Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word determination corresponding to a key sequence entered by the user on a (typically numeric) keypad, and a user interface for the user to select one of the words, are disclosed. A word-determining logic determines letter sequences corresponding to the entered key sequence, and presents the sequences within the user interface in which the user can select one of the letter sequences as the intended word, or select the first letter of the intended word. When letters are selected, the word-determining logic determines new letter sequences, consistent with the key sequence and the selected letters, and presents the new letter sequences. The user again selects one of the letter sequences as the intended word, or selects the second letter of the intended word. This process is repeated until the user has selected the intended word.

Mobile phones, and other devices having only a limited set of input keys, have become increasingly popular. While the numeric keys of a mobile phone are adequate for entering phone numbers and other number sequences, they are difficult to use for entering text. A standard keyboard has keys for both letters and numbers, whereas the numeric keys of a mobile phone have no intuitive way by which to enter text. Text may need to be entered on such devices, for example, to associate a name with a phone number in an address book. Since mobile phones and other such devices are becoming more popular for accessing the Internet, such as to browse web sites and send and receive email, this limitation will likely become increasingly acute in the future.
Currently, there are two common ways to achieve text input using numeric keys, a multiple-tap approach, and a single-tap approach. With the multiple-tap approach, a user presses a numeric key a number of times to enter the desired letter, where most of the numeric keys are mapped to three or four letters of the alphabet. For example, the two key is usually mapped to the letters A, B, and C. If the user presses the two key once, the letter A is entered. If the user presses the two key twice, the letter B is entered, and if the user presses the two key three times, the letter C is entered. Pauses between entry of successive letters of a word are sometimes necessary so that the device knows when to advance the cursor to the next letter-entry position. For example, to enter the word "cab," the user presses the two key three times to enter the letter C, pauses, presses the two key once to enter the letter A, pauses again, and presses the two key twice to enter the letter B. To enter numbers, symbols, or switch between upper- and lower-case letters, typically other keys that are present on numeric keypads, such as the pound ("#") and asterisk ("*") keys, among other keys, are mapped for these purposes.
While the multiple-tap approach is usable in that users can enter any word using only the numeric keys, it is disadvantageous for quick and intuitive text entry. A word such as "cab" that only requires three key presses on a standard keyboard, one for each letter, requires six key presses on numeric keys using the multiple-tap approach. As compared to using a standard keyboard, using numeric keys with the multiple-tap approach to achieve text entry means that the user presses many keys even for short messages. Furthermore, errors can be frequent. For example, if the user intends to enter the letter B, but pauses too long between the first and the second presses of the two key, two letters A will be entered instead. The device in this case interprets the pause as the user having finished with the current letter entry, an A, and proceeds to the next letter-entry position, where it also enters an A.
Another approach to text entry using numeric keys is the single-tap-dictionary approach, an approach popularized by a company called Tegic. Under the single-tap approach, the user presses the numeric key associated with the desired letter once, even though the numeric key may be mapped to three or four different letters. When the user is finished entering a number sequence for a word, the device attempts to discern the word that the user intended to enter, based on the number sequence. Each number sequence is mapped to a common word that corresponds to the sequence. For example, the number sequence 43556 can potentially correspond to any five-letter word having a first letter G, H, or I, since the four key is usually mapped to these letters. Similarly, the sequence potentially corresponds to any five-letter word having a second letter D, E, or F, a third and fourth letter selected from the letters J, K, and L, and a fifth letter M, N, or O, since the three, five, and six keys are usually mapped to these respective letters. However, because the most common five-letter word corresponding to the number sequence 43556 is the word "hello," the single-tap approach may always enters this word when the user presses the four, three, five, five, and six keys in succession to input this number sequence.
The single-tap approach has advantages over the multiple-tap approach, but presents new disadvantages. Advantageously, the single-tap approach ensures that the user only has to press the same number of keys as the number of letters in a desired word. For example, the multiple-tap approach requires the user to press the two key six times to enter the word "cab." Conversely, the single-tap approach potentially only requires the user to press the two key three times to enter this word, assuming that the number sequence 222 is mapped to the word "cab." Therefore, the single-tap approach is more key-efficient than the multiple-tap approach for text entry using numeric keys. It is as key-efficient as using a standard keyboard that has a single key for each letter.
The single-tap approach is disadvantageous in that the word mapped to a given number sequence may not be the word the user intended to enter by inputting the sequence. For example, the numeric key sequence 7333 corresponds to both the words "seed" and "reed." Because only one word is mapped to each numeric key sequence, the word "seed" may be entered when the user keys in the numeric key sequence 7333, whereas the user may have intended to enter the word "reed." The single-tap approach is primarily useful where there is only one unique word for a given numeric key sequence, or, if there are a number of words for a given sequence, when the user wishes to input the most common word associated with the sequence. For entry of uncommon words corresponding to number sequences to which words that are more common also correspond, the approach is less useful. The single-tap approach is also not useful for the entry of all but the most common proper names, and scientific, legal, medical, and other specialized terms, all of which will not usually be mapped to number sequences. Where the word mapped by the single-tap approach is not the intended word, text entry may revert back to the multiple-tap approach, or to an error-correction mode. Ultimate text entry of the intended word may then require more keystrokes than if the user had started with the multiple-tap approach.
The problem of a given number sequence mapping to multiple words is referred to as the ambiguity limitation of the single-tap approach. Some prior art approaches exist to overcome this limitation by attempting to disambiguate the intended word when the user enters a number sequence that corresponds to more than one word. One disambiguation approach is to show the user a number of different words that correspond to the entered number sequence, in order of decreasing frequency of use—that is, in decreasing order of how common the different words are. The user then selects a word from the list. This approach is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,541, issued on Sep. 14, 1999. The primary disadvantage to this disambiguation approach is that after the user has entered the number sequence, he or she is forced to expend additional effort reviewing the presented list of words, and selecting the desired word from the list. While this may be better than forcing the user back into a multiple-tap approach to reenter the intended word with additional keystrokes, it still can considerably delay text entry using numeric keys.
An improvement to this disambiguation approach is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,554, issued on Jan. 4, 2000, and which is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. patent application that issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,437 on Oct. 6, 1998. Under the improved disambiguation approach, the word corresponding to the entered number sequence that has the highest frequency of use is automatically selected by default when the user begins to enter a new number sequence using the numeric keys. This is advantageous because, if the user's intended words are those having the highest frequency of use for the entered number sequences, the user does not have to select them from presented lists. However, at best occasionally, and at worst frequently, the user still has to select the desired word from a list, when the desired word is not the word with the highest frequency of use for the entered number sequence. This means that text entry delays are still inevitable even with this improved disambiguation approach.
Perhaps the primary disadvantage to either the original disambiguation approach, or the improved disambiguation approach, is that the order of words presented in the list intrinsically depends on only the current number sequence entered by the user. The described disambiguation approaches only consider the frequency of use of the words that correspond to the current number sequence in ordering the list of words from which the user can select a desired word. For a given number sequence entered, the list of words presented to the user is always the same. Therefore, using one of the previously described examples, when the user enters the number sequence 7333, if the word "seed," which corresponds to this number sequence, has a higher frequency of use than the word "reed," which also corresponds to the sequence, the former word is always displayed in the list ahead of the latter word. The list of words does not take into account that in some situations the word "reed" is a better choice than the word "seed." As an example, if the user is entering the sentence "The first reed is shorter than the second reed," the device will present the user with the word "seed" for both the first and the second time the user enters in the sequence 7333 for the intended word "reed." The device does not discern that if the user has most recently selected the word "reed" for the sequence 7333, the user more likely wishes to enter this word, and not "seed," when entering the sequence again.
Another disadvantage of these approaches is that they do not take into account the user making a mistake when entering in a word using the numeric keys. For example, the user may have intended to enter the word "relief" using the single-tap approach. The user should have entered the number sequence 735433, but instead entered the number sequence 735343, which corresponds to the incorrect spelling "releif" of this word. When the current single-tap approaches encounter the number sequence 735343, they may map the number sequence to an actual word that has this number sequence. Because the single-tap approach is an ambiguous manner by which to enter words, the number sequence may correspond to other words, besides the incorrect spelling of the word "relief." For example, the number sequence 735343 corresponds to an alternative name Peleid for the Greek mythological hero Achilles. Even though it is more likely that the user had intended to enter the word "relief," and just misspelled the word, the single-tap approach, if the word "Peleid" is in its dictionary, is likely to propose this word as the word the user had intended to enter.
Furthermore, current spell checking approaches, such as those used in word processing programs, do not operate well in the ambiguous environment of text entry using numeric keys. These spell checking approaches operate on the letters of the word, and therefore most assume, at least implicitly, that the word has been entered using a standard keyboard having a unique key for each letter of the alphabet. As an example, sophisticated spell checking approaches may determine that when the user has entered the nonsensical word "xome," he or she really meant to enter the word "come." This is because the X key is next to the C key in a standard keyboard, such that the user may have accidentally, and easily, pressed the latter key instead of the former key.
These sophisticated spell checking approaches do not carry over very well to text input entered using numeric keys via the single-tap approach. For example, the non-word "xome" has the number sequence 9663, whereas the word "come" has the number sequence 2663. Determining that the user had entered the word "come" instead of the word "xome" in this case is likely incorrect, since the 2 key is far away from the 9 key on most numeric keypads. For example, the user is more likely to have intended to enter the number sequence 8663, corresponding to the word "tome." Furthermore, the single-tap approach in the first instance is likely to map the entered number sequence 9663 to the common word "wood," such that the spell checking approach would never even be given the opportunity to provide alternative words.
As has been indicated, another disadvantage to the prior art single-tap approaches is that the user expends an inordinate effort to enter words not in the vocabulary being used. For example, the user may intend to enter the word "iolfen," and therefore enters the number sequence 465336 using the numeric keys. However, this number sequence may correspond to the word "golden" in the vocabulary being used. When presented with the word "golden," the user is likely to have to revert to a multiple-tap approach to enter the intended word "iolfen." As a result, the user expends considerable effort to enter the desired word. First, the user uses the single-tap approach, entering the number sequence 465336. When the desired word "iolfen" is not presented, then the user must re-enter the word using the multiple-tap approach. Ultimate text entry of the intended word may thus require more keystrokes than if the user had started with the multiple-tap approach.
Furthermore, the improved disambiguation approaches that have been described are not useful in situations where the intended word of the user is not in the vocabulary being used. Referring to the example of the previous paragraph, when the user enters the number sequence 465336, the improved disambiguation approaches may have in their vocabulary two words that map to this sequence, the word "golden," and the word "holden." The word "golden" may have a higher frequency of use than the word "holden," and therefore is selected by default. The user is then given the opportunity to alternatively select the word "holden." The intended word "iolfen," if not mapped to the number sequence 465336, will not be presented to the user as one of the choices. The improved disambiguation approaches, in other words, are not useful in situations where the user enters a number sequence for a particular intended word that is not mapped to the number sequence in the vocabulary. In this situation, the user again is likely to have to reenter the word using the multiple-tap approach. For these reasons, as well as other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.

