A throttle valve and the throttle body are formed substantially simultaneously in the same dies. The melted resin is injected in to a cavity through a pair of valve gates. The valve gates are symmetrically located with respect to the throttle valve shaft. A deformation of the throttle valve can be avoided because a stress concentration on the metal shaft of the throttle valve is reduced in opening the dies.

In an electrically controlled throttle apparatus shown in FIG. 11, a driving device such as a motor controls an opening degree of a throttle valve 102 in accordance with a position of an accelerator pedal stepped by a driver. In the throttle apparatus, a gap is formed between an inner periphery of a substantially tubular throttle body 101 and an outer circumferential periphery of a throttle valve 102, and the gap has a large influence of an air tightness of the throttle apparatus when the throttle valve 102 is in its full close position.
Conventionally, the throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 are independently manufactured in each different process. Subsequently, a manufactured throttle valve 102 is combined with a manufactured throttle body 101 in accordance with an inner peripheral dimension of the manufactured throttle body 101 in a downstream process. Alternatively, a manufactured throttle body 101 is combined with a manufactured throttle valve 102 in accordance with an outer circumferential dimension of the throttle valve 102 in a downstream process. Thus, a predetermined gap is obtained between the bore inner periphery of the throttle body 101 and the outer circumferential periphery of a throttle valve 102. A throttle shaft 103 integrally rotates with the throttle valve 102. Both of the ends of the throttle shaft 103 are rotatably supported by cylindrical bearings 104 provided in the throttle body 101.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,336, which is a counterpart of JP-5-141540A, shows molding methods in which a manufacturing process of the throttle body and the throttle valve is reduced. In the molding methods, the throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 shown in FIG. 12 are integrally molded of a resinous material in the same molding dies. At first, the substantially tubular throttle body 101 is integrally molded of a resinous material. Subsequently, inner periphery (bore inner periphery) of the throttle body 101 is used as a part of a molding die molding the throttle valve 102, and the throttle valve 102 is molded. Thus, a shape of an outer circumferential periphery of the throttle valve 102 is adapted to a shape of the bore inner periphery of the throttle body 101 in the above molding methods.
The molded throttle body 101 is gradually cooled in the body cavity to be solidified. Subsequently, the movable die is slid forward in order to form a valve cavity, into which a resinous material is filled. The throttle valve 102 is molded of a resinous material in the throttle body 101.
However, in the above molding methods of the throttle valve 102, the throttle body 101 is molded of a resinous material while the molded throttle body 101 is restricted by dies in its radial direction and in its substantially circumferential direction. Thus, the throttle valve 102 is molded of a resinous material while the throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 are restricted by the dies. The throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 are taken out of the dies, and gradually cooled. In this cooling period, the unrestricted throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 are contracted. The throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 are deformed. Accordingly, it is difficult to maintain the gap in a predetermined dimension between the inner periphery of the throttle body 101 and the outer circumferential periphery of the throttle valve 102.
A practical use of the throttle apparatus releases an internal stress, by which the apparatus is deformed. When the throttle apparatus is made from a crystal resin and is crystallized, the apparatus is deformed due to the crystallization thereof. Even the apparatus is annealed or aged, the throttle body 101 and the throttle valve 102 are deformed individually,
To solve the above problem, the inventors filed Japanese patent application No. 2003-285434 on Aug. 1, 2003. In this application, the throttle valve and throttle body is formed in a same die in such a manner that the throttle valve is opened in a predetermined angle. However, as shown in FIGS. 13, and 14A, when a valve gate through which a melted resin is injected into cavity is located at an outer periphery of the throttle valve 102, the throttle shaft (a metal shaft) 103 is deformed by an injection pressure of the resin as shown in FIG. 14B. In FIGS. 13, 14A, 14B, a direction of resin injection is represented by an arrow. When a valve gate is located at the throttle shaft 103 and a melted resin is injected in a direction which is perpendicular to a radius direction of the throttle valve 102 as represented by an arrow, the throttle shaft (the metal shaft) 103 is deformed as shown in FIG. 16B.
As mentioned above, when the melted resin is injected into the cavity from the valve gate located at the non-symmetry position with respective to the throttle shaft 103, the throttle valve 102 cannot rotate smoothly in the throttle body 101. Alternatively, the circularity of the throttle valve 102 is deteriorated. Thus, when the throttle valve 102 closes the throttle body 101, a clearance between the inner surface of the throttle body 101 and the outer surface of the throttle valve 102 becomes large to increase an air leakage therebetween.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Forming method of throttle apparatus for internal combustion engine


A thermal transfer receiving sheet comprising a sheet-like support having sequentially formed on at least one surface thereof a hollow particle-containing intermediate layer and an image receiving layer, wherein the hollow particles have an average particle diameter of 0.2 to 35 μm and a hollow percentage by volume of 30 to 97% and the printing smoothness (Rp value) on the surface of the thermal transfer receiving sheet, as measured by using a Microtopograph under an applied pressure of 0.1 MPa 10 m-seconds after the initiation of pressure application, is 1.5 μm or less. A production method of the thermal transfer receiving sheet is also provided.

A thermal printer has recently attracted attention, and a dye thermal transfer printer capable of printing a clear full color image has attracted particular attention. In a dye thermal transfer printer, a dye layer containing a dye of an ink ribbon is superposed on an image receiving layer (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as a "receiving layer") containing a dye-dyeable resin of a receiving sheet, and the dye of the dye layer in a required portion is transferred at a predetermined concentration to the receiving layer by the effect of heat supplied from a thermal head or the like, whereby an image is formed. In the ink ribbon, three-color dye layer regions of yellow magenta and cyan or four-color dye layer regions of these three colors and black are sequentially provided. A full color image is obtained by repeatedly transferring respective color dyes, in sequence, to a receiving sheet. In the case of such a dye thermal transfer-system printer, the receiving sheet is generally fed in the flat sheet state.
With the progress of a digital image processing technique using a computer, the image quality or the like of an image recorded by the dye thermal transfer system is remarkably enhanced and the market for this system is expanded. Furthermore, the technique of controlling the temperature of a thermal head is improved and, along therewith, the demand for a high-speed high-sensitivity printing system is increasing. Therefore, how efficiently the heat value of a heating device such as thermal head is utilized for the image formation is an important problem to be solved. Also, low cost, simplified structure and the like of a printer are required, and this brings about a technical problem such as reduction in the printing pressure by a thermal head and prolongation of the head life. At present, a printer capable of printing one A6 size sheet within 30 seconds is available on the market, and it is expected that the demand for printing at a higher speed will increase in the future.
For efficiently forming a high-quality and high-density image, a receiving sheet comprising a support having provided thereon a receiving layer mainly comprising a dye-dyeable resin is generally used, but when a normal film is used as a substrate for the support, despite excellent smoothness, the heat from a thermal head escapes to the substrate to cause insufficient recording sensitivity or, as a film is lacking in the satisfactory cushioning property, close contact between the ink ribbon and the receiving sheet is unsatisfactory and, as a result, density unevenness or the like is generated.
In order to solve such problems, for example, a support obtained by laminating a foamed film with a core material layer such as paper sheets (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 61-197282 (page 1)), and a support obtained by laminating a biaxially stretched film (synthetic paper) mainly comprising a thermoplastic resin such as polyolefin resin and containing a void structure, with a core material layer such as paper sheets (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 62-198497 (page 1)) have been proposed as the support. The receiving sheet using such a support is excellent in the heat insulating property and smoothness but disadvantageously fails in having a paper-like texture or is expensive.
Furthermore, when a paper sheet is used as the support of the receiving sheet, similarly to the film, the recording sensitivity is insufficient and, although the cushioning property is somewhat higher than that of a film, the close contact between the ink ribbon and the receiving layer becomes non-uniform due to the uneven fiber density of the paper and the print tends to have irregular shading. Therefore, for the improvement of transfer density or the like, a receiving sheet where an intermediate layer containing hollow particles is provided between the paper support and the receiving layer has been disclosed (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) Nos. 63-87286 (pages 1 and 2) and 1-27996 (pages 1 to 3)). In this receiving sheet, the sensitivity is improved by the effect of enhancing the heat insulating property or cushioning property of the hollow particle-containing layer, but the hollow particles are liable to produce an irregularity on the receiving sheet surface.
With respect to the improvement of irregularity on the receiving sheet surface, a receiving sheet having, for example, a specific surface roughness or glossiness by specifying the average particle diameter or hollow percentage of a hollow particle used in the intermediate layer has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) Nos. 9-99651 (pages 1 to 5) and 2001-39043 (pages 2 and 3)). Also, a receiving sheet comprising a substrate sheet having formed thereon a resin layer containing an air bubble layer and a receiving layer, where a smoothing treatment is applied to the air bubble layer and/or the receiving layer, has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 6-210968 (pages 2 to 4)).
However, a satisfactory correlation is not necessarily present between the surface roughness value of the receiving layer as measured by a conventional measuring method and the quality of an image actually obtained by a dye thermal transfer printer. Particularly, a good image quality can hardly be obtained in the printing by a current high-speed printer at a low printing pressure. Furthermore, when the hollow percentage by volume of the hollow particle is elevated, the receiving sheet surface is readily scratched. That is, there is a problem that generation of a scratch is liable to occur resulting from hitting with a nail, a pen point or the like against the sheet surface on handling the printed matter and the commercial value is seriously decreased.
Also, to improve the smoothness on the receiving sheet surface, a receiving sheet having a porous layer comprising a plurality of layers, where a laminate layer formed by co-extrusion of a thermoplastic resin is provided on the porous layer, has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2000-272259 (page 2)). However, as a resin solution containing an air bubble formed by stirring or a thermally expansible resin of forming an excessive hollow is used for the porous layer on the core material layer side, sufficient smoothness can hardly be obtained or the formation of the laminate layer may cause, for example, deformation and collapse of the porous structure of the porous layer due to heat and the effect of enhancing the sensitivity and image quality is not necessarily at a satisfactory level. Furthermore, a receiving sheet having a receiving layer into which two or more kinds of fine hollow particles differing in particle diameter are incorporated has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 11-291647 (page 2)), but the hollow particles present in the receiving layer cannot satisfactorily provide the effect of enhancing the heat insulating property or cushioning property and adversely affect the dyeability or the like of the receiving layer and, as a result, the image tends to have insufficient uniformity.
In addition, the partition wall of the hollow particle used in such a receiving sheet having an intermediate layer is formed of a polymer material having a low glass transition temperature and, therefore, the hollow particle is generally poor in the heat resistance and may be thermally deform and collapse due to heat at the production of the receiving sheet or heat from a thermal head at the printing, making it difficult to control the printing density, or the printed area may be dented due to heat to impair the outer appearance. Accordingly, a sufficiently high image quality may be unobtainable in the printing by a current high-speed printer.
Also, a receiving sheet comprising a paper substrate having sequentially stacked thereon a hollow particle-containing layer and a dye receiving layer, where the cushion deformation percentage of the entire receiving sheet is from 10 to 30%, has been proposed (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2002-200851 (pages 2 to 5)). Although the construction material for the partition wall of the hollow particle is selected from the standpoint of enhancing the solvent resistance, as the heat resistance is not taken into account at all, a need for improvement still exists.

