A method of operating a higher conductivity broadband loaded meander line antenna (10) is provided wherein the meander line is positioned on a sheet of a lower conductivity material (22) having a conductivity of from about 0.01 siemens/m to about 0.10 siemens/m; and allowing a first electrical current to flow in a first current path in the meander line. An electrical field is formed in the vicinity of the lower conductivity material and a second current flows in a second current path in the lower conductivity material, whereby anti-resonance in the meander line loaded antenna is diminished so that a broadband response can be achieved over bandwidths of 5:1 or more. An assembly for carrying out this method is also disclosed.

Modern military communication systems require antennas that are small, broadband and have good gain. It is difficult to make electrically small antennas (i.e. less than ¼-wavelength in maximum linear dimension) broadband without seriously impacting gain performance.
One widely used method of making an electrically small antenna broadband is to add a resistive taper along the length of the antenna. This taper is usually determined empirically. More recently, people have applied genetic algorithms (GA) to arrive at an optimal taper.
A major disadvantage of the resistive taper is the amount of resistance that needs to be added to an electrically small antenna in order to achieve a good VSWR (i.e. <3:1) which severely reduces the gain of the antenna due to ohmic losses. Additionally, the taper affects gain at all frequencies since it is in series with the element.
The problem with all broadband antennas is to make sure the VSWR is uniformly low, less than 3:1, over the entire band. What often occurs is that there are large VSWR spikes which can exceed 10:1. Since the VSWR spikes induce mismatch loss, this significantly diminishes the ability to pump in energy to the antenna at various points in the broad frequency band that the antenna is to operate over.
What is desired is to have a broadband antenna which does not have VSWR spikes so that it has a uniform operation across the band.
Broadband meander line loaded antennas are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,790,090; 6,313,716; 6,323,814; 6,373,440; 6,373,446; 6,480,158; 6,492,953; and 6,404,391, incorporated herein by reference and assigned to the assignee hereof. U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,543 describes a double monopole meander line loaded antenna used for instance in airborne applications in a dome-like configuration.
In each of the above meander line loaded antennas or antenna couplers the meander lines are insulated from a plate or sheet by a dielectric layer. The designs of such antennas or couplers can be maximized for bandwidth by a number of techniques described in the above patents.
Oftentimes, however, VSWR spikes across the broad bandwidth provide the antenna designer with problems when seeking to provide a uniform smooth low VSWR across the entire broadband.
A need, therefore, exists for a broadband meander line antenna assembly which may be small and is broadband with good gain characteristics and yet have a uniform low VSWR across the band.

Method and apparatus for limiting VSWR spikes in a compact broadband meander line loaded antenna assembly

BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Inc.


A dimensional adjusting device for computer keyboard racks includes a displacement device, a rotary device, a connecting plate, an elevating device, an elevation device, and a positioning device. A relay plate is disposed between a fixed track and movable track of one of two slide track units, the relay plate being connected to the movable track and having two plate wings at both sides thereof. The plate wings pass through corresponding track holes in the movable track to be further connected to a plate flap at either side of a fixed plate. In addition is further characterized in that the fixed plate has a positioning device disposed therein. The positioning device includes of a bottom cover disposed over a front portion of the fixed plate, and two trigger pieces. The bottom cover has a partition rib defining a clearance with a front wall of the bottom cover for receiving two oppositely disposed rods with a spring sandwiched therebetween. The rods each have a projection at an upper side and a stop portion at the other side. The bottom cover further has two cover posts at both sides behind the partition rib. The trigger pieces have respective pins, notches and end notches. The pins of the trigger pieces pass through corresponding slots at a front edge of the fixed plate such that the notches engage the projections of the rods and the end notches engage the cover posts of the bottom cover. The positioning device further includes a top cover for sealing the bottom cover so that the rods may advance along the fixed tracks during displacement, and are positioned in place when the rods pass over the fixed tracks to extend outwardly.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an improved adjusting device for keyboard racks, and more particularly to a dimensional adjusting device which allows back and forth movement as well as up and down movement of the keyboard rack, and which also permits free rotation and adjustment of elevation of the keyboard rack.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Various kinds of computer desks have been developed with the development of computers and peripheral equipment thereof. A conventional computer desk includes a desk surface for placement of the monitor, and a retractable drawer for supporting the keyboard. In use, the retractable drawer is pulled out. After use, the retractable drawer is pushed back into position so that the keyboard lies beneath the desk surface.
Although the retractable drawer of the conventional computer desk may be pulled outwardly or pushed inwardly, it cannot move up and down or rotate through a certain angle, or its angle of elevation cannot be adjusted. Therefore, it cannot adapt to the sitting postures of users or the angles of hands with respect to the keyboard during typing. It is therefor imperative to find a solution to the existing problems. One solution is offered in U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,054, in which a keyboard rack is substituted for the conventional retractable keyboard drawer, the keyboard rack being capable of back and forth as well as up and down displacement, with the angle of elevation of the keyboard rack also being adjustable as desired, but which is not rotatable.

Dimensional adjusting device for computer keyboards racks


A method and system for maintaining synchronization in a home network is disclosed. The home network includes a host ethernet media access controller and an HPNA chip, where control frame and data frame pairs are transferred between the host ethernet media access controller (MAC) and the HPNA chip. The method and system include sending a null frame from the host ethernet MAC to the HPNA chip prior to the data frame, and recognizing the null frame on the HPNA chip as an indication that a next received frame will be the data frame, thereby maintaining synchronization between the control frame and the data frame pairs.

HomePNA or HPNA is a de facto home networking standard developed by the Home Phoneline Networking Alliance. HPNA allows all the components of a home network to interact over the home's existing telephone wiring without disrupting voice capability. In the same way a LAN operates, home networking processes, manages, transports and stores information, which enables disparate devices in a home network such as telephones, fax machines, desktops, laptops, printers, scanners and Web cameras to connect and integrate over an existing wiring topology.
To create the home network, personal computers may be equipped with an HPNA network and HPNA software. An HPNA network may be implemented as an internal PC network interface card (NICs) that includes telephone jacks on the back for connection to the network. An HPNA network may also be implemented in an external USB adapter that plugs into the USB port on the PC on one end, while the other end connects to the phone line at the wall jack. Additionally, an HPNA network may be implemented as part of the chipset or ACR (Advanced Communications Riser).
FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a home phone line network that complies with the Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HPNA) specification version 2.0. The network allows multiple computers to communicate through telephone wires of residential homes. The network includes an application program running on the PC called a host ethernet media access controller (MAC) 112, and an HPNA chip 100 for implementing the HPNA 2.0 specification, which is included on a network interface card. The HPNA chip 100 includes a Media Independent Interface (MII) 106, a Media access controller (MAC) 108, and a Physical Layer (PHY) 110.
The host ethernet MAC 112 sends frames of data packets out over the home network, and receives frames of data packets from the network, through the HPNA chip 100. The HPNA chip 100 communicates with an analog front end (AFE) 104 that processes signals between the chip 100 and the transmission channel, which in this case are the telephone wires of the house that are accessed via a phone jack 102. The AFE 104 converts outgoing digital signals into analog signals, and converts incoming analog signals into digital signals.
HomePNA 10M8 provides for a wide range of bit rates ranging from 4 Mb/s to 32 Mb/s. When receiving data off the wire, the HPNA chip 100 can never fall behind the maximum arrival rate of new packet data. When transmitting data from the host ethernet MAC 112 to the HPNA chip 100, however, it is possible for the host ethernet MAC 112 to fall into an underflow condition, which causes the host ethernet MAC 112 and the HPNA chip 100 to become unsynchronized when transferring frames of packets. More specifically, when transmitting data to the HPNA chip 100, the host ethernet MAC 112 transmits a control frame followed by an Ethernet data frame. During an underflow condition, the HPNA chip 100 may encounter situations where the control frames become unsynchronized with the data frames, hampering network reliability and performance.
Accordingly, what is needed is a method and system for maintaining synchronization between the control frame and data frame pairs between the host ethernet MAC and HPNA chip. The present invention addresses such a need.

Maintaining synchronization between frame control word and data frame pairs in a home network


A disposable pull-on wearing article has its waist region divided into a front section and a rear section and connector sheet strips adapted to connect these two sections together. Each of the connector sheet strips has zones to be joined to the front sections and a non-joint zone interposed between the zones to be joined to the front and rear sections and adapted to be easily torn apart in the vertical direction of the article. The front and rear sections respectively have ears lying on the outer side. These ears have respective inner surface releasably joined to each other by a pressure-sensitive adhesive.