Out-of-vocabulary word determination and user interface for text input via reduced keypad keys


When an inner ring portion of a tripod is brought into contact with a protruding portion, the inner ring portion is brought into contact with the protruding portion because an outer diameter of the protruding portion is smaller than a diameter of a tilted outer end portion of the inner ring portion. Since the inner ring portion is tilted with respect to an axial direction, the inner ring portion is brought into contact with the protruding portion by a point (a line) not by a surface. If the inner ring portion is brought into contact with the protruding portion by the point, a stress concentration is generated at the point with which the protruding portion is brought into contact, a small impact force overcomes a breaking load of the protruding portion in the stress concentration portion, and the stress concentration portion is easily broken (plastically deformed). Accordingly, it is possible to easily break the protruding portion, and even if there is a dimensional error of the protruding portion or the like, it is possible to make a load breaking the protruding portion approximately constant.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a shock absorbing structure of a propeller shaft used for a vehicle or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a conventional shock absorbing structure of a propeller shaft, there is a structure in which an outer race of a tripod universal joint is formed in a rear end of a first propeller shaft, an inner shaft portion is formed in a front portion of a coupling member, tripods corresponding to three bearings protruding in a radial direction is spline fitted to a leading end portion of the inner shaft portion, and the respective tripods are slidably fitted to three grooves formed on a cylindrical inner peripheral surface of the outer race while being directed in an axial direction so as to structure the tripod universal joint, thereby executing a power transmission at a constant velocity (refer to Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-250390 (patent document 1)). A protruding portion for positioning an inner ring portion of the tripod is formed in the inner shaft portion, the tripod pressed by the outer race comes into collision with the protruding portion so as to break the protruding portion in a predetermined case, and the tripod slides on the inner shaft portion and the coupling member, thereby absorbing a shock.
In this case, in the shock absorbing structure of the propeller shaft mentioned above, a thickness of the protruding portion is small, and in the case that an induction hardening is applied, there is a risk that the protruding portion gets chipped or is broken at a time of carrying the coupling member or assembling the propeller shaft. Further, there is a problem that a crack is generated in the protruding portion at a time of hardening. Further, when the tripod pressed by the outer race is brought into contact with the protruding portion and comes into collision with the protruding portion, the tripod and the protruding portion are brought into contact with each other and the protruding portion is broken. Accordingly, there is a problem that a dispersion is generated in a breaking load of the protruding portion due to a dimensional error of the thickness of the protruding portion, a dimensional error of the tripod, an error of a fitting frictional force of the tripod with respect to the inner shaft, or the like.

Shock absorbing structure of propeller shaft


The invention is a shaped charge comprising a housing, a liner, a quantity of explosive inside the housing between the housing and the liner, and a retaining spring in contact with the liner and the housing. The retaining spring is positioned to retain the liner substantially immovably inside the housing and has compressed external dimensions to enable locking engagement with the housing. The retaining spring provides axial force against the liner to compress the explosive and prevent shifting and settling of the explosive. The retaining spring also exerts laterally outward force against the circumference of the liner to reduce effects of thermal contraction on the liner. In the preferred embodiment, the retaining spring comprises a bellville spring. The bellville spring has an internal diameter substantially the same as the maximum diameter of the liner to prevent interference with discharge of the detonating shaped charge.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is related to the field of shaped explosive charges used for oil well perforating. More specifically, the invention is a high-explosive shaped charge having an improved liner retention feature, and a method for making the improved high-explosive shaped charge.
2. Description of the Related Art
High-explosive shaped charges are used for, among other purposes, perforating steel casing cemented into wellbores drilled through the earth for extracting oil and gas. Shaped charges known in the art typically include a quantity of powdered high explosive, such as those known by trade names RDX or HMX, inserted into a housing. Some shaped charges can include an acceleration explosive disposed on one side of the housing for increasing the probability of detonation of the high explosive when a detonating signal is applied to the outside of the housing. The detonating signal is usually conducted through a detonating cord placed in contact with the side of the housing opposite to the intended detonation direction. The detonating cord is itself typically filled with high explosive similar to that used in the shaped charge and can be initiated by a blasting cap, exploding bridge wire or similar detonator. A liner is positioned in contact with the high explosive, opposite to the acceleration explosive, inside the housing. The liner is generally conically shaped and can be composed of powdered metal, such as copper and lead, formed by compression under extremely high pressure so as to behave substantially as a solid. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,990 issued to Riggs which describes the process of compressing the liner material into a finished liner.
When the high explosive is detonated it generates extremely high pressures and temperatures which cause the liner to discharge from the other side of the housing in a predetermined pattern, which is typically in the shape of a very narrow cone or "jet". The jet moves away from the housing at very high velocity, thereby generating the perforation in the wellbore by means of the kinetic energy of the jet. The force of the jet typically can penetrate a 1/2 inch thick steel casing inserted into the wellbore and cement surrounding the casing before penetrating several inches of earth formation.
As is known in the art, the performance of the shaped charge can be dependent on the shape of the liner, the position of the liner within the housing, and uniformity of contact between the high explosive and the liner. The performance of any individual shaped charge depends on the liner and the high explosive remaining in their correct relative positions even after handling and transportation of the shaped charge to the wellbore. The shock and vibration of transport, as well as thermal cycling during storage, sometimes cause mispositioning of the liner, the explosive, or both.
Several methods are known in the art to prevent shifting or settling of the explosive and to prevent movement of the liner. Referring to FIG. 1, which shows a typical shaped charge known in the art, a bonding agent 6 can be applied to the surface of the liner 4 which is placed in contact with the high explosive powder 8, in order to improve cohesion between the liner 4 and the explosive 8. Bonding agents can be difficult and expensive to apply to the liner 4, and can substantially increase the cost of making a shaped charge.
It is also known in the art to apply an adhesive, as shown at 10, to the discharge side of the liner 4 on its circumference, in order to bond the liner 4 to the inside wall of the housing 2. The adhesive 10 prevents movement of the liner 4 relative to the housing 2. The adhesive used for bonding the liner 4 to the housing 2 typically is of a type which can be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light. Use of the adhesive known in the art to bond the liner 4 to the housing 2 can be difficult and expensive, particularly because use of adhesive requires the additional step of removing or "dusting off" excess high explosive powder 8 which may be present on the part of surface of the housing 2 to which the adhesive is to be bonded.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,929 issued to Ekholm suggests interference fit of a retainer ring to prevent movement of the liner. The retainer ring shown in the Ekholm '929 patent includes protrusions for shaping the discharged "jet" into a special pattern, but the protrusions do not affect the liner retention aspect of the retainer ring. A difficulty in using any type of interference fit device to retain the liner is that thermal expansion can cause the retainer ring to become loose and allow the liner to move. Thermal expansion is a particular issue with oil well perforating charges because the temperature in a wellbore can easily exceed 300.degree. F. at the intended perforating depth. Interference fit liner retaining rings have therefore proven unsuitable for use in oil well perforating charges.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,622 issued to Ekholm discloses a resilient retainer to prevent movement of the liner. The resilient retainer described by Ekholm has several drawbacks. The housing requires a groove in order to better restrain the resilient retainer from axial movement. Providing a groove can increase the overall cost and complexity of the shaped charge. Further, for safety reasons, any groove in the housing would have to be thoroughly cleaned before inserting the resilient retainer to avoid accidental detonation of any explosive which might be deposited in the groove during manufacture of the shaped charge. The Ekholm '622 patent in fact describes the shaped charge as preferably being filled with high explosive through an opening in the rear of the housing (the side opposite the intended discharge) after insertion of the assembled liner and resilient retainer into the groove in the housing. Such "back-loaded" shaped charges are more difficult and expensive to make than the "front loaded" charges (those loaded through the discharge side) more commonly used in oil well perforating, primarily because the necessary opening in the rear of the housing would have to be plugged in a separate operation, requiring some type of plug to close the opening. The resilient retainer described in the Ekholm '622 patent prevents the liner from moving laterally by the spring force exerted by the retainer ring, but the retainer ring does not provide any spring force in a direction parallel to the discharge of the jet. It is possible for the high explosive in a shaped charge made according to the Ekholm '622 patent to settle and shift during transport and movement into a wellbore, unless the explosive is tightly packed against the liner. Back-loading the shaped charge as described in the Ekholm '622 patent would make packing the high explosive difficult because the small opening in the rear of the housing makes it impracticable to insert a suitable ram or packing device into the housing which could make contact with the high explosive across the entire area bounded by the liner.
Another type of retainer for the liner in a shaped charge is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,145 issued to McVeagh. The retainer shown in this patent comprises a spring washer which axially compresses the liner against the explosive. The spring washer disclosed by McVeagh has several drawbacks. First, the spring washer is fairly long, even when fully compressed against the liner. This length means that the shaped charge housing has to extend axially outward from the open end of the liner enough to provide a seat for gripping teeth on the outer end of the spring. According to the McVeagh '145 patent, the spring washer is relatively long so that a "bowed in" portion (shown at numeral 9 in FIG. 5 of the McVeagh '145 patent) will not interfere with the discharge from the detonating shaped charge. The required length of the spring washer and the housing makes it difficult to place the shaped charge in close contact with its target, as is frequently done in oil well perforating, for example. Second, the spring washer exerts lateral force on the circumference of the liner in an inward direction. McVeagh states that the liner and retaining spring can substantially avoid effects of thermal contraction by axially compressing the liner against the explosive, but FIG. 6 in the McVeagh '145 patent clearly shows a gap (numeral 27) between the liner and explosive when the shaped charge is subjected to low temperature. Inward lateral force only makes the problem of thermal contraction worse, as the spring's inward force combines with the thermal contraction.


