A magnetic toner including at least: a binder resin; and a magnetic body, in which, when magnetization at a magnetic field strength of 397.9 kA/m and a coercive force of the magnetic toner are denoted by σs (Am2/kg) and Hc (kA/m), respectively, a magnetic field strength at which the magnetic toner shows a magnetization value equal to 95% of σs is denoted by H95% (kA/m), and a number average particle size of the magnetic body is denoted by d (μm), H95%, Hc, and d satisfy the following expressions.151<H95%<200  (1)7.1<Hc<12  (2)40<Hc/d<150  (3)

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetic toner to be used for visualizing an electrostatic charge image in an image forming method for an electrophotograph or the like.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, from a technical viewpoint, an image forming apparatus has been further requested to have a high speed and long-term high reliability in addition to high definition, high appearance quality, and high image quality. A reduction in particle size of toner and sharpening of a particle size distribution have been attempted to achieve a high-resolution and high-definition development mode. However, when the particle size of toner is merely reduced, dispersibility between a binder resin and another internal additive of a magnetic body reduces, so toner performance is apt to be influenced by the reduction. In particular, the influence is remarkable upon high-speed treatment or after long-term use.
In particular, in the case of magnetic toner used for a one-component development mode in which a reduction in size of an apparatus is advantageous, the dispersed state of a magnetic body in the toner may cause a problem such as the fluctuation or deterioration of anyone of various properties requested for magnetic toner such as development property and durability.
When magnetic body particles are insufficiently dispersed into magnetic toner particles, the total amount of magnetic body particles exposed to the toner particle surfaces is changed by individual magnetic toner particles. When the amount of magnetic body particles on the toner particle surfaces is small, the toner particle surfaces have high charge amounts when they are subjected to triboelectric charging with a charge imparting member (developing sleeve), so charge-up occurs. On the other hand, when the amount of magnetic body particles on the toner particles is excessively large, charge is apt to leak, so a high charge amount is hardly obtained. Moreover, toner opposite in polarity is apt to generate owing to contact between any one of the magnetic body particles and a binder resin, so the width of a charge distribution expands. The expansion may be responsible for the deterioration of image quality. For example, fine-line reproducibility is apt to reduce, or image roughness is remarkable, so it becomes difficult to cope with a recent demand for high image quality.
Magnetic toner contains a magnetic body to provide magnetism, so the magnetic force of the toner causes a toner coat layer on a magnetic toner bearing member (developing sleeve) to form the napping of magnetism. In jumping development using magnetic toner, an image is generally developed from above a magnetic toner bearing member to a photosensitive drum through the application of a developing bias while a nap shape is maintained to some extent.
When magnetic body particles are insufficiently dispersed into magnetic toner particles and a variation in magnetic properties of toner particles is excessively wide, napping is apt to be disturbed. When the napping is disturbed (the napping is excessively long, excessively thick, or is nonuniform in size), for example, a problem in which the napping scatters to the periphery of an image or a problem in which fogging in which a non-image portion is developed with toner is apt to be remarkable occurs.
In addition, when napping is excessively long or excessively thick, a toner mounting height on a photosensitive member increases, so the tailing of a fixed image due to thermocompression fixing is apt to occur. In addition, when the napping shape of magnetism remains even on transfer residual toner, a flaw tends to occur on the photosensitive member owing to rubbing with a cleaning blade.
In addition, such expansion of the width of a charge distribution due to insufficient dispersion of a magnetic body as described above is apt to cause so-called selective development in which toner having a certain range of charge amount distribution is preferentially consumed. At the same time, the progress of the selective development may further accelerate the above problems.
In particular, in order to cope with recent trends toward a high speed and a long lifetime, a large-capacity process cartridge with an increased process speed and an increased toner loading weight in a developing unit has been used. However, the use of such process cartridge tends to make the above problems more remarkable, so quick alleviation of such state has been desired.
Meanwhile, when development conditions are set in such a manner that an image density is sufficiently high (for example, the amplitude of the alternating component of a developing bias is increased), particularly in the case where napping is disturbed, excessive toner is apt to be used for development, so the toner mounting amount of an image increases. As a result, image quality is apt to deteriorate, fogging is apt to be remarkable, or a toner consumption is apt to increase.
When a developing unit is set in such a manner that a toner consumption reduces (for example, the amplitude of the alternating component of a developing bias is reduced), an image density tends to reduce or a line width tends to be small. Therefore, the control of the performance of magnetic toner, in particular, the control of napping due to a magnetic body to be incorporated into the toner is more important than the setting of development conditions for achieving high image quality while maintaining a high image density and a low toner consumption.
With regard to a magnetic body to be incorporated into magnetic toner, each of JP 09-59024 A and JP 09-59025 A has conventionally described magnetite particles each containing 1.7 to 4.5 atom % of Si and less than 10 atom % of one or two or more metal elements selected from the group consisting of Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Al, and Ti as a metal element except iron in terms of Si with respect to Fe. The magnetite particles improve magnetic properties and chargeability. However, merely adding the above metals has been still unable to reduce a toner consumption, so the particles are susceptible to improvement.
In addition, JP 04-184354 A, JP 04-223487 A, and the like each disclose a method of reducing the saturation magnetization of toner involving, for example, replacing ferrous of magnetite with a divalent metal such as zinc or copper. However, the method involves the emergence of a problem such as an increase in fogging in a development method using an alternating electric field particularly at a low temperature and a low humidity, so the method is not sufficient for the achievement of the stabilization of image quality or a reduction in consumption.
In addition, each of JP 2003-98731 A, JP 2003-107792 A, and JP2002-372801 A discloses toner causing no image contamination and excellent in fine-line reproducibility while maintaining good chargeability through the control of magnetization in a magnetic field of 5 kOe or 1 kOe. The use of such toner for a two-component developer does exert an excellent effect. However, the magnetization of the toner is so low that the toner cannot be used for a one-component developer. Therefore, the toner has been still unable to alleviate reductions in image quality and developability in long-term use particularly in a high-speed, large-capacity cartridge sufficiently, to reduce a toner consumption sufficiently, and to alleviate the tailing of a fixed image sufficiently, so the toner is susceptible to improvement.
Each of JP 07-301948 A and JP 07-333889 A describes magnetic toner with which a short nap can be formed and a high-quality image can be obtained by adjusting a saturation magnetization amount in a magnetic field of 1 kOe and a value for the product of the weight average particle size and density of the toner. However, napping may be disturbed after the performance of a long-term durability test. As a result, for example, the tailing of a fixed image is apt to occur, fine-line reproducibility is apt to reduce, or a toner consumption is apt to increase. Therefore, the toner must be improved before it is applied to a high-speed machine.
Meanwhile, each of JP 03-101743 A and JP 03-101744 A describes that the particle sizes of magnetic body particles are reduced and a particle size distribution is narrowed for uniformly dispersing the magnetic body particles into toner particles. Those measures surely tend to uniformize the dispersion of the magnetic body particles into the toner particles. However, when the particle size of toner is reduced for achieving high image quality, fogging is accelerated. Therefore, the dispersibility of magnetic body particles into toner particles is susceptible to improvement.
As described above, at present, the realization of magnetic toner which is excellent in durability and developability even when it is applied to a high-speed developing system having a high process speed and using a large-capacity cartridge, which can provide an image with a sufficient image density and high image quality when it is used in a small amount, and which suppresses the tailing of a fixed image and the occurrence of a photosensitive member flaw requires further investigation.


A header height control system having an operator input device for selecting a desired height of travel of an agricultural harvesting head above the ground, and wherein the system controls the agricultural harvesting head height based at least upon a header height control algorithm that is selected based at least upon the desired height of travel.

Agricultural harvesters are comprised of a self propelled agricultural harvesting vehicle often called a "combine" that supports an agricultural harvesting head also known as a "header". The header separates the crop from the ground and carries it rearward through an opening in the header. The crop is then sent to the agricultural harvesting vehicle where it is threshed, separated, and cleaned.
For many crops, it is important for the header to travel very close to the ground so it collects all the crop that is being harvested. This is particularly important for crops such as soybeans, which are small bush-like plants only a foot or two high. For crops like these, the header is often positioned to drag along the ground itself, or bounce slightly over the surface of the ground to ensure that it captures all of the crop. One of the dangers of operating a header this close to the ground is the risk that will run into the ground or an obstruction of on the ground and be damaged.
Other crops, like wheat or corn, are much taller. The crop portions of these plants are carried much higher in the air. To harvest these crops, the header can be operated relatively high in the air away from any obstructions. The risk of colliding with the ground is limited, and the agricultural harvester can therefore be operated at a higher speed of travel through the field.
Different control systems are used to control the height of the header above the ground.
In one system such as US2011/0154795, a height sensor is disclosed that generates a signal indicating the distance between the bottom of the header and the ground and provides a feedback signal to control the height of header 104. If the height sensor shows that the header is too close to the ground, a control circuit energizes actuators that lift the header until the appropriate height is reached.
In another system, the fluid pressure in the hydraulic or pneumatic members that support the header and raise it up and down is monitored. When this pressure decreases, it indicates that the header is running into the ground. A control circuit then raises the header until the pressure returns to its nominal value indicating that the header is being supported above the ground.
Neither of these control systems is sufficient to control the header height over a wide range of header heights.
What is needed is a control system that will provide more accurate control of header height over a wider range of height settings.
The invention described in claim 1 of this application provides that benefit. The other arrangements described in the dependent claims provide additional advantages that are discussed below.


