A magnetoresistance effect element is provided, which can, even in a region where the element size of the magnetoresistance effect element is small, implement stable record holding at higher temperatures, and moreover which has higher thermal stability.

A MRAM (Magnetic Random Access Memory: magnetic memory) is a nonvolatile memory using MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction).
The MRAM not consuming electric power when on standby and exhibiting high-speed performance and having high writing resistance and moreover capable of being miniaturized in terms of memory size receives attention as a next-generation logic integrated circuit.
A magnetoresistance effect element for use as a MRAM basically has a structure in which a non-magnetic layer serving as a barrier layer is sandwiched between a recording layer and a reference layer. Bit information recorded on the magnetic layer (recording layer) of a MRAM is read out through the barrier layer using the TMR (Tunnel Magnetoresistance) effect.
Further, methods of writing to a magnetic layer (recording layer) include a method that uses a magnetic field and a method that uses a current. The MRAM that uses the latter writing method is, for example, of a 2-terminal type in which bit information is written to a magnetic layer (recording layer) using spin-transfer-torque (STT) induced magnetization reversal, or the like, and of a 3-terminal type in which bit information is written to a magnetic layer (recording layer) using spin-orbit-torque (SOT) induced magnetization reversal, or the like.
Incidentally, characteristics that make applications important in the MRAM, i.e., a magnetoresistance effect element, are (i) large thermal stability index Δ, (ii) small writing current IC, (iii) large tunnel magnetoresistance ratio (TMR ratio) of the magnetoresistance effect element, and (iv) small element size. The (i) is the characteristic required for the nonvolatility of a magnetic memory, the (ii) required for cell size reduction by reducing the size of a cell transistor, and reducing power consumption, the (iii) required for coping with high speed readout, and the (iv) required for cell area reduction thereby implementing a larger capacity.
Of the characteristics, the stability against thermal disturbance, namely, (i) thermal stability index Δ of the recording layer is expressed by the following equation.
                    Δ        =                              E                                          k                B                                          T                                =                                                                      K                  off                                                tS                                                              k                  B                                                T                                      =                                          (                                                      K                    1                                    +                                                            K                      b                                                            t                                    -                                                                                M                        s                        2                                                                    2                                                                          μ                          o                                                                                t                                                  )                                                          S                                                      k                    B                                                      T                                                                                [                  Math          .                                                    1                ]
In the equation of Math. 1, E represents energy barrier, kB represents Boltzmann constant, T represents absolute temperature, Keff represents effective magnetic anisotropy energy density, t represents film thickness, S represents area of a recording layer, Ki represents interfacial magnetic anisotropy energy density, Kb represents bulk (crystal) magnetic anisotropy energy density, Ms represents saturation magnetization, and μS represents vacuum magnetic permeability.
Currently, the magnetoresistance effect element is required to exhibit, as ability thereof, nonvolatility for 10 years. In terms of the thermal stability index Δ, at least 60 or more thereof is required.
Incidentally, for the effective magnetic anisotropy energy density Keff in the equation of Math. 1, when Keff>0, an easily-magnetized axis in a perpendicular direction can be obtained, while, when Keff<0, an easily-magnetized axis in an in-plane direction is given, and the easily-magnetized axis in a perpendicular direction cannot be obtained.
The present inventors lave conducted various extensive studies in order to improve the thermal stability index Δ of the magnetoresistance effect element.
NPL 1 discloses as follows: by applying a thinned CoFeB/MgO laminated layer structure to a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy magnetoresistance effect element, a magnetoresistance effect element having a thermal stability index Δ of about 40 at a recording layer with a diameter of 40 nm is obtained. With such a magnetoresistance effect element, the film thickness t is reduced, so that the contribution of the term (third term) of the diamagnetic field in the equation of Math. 1 is reduced, thereby implementing the easily-magnetized axis in a perpendicular direction, and simultaneously enhancing the thermal stability index Δ.
NPL 2 discloses as follows: a MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO laminated layer structure having a double CoFeB/MgO interface is applied to u perpendicular magnetic anisotropy magnetoresistance effect element. As a result, a thermal stability index Δ that is 1.9 times mote than that in a case of one CoFeB/MgO interface can be obtained. With such a magnetoresistance effect element, the area S of the interface of the recording layer is doubled, thereby enhancing the contribution of the first term in the equation of Math. 1, and improving the thermal stability index Δ.
Other than these, PTL 1 discloses a storage element capable of reducing a writing current amount even when a saturation magnetization amount of the recording layer is not reduced, and also capable of ensuring the thermal stability of the recording layer (PTL 1 paragraph 0023, abstract, and the like). In the storage element, an insulating layer in contact with the recording layer, and another layer in contact with the opposite side of the recording layer to the insulating layer each have at least an interface that is in contact with the recording layer and that is formed of an oxide film. Further, the recording layer includes one or both of a non-magnetic metal and an oxide in addition to the Co—Fe—B magnetic layer (PTL 1 paragraph 0020, and the like). Moreover, it is disclosed that, for example, in a case where Co—Fe—B of the recording layer includes MgO of an oxide and when a film thickness of MgO is 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, or 0.3 nm, a higher thermal stability index Δ than that of Comparative Example not including an oxide or the like is obtained (PTL 1 paragraph 0125, and the like). On the other hand, when the film thickness of MgO is 0.4 nm, the coercivity roughly proportional to the thermal stability index becomes zero (PTL 1 paragraph 0125, and the like).

Magnetoresistive element and magnetic memory

Abstract: The magnetoresistance effect element has a configuration including reference layer (B1)/first non-magnetic layer (1)/first magnetic layer (21)/first non-magnetic insertion layer (31)/second magnetic layer (22). A magnetostatic coupling is established between the first magnetic layer (21) and the second magnetic layer (22) due to magnetostatic interaction becoming dominant.


The invention relates to the treatment of a proliferative disease, especially according to certain treatment regimens, with an epothilone, especially with epothilone A and more preferably epothilone B; as well as to the treatment of certain cancers with such an epothilone.