An adjustable wrench with a ratchet function comprises a fixed jaw 1 and a movable jaw, wherein the fixed jaw has a receiving recess for receiving a screw, a first spring is disposed between the screw and the inner wall of the receiving recess, a shaft is passed through the first spring and the screw, the shaft is formed thereon with a blocking portion for catching a pin, an actuating portion protrudes from the end of the pin, the actuating portion of the pin abuts against the V-shaped push surface of an operating piece, and when pressing one of the ends of the operating piece, the actuating portion of the pin can be pushed by the V-shaped push surface so that the pin moves and disengages from the blocking portion of the shaft. At this time, the wrench can be counter-rotated to quickly perform screw locking action.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an adjustable wrench, and more particularly to an adjustable wrench with a ratchet function.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
In general, when an adjustable wrench is used, the roller is firstly adjusted so that a clamping opening between the fixed jaw and the movable jaw fits the size of a nut followed by performing screw locking (loosening) operation.
However, if in a constrained space, it is generally impossible to continuously rotate the handle of the wrench in the same direction to quickly complete the work, whereas the roller must be slightly screw loosened to enlarge the clamping opening so that it can fit with another two opposing clamping surfaces of the nut to allow continuous rotation. But such repeated operation is significantly inconvenient.
To overcome the drawbacks of the above-mentioned adjustable wrenches, adjustable wrenches with a ratchet function are available on the market. One of them is as shown in FIG. 7, which mainly has a handle 96 to be held by an operator. The handle 96 has a fixed jaw 98 on one end, and a movable jaw 92 is disposed on one side of the fixed jaw 98. The movable jaw 92 engages a roller 91 so as to drive the movable jaw 92 to move. The roller 91 is propped by a compression spring 94 so as to provide a resilient force that moves the movable jaw 92 back and forth in a limited space. A curved spring plate 95 is disposed at the middle section of the handle 96. One end of the spring plate 95 is fixed at the handle 96, and the bottom of the other end thereof is provided with a projecting portion 951 connected to a spring lock 93. One end of the spring lock 93 extends to one side of the roller 91 and is formed with a stopper portion 931 to stop the movement of the roller 91, so as to provide a fixed opening between the fixed jaw 98 and the movable jaw 92 for convenience of rotating workpieces. Pressing the spring plate 95 at the middle section of the handle 96 would release the stopper portion 931 of the spring lock 93 on stopping the roller 91, so that the movable jaw 92 can move freely for convenience of rotating the adjustable wrench.
Nevertheless, defects in structural design of the above-mentioned adjustable wrench may cause the problems such as failure in operation and false touches in practical use. As shown in FIG. 8, since there is an elongated space 97 significantly exposed and located between the spring plate 95 of the wrench and the side face of the handle 96, dusts and trash from the workplace will be accumulated therein after long time use, so that the spring plate 95 is stuck and cannot be effectively pressed to cause the problem of failure in operation.
In addition, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, both of the above-mentioned spring plate 95 and spring lock 93 are designed as elongated strips and exposed from the surface of the wrench. Hence, it is easy to cause deformation when the spring plate 95 or the spring lock 93 is hit by an external force. Once the spring plate 95 or the spring lock 93 is deformed, this would cause the problem of failure in operation.
Moreover, the spring plate 95 is located on one side face of the handle 96. Therefore, when the wrench needs to be used on its reverse side due to the working environment, this is bound to have the difficulty in pressing the spring plate.


Compounds having high angiogenesis inhibiting activity useful as agents for effective treatment and prevention of diseases involving pathologic angiogenesis, e.g. cancer and cancer metastasis, are of formula (II),

In healthy adults, angiogenesis is only observed as a physiological phenomenon, such as endometrial maturation associated with the menstrual cycle, or placentation, and is observed during the process of wound healing. In pathologic states, however, angiogenesis is noted in inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, arteriosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, or solid carcinoma, and may often lead to the progression or aggravation of these diseases. In solid carcinoma, in particular, cancer tissue grows to a diameter of more than 1 to 2 mm, thus necessitating the formation of nutrient vessels (see non-patent document 1). Furthermore, blood vessels which have infiltrated cancer tissue are deeply involved in cancer metastasis and the prognosis of cancer patients (see non-patent document 2 and non-patent document 3).
Thus, an angiogenesis inhibitor is expected as an anticancer drug with minimal injury to normal tissue, unlike an antineoplastic drug showing cytotoxicity, and is also expected as a postoperative adjuvant therapy because of its effect of suppressing the infiltration and metastasis of cancer cells.
The process of angiogenesis comprises multiple steps, i.e., destruction of the vascular basement membrane by the dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells forming the lining of the blood vessel, spouting and migration of vascular endothelial cells, their proliferation, and tube formation (see non-patent document 4). Vascular endothelial cells involved in angiogenesis are also recruited from vascular endothelial precursor cells existent in the peripheral blood, etc. (see non-patent document 5).
These processes are activated by various angiogenic factors, and many reports have suggested the relationship between VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), which is one of the angiogenic factors, and cancer. In recent years, drugs targeting VEGF, or the tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor of VEGF, have been under development (see non-patent document 6 and non-patent document 7).
Many factors to partake in angiogenesis, other than VEGF, are known. An earnest demand for the development of inhibitors, which specifically act on vascular endothelial cells playing a central role in angiogenesis and inhibit their proliferation and function, has been uttered, with the expectation that such inhibitors will be promising as agents for treatment of angiogenic diseases such as cancer.
There have been no reports so far that benzamide derivatives have a specific growth inhibitor action on vascular endothelial cells.
As compounds similar in chemical structure to the benzamide derivatives of the present invention, or their salts, those described in the following documents are named:                Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-526255 (patent document 1, Warner Lambert),        Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-249473 (patent document 2, Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha),        International Publication No. 02/47679 pamphlet (patent document 3, Emory Univ.),        International Publication No. 02/059080 pamphlet (patent document 4, Guilford Pharmaceuticals), and        International Publication No. 93/23357 pamphlet (patent document 5, Res. Corporation Tech. Inc.).However, none of the compounds disclosed in these documents are described or suggested as having an angiogenesis suppressing effect. International Publication No. 02/49632 pamphlet (patent document 6, Institute of Medicinal Molecular Design) discloses compounds, which are similar in chemical structure to the benzamide derivatives of the present invention or their salts, as NFkB activity inhibitors, concretely as IKK inhibitors, and suggests cancer, cancer metastasis, and vascular hyperplastic disease as applications for which such inhibitors are targeted. However, this document does not disclose concrete facts.
KDR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are named as compounds which act specifically on vascular endothelial cells and inhibit their proliferation (see non-patent document 8, non-patent document 9, and non-patent document 10 for outlines). Of these compounds, SU11248 (Sugen/Pfizer, a compound having a 3-(pyrrol-2-ylmethylidene)-2-indolinone skeleton, see patent document 7), PTK787 (Novartis, a compound having a 1-anilino-(4-pyridylmethyl)-phthalazine skeleton, see patent document 8), ZD6474 (AstraZeneca, a compound having a quinazoline skeleton, see patent document 9), and CP-547.632 (Pfizer, a compound having an isothiazole skeleton, see patent document 10), for example, are at the stage of clinical development as anticancer drugs. However, all of these compounds are different from the present invention in chemical structure and the mechanism of action.                [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-526255        [Patent document 2] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-249473        [Patent document 3] International Publication No. 02/47679 pamphlet        [Patent document 4] International Publication No. 02/59080 pamphlet        [Patent document 5] International Publication No. 93/23357 pamphlet        [Patent document 6] International Publication No. 02/49632 pamphlet        [Patent document 7] International Publication No. 01/37820 pamphlet        [Patent document 8] U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,812        [Patent document 9] International Publication No. 01/32651 pamphlet        [Patent document 10] International Publication No. 99/62890 pamphlet        [Non-patent document 1] Folkmann, J., J. Natul. Cancer Inst., Vol. 82, pages 4-6, 1990        [Non-patent document 2] Weidner, N. et al. N. Engl. J. Med., Vol. 324, pages 1-8, 1991        [Non-patent document 3] Bochner, B. H. et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 87, pages 1603-1612, 1995        [Non-patent document 4] Klagsbrun, M. and Folkmann, J., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 95 II, pp. 549-586, 1990        [Non-patent document 5] Asahara, T. et al., Science, Vol. 275, pp. 964-967, 1997        [Non-patent document 6] Kabbinavar, F. et al., J. Clinical Oncology, Vol. 21, pp. 60-65, 2003        [Non-patent document 7] Laird, A. D. and Cherrington, J. M., Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs, Vol. 12, pp. 51-64, 2003        [Non-patent document 8] Boyer, S. J., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 2, pp. 973-1000, 2002        [Non-patent document 9] Glade-Bender, J., Kandel, J. J. and Yamashiro, D. J., Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 263-276, 2003        [Non-patent document 10] Laird, A. D. and J. M. Cherrington, Expert Opinion Investigational Drugs, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 51-64, 2003