Various embodiments of an image forming device, programs and methods are provided. In one representative embodiment an image forming device receives a document for printing and prints at least a portion of the document monochromatically or in color. Whether the portion of the document is printed monochromatically or in color is based upon the print mode setting associated with the document and the state of the print mode actuator of the image forming device.

Many image forming devices, such as printers, can produce print media having color print or black print or both. In many situations, a client computer that sends documents to the printer for printing allows a user to specify the print mode or configuration in which a printer is to print such documents. However, in some situations it may be undesirable to allow users to print in one print mode or the other. For example, owners of a local area network may not wish users on the network to print documents in color unless necessary to reduce the cost of printing documents in color. In other situations, where a user is given the flexibility of selecting the print configuration, it may be undesirable to specify the print mode at the client computer. Setting the proper configuration at the client computer can be cumbersome to many users because it involves navigation through steps in an unfamiliar software application such as a print driver. This can be time consuming and expensive in situations where a change in print mode between sets of copies, for example, is desired and where print media having the wrong print is produced due to a failure to properly specify the print mode for various documents.

Image forming device with print mode actuator and method

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A contact element is used for anticipatory earthing of a plug-in module during insertion in guides of a casing or a modular chassis up to plugging in. In order to ensure a reliable and effective protective earthing and a very early conducting away of electrostatic charges during the plugging-in process, a contact element is provided with a clamping area and a holding area. The clamping area is constructed for contact engagement on a circuit board and the holding area is constructed for retaining the contact element on a cross extrusion of the casing or the modular chassis.

Apart from the protective earthing of a casing or modular chassis, with which easily contactable, inactive metal parts are connected to a protective conductor, it is also necessary to have an earthing during the plugging process of a plug-in module, which is contacted with a voltage of 50 V.
It is known to equip connectors with an anticipatory earth contact and by means of the latter to produce a connection between a plug-in module and a protective conductor of the modular chassis. The arrangement and construction of the earth contact are intended to permit an electrical connection before contacting of the other live contacts. During pulling of a module, the electrical connection of the anticipatory earth contact must be interrupted last.
In a known protective conductor connection use is made of a contact spring in the vicinity of a conductive guide of a modular chassis. The contact spring is inserted in the guide, which is generally made from plastic, and produces an electrical connection during the inserting of a plug-in module.
It is disadvantageous in this construction that the contact spring is located within the guide rail and during the insertion does not in each case ensure the necessary anticipatory protective earthing.

Contact element for anticipatory earthing

Knurr-Mechanik fur die Elektronik Aktiengesellschaft


A compound semiconductor device and a process for manufacturing it is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of forming a first conduction type first clad layer, a first conduction type or second conduction type activated layer, a second conduction type second clad layer, and a second conduction type cap layer upon a first conduction type semiconductor substrate, forming a first conduction type electrode and a second conduction type electrode, and forming a rectangular pole shaped laser diode, a triangular pole shaped detecting photo-diode, and a triangular pole shaped receiving photo-diode by carrying out a single round of anisotropic etching. According to the present invention, the high density can be easily realized, so that the power consumption and the manufacturing cost can be saved.

Recently, in accordance with the rapid progress in the data communication techniques, the demands for ultra-high speed computers, ultra-high frequency, and optical communications have been steadily increasing. However, there is a limit in meeting such demands by means of the conventional silicon devices, and therefore, there have been brisk research activities on compound semiconductor devices made of materials having superior properties. Of the materials for such compound semiconductor devices, GaAs has a good electron mobility of about 8500 cm.sup.2 /V.S and is superior in its own noise characteristics, so that it can be used on high speed devices such as MESFET (Metal Semiconductor FET) and HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor). Further, GaAs has an energy band gap of about 1.43 eV at the normal temperature, and therefore, the wave length of light is about 8800 .ANG. which is a wave length near infrared. Moreover, it has direct transition characteristics. Therefore, it can be used on laser diodes (to be called LD below) and on photo-diodes (to be called PD below).
The LD inductively releases light which is produced by the reunions of the holes and electrons which are injected from the PN junction of the semiconductor devices, and the released light has interferences and orientation characteristics. Meanwhile, the PD has the same structure as the LD, and an electric current flows through it when a reverse bias is applied and light rays are irradiated on it. Therefore, the LD and the PD are respectively used for transmitting and receiving in communication. Further, if the LD is used as a transmitting device, the intensity of the light rays released therefrom is made constant by using a monitoring PD (to be called MPD below). That is, the MPD detects the intensity of the light rays released from the LD, and controls the voltage which is supplied through an external circuit to the LD.
The LD and the MPD are combined by means of wires and bondings in the form of a hybrid, but their manufacturing cost is high, and there is a difference between the characteristics of the manufacturing processes of the LD and the MPD. Therefore, it is difficult to manufacture the MPD which has the same energy band gap as the wave length of the light rays released from the LD, and therefore, its optical detecting capability has been very low due to the non-linear optical receiving property. Therefore, research has been focused on how to form the LD and the MPD on the same chip.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of conventional compound semiconductor device in which an LD and an MPD are formed on the same chip. The compound semiconductor device consists of the LD formed region L and the MPD formed region M, and the LD and the MPD have the same constitution. The LD is constituted such that a p-type AlxGa .sub.1 -yAs clad layer 3, a p-type AlyGa .sub.1 -yAs activated layer 5, an n-type AlxGa .sub.1 -xAs clad layer 7, and an n-type GaAs cap layer 9 are formed on the region L of a p-type GaAs semiconductor substrate 1. The activated layer 5 is formed in the p-type, but it can be of n-type, while the composition ratio 1.gtoreq.x.gtoreq.y.gtoreq.0 has to be satisfied in order for the activated layer 5 to have a refraction index larger than that of the clad layers 3,7. Further, an n-type electrode 11 is formed on the cap layer 9, and a p-type electrode 13 is formed at the bottom surface of semiconductor substrate 1.
Further, the MPD having the same constitution as that of the LD is formed in the region M of the semiconductor substrate 1, and therefore, the p-type electrode 13 serves as a common electrode. The MPD receives the light rays released from the light emitting face of the LD, and, when a reverse bias is applied, the released light rays separate the carriers into electrons and holes at the activated layers 5 of the MPD as a result of which a current flows between the n-type electrode 11 and the p-type electrode 13.
The amount of the current flow is proportionate to the intensity of the light rays released from the light emitting face of one side of the LD, and therefore, the intensity of the light rays is controlled through an external circuit in accordance with the amount of the current. In the above, the activated layers 5 of the LD and MPD have the same energy band gaps and are also in phase as the coupling efficiency is very high. Further, if the light rays released from the LD impinge on the LD after being reflected from the light receiving face of the MPD, then the SN ratio (signal-to-noise ratio) of the LD is aggravated, and therefore, the light receiving face of the MPD is inclined relatively to the substrate 1. Thus, the semiconductor substrate 1 is etched vertically in order to form the light emitting face of the LD, and the MPD is etched again in such a manner that the light receiving face of the MPD has a certain inclination angle relative to the light emitting face of the LD.
The above described compound semiconductor device is used as a transmitting device in communication systems, but it can be used also as a transmitting/receiving device by combining it with a receiving PD (to be called RPD below).
However, the above described compound semiconductor device requires two stages of etching in forming the light receiving face of the MPD, and therefore, its manufacturing process becomes complicated. Further, if the compound semiconductor device is used in a communication system, its combination with the RPD increases the power consumption and makes it difficult to achieve a high density, as well as increases the manufacturing cost.

Rectangular shaped laser diode and symmetrically inverted triangular shaped emitting and receiving photodiodes on the same substrate


