Disclosed is a process for producing effectively a high performance optical material (e.g. a lens) made of a polyurethane resin, which is transparent and colorless without a strain. In this process, the optical material is produced without causing striation or clouding by polymerizing a polymerizable composition comprising a polythiol compound and a polyiso(thio)cyanate compound, and characterized in that a water content in the composition is 10 to 300 ppm.

Since a resin optical material is lighter and less fragile than an optical material made of an inorganic material and tintable, it has been recently rapidly accepted for various optical materials, such as a spectacle lens and a camera lens.
While, a resin for the optical material with higher performance has been demanded. More particularly, there has been a need for improvements toward a higher refractive index, a higher Abbe's number, a lower density and a higher heat resistance. Responding to such a need, various resins for the optical material have been developed and put into use.
Among others, various polyurethane resins have been proposed actively. The present inventors have also made many proposals concerning optical materials, such as a plastic lens, made of a polyurethane resin.
As one of the most representative resins of the polyurethane resin, a resin obtained by reacting a polythiol compound and a polyiso(thio)cyanate compound may be exemplified. The resin is transparent and colorless, has a high refractive index and a low dispersion property, and is excellent in properties, such as an impact strength, tintability and processability. Consequently, it is one of the best resins for the optical material such as a plastic lens. Among others, the resin transparency is a crucial property for a lens.

Process for producing resin for optical material


A parallel concurrent test (PCT) system is provided for performing the parallel concurrent testing of semiconductor devices. The PCT system includes a pick and place (PnP) handler for engaging and transporting the semiconductor devices along a testing plane, the PnP handler including at least one manipulator. The PCT system also includes a device under test interface board (DIB), the DIB including a broadside test socket for broadside (BS) testing of the semiconductor devices, the broadside testing using at least half of a total number of a semiconductor device pins, and a plurality of design-for-test (DFT) test sockets for DFT testing, the DFT testing using less than half of the total number of the semiconductor device pins, and a tester in electrical contact with the DIB for testing the semiconductor devices in accordance with a stepping pattern test protocol.

Automated manufacturing equipment has streamlined the manufacturing process in many industries. Moreover, such automation has increased reliability and results. A downside of automation has been timing delays in equipment operations. Particularly, where expensive manufacturing equipment is involved, delays in operations of the equipment, such as during mechanical movements in transferring devices under test, limits returns on the costs of such equipment because of idle or non-testing use periods during mechanical manipulations, resets, and the like. An impetus in manufacturing technology and operation has, therefore, been to limit times in which costly test equipment is idle and not performing the applicable test function.
In semiconductor manufacture, semiconductor device test equipment is a costly capital requirement. Conventionally, such test equipment has included a robotic manipulator for handling the devices being tested. This robotic manipulator is commonly referred to as a "handler" and is typically configured with one or more robotic arms referred to as "manipulators." The manipulator mechanically picks up a device for testing, inserts the device into an interface test board and issues a start-of-test signal to the tester. The tester then conducts a test on the device and returns a test result and an end-of-test signal to the handler that causes the handler to disposition the device to a post-test tray or receptacle for holding tested devices. This process is repeated as long as the handler senses that there are additional devices available for test. This system as a whole is sometimes referred to as a "test cell."
During the time required for the handler to disposition a device(s) just tested and replace the device(s) with the next device(s) to be tested, the tester remains substantially idle. This idle time sometimes referred to as "index time" for the particular tester and system, involves mechanical manipulations of the devices awaiting test and having been tested. These mechanical manipulations are limited in speed of operations by various factors, including, for example, physical and speed constraints to ensure that devices to be tested are not damaged, contaminated, dropped, and the like.
The time required to test a device is sometimes referred to as "test time" for a particular device, test, tester, and system. When the system is operational in a manufacturing capacity, it is either indexing during the index time or otherwise testing during the test time.
Previously, test equipment manufacturers have focused efforts to reduce index time on design of manufacturing equipment to increase speed of mechanical operations. Although speeds of mechanical operations in handling the test devices have increased significantly over time, there nonetheless remains significant mechanical index time required to manipulate test devices between tests, by the robotic handlers. Moreover, with increased speeds of mechanical manipulation equipment operations, costs increase for the equipment, including calibration, replacement frequency, maintenance, parts, and others. Given the constraints and precautions that must be addressed in speeding mechanical manipulations of many types of test devices and handlers, further speeding of mechanical operations is subject to economic and physical barriers.
In any event, reducing index time can provide greater returns on investments in test equipment, particularly where the test equipment is costly. It would therefore be a significant improvement in the art and the technology to further reduce index time involved in test operations in manufacturing environments. Particularly in semiconductor manufacture, economic and other gains and advantages are possible if index times are reduced in the testing of semiconductor equipment. It would also be an improvement to provide new and improved systems and methods for achieving reduced index times, without requiring substantial changes or new developments in existing mechanical operations of device handlers and similar robotic or automated components for the testing. Examples of recent advancements made by the present inventor in reducing index time for automated and robotic semiconductor testing are disclosed in other patents by the present inventor, including U.S. Pat. No. 7,183,785 B2, U.S. Pat. No. 7,508,191 B2, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,619,432 B2.
In addition to the advantages of reducing index times discussed above, it would also be an improvement to provide new and improved systems and methods for setting up and configuring the control systems for automated and robotic semiconductor test equipment, which further reduces the cost, complexity, index time, and downtime of testing operations associated with the automated and robotic semiconductor test equipment. For instance, conventional automated semiconductor test equipment is commonly serialized where each individual test is performed sequentially. The primary reasons for serialized testing include thermal issues that restrict the number and complexity of tests that can be conducted at one time, and the complexity of implementation for non-serialized testing. Additionally, conventional Design for Test (DFT) testing normally requires exclusive control of the testing device when running, thus preventing any other non-DFT test from being executed at the same time.
An illustration of a conventional standard flow test cell 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1A. The conventional standard flow test cell 100 traditionally includes an Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) Test System 101, which operates at a high speed and is characterized as having a high pin count. The conventional standard flow test cell 100 also traditionally includes a single socket Device Under Test (DUT) Board 102 that interfaces with a conventional handler 103. In the conventional standard flow test cell 100, untested semiconductor devices 104 are sequentially input into the conventional standard flow test cell 100, sequentially tested, and then sequentially output as tested semiconductor devices 105. An illustration of the sequential testing arrangement of a conventional standard flow test cell 100 is illustrated in FIG. 1B. FIG. 1B shows the sequential ordering of tests that are serially executed in a conventional standard flow test cell. As illustrated therein, the tests are sequentially ordered from the first test, Test 1, through the last test, Test N.
In the conventional standard flow test cell 100 described above, all semiconductor tests are serialized, with each successive test being performed in a set sequence. While the conventional standard flow test cell 100 provides certain advantages, it also has significant drawbacks. The advantages include being relatively simple to implement and having a short development time. It is also easy to maintain, debug, and modify, and runs on essentially all semiconductor test systems. However, the significant drawbacks include requiring a long test time due to the relatively poor utilization of the test cell's Automatic Test Equipment System 101. As a result, the conventional standard test cell 100 provides a low throughput resulting in high semiconductor test costs.