Cancer still represents a major unmet medical need. Initial treatment of the disease is often surgery, radiation treatment or the combination, but recurrent (metastatic) disease is common. Chemotherapeutic treatments for most cancers are generally not curative, but only delay disease progression. Commonly, tumors and their metastases become refractory to chemotherapy, in an event known as development of multidrug resistance. In many cases, tumors are inherently resistant to some classes of chemotherapeutic agents [see DeVita V. T., Principles of Cancer Management: Chemotherapy. In: Cancer. Principles and Practice of Oncology. DeVita V. T. et al (eds.), 5th edition, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York (1977), pp. 333–347; or Cleton, F. J., Chemotherapy: general aspects. In: Oxford Textbook of Oncology; Peckham, M., et al, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo (1995), Vol. 1, pp. 445–453]. This is, for example, the case for lung tumors, especially non-small cell lung carcinoma, or also for epidermoid tumors, like epidermoid head and neck, especially mouth, tumors, or also for breast tumors. Other mechanisms why tumors are not treatable (are refractory to treatment) can be, for example, the presence of tubulin mutations or glutathione mediated mechanisms.
Intestinal, especially colorectal, cancer defines a special case of the unmet medical needs in cancer treatment. Initial treatment of the disease is often surgery, radiation treatment or the combination, but recurrent (metastatic) disease is common. First-line chemotherapeutic treatments for recurrent colorectal cancer include 5-fluorouracil. But this treatment provides at best delay of disease progression as the tumors usually become refractory to treatment. Chemotherapy of this refractory stage of disease involves other classical cytotoxic agents, but are all considered inadequate [see Cohen et al., Cancer of the colon. In: Cancer. Principles and Practice of Oncology; DeVita et al. (eds.), 5th edition, Lippincott Raven. Philadelphia, New York 1997, pp. 1144–1197; or Rowinsky, Ann. Rev. Med. 48, 353–74 (1997)].
Also for cancer of the genitourinary tract, especially prostate cancer, a further unmet medical need, initial treatment is as mentioned above for colorectal cancer, showing similar problems. First-line chemotherapeutic treatment for recurrent prostate cancer includes antiandrogens, and the recurrence is frequently androgen-dependent. But this treatment provides only delay of disease progression as the tumors almost always become refractory to anti-androgens within 6 months to 2 years (hormone-refractory prostate tumors). Chemotherapy of this anti-androgen refractory stage of diseases involves mitoxantrone or other classical anticancer cytotoxic agents, but all are considered as inadequate [see Oesterling et al., Cancer of the prostate. In: Cancer. Principles and Practice of Oncology. DeVita, V. T., et al. (eds.), 5th edition, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York 1997, pp 1322–86; Sternberg, Cancers of the genitourinary tract. In: Cavalli et al. (eds.), Textbook of Medical Oncology; or Roth, B. J., Semin. Oncol. 23(6 Suppl. 14), 49–55 (1996)].
Among cytotoxic agents for the treatment of tumors, TAXOL® (paclitaxel), a microtubule stabilizing agent, has become a very important compound with a remarkable economic success [see Rowinsky E. K., The development and clinical utility of the taxane class of antimicrotubule chemotherapy agents; Ann. Rev. Med. 48, 353–374 (1997)].
However, TAXOL® has a number of disadvantages. Especially its extremely low solubility in water represents a severe problem. It has become necessary to administer TAXOL® in a formulation with Cremophor EL® (polyoxyethylated castor oil; BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) which has severe side effects, causing inter alia allergic reactions that in one case even were reported to have led to the death of a patient. More severely, certain tumor types are known to be refractory to treatment with TAXOL® even when the drug is administered as front-line therapy, or the tumors develop resistance to TAXOL® after multiple cycles of exposure.
Although the taxane class of antimicrotubule anti-cancer agents has been hailed as the "perhaps most important addition to the chemotherapeutic armamentarium against cancer over the past several decades" [see Rowinsky E. K., Ann. Rev. Med. 48, 353–374 (1997)] and despite the commercial success of TAXOL®, there remain limitations to TAXOL®'s efficacy. TAXOL® treatment is associated with a number of significant side effects and some major classes of solid tumors, namely colon and prostate, are poorly responsive to this compound (see Rowinsky E. K., loc. cit.). Specifically, as a single agent, TAXOL® has been considered to be poorly active clinically in colorectal, renal, prostatic, pancreatic, gastric and brain cancers [see Rowinsky E. K., loc. cit.; Bitton, R. J., et al., Drug Saf. 12, 196–208 (1995); or Arbuck, S. G., et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 15, 11–24 (1993)]. For example, the effectiveness of TAXOL® can be severely limited by acquired drug resistance mechanisms occurring via various mechanisms, such as overexpression of phosphoglycoproteins that function as drug efflux pumps.
Therefore, there exists an urgent need to find compounds and appropriate dosing regimens with these compounds expand the armamentarium of cancer treatment, especially in the majority of cases where treatment with taxanes and other anticancer compounds is not associated with long term survival.
The epothilones, especially epothilones A and B, represent a new class of microtubule stabilizing cytotoxic agents (see Gerth, K. et al., J. Antibiot. 49, 560–3 (1996); or Hoefle et al., DE 41 38 042), e.g. with the formulae:
wherein R is hydrogen (epothilone A) or methyl (epothilone B).
These compounds have the following advantages:
(i) they show better water solubility than TAXOL® and are thus more appropriate for formulation; and
(ii) they have, in-cell culture-experiments, been reported to be active also against the proliferation of cells that, due to the activity of the P-glycoprotein efflux pump which renders them multidrug resistant, show resistance to treatment with other chemotherapeutics, e.g. TAXOL® [see Bollag, D. M., et al., "Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing agents with a Taxol-like mechanism of action", Cancer Research 55, 2325–33 (1995); and Bollag D. M., Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 6, 867–73 (1997)]; and
(iii) despite apparently sharing the same, or a sterically proximal binding site on the microtubule, the epothilones have been shown to be active against a TAXOL®-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line with an altered β-tubulin [see Kowalski, R. J., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272(4), 2534–2541 (1997)].
On the other hand, they are highly toxic and therefore their usefulness in the treatment of cancer in vivo was considered practically impossible [see, for example, PNAS 95, 9642–7 (1998)]. Therefore, the present invention shows in an unexpected way that indeed dosage regimens may be found that allow, on the one hand, to treat tumors with epothilones, especially epothilone B; and on the other hand allow for the treatment of certain patient groups that are unresponsive to other kinds of treatment, be it by multi-drug resistance, as with taxane, e.g. TAXOL®, refractoriness due to multidrug resistance, and/or any other mechanism.
The present invention has the goal to present for the first time in vivo regimens for a useful treatment with epothilones, preferably epothilone A or especially epothilone B, that allow for the treatment of a tumor disease, e.g. a melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreas cancer, neuroblastoma, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, renal, brain, gastric or preferably a colorectal, prostate, breast, lung (especially non-small cell lung) or epidermoid, e.g. epidermoid head and neck, especially mouth, cancer.
While the general treatment schedule allows for the treatment of various tumor types already in front-line-treatment, the invention preferably relates to the treatment of tumors that can be expected or have shown to be refractory to treatment with other chemotherapeutics, e.g. standard treatment with one or more other chemotherapeutics, especially with 5-fluorouracil and/or taxane, e.g. TAXOL® treatment.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that even the proliferation of tumor cells and tumors that are refractory to standard treatment with other chemotherapeutics, e.g. 5-fluorouracil; and/or to treatment with a member of the taxane class of compounds, most especially TAXOL®, especially of a colorectal tumor, especially one that is also refractory to standard treatment, e.g. with 5-fluorouracil; or of a lung tumor, especially a non-small cell lung cancer; an epidermoid, more preferably epidermoid head and neck, such as mouth, tumor; or a breast tumor; and/or metastasis thereof can be diminished or stopped and that even regression or tumor disappearance is possible.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A liquid crystal display panel includes a metal electrode, a transparent electrode, an interlayer insulating film, and a comb-shaped electrode. Distorted horizontal electric fields are generated in order to distort the orientation of liquid crystal molecules. Accordingly, it is possible to achieve a transflective liquid crystal display device that has high transmittance, reflectance, and yield, and that can suppress display defects such as screen burn-in without using a panel gap adjusting structure, a driving method that respectively applies different electric fields to the reflective region and the transmissive region, or a multi-L/S structure.