The present invention relates to a disposable pull-on wearing article such as a disposable pull-on diaper or training pants.
Conventionally, disposable pull-on diapers are well known in the form of a disposable pull-on wearing article. In one example of well known pull-on diapers, a front waist region and a rear waist region are joined together along transversely opposite side edges thereof and these side edges may be torn apart to take the diaper off from the wearer's body. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1992-371147 (hereinafter referred to "REFERENCE 1") discloses a disposable pant which can be used as the disposable pull-on diaper. In the case of the pant disclosed therein, a front waist region and a rear waist region are joined together along transversely opposite side edges thereof by use of a heat-sealing means. These side edges joined together in this manner have an appropriate strength such that the pant can be easily torn apart along these side edges to take the pant off from the wearer's body. In the pant, the front waist and rear waist regions are respectively provided with a plurality of thread-like elastic members extending in a transverse direction of these waist regions and attached in a stretched state thereto while the crotch region is provided with a plurality of thread-like elastic members attached in a stretched state thereto so as extend along the peripheral edges of the respective leg-holes.
There has already been proposed also a pull-on wearing article including panels which are elastically stretchable in the direction of the waist line and interposed between a front waist and rear waist regions. For example, National Publication of Translated Version No. 1996-507699 (referred to "REFERENCE 2") discloses a pull-on disposable diaper comprising an absorbent "chassis" and a pair of elastically stretchable "panels". This diaper further comprises a waist-hole and a pair of leg-holes. The "panels" which are elastically stretchable in the direction of the waist line are respectively provided in the vicinity of transversely opposite lateral regions of the wearer and attached to the "chassis" along predetermined joint lines. With this diaper put on the wearer's body, the "chassis" covers the front and rear waist regions as well as the crotch region of the wearer while the "panels" are elastically stretchable and contractible to make the diaper fit the lateral regions of the wearer's waist. When the diaper put on the wearer's body has been soiled with bodily discharges, the "panels" may be torn off from the "chassis" along the joint lines to take the diaper off from the wearer's body without the anxiety that the wearer's body might be soiled with bodily discharges. This diaper is further provided in the transversely middle zone on the rear waist region's outer surface with an adhesive tape tab used to secure the used diaper in a rolled up state for disposal.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 3421030 (hereinafter referred to "REFERENCE 3") discloses a pull-on undergarment. This undergarment comprises a front waist region, a rear waist region and a crotch region wherein the front and rear waist regions are connected together by nonwoven fabric strips adapted to be torn apart with the bare hands. Each of these nonwoven fabric strips extends in a longitudinal direction from one of leg-holes to a waist-hole and may be torn apart in the longitudinal direction to take the undergarment off from the wearer's body.
In the case of the pant disclosed in REFERENCE 1, each side edge of the front and rear waist regions comprises an inner sheet formed from a nonwoven fabric and an outer sheet formed from a lamination of a plastic film and a nonwoven fabric or the like. Assumed that the side edges of the front waist region each comprising a plurality of the sheet material layers are placed upon and joined to the side edges of the rear waist region by a heat-sealing means, each of the side edges of the pant would comprise four to six sheet material layers heat sealed together. An effort to tear these side edges joined together apart one from another to take the pant off from the wearer's body may sometimes peel the nonwoven fabric and the plastic film off from each other just along the joined zones and properly disconnect the front and rear waist regions from each other. However, this will be rarely achieved and, in many cases, the front and rear waist regions of the pant will be disconnected from each other with the nonwoven fabric and the plastic film torn not along the joined zones but around the joined zones. In other words, a caregiver for the wearer intending to take the pant off from the wearer's body must tear apart at least two or three layers of the sheet material at once with a considerable force. In addition to this inconvenience, it may be difficult for the caregiver to achieve this operation quickly since it will be rare that these layers of the sheet material are rectilinearly torn apart. Assumed that the waist surrounding elastic members and the leg-surrounding elastic members are attached in a stretched state to the pant, respectively, these elastic members may be peeled off from the nonwoven fabric and the plastic film and thereupon intensely contract just as the side edges of the pant are torn apart. These elastic members peeled off in this manner may painfully hit against the fingertips of the caregiver. Furthermore, the pant taken off from the wearer's body will be formed with a plurality of complicated gathers due to contraction of the waist-surrounding elastic members and the leg-surrounding elastic members and these complicated gathers will make it difficult to roll up or to fold the used pant for disposal in a manner such that the inner surface contaminated with bodily discharges might not be exposed.
The diaper disposed in REFERENCE 2 is said to ensure that the stretchable "panels" can be removed from the "chassis" along the joint lines of the "panels" and the "chassis". However, on the assumption that these joint lines are formed by a heat-sealing means the stretchable"panels" with the"chassis", operation of removing the "panels" from the "chassis" will really comprises, just like in the case of the pant disclosed in REFERENCE 1, operation of tearing the "panels" and/or the "chassis" along the joint lines. Such operation will require a considerable force and it may be difficult for the caregiver to achieve this operation quickly. Assumed that the stretchable "panels" include thread-like elastic members attached in a stretched state thereto, these elastic members intensely contract just as these "panels" are removed, and may painfully hit against the fingertips of the caregiver. Furthermore, upon removal of the "panels" from the "chassis", the transversely opposite lateral portions of the diaper are opened and, even after the diaper has been rolled up in the longitudinal direction and fixed in this rolled up state, the lateral portions remain opened. As a result, bodily discharges and odor may leak through these lateral portions remaining opened.
The diaper disclosed in REFERENCE 3 has no means for maintaining the used diaper in a rolled up state and it is likely that the soiled regions of the used diaper may be exposed and cause emission of odor.


A rubber-modified styrenic resin composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a rubber-modified styrenic resin (A) having 10 to 40% by weight of the content of a soft component particle and a mean particle diameter of the said particle of 0.1 to 1.2 .mu.m, and 1 to 30 parts by weight of fine particles having a mean particle diameter of 0.1 to 5 .mu.m and not having a glass transition temperature between -130 to 90.degree. C.. A rubber-modified styrenic resin composition having superior plane impact strength, rigidity and gloss, and its molded article are provided.

A material having an excellent balance of various properties such as a processability at molding, the dimension precision of a molded article, the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, bending strength and the like, a thermal resistance and the like is demanded for application field such as OA equipments, home electronics products and the like. Especially, the enhancement of the balance of a plane impact strength and a rigidity is requested further for an armoring material. This request becomes recently to a higher level still more.
Besides, high level of a plane impact strength and a rigidity is requested for using as a packaging material. In case of using as a cushioning material, an excellent impact-absorbing property is mentioned as one of essential characteristics to be possessed.
However, a rubber-modified styrenic resin composition was not always sufficient to all of the above-mentioned requests. The reason was that a plane impact strength and a rigidity were antipodal properties and when one increased, another decreased and therefore, it was difficult to keep the both properties to a high level.
A method increasing a rigidity and a specific gravity by adding an inorganic filler is widely known but it has a problem that a plane impact strength decreases.
Besides, as a fracture mode at receiving a plane impact, not a brittle fracture but a ductility fracture is preferred. In case of using as an armoring material, it is not preferred that a broken piece of a resin is dispersed when a brittle fracture occurs owing to an impact. However, the greater part of a rubber-modified styrenic resin composition is destroyed in a brittle fracture mode. A rubber-modified styrenic resin composition containing a large amount of soft components is sometimes destroyed in a ductile fracture mode but it has a problem that a rigidity and a gloss are inferior.
As the results of the present inventors's intensive researches and investigations on the above-described problems, the present inventors attained the present invention.

Rubber-modified styrenic resin composition and its molded article


A broadband imager, which is able to image both IR and visible light, is disclosed. In one embodiment, an IR sensitive region of an IR pixel underlies the R, G, B sensitive regions of R, G, and B visible pixels. Therefore, the IR pixel receives IR light through a same surface area of the photosensor through which the R, G, and B pixels receive visible light. However, the IR light generates electron-hole pairs deeper below the common surface area shared by the RGB and IR pixels, than visible light. The photosensor also has a charge accumulation region for accumulating charges generated in the IR sensitive region and an electrode above the charge accumulation region for providing a voltage to accumulate the charges generated in the IR pixel.