Thermal transfer receiving sheet, production method thereof and image forming method using the sheet


A performance analysis system that analyzes the performance of a business intelligence analytics application is provided. The performance analysis system logs data associated with one or more queries of a database within the database. The performance analysis system further generates performance data based on an analysis of the logged data, where the performance data includes data associated with one or more performance metrics of each query. The performance analysis system further generates one or more performance queries of the performance data, where a response to each performance query includes at least a portion of the one or more performance metrics stored within the database.

Business intelligence is defined as the ability for an organization to take all its capabilities and convert them into knowledge, ultimately getting the right information to the right person at the right time via the right channel. Business intelligence analytic applications provide information technology professionals the power to bring together diverse data, resulting in better alignment with the information technology professional's business, and a more agile information technology organization. Furthermore, business professions can gain access to various types of information they need using business intelligence analytic applications, in addition to freedom to explore the information in an unconstrained and intuitive manner using advanced search visualizations. Business intelligence analytic applications can provide support for guided exploration, search, and analysis on any kind of information: structured, semi-structured or unstructured data, either from inside an organization or from external services.

Business intelligence performance analysis system


A mat cover is constructed of an upper and lower panel having a mat therebetween, and a pillow containing pouch overlaying the upper panel, with the pillow containing pouch defined by a folded flap attached to the top edge and side portions of the lower panel.

1. Field of the Invention
A mat cover with self encased pillow relates to a textile product cover for a mat, and more particularly to the improved design of a self encased pillow incorporated into the cover.
2. Description of Prior Art
Children attending day care or preschool are often required to have a nap or rest period during their day. Individuals often purchase a mat capable of being compactly folded and conventionally made of foam rubber covered with flexible plastic. While a mat may be wiped for sanitation purposes, simple wiping does not substitute for laundering with appropriate detergent. An uncovered exposed mat is also uncomfortable, often causing the user's skin to perspire and cling to the plastic covering. There are several patents that disclose various rest mats.
The cover for exercise mat in U.S. Pat. No. 5,099,530 to Scott (1992) contains an external pocket sewn onto the top layer with such pocket not fastened in the closed position, allowing the pillow to be easily withdrawn resulting in a possibility of losing the pillow.
The child's resting mat organization in U.S. Pat. No. 4,967,428 to Browder (1990) contains a pillow that is attached to the cover by hoop and loop fastener strips which could become detached and lost.
The portable combined lounging mat and pillow having a pocket in U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,120 to Holmes (1993) combines a mat and pillow produced from a single large piece of suitable fabric. While the risk of losing the attached pillow is reduced, there are drawbacks to this combination: (a) sanitation is compromised as materials frequently used for filling a pillow and for constructing a lounging mat generally do not dry during laundering at the same rate resulting in a damp pillow; and (b) inefficiency is increased as the attached pillow is generally unsalvageable if a lounging mat is damaged or overly soiled.


Techniques for establishing TTR indication in ADSL Annex C based communication systems are disclosed. The techniques enable, for example, hyperframe alignment and synchronized initialization procedures (e.g., G.hs).

The Telecommunications Standards Section of the International Telecommunication Union (designated as ITU-T) develops recommendations to facilitate the interoperation of telecommunication networks. Two of these recommendations are designated G.992.1 and G.992.2, which define asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceiver technologies.
The G.992.1 and G.992.2 standards both use a multicarrier modulation scheme referred to as discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation technology. DMT modulation employs multiple carriers or "tones" for both upstream and downstream communication. For example, downstream communication per G.992.1 uses carriers up to index 255, while downstream communication per G.992.2 uses carriers only up to index 127. By working with a large number of carriers rather than a single carrier, the available channel capacity can be maximized thereby optimizing performance of the transmission bandwidth.
Both G.992.1 and G.992.2 have an Annex C that defines a special recommendation for ADSL transceivers under the time compression multiplexing—integrated services digital network (TCM-ISDN) noise environment. Reference to "Annex C" may be to either or both of G.992.1 and G.992.2. TCM-ISDN is defined in ITU-T recommendation G.961 Appendix III. Recommendation G.961 Appendix III describes a ping-pong scheme where the transmission (and reception) of data between two transceivers is performed under the control of a 400 Hz clock referred to as the TCM-ISDN timing reference (TTR). G.992.1 and G.992.2 Annex C central office side transceivers transmit a TTR indication signal during transceiver training so that the customer premise side transceiver can detect and lock its receiver and transmitter to the TTR clock. This TTR indication signal is tone 48 with phase reversal per current versions of G.992.1 and G.992.2. The central office transceiver (ATU-C) transmits the data stream basically in the first half of the TTR period, and the customer transceiver (ATU-R) transmits basically in the second half of the TTR period. Such a ping pong scheme is particularly useful in the context of a communication channel that has high crosstalk interference levels due to the likes of poor quality insulators (e.g., pulp based insulation) within a cable bundle where simultaneous transmission by both the central office and customer transceivers is difficult.
Hyperframe Alignment Based on TTR Detection
The TTR is used to lock the ATU-C local clock frequency, which controls the ATU-C A/D and D/A sampling rates, and the transmitter and receiver symbol rates. The ATU-C transmitter checks the phase of the system TTR, and locks its hyperframe window to the TTR. At the ATU-R, the receiver tracks the received signal from ATU-C transmitter, and locks the local clock to the ATU-C clock frequency. The ATU-R also detects the hyperframe pattern from the received TTR indication signal from the ATU-C, and aligns its symbol counter to the hyperframe pattern (generally referred to as hyperframe alignment). The symbol counter is used to track the symbol index, and is incremented by 1 for each symbol. The counter is reset to zero when it reaches 345 (note that there are 345 symbols in a hyperframe). Thus, the transmitter and receiver are synchronized to the hyperframe. This alignment process is performed during transceiver training of the communication link between two ADSL modems.
Annex C defines a dual bitmap mode (DBM) encoding technique for providing dual bitmaps that are switched synchronized with the hyperframe pattern that is synchronized to the TTR to provide a data stream having dual bit rates. The technique is based on the observation that for short to medium local loops (e.g., less than about three kilometers), the channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be sufficiently high during NEXT interference to transmit data at a low bit rate. Thus, under certain conditions DBM allows full-duplex operation of TCM-IDSN transceivers by employing different bit rates under NEXT and FEXT interference, respectively. In this sense, the communication channel operating under DBM in a TCM-ISDN environment is effectively two communication channels: one is a FEXT channel and the other is a NEXT channel. A single bitmap mode (SBM, more specifically referred to as FEXT bitmap mode or FBM) encoding technique is also provided. Here, the central office and the remote transceivers transmit data only in FEXT time, and do not transmit data simultaneously (half-duplex mode).
In DBM encoding, bit rates can be changed by changing the bitmaps used to encode the symbols to be transmitted. As is understood by those skilled in the art, a "bitmap" determines the number of bits that can be encoded into each subchannel in a symbol. A "symbol" is the basic unit of information transmitted by the transceiver. The number of bits encoded into each subchannel in a symbol is limited by the quality of the communication channel. The quality of the communication channel can be represented by its SNR. Thus, a system employing DBM includes two bitmaps for providing different data rates: one bitmap for NEXT time and one bitmap for FEXT time. A system employing FBM uses only one bitmap (a FEXT bitmap) since no data signal is transmitted in NEXT time. Because each bitmap used in DBM is associated with different bit rates, the transition from one bit map to the other must be detected to ensure a compatible transmitter-receiver pair. As the standardized frame rate is not a multiple of 400 Hz TTR signal, identifying the boundaries between the NEXT and FEXT channels is not trivial.
According to G.992.1 or G.992.2 Annex C, the ATU-C uses phase changes of a single tone (tone 48) to indicate the transition between the NEXT bitmap and the FEXT bitmap. In particular, the phase of this single tone is toggled by 90 degrees at the transmitter to indicate the transition. Thus, the ATU-R receiver has to detect the phase changes, and then recognize the 345-symbol pattern of FIG. 1a in order to align to the transmitter hyperframe. On long loops and in presence of strong noise, however, it becomes very difficult to detect the phase change of tone 48, and the TTR detection becomes the bottleneck for longer reach. Furthermore, because the tone 48 TTR indication signal indicates only the transition from each bitmap, the receiver needs to search for the pattern implied in FIG. 1a to identify the hyperframe boundary and perform the alignment. This complicates the hyperframe alignment at the receiver and increases the possibility of its failure on long loops.
What is needed, therefore, is a TTR indication signal that is detectable on longer and noisier loops. In a more general sense, there is a need for synchronization of signals or procedures to the TTR.