Liquid crystal display devices have become widely used in various fields in televisions, monitors, mobile phones, and the like. These devices offer characteristics such as energy saving, thinness, and being light-weight.
These types of liquid crystal display devices are categorized as transmissive, reflective, or transflective, depending on the light source used for display.
Transmissive liquid crystal display devices perform display by a liquid crystal display panel provided in a liquid crystal display device being illuminated with light from a backlight, which is provided separately. This allows for a bright, high-contrast display, but has high energy consumption.
On the other hand, reflective liquid crystal display devices do not use light from a backlight to perform display, but rather reflect ambient light through a reflective electrode disposed in the liquid crystal display panel. This does not require a backlight, and as such can suppress power consumption, but the contrast will drop depending on the ambient brightness where the reflective liquid crystal display device is used.
To improve on these issues with transmissive and reflective liquid crystal display devices, a transflective liquid crystal display device has been developed that has, in a single pixel of the liquid crystal display panel, a transmissive region for performing display with light from the backlight, and a reflective region that performs display with ambient light reflected by the reflective electrode.
In this type of transflective liquid crystal display device, the transmissive region performs display with light from the backlight when the ambient environment is dark, and thus is capable of maintaining a certain level of high contrast without relying on the surrounding brightness.
Furthermore, in this transflective liquid crystal display device, the reflective region performs display with the ambient light reflected by the reflective electrode, and the reflective region does not use light from the backlight, which makes it possible to achieve a reduction in power consumption.
A transflective liquid crystal display device having these characteristics is used indoors or outdoors and is actively adopted into mobile devices such as smartphones and mobile phones that have a limited power supply.
Transflective liquid crystal display devices, however, have problems as described below.
FIG. 18 is a schematic configuration of a conventional transflective liquid crystal display panel.
As shown in FIG. 18(a), a transflective liquid crystal display panel 100a includes an active matrix substrate, color filter substrate, and a liquid crystal layer 107 constituted of liquid crystal molecules 106 sandwiched between these two substrates.
The active matrix substrate has an insulating substrate 101 that allows visible light to pass therethrough, TFT devices (not shown) formed on the insulating substrate 101, an insulating layer (not shown), a reflective electrode 102 and a transparent electrode 103 as a pixel electrode connected to a drain electrode of the respective TFT devices, and an alignment film (not shown).
The color filter substrate has an insulating substrate 104 that allows visible light to pass therethrough, a transparent electrode 105 as a common electrode, and an alignment film (not shown).
As shown in FIG. 18(a), the reflective electrode 102, which is a portion of the pixel electrode, is disposed in the reflective region of the transflective liquid crystal display panel 100a, and the transparent electrode 103, which is another portion of the pixel electrode, is disposed in the transflective region.
Merely providing the reflective electrode 102 in the reflective region of the transflective liquid crystal display panel 100a and the transparent electrode 103 in the transparent region in this manner will cause the light in the reflective region and the transmissive region to be in different phases.
This phase difference is a value determined by the birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal layer and the panel gap (thickness of liquid crystal layer) d.
The reason that a difference in the phases of light in the reflective region and transmissive region would occur is that, in general, the distance that light travels through the liquid crystal layer 107 in the reflective region is two times that of the transmissive region in the transflective liquid crystal display panel 100a having both the transmissive region and the transflective region.
In other words, the optical path is one-way in the transmissive region, but two-way in the reflective region.
Accordingly, in the transflective liquid crystal display panel, phase of light in the reflective region and the phase of light in the transmissive region need to be made the same in order to approximately equalize the optical characteristics of the transmissive region and the reflective region.
Liquid crystal display panels 100b and 100c that have had the optical characteristics of the transmissive region and the reflective region thereof approximately equalized in this manner are shown in FIGS. 18(b) and 18(c).
In the liquid crystal display panel 100b shown in FIG. 18(b), a multi-gap configuration is adopted in which a panel gap adjusting structure 108 is provided in the reflective region in order to make the phase of light in the reflective region the same as the phase of light in the transmissive region and to reduce the panel gap (thickness of the liquid crystal layer) d of the reflective region to one half of the panel gap (thickness of the liquid crystal layer) d in the transmissive region.
In this configuration, however, it is necessary to provide a structure with recesses and protrusions on the substrate, which can make the structure become complex and require more precision in the manufacturing process.
Meanwhile, the liquid crystal display panel 100c shown in FIG. 18(c) has an electrode structure in which different electric fields A and B can be respectively applied to the reflective region and the transmissive region in order to make the orientation state of the liquid crystal molecules 106 in the reflective region and transmissive region different from each other. The respective applying of the different electric fields A and B to the reflective region and the transmissive region is driven by a driving method.
In this structure, however, it is necessary to have this complicated driving method and electrode structure, which poses problems.
In the commonly used modes for liquid crystal display devices, such as VA mode, IPS mode, and FFS mode, due to the reasons described below it is necessary to use the panel gap adjusting structure 108 and the driving method to respectively apply the different electric fields to the reflective region and transmissive region described above in order to make the phase of light in the reflective region and the phase of light in the transmissive region the same, thereby approximately equalizing the optical characteristics of the transmissive region and the reflective region.
This is because in most VA modes, where the liquid crystal molecules are oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface when there is no applied voltage and then twisted when there is applied voltage in order to perform display, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules when there is applied voltage is substantially uniform along the horizontal direction of the substrate due to a change in the orientation direction caused by a uniform electric field generated between the two substrates (horizontal flat plates). Therefore, there is not much change in the birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal layer along the horizontal direction of the substrate, and thus, in order to make the phase of light in the reflective region the same as the phase of light in the transmissive region, it is necessary to make the birefringence Δn of the liquid crystal layer in the reflective region and transmissive region different from each other by either adjusting the panel gap (thickness of the liquid crystal layer) d using the panel gap adjusting structure 108 or by respectively applying different electric fields to the reflective region and transmission region.
In most IPS mode or FFS mode liquid crystal display devices, which perform display by twisting the liquid crystal molecules on the substrate surface, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented horizontally to the substrate surface when there is no applied voltage; therefore, it is difficult to achieve a normally black mode liquid crystal display device even if the same circularly polarized light in the above mode is used for VA mode transflective liquid crystal display devices.
Accordingly, in IPS mode or FFS mode liquid crystal display devices, to obtain a normally black mode liquid crystal display device using circularly polarized light, it is necessary to use the panel gap adjusting structure 108 or the driving method that respectively applies different electric fields to the reflective region and the transmission region, as described above.
Therefore, in a VA mode, IPS mode, or FFS mode liquid crystal display device, the structure will become complicated if circularly polarized light is used to obtain the normally black mode liquid crystal display device.
There is also a proposal for a normally black mode transflective liquid crystal display device that uses a mode other than the VA mode, IPS mode, or FFS mode, and that makes the optical characteristics of the transmissive region and the reflective region approximately equal by making the phase of the light in the reflective region the same as the phase of the light in the transmissive region without using the panel gap adjusting structure 108 or the driving method that respectively applies different electric fields to the reflective region and the transmissive region.
Patent Document 1 discloses a configuration in which the phase of light passing through the reflective region and the phase of light passing through the transmissive region are made uniform by using a comb-shaped electrode and a TBA mode (transverse bend alignment mode) that performs display by liquid crystal molecules that are perpendicular in an OFF state when there is no applied voltage being oriented to the horizontal direction in a vent shape by using a horizontal electric field in an ON state when there is applied voltage.