Some cameras, conventionally referred to as three-dimensional (3D) cameras, image a scene to determine distances to features in the scene. Such cameras may use infrared (IR) light to image the scene. For example, a gated time of flight (TOF) 3D camera, may transmit a train of IR light pulses to illuminate a scene and shutter or "gate on" a photosensor in the camera for a short exposure period following each transmitted light pulse. Light reflected from the transmitted light pulses that reaches the photosensor during the exposure periods is registered by pixels in the photosensor. Distance to a feature in the scene imaged on a pixel of the photosensor is determined as a function of an amount of reflected light incident on the pixel during the exposure periods.
To identify distances to features in the scene with the features, it is generally advantageous to acquire a conventional contrast image ("picture image") of the scene with visible light incident on pixels of a photosurface that are in known correspondence with pixels of the photosensor that provides the IR image of the scene. In some TOF 3D cameras, the IR and visible light images of a scene are acquired by two separate photosensors that are aligned so that corresponding pixels in the two photosensors image the same feature of the scene
In some TOF 3D cameras, the IR image is acquired by IR sensitive pixels in a photosensor on which a scene is imaged and the visible light picture is acquired by different, optionally red (R), green (G), and blue (B) sensitive pixels in the same photosensor.


It is the object of the present invention a thermoplastic element for the protection against corrosion in the thermofused splicing of a thermoplastic tube to a thermoplastic connection, which element has the shape of a fully thermoplastic tubular sleeve, able to be introduced into a socket mouth formed by the expansion of the tube end, said splice element bearing only one internal diameter and two external diameters which define a cylindrical external portion of larger diameter and a tubular projection which diameter is smaller than the former, and which is introduced into the thermoplastic tube, a lateral wall of the external portion defining a front butt of said thermoplastic element against the end of the thermoplastic tube. Said splicing element also exhibits an auxiliary ring which operates as a reference point for the assembly thereof.

At present, joints between thermoplastic tubes and connections are performed by means of thermofusion joining, whereby during a few seconds tube and connection are subject to a temperature in the range of from 260 to 270° C. and after the elapsing of the heating time both elements are joined by introducing the male end of one of them into the female opening of the other, with an adequate interference grade between their facing superficial layers, and they are fused, i.e. they are transformed into a single piece through them.
It is highly inadvisable to join tubes bearing a metal layer to the connections thereof by means of thermofusion, as such joining would only be accomplished between the external thermoplastic layer and the connection wall, the intermediate metal layer edge thus remaining internally uncovered, whereby water circulating through tubing would produce an oxidising process with the consequent deterioration of the metal layer, which would inevitably result in water leaks and/or contamination.
On the other hand, even where an abutting supplementary union could be done between the internal layer of the tube and an internal cylindrical surface of such connection, a highly resistant section would not be possible to obtain due to the reduced thickness of said internal layer, which section could not absorb the shearing force which causes bending of the connection wall upon the expansion due to the pressure of fluid working at high pressure, which on the other hand is easily absorbed by the tube without any alteration whatsoever due to the presence of the intermediate metal layer and which would obviously produce breakage of this joint and the resulting water-metal contact.
Consequently, connection between tube and any class of connection requires from the later to be provided with a tubular pin which is tightly inserted into said tube end, around which an external snap-fastener is applied in order to tighten same around the pin, thus creating an airtight joint between the internal thermoplastic layer of the tube and said pin. Due to said tubular pin thickness, a noticeable reduction of the tubing internal diameter is produced, giving rise to several drawbacks.
Further, this kind of connection is very expensive, not only due to the manufacturing cost of the piece itself but also due to the tools and labour required for the application thereof.

Thermoplastic element for protection against corrosion in the thermofusion coupling of a thermoplastic tube


An analog signal is transported across an isolation channel using edge modulation/demodulation of a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. An edge modulator is responsive to rising edges of the PWM signal to generate first pulses having a first predetermined pulse width and is responsive to receipt of falling edges of the PWM signal to generate second pulses having a second predetermined pulse width with the same polarity as the first pulses. On the opposite side of the isolation channel an edge demodulating circuit recreates the PWM signal using the first and second pulses. The rise and falling edges of the PWM signals can be distinguished based on the pulse width of the first and second pulses. A second order pulse width modulator may be used to generate the PWM signal.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to isolation barriers and more particularly to communication across isolation barriers.
2. Description of the Related Art
Isolation barrier refers to an electrical isolation between two domains. Such isolation may be needed because during normal operation a large DC or transient voltage difference exists between the domains. For example, one domain may be "grounded" at a voltage which is switching with respect to earth ground by hundreds or thousands of volts. Another reason for such isolation is based on safety, even when the expected voltage difference between the domains is small in normal operation. An example of this would be in biomedical applications, where electrodes are taped to a patient's body; safety concerns demand an extra layer of protection between the patient and the ground of the measurement device, despite the fact that the measurement device is supposed to be properly grounded.
Isolation barriers typically consist of layers of dielectrics with good breakdown properties. Communication across isolation barriers is commonly done using optical (opto-isolators) or inductive (transformer) solutions. Capacitive isolation circuitry may also be used to transmit digital information across isolation barriers.
Various applications demand the transfer of analog information across an isolation barrier. Generally it is always possible to convert analog signals to digital on one side of the barrier, and transmit digital signals instead of analog signals directly. However, such an approach has additional component cost, additional power, and signal impairments caused by the conversion.
Thus, improvements in transmitting analog signals across isolation barriers would be desirable.

Transport of an analog signal across an isolation barrier


Depth diaphragm for an x-ray device, which diaphragm has a plurality of adjustable diaphragm blades (1) for displaying an area being examined, which blades (1) can be moved in such a way that said area being examined can be displayed asymmetrically.

Depth diaphragms are components of x-ray equipment and serve to variably restrict the bundle of rays to the necessary field size. The undesired portions of the rays are absorbed by the diaphragm blades, which are usually made of lead. To set the depth diaphragm, the desired field size can be simulated by means of a light bundle. X-ray equipment is usually fitted with depth diaphragms having two pairs of lead blades for adjusting the height and width of the image display. Said pairs of lead blades are controlled symmetrically with respect to the center of the detector and isocentrically with respect to the x-ray tube. The plate-shaped diaphragm blades cannot, however, be enlarged at will as that would also increase the size of the depth diaphragm, resulting in, for instance, angulation limiting on a C-arch of the x-ray device.


A method and system for automatically modifying an original transcription produced as the output of a recognition operation produces a second, modified transcription, such as, for example, automatically correcting an errorful transcription produced by an OCR operation. The invention uses information in an input text image of character images and in an original transcription associated with the input text image to modify aspects of a formal image source model that models as a grammar the spatial image structure of a set of text images. A recognition operation is then performed on the input text image using the modified formal image source model to produce a second, modified transcription. When the original transcription is errorful, the second transcription is a corrected transcription. Several aspects of the formal image source model may be modified; in particular, character templates to be used in the recognition operation are trained in the font of the glyphs occurring in the input text image. When errors in the original transcription are caused by matching glyphs against templates that are inadequately specified for the given input text image, the subsequently performed recognition operation on the text image using the trained, font-specific character templates produces a more accurate transcription.