A piezoelectric planar composite apparatus to provide health monitoring of a structure and associated methods are provided. The piezoelectric planar composite apparatus includes a piezoelectric electric material layer, multiple electrodes positioned in electrical contact with the piezoelectric material layer, and multiple sets of electrode interconnect conductors each positioned in electrical contact with a different subset of the electrodes and positioned to form multiple complementary electrode patterns. Each of the complementary electrode patterns is positioned to form an electric field having an electric field axis oriented along a different physical axis from that of an electric field formed by at least one other of the complementary electrode patterns. The interconnect conductors can be distributed over several electrode interconnect conductor carrying layers to enhance formation of the different complementary electrode patterns.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to sensors and actuators. More specifically, the present invention relates to piezoelectric composite apparatus and related methods of manufacture and use.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various types of platforms such as, for example, aircraft structural components, aircraft skins, or other related components, when in operation, are subjected to various environmental conditions such as stress and strain, exposure to temperature extremes, and significant vibration energy. Due to the various environmental conditions, such components can suffer material degradation over time.
Structural health monitoring helps promote realization of the full potential of such components. Remotely positioned sensors have been installed adjacent to, placed on, or embedded within such structures/components to monitor various parameters such as, for example, strain levels, stress, temperature, pressure, or vibration level to help manage physical inspection schedules, maintenance schedules, to help predict material failure, and generally monitor the "health" of such components.
Such sensors have been made using a composite material which can generate small electrical currents when the material is deflected, such as when the monitored component is subjected to a stress or strain. Piezoelectric material is but one example of materials that can perform this function. As a stress or strain is applied to the structure being monitored, the body of the sensor deforms or deflects, causing the piezoelectric material to convert a fraction of the mechanical energy of the stress or strain to electrical energy.
Conventional piezoelectric sensors are typically manufactured using a layer of piezoelectric material positioned between either planar or interdigitated electrodes made of, for example, copper, gold, etc., or combination thereof, and positioned in either direct or indirect contact with the piezoelectric material to form a relatively thin laminate. One methodology of forming the sensor includes using piezoelectric fiber composite material. Such piezoelectric material can be made by a process which includes bonding together relatively thin piezoelectric wafers using a liquid epoxy to form a stack, bonding the stack using a relatively moderate pressure and temperature, and slicing the stack to form multiple sheets of piezoelectric fiber composite material having each strand of the piezoelectric material separated by the epoxy.
The sensors can be attached to or embedded within various structures, without damage, to be monitored using, for example, a graphite epoxy composite which can withstand temperatures of up to approximately 150° C. to 160° C. Depending upon the conductive properties of the material to be monitored or of the material used to connect the sensor to the material to be monitored, an insulator such as glass epoxy or a polyimide such as Kaplon® manufactured by DuPont® can be used.
Completed sensors and other apparatus manufactured using conventional piezoelectric composite methodologies and materials have not been able to be embedded within materials such as, for example, carbon or carbon fiber composites, which are subjected to high pressures and high composite laminating temperatures, as part of their own manufacturing, or extreme pressures and temperatures when in operation. Recognized by the inventors is the need to utilize bonding materials, both within the structure of the sensor and to connect the sensor to the structure to be monitored, that are capable of withstanding high-pressure and high temperature such as those present when the sensors are used in structures subjected to high pressures and high temperatures as part of their own manufacturing and sensor embedding process or in operation.
Regardless of the material composition of the structure to be monitored, installation of the sensors adjacent to or within the structure to be monitored has required the user to first determine the orientation of usable or expected strain or other health indicator and then position the sensors so that the electric field generated by the piezoelectric material-electrode combination would be at least somewhat oriented along the axis associated with the health indication. Recognized by the inventors is that this determination cannot always be readily made because the axis of the usable strain can vary over time. Further, recognized by the inventors is that even if the axis of usable strain were fixed in time, the sensors may not always be properly positioned and can often not be properly nondestructively re-positioned, especially where the sensors are embedded within the structure to be monitored. Thus, recognized is the need for a piezoelectric apparatus which can be readily adapted to align the axis of the sensor, electric field with the axis of usable strain to enhance energy transfer.

Piezoelectric composite apparatus and related methods


A light-emitting diode (LED) structure and a method for manufacturing the LED structure are disclosed for promoting the recognition rate of LED chips, wherein a roughness degree of the surface under a first electrode pad of a first conductivity type is made similar to that of the surface under a second electrode pad of a second conductivity type, so that the luster shown from the first electrode pad can be similar to that from the second electrode pad, thus resolving the poor recognition problem of wire-bonding machines caused by different lusters from the first and second electrode pads.

Referring to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a conventional LED structure, wherein on a substrate 100, a buffer layer 110 and a n-type confining layer 120 are formed in sequence. An active layer 130, a p-type confining layer 140, a transparent electrode layer 150 and a p-type electrode pad 160 are formed on one portion of the n-type confining layer 120, and a n-type electrode pad 170 is formed on the other portion of the n-type confining layer 120. The n-type electrode pad 170 is spaced from a light-emitting epitaxial structure 180 by a predetermined gap d, wherein the light-emitting epitaxial structure 180 is composed of the active layer 130, the p-type confining layer 140 and the transparent electrode layer 150.
After a LED structure is formed, it is desirable to perform the subsequent processes of die bonding and wire bonding. The die bonding or wire bonding process mainly uses an image comparison and recognition method to select a LED chip matching a predetermined reference image. At this point, in the conventional LED structure, due to the etching process, the surface roughness of the epitaxial layers (the p-type confining layer 140 and the transparent electrode layer 150) under the p-type electrode pad 160 is different from that of the epitaxial layers (the n-type confining layer 120) under the n-type electrode pad 170, and thus the light scattering and reflected intensities of the p-type electrode pad 160 are inconsistent with those of the n-type electrode pad 170, thus lowering the image recognition rate, leading to the increase of downtime ratio, further causing the occurrence of abnormalities or the decrease of production, and resulting in rough surface textures.
The conventional skill adopts the method of adjusting etch parameters to make the surface roughnesses of the epitaxial layers under these two electrode pads as similar as possible. However, the respective conditions are different for each product lot, so that the conventional method of adjusting the etch parameters is significantly limited and it is difficult to make the surface roughnesses of the epitaxial layers under these two electrode pads reach the same level, thus causing recognition difficulty in the processes of die bonding and wire bonding. Moreover, this conventional skill has to adjust the etch parameter for each individual product lot, and thus is not suitable for use in mass production.

Light-emitting diode structure with electrode pads of similar surface roughness and method for manufacturing the same


Electronic devices without device names are provided with an application for retrieving a data point from the device from which a name can be deduced. A match for the data point is searched for in the contacts list in the device, and when found, the name corresponding to the contact entry, in which the data point has been found, is used to derive the device name. The derived device name (or information from which the device name may be derived) may be transmitted to a remote server which may be used for managing multiple such devices.

When remotely managing multiple electronic devices it is useful to record a name associated with each device, together with the data of interest pertaining to the device. A meaningful name can assist a manager to identify and select data for a specific device to be managed. In some cases, electronic devices contain a data field, in which is stored a device name such as "Alison's Phone." If present, such a device name can be automatically retrieved and stored with data pertaining to the device. In other cases, electronic devices do not contain a data field for a device name. In these cases, the database used for device management will ordinarily have a blank entry for the device name and a manager will instead have to use an identification number to select data pertaining to the device of interest, or add in a name manually.

System and method for deriving a name for association with a device


When having been set into, for example, a mode for registering a Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR) in accordance with the Bluetooth Standard or a mode for registering a Personal Identification Number (PIN) code in accordance with the Bluetooth Standard, a wireless communication device of the present invention can be link-connected with a partner device without performing authentication on the partner device, to receive and register information from the partner device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wireless communication device, and a method for controlling the same, which authenticates a partner device when connecting thereto.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is a Bluetooth communication method available which employs a spread spectrum system in a frequency band of 2.4 GHz, as one of wireless data communication methods.
A device which is engaged in Bluetooth communication is assigned a unique Bluetooth device address (hereinafter called "BD_ADDR"). Accordingly, in the case of authentication before start of communication between Bluetooth communication devices, link keys are created by using this BD_ADDR and a Personal Identification Number (PIN) code entered by a user and then exchanged for mutual authentication, thus enabling communication. This authentication processing prevents communication between devices which have detected a mismatch of PIN codes entered mutually, thus insuring security.
For example, between wireless communication devices such as a personal computer or a PDA provided with a user key-input unit, when connection is requested, the same PIN codes are entered to each other through the keys, thus performing authentication processing for the connection.
On the other hand, between communication devices such as a print device not provided with a key-input unit for entering of PIN codes or provided with only such a key-input unit that it is difficult to enter PIN codes therewith, a PIN code may be preset in a memory beforehand, so that this PIN code can be entered by a partner device when connection is requested, to perform authentication.
This system, however, has a problem that communication is impossible if this preset PIN code is forgotten.
Furthermore, this system has such a security problem that malicious connection may be established by a malicious third party when he has happened to know the preset PIN code.
Moreover, even with a device having a key-input unit through which a PIN code can be entered, if key input is difficult to perform, connection may take much time to be established or be refused by a timer.

Wireless communication device, and method for controlling the same, which authenticates partner device when connecting thereto

Abstract: Furthermore, if a BD_ADDR of a partner device is already registered, the wireless communication device of the present invention can be link-connected with the partner device without performing authentication of the partner device.


In a light sensing element having simplified structure, an array substrate having the light sensing element and an LCD apparatus having the light sensing element, the light sensing element includes a first electrode, a control electrode and a second electrode. An alternating bias voltage is applied to the first electrode. An off voltage is applied to the control electrode. The second electrode outputs a light-induced leakage current based on an externally provided light and the bias voltage. Therefore, the array substrate includes one light sensing switching element corresponding to one pixel so that structure of the array substrate is simplified and opening ratio is increased.