Liquid crystal display panel and liquid crystal display device


An EGR apparatus includes an EGR conduit, an EGR valve, a first passage connecting a portion of an intake conduit downstream of a throttle valve and the EGR valve, and a second passage connecting a portion of the intake conduit upstream of the throttle valve and a medium portion of the first passage. A two-way solenoid valve is installed in the first passage between the intake conduit and a connecting portion where the first passage and the second passage join. Further, a fixed throttle is disposed in the second passage. By removing a VCV of a conventional EGR apparatus from the EGR apparatus and by replacing a three-way VSV of the conventional apparatus with a combination of the two-way solenoid valve and the fixed throttle, a problem of non-cutting of EGR, which can occur in the conventional apparatus, does not occur in the EGR apparatus of the invention.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) apparatus for an internal combustion engine, and more particularly relates to an apparatus wherein, even if a solenoid valve causes a failure in an open condition thereof, exhaust gas recirculation is automatically cut at an idling condition of the engine to thereby prevent engine stall at the idling condition.
2. Description of the Related Art
An EGR apparatus is provided to an internal combustion engine to suppress exhaust of nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere. FIG. 3 illustrates an EGR apparatus for an internal combustion engine which has a first turbocharger 203 and a second turbocharger 204. This apparatus is the subject of Japanese Patent Application HEI 3-27461, filed Feb. 21, 1991, by the present applicant. In the apparatus, a pressure in the diaphragm chamber 205b of the EGR valve 205 is controlled by the duty-control three-way vacuum switching valve (VSV) 207. Further, in order to obtain a fail-safe design of the three-way VSV 207 in the event of a failure at a full-open condition thereof, that is, in order to cut the EGR even if the VSV 207 causes a failure at an idling condition of the engine, a vacuum control valve (VCV) 208 is installed in a passage between the VSV 207 and the EGR valve 205.
More particularly, when the VSV operates normally, the EGR apparatus operates as follows:
At an idling condition of the engine where a throttle valve 201 is fully closed and a duty ratio value of the VSV 207 is 0%, a negative pressure generated in a surge tank 202 and transmitted through a port 202a is checked at the VSV 207 and is not transmitted to the EGR valve 205. The negative pressure in the surge tank 202 is transmitted through the port 202b to the VCV 208 to raise a diaphragm of the VCV to open an atmosphere communication port 208a. As a result, the atmospheric pressure from the intake conduit 212 is introduced into the diaphragm chamber 205b of the EGR valve 205 to close the EGR valve 205 and to cut the EGR.
At a low engine load condition in which the throttle valve 201 is partially open and the duty ratio value of the VSV 207 is about 30% (also partially open), the negative pressure of the surge tank 202 is transmitted to the EGR valve 205 through the VSV 207, an EGR valve modulator 206, and the VCV 208. In this instance, the port 202b is located upstream of the partially opened throttle valve and the atmospheric pressure is transmitted from the port 202b to the diaphragm chamber of the VCV 208 in order to close the atmosphere communication port 208a of the VCV 208. As a result, the negative pressure in the diaphragm chamber 205b of the EGR valve 205 is maintained, and the EGR valve 205 is open so that the EGR is conducted.
At a high engine load condition in which the throttle valve 201 is fully open and the duty ratio value of the VSV 207 is substantially 100% (fully open), the pressure in the surge tank 202 is approximately equal to or greater than the atmospheric pressure. The VSV 207 cuts communication of the EGR valve 205 with the surge tank 202 and causes the EGR valve 205 to communicate with the intake conduit 212, so that the atmospheric pressure from the intake conduit 212 is transmitted through the VSV 207 to the EGR valve 205 to close the EGR valve 205 and to cut the EGR.
When the VSV 207 causes a failure in the fully open condition thereof and the throttle valve 201 is fully closed, the negative pressure in the surge tank 202 is transmitted to the EGR valve 205 and may cause an engine stall, if the VCV 208 were not provided. However, at the fully close condition of the throttle valve 201, the negative pressure generated in the surge tank 202 is introduced, through the port 202b, into the diaphragm chamber of the VCV 208 to open the atmosphere communication port 208a of the VCV 208. An atmospheric pressure is introduced through the port 208a into the diaphragm chamber 205b of the EGR valve 205 to close the EGR valve 205. In this way, even if the VSV causes a failure, the EGR is cut at an engine idling condition to prevent an engine stall.
However, there are the following problems with the above-described EGR apparatus:
One problem is that when both the VSV 207 and the VCV 208 cause failures at the same time, that is, when the VSV 207 causes a failure at a fully open condition thereof and the VCV 208 causes a failure at a fully closed condition of the atmosphere communication port thereof, the EGR cannot be cut at an engine idling condition.
Another problem is that cutting of the EGR tends to be delayed because the VCV 208 installed in the passage increases the volume of the passage connecting the surge tank and the EGR valve, thus delaying the response, though the EGR should be cut swiftly when the throttle valve is closed.


A by-pass fluid flow amplifier which contains a primary nozzle and a primary profile for discharging compressed air into a conduit of the air amplifier and entraining ambient air in the process. A secondary nozzle and a secondary profile for discharging compressed air into the conduit of the air amplifier towards the rear that assists the primary nozzle such as to allow consistent fluid wall attachment of the compressed air and the entrained air caused by the primary nozzle and the primary profile. The secondary nozzle increases the total flow of the amplifier and prohibits the total flow from traveling towards the center of the conduit where flow reversal and turbulence are likely to occur.