Synchronizing initial handshake in ADSL annex C to TTR


A method of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for improving brightness and efficiency. In the method, a sustaining pulse for sustaining a discharge of a cell selected in a sustaining interval is alternately applied to each of a sustaining electrode pair. A pulse signal synchronized with the sustaining pulse is applied to a data electrode to cause a discharge for inducing a long-path discharge between the sustaining electrode pair between any one of the sustaining electrode pair and the data electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a plasma display panel, and more particularly to a method of driving a plasma display panel that is adaptive for improving brightness and efficiency.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a plasma display panel (PDP) radiates a fluorescent body by an ultraviolet with a wavelength of 147 nm generated during a discharge of He+Xe or Ne+Xe gas to thereby display a picture including characters and graphics. Such a PDP is easy to be made into a thin-film and large-dimension type. Moreover, the PDP provides a very improved picture quality owing to a recent technical development. Particularly, since a three-electrode, alternating current (AC) surface-discharge PDP lowers a voltage required for a discharge by utilizing wall charges accumulated in the surface thereof upon discharge and protects electrodes from a sputtering generated by the discharge, it has advantages of a low-voltage driving and a long life.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional three-electrode, AC surface-discharge PDP includes a scanning electrode Y and a sustaining electrode Z provided on an upper substrate 10, and a data electrode X provided on a lower substrate 18.
The scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z have transparent electrodes 12Y and 12Z with a large width and metal bus electrodes 13Y and 13Z with a small width, respectively, and are formed on the upper substrate in parallel. An upper dielectric layer 14 and a protective film 16 are disposed on the upper substrate 10 in such a manner to cover the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z. Wall charges generated upon plasma discharge are accumulated in the upper dielectric layer 14. The protective film 16 prevents a damage of the upper dielectric layer 14 caused by a sputtering during the plasma discharge and improves the emission efficiency of secondary electrons. This protective film 16 is usually made from magnesium oxide (MgO). The data electrode X is perpendicular to the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z.
A lower dielectric layer 22 and barrier ribs 24 are formed on the lower substrate 18. The surfaces of the lower dielectric layer 22 and the barrier ribs 24 are coated with a fluorescent material layer 26. The barrier ribs 24 separate adjacent discharge spaces in the horizontal direction to thereby prevent optical and electrical crosstalk between adjacent discharge cells. The fluorescent layer 26 is excited by an ultraviolet ray generated during the plasma discharge to generate any one of red, green and blue visible light rays. An inactive mixture gas of He+Xe or Ne+Xe is injected into a discharge space defined between the upper and lower substrate 10 and 18 and the barrier rib 24.
Discharge cells of the three-electrode PDP are arranged at a panel 30 in a matrix pattern as shown in FIG. 2. The scanning electrodes Y1 to Ym and the sustaining electrodes Z1 to Zm arranged in parallel cross the data electrodes X1 to Xn at each discharge cell.
Such a PDP drives one frame, which is divided into various sub-fields having a different discharge frequency, so as to realize gray levels of a picture. Each sub-field is again divided into a reset interval for uniformly causing a discharge, an address interval for selecting the discharge cell and a sustaining interval for realizing the gray levels depending on the discharge frequency.
For instance, when it is intended to display a picture of 256 gray levels, a frame interval equal to 1/60 second (i.e. 16.67 msec) is divided into 8 sub-fields SF1 to SF8 as shown in FIG. 3. Each of the 8 sub-fields SF1 to SF8 is again divided into a reset interval, an address interval and a sustaining interval. The reset interval and the address interval of each sub-field are equal every sub-field. The address discharge for selecting the cell is caused by a voltage difference between the data electrode X and the scanning electrode Y. The sustaining interval is increased at a ration of 2n (wherein n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) at each sub-field. A sustaining discharge frequency in the sustaining interval is controlled at each sub-field in this manner, to thereby realize a gray scale required for a picture display. The sustaining discharge is generated by a high voltage of pulse signal applied alternately to the scanning electrode Y and a sustaining electrode Z.
FIG. 4 illustrates driving waveforms of the three-electrode PDP.
Referring to FIG. 4, in the reset interval, a reset discharge for initializing the discharge cell is generated by a reset pulse Vr applied to the sustaining electrode Z. Such a reset pulse Vr may be applied to the scanning electrode Y. At this time, a positive pulse signal with a low voltage level is applied to the data electrode X so as to prevent an erroneous discharge from being generated between the sustaining electrode Z and the data electrode X.
In the address interval, a scanning pulse −Vsc is sequentially applied to the scanning electrode Y and a data pulse Vd synchronized with the scanning pulse −Vsc is applied to the data electrode X. An address discharge is generated at the discharge cell supplied with the data pulse Vd. A low-level positive direct current (DC) voltage is applied to the sustaining electrode Z so as to prevent an erroneous discharge from being generated between the data electrode X and the sustaining electrode Z.
In the sustaining interval, a sustaining pulse Vs are alternately applied to the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z. Then, the discharge cells selected by the address discharge generates a sustaining discharge continuously whenever the sustaining pulse Vs is applied.
Since such a three-electrode PDP has the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z positioned at the upper center of the discharge space, it has a low utility of the discharge space. For this reason, in the three-electrode PDP, a voltage for causing a sustaining discharge and a power consumption are high while discharge and light-emission efficiencies during the sustaining discharge are low. More specifically, the sustaining discharge takes a surface discharge between the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z. However, since the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z concentrate at the center of the cell to lower a discharge-initiating voltage, a discharge path becomes short to cause low discharge and light-emission efficiencies. When a distance between the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode is enlarged so as to enhance the efficiencies, a discharge-initiating voltage becomes high in proportional to a distance between the two electrodes. Furthermore, when an electrode width of at least one of the scanning electrode Y and the sustaining electrode Z is widened so as to enhance an efficiency, power consumption rises due to an increase in discharge current.
In order to solve the problems of the three-electrode PDP, there has been suggested a five-electrode PDP in which an electrode for causing a sustaining discharge is divided into four electrodes.
Referring to FIG. 5, the conventional five-electrode PDP includes first and second trigger electrodes TY and TZ provided on an upper substrate 34 in such a manner to be positioned at the center of a discharge cell, first and second sustaining electrodes SY and SZ provided on the upper substrate 34 in such a manner to be positioned at the edge of the discharge cell, and a data electrode X provided at a lower substrate 40 in such a manner to be perpendicular to the trigger electrodes TY and TZ and the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ.
The trigger electrodes TY and TZ and the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ include transparent electrodes having a large width and metal bus electrodes having a small width, respectively, and are formed on the upper substrate 34 in parallel. The trigger electrodes TY and TZ can be easily discharged at a low potential difference because a distance Ni between the electrodes is small. The first trigger electrode TY also plays a role to cause an address discharge by a voltage level difference between an applied scanning pulse and a data pulse applied to the data electrode X. The sustaining electrodes SY and SZ are set to have a large distance Wi between the electrodes with having the trigger electrodes TY and YZ therebetween. The sustaining electrodes SY and SZ causes a long-path discharge by utilizing space charges and wall charges formed by a discharge between the trigger electrodes TY and TZ.
An upper dielectric layer 36 and a protective film 38 are disposed on the upper substrate 34 in such a manner to cover the trigger electrodes TY and TZ and the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ. Wall charges generated upon plasma discharge are accumulated in the upper dielectric layer 36. The protective film 38 prevents a damage of the upper dielectric layer 36 caused by a sputtering during the plasma discharge and improves the emission efficiency of secondary electrons. This protective film 38 is usually made from magnesium oxide (MgO).
A lower dielectric layer 44 and barrier ribs 46 are formed on the lower substrate 40. The surfaces of the lower dielectric layer 44 and the barrier ribs 46 are coated with a fluorescent material layer 48. The barrier ribs 46 separate adjacent discharge spaces in the horizontal direction to thereby prevent optical and electrical crosstalk between adjacent discharge cells. The fluorescent material layer 48 is excited by an ultraviolet ray generated during the plasma discharge to generate any one of red, green and blue visible light rays. An inactive mixture gas of He+Xe or Ne+Xe is injected into a discharge space defined among the upper and lower substrate 34 and 40 and the barrier ribs 46.
Discharge cells of the five-electrode PDP are arranged at a panel 60 in a matrix pattern as shown in FIG. 6. Pairs of the scanning electrodes TY1 to TYm and TZ1 to TZm and pairs of the sustaining electrodes SY1 to SYm and SZ1 to SZm arranged in parallel cross the data electrodes X1 to Xn at each discharge cell.
Like the three-electrode PDP, such a five-electrode AC surface-discharge PDP drives one frame, which is divided into various sub-fields having a different discharge frequency, so as to realize gray levels of a picture.
FIG. 7 shows driving waveforms of the five-electrode PDP.
Referring to FIG. 7, in the reset interval, a positive reset pulse Vrst having a high voltage level is applied to the second trigger electrode TZ. Then, the discharge cells at the entire field are reset-discharged to left a constant quantity of wall charges at the discharge cells a the entire field. At this time, a positive pulse signal with a low voltage level is applied to the data electrode X so as to prevent an erroneous discharge from being generated between the second trigger electrode TZ and the data electrode X.
In the address interval, a scanning pulse −Vsc is sequentially applied to the first trigger electrodes TY. A data pulse Vd synchronized with the scanning pulse −Vsc is simultaneously applied to the data electrodes X. The discharge cell supplied with the data pulse Va causes an address discharge by a voltage difference between the data electrode X and the first trigger electrode TY and an internal wall voltage.
In the sustaining interval, a trigger pulse Vt and a sustaining pulse Vs are simultaneously applied to the first trigger electrode TY and the first sustaining electrode SY, respectively. Also, the trigger pulse Vt and the sustaining pulse Vs are simultaneously applied to the second trigger electrode TZ and the second sustaining electrode SZ, respectively. Herein, a voltage level of the trigger pulse Vt is set to be lower than that of the sustaining pulse Vs. When a first trigger pulse Vt is applied to the first trigger electrode TY, the discharge cells having generated the address discharge cause a short-path discharge between the first trigger electrode TY and the second trigger electrode TZ. By this short-path discharge, space charges and wall charges are created within the discharge cells selected by the address discharge. The space charges and the wall charges created by the short-path discharge provide a priming effect with respect to a long-path discharge between the first and second sustaining electrodes SY and SZ. In other words, the priming effect caused by the short-path discharge induces a long-path discharge between the first and second electrodes SY and SZ. In other words, the short-path discharge between the trigger electrodes TY and TZ can cause a long-path discharge between the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ having a wide distance between electrodes at a low voltage.
The sustaining discharge process in the five-electrode PDP is as shown in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B.
Referring to FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B, if a trigger pulse Vt is applied to the first trigger electrode TY, then a short-path discharge is generated between the first trigger electrode TY and the second trigger electrode TZ. Subsequently, when a sustaining pulse Vs synchronized with the trigger pulse Vt is applied to the first sustaining electrode SY, a discharge occurs between the first trigger electrode TY and the first sustaining electrode SY as shown in FIG. 8A with the aid of wall charges and space charges created upon discharge between the first trigger electrode TY and the second trigger electrode TZ. Likewise, when a sustaining pulse Vs synchronized with the trigger pulse Vt is applied to the second sustaining electrode SZ, a discharge occurs between the second trigger electrode TZ and the second sustaining electrode SZ as shown in FIG. 8B with the aid of wall charges and space charges created upon discharge between the first trigger electrode TY and the second trigger electrode TZ. When the wall charges and the space charges created by the discharge between the first trigger electrode TY and the first sustaining electrode SY (or the discharge between the second trigger electrode TZ and the second sustaining electrode SZ) is added to a sustaining pulse Vs applied from the exterior to generate a voltage difference enough to cause a long-path discharge, a long-path discharge occurs between the first sustaining electrode SY and the second sustaining electrode SZ.
Herein, the long-path discharge between the first and second sustaining electrodes SY and SZ only contributes to brightness. The discharge between the trigger electrodes TY and TZ or the short-path discharge between any one trigger electrode TY or TZ and any one sustaining electrode SY or SZ are priming discharges for creating charged particles permitting a long-path discharge.
In the conventional five-electrode PDP, the discharge between the trigger electrodes TY and TZ spaced at a narrow distance Ni or the short-path discharge between any one trigger electrode TY or TZ and any one sustaining electrode SY or SZ should be weakly generated for the purpose of obtaining a stable long-path discharge. Also, in the conventional five-electrode PDP, since most wall charges created by the address discharge concentrates on the first trigger electrode TY, the discharge between the trigger electrodes TY and TZ during the sustaining discharge is relatively strongly generated while the long-path discharge between the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ is weakly generated.
An experimental result shows that the discharge between any one trigger electrode TY or TZ and any one sustaining electrode SY or SZ weakens the long-path discharge between the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ to cause a deterioration of brightness. Accordingly, there has been required a scheme capable of weakening or eliminating the discharges between the trigger electrode TY or TZ and the sustaining electrodes SY and SZ causing a deterioration of brightness.