Information in the form of language symbols (i.e., characters) or other symbolic notation that is visually represented to a human in an image on a marking medium, such as in a printed text document, is capable of manipulation for its semantic content by a computer system when the information is accessible to the processor of the system in an encoded form, such as when each of the language symbols is available to the processor as a respective character code selected from a predetermined set of character codes (e.g. ASCII code) that represent the symbols to applications that use them. Traditionally, manual transcription by a human typist has been used to enter into computers the character codes corresponding to the language symbols visually represented in the image of text documents. In recent years, a mostly automatic software operation variously called "recognition," or "character recognition," or "optical character recognition" (OCR) has been performed on text document images to produce the character codes needed for manipulation by the computer system, and to automate the otherwise tedious task of manual transcription. However, manual text entry output and the output of character recognition operations, both referred to as transcriptions herein, are inherently error-prone; some kind of proofreading or correction process is usually needed when an accurate transcription is desired.
Given a text document image and a transcription of the document image, there are a number of approaches that might be taken to correct errors in that transcription. Before the widespread use of computers, manual proofreading by a human operator was about the only method available, and is still the method of choice when the greatest possible accuracy is needed. For example, the University of Washington provides an extensive document image database for use in various aspects of document processing research; these document images have associated transcriptions that reportedly were each carefully proofread by three separate people, requiring one hour per proofreader per page. But even this close attention had a residual error rate considerably higher than the goal of one per million characters. Automatic proofreading and correction is clearly desirable in order to reduce the manual labor required to produce a final, accurate transcription.
1. Error correction systems
Various types of automatic error correction techniques are commonly used to improve transcription accuracy. These existing techniques are seldom totally automatic because of inherent limitations in their methodologies that prevent them from making what might be called final decisions as to correctness; consequently, these methods almost always involve the manual intervention of a human user who must be the final arbiter as to the corrections to be made. One type of error correction methodology involves performing a character recognition operation on the original document image and comparing the output transcription produced to the original transcription to be corrected in order to highlight the differences between the two transcriptions and to identify likely locations for at least some of the errors in the original transcription. When the original transcription has been generated by a first OCR operation, a second, different OCR operation is used for the correction or proofreading operation. Two types of problems occur using this approach. The first is that it is very likely that many of the recognition errors in the second transcription may be the same as those appearing in the original transcription and thus cannot be detected by comparing the two transcriptions. This is because the vast majority of current commercial OCR technology is designed to be "omnifont;" that is, able to handle a wide range of text fonts and typographic constraints so as to be generally useful with a wide variety of document images. This generality, however, is the very characteristic that leads to errors: subtle cues that are useful or necessary for accurate recognition within a particular character font are typically not represented in the feature-based character templates that are used in omnifont recognizers. For example, there is often only a very slight difference between the glyphs representing the letter "l" and the numeral "1" in a given font, typically less difference than between the glyphs for "1" in different fonts, so 1/1 confusion errors are common in omnifont OCR systems. (The term "glyph" refers to an image that represents a realized instance of a character.) A second limitation of this correction approach is that even when a disagreement between the first, original transcription and the second transcription produced by the omnifont recognizer is found, it typically cannot be directly and automatically determined which transcription is in error and which, if either, is correct. Therefore, the best this type of approach can accomplish is to flag potential errors for manual intervention by a human operator.
Another category of error correction methodology employs some type of language modeling. A spelling corrector that ensures that each word in the transcription is a correctly spelled word from some dictionary is a simple form of such language modeling. Contextual postprocessing error correction techniques make use of language structure extracted from dictionary words and represented as n-grams, or n-character subsets of words. More advanced forms of language modeling include examining the parts of speech, sentence syntax, etc., to ensure that the transcription correctly follows the grammar of the language the document is written in. There are, however, several limitations to the language modeling approach. First, an extensive dictionary and/or grammar is needed for the particular language represented by the character strings that appear in the document; obviously, a dictionary and grammar must be available for each language represented in the document transcriptions to be corrected. It is also very likely that a given document will contain character strings that do not occur in even a very large dictionary or that are "ungrammatical," e.g., names, numbers, etc.; a special mechanism must be available for handling these portions of the transcription if they are to be evaluated for correction.
A significant limitation of the language modeling approach to error correction is the fact that language modeling involves using the content of a transcription as a guide to determining what errors exist, and ignores the content of the original document image. If the original document contains spelling or grammatical errors, those will be detected as "errors" by the language model, even though they may be correctly transcribed. Conversely, if such misspellings or grammatical errors in the document are mis-transcribed into correctly spelled words or into grammatically correct strings, a transcription error has occurred that cannot be detected by language modeling. Some error correction systems that use a language modeling approach compensate for this by merely flagging potential errors, leaving the final determination and correction to a human operator, and consequently requiring some level of human intervention in the correction process.
Language modeling may also be of limited value for post-recognition correction of a transcription that has been generated by a computer-implemented OCR operation because most commercial OCR systems already include some sort of language modeling as part of the recognition process. Therefore, transcription errors that still occur after recognition have presumably not been corrected by the language model component of the recognizer, and therefore are likely to be the type of errors that are not readily detected by language modeling. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,227 issued to Mittelbach et al. discloses a character recognition system that includes a context lexicon that is used to correct word-based strings of recognized characters. Current recognized strings are compared to the strings of the context lexicon and that string in the lexicon which is optimum with respect to similarity and frequency is selected for further evaluation. A correction is only executed when the substitution transposition is probable based on the classifier characteristic for the characters under consideration. U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,875 issued to Srihari et al. discloses a character recognizer that includes lexical information in the form of acceptable words represented as a graph structure.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,257,328 issued to Shimizu discloses a document recognition device capable of correcting results obtained from recognizing a character image using a post-recognition correction operation that includes a correction data base in which is registered correction information on misrecognized characters that are specified as targets to be corrected by an operator. The post-recognition correction operation also includes an automatic correction process that corrects results recognized by the character recognizer using the correction data base, an operator's correction process that allows an operator to correct erroneous results of the automatic correction process, and a correction data base update operation that updates the correction data base with correction information made by the operator. Automatic correction to characters are made on the basis of statistics collected in the correction data base as a result of the recognition operation that indicate the number of times a character occurs in an image and the number of times it has been corrected to other characters.
J. J. Hull and S. N. Srihari discuss the use of contextual constraints in text recognition and error correction, in "Experiments in Text Recognition with Binary n-Gram and Viterbi Algorithms," in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, September, 1982, pp. 520-530. Such contextual constraints may take a variety of forms including vocabulary, probabilities of co-occurring letters, syntax represented by a grammar, and models of semantics. An example of a structural representation of contextual knowledge, known as the binary n-gram algorithm, utilizes contextual knowledge in the form of sets of binary arrays that represent legal letter combinations in the language used in the document being recognized. The binary n-gram algorithm utilizes an abstraction of a dictionary that is assumed to contain all allowable input words. The method attempts to detect, as well as correct, words with errors. J. J. Hull and S. N. Srihari disclose a binary n-gram procedure for correcting single substitution errors.
Two major recognition problems contributing to transcription inaccuracy that may not be entirely addressed by the types of error correction methodologies just described are image noise and glyph segmentation errors. Glyphs occurring in bitmapped images produced from well-known sources such as scanning and faxing processes are subject to being degraded by image noise and distortion which contribute to uncertainty in the actual appearance of the glyph's bitmap and reduce recognition accuracy. A degraded bitmap appearance may be caused by an original document of poor quality, by scanning error, by image skewing, or by similar factors affecting the digitized representation of the image. Particular problems in this regard are the tendencies of characters in text to blur or merge, or to break apart. Such a degraded image is referred to herein as a "noisy" image. Many OCR errors occur from recognizers attempting to recognize individual glyphs in images that have been degraded by such noise and distortion.
Image noise is often a contributing problem to accurate glyph segmentation. Since many commercial omnifont recognizers depend upon the accuracy of a pre-recognition segmentation process to isolate glyphs for recognition, individual glyphs must occur within the image either in nonoverlapping bounding boxes, or, if the glyph samples are not so restricted, the recognition process must provide for a way to assign pixels in the image to a specific glyph, so that the glyphs may be isolated, recognition may be performed and character labels may be assigned to the glyphs. This requirement of the input image will be hereafter described as requiring that the input glyph samples be "segmentable" during the recognition process, either by determining the bounding box around each glyph, or by some other process that assigns pixels to glyph samples. Some images may contain glyphs representing characters in fonts or in character sets that do not lend themselves easily to such segmentation, or image noise may prevent accurate glyph image segmentation.
Some post-recognition error correction methods have been specifically developed to overcome the recognition problems introduced by noisy images and poor segmentation. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,113 issued to Yamagata et al. is concerned inter alia with the correction of errors that result from misrecognition of characters in multiple fonts or multiple type sizes that occur in one document image. Yamagata et al. disclose a feature-based character recognizer in which the recognition results include certain information about the recognition reliability of each character in the transcription. A character string, typically a word, is selected from the transcription and a candidate reference character in the character string is identified and selected on the basis of certain factors of the recognitron results. The candidate reference character is then located in the original document image, and certain image processing analysis is performed on the character image to develop reference image attributes, such as height and baseline position, by which to judge the correctness of the remaining characters in the character string, and to correct them if necessary on the basis of the reference image attributes.
Another technique that makes use of post-recognition image analysis for recognition error correction is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,097 issued to Gaborski et al. A neural network character recognizer makes use of a post-recognition processor that attempts to find and separate, in the original document image being recognized, adjacent characters which are kerned and characters which are touching that have been identified by the neural network as having low recognition scores. Characters successfully segmented in the post-recognition processor are fed back to the neural network for re-recognition. Dekerning and character segmentation are accomplished using various image processing techniques including connected component analysis.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,700 issued to Bollinger et al. discloses a system for selecting the correct form of a garbled input word that is misread by an optical character reader so as to change the number of characters in the word by character splitting or concatenation. The error correction technique uses what is referred to as a regional context maximum likelihood procedure performed using a conditional probabilistic analysis that evaluates the likelihood that each member of a predetermined class of reference words, stored as a dictionary of words, being considered could have been mapped into the garbled character string by means of OCR segmentation error propensities. The segmentation error propensity data are represented as a table of independent conditional probabilities for various types of substitution and segmentation errors for the stored dictionary words. When a garbled OCR word is input to the system, it is compared with each stored dictionary word by loading the two words in a pair of associated shift registers and aligning their letters on one end. The method then calculates the total conditional probability that the OCR word in the first shift register was misread given that the dictionary word was actually scanned by the OCR. The OCR and dictionary words are realigned as needed during this computation if the total probability computed indicates that a segmentation or concatenation error has occurred.
This brief discussion of the wide variety of, and distinctly different approaches to, post-recognition error correction methodologies developed to improve the accuracy of the output transcription points to at least two major causes of transcription errors. The first of these is inadequate character template models that are unable to sufficiently discriminate between individual characters in a single font, thereby typically causing substitution errors, the correction of which is typically handled by some sort of language model. The second major cause of errors is a degraded image that results in segmentation and concatenation errors when isolating character images for recognition, typically causing insertion, deletion and substitution errors as a result of presenting an incorrect glyph for recognition. Correction of these types of errors may involve the use of several types of error correction solutions. The variety of solutions that have been developed appears to suggest that the causes of transcription errors are too varied to be susceptible to correction by a single uniform approach, and that several correction operations are'required in combination in order to achieve a significant reduction in errors in most transcriptions.
It is of significance to note that, while some of the techniques (e.g., the language model correction techniques) heretofore described make use of a priori knowledge about the language in which the text of a document appears in order to effect error correction, none of them makes use of explicitly defined a priori knowledge about the text document image itself--in the form of an explicitly defined image model--to improve the accuracy of a transcription. Explicitly defined formal image models have been used in recognition operations; a brief description of formal image models and their use is provided here as relevant background in understanding the present invention.
2. Image Models
An image model is a characterization or description of the set of possible input images for which a recognition system is designed, provided in a form that can be used to determine which one of the possible images best matches a given input image. An image model represents a priori information about this set of input images and is distinguishable from data structures that define a particular input image or contain the results of performing analysis and recognition processing on a particular image.
For example, an image model for individual character images defines the set of possible characters that are expected to be presented for recognition, and indicates the value of each pixel in each character image. A typical form for a character image model is a set of binary or feature templates. An isolated character image model provides a recognition system with the a priori information necessary to determine which character is most likely to correspond to a given input image of an isolated character. Similarly, an image model for isolated text lines might describe the set of possible text line images by specifying the set of possible character sequences within the line and the positioning of the individual character images relative to each other and the text baseline. When used in recognition, a text line image model typically provides the a priori information necessary to determine an output text string that is most likely to correspond to a given observed image of an isolated, but otherwise unsegmented, text line. An image model for a whole page of text might describe the set of possible text line images that can occur and their possible positions relative to each other and to the boundary of the page. When used in recognition, a page image model provides the a priori information required to determine an output sequence of text strings that is most likely to correspond to a given observed input image of a text page. An image model frequently describes conventional text images, but an image model may be constructed to describe any one of a number of classes of input images, including, for example, images of printed music, images of equations, and images with fixed or known structural features such as business letters, preprinted forms and telephone yellow pages.
a. Formal and informal image models.
For purposes of the discussion herein, image models may also be classified as "informal" and "formal." A formal image model describes a set of images using a formal description language, such as a formal grammar or a finite state transition network. A formal grammar is a set of rules that define the allowable formats (syntax) that statements in a specific language are allowed to take. Grammars may be characterized by type as unrestricted, context sensitive, context free and regular, and a particular type of grammar may be more or less suited to a specific image model. In a computer implemented system, a formal image model is typically represented as an explicit data structure that defines the possible constituents of the image and their possible positions in the image. As noted above, the image model represents a priori information and is to be distinguished from data structures constructed to represent a particular input image to a recognition system or the results of recognition processing of a particular input image.
For purposes of this background discussion, and for discussing the present invention, an informal image model includes all approaches to describing a set of possible images other than by use of a formal explicit description system. The design of every text recognition system is based on either an explicit or implicit image model. The distinction to be drawn is whether the image model is explicitly and formally stated in a manner that is independent of the processing algorithms that use the model, or whether the model is only represented implicitly, as a body of code that performs image analysis operations. A formal image model, in this regard, is analogous to a formal grammar in a grammar-based character string parsing system which exists as an explicit data structure independent of the code of the parser that uses it.
b. Zero-, One-, and two-dimensional image models.
Formal image models may take "zero-dimensional" (OD), one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) forms. A OD image model, as that term is used herein, describes images of isolated characters. The most common types of 0D image models are binary and feature-based character templates. A 1D image model, as that term is used here, defines the structure and appearance of a sequence of character images, such as a word or an entire text line, including the appearance and positioning of the individual characters in the line. A primary application of explicit 1D image models is in text line recognition systems that do not attempt to segment the text line into individual character images prior to recognition. The character and text line models used in such systems typically resemble the kinds of models used in speech recognition systems based on hidden Markov models, or simple extensions to such models.
A 2D image model, as that term is used herein, is distinguishable from a 1D image model in that the 2D image model typically defines the recognition process for an entire 2D image by describing how 2D subregions in the image are related to each other, without isolating 1D lines of text or individually segmenting character or word instances in the image in a distinct process prior to recognition. The use of a 2D image model for recognition provides the opportunity to eliminate the pre-recognition step of character, word or text line isolation or segmentation.
Formal 1D image models are used to represent words in S. Kuo and O. E. Agazzi, in "Keyword spotting in poorly printed documents using pseudo 2D hidden Markov models," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 16, No. 8, August, 1994, pp. 842-848 (hereafter, Kuo et al.,) which discloses an algorithm for robust machine recognition of keywords embedded in a poorly printed document. For each keyword model, two statistical models, named "pseudo 2D Hidden Markov Models", or "PHHMs," are created for representing the actual keyword and all other extraneous words, respectively. C. Bose and S. Kuo, "Connected and degraded text recognition using hidden Markov model," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Netherlands, September 1992, pp. 116-119 disclose a recognition method for recognizing isolated word or line images; the recognizer is based on a formal 1D model expressed as a hidden Markov model.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,020,112 and 5,321,773 disclose recognition systems based on formal 2D image models. U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,112, issued to P. A. Chou, entitled "Image Recognition Using Two-Dimensional Stochastic Grammars," discloses a method of identifying bitmapped image objects using a 2D image model represented as a stochastic 2D context free grammar having production rules that define spatial relationships between objects in the image according to a rectangular image model; the grammar is used to parse the list of objects to determine the one of the possible parse trees that has the largest probability of occurrence. The term "stochastic" when used in this context refers to the use of probabilities associated with the possible parsing of a statement to deal with real world situations characterized by noise, distortion and uncertainty. U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,773, issued to G. Kopec and P. A. Chou, entitled "Image Recognition Method Using Finite State Networks" discloses a formal 2D image model represented as a stochastic finite state transition network that defines image generation in terms of a regular grammar, in contrast to the context free grammar used in U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,112. The template model described by the 2D image model defines the sidebearing model of letterform shape description and positioning, where character positioning does not depend on determining rectangular bounding boxes for character images; pairs of adjacent character images are positioned with respect to their image origin positions to permit overlapping rectangular bounding boxes as long as the foreground (e.g., black) pixels of one character are not shared with, or common with, the foreground pixels of the adjacent character. The 2D image model and the template model are also discussed in G. Kopec and P. Chou, "Document Image Decoding Using Markov Source Models," in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, June, 1994, pp. 602-617 (hereafter, "Kopec and Chou, `Document Image Decoding`".)