Fluid flow amplifiers, which are also called thrust jets or air flow amplifiers when the fluid is air, are pressure velocity transducers that use a small amount of a compressed fluid, e.g., compressed air, as their power source. Normally, such a device consists of two pieces. The first piece is called a body and the second piece is called a plug. The plug typically has a seal ring to seal pressurized air from leaking. The plug is screwed into the body thus forming an annular chamber and a nozzle between the body and the plug. The body has an inlet to which compressed air is introduced. As compressed air flows through the inlet, it fills the annular chamber and is then discharged through the nozzle. As the compressed air leaves the nozzle, its pressure is changed for increase in velocity. The high velocity air "adheres" to a profile, e.g., a Coanda profile of the plug, and entrains ambient air from an inlet formed by the body thus forming an air flow of high volume and speed.
Such fluid flow amplifiers are used for venting weld smoke, cooling hot parts, drying wet parts, cleaning machined parts, distributing heat in molds or ovens, or moving debris. In pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/510,468 filed by the same applicants it was shown that such pressure velocity transducers can be used for driving turbomachinery to supersonic speeds. Driving turbomachinery to supersonic speeds with an air amplifier became possible because the turbomachine, which comprises mainly a compressor and a turbine, can be made of thermoplastics instead of heavy metals thus reducing inertia start-up load by a significant factor as compared to current-art turbomachinery.
Another fact that was shown concerning air-amplifier-powered turbomachinery was that, unlike an exhaust powered turbomachine, e.g., a turbocharger which gets hotter the faster it spins, an air-amplifier-powered turbocharger gets colder the faster it spins due to adiabatic cooling of compressed air.
The combination of low inertia start-up load and a cold-driven turbine cancels any excess heat of air compression. In other words, the turbine temperature is kept at or below ambient temperature such that temperature differential is kept at a minimum while still achieving high tip speeds needed for air compression. The turbine has no heat radiation. The only heat transfer occurs in the change of angular momentum of the rotating components. The aforementioned advantages allow for compressing air at a dramatically low discharge temperature as compared to current-art turbomachinery.
In a simplified form, the existing arrangements of an air amplifier that is used for venting weld smoke, cooling hot parts, drying wet parts, cleaning machined parts, distributing heat in molds or ovens, moving debris or driving turbomachinery to supersonic speeds can be illustrated by the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 below.
FIG. 1 is a simple view illustrating a known arrangement of an air flow amplifier with a ninety-degree angle discharge nozzle followed by a Coanda profile.
The arrangement shown in FIG. 1 consists of an air amplifier 10 having a body 12 and a plug 14 screwed into the rear end of the body 12 by means of a thread 13, and a lock ring 16 that is used to fasten the body 12 to the plug 14. The mating surfaces are sealed by means of an O-ring 22. At the front end of the air amplifier the body 12 and the plug 14 form an annular chamber 18 and a ninety-degree-angle nozzle 20. The body 12 has a tapered inlet 24 for access to ambient air and a transversely arranged fluid inlet 26 for the supply of a primary-flow fluid "f". The central opening of the plug 14 forms an exhaust outlet 28, and the front end face of the plug has an air-entrapping profile 30 e.g., a Coanda profile for entraining ambient air. The Coanda effect, also known as "boundary layer attachment", is the tendency of a stream of fluid to stay attached to a convex surface, rather than follow a straight line in its original direction. The principle was named after Romanian discoverer, who was the first to understand the practical importance of the phenomenon for aircraft development.
As a compressed fluid, e.g., compressed air (black arrows "f"), is introduced in the fluid inlet 26, it fills the annular chamber 18. The compressed fluid is then discharged through the nozzle 20 and adheres to the profile 30 which entrains the secondary fluid F, e.g., ambient air, through the inlet 24. As a result, a high-volume, high-velocity air flow AF is exhausted from the outlet 28.
Air amplifiers based on the principle described above are incorporated into different structural designs which are shown in the patents mentioned below for illustration purposes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,243,966 issued in 2001 to Lubomirsky, et al presents an air amplifier device which has a body with two pieces which fit together and have an inner wall defining a generally cylindrical cavity with a center axis and with an entrance opening at its upper end and an exit opening at its other end. The two pieces have respective shoulders which abut to index the pieces in precise relationship radially, axially, and longitudinally. A pair of circular lips in the inner wall near the entrance opening form a venturi jet air opening through the inner wall to direct a controlled flow of air from a supply of air down into the cylindrical cavity. The lips are uniformly parallel with each other and concentric with the center axis, are closely and uniformly spaced apart for 360 degrees around their lengths and are two circular edges of the respective pieces, and are indexed to the respective shoulders of the pieces such that when the pieces are assembled the jet air opening is uniform within a fraction of a thousandth of an inch.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,398 issued in 1995 to Sweeney presents an air amplifier which is provided for use in pneumatic control systems that can operate over a wide range of flow and pressure characteristics, and can additionally operate against a back pressure. The air amplifier utilizes a tapered shim that causes the pressurized air to follow a Coanda profile over a wider range (and against a back pressure) than is possible when using only a slotted, non-tapered shim. The shim is ring-shaped with a planar surface and includes inwardly directed tangs that are cut-off to provide an open central area. Some or all of the tangs are tapered along either one or both sides of the tang.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,492 issued in 1977 to Inglis presents an air flow amplifier of relatively high air flow amplification ratios in which a thin film of pressurized primary air flowing in a transverse direction is mechanically deflected to impinge on a generally frusto-conical surface tapering towards the throat of the amplifier. The deflecting action is produced by a deflection ring which is spaced inwardly from the amplifier's annular nozzle. The ring has an internal diameter substantially larger than the amplifier's throat so that secondary air entering through the ring may flow directly towards the frusto-conical surface to mix with the primary air flowing along that surface.
Air amplifiers are designed to operate at normal shop air pressures ranging from 6.8 atm to 8.5 atm (100 psig-125 psig). Although there are some off the shelf air amplifier products that state operation of 17 atm (250 psig max), these air amplifiers cannot be operated at such pressures without extremely low gap settings ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 mm (0.002-0.004 inches). Such low gap settings results in a mediocre-performing air amplifier suitable for driving a low inertia turbocharger, for moving fumes, etc.
When operating at a gap setting of 0.23 mm (0.009 inches), the air amplifier can perform at high air consumption rates, high velocities, and maximum air entrainment. However, when pressures increase beyond 8.5 atm (125 psig), this causes flow reversal and turbulence thus resulting in a significant loss and waste of energy.
Flow reversal and turbulence occurs because at low pressures the compressed air can adhere to the designed profile, e.g., Coanda profile.
As inlet pressure to the air amplifier is increased, the velocity of the compressed air through the nozzle is increased as well, so instead of the high velocity fluid following the profile, it flows towards the center. Once the high velocity fluid reaches the center, it crashes and tumbles which results in partial air entrainment and partial energy waste.
Since air amplifiers in general are not used for driving turbomachinery, heretofore there were no demand for designing an air amplifier that could operate at high pressures, e.g., 34 atm (500 psig) or higher and at the same time could be resistant to flow reversal and turbulence. Despite the current up-to-date design, at gap settings of 0.22 mm (0.009 inches) conventional air amplifiers develop flow reversal and turbulence already at pressures much lower than 34 atm (500 psig), i.e., at 8.5 atm (125 psig).
Inventors herein tried to use shims, unique air entrainment profiles, or a combination of both to achieve maximum air entrainment, air velocity, and air consumption but still could not eliminate flow reversal and turbulence resistance when pressure exceeded 8.5 atm (125 psig) and the gaps were set at 0.22 mm (0.009 inches). An air amplifier described in above U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,398 issued in 1995 to Sweeney could overcome the above problem but only to a limited extent.
Thus, a common disadvantage of all known air amplifier devices of the aforementioned type is that they are unsuitable for use in driving turbomachinery and, if tried for such applications, are prone to flow reversal and turbulence which limit their ability to drive a turbomachine to high tip speeds.
For example, for experimental purposes the inventors herein developed a low inertia turbocharger using dual ceramic ball bearings and two Garrett T3 50 trim compressor impellers. One impeller served as a turbine because of its low weight as compared to the stock turbine, while the other compressor was used to compress air.
Two T3 0.42 air compressor housings were also used. One served to allow air compression of one of the impellers while the other housing was used as a turbine housing for the other impeller. An adjustable air amplifier model 6031 produced by Exair was used, and it was powered by a 120 cf scuba tank pressurized to 184 atm (2700 psig). The pressure was regulated down to 8.5 atm (125 psig). The gap setting on the air amplifier was set to 0.22 mm (0.009 inches). By using a flow valve, air from the scuba tank flowed through the pressure regulator to a centrifugal water separator, and then finally to the air amplifier.
A steady state tip speed of 30,000 rpm was reached, to which the impeller supplied about 50 cfm at a low pressure ratio, while the air amplifier consumed about 50-85 cfm at 8.5 atm (125 psig). Although 30,000 rpm was reached, the flow valve had to be turned on very slowly which wasted energy. Quickly turning on the flow valve resulted in uncontrollable flow reversal and turbulence which never ceased to stop or straighten out, and this decreased tip speed down to 18,000 rpm. Pressure was then increased from 8.5 atm (125 psig) psig to 17 atm (250 psig), which is the maximum rated pressure of the air amplifier. The flow valve was opened and a drastic amount of energy was lost through flow reversal and turbulence. In this case, the tip speed of 20,000 rpm was reached.
If the air amplifier could have operated without flow reversal or turbulence, tip speeds of 50000-60000 rpm could have been obtained at 17 atm (250 psig). Higher tip speeds into the 100000 rpm region at 17 atm (250 psig) could also be obtained if the impellers were made of thermoplastics, a turbine were used instead of a compressor, air bearings were used instead of a ceramic bearings, a turbine housing were used instead of a compressor housing, the compressor weres faced toward the turbine, the air amplifier were positioned closer to the turbine, and the wheels were positioned as close as possible to their designated housing. In other words, air amplifiers of known designs make it possible to reach the maximum speed of 153,500 rpm at high inlet pressures, but this can be achieve only at the expense of complicated and specific improvements that require a lot of experiments and adjustments.
After the tests stated above, the patented shim mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,398 issued in 1995 to Sweeney was used to see if higher tip speeds would be obtained at pressures of 8.5 atm (125 psig) and 17 atm (250 psig). However, the use of the recommended shim did not produce a desired increase in speed. Instead, there was a significant drop in tip speed and air consumption. The shim stopped flow reversal and turbulence, but it choked potential air consumption, which decreased the overall kinetic energy of the air amplifier.