This disclosure relates to light sensing elements, an array substrate having the light sensing elements, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) having the light sensing elements. More particularly, this disclosure relates to light sensing elements having simple structures and improved opening ratios, array substrates incorporating the light sensing elements, and LCDs incorporating the light sensing element arrays.
In general, light sensing elements sense light provided from an external source to an electronic apparatus so as to sense the position on the apparatus at which the light is incident. A liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus having such a light sensing element is disclosed in 56.3 Society for Information Display (SID) by Willem den Boer et al., entitled "Active Matrix LCD with Integrated Optical Touch Screen." A plurality of light sensing elements is arranged in a matrix shape in the display so as to generate positional information corresponding to the position of an externally provided light on the display. The light sensing elements may sense, for example, a fingerprint. Also, a touch panel may include the light sending elements.
The LCD panel includes the light sensing elements so as to sense the light. The light sensing elements may be formed on an array substrate of the LCD panel. Since, the space occupied by the pixel region of an LCD array substrate is relatively large, there may not be sufficient space available on the array substrate for the light sensing elements. Thus, when the light sensing element is included in either a transmissive or a reflective LCD, the opening ratio of the LCD is decreased. In addition, a number of elements formed in one pixel region of the array substrate is increased so that the structure of the array substrate is complicated, thereby decreasing a yield of the LCD apparatus. Furthermore, a signal interference may be generated between the elements in the pixel region.
The present disclosure is directed to overcoming the above and other problems and disadvantages of the prior art.

Light sensing element, array substrate having the same and liquid crystal display apparatus having the same


A computer implemented method for determining the identity of an Over-the Top (OTT) application or service being accessed over the Internet from a HTTP, HTTPS or QUIC connection request received in a network monitoring device. Determine if one or more entries are present in the received connection request have an IP address that matches a known server IP address. A determination is then made as to whether if the received connection request is one of a HTTP, HTTPS or QUIC connection request, and if this cannot be determined than determine if a subject field in the received connection request is available. And determine if a candidate domain name is available from IP cache created from one or more of the above steps if a subject field is not available in the received connection request. Identify and categorize OTT applications associated with the received connection request if it is determined: the connection is either a HTTP, HTTPS or QUIC connection type; a subject field is available; or a candidate domain name is available utilizing a lookup table that is periodically updated with new OTT applications.

Over-the-top (OTT) services are generally characterized by the fact that the service or application is not provided by the carriers providing the Internet connection between the client and the server. Video streaming services, such as Netflix and YouTube, social media services, such as Facebook and Instagram, and on-line gaming applications are all examples of currently used OTT services. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and other carriers who provide Internet transport services are often interested in understanding how their links are being used (e.g., for facilitating identification of new or emerging usage patterns that may require increased transport capacity).
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) applications are a category of OTT services. Many enterprise businesses have an information technology (IT) organization responsible for the provision of services and applications. IT organizations are increasingly outsourcing the provision of standard business processes to third-parties who provide applications as OTT services. For instance, one of the most commonly used SaaS services is Microsoft's Office 365 (O365), which provides applications such as e-mail and shared file systems. The O365 applications are hosted on resources owned and managed by Microsoft, not the enterprise IT organization, and are accessed by users in the enterprise over the Internet.
Subscriptions to SaaS applications typically represent a significant cost for enterprises, and enterprises therefore typically desire to know if the SaaS services they pay for are being used, how much they are being used, and if they are being used by the intended users. This information ensures that: (a) the expected return on investment (ROI) of using SaaS services is being realized; (b) unauthorized use of services can be detected; (c) the future usage of Internet connections can be predicted as the use of SaaS services changes over time.
It is common for OTT and SaaS services to be provided over the hyper-text transport protocol (HTTP). The service may be accessed using an Internet browser or a dedicated application (a browser application will be used in this description for ease of description purposes). HTTP requests include a string identifying the resource being requested from the remote server called the "universal resource identifier" or URI. The header in HTTP requests also includes a "Host" field that identifies the domain name of the OTT or SaaS application being accessed. For an enterprise, analysis that includes the Host, URI and other HTTP request header fields can be used to determine which SaaS applications are being used, who is using them, the quantity of data being exchanged in each direction, and the number of individual transactions. This analysis can be performed by inspecting the contents of the Internet protocol (IP) packets carrying the HTTP request at the locations where the enterprise is connected to an Internet service provider. This is typically more efficient than trying to collect the information from individual users' computers or mobile devices; moreover, unauthorized users on the network may not have the necessary software installed to determine their Internet usage. An ISP or carrier interested in categorizing traffic is unlikely to have access to the user's computer or mobile device at all, typically making network analysis the only viable option.
It is to be appreciated that OTT and SaaS traffic flows over the public Internet, and hence the transport layer security (TLS) protocol is increasingly being used to encrypt HTTP connections between the Internet browser in the enterprise and the remote data centers hosting OTT and SaaS applications. HTTP traffic encrypted using TLS is called HTTPS. For enterprises to maintain visibility of how their SaaS service subscriptions are being utilized and for ISPs and carriers to understand their future capacity demands, a method of identifying which HTTP applications are being accessed is needed that works for both unencrypted HTTP and encrypted HTTPS traffic.
It is to be appreciated that similar requirement exists where an enterprise desires to use network analysis to understand the usage of an HTTP or HTTPS application that the enterprise hosts itself, for example in a physical data center, a co-location facility or a public cloud instance. Likewise, enterprises may desire to use network analysis to understand Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), which currently is an emerging encrypted transport layer network protocol developed by Google configured to optimize connection-oriented web applications currently using TCP.

System and method for identifying OTT applications and services


The present invention provides a novel antibody-pyrrolodiazepine derivative and a novel antibody-pyrrolodiazepine derivative conjugate using the same, and a novel CLDN6 and/or CLDN9 antibody.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have a drug with cytotoxic activity conjugated to an antibody that binds to an antigen expressed on the surface of cancer cells and is capable of cellular internalization of the antigen through the binding. ADCs can effectively deliver the drug to cancer cells, and are thus expected to cause accumulation of the drug within the cancer cells and to kill the cancer cells.
For example, the ADC Adcetris (TM) (brentuximab vedotin), which has monomethyl auristatin E conjugated to an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody, has been approved as a therapeutic drug for Hodgkin's lymphoma and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Kadcyla (TM) (trastuzumab emtansine), which has emtansine conjugated to an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, is used for treatment of HER2-positive advanced and recurrent breast cancers.
A useful example of drugs to be conjugated for ADCs is pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD). PBD exhibits cytotoxicity, for example, by binding to the PuGPu sequence in the DNA minor groove. Anthramycin, a naturally-occurring PBD, was first discovered in 1965, and since this discovery various naturally-occurring PBDs and analog PBDs thereof have been discovered (Non Patent Literatures 1 to 4).
The general structural formula of PBDs is represented by the following formula:
Known are PBDs different in the number of, types of, and sites of substituents in the A and C ring parts, and those different in degree of unsaturation in the B and C ring parts.
PBDs are known to come to have dramatically enhanced cytotoxicity through formation of a dimer structure (Non Patent Literatures 5, 6), and various ADCs with a dimer PBD have been reported (Patent Literatures 1 to 13). However, a PBD having a spiro ring at its C2-position and an ADC form thereof have not known.
Human CLDN6 (claudin-6, hereinafter expressed as hCLDN6), a member of claudin (CLDN) family proteins, is a four-transmembrane protein consisting of 220 amino acid residues. Previous studies have suggested that hCLDN6 is overexpressed in some cancers, and is an attractive cancer therapeutic target (Non Patent Literatures 7 to 9). CLDN family proteins are incorporated into cells by endocytosis, and some of the family proteins have been reported to have short turnover time (Non Patent Literature 10), and hence CLDN family proteins are considered to be suitable as the target of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
From such information suggesting the relation to cancer, monoclonal antibodies capable of specifically recognizing hCLDN6 have been discovered (Patent Literatures 14, 15), and ADCs having monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) or maytansinoid (DM1), which are tubulin polymerization inhibitors, conjugated to a CLDN6-specific monoclonal antibody have been reported (Non Patent Literature 11).
On the other hand, antibodies capable of recognizing multiple members of the CLDN family are considered to allow a wider range of application of treatment, and in view of this an ADC having a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) with potent cytocidal effect conjugated to an antibody capable of recognizing CLDN6 and CLDN9 (Patent Literature 16) has been disclosed (Patent Literature 17).
However, the intensities of activity of the ADCs are still insufficient, and there exist unmet medical needs for use of hCLDN6 as a therapeutic target.

