a finally desired option or a function.
Since the menu item to be selected is displayed together in the same menu structure with menu items to be not selected, the degree of concentration on the menu item to be selected can be degraded and this may annoy the user.

On screen display apparatus and method for displaying menu thereon


A sapphire composite base material including: an inorganic glass substrate, a polyvinyl butyral or silica intermediate film on the inorganic glass substrate, and a single crystal sapphire film on the intermediate film. There is also provided a method for producing a sapphire composite base material, including steps of: forming an ion-implanted layer inside the single crystal sapphire substrate; forming a polyvinyl butyral or silica intermediate film on at least one surface selected from the surface of the single crystal sapphire substrate before or after the ion implantation, and a surface of an inorganic glass substrate; bonding the ion-implanted surface of the single crystal sapphire substrate to the surface of the inorganic glass substrate via the intermediate film to obtain a bonded body; and transferring a single crystal sapphire film to the inorganic glass substrate via the intermediate film.

Sapphire has the highest Mohs hardness next to diamond. Owing to its durability, i.e., higher resistance to scratches under everyday environments, sapphire is used for glasses of luxury watches or displays of cell phones, etc.
In general, glass is hard although not comparable to sapphire. Also, the glass can transmit visible light and has high chemical resistance and high surface lubricity. Thus, the glass has found its application in various industrial fields. The glass has another characteristic that when broken, its fragments easily scatter. To overcome the above, laminated glass, prepared by sandwiching a resin film between a pair of glass plates, is employed in glass windows of traffic vehicles such as automobiles, glass windows of buildings, or other such applications. In general, the laminated glass hardly scatters or falls down when broken because the glass and the resin are firmly bonded. Moreover, the laminated glass can be given a desired characteristic depending on which type of resin is sandwiched between the glass plates. Accordingly, some attempts have been made to further impart, for example, sound insulation (Patent Document 1).

Sapphire composite base material and method for producing the same


A method, computer readable medium and apparatus for further adapting XSL to HTML document transformations includes identifying with a web computing device one or more rules in an HTML document. An action associated with each of the identified one or more rules is identified with the web computing device. The identified actions are filtered with the web computing device based on one or more filtering rules when two or more of the identified actions have a match. The remaining identified actions after the filtering are applied with the web computing device to transform the one or more rules in the HTML document. The transformed HTML document is provided by the web computing device.

The introduction of eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and the EXtensibleStylesheet Language (XSL) specifications has provided an easy way to transform documents between various formats. This functionality has been included into Web development frameworks, giving them the ability to transform automatically an XML file into a document with different format such as HTML or XHTML, integrating the original data with graphic layout and user interface components. The XSL specifications are based on special constructs called templates that match a single element or a set of similar elements and rewrite them and their content based on instructions defined in the template.
Unfortunately, a problem arises when the structure of the XML document to process is not well defined. For example, the same element can be used for different purposes inside the XML document and based on these purposes multiple different transformations must be implemented. The problems get even worse when the task involves transforming HTML documents. For example the link element "a" can appear over a thousand times in different sections of a web page, such as in the main navigation bar, in hidden menus, to make images clickable, and as a button to execute JavaScript functions. Writing XSL templates that modify all these elements can increase complexity in an unpredictable way.
An illustrative example of these difficulties with a simple XSL file managing HTML links ("a" elements) is shown in FIG. 1. As illustrated, the XSL file:                (1) changes the "href" attribute using an XPath extension function called myext:normalize-url( );        (2) if the link contains "target" attribute with value "_blank", remove it and set "class" attribute to "external" value, otherwise "class" attribute will get value "internal";        (3) if the "a" content is an image ("img" element), then set new content to image "alt" attribute otherwise apply templates to its children; and        (4) use the "identity" template (last one) to simply copy elements as they are if they are not "a" elements.
Accordingly, as shown the same instructions have to be written at least twice to keep templates simple and to cover all the combinations of the above transformations. More powerful XSL constructs like name templates or xsl:choose or xsl:if could be utilized and the resulting XSL document will be more optimized, but also will be more complex and less readable.