An electrical energy meter is provided with snap fit interlocking parts that eliminate the need for screws or fasteners. The current sensor, located within the meter, has a plurality of current conductors and a notched blade attached to each current conductor that functions as an interlocking component to the meter base without the need for additional fasteners. A circuit board used by the meter is attached to a plurality of integral posts projecting from the base and the periphery of the circuit board has a pair of spaced notches for connection to the ends of a radial communications antenna without the requirement for additional hardware.

Electrical energy meters are complex devices, which must meet certain American National Standards in order to be compatible with the existing network of electrical distribution equipment. All of these standards regulate design, materials, and use. They also limit the freedom of the designer who must work with the available materials and processes associated with existing electrical energy meter design.
Both the solid state and elector-mechanical residential electrical energy meters of the prior art make generous use of mechanical fasteners such as screws, rivets, eyelets and pins in the assembly of the mechanical package. The large number of different parts used in the typical meter assembly is one of the major cost factors in manufacturing. Using automated assembly equipment has made it possible to manufacture these more complicated meter designs at a reasonable cost only because of the high volume of meters produced.
The majority of electrical energy meters available commercially today utilize thermoset-molding materials for the meter base. Thermoset materials are very hard and brittle, requiring the meter base to have heavy cross sections in order to withstand the impact loads sustained by the meter during shipping and installation. Thermoset material limits the meter design because it is too rigid to support new design features that require resiliency and durability.
It would be desirable to utilize thermoplastic materials in the design of an electrical meter so as to provide flexible yet sturdy construction. In addition to the electrical and thermal properties which are prevalent in thermoses, these flameretardant reinforced, thermoplastic materials also possess excellent mechanical properties. Such mechanical properties enable the design of an electric meter to incorporate snap fit features into a mechanically sound electrical enclosure with high impact strength. It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and unique electrical meter which functions for its intended purpose while significantly reducing the number of parts, simplifying the assembly, and reducing overall product and manufacturing costs. It is a further object of the invention to provide an electrical energy meter with snap fit interlocking parts which eliminates the needs for screws or fasteners.

Electrical energy meter with snap fit interlocking parts


The present invention relates to a method creating highly concentrated quantum entangled particles which can be embedded into substrates such that the particles, and therefore substrates they are embedded upon are remotely controllable. The invention includes streaming a beam of particles through a beam splitter and then applying a selected correlation system, such as NMR or supercooling, to the particles in order to align the particle spins. The particles are then released from the correlation system resulting in an unnaturally high saturation of concentrated quantum entangled particles on a macro scale. The particles and substrates are then in a salve-x relationship configuration and are therefore remotely controllable. Through stimulation and detection, changes in state may be observable in order to determine the level of concentration and remote control.