Abstract: where A1 is C—X1 or N; Q1 is -A2=A3-, or a heteroatom selected from —O—, —S—, and —N(R10)—; Q2 is -A4=A5-, or a heteroatom selected from —O—, —S—, and —N(R10)—; provided that Q1 and Q2 are not heteroatoms at the same time; A2 is C—X2 or N, A3 is C—X3 or N, A4 is C—X4 or N, and A5 is C—X5 or N; Y is C1-6alkyl, C3-9cycloalkyl, C2-7alkenyl, C2-7alkynyl, C1-6alkoxy, C2-7alkenyloxy, C2-7alkynyloxy, or C1-6alkylthio; Z is a hydrogen atom, hydroxy, C1-6alkyl, C3-9 cycloalkyl, or —NR1R2; and L is selected from the formula:


Systems, methods, and articles of manufacture for facilitating workflow control for a document. In one embodiment, a portion of computer program source code is associated with a workflow. The computer program is monitored for reference to or by the portion of the computer program source code. In response to a reference to or by the computer program source code, the workflow is fired off.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the invention disclosed generally relate to systems, articles of manufacture, and associated methods for associating workflow(s) with a referenced or referencing portion of a document in a document control system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general terms, version control pertains to the management of multiple versions of a document. As used here, the term "document" includes a computer file having computer program source code ("code"), which is to be understood as a set of instructions for use with a computing device. Version control is also known as revision control. A system that facilitates revision control is sometimes referred to as a version control system (VCS). In the field of computer programming or software development, sometimes the term "code versioning system" (CVS) or the term "source code management system" is also used in reference to a revision control system. Concurrent Versions System or Concurrent Versioning System (also abbreviated as CVS) is an open-source revision control application known in the relevant technology. To avoid confusion, the term "CVS" will not be used here. Instead, the term "VCS" will be used here to refer to a generic system commonly used to manage ongoing development of digital documents like application source code and other projects that may be worked on by a team.
Tools for revision control are increasingly recognized as necessary for organizing multi-developer projects. A VCS can be a stand-alone application, but a VCS can also be embedded in various types of software applications such word processors (for example, Microsoft Word, OpenOffice.org Writer, Pages, Google Docs), spreadsheets (for example, OpenOffice.org Calc, Google Spreadsheets, Microsoft Excel), and in various content management systems. In the context of software development, typically code is uploaded to a repository hosted or managed by a server computer. Authorized developers can access the code repository and make revisions to a file. The VCS system is configured to manage the developer's access to the files.

Associating workflows with code sections in a document control system

International Business Machines Corporation


A double sided tape comprised of a carrier which is coated with a first pressure sensitive adhesive which is a water swellable adhesive that contains a lubricity component that temporarily, so long as water is present, imparts a high degree of slip to the nominally tacky surface of the adhesive when the adhesive is wetted with water, wherein the lubricity component is a high molecular weight polyoxyethylene resin, and where said carrier is coated on its opposing side with a second pressure sensitive adhesive, which is substantially a rubber based adhesive having good shear properties, wherein the double sided tape is wound in roll form with an interleaving double sided release liner which is laminated to the first pressure sensitive adhesive.

The invention relates generally to pressure sensitive adhesive tapes; and more particularly to pressure sensitive adhesive tapes used as a fastening means for securing a grip to a shaft or handle.
In general, pressure sensitive adhesive tapes are used as a facile fastening means, relying on the nominally tacky surface of the adhesive to effect a bond between two or more substrates. For instance, double sided tapes are used as a fastening means to adhere a golf club grip to the shaft of a golf club. The grip is affixed on the shaft by first wrapping the shaft with a strip of double sided tape, wherein one side of the double sided tape is adhered to the shaft and the other side of the tape has the adhesive exposed such that it can adhere to the interior wall of the tubular shaped grip. Typically, a grip is composed of a flexible rubber-like material which will yield, causing it to deform, when stressed under the force of fitting the grip on the shaft. Therefore, before the grip can be slid onto the shaft, the exposed adhesive has to be rendered temporarily tack free, to a point where it is actually slippery. Conventional pressure sensitive adhesives, containing natural rubber, can be rendered temporarily slippery by coating them with an organic solvent, such as lighter fluid or lacquer thinner, just prior to putting on the grip. The organic solvent partially solvates the surface of the adhesive, which makes it slippery. The gripping process is further facilitated by applying the organic solvent to the interior wall of the grip. While wetted with the solvent, the grip is pushed onto the shaft. As the solvent dries off, the adhesive looses its slippery character, gradually regaining its pressure sensitive character, producing adherence of the grip to the shaft through the tape.
Organic solvents are generally perceived by the public as being toxic to the environment, and many solvents are considered hazardous to the user as a source of fire, and are frequently identified as being a health risks. An improved gripping process would be one in which the exposed adhesive of the double sided pressure sensitive tape did not require being wetted with an organic solvent prior to sliding on the grip. For instance, if the adhesive could be rendered temporarily slippery through the application of water, this would eliminate the need for an organic solvent. Like the double sided tape with the conventional adhesive, the adhesive must regain its pressure sensitivity after the grip is in position, therein producing adherence of the grip to the shaft through the tape. The instant invention is a pressure sensitive adhesive tape having an adhesive that is imbued with this anisothropic response to water, paradoxically exhibiting both tack and slip, responding functionally to the concentration of water.

Tape for affixing a grip and process for using same


An object of embodiments of the present invention is to provide an improved gain-shape VQ. This is achieved by determining a number of bits to be allocated to a gain adjustment- and shape-quantizer for a plurality of combinations of a current bit rate and a first signal property. The determined allocated number of bits to the gain adjustment- and shape quantizer should provide a better result for the given bitrate and signal property than using a single fixed allocation scheme. That can be achieved by deriving the bit allocation by using an average of optimal bit allocations for a training data set. Thus by pre-calculating a number of bits to the gain adjustment and the shape quantizers for a plurality of combinations of the bit rate and a first signal property and creating a table indicating the number of bits to be allocated to the gain adjustment- and the shape-quantizers for a plurality of combinations of the bit rate and a first signal property. In this way, the table can be used for achieving an improved bit allocation.