Methods for further adapting XSL to HTML document transformations and devices thereof


A silver halide photographic material is disclosed, comprising a support having thereon at least one silver halide emulsion layer and the other hydrophilic colloid layer, wherein the emulsion layer comprises a silver halide emulsion containing a compound having a nitrosyl ligand or a thionitrosyl ligand per mol of silver and a transition metal selected from the group consisting of the elements belonging to Groups V to X of the periodic table in an amount of 1.times.10.sup.-6 mol or more per mol of silver, and at least one of the silver halide emulsion layer and the other hydrophilic colloid layer contains at least one compound represented by formula (I), (II), (III), (IV) or (V). ##STR1## wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4, which may be the same or different, represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, a carbamoyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group or a heterocyclic group, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 or R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 may combine together to form a five-membered or six-membered ring, provided that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 represents a hydroxyl group and the total number of carbon atoms of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is at least 2; Z represents an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms or a heterocyclic group; Y represents the atoms necessary to form an aromatic ring having 6 to 18 carbon atoms or a heterocyclic ring; M represents a metal atom or an organic cation; and n is an integer of 2 to 10.

In the field of print-duplication, improvements in working efficiency in the photomechanical process is required to improve the diversity and complexity of printed matter.
In particular, in the work of page make-up and dot to dot work stages, effort has been directed toward improving working efficiency by working under brighter light conditions. For this reason, bright room-type silver halide photographic materials for the photomechanical process which are treatable under daylight conditions and exposure printers have been developed.
The bright room-type silver halide photographic material described in this specification means a photographic material for which light free of ultraviolet light components and having a wavelength of 400 nm or more can be used as a safelight light.
The bright room-type silver halide photographic material for use in the work of page make-up and dot to dot work stages is a photographic material used to perform negative image/positive image conversion or positive/negative conversion using a processed film on which characters or halftone images are formed as an original, and by subjecting the original and a silver halide photographic material for dot to dot work to contact exposure. For these silver halide photographic materials, the following characteristics are required and bright room-type silver halide photographic materials for dot to dot work which meet the requirements have been developed:
(1) They must function to convert halftone dot images, line images and character images from negative images to positive images depending on the area of the halftone dot, the width of the line and the width of the character, respectively. PA1 (2) They must function to control the tone of the halftone dot images and the line width of the character images and the line images.
However, bright room-type silver halide photo-graphic materials have the disadvantage that the density of a portion ordinarily developed and turned black over the entire surface thereof tends to be significantly reduced, when under-exposure is used to control the tone of the halftone dot images in the dot to dot work stage using the above bright room-type silver halide photographic materials.
Methods for obtaining high contrast and an increase in Dmax by adding developing agents to silver halide photographic materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,258, JP-A No. 59-171947 (The term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"), JP-A Nos. 59-206828 and 1-262533. However, they do not satisfy all functions of safelight, shelf life and Dmax. In addition, methods in which impurities (heavy metals) are present in the crystals of the silver halides are disclosed in European Patent Nos. 336,427 and 336,689. However, the shelf life is inferior and the Dmax is not stable.