Method and system for automatic transcription correction


Cleaning according to an evaporating dish cleaning mode or heating chamber cleaning mode is implemented based on a signal inputted by the control part. In the heating chamber cleaning mode, condensation is generated on the inner surface of the heating chamber 11 by steam, and the soil adhered to the inner surface of the heating chamber 11 is allowed to float to be in a state of removing it easily. In the evaporating dish cleaning mode, a cleaning liquid made of citric acid solution is pumped into an evaporating dish 35, it is heated to a predetermined temperature, and it is left therein. Therefore, calcium and magnesium deposited on the evaporating dish 35 are allowed in a state of removing them easily.

The present invention relates to a high frequency heating apparatus in which an object to be heated is heat-treated with the combination of high frequency and steam, and the inside of a heating chamber soiled by the heat treatment is cleaned.
In a high frequency heating apparatus for heat-treating an object to be heated by high frequency, there are a single function type of performing only high frequency heating and a multi-function type added with an oven function. However, in these pieces of the high frequency heating apparatus, juice or leavings of the object to be heated are sometimes adhered to the inside of a heating chamber for accommodating and heat-treating the object to be heated during heat treatment. When they are left as they are, adherents and burnt deposits are generated to soil the inside of the heating chamber. Such adhered soil causes not only a problem in keeping the inside of the heating chamber hygienic but also a factor that generates smoke in high frequency heating. On this account, the soil inside the heating chamber is removed by cleaning the inside of the heating chamber frequently or by a high temperature burning function provided in the heating apparatus itself.
However, cleaning the inside of the heating chamber is bothersome work, and the adhered soil is hard to be cleaned. A neutral detergent is sometimes used when soil is severe. In this case, a sufficient wipe is needed to cause the cleaning work to be harder. In addition, when cleaning is performed by the high temperature burning function, it is often difficult to remove the adhered soil completely even though a part of the soil is decomposed to remove odors, which inevitably depends on manual work in the end.
In the meantime, a cleaning method of obtaining excellent washability is known that a container with water is placed in a heating chamber for high frequency heating, steam is filled inside the heating chamber to loosen the soil adhered to the inside of the heating chamber by the steam, and then the chamber is cleaned. However, when the inside of the heating chamber of the high frequency heating apparatus is cleaned by this cleaning method, effort is needed to put water in a heatproof container and to place it in the heating chamber every time when cleaning, and the heating apparatus has to be monitored until steam is filled, which is not usable.
Furthermore, some pieces of high frequency heating apparatus with steam generation function for supplying steam to the heating chamber are proposed. However, all of the heating apparatus generate steam used for heating the object to be heated, not for cleaning the heating chamber. Therefore, there is no high frequency heating apparatus with steam generation function having an automatic cleaning function programmed for cleaning the heating chamber. In other words, the usability in cleaning is not excellent.
Moreover, in a steam generating part of the high frequency heating apparatus with steam generation function, calcium and magnesium in moisture are concentrated in the process of generating steam, and are precipitated and fixed to the bottom of a vaporizing part or the inside of a pipe for water supply. Then, an amount of steam generated is reduced. Consequently, a problem is arisen to cause a dirty environment where mold is easily propagated. Particularly, in the configuration in which the vaporizing part for generating steam is embedded in the inaccessible portion under the heating chamber, in addition to the problem, there is a problem that it is hard to do the work to clean the periphery of the heating chamber.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


This invention is directed to isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds pharmaceutically useful as agents or modulators for the treatment of central nervous system disorders and methods for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.