An arrangement for recirculation of exhaust gases of a supercharged combustion engine in a vehicle. A first EGR cooler effects a first step of cooling the recirculating exhaust gases in the return line by means of a cooling medium in the form of a cooling air flow, and a second EGR cooler effects a second step of cooling the recirculating exhaust gases in the return line by means of a cooling medium which is at substantially the temperature of the surroundings. The first EGR cooler is fitted in an internal region of the vehicle which is adapted to have the cooling air flow passing through it during operation of the combustion engine.

The present invention relates to an arrangement for recirculation of exhaust gases of a supercharged combustion engine and for cooling the gases during recirculation.
The technique known as EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) is a known means of leading part of the exhaust gases from a combustion process in a combustion engine back, via a return line, to an inlet line for supply of air to the combustion engine. A mixture of air and exhaust gases is thus supplied via the inlet line to the engine's cylinders in which the combustion takes place. Adding exhaust gases to the air causes a lower combustion temperature which results inter alia in a reduced content of nitrogen oxides NOx in the exhaust gases. This technique is used for both Otto engines and diesel engines.
The amount of air which can be supplied to a supercharged combustion engine depends on the pressure of the air but also on the temperature of the air. In order to supply as large an amount of air as possible to the combustion engine, the compressed air is cooled in a charge air cooler before it is led to the combustion engine. The compressed air is cooled in the charge air cooler by means of ambient air. The compressed air can thus be cooled to a temperature which exceeds the temperature of the surroundings by only a few degrees. In cases where EGR technology is used, the returned exhaust gases are cooled by means of a so-called EGR cooler. Conventional EGR coolers use as cooling medium the coolant in the vehicle's ordinary cooling system for cooling the combustion engine. Conventional EGR coolers are therefore subject to the limitation that the exhaust gases cannot be cooled to a lower temperature than the temperature of the coolant in the cooling system, which during normal operation is of the order of 70-90° C. The cooled exhaust gases are therefore usually at a definitely higher temperature than the cooled compressed air when they mix in the inlet line to the combustion engine. The mixture of exhaust gases and air which is led to the combustion engine will therefore be at a higher temperature than the compressed air which is led into a supercharged combustion engine not provided with recirculation of exhaust gases. The performance of a supercharged combustion engine equipped with EGR will thus be somewhat inferior to that of a corresponding supercharged combustion engine not equipped with EGR.