Modern telecommunication services are expected to handle many different types of audio signals. While the main audio content is speech signals, there is a desire to handle more general signals such as music and mixtures of music and speech. Although the capacity in telecommunication networks is continuously increasing, it is still of great interest to limit the required bandwidth per communication channel. In mobile networks smaller transmission bandwidths for each call yields lower power consumption in both the mobile device and the base station. This translates to energy and cost saving for the mobile operator while the end user will experience prolonged battery life and increased talk-time. Further, with less consumed bandwidth per user the mobile network can service a larger number of users in parallel.
Today, the dominating compression technology for mobile voice services is Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP), which achieves good audio quality for speech quality at low bandwidths. It is widely used in deployed codecs such as GSM Enhanced Full Rate (GSM-EFR), Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) and AMR-Wideband (AMR-WB). However, for general audio signals such as music the CELP technology has poor performance. These signals can often be better represented by using frequency transform based coding, for example the ITU-T codecs G.722.1 and G.719. However, transform domain codecs generally operate at a higher bitrate than the speech codecs. There is a gap between the speech and general audio domains in terms of coding and it is desirable to increase the performance of transform domain codecs at lower bitrates.
Transform domain codecs require a compact representation of the frequency domain transform coefficients. These representations often rely on vector quantization (VQ), where the coefficients are encoded in groups. An example of vector quantization is gain-shape VQ. This approach applies normalization to the vectors before encoding the individual coefficients. The normalization factor and the normalized coefficients are referred to as the gain and the shape of the vector, which may be encoded separately. The gain-shape structure has many benefits. By dividing the gain and the shape, the codec can easily be adapted to varying source input levels by designing the gain quantizer. It is also beneficial from a perceptual perspective where the gain and shape may carry different importance in different frequency regions. Finally, the gain-shape division simplifies the quantizer design and makes is less complex in terms of memory and computational resources compared to an unconstrained vector quantizer. A functional overview of a gain-shape quantizer for one vector according to prior art can be seen in FIG. 1, which illustrates an encoder 40 and a decoder 50 side. In FIG. 1, an arbitrary input data vector x 100 of length L is fed to a gain-shape quantization scheme. Here, the gain factor is defined as the Euclidean norm (2-norm) of the vector, which implies that the terms gain and norm are used interchangeably throughout this document. First, a norm g is calculated by a norm calculator 110 which represents the overall size of the vector. Commonly, the Euclidean norm is used
                    g        =                                            ∑                              i                =                1                            L                                                  x              i              2                                                          (        1        )
The norm is then quantized by a norm quantizer 120 to form ĝ and a quantization index IN representing the quantized norm. The input vector is scaled using 1/ĝ to form a normalized shape vector n, which in turn is fed to the shape quantizer 130. The quantizer index IS from the shape quantizer 130 and the norm quantizer 120 are multiplexed by a bitstream multiplexer 140 to be stored or transmitted to a decoder 50. The decoder 50 retrieves the indices IN and IS from the demultiplexed bitsteam and forms a reconstructed vector {circumflex over (x)} 190 by retrieving the quantized shape vector {circumflex over (n)} from the shape decoder 150 and the quantized norm from the norm decoder 160 and scaling the quantized shape with ĝ 180.
The gain-shape quantizer generally operates on vectors of limited length, but they can be used to handle longer sequences by first partitioning the signal into shorter vectors and applying the gain-shape quantizers to each vector. This structure is often used in transform based audio codecs. FIG. 2 exemplifies a transform based coding system for gain and shape quantization for a sequence of vectors according to prior art. It should be noted that FIG. 1 illustrates a gain-shape quantizer for one vector while the gain-shape quantization in FIG. 2 is applied parallel on a sequence of vectors, wherein the vectors together constitute a frequency spectrum. The sequence of the gain (norm) values constitute the spectral envelope. The input audio 200 is first partitioned into time segments or frames as a preparation for the frequency transform 210. Each frame is transformed to the frequency domain to form a frequency domain spectrum X. This may be done using any suitable transform, such as MDCT, DCT or DFT. The choice of transform may depend on the characteristics of the input signal, such that important properties are well modeled with that transform. It may also include considerations for other processing steps if the transform is reused for other processing steps, such as stereo processing. The frequency spectrum is partitioned into shorter row vectors denoted X(b). Each vector now represents the coefficients of a frequency band b. From a perceptual perspective it is beneficial to partition the spectrum using a non-uniform band structure which follows to the frequency resolution of the human auditory system. This generally means that narrow bandwidths are used for low frequencies while larger bandwidths are used for high frequencies.
Next, the norm of each band is calculated 230 as in equation (1) to form a sequence of gain values E(b) which form the spectral envelope. These values are then quantized using the envelope quantizer 240 to form the quantized envelope Ê(b). The envelope quantization 240 may be done using any quantizing technique, e.g. differential scalar quantization or any vector quantization scheme. The quantized envelope coefficients Ê(b) are used to normalize 250 the band vectors X(b) to form the corresponding normalized shape vectors N(b).
                              N                                (            b            )                          =                              1                                          E                ^                                                          (                b                )                                                                    X                                      (              b              )                                                          (        2        )
Note that if the envelope quantization is accurate, i.e. Ê(b)≈E(b), the norm of the normalized shape vectors will be 1. This relates to a pre-normalization that may be done in the decoder.Ê(b)=E(b) √{square root over (N(b)·N(b)T)}=1
The sequence of normalized shape vectors constitutes the fine structure of the spectrum. The perceptual importance of the spectral fine structure varies with the frequency but may also depend on other signal properties such as the spectral envelope signal. Transform coders often employ an auditory model to determine the important parts of the fine structure and assign the available resources to the most important parts. The spectral envelope is often used as input to this auditory model and the output is typically a bit assignment for the each of the bands corresponding to the envelope coefficients. Here, a bit allocation algorithm 270 uses a quantized envelope Ê(b) in combination with an internal auditory model to assign a number of bits R(b) which in turn are used by the fine structure quantizer 260. The indices from the envelope quantization IE and the fine structure quantization IF are multiplexed by a bitstream multiplexer 280 to be stored or transmitted to a decoder.
The decoder demultiplexes in bitstream demultiplexer 285 the indices from the communication channel or the stored media and forwards the indices IF to the fine structure dequantizer 265 and the indices IE to the envelope dequantizer 245. The quantized envelope Ê(b) is obtained from an envelope de-quantizer 245 and fed to a bit allocation entity 275 in the decoder, which generates the bit allocation R(b). The fine structure dequantizer 265 uses the fine structure indices and the bit allocation to produce the quantized fine structure vectors {circumflex over (N)}(b). A synthesized frequency spectrum {circumflex over (X)}(b) is obtained by scaling in an envelope shaping entity 235 the quantized fine structure with the quantized envelope{circumflex over (X)}(b)=Ê(b)·{circumflex over (N)}(b)  (3)
The inverse transform 215 is applied to the synthesized frequency spectrum {circumflex over (X)}(b) to obtain the synthesized output signal 290.
The performance of the gain-shape VQ for different bit rates depends on how the gain and shape quantizers interact. In particular, some shape quantizers are capable of compensating small energy deviations which may reside from the gain quantization. Other shape quantizers can be said to be pure shape quantizers, which cannot represent any gain information and cannot compensate the gain quantizer error at all. For the pure shape quantizer, the gain-shape system becomes sensitive to the bit sharing between gain and shape. One possible solution is to assign an additional gain adjustment factor after the shape quantization to adjust the gain based on the synthesized shape, as shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows a transform based coding system as illustrated in FIG. 2 with the addition of the gain adjustment analyzer 301, to assign a respective additional gain adjustment factor G(b). This is found by comparing the quantized fine structure {circumflex over (N)}(b) with the fine structure N(b)
      G              (      b      )        =                                          N            ^                                          (            b            )                          T                          N                          (          b          )                                              N                                (            b            )                          T                          N                          (          b          )
The gain adjustment factor G(b) is quantized to produce an index IG which is multiplexed together with the fine structure indices IF and envelope indices IE to be stored or transmitted to a decoder.
Recall that a perfect envelope quantization would give √{square root over (N(b)·N(b)T)}=1. By pre-adjusting the gain of the quantized fine structure, the gain adjustment factor may also handle quantization errors from the envelope quantization. This can be done using equation (1) to obtain a pre-adjustment gain factor gn
      g    n    =      1                                        N            ^                                          (            b            )                          ·                                            N              ^                                                  (              b              )                                T
which gives that√{square root over (gn{circumflex over (N)}(b)·gn{circumflex over (N)}(b)T)}=1
Now if {circumflex over (N)}(b) is substituted with {circumflex over (N)}′(b)=gn{circumflex over (N)}(b) in the gain adjustment calculation such that
      G              (      b      )        =                                                        N              ^                        ′                                          (            b            )                          T                          N                          (          b          )                                              N                                (            b            )                          T                          N                          (          b          )
then the gain adjustment factor G(b) may also compensate for errors in the envelope quantization. This method is considered prior-art and hereafter it is assumed that a pre-adjustment to have √{square root over ({circumflex over (N)}(b)·{circumflex over (N)}(b)T)}=1 is an integral part of the shape dequantizer.
The decoder of FIG. 3 is similar to the decoder of FIG. 2, but with the addition of a gain adjustment unit 302 which uses the gain adjustment index IG to reconstruct a quantized gain adjustment factor Ĝ(b). This is in turn used to create a gain adjusted fine structure Ñ(b).Ñ(b)=Ĝ(b)·{circumflex over (N)}(b)
As in FIG. 2, a synthesized frequency spectrum {circumflex over (X)}(b) is obtained by scaling the gain adjusted fine structure with the envelope{tilde over (X)}(b)=Ê(b)·Ñ(b)
The inverse transform is applied to the synthesized frequency spectrum {circumflex over (X)}(b) to obtain the synthesized output signal.
However, at low bitrates the gain adjustment may consume too many bits which reduces the performance of the shape quantizer and gives poor overall performance.