Antibody-pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivative conjugate and method of use thereof for treating a tumor


The present invention provides novel aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acid esters and cosmetic compositions that employ the novel aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acid esters as sunscreens. The cosmetic compositions can be water, organic solvent or emulsion based. Also provided are methods of using the compositions to protect skin from exposure to the sun, and optionally, repel insects.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to esters of aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acids and their use as sunscreens in cosmetic compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to compositions having esters of phenyl benzimidazole sulfonic acids with C16 to C50 alcohols and/or siloxane derivatives.
2. Description of the Related Art
Increased stability and increased sun protection benefits and reduced level of sunscreen required for effective sun protection and other performance characteristics are desirable attributes in sun care, skin care, hair care and personal care and cosmetic products, compositions and preparations.
For example, water resistance is a much-desired quality amongst consumers of color cosmetics, lipsticks, eyelash mascara, insect repellents, sunscreen preparations and sunscreen and insect repellent combinations, jelly fish repellent, poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac protective compositions. Additionally, shine and gloss are much desired attributes in nail color and hair care preparations. Surface smoothening can be important in a shampoo, hair conditioner, styling mousse and other hair treatment preparation, and can provide superior wet and dry hair combing.
Thus, there is a need in consumer products and cosmetic industry for formulations that can enhance the effectiveness of the various active ingredients contained therein and can deliver multiple benefits, such as, increased water resistance, increased stability, improved permanence, and increased performance characteristics, such as, increased sun protection benefits and reduced level of sunscreen required for effective sun protection.
Aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acid sunscreens known in the art are insoluble organic acids that must be converted to the salt form to make them suitable for use in cosmetic formulation. The use of salts imposes great constraints on the ability of the cosmetic formulators to produce waterproof sunscreens with acceptable aesthetics. For example, the effectiveness of carbomers, as well as some waterproofing polymers such as Diglycol/CHDM/Isophthalates/SIP Copolymer, is diminished in the presence of various levels of salt.
In contrast, the present invention provides novel sulfonate esters that are soluble in oil, which are easy to use raw material for cosmetic compositions and provide greater substantivity.
In applications that involve skin contact, the large molecular configuration of the present invention allows the chromophore to remain on the surface of the skin where it is more effective due to its reduced solubility in water.
Known aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acids and their water-soluble salts are insoluble in organic solvent systems. As a result, they must be incorporated into the water phase of a sunscreen composition where they have the potential to be washed off from the skin upon perspiration or exposure to water.
Further, sunscreen esters commonly used employ lower carbon organic groups, such as, C8 groups. Sunscreens with lower carbon organic groups do not exhibit good water resistance or sweat resistance.
The present invention addresses the problems of permanence associated with sunscreen agents, while maintaining the high extinction coefficients of the parent molecule.
In addition, the conjugated structure of the present invention allows for resonance delocalization to occur, while keeping the UV absorbance in the desired range for sun protection.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,170 describes a composition having an insoluble swollen gel network of a silicone elastomer of MDTQ structural type.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,657 also uses elastomers to form oil in silicone emulsions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,816 describes a metastable sunscreen water-in-oil emulsion composition having an inner discontinuous phase and an outer continuous phase. There is no mention of any composition that has aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acid esters.
The present invention is applicable to a variety of personal care products including, but not limited to skin care, hair care, personal care, and color cosmetics.

Esters of aryl benzimidazole sulfonic acids and sunscreen compositions containing same


The invention concerns a dual mode seat system for a toilet. The seat system includes a toilet seat, a hinge, and a support. The hinge is joined with a seat back end and can also join with the toilet there. The supports is joined to a seat front end and is located between the toilet seat and the toilet when the toilet seat is positioned overlying the toilet. The hinge and the support together (a) cooperate to maintain the toilet seat in a low mode which provides a low spacing between the toilet seat and the toilet, and alternatively, (b) cooperate to maintain the toilet seat in a high mode which provides a high spacing between the toilet seat and the toilet, and in both modes with the toilet seat in a substantially horizontal orientation and where the high spacing is greater than the low spacing.

Generally, the invention relates to a toilet seat for use with existing and/or conventional toilets to assist special need users of the toilet. Existing such devices are either complicated and difficult to use, or if not so complicated, then they do not have the flexibility to serve both special need users and non-special needs users of the toilet. Consequently, a new toilet seat system is needed which will assist in easily and alternatively providing a toilet seat that serves both conventional users and those with special toileting needs.


The present invention relates to an apparatus, a method, and a program for processing images that can reproduce images in which color tones are preserved even when a luminance signal level is changed by gradation conversion. A Y-matrix unit 112 and a C-matrix unit 113 convert an original color obtained from image-sensing devices 111 to luminance signals and color-difference signals. A gradation-correction unit 114 performs gradation adjustment on luminance signals Y and convert them to luminance signals Y′ to be output. The gradation-correction unit 114 further converts the luminance signals Y′ to signals Y′, which are Y signals according to the XYZ color system, and outputs them to a color-difference correction unit 115. The color-difference correction unit 115 calculates values h1 and h2 corresponding to hue H and chroma C according to the Munsell color system, and calculates X′ and Z′ according to the XYZ color system after gradation correction so as to preserve the hue H and the chroma C, based on the signals Y′, which are Y signals according to the XYZ color system after the gradation adjustment. The present invention can be applied to products for performing digital image processing.

When a change in luminance value of an image is gradual at, for example, an edge part where a change in luminance value should normally be clear, the image creates a fuzzy impression. A clear image can be obtained by enhancing the change in luminance value of such an image. In a television receiver, a digital camera, and the like, a method for sharpening is adopted for improving the clearness of an image.
In this method, an adjustment of color-difference signals is generally performed so as to keep the ratio of luminance signals to color-difference signals that existed before the adjustment. That is to say, levels of luminance signals and color-difference signals are corrected so as to keep the ratio (the Y/C ratio) of luminance signals (Y) to color-difference signals (C) of original colors (so as to keep the Y/C ratio constant). Such an adjustment of color-difference signals is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-252584.
However, in correction for keeping the Y/C ratio constant (correction of color-difference signals), when levels of luminance signals (Y levels) are decreased by gradation conversion, an image appears dark in some practical cases. Moreover, when levels of color-difference signals (C levels) are large, levels of luminance signals (Y levels) are small, and the levels of luminance signals (the Y levels) are increased by gradation conversion, the levels of color-difference signals (C levels) are also increased to keep the Y/C ratio constant. Thus, the levels of color-difference signals (C levels) disadvantageously reach a saturation point.

Image processing device method and program


Described is a method for dynamic data masking (DDM) of sensitive data. The method for DDM comprises receiving a response output comprising sensitive data, based on a client request, from an application, and identifying a main masking specification, based on the response output, for masking of the sensitive data in the response output. Further, the response output is parsed for creating a Document Object Model (DOM) tree for the response output. Status of a masking approach indication field of the main masking specification is checked, and masking is performed on nodes in the DOM tree comprising the sensitive data, based on the status of the masking approach indication field of the main masking specification.

Masking techniques for masking data which is sensitive for sharing and disclosing are vastly used for a variety of applications. Masking techniques are used for data testing applications where a real or an original data is masked against disclosure during the testing phase. Further, in recent years, various companies across the globe have progressed to outsource their work to other companies within or outside their countries. With the work being outsourced, companies need to share a variety of data outside, for example, over a network, for execution of tasks by the support or offshore teams. The shared data may include data of customers which may be sensitive for sharing and disclosing. Typically, encryption techniques and administrative controls are employed to allow only authorized users to view such data. However, in some cases even the authorized users should not view all of the data and the sensitive data may have to be protected from disclosure.
In order to protect the sensitive data from disclosure, even to the support or offshore teams, for the execution of tasks, data masking techniques are implemented. Data masking techniques are typically categorized as Static Data Masking (SDM) techniques and Dynamic Data Masking (DDM) techniques. In a SDM technique, the sensitive data is masked, and the masked data is then stored in a database before being displayed to a user based on client's request. On the other hand, in a DDM technique, an application is run to query a database based on a client's request and the sensitive data is masked during the execution of the application and a suitable output is displayed to a user. Although, it may be evident that the DDM techniques are superior and emerging techniques, it may still be important to mask the sensitive data in an efficient manner before being displayed to users and to reduce a risk to disclosure of sensitive data.


A lens unit includes a lens and a reflector received in the lens. The lens includes a light incident face and a light emerging face opposite to the light incident face. The reflector is enclosed by the light incident face. The reflector has a diameter gradually increasing and then decreasing along an optical axis of the lens. The reflector reflects light emitted from the LED divergently to enter the lens. An LED module incorporating the lens unit is also disclosed.

1. Technical Field
The disclosure generally relates to lens units and LED (light emitting diode) modules, and more particularly to a lens unit having a reflector, and an LED module incorporating the lens unit.
2. Description of Related Art
Nowadays LEDs (light emitting diodes) are applied widely in various applications for illumination. The LED is a highly pointed light source. Thus, light directly emitted from the LED may form a small light spot. However, the small light spot can only illuminate a small area. In order to achieve a large illumination area, a large number of LEDs are required to be incorporated together, thereby resulting in a high cost.
Therefore, a lens is used with the LED to modulate the light distribution of the LED. The lens can diverge the light emitted from the LED to thereby illuminate a large area. However, the light diverging capability of the lens is still insufficient. Particularly, the light transmitting along the optical axis of the lens cannot be effectively diverged by the lens, thereby resulting in an unfavorable light distribution.
What is needed, therefore, is a lens unit and an LED module using the lens unit which can address the limitations described.


Spectrometer apparatus for calibrating a color image scanner includes an opaque member, having an optical slit, movable into position on an optical axis of the scanner between its polychromatic light source and its lens in a plane occupied by a color image when it is scanned. A diffraction grating is similarly movable onto the optical axis between the slit and the lens. By having the grating in proximity to the slit, the opaque member and the grating can be part of a single assembly that can be easily moved into the optical axis in a convenient location near the scanning plane of the image scanner. The light source illuminates the slit and the diffraction grating disperses duplicate spectra off-axis across respective halves of the image sensor, from which data is obtained for calibration.