Arrangement for recirculation of exhaust gases of a supercharged internal combustion engine


By forming a flange portion (16a1) protruding inward in the radial direction at an upper end portion (16a) of a voice coil (16), a coiling sectional shape of the voice coil (16) is set to a L-shape. And, the upper end portion (16a) of this voice coil (16), is bonded and fixed to a central flat portion (12b) of a diaphragm (12). Hereby, by only increasing slightly the weight of the usual voice coil having an I-shaped coiling section, the large bonding area can be obtained between the voice coil (16) and the diaphragm (12), so that separation of the voice coil (16) can be prevented. Further, since other portions of the voice coil (16) than the upper end portion (16a) thereof have the usual coil thickness, it is not necessary to expand the width of a cylindrical magnetic gap G in a magnetic circuit unit (18), whereby it is prevented that electroacoustic conversion efficiency of a speaker (10) lowers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dynamic speaker, and particularly to a structure for fixing a voice coil to a diaphragm in the dynamic speaker.
2. Description of the Related Art
As one type of a speaker, a dynamic speaker has been known heretofore. The dynamic speaker, as disclosed in, for example, JP-A-6-178390, comprises generally a diaphragm, a voice coil of which one end portion is fixed to the diaphragm, and a magnetic circuit unit defining a cylindrical magnetic gap for placing the other end portion of the voice coil therein.
As the fixing structure of the voice coil to the diaphragm, the following structure is known, as disclosed in the JP publication. One end portion 2a of a voice coil 2 having an I-shaped coiling section as shown in FIG. 5A is bonded and fixed to a diaphragm 4.
However, in the speaker having such a fixing structure, since the large bonding area cannot be obtained, the fixing strength is insufficient. Accordingly, there is fear that the voice coil 2 peels off and separates from the diaphragm 4 during being used. Particularly, in case that the speaker is mounted on an automobile or the like, since it is used under environment where considerable vibration and shock load are applied, the voice coil 2 is easier to separate from the diaphragm.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 5B, in case that the coiling thickness of the voice coil 2 is set large, the relatively large bonding area between its one end portion 2a and the diaphragm 4 can be obtained, whereby the sufficient fixing strength can be obtained.
However, in this case, since a width of a cylindrical magnetic gap G of a magnetic circuit unit 6 becomes large, there is a problem that electroacoustic conversion efficiency of the speaker degrades. Further, the larger the coiling thickness of the voice coil 2 is, the larger the weight of the voice coil 2 becomes, whereby the large load acts on the bonding surface. Therefore, there is also a problem that separation preventing effect cannot be obtained as expected.
The invention has been made in consideration of these circumstances, and an object of the invention is to provide a speaker in which separation of a voice coil can be prevented without worsening acoustic characteristic of a dynamic speaker.
In order to achieve the object, a coiling sectional shape of the voice coil has been improved by the invention.
Namely, there is provided a speaker comprising:
a diaphragm;
a magnetic circuit unit defining a cylindrical magnetic gap; and
a voice coil having a first portion bonded to the diaphragm, and a second portion placed in the cylindrical magnetic gap;
wherein a thickness of the first portion of the voice coil is set larger than that of the second portion of the voice coil.
The xe2x80x9cdiaphragmxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cmagnetic circuit unitxe2x80x9d are not particularly limited in their concrete constitution such as their material, shapes, and the like as long as they can be used as a component of the dynamic speaker.
Further, the xe2x80x9cvoice coilxe2x80x9d is not particularly limited in its concrete coiling sectional shape as long as its coiling thickness at the first portion is set larger than that at other portions.
As indicated in the constitution, in the speaker according to the invention, the first portion of the voice coil is bonded and fixed to the diaphragm. Since the coiling thickness of the voice coil at the first portion is set larger than that at the other portions, the large bonding area between the first portion thereof and the diaphragm can be obtained without considerably increasing the weight of the voice coil. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the large load onto the bonding surface caused by the increase of the weight of the voice coil unlike the case where the coiling thickness of the voice coil is made large in whole, and the sufficient fixing strength of the voice coil in relation to the diaphragm can be obtained.
Further, since the coiling thickness of the voice coil at the other portions is set relatively small, it is not necessary to expand the width of the cylindrical magnetic gap in the magnetic circuit unit, and the large bonding area can be obtained between the first portion thereof and the diaphragm. Therefore, without lowering electroacoustic conversion efficiency of the speaker, the effects can be obtained.
As described above, according to the invention, the separation of the voice coil can be prevented without worsening properties of the speaker in the dynamic speaker.
In the constitution, as described above, the coiling sectional shape of the voce coil is not limited particularly. In case that the coiling section is substantially L-shaped by forming a flange that protrudes inward in the radial direction at the first portion, the large bonding area can obtained in a state where the increase of the weight of the voice coil is kept to a minimum. Further, without considerably complicating the coiling operation of the voice coil, the coiling thickness of the voice coil at the first portion thereof can be set larger than that at other portions.