A method of tuning a frequency and apparatus thereof are disclosed, in which broadcast channel information for bringing up the image of broadcasting is used and by which the frequency corresponding to the broadcast channel information is automatically tuned. The present invention includes the steps of storing a broadcast channel information and a frequency for a specific broadcasting, searching the frequency using the broadcast channel information provided by a user, and tuning the searched frequency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communications, and more particularly, to a method of tuning a frequency and apparatus thereof. Although the present invention is suitable for a wide scope of applications, it is particularly suitable for a communications device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, an analog frequency tuning device employs an inductor or capacitor system.
FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are circuit diagrams of analog tuning devices according to a related art, respectively.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a variable-inductor analog frequency tuning device is shown.
Referring to FIG. 1B, a variable-capacitor analog frequency tuning device is shown.
In the above-explained two kinds of systems, a user performs tuning by directly manipulating an external adjustment button for adjusting a variable inductor L or a variable capacitor C.
To tune a frequency of another channel after tuning a frequency corresponding to one channel using an external adjustment button, a user needs to adjust frequencies using the external adjustment button again.
In case that there are a plurality of channels to be used by a user, the external adjustment button needs to be manipulated each time a frequency corresponding to each of the channels is changed.
And, it is difficult for a user to remember the frequencies corresponding to a plurality of the channels, respectively.
Moreover, a user needs to finely manipulate the adjustment button for frequency tuning.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a digital frequency tuning device according to a related art.
Referring to FIG. 2, a digital frequency tuning device according to a related art consists of a reference frequency oscillator 1, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 2, a divider 3, a phase detector 4 and a pulse voltage converter 5.
The reference frequency oscillator 1 outputs a reference frequency.
The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 2 adjusts to output an oscillation frequency according to an input voltage.
The divider 3 divides an output (oscillation frequency) of the voltage controlled oscillator 2 by a predetermined ratio.
The phase detector 4 compares an output of the reference frequency oscillator 1 to an output of the divider 3 and then outputs a corresponding difference between the two outputs.
The pulse voltage converter 5 converts an output of the phase detector 4 to a voltage and then outputs the voltage to the voltage controlled oscillator 2.
In case of using the related art digital frequency tuning device, a user presses a frequency setting number button to input a specific frequency in direct.
Besides, the user inputs to designate the specific frequency and makes the designated frequency correspond to several numbers to store in a memory. Thereafter, if a button of a predetermined number is pressed, the frequency corresponding to the pressed number is tuned. Hence, a frequently usable frequency can be simply tuned by pressing the corresponding number button.
Yet, since it is difficult to memorize the entire frequencies corresponding to the numbers, respectively, each number button needs to be pressed one by one to find a specific frequency. For instance, a frequency corresponding to a button No. 5 is stored as 95.9 MHz and a current device is set to a frequency corresponding to a button No. 1. If a user is unable to remember that the button No. 5 is set to 95.9 MHz, it is highly probable that the user tries to press other buttons No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and the like. Finally, the user can find 95.9 MHz of No. 5 after having tries various different number buttons.
Thus, in the related art device using the analog or digital frequency tuning, it is difficult to perform the frequency tuning.

Method of tuning frequency and apparatus therefor


A power connector system including a first power socket connected to a power supply unit of a host computer, a control element, a plurality of second power sockets controlled by the control element to obtain power supply from the power supply unit of the host computer through the first power socket and adapted for providing power supply to peripheral equipment (such as speaker, modam, printer, scanner, etc.) connected thereto, and at least one third power socket connect to city power supply and adapted for providing power supply to a monitor, etc. separately.

The present invention relates to a power connector system which receives power supply from a power supply unit of a computer system and provides it to peripheral equipment (such as speaker, modem, printer, scanner, etc.), permitting them to be synchronously turned on/off with the computer system.
The power supply unit of a computer system provides only one power outlet for the connection of a monitor. When several peripheral equipment are connected to a computer system, an extension line must be used to provide peripheral equipment with power supply. However, because the extension line is not connected in series to the power outlet of the power supply unit of the computer system, the installed peripheral equipment must be turned off separately when the computer system is turned off. If the computer user forgets to turn off the peripheral equipment, the peripheral equipment keeps consuming power supply.

Power connector system for use with a computer system synchronously


A control device for the control of stepping motors for the adjustment of a motor vehicle seat, including an adjustment of the seat depth, being the distance between the front edge of the seat surface and the backrest, for adaptation to different thigh lengths of the respective passengers. The control device comprises, in a preferred embodiment, at least one actuating element with two parts, that are displaceable independently of but parallel to each other, as well as first and second switches assigned to parts of the actuating element, respectively, wherein the first switches are provided to control at least the seat depth adjustment, while the second switches are provided to control at least the longitudinal seat adjustment.

The present invention relates to a control device for the control of stepping motors for the adjustment of a motor vehicle seat.
A control device of this generic type is disclosed in German patent document DE 2,836,004 C2. In addition to a tiltable switch actuating element for the backrest adjustment, it contains a switch actuating element for seat height adjustment and longitudinal adjustment of the seat, which can be: (i) displaced in the horizontal direction in order to move the complete vehicle seat forwards or backwards, (ii) displaced in the vertical direction in order to change the seat height, and (iii) swivelled about a horizontal axis in order to change the relative height position between the front edge and the rear edge of the seat cushion. The switch actuating elements are arranged in such a way that, in the plan view, they represent symbols of the outlines of a seat with backrest and seat cushion.
A possible arrangement of the electric switching means in a control device of the generic type is described in German patent document DE 2,839,367 C2. Another known control device disclosed in German patent document DE 3,513,050 A1 has symbols for backrest and seat cushion which are not movable; however, separate switch actuating elements are provided which are moveable in obvious directions relative to the symbols in order to actuate electric switching means. By "obvious directions" it is meant that the movement of the switch relative to the orientation of the symbolic representation of the seat corresponds to the direction of desired movement of the seat itself.
An arrangement of switch actuating elements of a seat adjustment switch is also disclosed in German patent document EF 0,260,213, A2, in which the outlines of backrest and seat cushion are likewise reflected symbolically by the switch actuating elements, the seat cushion being represented by a total of four switch actuating elements arranged quadrantally. To actuate the electric switching elements, the switch actuating elements must be pressed, it being possible for different setting functions to be controlled by simultaneous operation of two actuating elements and by operation of individual actuating elements.
A fourth known control device for seat adjustment, described in German patent document DE 8,516,069 U1 likewise has a frame-like switch actuating element symbolizing a seat cushion, which switch actuating element is displaceable in an obvious direction for the longitudinal adjustment of the seat as a whole. Two further depressible switch actuating elements are integrated into said switch actuating element, of which one serves for raising and the other for lowering the seat. The latter arrangement--which is no longer operable in an obvious sense--forms in function a single change-over contact with a central position and two different actuating elements.
With the control devices described in the latter three publications, only those seat adjustment functions described with respect to the control device of the aforementioned generic type can be controlled.
In German patent document DE 3,631,872 C1 a vehicle seat is described in which the "seat depth" (that is to say the distance between the front edge of the seat and the backrest) can be changed electromotively or by hand to adapt to different thigh lengths of the respective passengers. In addition to the mechanical alternative of a "handwheel", in this publication, however, no device is disclosed for the manual control of the electromotive seat depth change. In another known vehicle seat, described in German patent document DE 3,018,323 C2, the seat depth can likewise be adjusted electromotively or hydraulically; in the latter publication, however, again no means are disclosed for the manual control of the adjustment drives.
The object of the present invention is to develop a control device of the generic type in which the further function "adjust seat depth" can be implemented whilst retaining its obvious operability.
This object is achieved according to the invention by division of the actuating element for the seat cushion adjustment in such a manner that it is possible not only to push the complete seat forwards or backwards by displacing at least the one part of the actuating element as previously known, but also to change the seat depth by displacing at least the other part of the actuating element, while at the same time retaining the obvious correlation between movement of the actuating element and the desired movement of the seat. The adjustment possibilities already mentioned and already hitherto available are, of course, also maintained by means of the two-part switch actuating element according to the invention.
The purpose of such a switch actuating element, which is preferably subdivided horizontally in the installation position, becomes evident to any operator if the seat depth adjustment is allocated to the top part of the switch actuating element and the longitudinal adjustment of the position of the seat is allocated to its bottom part, because the operator can readily associate the seat cushion surface facing him/her--which he/she can lengthen or shorten--to the top part and can associate the chassis of the entire seat to the bottom part.
It can be advantageous in terms of user-friendliness to design the two parts of the actuating element for the control of the adjustment of the seat depth so as to be displaceable at the same time, but in opposite directions, with appropriate contact assignment in order to be able to select the seat depth change obviously with the switch actuating element. In further preferred shaping of the actuating element parts, this opposite displacement of the parts ca result in a lengthening or a shortening of the overall length of the actuating element from a neutral basic position, which at the moment of operation likewise corresponds exactly to the desired adjustment function. This operation in opposite directions can readily be effected by a "shearing movement" of the thumb and one finger of the operator's hand. It also largely prevents both parts of the actuating element from being inadvertently displaced upwards or downwards during the seat depth adjustment and thus prevents unintentional upward or downward seat adjustment from being triggered.
The customary longitudinal adjustment of the seat in the passenger compartment can again be controlled advantageously in the previously mentioned embodiments by displacing the entire actuating element, that is to say displacement of both actuating element parts simultaneously and in opposite direction, if the electric switching means for the longitudinal adjustment are also assigned to both actuating element parts.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the seat depth adjustment is interpreted starting from another aspect. Since the change in seat depth, as already defined, relates in any case to the distance between the front edge of the seat and the backrest, it can also be considered as a relative displacement of the backrest in relation to the seat cushion or its front edge, irrespective of whether the backrest is fixed and the seat cushion is completely or partially displaced, as corresponds to the customary implementation, or whether the seat cushion is fixed and the backrest is displaced. According to this consideration, a surprisingly simple extension of the control device of the generic type for seat depth adjustment is found in the fact that the actuating element symbolizing the backrest, which could hitherto only be swivelled, is now additionally arranged or guided so as to be displaceable, and the switching means for the seat depth adjustment are assigned to the displacement movement of this actuating element. Preferably, but not necessarily, the displacement movement of this actuating element is naturally guided along the longitudinal extension of the single-part actuating element symbolizing the seat cushion in order to achieve, in this case too, an obvious operation and control of the desired adjustment movement of the seat.
In still another embodiment, a second function level, a double assignment so to speak, is assigned to a single-part actuating element for the longitudinal adjustment of the seat by the fact that the switching mean for the seat depth adjustment are also directly assigned to said actuating element. In this case it is particularly advantageous to provide for both adjustments only one set of electric switching means which can be switched over via a change-over device, which is actuated at the same time, by depressing or pulling out the actuating element from the basic position--in which it preferably controls the longitudinal adjustment of the seat.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Control device for the control of stepping motors for the adjustment of a motor vehicle seat