An image display apparatus is connected to an external device through a network. The image display apparatus includes: a communication unit that receives, from an external device, a request to create a display job to perform displaying an image and a request for display in which a display job is specified and sends a reply for a request to create a display job to an external device; a job creation unit that creates a display job when a request to create the display job is received; and an execution control unit that instructs a specified display job to perform displaying an image when a request for display is received from an external device. The communication unit includes, in a reply for a request to create a display job, identification information of the display job. A display job is specified based on identification information in a request for display.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image display apparatus, an image display method, and a computer program product.
2. Description of the Related Art
An image display apparatus such as a projector has been already known to be installed in a meeting room or a lecture room, for example, and to be connected to an external device such as a personal computer (PC) through a red-green-blue (RGB) cable or a network (wire communication or wireless communication) when a participant or a presenter projects and displays an image.
For example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2005-051446, a technology relating to a method of synchronizing contents to be projected on a plurality of projecting apparatuses in order to achieve efficiency of a meeting has been known.
Further, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-121966, a technology relating to a method of connecting a plurality of computers to a projecting apparatus in order to achieve efficiency of a meeting has been known. According to the technology disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-121966, control of switching when a certain condition such as time is met is performed in order to avoid a malfunction.
When an image display apparatus and an external device are connected through a network to project and display an image on the image display apparatus by operating an external device, dedicated software is often installed on the external device or the like. Recently, there is a demand to allow various processing relating to projecting and displaying an image to be executed from the external device thorough a network. In order to meet such a demand, development of dedicated software as described above needs to be streamlined.
There is a need to provide an image display apparatus, an image display method, and a computer program product capable of streamline development of software or the like necessary for projecting and displaying an image on an image display apparatus by operating an external device that is connected to the image display apparatus through a network.

Image display apparatus, image display method, and computer program product


A racket includes: a grip; an annular frame; and a shaft coupling the grip and the frame together; wherein a projection is provided to an outer peripheral face on a leading end half of the frame in a predetermined range including a location of maximum curvature in a peripheral direction.

Known rackets used for tennis and the like include a grip, an annular frame, and a shaft coupling the grip and the frame together. Grommets are also attached to an outer peripheral face of the frame (see, for example, Patent Literature 1). Generally, racket frames have a substantially elliptical shape elongated in the longitudinal direction as in Patent Literature 1, with a site of large curvature present at a leading end side of the frame (i.e. on the opposite side to the grip side). Curvature is the inverse of radius of curvature, with the greater the curvature (the smaller the radius of curvature) indicating more bending.


Technologies for providing cloud-based management of an electrical grid include a method. The method includes determining, by a compute device of a cloud data center, one or more cloud-based electrical grid management services to provide for a client of the cloud data center. The method also includes executing, by the compute device, each determined service in a virtual machine hosted by the compute device, receiving, by the compute device, data from one or more field devices in the electrical grid through an encrypted virtual private network, and analyzing, by the compute device and with the one or more determined services executed in the virtual machine, the received data to determine a responsive action.

Operators of utilities (e.g., for electrical power distribution) or other systems that include a relatively large amount of field devices (e.g., devices located remote from a central control center that may report information to the central control center and may be remotely controllable by the central control center) typically invest a considerable amount of funds into the control software used to control the operation of the field devices. The functionality of the control software is often fixed, once it has been established, and as the computer hardware to execute the software is typically located in one particular geographic location, the ability to communicate with field devices that are further away is diminished as the latency for messages between the control center and the field devices increases with the distance of the field devices from the control center. As such, utilities may be limited in their ability to provide service to new markets (e.g., new geographic regions that are further away from the control center) and may be unable to quickly provide additional functionality to customers, given the relatively static nature of the software in the control center.


A hand tool for assembling and disassembling a work piece. The hand tool can be configured for assembling and disassembling a work piece having a plurality of linkable units. The hand tool can include a first work station where at least one assembling operation can be performed and a second work station where at least one disassembling operation can be performed.