A light emitting device capable of emitting light having various color temperatures is disclosed. The light emitting device includes a first light emitting part emitting a daylight color having a color temperature of 6000 K or more, a second light emitting part emitting white light having a color temperature less than 6000 K, and a third light emitting part emitting light in a visible range of 580 nm or more. The second and third light emitting parts are operable independently of the first light emitting part, and realize a warm white color having a color temperature of 3000 K or less with the white light emitted from the second light emitting part and the light emitted from the third light emitting part. The light emitting device realizes white light of various spectra and color temperatures corresponding to desired mood and utility. The light emitting device is controlled to emit light having a suitable wavelength or a suitable color temperature depending on the circadian rhythm of human, thereby enabling improvement of the user's health.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) refer to a semiconductor diode that emits light via generation and recombination of carriers, i.e. electrons and holes, in P-N junctions of a compound semiconductor. The LED consumes less power and has several to several dozen times the lifespan of conventional light bulbs or fluorescent lights, thereby being highly advantageous in terms of power reduction and durability. Additionally, the LED can be placed in a narrow space and is resistant to vibration. LED-based light emitting devices are used as display devices and backlights, and research is under way to apply them to general lighting. In recent years, white LEDs have come out in the marketplace, adding to already-available monochromatic LEDs, such as red LEDs, blue LEDs, and green LEDs. White LED-based light emitting devices are expected to experience rapidly increased demand along with an increase in application of such light emitting devices to automobile products, lighting products, and the like.
Humans have a circadian rhythm in which the physiological process is repeated in a roughly-24-hour cycle. For example, cortisol and melatonin, known as the "stress hormone" and the "sleep hormone," respectively, have a great influence on physical activity and sleeping, respectively. As a basis of daily physical activity, the level of cortisol undergoes diurnal variation with an increased level during the daytime and the lowest level occurring around midnight. On the other hand, the level of melatonin acting as hormone for midnight sleeping decreases during the daytime and increases at night, thereby promoting healthy levels of sleep while preventing drowsiness during the daytime.
Light generally affects such a physiological rhythm in humans, and sunlight in particular has a very great influence on humans. The color temperature of sunlight is higher than 6000 K before noon and gradually decreases afternoon. Color temperature is a physical value of color of a light source measured in degrees Kelvin (K). As the color temperature increases, the light source radiates blue light, and, as the color temperature decreases, the light source radiates strong red-yellow light. Additionally, a higher color temperatures facilitate increased brain activity and concentration, whereas a lower color temperature facilitates reasoning and relaxation.
As such, light provides various feelings and great influences on the physiological rhythms depending on the wavelengths and color temperature thereof, while causing various disorders, such as impaired digestion, chronic fatigue, and the like, in the case of failing to properly accommodate to variation of the light. Accordingly, various efforts have been made to develop lighting devices which can operate in consideration of the circadian rhythm of humans.
A conventional LED-based light emitting device employs various means for achieving white light emission. Generally, phosphors are disposed around an LED chip such that white light can be obtained by mixing some of primary emission light from the LED with secondary emission light having undergone wavelength conversion through the phosphors. Examples of phosphors for realizing white light emission include garnet phosphors, thiogallate, sulfide, silicate, oxynitride, and the like. However, when the light emitting devices employs such phosphors, there are disadvantages of a narrow range in color temperature, a very low color rendering index, and instability of a lamp. In other words, it is difficult to manufacture a light emitting device capable of providing various spectra or color temperatures. Furthermore, since red-based phosphors have a lower photo efficiency, it is necessary to increase power and the amount of phosphors in order to realize white light having a lower color temperature with a blue or ultraviolet-LED chip and the phosphors.
The present invention is conceived to solve the problems of the conventional techniques as described above, and it is an aspect of the present invention to provide a light emitting device that includes a plurality of light emitting parts in a single package to realize white light of various spectra and color temperatures.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a light emitting device, the spectrum and color temperature of which is capable of being adjusted depending upon the physiological rhythms of human.
It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a light emitting device capable of realizing white light having a lower color temperature without significantly increasing power and phosphors.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the above and other features of the present invention can be accomplished by the provision of a light emitting device capable of emitting light having various color temperatures. The light emitting device includes a first light emitting part, a second light emitting part, and a third light emitting part. The first light emitting part includes a first LED chip and a first phosphor, and emits a daylight color having a color temperature of 6000 K or more; the second light emitting part includes a second LED chip and a second phosphor, and emits white light having a color temperature less than 6000 K; and the third light emitting part includes a third LED chip which emits light in a visible range of 580 nm or more. The second and third light emitting parts are operable independently of the first light emitting part and realize a warm white color having a color temperature of 3000 K or less with the white light emitted from the second light emitting part and the light emitted from the third light emitting part.
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 1:a(MIO).b(MII2O).c(MIIX).dAl2O3e(MIIIO).f(MIV2O3).g(MVoOp).h(MVIxOy)  <Chemical Formula 1>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Au, and Ag; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and Mn; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Sc, B, Ga, and In; Mv is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, Mn, V, Nb, Ta, W, and Mo; MVI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Sb, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, o, p, h, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦2, 0≦b≦2, 0≦c≦2, 0≦d≦8, 0≦e≦4, 0≦f≦3, 0≦g≦8, 1≦o≦2, 1≦p≦5, 0≦h≦2, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 2:a(MIO).b(MII2O).c(MIIX).(4-a-b-c)(MIIIO).7(Al2O3).d(B2O3).e(Ga2O3).f(SiO2).g(GeO2).h(MIVxOy)  <Chemical Formula 2>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Au, and Ag; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and Mn; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Sb, Sc, Y, La, In, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F; Cl, Br, and I; and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦4, 0≦b≦2, 0≦c≦2, 0≦d≦1, 0≦e≦1, 0≦f≦1, 0≦g≦1, 0<h≦0.5, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 3:a(MIO).b(MIIO).cAl2O3.d(MIII2O3).e(MIVO2).f(MVxOy)  <Chemical Formula 3>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and Mn; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of B, Ga, and In; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, and Hf; MV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Sb, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; and a, b, c, d, e, f, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦1, 0≦b≦2, 0<c≦8, 0≦d≦1, 0≦e≦1, 0≦f≦2, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 4:a(MIO).b(MIIO).c(MIIIX).d(MIII2O).e(MIV2O3).f(MVoOp).g(SiO2).h(MVIxOy)  <Chemical Formula 4>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and Mn; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Au, and Ag; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, and B; MV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ge, V, Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Ti, Zr, Hf; and P; MVI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Sb, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, o, p, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦2, 0<b≦8, 0≦c≦4, 0≦d≦2, 0≦e≦2, 0≦f≦2, 0≦g≦10, 0≦h≦5, 1≦o≦2, 1≦p≦5, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 5:a(MIO).b(MII2O).c(MIIX).d(Sb2O5).e(MIIIO).f(MIVxOy)  <Chemical Formula 5>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Au, and Ag; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and Mn; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Sc, Y. La, Pr, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, and Gd; X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and a, b, c, d, e, f, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦2, 0≦b≦2, 0≦c≦4, 0<d≦8, 0≦e≦8, 0≦f≦2, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 6:a(MIO).b(MII2O).c(MIIX).dGeO2.e(MIIIO).f(MIV2O3).g(MVoOp).h(MVIxOy)  <Chemical Formula 6>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Au, and Ag; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, and Cd; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, B, Al, Ga, In, and La; MV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Ti, Zr, Mn, V, Nb, Ta, W, and Mo; MVI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy; X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, o, p, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦2, 0≦b≦2, 0≦c≦10, 0<d≦10, 0≦e≦14, 0≦f≦14, 0≦g≦10, 0≦h≦2, 1≦o≦2, 1≦p≦5, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a phosphor represented by the following Chemical Formula 7:a(MIO).b(MII2O).c(MIIX).dP2O5.e(MIIIO).f(MIV2O3).g(MVO2).h(MVIxOy)  <Chemical Formula 7>
(where MI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Pb and Cu; MII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Au, and Ag; MIII is at least one selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and Mn; MIV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, B, Al, La, Ga, and In; MV is at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, W, and Mo; MVI is at least one selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sn, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ce, and Tb; X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, x, and y are respectively set in the ranges of: 0<a≦2, 0≦b≦12, 0≦c≦16, 0<d≦3, 0≦e≦5, 0≦f≦3, 0≦g≦2, 0≦h≦2, 1≦x≦2, and 1≦y≦5)
The first or second light emitting part may comprise a single or a plurality of phosphors.
Meanwhile, the fist and second LED chips may emit blue or UV light.
The light emitting device may further include a controller to control voltage applied to at least one of the first, second, and third light emitting parts. The controller may adjust the externally input voltage according to time, and particularly, may adjust the externally input voltage on a 24-hour cycle.
The first to third light emitting parts may be formed in a single package. The package may include a substrate upon which the first to third light emitting parts are mounted, and the phosphors of the first and second light emitting parts may be disposed above the first and second LED chips. Further, the package may further include a heat sink to dissipate heat generated from the LED chips, and the first to third LED chips may be disposed above the heat sink and the phosphors of the first and second light emitting parts may be disposed above the first and second LED chips.
The second light emitting part may be disposed nearer a center of the package than the first and third light emitting parts.
In the above description, although the first and second light emitting parts are divided based on a color temperature of 6000 K, the first and second light emitting parts may be divided based on a different color temperature. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a light emitting device includes a first light emitting part including a first LED chip and a first phosphor and emitting white light having a higher color temperature, a second light emitting part including a second LED chip and a second phosphor and emitting white light having a lower color temperature, and a third light emitting part including a third LED chip emitting light in the visible range of 580 nm or more. The second and third light emitting parts are operable independently of the first light emitting part, and realize a warm white color having a color temperature of 3000 K or less with the white light emitted from the second light emitting part and the light emitted from the third light emitting part. Accordingly, the light emitting device can realize white light having a variety of color temperatures. Meanwhile, a reference color temperature classifying the first and second light emitting parts may be in the range of 4000˜6000 K.

Light emitting device having various color temperature


The present invention relates to IP networks and, more particularly, local area networks, for example home networks. It concerns the manner in which devices connected to such networks obtain and update knowledge of the other compatible devices connected to the network. To do this, the invention is based on a finite-state machine, comprising connected, disconnected and standby states. The changes of state take place on receipt of messages, requests or replies from the other devices, or on expiry of timers in the absence of receipt of messages.

The present invention relates to IP ("Internet Protocol") networks, described in RFC791, and in particular local area networks, for example home networks. It concerns the manner in which devices connected to such networks obtain and update knowledge of the other compatible devices connected to the network.
In home networks using IEEE 1394 technology, a high-performance bus described in the document entitled "IEEE Std 1394-1995 High Performance Bus, Aug. 30, 1996", the connection or disconnection of a device in the network causes the reset of the bus, thereby initiating a connected device discovery phase.
In an IP network, the connection or disconnection of a device does not instigate any specific activity on the network which is likely to be detected by the other devices. Certain applications or certain protocols need a device connected to a network to be able to identify the other devices participating in this application or implementing the same protocol. We can cite, for example, the SmartRight digital content copy protection protocol, which is described, for example, in the European patent application published under number EP 1 253 762 A1. Devices implementing this protocol must detect the arrival of a new device compatible with this protocol on the network in such a way as to be able to initiate a key management phase to ensure network coherence.
Service discovery protocols exist on the IP network, for example the "Simple Services Discovery Protocol", described in the document entitled "draft-cai-ssdp-v1-03.txt", which is available from the IETF ("Engineering Internet Task Force"). However, this protocol, apart from the fact that it is geared towards the discovery of services, and in particular HTTP services, rather than devices, does not guarantee fast and reliable detection of the arrival of a device on the network. In fact, this detection is based on the dispatch of an announcement message by the device arriving on the network, this message being sent using the "User Datagram Protocol" (UDP), which is described in RFC768. This announcement message may never be received by the network devices, since the UDP protocol is not resilient and offers no guarantee against possible message loss. Moreover, this protocol is generally based on an event indicating connection, this event being generated by the "Medium Access Control" (MAC) layer.
Other protocols, such as the "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", enable a device arriving on the network to obtain information on the network. However, apart from the fact that, once connected, these protocols do not offer the means to be alerted of the subsequent connection of new devices, these protocols perform a conventional IP client-server function which is not relevant here. Indeed, for our application it is desirable for no device to play a specific role which excludes the use of a server which centralizes network management.
This therefore creates the problem of finding an IP-based method which is independent of the underlying network layers and which enables detection of the arrival on the network and the departure from the network of devices implementing the same method. This method cannot be based on the presence of a server performing a network management role in such a way as to be capable of functioning between all the devices carrying out the method without preliminary simple and immediate configuration.

Method for the discovery of devices connected to an IP network and device to carry out said method


In a fuel cell arrangement with at least one fuel cell operated by a fuel and an oxidizing agent, means are provided for effecting gravity driven circulation of the fuel and the oxidizing agent through the fuel cell so that no pumping means, which consume power and need servicing, are required.