This invention relates to compounds useful as agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. More particularly, this invention relates to isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds useful as agents or modulators for the treatment of central nervous system disorders including, but not limited to, epilepsy and neuropathic pain and methods for the treatment thereof.
The conditions grouped under the term xe2x80x9ccentral nervous system disorderxe2x80x9d constitute an area of continuing medical need. Such conditions include those disorders associated with convulsions, epilepsy, neuroprotective diseases, muscle tension and neuropathic pain.
Epilepsy continues to be an area of development for new drugs and therapies. The structures of newer anticonvulsants has been summarized in Drugs of the Future, 1991, (16) 317-320.However, the impact of such drugs and therapies have yet to be fully evaluated.
Neuropathic pain is defined as pain caused by aberrant somatosensory processing in the peripheral or central nervous system. Chronic or debilitating conditions, such as post-herpetic neuralgia and phantom limb syndrome, are categorized as neuropathic pain.
Central nervous system disorders are widespread and cause pain and suffering. Moreover, current methods of treating such disorders are often inadequate.
Anticonvulsants have been suggested for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Nadin Attal, et al., Effects of Gabapentin on the Different Components of Peripheral and Central Neuropathic Pain Syndromes: A Pilot Study, Fr. Eur. Neurol. 1998, 40(4), 191-200 describes the anticonvulsant gabapentin having the following formula:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,007 describes other anticonvulsants useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain. More particularly, the reference describes the use of the anticonvulsant topiramate in treating neuropathic pain, wherein topiramate has the following general formula:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,736 (hereby incorporated by reference) describes substituted aroyl aminoacyl pyrrole compounds of the formula:
wherein,
A is simultaneously both
n is selected from 1 to 5;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-4alkyl;
R2 and R3 are selected from the group consisting of H and C1-4alkyl;
R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, and C1-4alkyl, phenyl C1-4alkyl and substituted phenyl C1-4alkyl where the substituent is on phenyl and selected from the group consisting of methyl and methoxy, or in the alternative, are fused and together with said nitrogen form a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of:
wherein Y is S or O, x is 3 to 7 and R7 is selected from the group consisting of methyl and hydroxymethyl; and R6 is selected from the group consisting of halo, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, amino, C1-4acylamino, cyano, trihaloC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylsulfonyl, C1-4alkylsulfinyl and C1-4acyl, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof as useful anticonvulsants.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/505,916, filed on Feb. 17, 2000 (hereby incorporated by reference) describes aroyl aminoacyl pyrrole compounds of the formula:
wherein,
A is simultaneously both
n is an integer from 1 to 5;
R1 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-4alkyl;
R2 and R3 are selected from the group consisting of H and C1-4alkyl; R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-4alkyl, phenyl C1-4alkyl and substituted phenyl C1-4alkyl where the substituent is on phenyl and selected from the group consisting of methyl and methoxy, or in the alternative, are fused and together with said nitrogen form a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of 4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylene]-piperidin-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolin-2-yl,
wherein Y is S or O, x is 3 to 7 and R7 is selected from the group consisting of methyl and hydroxymethyl; and R6 is selected from the group consisting of halo, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, amino, C1-4acylamino, cyano, trihaloC1-4alkyl, C1-4alkylsulfonyl, C1-4alkylsulfinyl and C1-4acyl, including pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof as useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/215272, filed on Jun. 30, 2000 (hereby incorporated by reference) describes aroyl aminoacyl pyrrole compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II):
wherein
A is a substituent selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkyl, alkoxy, tri(halogen)C1-8alkyl and tri(halogen)C1-8alkoxy; n is an integer from 1 to 5; R1 is C1-8alkyl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C1-8alkoxy (optionally substituted with xe2x80x94SC1-8alkyl ), C1-8acyl, carboxy, carbonyl (further substituted with C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkoxy, amino or xe2x80x94SC1-8alkyl), oxy (further substituted with carbonylC1-8alkyl, carbonylC1-8alkoxy or carbonylamino), amino (optionally further substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-8alkyl, C1-8acyl, carbonylC1-8alkyl, carbonylC1-8alkoxy, sulfinylC1-8alkyl or sulfonylC1-8alkyl), ureido (optionally further substituted with C1-8alkyl), thio (optionally further substituted with C1-8alkyl or amino), sulfinyl (optionally further substituted with C1-8alkyl or amino) and sulfonyl (optionally further substituted with C1-8alkyl or amino); R2 and R3 are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-8alkyl; R4 and R5 are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-8alkyl and arylC1-8alkyl; wherein aryl is optionally substituted with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl, C1-8alkoxy, tri(halo)C1-8alkyl and tri(halo)C1-8alkoxy; or, in the alternative, R4 and R5 may be fused together with nitrogen to form a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of:
xe2x80x94(heteroaryl)xe2x80x94(R6)0-2,
wherein x is an integer from 3 to 7 and Y is selected from the group consisting of N, S, Sxe2x95x90O, SO2 and O; and R6 is a substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-8alkyl and hydroxyC1-8alkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof; with the proviso that, in the case of compound wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5; R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-4alkyl; R2 and R3 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-4alkyl; R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, phenylC1-4alkyl and substituted phenylC1-4alkyl where the substituent is on phenyl and selected from the group consisting of methyl and methoxy; or in the alternative, are fused and together with the nitrogen form a heterocyclic ring selected from the group consisting of: 4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylene]-piperidin-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolin-2-yl,
wherein Y is S or O and x is 3 to 7; and, R6 is selected from the group consisting of methyl and hydroxymethyl; then, A cannot be substituted or unsubstituted phenyl as agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
The isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds of the present invention have not been previously described as useful agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds useful as agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. It is also an object of the present invention to teach a method for the treatment of central nervous system disorders using the isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds of the present invention.
The present invention provides substituted isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl pyrrole compounds as agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders of Formula (I) and Formula (II):
wherein
A is selected from the group consisting of aryl and heteroaryl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, aryl, aryl(C1-4)alkyl, amino (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), amino(C1-4)alkyl (wherein amino is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), C1-4alkylthio, C1-4alkylsulfinyl, C1-4alkylsulfonyl, halogen, tri(halo)C1-4alkyl, tri(halo)C1-4alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyano and nitro;
R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-4alkyl;
R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, aryl, aryl(C1-4)alkyl, amino (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), amino(C1-4)alkyl (wherein amino is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), halogen, tri(halo)C1-4alkyl, tri(halo)C1-4alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyano and nitro;
n is an integer from 1 to 5; and,
m is an integer from 1 to 2;
and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof;
with the proviso that a compound selected from Formula (I) cannot be 2-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2(1H)-isoquinolinyl)-1-[5-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone.
An embodiment of the present invention includes those compounds wherein, preferably, A is phenyl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkoxy, phenyl, phenyl(C1-4)alkyl, amino (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), amino(C1-4)alkyl (wherein amino is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), C1-4alkylthio, C1-4alkylsulfinyl, C1-4alkylsulfonyl, halogen, trifluoroC1-4alkyl, trifluoroC1-4alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyano and nitro.
More preferably, A is phenyl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl, amino, N-(C1-3alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C1-3alkyl)amino, amino(C1-3)alkyl, N-(C1-3alkyl)amino(C1-3)alkyl, N,N-di(C1-3alkyl)amino(C1-3)alkyl, methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, n-butylthio, i-butylthio, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, n-propylsulfinyl, n-butylsulfinyl, i-butylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n-propylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfonyl, i-butylsulfonyl, chlorine, fluorine, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl.
Most preferably, A is phenyl optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of methoxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, chlorine and fluorine.
An embodiment of the present invention also includes those compounds wherein, preferably, R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and propyl. More preferably, R1, R2 and R3are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl.
An embodiment of the present invention further includes those compounds wherein, preferably, R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-4alkyl, C4alkoxy, phenyl, phenyl(C1-4)alkyl, amino (optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), amino(C1-4)alkyl (wherein amino is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4alkyl), halogen, trifluoroC1-4alkyl, trifluoroC1-4alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxyC1-4alkyl, cyano and nitro.
More preferably, R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl, amino, N-(C1-3alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C1-3alkyl)amino, amino(C1-3)alkyl, N-(C1-3alkyl)amino(C1-3)alkyl, N,N-di(C1-3alkyl)amino(C1-3)alkyl, chlorine, fluorine, trifluoromethyl, fluoromethoxy, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl and hydroxypropyl.
Most preferably, R4 is independently selected from the group consisting hydrogen and methoxy.
Embodiments of the present invention include those compounds wherein an integer from 1 to 2.
Exemplifying the invention is a compound selected from Table 1:
and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.
Representative Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Index-like names for compounds of the present invention were derived using the ACD/LABS SOFTWARE(trademark) Index Name Pro Version 4.5 nomenclature software program provided Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
In another view, exemplified compounds of the present invention include those compounds shown in Table 2 (the atom numbering indicates the ring position at which the R4 substituent(s) is(are) attached) of the general formula:
wherein R2, R3, R4 and R5 are selected from
and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.
The compounds of the present invention may also be present in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt generally takes a form in which the basic nitrogen is protonated with an inorganic or organic acid. Representative organic or inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharic or trifluoroacetic.
Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.
It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of this invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art as well as those methods set forth herein.
The terms used in describing the invention are commonly used and known to those skilled in the art. However, the terms that could have other meanings are hereinafter defined. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.
An xe2x80x9cindependentlyxe2x80x9d selected substituent refers to a group of substituents, wherein the substituents may be different. Therefore, designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., C1-C6) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl chain or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root.