Color image scanning is a process of converting an image, recorded on either a transparency or a reflective print, to an electronic image. Scanning, as such, is commonly employed as a first step in the transmission of an image from one storage medium to another, or in the enhancement or the analysis of the image prior to its transmission.
With an image-bearing sheet held in a given plane, a color image scanner measures the optical density of the image by illuminating the sheet with polychromatic light. Commonly, a color image scanner measures the amount of light in a given color space, e.g. red (R), green (G), and blue (B), transmitted through, or reflected from, the image-bearing sheet. In doing so, the scanner effectively divides the image into discrete picture elements, or pixels, and assigns to each a number or value representing an average density for each color measured. Commonly, the pixels are arranged in rows and columns to form a two-dimensional grid with the density of each pixel corresponding to a relatively small portion of the overall image.
As is appreciated by those skilled in the image scanner art, calibrating the spectral sensitivity of a color image scanner is important to provide accurate reproduction of all colors in the image.
The spectral sensitivity of a color image scanner is determined by the spectral characteristics of a variety of scanner components such as the spectral content and sensitivity of its light source, the spectral transmissivity characteristics of filters, lenses and the like, and the spectral sensitivity of its image sensor. All of these factors, however, are likely to change, component to component, particularly with the use of a scanner over long periods of time. Furthermore, even with complete component stability, an original component may be replaced from time to time with a new component having a somewhat different characteristic.
A known technique for performing a calibration operation on a color film scanner is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,467, which was issued in the name of James R. Milch to the assignee of the present invention, and which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. A spectrometer is disclosed for self-calibrating a color image scanner of the line scanner or area scanner type. It includes a member, having an optical slit, movable into position on an optical axis of the scanner between its polychromatic light source and its focusable lens in a plane occupied by a color image when it is scanned. A diffraction grating is similarly movable onto the optical axis between the focusable lens and an image sensor. The light source illuminates the slit and the diffraction grating disperses transmitted polychromatic light from the slit according to its wavelength, forming duplicate spectra off-axis across respective halves of the image sensor, with longer wavelengths being directed to respectively higher angles.
Each pixel of the image sensor receives an amount of light energy corresponding to its off-axis position, the repetition frequency of rulings of the grating, and the spectral sensitivity of the scanner itself. Accordingly, knowing the off-axis position of an image sensor pixel and knowing the grating frequency, the profile of light energy across the image sensor is a direct measure of the spectral response of the scanner. The calibrating of the color image scanner, based on its spectral response, can take place in signal processing electronics at the output of the image scanner.
While the Milch patent describes a calibrating system that has proved successful in certain applications, it nonetheless presents a problem in other applications where it is mechanically difficult to have an element, such as a diffraction grating, that is movable in and out of a position very near an image sensor.

Spectrometer apparatus for calibrating color imaging apparatus


A deflection yoke having cancelling loop coils for reducing undesired portions of a horizontal deflection magnetic field generated by a deflection yoke body without mislanding. The cancelling loop coils generate a cancelling magnetic field which includes two peaks in a front region and a rear region of the deflection yoke body in which the undesired field portions exist, respectively. The peaks are opposite in direction to the horizontal magnetic field generated by the deflection yoke body, respectively, with same ratio to the deflection magnetic field, so that the undesired magnetic field portions are under-corrected in the front portion and over-corrected in the rear portion.

The present invention relates to a deflection yoke to be used with a cathode ray tube of a display device and, particularly, to a deflection yoke having a canceler coil for cancelling undesired magnetic field radiation produced by the deflection yoke around the display device
It is a recent tendency to restrict undesired magnetic radiation around a display device to a level not higher than a predetermined value. Among others, in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band covering a frequency range from 5 Hz to 2 kHz and the very low frequency (VLF) band covering a frequency range from 2 kHz to 400 kHz, such undesired magnetic field comprises a portion of magnetic field generated by a deflection yoke mounted on a cathode ray tube, as a leak magnetic field. Particularly, a special procedure is necessary to reduce an amount of magnetic flux leakage in the VLF band since the frequency range covered thereby may provide adverse effect on human body.
Various methods have proposed for suppressing such leak field which use correction coils and are disclosed in, for example, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. Jun. 1, 1988, pp 119 to 122, U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,167 in which two pairs of coils are used, Japanese Kokai 2-123647 corresponding to Italian application No. 22475 A/88, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,847 in which two pairs of coils are used.
These prior arts disclose the use of cancelling coils on the deflection yoke for cancelling the magnetic flux leakage.
FIG. 7 shows schematically a typical example of a conventional cancelling coil system for cancelling undesired magnetic field radiation, which is disclosed in Japanese Kokai No. 2-46085 corresponding to European application No. 88305986.7
As shown by solid arrows in FIG. 7, a leakage magnetic field 7 from a deflection yoke 9 exists in front and rear regions 12 of a display device. A pair of loop coils 4 forming a cancelling coil are arranged above and below a front end portion of the deflection yoke 9, respectively, with certain angles with respect to an axis (Z) of a cathode ray tube 10. By supplying horizontal deflection currents to the loop coils 4, a magnetic field 6 opposite in direction to the undesired leakage field 7 from the deflection yoke 9 is generated by the loop coils 4 as shown by dotted lines.
With such conventional cancelling coil system for leak magnetic field in the front and rear regions of the display device, it is unavoidable that portions of a required deflection magnetic field in the vicinity of the deflection yoke are also cancelled out. In such case a, locus of an electron beam passing through the deflection field is varied thereby, causing performances of the deflection yoke to be degraded. One of the performances of the deflection yoke which are influenced by such undesired cancellation of required magnetic field is the so-called "mislanding" or "purity-offset". This is caused by deviation of the deflection center of the electron beam under influence of the cancelling magnetic field.
FIG. 8 shows a distribution of undesired leak magnetic field radiation around the display device, which is caused by the deflection yoke, in which FIG. 8(a) shows points which are set on a circle having the cathode ray tube 10 as a center in a horizontal plane (Y=0) containing the axis (Z) of the cathode ray tube 10 and radius of a half of the full length of the cathode ray tube plus 50 cm and at which magnetic field strength are measured, the points being angularly separated from each other by 22.5.degree., and FIG. 8(b) shows leak magnetic field strength measured at the respective points in polar-coordinates.
Due to the structure of the deflection yoke 9, the field strength of undesired magnetic radiation measured in a front region of the cathode ray tube 10 is larger than that measured at a rear region. Therefore, it is necessary to make an amount of cancelling magnetic field in the front region of the tube larger than that in the rear region of the tube. For this reason, the loop coils of conventional cancelling coil disclosed in such as Japanese Kokai No. 2-46085 are arranged in backwardly opened relation to each other to regulate correction ratio of the front region to the rear region.
FIGS. 9 and 10 show vector diagrams of the deflection magnetic field 7 generated by the horizontal deflection coils 2 and the cancelling magnetic field 6 generated by the cancelling coils 4 in a region in which electron beams are to be deflected, respectively, with only an upper half of the deflection yoke being illustrated in cross section taken in a plane including the axis (Z) of the cathode ray tube.
In FIG. 9, it is clear that, within and in a front and a rear regions of the deflection yoke, the deflection magnetic field 7 generated is upward generally. In FIG. 10, it is clear that the conventional, inclined loop coils 4 mounted above and below the front end portion of the deflection yoke generate a downward cancelling magnetic field in the front and the rear regions of the deflection yoke, which is opposite to the deflection field.
FIG. 11 shows distributions of the deflecting field and the cancelling field 6 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 measured on the center axis of the deflection yoke (Z axis), with ordinates being plus for positive direction of the Y axis. In FIG. 11, the deflecting field 7 is normalized with its peak value and scaled on the right side ordinate The cancelling field 6 is indicated in absolute value on the left side ordinate. In FIG. 11, relative positions of a ferrite core of the deflection coil, the horizontal deflection coil and the cancelling coil are shown by lines 1, 2 and 4, respectively. As shown by the curve 6 in FIG. 11, the loop coils 4 generate a magnetic field in the same direction as that generated by the horizontal deflection coil 2 within the region defined by the latter. However, the direction of the cancelling field 6 is opposite thereto in the front and rear regions of the horizontal deflection coil 2. As will be clear from FIG. 11, the center of the deflection field 7 after corrected by the cancelling field 6 is deviated backwardly since the cancelling field strength in the front region is larger than that in the rear region. Such backward deviation of the deflection center causes an electron beam to misland on a screen of the cathode ray tube.
The principle of generation of the mislanding is illustrated schematically in FIG. 12. Electron beam path is changed from a path 14 to a path 13 under influence of the cancelling field and, when the deflection center 20 is shifted rearwardly by .DELTA.Z, an incident angle of the electron beam onto a shadow mask 18 is reduced, so that the electron beam strikes fluorescent material on the screen 17 of the cathode ray tube at a position shifted inwardly of the screen 17 toward the center by .DELTA.X. This is the phenonenon called mislanding. For a 14-inch cathode ray tube, when a cancelling coil having no core is used, the shift .DELTA.X becomes about 10 .mu.m or, when the cancelling coil has a magnetic core, the shift becomes about 20 .mu.m.
Due to this mislanding, the shadow mask has to be modified again.