An assembly of components for modifying a battery compartment to allow the use of batteries of a size other than originally designed. The assembly includes a hollow, electrically conductive, cylindrical adaptor, a first end of which is internally threaded for attachment to the existing battery compartment and a second end of which is externally threaded for acceptance of the existing battery compartment cap. The assembly further includes a hollow, electrically insulative, cylindrical insert. The adaptor and insert each include conductive electrical elements to connect a new configuration battery positioned within the insert to the existing battery compartment and compartment cap contacts. The adaptor and insert are coaxially aligned and loosely attached together in a manner that allows free rotational movement between them about a common central axis while retaining the adaptor and insert in close association.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to battery compartment enclosures for electronic devices and the like. The present invention relates more specifically to a battery compartment modification to permit the use of an alternative type of battery in the compartment. Even more specifically the present invention relates to a retrofit, removable, adaptor assembly that extends and modifies the battery compartment of a night vision goggles device, and permits the continued use of the original battery compartment cap assembly.
2. Background of the Invention
Battery compartments for housing and connecting batteries used in powering various electronic devices such as night vision goggles, flash lights, camera light meters, etc., are well known in the art. Such battery compartment designs often include removable battery compartment caps which enable the battery or batteries contained within the compartment to be removed and replaced with new or recharged batteries.
One specific night vision device that incorporates a battery compartment that lends itself to modification to receive a preferred battery type is the AN/PVS-7B/7D night vision goggle manufactured by ITT Industries. Referring to FIG. 1A (prior art), there is shown a AN/PVS-7B/7D night vision goggle device 10 (illustrated in dotted outline form) which includes a horizontally oriented battery compartment 12, closed and covered by a removable (internally threaded) battery compartment cap 14. The battery compartment cap 14 is tethered to the night vision goggle device 10 by way of retainer strap 16. The battery compartment 12 is typically loaded with either lithium sulfur dioxide BA-5567/U batteries or two (2) AA batteries.
FIG. 1B shows in cross-section detail the typical configuration of battery compartment 12 enclosing a BA-5567/U battery 18 with battery compartment cap 14 secured in place. Electrical conductor 20 connects flat spring contact 22 (which contacts battery 18) with the electronics of the night vision goggle device 10. Tether 16 is attached to battery compartment cap 14 in such a manner as to permit easy rotation of the cap to thread onto the opening of battery compartment 12.
Efforts have been made in the past to improve the functionality of the battery compartment cap 14 but have generally not addressed modification of the battery compartment to accommodate alternate battery selections. U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,097 issued to Nelson et al. on Feb. 27, 2001 entitled Battery Compartment Cap Having an Improved Contact, assigned to ITT Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc. (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) describes an effort to improve the battery compartment cap for the night vision goggle device that is the subject of the present invention as well. Although the modification described improves the ability of the cap to maintain electrical contact with the batteries there is nothing disclosed that is directed to accommodating alternate battery choices for the device.
Although the battery compartment 12 (as shown in prior art FIGS. 1A and 1B) functions in a generally satisfactory manner, there exist certain disadvantages which reduce its utility. Battery selection is limited to two choices, either a single lithium sulfur dioxide BA-5567/U battery or two (2) AA batteries. The physical dimensions of the battery compartment were built around these two battery choices. An inability to procure either of these two battery choices, the BA-5567/U or the two AA batteries, could render the night vision goggle device inoperable or place it out of service.
Other problems with the existing design for the battery compartment and cap include concerns about misalignment of the electrical contacts when loading certain types of batteries and the excessive weight of certain types of batteries that the night vision goggle device is designed to be used with. A lithium battery, for example, will generally weigh less than the equivalent alkaline cell. The BA-5567/U batteries have a nominal weight of 16 g while the AA batteries have weights of 22 g-23 g each for a total battery weight of 44 g-46 g. The newer and now readily available CR123A battery, on the other hand, as an example of an alternate battery capable of providing the same voltage and a greater power output, has a nominal weight of 16 g-17 g.
Still another problem with the existing design concerns the expected capacity of the lithium sulfur dioxide BA-5567/U batteries or two (2) AA batteries. The BA-5567/U batteries have a nominal capacity of 0.86 AH while the AA batteries have capacities of 1.8 AH to 2.6 AH. By addressing the physical constraints of the original design, a different and more desirable battery, for example the CR123A, could be used. The CR123A has nominal 1.3 AH capacity which would extend use beyond the capacity of the BA-5567/U battery of the original design and yet would provide a much lighter weight battery at 16 g-17 g total than the AA batteries at 44 g-46 g total.
A further consideration in choosing a battery for the night vision device involves the frequent necessity of carrying spare batteries for the night vision device and the various other battery powered devices that may typically be carried. More of the various other battery powered devices (lights, electronic sights, etc.) are using the CR123A type batteries, making it desirable for the night vision device to likewise be capable of using such batteries. It would therefore be desirable if the user could either use such batteries directly within the night vision device or carry a lightweight adaptor that permitted such use. The result would be the need to carry spares of only a single type of battery rather than multiple sets of spares. As a further advantage to this approach, the user could transfer batteries from one device to another if spares were not available and the ongoing use of a particular device became urgent.
It is, therefore, a primary objective of the present invention to provide the ability to select a different battery combination to address the power output and weight issues and substantially overcome the disadvantages associated with the battery design selection and alignment of the prior art. The objective is to provide the ability to chose a more desirable "standard sized" battery for the AN/PVS-7B/7D night vision goggle system and at the same time, teach similar configurations for modifying and retrofitting other battery compartments for similar battery exchanges.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide an apparatus for allowing the use of a more desirable battery, while at the same time not requiring permanent alteration of the base night vision goggle system. It would be worthwhile to have a modification structure that could be easily removed so as to allow the system to return to its previous use of battery choices.
It is a further objective that the above described modification structure would require a minimal number of components such that its use and/or its removal could be accomplished in the field without the need for tools to assemble or disassemble the night vision goggle system.
In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide an adaptor assembly for the use of an alternate battery in the battery compartment of a night vision goggle system, that maintains the use of the existing battery compartment cap and cap tether. It is an object to permit placement of the adaptor assembly by opening the battery compartment (unscrewing the cap), removing the existing batteries from the night vision goggle system, replacing the existing batteries with the new battery/adaptor assembly, and then re-securing the threaded cap.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an adaptor assembly for allowing the use of an alternate battery in a night vision goggle system that is cost effective in providing a more efficient power source for the system without an excessive increase in the cost of the night vision goggle system itself.