Parallel concurrent test system and method


Binary pharmaceutical compositions comprising (i) a cyclosporine compound, (ii) a hydrophilic phase and (iii) a surfactant provide bioavailability of the active ingredient which is equivalent to that provided by ternary compositions, but without the need for a lipophilic phase.

Pharmaceutical compounds which are highly lipophilic present considerable formulation challenges. Because of their low solubility in aqueous media, including the contents of the mammalian digestive tract, they often suffer from poor or variable bioavailability when given orally or via other routes that require transmembrane absorption. Examples of such medicinal compounds include the immunosuppressants cyclosporine and FK506 (tacrolimus); protease inhibitors such as ritonavir; central nervous system drugs such as tiagabine; and anti-inflammatory agents such as zileuton and other 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
One method of formulating lipophilic compounds is to combine them with glyceride carriers which form emulsions upon mixing with water. Emulsions are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,307 issued to Cavanak, a commercial example of which is the cyclosporine-containing product SANDIMMUNE.RTM. oral solution. This product comprises the emulsifier LABRAFIL.RTM. (a polyoxyethylated kernel oil), olive oil and alcohol, with the compound cyclosporin A present at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Cavanak suggests that such glyceride carriers may assist in alleviating problems of physical instability such as precipitation of the drug from solution, and may also enable higher plasma concentrations.
More recently, it has been proposed that a preferred vehicle for lipophilic compounds is the so-called "self-emulsifying drug delivery system" which, when exposed to an aqueous medium, forms a fine oil-in-water emulsion with little or no agitation. The property of self-emulsification permits such formulations to be administered in concentrated form, as for example in a hard gelatin or soft elastic capsule, with the expectation that a fine emulsion will be formed in the digestive tract. Moreover, it has been suggested that self-emulsifying formulations, when given orally, may offer improvements in both the rate and extent of absorption of the medicinal compound and can result in reduced variability in plasma concentration profiles. (See, S. A. Charman el al., Pharmaceutical Research 9(1):87-93 (1992), and N. H. Shah et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutics 106:15-23 (1994).) Additionally, emulsions which have been prepared by combining a self-emulsifying pre-concentrate with an aqueous medium appear to benefit, due to their small droplet diameter, from improved physical stability when compared with conventional emulsions.
Previously-disclosed self-emulsifying systems include those in which a lipophilic drug is combined with mixtures of (i) medium-chain triglycerides and nonionic surfactants, (ii) vegetable oils and partial glycerides such as polyglycolyzed glycerides or medium-chain mono- and diglycerides, or (iii) vegetable oils and nonionic surfactants such as polysorbate 80 or PEG-25 glyceryl trioleate. Other formulations have been characterized as self-emulsifying, including the above-mentioned SANDIMMUNE.RTM. cyclosporine formulation; however, these additionally contain a substantial amount of a solubilizing agent or solvent such as ethanol, rendering them unsuitable for certain uses such as filling into gelatin capsules, from which the solvent can readily escape.
Self-emulsifying formulations which seek to overcome this drawback are disclosed by Hauer et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,625. In these formulations, a "microemulsion pre-concentrate" of a cyclosporine is formed by combining the drug with (I) a hydrophilic phase, (II) a lipophilic phase, and (III) a surfactant, as well as optional thickeners, anti-oxidants or other excipients. Unfortunately, the complexity of these ternary formulations may make them costly and difficult to manufacture.
There exists, consequently, a need for formulations of lipophilic drugs such as cyclosporines that are simpler and easier to prepare than the ternary systems described above. Orban et al., in PCT Publication No. WO 92/09299, propose homogenized cyclosporine-containing formulations that comprise propylene glycol, ethanol and a polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymer, while Fleck et al., in PCT Publication No. WO 94/23733, disclose cyclosporine formulations containing CREMOPHOR and/or TRANSCUTOL. However, additional formulations are sought which offer an advantageous combination of physical stability, desirable pharmacokinetics and/or ease of manufacture.