The term xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d refers to straight and branched-chain alkyl radical groups and the term xe2x80x9calkylenexe2x80x9d refers to a corresponding straight and branched-chain alkyl linking group. The term xe2x80x9calkoxylxe2x80x9d refers to O-alkyl groups where alkyl is as defined supra.
The term aryl refers to a single aromatic ring of six carbon members or a bicyclic aromatic ring of ten carbon members. Examples of such aryl rings include phenyl and naphthyl.
The term heteroaryl refers to an aromatic ring of five or six members wherein the ring has at least one heteroatom member. Suitable heteroatoms include nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. In the case of five membered rings, the heteroaryl ring contains one member of nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur and, in addition, may contain up to two additional nitrogens. In the case of six-membered rings, the heteroaryl ring may contain from one to three nitrogen atoms. For the case wherein the six member ring has three nitrogens, at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent. Examples of such heteroaryl rings include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyranyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and 1,3,5triazinyl.
The terms xe2x80x9caryl(C1-4)alkylxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9chydroxy(C1-4)alkylxe2x80x9d refer to an alkylene group substituted at the terminal carbon with an aryl or hydroxy group, respectively. Similarly, the terms xe2x80x9cC1-4alkylthio,xe2x80x9d xe2x80x9cC1-4alkylsulfinylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cC1-4alkylsulfonylxe2x80x9d refer to a thio, sulfinyl or sulfonyl linking group substituted with a terminal alkyl group.
Whenever the term xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g., aryl(C1-4)alkyl) it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9caryl.xe2x80x9d Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., C1-6) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root.
The term xe2x80x9chydroxyxe2x80x9d refers to the group xe2x80x94OH.
The term xe2x80x9chalogenxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9chaloxe2x80x9d shall include iodine, bromine, chlorine and fluorine.
Exemplary substituents include one or more alkyl groups as described above or one or more groups described above as substituted alkyl.
The novel compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II) are useful as agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Examples of central nervous system disorders include, but are not limited to, epilepsy and neuropathic pain. The utility of the instant compounds can be determined according to the procedures described herein.
An embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of this invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A further embodiment is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, one or more compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) or salt thereof, as the active ingredient, is intimately admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral such as intramuscular. In preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed. Thus, for liquid oral preparations, such as for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like; for solid oral preparations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like. Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques. For parenterals, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, though other ingredients, for example, for purposes such as aiding solubility or for preservation, may be included. Injectable suspensions may also be prepared, in which case appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like may be employed. The pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like, an amount of the active ingredient necessary to deliver an effective dose as described above.
The present invention includes a method for treating a central nervous system disorder using the isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds of the present invention.
The term xe2x80x9csubjectxe2x80x9d as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
The term xe2x80x9ctherapeutically effective amountxe2x80x9d as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
The present invention therefore provides a method for the use of an active compound selected from Formula (I) and Formula (II) to treat a central nervous system disorder in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering any of the compounds as defined herein in a therapeutically effective dose to mediate the disorder. In particular, the present invention also includes a method for the use of an active compound selected from Formula (I) and Formula (II) to treat epilepsy or the symptoms of epilepsy in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering any of the compounds as defined herein in a therapeutically effective dose to inhibit epilepsy.
A compound may be administered to a subject in need of treatment by any conventional route of administration including, but not limited to oral, nasal, sublingual, ocular, transdermal, rectal, vaginal and parenteral (i.e. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous etc.).
A therapeutically effective dose for use of the instant compounds or a pharmaceutical composition thereof to treat a central nervous system disorder comprises a dose range of from about 0.01 mg to about 12,000 mg, in particular from about 0.1 mg to about 4000 mg or, more particularly from about 1 mg to about 2000 mg of active ingredient per day for an average (70 kg) human.
For treating epilepsy, a therapeutically effective dose for use of the instant compounds or a pharmaceutical composition thereof comprises a dose range of from about 0.01 mg to about 12,000 mg, in particular from about 0.1 mg to about 4000 mg or, more particularly from about 1 mg to about 2000 mg of active ingredient per day for an average (70 kg) human.
In general, a compound having Formula (I) and Formula (II) or a pharmaceutical composition thereof may be used in treating epilepsy in a manner similar to that used for phenytoin. Medical aspects of the treatment of epilepsy are described in L. S. Goodman, et. al., in xe2x80x9cThe Pharmacological Basis of Therapeuticsxe2x80x9d, 5th Ed. pages 201 to 226, Macmillan (1975).
For oral administration, a pharmaceutical composition is preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the subject to be treated. More preferably, a unit dose would contain from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient. Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily.
It is apparent to one skilled in the art that the therapeutically effective dose for active compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof will vary according to the desired effect. Therefore, optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular subject being treated, including subject age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust the dose to an appropriate therapeutic level.
Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and dosage regimens or by means of those compositions and dosage regimens established in the art whenever use of the compounds of the invention to treat a central nervous system disorder is required for a subject in need thereof.
The terms used in describing the invention are commonly used and known to those skilled in the art. As used herein, the following abbreviations have the indicated meanings:
Representative compounds of the present invention can be synthesized in accordance with the general synthetic methods described below and are illustrated more particularly in the schemes that follow. Since the schemes are an illustration, the invention should not be construed as being limited by the chemical reactions and conditions expressed. The preparation of the various starting materials used in the schemes is well within the skill of persons versed in the art.
Instant compounds useful as agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders may be placed into two categories, those having an aromatic ring at the 2-carbonyl position and those having an aromatic ring at the 4-carbonyl position. Both categories of compounds may be prepared by variations of what is fundamentally the same reaction scheme.
Scheme A exemplifies the preparation of compounds having the optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring at the 2-position. Referring to Scheme A, in the first step a simple pyrrole Compound A1 is acylated with an appropriately substituted benzoyl chloride Compound A2 to produce a benzoyl pyrrole Compound A3.
One method of acylation involves simply heating the aroyl chloride Compound A2 and the pyrrole Compound A1 in an aprotic solvent followed by removing excess aroyl chloride by reaction with a dibasic amine and extraction with HCl. In the case where the substituents on pyrrole Compound A1 affect the yield, a Vilsmeier type acylation (J. White and G. McGillivrey, J. Org. Chem., 1977, 42, 42-48) may be expeditiously employed.
The temperature of the acylation will vary depending upon the desired rate of reaction and the substituents on pyrrole Compound A1. Preferably the acylation is carried out at a temperature of from 50xc2x0 C. to 250xc2x0 C. A suitable dibasic amine is dimethyl-3-aminopropyl amine.
Subsequently, the benzoyl pyrrole Compound A3 is acylated at the 4-position in a Friedel-Crafts reaction with the halogenated alkanoyl acid chloride Compound A4 to produce a 2-benzoyl-4-halogenated alkanoyl pyrrole Compound A5. The Friedel-Crafts reaction is carried out by refluxing the halogenated carboxylic acid chloride Compound A4 (in which X is Cl, Br or I), Compound A3 in a solvent and a Friedel-Crafts reagent followed by treatment with HCl and evaporation of the solvent. Suitable Friedel-Crafts reagents include aluminum chloride, zinc chloride, BF3 or TiCl4. Suitable solvents include methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride or chloroform. The temperature of reflux might vary between 30 and 150xc2x0 C.
To produce Compound A7, the 2-benzoyl-4-halogenated alkanoyl pyrrole Compound A5 is aminated with an isoindolyl or isoquinolinyl Compound A6 to produce the substituted aroyl pyrrole Compound A7. The amination may be carried out by heating the reactants Compound A5 and Compound A6 neat or in a solvent to a temperature of from 40 to 120xc2x0 C. and preferably from 50 to 90xc2x0 C. Suitable solvents, where employed, include ethanol, i-propanol or toluene.
Scheme B exemplifies the preparation of compounds having an aromatic ring at the 4-position. Except for the specifics of the reactants, each step of Scheme B is analogous to the corresponding step of Scheme A with the reactions and description thereof being identical. Referring to Scheme B, in the first step a simple pyrrole Compound Bl is acylated with an appropriately substituted halogenated alkanoyl acid chloride Compound B2 to produce a 2-halogenated alkanoyl pyrrole Compound B3. Subsequently, the alkanoyl pyrrole Compound B3 is acylated at the 4-position in a Friedel-Crafts reaction with a benzoyl chloride Compound B4 to produce a 2-halogenated alkanoyl-4-benzoyl pyrrole Compound B5. In the third reaction, the halogenated alkanoyl benzoyl pyrrole Compound B5 is aminated with an isoindolyl or isoquinolinyl Compound B6 to produce the substituted aroyl pyrrole Compound B7.
The compounds herein readily form pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Such salts include hydrochlorides, sulfates, phosphates, methane sulfonates, fumarates, maleates, citrates, lactates, and the like. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize suitable methods for manufacture and use of the acid addition salts.
Specific compounds which are representative of this invention may be prepared as per the following examples offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. Also, examples specifically used to prepare intermediates for the further synthesis of compounds of the invention are designated by xe2x80x9cProcedure.xe2x80x9d No attempt has been made to optimize the yields obtained in any of the reactions. One skilled in the art would know how to increase such yields through routine variations in reaction times, temperatures, solvents and/or reagents.
A mixture of 2.5 g (0.008 mole) of 2-chloro-1-[1-methyl-5-(4-(methylthio)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone, 1.2 g of sodium perborate tetrahydrate and 50 mL of HOAc was stirred for 3 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between CH2Cl2 and NaHCO3. The organics were separated off and washed again with NaHCO3, water, brine and dried (Na2SO4). The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was passed through a Biotage flash 40 L column (silica gel 9:1 CH2Cl2: MeOH) to give 2.2 g (85%) of 2-chloro-1-[1-methyl-5-(4-(methylsulfinyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone. CIMS m/z=324 (MH+). HNMR (CDCl3) xcex48.0 (d, 2H); 7.75 (d, 2H); 7.6 (s, 1H); 7.15 (s, 1H); 4.4 (s, 2H); 4.1 (2, 3H); 2.8 (s, 3H).
A mixture of 2.5 g (0.0074 mole) of 2-chloro-1-[1-methyl-5-(4-(methylsulfinyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone, 20 mL of HOAc, and 1.7 mL of 30% H2O2 was stirred for 6 days. The solid was filtered off to give 0.75 g (30%) of 2-chloro-1-[1-methyl-5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl]-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-ethanone. HNMR (CDCl3) xcex48.1 (s, 2H); 8.0 (s, 2H); 7.7 (ar, 1H); 7.1 (ar, 1H); 4.4 (s, 2H); 4.1 (s, 3H); 3.1 (s, 3H).