The present disclosure generally relates to quantum mechanical manipulation methods and, more particularly, to methods of manipulating and increasing the concentration and durability of entangled particle couples configured to remotely control the atomic structure of multiple atoms, lattice structures, and compounds on a macroscopic and commercially viable level. More specifically, and without limitation, this invention relates to a method that includes creating unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles by selectively controlling an input stream of particles, exposing the particles to a correlation system to align spin, and releasing the particles from the correlation system thereafter, thereby increasing the concentration of entanglement. The particles are then coupled with one or more substrates resulting in entanglement throughout the substrate, and the particles and/or substrates are subsequently stimulated in order to change characteristics of one or more substrate pairs and detecting those changes in order to ensure quality control, and then applying the product in various commercial applications for the modified substrates, including but not limited to, remote microchip manipulation, or slave-x relationship.
A basic tenet of quantum theory is Heisenberg's uncertainty principle:
            σ      x                  σ      y        ≥      ℏ    2  As such, the fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as the standard deviation of position σx and standard deviation of momentum σy of two complementary quantum state variables x and y, can be known where ℏ is Planck's constant reduced:
  ℏ  =      h          2            π      The more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely the momentum can be known and vice versa.
Another basic tenet of quantum mechanics is superposition and interference. Superposition observes that much like waves in classic physics, i.e., wave packets composed of superposed waves, or compounded together, quantum states behave similarly which may then be separated by the Fourier transform. Any two or more quantum states can be superposed and the result will be another valid quantum state; and conversely, that every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states. An example of physically observable manifestation of superposition is interference peaks from a photon wave in a double-slit experiment. As such, quantum superposition demonstrates the wave-like properties of quantum particles.
According to the classically known double-slit experiment example as shown in FIG. 1, a laser illuminates a screen in which two narrow, closely spaced slits have been cut. The light that passes through the slit falls upon a second screen. The result is not two spots of light but rather an interference pattern consisting of a large number of light and a dark stripes thereby demonstrating the wave-like nature of light. The entanglement occurs when a pair of photons of the stream interact physically. The laser is fired through the slit which may be a certain type of crystal, which then causes individual photons to be split into pairs of entangled photons. When observed, a photon (photon 1 for exemplar purposes) of the pair takes on an up-spin state while photon 2 of the pair takes up a state relative to photon 1, here, that state is an up-spin state. The transfer of state between photon 1 and photon 2 takes place at a speed of at least 10,000 times the speed of light, possibly instantaneously, regardless of physical distance between the two photons.
It has been shown that if any attempt is made to measure which slit an individual photon of light passed through on the way to the screen then the interference pattern vanishes and is replaced by two spots of light, one behind each slit. Quantum theory observes that this phenomenon is the result of photons existing in a quantum superposition, i.e., existing simultaneously at both slits. The photon thus interferes with itself according to known wave mechanics. Quantum theory also observes that if the actual position of the photon is measured, then it no longer exists in a quantum superposition; its state is strictly at one slit or the other. This is because the photon is no longer at both slits simultaneously and can no longer interfere with itself. It is generally accepted that it is not possible to determine whether a given photon has or has not interfered with itself and that photons are subject to superposition collapse, rendering such measurements difficult and not commercially viable. Interference is an aggregate phenomenon, becoming apparent only when a significantly large number of photons have arrived at the screen. It is well known in the art that precise computations of how many photons must be observed before one can conclude with reasonable confidence that interference is not occurring. Notably, atomic structure is not susceptible to superposition or superposition collapse and is therefore is one predominant focus of the method disclosed herein.
Quantum entanglement of light is also known in the art—the results of which have been confirmed by numerous experiments. When two photons are emitted simultaneously or quasi-simultaneously by the same entity, the photons are entangled. The photons have a common wave function that is written as:|Ψ>AB=1/√{square root over (2)}[|0>A(x)|1>B−|1>A(x)|0>B]Where x is a tensor product.
Recently, quantum light, or photon, entanglement experimentation has been shown useful, Specifically, Bremsstahlung gamma entanglement, also known as "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is the electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, that is deflected by another charged particle, such as an atom nucleus. This effect has been shown to be useful for radiation that is produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle. The moving particle loses kinetic energy which is converted into a photon. Bremsstrahlung gamma entanglement has a continuous spectrum, which becomes more intense and whose peak intensity shifts toward higher frequencies as the change of the energy of the decelerated particles increase. The maximum radiation frequency is related to the kinetic energy of the electrons by the relationship:E=hvmax And therefore the minimum value for the wavelength of the emitted radiation is shown:
      λ    min    =            c              v        max              =          hc      E
In application and in addition to resonance ring exposure, nuclear magnetic resonance or magnetic resonance (NMR/MR) fields have been used to produce entangled particles. NMR is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation which therefore allows the observation of specific quantum mechanical magnetic properties of the atomic nucleus. The principle of NMR/MR involves two sequential steps: (1) the alignment, i.e., polarization of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field; and (2) the perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by employing an electro-magnetic, usually radio frequency pulse. The required perturbing frequency is dependent upon a static magnetic field and the nuclei of observation. As shown in FIG. 2, generation of spin-aligned particles can be achieved by exposing particles to an NMR/MR field in combination with pulsed radio frequency bombardment to entangle the particles by aligning the spins of the particles. These particles are then released from the field and entangled. They can be tested and used to produce a signal for detection in various forms of energy shifts.
Various other methods can be used to generate entangled photons capable of exciting luminescent substrate materials. One such method is cascade atomic emission of photons commonly emitted by mercury lamps. However, the cascade lines of mercury are at the edge of the excitation range and consequently produce low excitation efficiency. Another current method to produce entangled photons capable of exciting luminescent substrate materials is the use of a cathode ray tube. However, because the typical energy of excitation is of the order of 3 eV, or 360 nm, numerous phosphor molecules must be excited by the same electron or x-ray in a quick succession. Additionally, beams of entangled photons have also been produced with non-linear crystals such as barium borate oxide (BB) or lithium triborate (LBO) pumped with an exciser laser beam. However, for exciting photoluminescent pigments with an excitation spectrum, the optimum wave length is only approximately 386 nm requiring an excimer laser with a wavelength of 193 nm. This wavelength is at the limit of transparency of BBO and LBO and are therefore not commercially viable method applications. It has further been shown that in magnetic materials, and at very low temperatures. i.e. at super cooling temperatures, electron motion does not stop and entanglement may be created. Electron spins are entangled in pairs and the innate bond between the electrons keep the pair from freezing—contrary to what classical physics had previously predicted.
Alternatively to NMR/MR or supercooling methods, other conventional methods of absorbing entangled particles into the nucleus a substrate are known in the art. Entanglement swapping is one such method. Electron accelerators are known efficient tools for irradiating substrate materials, including thermoluminescent substrates where entangled electrons can be stored. As shown in FIG. 3 the conventional type of entanglement swapping shows that if a measurement is made simultaneously on element (B) and (D) of the entangled pairs (A)(B) and (C)(D), the entanglement on pairs (A)(B) and (C)(D) collapses, but the elements (A) and (C) become entangled although elements (A) and (C) have never been in contact previously. As shown in Prior Art FIG. 4 two entangled gamma (0) and (1) interact simultaneously with two electrons (2) and (3) in a crystal. Electrons (2) and (3) become entangled while the entanglement between (0) and (1) collapses. The entangled electrons are then captured in traps within the crystal and have been shown to remain in the traps for months to years at ambient temperature. Applied to luminescence, the probability of release of trapped electrons is assumed to be:
  p  =      A                                exp                    (                              -            E                    kT                )            Where A is a constant, p is the probability of release of trapped electrons, E is the trap depth, i.e., energy, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
Most recently, experimentation has included samples of doped lithium fluoride as thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) material that were irradiated together at one location in order to create entangled photon traps in spatially collocated TLD chips via simultaneous Bremsstrahlung irradiation of a medical accelerator on spatially collocated pairs of TLD chips. It was thus demonstrated that in the case of non-entangled electrons in traps of thermoluminescent substrate materials, the traps begin emptying as soon as the temperature generates photons with an energy sufficient to trigger the emptying of the electron traps. Further, thermally heating a sample A in location 1 produced in the corresponding sample B in location 2 measured under a photomultiplier in location 2 at ambient temperate, correlated signals while the TLD temperature was increased then allowed to decrease by turning off the TLD heating over in location 1. It was determined that maximum temperature of the TLD attained in location 1 corresponded exactly with the instant of maximum correlation of photomultiplier tubes signal record in location 2. Thus, by way of example, it has been demonstrated that remote interaction between two entangled photons can be achieved in a slave chip relationship.
Currently, as shown, most methods include photonic systems requiring photon entanglement. This traditional approach has a number of deficiencies. For one, the use of photons that are entangled can only be used in a line of sight or through cabling. These limitations of using entanglement on traditional infrastructures reduce the strength of entanglement between photons and open the system to vulnerabilities such as interference, and a reduction in the ability to utilize entanglement swapping to both intercept and also integrate the source with the system.
Conventional photonic entanglement systems are further deficient in that these systems focus on a single photon position or the distances that can be achieved between entangled photons wherein the connection remains rather than the production of more robust forms of particle entanglement and enhanced forms of atomic structure manipulation generated by such robust entanglement.
The difficulties presented with traditional photonic entanglement systems are intensified when coupled with the fact that entanglement has shown to be fragile in the photonic state. Producing entanglement between particles requires that the particles start in a highly ordered state which is disfavored by thermodynamics. Accordingly, the very creation of entangled photons is a difficult process requiring expensive and complex experimental configurations. The fragility of the entanglement between photons results in either nominal quantum information transmission not detectable in any meaningful way or the pair collapses prior to any meaningful detection. Specifically, these pairs break easily during transmission due to noise or optical losses. For example, in the experiment requiring doped TLD chips noted above, heating and cooling the chips was used to show photon signal transfer. However, over time this process of heating and cooling removes the entanglement in the chip.
As such, it remains a challenging, if not impossible, to realize entanglement at the macroscopic scale, for example in proteins, and among n number of particles. While conventional systems provide an example of quantum entanglement, these systems do not correspond to systems attempting to entangle atomic matter particles which require additional consideration of spin, size, and nuclei swapping capabilities. Even when concentrated, photons only emit for a short duration with limited stability. In contrast, the present invention presents a particle entanglement system that produces detectable emissions that are long lasting, more durable and more commercially viable than known photon entanglement systems.
Still further, conventional photon entanglement systems are ultimately limited by the natural concentration of entangled particles allowed by traditional methods of producing such quantum light entanglement. These systems rely on an input of a naturally occurring concentration of photons in the photon stream. These systems also only measure the position or preposition of the photonic transition stream rather than a movement or thermal transition or thermal transfer or the like between molecular structures. Specifically, it has been shown that during conventional measurement, the position of the photon stream readily collapses producing uncertainty in detection and collection.
One advancement that has taken place to overcome the deficiencies of traditional photon entanglement systems is the use of an amplification system that restores the quantum properties of light in a light by mixing a light pulse in the channel with a single auxiliary photon in a beam splitter. A single photon detector was then placed at one of the outputs of the beam splitter. This solution, however, has its deficiencies. Namely, because the current state of the art only uses single photon positioning measurements and amplification rather than thermal transition or transfer measurements, detection of entanglement is difficult if more than two photons cannot be entangled. Further, when the experimental input is not controlled, only the naturally occurring photon entanglement occurs in small amounts and therefore, the results must be extrapolated over small results over miniscule, less stable structures. Consequently, the transmission of the entangled photons is not a useable item for detection, thermal transition or transfer, or experimental or practical manipulation for industrial and commercial purposes.
Further, current quantum computers need to be cooled to 15 miliKelvin, or about 1,000 times colder than space which requires large energy consumption. Additionally, the time that an entangled photon existing as a qubit in a conventional system is only approximately 0.000005 seconds. As such, the systems and methods have a lack of stability and sustainable, commercialized use.
These current advancements are still coupled with the traditional limitations photon entanglement systems. Additionally, these methods do not produce robust entangled pairing of atomic matter and as such have shorter duration and less durability than is commercially viable. Each method for man-made entanglement thus far has resulted in isolated, small, naturally occurring results for laboratory analysis purposes. As such, these methods are not suitable for commercial applications including, but not limited to, repeated remote control in a synchronous or asynchronous fashion of macro or micro atomic structures within substrates, or geothermal sources entangled with smaller commercial heating/cooling units because naturally occurring entangled particles are not produced at a concentration usable for efficient, durable, and detectable commercial applications. In sum, while it is acknowledged that all materials have some degree of baseline entanglement, the nature of the entanglement is disorganized. As such, the current method increases the commercial viability of entanglement by creating an increased concentration, organization, and separation of particles such that specific pairs, groups, clusters and the like are created and then manipulated in various applications including but not limited to, remotely controlling substrates.
Thus it is a primary objective of this invention to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles and a method of making the same that improves upon the art.
Another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles with longer duration time that is commercially viable.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles with greater durability and therefore less susceptible to collapse than unconcentrated quantum entangled particles.
Another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled atomic matter particles rather than photons.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles to measure thermal transition between molecular structure rather than position or superposition of a photonic transition stream.
Another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles capable of recovering entanglement.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles that increase measurement confidence by providing a large, easily detectable signal.
Another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles by entangling atomic matter instead of photons of light.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles on a macroscopic level.
Another objective of this invention is to enhance entanglement signal transmission by using chromatic shift.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles that produce detectable and commercially applicable thermal exchange.
Another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles that produce detectable and commercially applicable emissions.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide unnaturally concentrated quantum entangled particles after overwriting previous concentrations of entanglement.
Another objective of this invention is to provide reliable manipulation of valence distance and structure.
Yet another objective of this invention is to provide reliable and robust entanglement and manipulation of unlike atoms to create super atoms.
These and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the specification and claims.