The invention relates to a fuel cell. A fuel cell includes a cathode, an electrolyte and an anode. The cathode is supplied with a fuel such as hydrogen.
There are various types of fuel cells, for example, SOFC fuel cells or PEM fuel cells.
A SOFC fuel cell is also called high temperature fuel cell, since its operating temperature is about 900.degree. C. At the cathode of a high temperature fuel cell, oxygen ions are formed in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The oxygen ions pass through the electrolyte and recombine at the anode side with the hydrogen from the fuel to form water. During recombination, electrons are released, whereby electric energy is generated.
The operating temperature of a PEM fuel cell is about 80.degree. C. In the presence of fuel hydrogen ions are formed at the anode of a PEM fuel cell by means of a catalyst. The hydrogen ions pass through the electrolyte and are combined with the oxygen from the oxidizing agent to form water. In the process, electrons are released whereby electric energy is generated. Hydrogen can be produced by reforming from methanol or methane.
For the generation of a large power output, several fuel cells are generally serially connected to form a so-called fuel cell stack. The element interconnecting two fuel cells is known as an interconnector.
In order to introduce the oxidizing agent and the fuel into a fuel cell or, respectively, into a fuel cell stack, pumps compressors or other pumping means are required. Depending on the type of the fuel cell unconsumed oxidizing agent and unconsumed fuel are subsequently conducted out of the fuel cell.
If pumps or similar means are used for moving the fuel and oxidizing agents through the fuel cell, the efficiency of the fuel cell is detrimentally affected since pumps consume usable (electric) energy. With pumps, furthermore, the number of moving components is increased which a fuel cell or fuel cell stack includes. A large number of moving parts is disadvantageous since the reliability of such an apparatus decreases and its costs increase with an increasing number of moving parts.
JB 59-8278(A) (Patent Abstracts of Japan, E-240 of Apr. 21, 1984, Vol. 8, No. 88) discloses an arrangement for transporting the required media through the fuel cell by convection with the aid of heating elements. However, such heating elements also consume energy and consequently, they detrimentally affect the efficiency of the whole apparatus.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a fuel cell which has a greater efficiency than the fuel cells known in the art and which furthermore is more reliable.

Fuel cell arrangement with gravity-driven circulation system


A three piling boatlift includes an inboard piling to which is secured a master/slave cable assembly. A first master cable extends from a first end of a master drum to a first outboard piling and a second master cable extends from a second end of the master drum to a second outboard piling. A first slave cable extends from a first end of a slave drum to a first inboard end of a boat lift cradle and a second slave cable extends from a second end of the slave drum to a second inboard end of the boat lift cradle. The slave drum is interconnected to the master drum so that winch-driven rotation of the master drum effects simultaneous and corresponding rotation in the slave drum. The weight of a boat lifted by the boatlift is distributed equally between four cables and all four cables are wound and unwound in synchronization with one another.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates, generally, to boat lifts. More particularly, it relates to a four-cable boatlift having a master/slave cable system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Lifting a boat from the water with a piling-mounted boatlift is problematic. Typically, a winch is used to wrap cables around drums when a boat is lifted and to unwrap the cables from the drums when a boat is lowered. Many boatlifts provide one winch for each cable, there being a winch on each piling. In addition to the expense of four winches, systems of this type also have the drawback caused by different winches operating at differing speeds. Thus, if one of the four winches operates slower or faster than the others, the boat will be unevenly lifted.
Some systems therefore use two winches, one for the inboard (dockside) end of the boatlift and one for the outboard end thereof. Still, if the two winches do not operate at the same speed, an uneven lift occurs. Uneven lifts are undesirable because a boat supported unevenly may slide from the boatlift.
Three piling systems are introduced by the present inventor in a co-pending U.S. patent application entitled xe2x80x9cThree Piling Boat Liftxe2x80x9d filed Jan. 3, 2001, bearing Ser. No. 09/681,095. However, that system also relies upon two independent winches.
What is needed, then, is a cable transmission system that synchronizes the winding and unwinding of cables around their respective drums so that boats are lifted evenly.
However, in view of the prior art considered as a whole at the time the present invention was made, it was not obvious to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art how such need could be fulfilled.
The long-standing but heretofore unfulfilled need for a synchronous cable transmission system for lifting boats is now met by a new, useful, and nonobvious invention.
A three piling boatlift embodiment of the invention includes an upstanding inboard piling and a pair of upstanding outboard pilings disposed in transversely spaced apart relation to the inboard piling and in longitudinally spaced apart relation to one another. A truncate rigid plate is positioned in closely spaced relation to the inboard piling and in substantially parallel relation to the pair of outboard pilings. A first beam has an inboard end secured to a first end of the truncate rigid plate and an outboard end disposed in closely spaced relation to a first outboard piling of the pair of outboard pilings. A second beam has an inboard end secured to a second end of the truncate rigid plate and an outboard end disposed in closely spaced relation to a second outboard piling of the pair of outboard pilings.
A cable drum assembly is mounted to the inboard piling near an upper end thereof in vertically spaced relation to the truncate rigid plate and includes a longitudinally disposed master cable drum and a slave cable drum disposed in transversely spaced apart, parallel relation to the master cable drum. The master cable drum and the slave cable drum are disposed in a common horizontal plane. A motor means rotates the master cable drum. An interconnecting means translates rotation of the master cable drum into simultaneous and corresponding rotation of the slave drum.
A first master cable extends from a first end of the master cable drum to the first piling of the pair of outboard pilings and is adapted to lift the outboard end of the first beam when the master cable drum is rotated in a first direction and to lower the outboard end of the first beam when the master cable drum is rotated in a second direction. A second master cable extends from a second end of the master cable drum to the second piling of the pair of outboard pilings and is adapted to lift the outboard end of the second beam when the master cable drum is rotated in a first direction and to lower the outboard end of the second beam when the master cable drum is rotated in a second direction.
A first slave cable extends from a first end of the slave cable drum to a first end of the truncate rigid plate and is adapted to lift the inboard end of the first beam when the slave cable drum is rotated in a first direction and to lower the inboard end of the first beam when the slave cable drum is rotated in a second direction. A second slave cable extends from a second end of the slave cable drum to a second end of the truncate rigid plate and is adapted to lift the inboard end of the second beam when the slave cable drum is rotated in a first direction and to lower the second beam when the slave cable is rotated in a second direction.
The weight of a boat lifted and lowered by the boatlift is therefore distributed substantially equally between the first and second master cables and the first and second slave cables. Moreover, all of the cables are in synchronization with one another so that the boatlift is lifted and lowered in a substantially level plane.
The primary object of this invention is to provide a synchronous cable transmission system where all of the cables in the system are synchronized with respect to one another to avoid uneven boat lifting.
A more particular object is to provide a boatlift where a single winch drives a single master cable drum and all parts connected thereto.
These and other important objects, advantages, and features of the invention will become clear as this description proceeds.
The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction, combination of elements, and arrangement of parts that will be exemplified in the description set forth hereinafter and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.

Synchronous cable transmission system for boat lifts


A novel method for whole field thin film stress evaluation is provided. Through the provided method, the whole filed thin film stress distribution for an optical thin film would be developed with a commercial interferometer, so that a whole field evaluation for the crack or peel-off of thin film is hence achievable.

Thin film stress is regarded as a quite important factor in the thin film deposition. The thin film would be possibly peeled off from the substrate, crack or wrinkle may occur while the stress existing therein is relatively large. In addition, damaged optical film may introduce unexpected scattering beams into optical system, which may lead to the production of ghost image. The optical system may thus suffer performance regression and even fail in operation. Moreover, the performance of the deposited thin film in an electro-optics device under a critical operating condition shall be also taken into consider. Generally, optical elements of a relatively high power are always adopted in a typical liquid crystal projector for achieving the high illumination, which brings the optical engine to be operated under a high temperature, so that the optical thin film or the optical coating would be easily peeled off or damaged due to the high temperature thereof. In this case, the liquid crystal projector may be disadvantageous in conducting a reduced illumination and a non-uniform lightness, and the ghost image produced owing to the damaged optical thin film therein also decreases the performance thereof. Therefore, it becomes a critical issue in this field to evaluate the ability in estimating the stress introduced by deposited thin film thereof.
Thin film stress is introduced during the coating process owing to the difference between the respective phase states of the substrate and the deposited thin film thereon. In some coating or deposition processes, such as the thermal oxidation deposition, sputtering, the evaporation and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD), it needs to heat the substrate as well as the thin film deposited thereon, which leads to the residual stress existing in the thin film.
Typically, the thin film stress is evaluated by means of non-destructive testing including the mechanical method, the interference method and X-ray diffraction method. The X-ray diffraction method is performed for a crystalline film, where the average stress of a thin film is derived from the comparison between the lattice distance of the fabricated film and the theoretical lattice constant of an undeformed lattice. Such a method, however, is not suitable for an amorphous film. The mechanical method as well as the interference method were based on the theory developed by Stoney in 1909, where the measurement of curvature radius of a deformed foil substrate in combination of the relationship between the film stress and the curvature radius of a substrate-film hybrid structure are adopted for the basis of stress measurement for the electroplated film, so as to evaluate the stress existing therein. Such methods, as well as the modification thereof, are typically adopted for the thin film stress evaluation, in particular for the stress evaluation for an amorphous film, in both the academia and the industrial circles at present days.
In order to evaluate the thin film stress precisely, it needs to increase the precision of measurement for the respective curvature radius of the substrate and the hybrid structure as possible. For this purpose, it always adopts the optical interference method or the optical leverage technique with an image processing system or sensing elements for the curvature radius measurement.
Take for examples, the optical leverage technique in combination of the image processing is developed for improving the precision of measurement for the deformation at the terminal of a cantilever structure. In 2000, Twyman-Green interferometer combining with the phase shift concept is developed for increasing the precision of measurement for the surface topography and for obtaining a whole field deformation as well. Such a method, however, still adopts an average curvature of the substrate-film hybrid structure for evaluating the average stress existing in the thin film. Moreover, the shadow moiré method combing with the three-step phase shifting method is further developed for measuring the deformation of a wafer thin film, where the average curvature of the substrate-film hybrid structure is also adopted for evaluating the average stress existing in the thin film, so as to increase the precision of measurement for the curvature radius.
Nevertheless, the mentioned methods adopt the phase information regarding the whole field only for precisely evaluating the average stress of the film, which still fail to provide a method for a whole field stress evaluation for the thin film. Furthermore, the region where the film is peeled off or cracks is initialized always a region of an local extreme high stress, rather than the region of an average stress, and thus the mentioned methods are not suitable for the crack or peel-off location prediction and/or evaluation for thin film.
For overcoming the mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, a novel method for whole field thin film stress evaluation is provided in the present invention, whereby the whole filed thin film stress distribution for an optical thin film would be developed with a commercial interferometer, so that a whole field evaluation for the crack or peel-off of thin film is hence achievable.