Compartment adaptor assembly for receiving an alternate sized battery into night vision goggles


A system and method is provided for vectorizing misaligned references in compiled code for SIMD architectures that support only aligned loads and stores. In this framework, a loop is first simdized as if the memory unit imposes no alignment constraints. The compiler then inserts data reorganization operations to satisfy the actual alignment requirements of the hardware. Finally, the code generation algorithm generates SIMD codes based on the data reorganization graph, addressing realistic issues such as runtime alignments, unknown loop bounds, residual iteration counts, and multiple statements with arbitrary alignment combinations. Loop peeling is used to reduce the computational overhead associated with misaligned data. A loop prologue and epilogue are peeled from individual iterations in the simdized loop, and vector-splicing instructions are applied to the peeled iterations, while the steady-state loop body incurs no additional computational overhead.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to a system and method for vectorizing loop code for execution on Single Instruction Multiple Datapath (SIMD) architectures that impose strict alignment constraints on the data.
2. Description of the Related Art
Multimedia extensions (MMEs) have become one of the most popular additions to general-purpose microprocessors. Existing multimedia extensions can be characterized as Single Instruction Multiple Datapath (SIMD) units that support packed fixed-length vectors. The traditional programming model for multimedia extensions has been explicit vector programming using either (in-line) assembly or intrinsic functions embedded in a high-level programming language. Explicit vector programming is time-consuming and error-prone. A promising alternative is to exploit vectorization technology to automatically generate SIMD codes from programs written in standard high-level languages.
Although vectorization has been studied extensively for traditional vector processors decades ago, vectorization for SIMD architectures has raised new issues due to several fundamental differences between the two architectures. See, e.g., Ren, Gang, et al. A Preliminary Study on the Vectorization of Multimedia Applications. In 16th International Workshop of Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing. October 2003. To distinguish between the two types of vectorization, we refer to the latter as simdization. One such fundamental difference comes from the memory unit. The memory unit of a typical SIMD processor bears more resemblance to that of a wide scalar processor than to that of a traditional vector processor. In the VMX instruction set found on certain POWERPC microprocessors (produced by International Business Machines Corporation and Motorola, Inc.), for example, a load instruction loads 16-byte contiguous memory from 16-byte aligned memory, ignoring the last 4 bits of the memory address in the instruction. The same applies to store instructions. In this paper, architectures with alignment constraints refer to machines that support only loads and stores of register-length aligned memory.
There has been a recent spike of interest in compiler techniques to automatically extract SIMD parallelism from programs. See, e.g., LARSEN, Samuel, et al. Exploiting Superword Level Parallelism with Multimedia Instruction Sets. In Proceedings of SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. June 2000, pp. 145-156; BIK, Aart, et al. Automatic Intra-Register Vectorization for the Intel Architecture. Int. J. of Parallel Programming. April 2002, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 65-98; KRALL, Andreas, et al. Compilation Techniques for Multimedia Processors. Int. J. of Parallel Programming. August 2000, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 347-361; SRERAMAN, N., et al. A Vectorizing Compiler for Multimedia Extensions. Int. J. of Parallel Programming, August 2000, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 363-400; LEE, Corinna G., et al. Simple Vector Microprocessors for Multimedia Applications. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Microarchitecture. 1998, pp. 25-36; and NAISHLOS, Dorit, et al. Vectorizing for a SIMD DSP Architecture. In Proceedings of International Conference on Compilers, Artchitectures, and Synthesis for Embedded Systems. October 2003, pp. 2-11. This upsurge was driven by the increasing prevalence of SIMD architectures in multimedia processors. Two principal techniques have been used, the traditional loop-based vectorization pioneered for vector supercomputers (e.g., ALLEN, John Randal, et al. Automatic Translation of Fortran Programs to Vector Form. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. October 1987, vol. 4, pp. 491-542; and ZIMA, Hans, et al. Supercompilers for Parallel and Vector Computers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley/ACM Press, 1990. ISBN 0201175606.) and the unroll-and-pack approach first proposed by Larsen and Amarasinghe in LARSEN, Samuel, et al. Exploiting Superword Level Parallelism with Multimedia Instruction Sets. In Proceedings of SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. June 2000, pp. 145-156.
The alignment constraints of SIMD memory units present a great challenge to automatic simdization. Consider the code fragment in FIG. 1 where integer arrays a, b, and c are aligned (An aligned reference means that the desired data reside at an address that is a multiple of the vector register size.). Although this loop is easily vectorizable for traditional vector processors, it is non-trivial to simdize it for SIMD architectures with alignment constraints. Hence, the most commonly used policy today is to simdize a loop only if all memory references in the loop are aligned.
A very extensive discussion of alignment considerations is provided by LARSON, Samuel, et al. Increasing and Detecting Memory Address Congruence. In Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques. September 2002. However, LARSON is concerned with the detection of memory alignments and with techniques to increase the number of aligned references in a loop, whereas our work focuses on generating optimized SIMD codes in the presence of misaligned references. The two approaches are complementary. The use of loop peeling to align accesses was discussed in LARSON as well as in the aforementioned BIK reference. The loop peeling scheme is equivalent to the eager-shift policy with the restriction that all memory references in the loop must have the same misalignment. Even under this condition, our scheme has the advantage of generating simdized prologue and epilogue, which is the by-product of peeling from the simdized loop.
Direct code generation for misaligned references have been discussed by several prior works. The vectorization of misaligned loads and stores using the VIS instruction set is described in CHEONG, Gerald, et al. An Optimizer for Multimedia Instruction Sets. In Second SUIF Compiler Workshop. August 1997. The aforementioned BIK, et al. reference described a specific code sequence of aligned loads and shuffle to load memory references that cross cache line boundaries, which is implemented in Intel's compiler for SSE2. However, their method is not discussed in the context of general misalignment handling.
The VAST compiler, a commercial product by Crescent Bay Software, has some limited ability to simdize loops with multiple misaligned references, unknown loop bounds, and runtime alignments, and exploit the reuse when aligning a steam of contiguous memory. The VAST compiler, however, produces less than optimal simdized code, as its highly generalized scheme for handling misalignment can produce additional compilation overhead.
An interesting simdization scheme using indirect register accesses is discussed in the aforementioned NAISHLOS, et al. reference. However, their method is specific to the eLite processor, which supports more advanced vector operations (such as gather and scatter operations) than are available on typical MME processors. In SHIN, Jaewook, et al. Compiler-Controlled Caching in Superword Register Files for Multimedia Extension Architectures. In Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques. September 2002, register packing and shifting instructions were used to exploit temporal and spatial reuse in vector registers. However, their work does not address alignment handling.
Another work that is of note, but which is in the area of compiling for distributed memory systems as opposed to SIMD architectures, is CHATTERJEE, Siddhartha, et al. Modeling Data-Parallel Programs with the Alignment-Distribution Graph. J. of Programming Languages. 1994, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 227-258.
What is needed, therefore, is a system and method of general application for generating an efficient vectorization of loop code involving misaligned continuous memory arrays. The present invention provides a solution to these and other problems, and offers other advantages over previous solutions.

Framework for efficient code generation using loop peeling for SIMD loop code with multiple misaligned statements


A computer-based method for detecting features in a digitally sampled biological (bio) signal includes the steps of applying a wavelet transform to the bio signal to generate a list of wavelet transform coefficients, ranking the coefficients according to value or frequency, and removing at least one low value or low frequency coefficient. The method further includes the steps of performing an inverse wavelet transform using the remaining coefficients to generate a reconstructed signal, and detecting feature locations using the reconstructed signal.

This invention relates to methods for detecting signal features from a biological (bio) signal in the presence of noise.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), is a graphic produced by an electrocardiograph, which records the electrical activity (a signal) of the heart over time. Electrical waves cause the heart muscle to pump. These waves pass through the body and can be measured at electrodes (electrical contacts) attached to the skin. Electrodes on different sides of the heart measure the activity of different parts of the heart muscle. An EKG displays the voltage (a signal) between pairs of these electrodes, and the muscle activity that they measure, from different directions. This display indicates the overall rhythm of the heart, and weaknesses in different parts of the heart muscle. It is a way to measure and diagnose abnormal rhythms of the heart, particularly abnormal rhythms caused by damage to the conductive tissue that carries electrical signals, or abnormal rhythms caused by levels of salts, such as potassium, that are too high or low.
The ability to analyze an EKG signal and detect variances therein, provides the ability to monitor the physiological condition of a heart. For instance, accurate detection of variances in an EKG signal allows for the detection of heart events, such as heartbeat detection, arrhythmias, ischemias, and a myriad of other events. To detect variances in the EKG signal, it is necessary to minimize or eliminate noise, which also causes variances in an EKG signal, but does not correspond to a physiological event of the heart. Otherwise, the noise variance may be misconstrued as a heart event. In turn, this can lead to a potential misdiagnosis, false positive, missed event, or failure to detect other rhythms; among other undesirable results. In particular, noise can lead to false identification of R waves, resulting in the detection of more heartbeats than what actually occurred. Misidentification may occur when, for example, baseline drift is present in the signal.
One known method of removing low frequency noise involves using a low pass filter followed by a length transform, which computes the length of a curve within a given time window. When the length exceeds a predetermined threshold, the curve is identified as being an R wave. When baseline drift is present, portions of the curve that should be flat are instead sloped. This may increase the calculated curve length and lead to misidentification of the curve as an R wave.
In addition, baseline drift may add noise to the length transform, reducing the transform's definition and therefore causing a failure to perceive smaller peaks, which results in underreporting of R waves. Accordingly, a need exists for techniques which are able to detect heartbeats, along with signal features of other bio signals (such as brain waves), in the presence of noise.

Method for detecting bio signal features in the presence of noise