Concentrated quantum mechanically entangled particle couples and method for making the same


An image processing apparatus includes: a first image processing section to which original image data is inputted; an image storing section connected downstream of the first image processing section; a second image processing section connected downstream of the image storing section; a loop-back path through which image data output from the second image processing section is returned to the first image processing section; an instruction inputting section which inputs an instruction in relation to a processing content; a controller for controlling a flow of image data and contents to be processed in the first and second image processing sections according to the instruction input from the instruction inputting section, wherein a plurality of types of image data different from each other in contents which have been processed, are capable of being generated on the basis of the original image data.

The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus for applying various image processing to image data, an image processing method and an image processing program for use therein, and more particularly, relates to a technology for forming plural types of image data, to which different contents of image processing are applied, from the same image data as an original, and an image processing program for use therein.
Generally an apparatus, such as a digital copier, a scanner or a printer, is designed such that a user can variously set and change the color balance, contrast, sharpness and other attributes of the image to adjust to a desired image quality.
However, a few users can clearly recognize what image quality is achieved only by selecting the setup values. Thus, the user prints and outputs images with various setup values on a trial basis to visually confirm which setup value is required for the desired image quality.
When the above described test printing is individually carried out to different papers every time the setup value is changed, a large amount of paper resource is wastefully consumed, and the comparison itself of the images separately output to many papers requires a lot of time and work. Under these circumstances, there is proposed a sample copy that plural types of images with the setup values changed are output to a single paper all together.
Technologies that realizes the sample copy include a technology for repeatedly reading the same area of a document and changing the setup values of image processing for each reading (see, for example, Patent Document 1), and a technology for setting a plurality of portions within the document and applying different image processing for the individual portions (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
Further, an apparatus is proposed for forming N-types of image data from the same image data, wherein the apparatus is provided with a memory for storing image data obtained by reading the document upstream, a reduction processing section and image processing circuits for carrying out the color adjustment and the like sequentially placed downstream thereof, and a memory further downstream thereof, thereby repeats N-times the operations of applying a reduction processing to the image data read out of the upstream memory, having the image data pass through the image processing circuits, and storing the image data in the downstream memory (see, for example, Patent Document 3). This apparatus is designed to be able to return the image data stored in the downstream memory to the upstream reduction processing section to apply again the image processing to the image data.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2638072
[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Publication Laid-Open No. HEI 11-150648
[Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Publication Laid-Open No. HEI 8-251393
As disclosed in Patent Document 1, the technology for scanning the document many times requires a long period of time to complete a sample copy due to the longer time of reading. In addition, the hue and tone of the read image data itself may subtly vary in each scan.
As disclosed in Patent Document 2, the technology for applying different image processing to the individual portions set up in the document has a problem that it is difficult to compare the differences in the image processing effects as compared to the case of applying different image processing to the same portion.
As disclosed in Patent Document 3, the apparatus is provided with a memory for storing the image data obtained by reading a document upstream, a reduction processing section and image processing circuits placed downstream of the memory, and a memory for storing the image data having being processed further downstream thereof, in which the memories must be placed upstream and downstream respectively, thereby a lot of memories are required. Particularly, the upstream memory, which stores the image data before being reduced, consumes a large amount of memories. Further, it allows another image processing by returning the image data stored in the downstream memory to the upstream reduction processing section, however, the process contents are only the reduction and color adjustment, providing a few functions realizable, so that the sample copy has not been able to be formed with various items. Further, the image processing is applied to the image data after being reduced, so that the image quality in the sample copy and the image quality in the actual outputting are not precisely identical, and it may also happen that the sample copy does not serve as a test print.
Further, in the conventional technologies, the area of sample copy to be formed was limited to the entire document or a fixed area within the document, and a user could not arbitrarily designate its position and size within the document. Thus, the user could not form a sample copy in an optimum area according to each document, thereby sometimes had difficulty in comparing the differences in the image processing effects, or could not properly understand how the image of the area the user was interested in changed depending on the different setup values, even when forming the sample copy.

Image processing apparatus, image processing method and image processing program for use therein

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.