A new and distinct cultivar of Nyssa tree named ‘Cherry Pie’, characterized by its pyramidal tree form with broad branch angles; vigorous growth habit; freely branching habit with numerous lateral branches providing a full and densely foliated appearance; large glossy medium green-colored leaves that become bright red in color during the autumn; autumn leaf color is uniformly consistent; vaguely ridged and furrowed bark; and production of only male flowers.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Nyssa tree, botanically known as Nyssa sylvatica, commercially referred to as Upland Tupelo or Black Gum and hereinafter referred to by the name 'Cherry Pie'.
The new Nyssa tree is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the Inventor in Hillsboro County, Ga. and Franklin County, Tenn. The objective of the breeding program is to create new Nyssa trees appropriate for urban landscapes that have an upright pyramidal tree form, vigorous growth habit and uniformly consistent bright red autumn leaf color.
The new Nyssa tree originated from an open-pollination of an unnamed selection of Nyssa sylvatica, not patented, as the female, or seed, parent with an unknown selection of Nyssa sylvatica as the male, or pollen, parent. The new Nyssa tree was discovered and selected by the Inventor as a single plant from within the progeny of the stated open-pollination in a controlled environment in Pulaski County, Ga. in October, 2006.
Asexual reproduction of the new Nyssa tree by chip budding in a controlled environment in Franklin County, Tenn. has shown that the unique features of this new Nyssa tree are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.


A liquid crystal display and a driving method thereof are provided. The liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal display panel, a register for storing pixel information of a problem pattern and polarity pattern information, a block pattern recognition unit for comparing input data with the problem pattern to count the number of problem patterns contained in the input data and comparing the count value with a first threshold value, a line pattern recognition unit for determining the line containing the problem pattern as a problem line, a frame pattern recognition unit for comparing the number of problem lines with a second threshold value, and determining the frame containing the input data as a problem frame, a polarity control signal generating unit for generating vertical and horizontal polarity control signals, and source drive integrated circuits (ICs) for controlling the vertical and horizontal polarities of data voltages supplied to the data lines.

1. Field of the Invention
This document relates to a liquid crystal display and a method for driving the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Flat panel displays include a liquid crystal display (LCD), a field emission display (FED), a plasma display panel (PDP), an organic light emitting display (OLED), etc.
Since the LCD satisfies the trend toward lightweight, thin, short and small electric appliances and has improved mass productivity, cathode ray tubes have been rapidly replaced with LCDs in many applications. An active matrix type LCD which drives liquid crystal cells using thin film transistors (hereinafter, referred to as "TFTs") has been rapidly developed to realize an increase in size and a high resolution by a recent mass production technology and the results of research and development and has been quickly replacing cathode ray tubes in many applications.
A liquid crystal display is driven in an inversion method for inverting the polarities of data voltages charged in a liquid crystal display panel in a predetermined pattern in order to prevent degradation of liquid crystal. However, a data voltage charged in the liquid crystal display panel is biased toward one polarity or another according to the correlation between an image pattern input to the liquid crystal display and a polarity pattern of the liquid crystal display panel, and a common voltage shift is generated due to the biased polarity, thereby degrading display quality.
A pattern of an input image that degrades the display quality in the liquid crystal display may be defined as a problem pattern (or weak pattern), and problem pattern images include an image having white data and black data alternating in subpixels, an image having white data and black data alternating in pixels, a crosstalk check pattern containing a white display surface in a black background, and so on. In addition, the problem pattern includes interlace data in which odd-numbered line data and even-numbered line data are separated.
The present applicant proposed a method for compensating for a biased polarity of a data voltage or a common voltage shift by changing polarity control signals for controlling the polarity of a data voltage charged in a liquid crystal display panel upon input of an image of a problem pattern in Korean Patent Application 10-2007-0052679 (2007 May 30), Korean Patent Application 10-2008-0055419 (2008 Jun. 12), and Korean Patent Application 10-2008-0032638 (2008 Apr. 8). As a result of applying the previously filed applications to a liquid crystal display, degradation of display quality in an image of a problem pattern can be prevented. However, if a pixel array structure of the liquid crystal display panel is changed, the problem pattern image that degrades the display quality of the liquid crystal display panel is also changed. When the problem pattern image is changed due to a change in the pixel array structure, the polarity pattern of the liquid crystal display panel therefore should be changed.
Accordingly, there is a demand for a method which is capable of adaptively changing a problem pattern image, which is defined differently according to a model of a liquid crystal display, and a polarity pattern of a liquid crystal display panel for preventing degradation of the display quality in the problem pattern image. Furthermore, an algorithm and circuit for implementing an adaptive polarity pattern controlling method has to be implemented in a manner that does not require a large-capacity memory.

Liquid crystal display and driving method capable of adaptively changing a problem pattern


The invention discloses a novel heat shock protein with high homology to chloroplast elongation factor EF-Tu. Also disclosed is a transgenic method for enhancing tolerance to heat and drought in female reproductive organs. It involves the temporal and spatial expression of novel heat shock EF-Tu in a plant organ or plant tissue. The invention also includes expression constructs, and methods for the production of crop plants with heritable phenotypes which are useful in breeding programs designed to increase heat and drought tolerance.