Method for whole field thin film stress evaluation

Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Laboratories


A development station in an electrostatographic imaging machine supports longer operational life without undue variation in the mass of developer on roll parameter. The development station includes a developer housing, for retaining a quantity of developer having semi-conductive carrier particles and toner particles, a first magnetic roll having a stationary core with at least one magnet and a sleeve having longitudinal grooves that rotates about the stationary core of the first magnetic roll to transport developer to a photoreceptor, a second magnetic roll having a stationary core with at least one magnet and a sleeve having longitudinal grooves that rotates about the stationary core of the second magnetic roll to receive developer from the first magnetic roll and present the developer to the photoreceptor, the sleeve of the second magnetic roll being fabricated from a material that is softer than the sleeve of the first magnetic roll.

In the process of electrophotographic printing, a charge-retentive surface, also known as a photoreceptor, is charged to a substantially uniform potential, so as to sensitize the surface of the photoreceptor. The charged portion of the photoconductive surface is exposed to a light image of an original document being reproduced, or else a scanned laser image created by the action of digital image data acting on a laser source. The scanning or exposing step records an electrostatic latent image on the photoreceptor corresponding to the informational areas in the document to be printed or copied. After the latent image is recorded on the photoreceptor, the latent image is developed by causing toner particles to adhere electrostatically to the charged areas forming the latent image. This developed image on the photoreceptor is subsequently transferred to a sheet on which the desired image is to be printed. Finally, the toner on the sheet is heated to permanently fuse the toner image to the sheet.
One familiar type of development of an electrostatic image is called "two-component development." Two-component developer material largely comprises toner particles interspersed with carrier particles. The carrier particles may be attracted magnetically and the toner particles adhere to the carrier particles through triboelectric forces. This two-component developer can be conveyed, by means such as a "magnetic roll," to the electrostatic latent image, where toner particles become detached from the carrier particles and adhere to the electrostatic latent image.
In magnetic roll development systems, the carrier particles with the triboelectrically adhered toner particles are transported by the magnetic rolls through a development zone. The development zone is the area between the outside surface of a magnetic roll and the photoreceptor surface on which a latent image has been formed. Because the carrier particles are attracted to the magnetic roll, some of the toner particles are interposed between a carrier particle and the latent image on the photoreceptor. These toner particles are attracted to the latent image and transfer from the carrier particles to the latent image. The carrier particles are removed from the development zone as they continue to follow the rotating surface of the magnetic roll. The carrier particles then fall from the magnetic roll and return to the developer supply where they attract more toner particles and are reused in the development process. The carrier particles fall from the magnetic roll under the effects of gravity or are directed away from the roller surface by a magnetic field.
One type of carrier particle used in two-component developers is the semi-conductive carrier particle. Developers using this type of carrier particle are also capable of being used in magnetic roll systems that produce toner bearing substrates at speeds of up to approximately 200 pages per minute (ppm). Developers having semi-conductive carrier particles use a relatively thin layer of developer on the magnetic roll in the development zone. In these systems an AC electric waveform is applied to the magnetic roller to cause the developer to become electrically conductive during the development process. The electrically conductive developer increases the efficiency of development by preventing development field collapse due to countercharge left in the magnetic brush by the developed toner. A typical waveform applied to these systems is, for example, a square wave at a peak to peak amplitude of 1000 Volts and a frequency of 9 KHz. This waveform controls both the toner movement and the electric fields in the development zone. These systems may be run in a "with" mode, which means the magnetic roll surface runs in the same direction as the photoreceptor surface, or in an "against" mode, which means the magnetic roll surface runs in a direction that is the opposite direction in which the photoreceptor surface runs. The high surface speed at which these magnetic rolls are operated require high strength magnets to control the developer bed. These types of magnets are expensive. Additionally, high speeds also increase the wear on bearings in the developer housing.
Another issue in known magnetic roll systems used with developers having semi-conductive carrier particles is the difficulty in extending the development zone to increase the time in which toner development may occur. One method for increasing development zone length with other developers having insulated or conductive carrier particles is to use two magnetic rolls. The two rolls are placed close together with their centers aligned to form a line that is parallel to the photoreceptor. Because the developer layer for semi-conductive carrier particle developer is so thin, magnetic fields sufficiently strong enough to cause semi-conductive carrier particles to migrate in adequate quantities from one magnetic roll to the other magnetic roll also interfere with the transfer of toner from the carrier particles in the development zones. Consequently, construction of the magnetic rolls requires careful consideration of this interference. If two rolls are not able to be used to increase the development zone, then the radius of the magnetic roll may be increased to accommodate this goal. There is a limit, however, to the diameter of the magnetic roll. One limit is simply the area within the printing machine that is available for a development subsystem. Another limit is the size and strength of the magnets internal to the magnetic roll that are required to provide adequate magnetic field strengths and shapes at the surface of a larger magnetic roll.
To address the issues arising in development systems having two magnetic development rolls, a development station has been implemented that increases the time for developing the toner and provides an adequate supply of developer for good line detail, edges, and solids. The development system includes an upper magnetic developer roller and a lower magnetic developer roller. Both developer rollers have a stationary core with at least one magnet and a sleeve that rotates about the stationary core. A motor coupled to the two magnetic developer rolls drives the rotating sleeves of the magnetic developer rolls in a direction that is against the rotational direction of a photoreceptor to which the two magnetic rolls deliver toner. The two magnetic developer rolls carry semi-conductive carrier particles and toner particles through a development zone formed by the magnetic developer rolls. A trim blade is mounted proximate the upper magnetic developer roll to form a trim gap of approximately 0.5 to approximately 0.75 mm.
This development station architecture has resulted in improved development for electrostatographic imaging machines and increased the life of such machines to approximately 20 million developed images. The architecture described above uses stainless steel sleeves for both magnetic developer rolls. One issue arising from the use of stainless steel sleeves is the variation in the grooves formed in the stainless steel sleeves. In order to provide quality image development over the increased life of imaging machine, the stainless steel sleeves cannot be simply sand blasted as was formerly done, but instead grooves are required to be cut in their surfaces. The machining of these grooves in the stainless steel sleeves results in variation in these grooves. Groove variation causes the mass of developer on a roll to vary from machine to machine. The mass on developer on a roll parameter is sometimes denoted as MOR. Other material types do not appear to be available for construction of the two magnetic developer rolls as the longer life of the machine results in excessive wear in other materials, such as aluminum, that lead to degradation in image quality over the life of the machine.
The system and method discussed below address the issue of variation in MOR in development stations having two magnetic developer rolls with grooved surfaces.

Electrostatographic developer unit having multiple magnetic brush rolls having dissimilar compositions


Systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media can determine an interaction involving a user and an entity based on selection of a call to action (CTA). One or more follow up actions can be determined. Presentation of an option for selecting the one or more follow up actions can be caused.

People often utilize computing devices or systems for a wide variety of purposes. Users can use their computing devices, for example, to interact with one another, create content, share content, and view content. In some cases, a user can utilize his or her computing device to access a social networking system or service. The user can provide, post, share, and access various content items, such as status updates, images, videos, articles, and links, via the social networking system.
Various entities can be represented on the social networking system. For example, the social networking system may provide pages for entities. Pages can be dedicated locations on the social networking system to reflect the presence of entities on the social networking system. Examples of entities can include companies, businesses, brands, products, artists, public figures, entertainment, individuals, etc. Users of the social networking system can interact with entities through pages associated with the entities.

Systems and methods for enhancing interactions in a computer networking environment