The present teachings relate to a hand tool for assembling and disassembling a work piece. More specifically, the present teachings relate to a hand tool configured for assembling and disassembling a work piece comprising plurality of linkable units. The hand tool further comprises a first work station where at least one assembling operation can be performed and a second work station where at least one disassembling operation can be performed.
One of the most fundamental and largely used mechanical forms of engagement is a linkage. Positioning of the linkages and number of linkages in an equipment can govern movement and force transmission within and/or by the equipment. Depending on a desired operation, a linkage or a plurality of linkages can provide a calculated operational freedom to the equipment or part of the equipment. The operational freedom can be in the form of a structural flexibility and/or at least one desired motion such as, but not limited to, sliding motion, pivotal motion, rotational motion, linear motion or linear motion along a pre-determined path and/or a combination thereof. In some equipment/s, the linkages can simply support two or more parts without directly participating in the operation. Typically, a linkage formation involves at least two distinct linkable units with node/s, where the linkage is achieved, and at least one coupling element that complements the nodes to complete the linkage. In some equipment, the at least two distinct linkable units can couple features integral to them and eliminate the need of an external coupling element.
A number of nodes on a linkable unit can be utilized to categorize the linkage, e.g. a binary linkage comprises two nodes, a tertiary linkage comprises three nodes, a quaternary linkage comprises four nodes and so on. The present disclosure relates to binary linkages and their formation. Binary linkages are most common in equipments that involve a series of linkages that are recurring and can optionally be of an identical or similar nature. In most cases, equipments with series of recurring linkages involve the linkages to define and/or extend along a length of the equipment. Each participating unit in the linkages can involve at least one end that forms a linkage and a second end that can be constrained in a pre-determined manner or can participate in forming an adjacent linkage. Such equipments serve well in transmission of mechanical power from one point to another point. On example of this type of transmission can be a drive chain in a bicycle or a like device that serves to transmit mechanical power from the pedals to a drive wheel that is essentially engaged with the wheels of the bicycle by way of a chain.
Chains are often used for mechanical power transmissions in a variety of devices that can range from toys, electro-mechanical robots, motorized or non-motorized vehicles, assembly lines of an industrial and/or manufacturing environment, travelators, escalators, or similar settings that require mechanical energy to be transferred from one point to another. Settings as discussed above or similar to these require robust chain drives that are further capable of advancing the necessary mechanical energy from its source to at least one destination. The employed chain/s are further required to sustain complete or partial load of the driving unit/s and the driven unit/s. Another significant feature is the ability to easily replace worn out links or parts of the chain and/or resize the chain as per the motive/s of the setting. These features can be highly dependent on the nature of the linkable units that form the chain. Some examples of chain links are, but not limited to, torus shaped links that usually appear as a rope, maillo-type link that comprise a threaded sleeve that tightens over a thread to complete the link or a series of carabiners.
Roller chain has been widely used in automotive equipments. A roller chain typically comprises a series of inner links that are engaged using a series of outer links. Engagement between an inner link and an outer link is achieved through a pin that is inserted into a pin housing that is formed collectively by aligning a bushing belonging to the inner link and pin holes of the mating outer link. This engagement continues to occur along the length of roller chain. Resizing a roller chain or replacement of an outer link or an inner link can be done by withdrawing the pin from an identified link, removing the link or adding a new links, and subsequently inserting the pin into an empty pin housing. A conventional method of removing the pin is to hammer the pin out of the identified link. Similarly, insertion of the pin was achieved by aligning the mating links and hammering the pin into the pin housing. A variety of chain tools have been devised for convenient removal and insertion of the pin.
Currently-used chain tools provide a fragile mechanism of locking a segment of the roller chain from where the pin is to be withdrawn. A user of the current chain tools is usually required to hold onto the target link or a part of the target link to ensure that the roller chain is not displaced while removing the pin. A driver screw or a guide is typically used to interact with the target pin to drive the pin out of the identified link. Dimensional restrictions of the pin can lead to miss-alignment between the screw end that drives the pin and the pin itself, thus making it difficult for a user to exclusively operate the chain tool. Moreover, it is a struggle for the current chain tools to align a completely removed pin back into a potential link, and to stop the pin from exiting the chain assembly when attempting an assembling operation. There stands a need of a chain-tool that can be equipped to deal with the above discussed issues and can be easily operated by minors and adults of all age groups. The present application discloses a chain tool of said nature.

Hand tool for assembling and disassembling roller chain