Isoindolyl and isoquinolinyl aroyl pyrrole compounds


The automatic addition of hooks to software is provided by greatly simplified steps. A function which is to be hooked is renamed. A new function is then created utilizing the original function name to call the renamed function. The new function is provided with a hook entry and exit.

Hooks are special code used in software programming to "capture" information from the program on such things as performance data, RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Service) data, or execution tracing data. Once hooks are added to a program, output data resulting therefrom can be analyzed at a later time. The process of manually adding programming hooks can be error-prone and extremely time-consuming under the prior art. To add hooks to a program, the programmer may perform multiple steps. First, the programmer determines what code needs to be called by hooks. The programmer then edits the source code with a text editor, locating code that needs to be hooked sequentially. As the code for hooking is located, the programmer adds a hook code to the source file. Upon completion of adding a hook code, the programmer saves the updated source file, and the updated code is then compiled and linked.
In addition, the insertion of a hook may require the insertion of a hook exit as well. With the complexity of code that contains multiple exits points, it is very possible that a program will branch off to another portion of the program without coming to the hook exit. In addition, return statements in many languages can be complex and contain logic that may be skipped if a hook were placed in front of them. Thus, erroneous information may be produced. In addition, any time the programmer changes the code, it may be necessary to redo the hooks. It may also be necessary, in some cases, to rewrite the return statements, which may be time-consuming and frustrating. Thus, there is a need for a method for automating the addition of hooks to software.

Automated method for adding hooks to software

International Business Machines Corporation