Plants are often simultaneously exposed to soil drying (drought) and high-temperature stress conditions. Drought is one of the most widespread environmental variables affecting growth and development of plants. Among the prominent effects of drought stress on plant physiology and metabolism are reductions of photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation, transpiration, protein synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. Changes in gene expression also occur in response to drought stress. In addition, drought stress modifies cellular ultrastructure, including injuries to membranes.
Temperature also plays an important role in the physiological processes of plants. Increased temperatures that rise to the level of heat shock or heat stress affect cell metabolism, causing changes in the rates of biochemical reactions. Elevated temperatures further reduce photosystem II activity, photophosphorylation, photosynthetic enzyme activity, dark respiration, protein synthesis, and ion uptake. Increased temperatures also cause injuries to cellular membranes. The molecular bases of such injuries are denaturation and aggregation of proteins and formation of hexagonal II, a non-bilayer lipid phase.
The reduction in photosynthetic activity in plants associated with heat and drought stress is primarily attributable to chloroplast damage. Leaf dehydration and high temperatures can severely disrupt the ultrastructure of chloroplasts. The main damage to the chloroplast caused by water stress includes structural changes resulting from excessive swelling, distortion of the intergranal and granal lamellae, and the appearance of lipid droplets. [Poljakoff-Mayber, A (1981) Ultrastructural consequences of drought, pp. 389-403 in L. G. Paleg, ed. The physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance. Bot. Gaz. 152:186-194.] Damage to the chloroplast caused by high temperature mostly comes from detrimental effects on chloroplast envelope membranes and thylakoid membranes.
Drought and high temperatures are major limiting factors to plant productivity, often causing significant economic losses to U.S. agriculture. According to the American Association of Nurserymen, 30% of all one- and two-year-old field grown plants were lost in the Midwestern states. Cosgrove T (1988b) The industry's year in review. American Nurseryman 169:31-37. Numerous growers who were without irrigation lost 50% or more of their crops. Even those with on-site irrigation were unable to counter the relentless, record-breaking heat.
Indirect costs of high-temperature stresses are also noted in the costs associated with the installation and use of irrigation equipment on high value crops. Virtually all climatologists agree that high-temperature stresses will intensify due to the "greenhouse effect". Cosgrove T (1988c) Summer droughts and the "greenhouse effect". American Nurseryman 168:23-33. Consequently there is an increasing need in the art for new cultivars that have increased tolerance to heat stress and drought conditions to improve crop yields.
Traditional methods of improving plant heat tolerance have centered around breeding techniques. While improvements have been achieved, breeding techniques are laborious and slow. Further breeding strategies have been hampered since plant heat tolerance is a complex characteristic that is difficult to evaluate, which limits selection procedures. Thus, it would be desirable to utilize recombinant DNA technology to produce new plant varieties and cultivars in a controlled and predictable manner. To increase yield it would be especially desirable to produce crop and ornamental plants with improved tolerance to stress over a range of environmental conditions.
It can be seen from the foregoing that a need exists in the art for a transgenic method of increasing yield potential in crop and ornamental plants by improving tolerance to stresses caused by heat and drought conditions.
A rise in temperature above a certain level may result in the death of the plant. Levitt recognized the so-called heat-killing temperature as the temperature at which 50% of the plant is killed. Levitt J. (1980) Responses of Plants to Environmental Stress. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses, 2. Academic Press, New York. However, plants exposed to sublethal high temperatures have been shown to acquire thermotolerance to otherwise lethal high temperatures. Chen H H, et al. (1982) Crop Sci 22:43-47. Specifically, a temperature shift of 8-10° C. above the normal growing temperature induces the synthesis of a set of new proteins, known as heat-shock proteins (HSPs). Lindquist S (1986) Ann Rev Biochem 55:1151-1191. The synthesis of HSPs has been observed in a variety of plant species, and the general phenotype of the heat shock response is highly conserved in all organisms. Id.
The conservative nature of HSPs and their synthesis under elevated temperatures suggest their involvement in heat resistance. Correlations between heat resistance acquired from heat pretreatments and synthesis of HSPs have been found in many species. Altschuler M., et al. (1982), Plant Mol Biol 1:103-115. In addition, recent studies have shown that specific HSPs are absolutely required for the establishment of heat resistance. Lee Y R J, et al. (1994), Plant Cell 6:1889-1897. It is generally thought that HSPs play an important role in the development of heat resistance by acting as molecular chaperones. Ellis J. (1987), Nature 328:378-379. Molecular chaperones are involved in the stabilization of proteins in a particular state of folding.
Several studies have revealed qualitative differences in the synthesis of HSPs between genotypes that differ in drought and/or heat tolerance. The heat-tolerant Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mustang synthesized unique HSPs that were absent in the heat-sensitive T. aestivum cv. Sturdy (Krishnan et al., 1989). Qualitative differences in the synthesis of HSPs have also been observed between the heat-tolerant Gossypium barbadense and heat-sensitive G. hirsutum (Fender and O'Connell, 1989). Differences in the profile of HSPs were also found between drought tolerant Lycopersicon pennellii and drought susceptible L. esculentum (Fender and O'Connell, 1990).
A recent study has revealed a genetic relationship between heat tolerance and the synthesis of specific HSPs (Park et al., 1996). A heat tolerant variant of Agrostis palustric Huds. synthesized heat shock polypeptides of 25 kb (HSP25) which were absent in a heat sensitive variant. Analysis of the F1 progeny from these variants revealed a positive correlation between the ability to synthesize HSP25 and thermotolerance.
Few other genetic studies have been undertaken to investigate possible associations of HSPs with drought and/or heat tolerance. Further, the studies that have been conducted have not demonstrated an association between the HSPs tested and drought and/or heat tolerance. For example, when the heat-tolerant Gossypium barbadense was crossed to heat-sensitive G. hirsutum, the unique HSPs of G. barbadense did not associate with the heat-tolerant phenotype (Fender and O'Connell, 1989). Similarly, an interspecific cross between drought tolerant Lycopersicon pennellii and drought susceptible L. esculentum showed no association of HSPs with drought tolerance (Fender and O'Connell, 1990).
The failure of previous experiments to demonstrate association of HSPs with drought and/or heat tolerance is not surprising. Drought and heat tolerance are complex characteristics, and many factors can affect the plant's ability to tolerate stress (Levitt, 1980a, 1980b). Inability of a plant to synthesize one or few specific HSPs might be compensated by other factors that are involved in the tolerance to drought and/or heat stress.
Protein synthesis elongation factor (EF-Tu) has been intensely studied for many years in relation to its role in which peptides are elongated on ribosomes. EF-Tu is a protein of 45 kD which is involved in the elongation of polypeptides during the translational process of protein synthesis. Riis et al. (1990), Eukaryotic protein elongation factors, TIBS 15:420-424. EF-Tu is involved in the binding and transport of the appropriate codon-specified aminoacyl-tRNA to the aminoacyl site of the ribosome. EF-Tu is one of the most abundant proteins in rapidly growing Escherichia coli cells, with approximately 5-6 copies per ribosome. Kudlicki, W. (1997), Renaturation of Rhondanese by Translational Elongation Factor (EF) Tu, J Biol Chem 272:32206-32210.
Bacterial EF-Tu has been reported to interact with unfolded and denatured proteins in a manner similar to molecular chaperones that are involved in protein folding and protein renaturation after stress. Caldas, T. (1998), Chaperone Properties of Bacterial Elongation Factor EF-Tu, J Biol Chem 273:11478-11482. The major classes of bacterial chaperones comprise DnaK/Hsp70 (and its assistants DnaJ and GrpE), GroEL/Hsp60 (and its assistant GroES), HtpG/Hsp90, and the heat shock proteins.
The present inventors purified and isolated a novel maize EF-Tu protein and have surprisingly discovered an association between the synthesis of increased levels of EF-Tu and increased tolerance to drought and heat in maize. This chloroplast EF-Tu has been found to play a role in the development of drought and heat resistance in maize by increasing heat stability of chloroplasts. This discovery may be used in the creation of new varieties of crop plants which display increased tolerance to heat stress.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel isolated, purified and characterized EF-Tu protein from maize. It is a further object to provide expression constructs which provide for temporal and spatial expression of EF-Tu in a transgenic plant, to increase resistance to stress through heat stability of chloroplasts.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide transgenic plant lines with heritable phenotypes which are useful in breeding programs designed to increase heat and drought tolerance in crop plants over a range of environmental conditions.
It is yet another object of this invention to produce seed which will produce plants with increased yield tolerance to heat and drought stress.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide plants, plant cells, and plant tissues containing the expression constructs of the invention.
Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the description of the invention which follows.

Maize chloroplast protein synthesis elongation factors and methods of use for same


It is an object of the present invention to provide a substrate processing apparatus, comprising a housing body mounting unit that is capable of mounting a plurality of housing bodies which can house a plurality of substrates, a processing apparatus main body for processing a substrate extracted from the housing body, a transportation unit for transporting the substrate between the housing body and the processing apparatus main body, a processing control unit for controlling the transportation unit and making it transport the substrate between the housing body and the processing apparatus main body, and a transportation control unit for controlling the transportation unit and making it transport the substrate from one housing body to another housing body without passing through the processing apparatus main body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a substrate processing apparatus, such as a substrate inspection apparatus, a substrate manufacturing apparatus or the like, and a substrate processing system provided with the same.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-141415, filed May 11, 2004, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
In a plant where semiconductor wafers are manufactured, the semiconductor wafers are generally transported by cassettes that are capable of housing a plurality of semiconductor wafers between substrate processing apparatuses, such as a substrate manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing the semiconductor wafers and a substrate inspection apparatus for inspecting the semiconductor wafers. Meanwhile, in semiconductor manufacturing processes, there is a process for the semiconductor wafer to be extracted from the cassette to be transported to another cassette. That is, when the semiconductor wafer is subjected to, for example, wet heat processing, there is a case in which the wafer is transported from a cassette for general purpose use to a cassette having chemical resistance and thermal resistance as a prepreparation for those processes.
A dedicated transportation apparatus is conventionally used for substrate transportation between cassettes (refer to, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. H09-162257).

Substrate processing apparatus and substrate processing system


The device provides a resistive memory device for storing elements of hyper-dimensional vectors, in particular digital hyper-dimensional, as conductive statuses in components in particular in 2D-memristors, of the resistive memory device, wherein the resistive memory device provides a first crossbar array of the components, wherein the components are memristive 2D components addressable by word-lines and bit-lines, and a peripheral circuit connected to the word-lines and bit-lines and adapted for encoding operations by activating the word-lines and bit-lines sequentially in a predefined manner.

The invention relates generally to a device for hyper-dimensional computing and a related method for hyper-dimensional computing.
Currently, the industry as well as research institutions are experimenting with computing architectures that are different to traditional von-Neumann machines. A couple of reasons is driving this development: power consumption of traditional computing architectures, a limitation in computing speed increase due to physical limitations of the size of structures on semiconductor chips, a rapid increase in cognitive computing (which can be simulated with traditional technology but may better be addressed with new architectures), as well as an analysis requirements for unstructured or semi-structured data.
One approach for alternative computing architectures is based on hyper-dimensional (HD) computing which can be seen as a brain-inspired non-von-Neumann learning model based on representing information with high-dimensional vectors (thousands of dimensions). HD vectors are—in this computing architecture—holographic and (pseudo-) random with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) binary components. The HD vectors may be denoted as holographic because each bit position in the HD vector has an equal weight and something like an MSB (most significant bit) and an LSB (least significant bit) does not exist.
As a consequence, HD computing is extremely robust against failures, defects, variations and noise, all of which can be seen as very well suited for ultra-low energy computation on large-scale fabrics such as computational phase-change memory (PCM) devices.
At its very core, HD computing is about representing information as high-dimensional vectors and about manipulating them and comparing them (determining a distance) as large patterns within the memory. A processor based on HD computing can be realized as an extremely wide dataflow processor (not to be confused with classical von-Neumann machines) with a pretty small instruction set of bit-level operations on the HD vectors.
For learning and inference (query) tasks, the HD processor comprises at least three main modules: an item memory for random projection of information to the HD space (e.g., one character in the classical architecture being described by eight or 16 bits projected to a random vector with, e.g., 10,000 or so dimensions), an encoding unit (for combining a plurality of HD vectors), and an associative memory for storing HD vectors, which may also be used for distance computing between stored HD vectors and query vectors. Typically, a query vector having the shortest distance to one of the existing stored HD vectors (in a sparse associative memory) is seen as the answer to the query. The first two modules (item memory for random projection and encoding unit) utilize random indexing with Multiply-Add-Permute (MAP) operations allowing a high degree of parallelism, i.e., the stored vectors in the item memory are combined component-wise to produce another pattern for comparison in the associative memory.
In the associative memory module, the distance computing may be performed in a distributed fashion; however, this operation is the only one that requires a contribution from all the vector components in which the information is represented.
As an underlying example to the proposed concept, one may consider to have the task of classifying a given text (from which it is not automatically known in which language it is written) into one of the 21 European languages. Basically, each of the 27 letters of the Latin alphabet is encoded as a, e.g., 10k-dimensional random hyper-vector in an item memory. Based on the setup, the HD computing device shall be enabled to decide, in which language a presented text is written.

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