Hydrophilic binary systems for the administration of lipophilic compounds


A radioterminal includes a wireless communications transmitter, a wireless communications receiver and a GPS receiver. A controller is configured to enable the GPS receiver when the wireless communications receiver is receiving wireless communications, and to disable the GPS receiver when the wireless communications transmitter is transmitting wireless communications. Related methods also are described.

Cellular wireless communications systems, methods and radioterminals are widely used for voice and/or data communications. As is well known to those having skill in the art, cellular wireless communications systems, methods and radioterminals include terrestrial cellular wireless communications systems, methods and radioterminals, and/or satellite cellular wireless communications systems, methods and mobile terminals. As used herein, the term "radioterminal" includes cellular and/or satellite radiotelephones with or without a multi-line display; Personal Communications System (PCS) terminals that may combine a radiotelephone with data processing, facsimile and/or data communications capabilities; Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) that can include a radio frequency transceiver and/or a pager, Internet/Intranet access, Web browser, organizer and/or calendar; and/or conventional laptop and/or palmtop computers or other appliances, which include a radio frequency transceiver. A radioterminal also may be referred to herein as a "wireless terminal" or simply as a "terminal". As used herein, the term(s) "radioterminal", "wireless terminal" and/or "terminal" also include(s) any other radiating user device/equipment/source that may have time-varying or fixed geographic coordinates and/or may be portable, transportable, installed in a vehicle (aeronautical, maritime, or land-based) and/or situated and/or configured to operate locally and/or in a distributed fashion over one or more terrestrial and/or extra-terrestrial location(s).
It may be desirable, and may be mandatory in the future, that radioterminals be equipped to determine the geographical location thereof, for example, to support emergency position reporting, often referred to as "E911" position reporting. One way to accomplish this result is to add a GPS receiver to a radioterminal. As is well known to those having skill in the art, GPS is a satellite navigation system that is funded by and controlled by the U.S. Department of Defense, that provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and/or time. As used herein, the term "GPS" also includes other satellite-based systems that can be used to measure positions on the earth, such as GLONASS.
GPS receivers may be expensive, increase radioterminal size and/or consume the limited amount of battery power that is available to the radioterminal. Accordingly, techniques have been proposed to integrate some or all of a GPS receiver into a radioterminal. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,826 to Horton et al., entitled Systems and Methods for Sharing Reference Frequency Signals Within a Wireless Mobile Terminal Between a Wireless Transceiver and a Global Positioning System Receiver; U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,974 to Camp, Jr. et al., entitled Combined GPS and Wide Bandwidth Radiotelephone Terminals and Methods; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,222 to Horton et al., entitled Systems and Methods for Sharing Reference Frequency Signals Within a Wireless Mobile Terminal Between a Wireless Transceiver and a Global Positioning System.
It is also known to add a GPS mode filter to a combined radioterminal/GPS terminal, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,785,543 to coinventor Karabinis, entitled Filters for Combined Radiotelephone/GPS Terminals, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein.

Radioterminals and associated operating methods that transmit position information responsive to change/rate of change of position


A transmission utilizes an electro-magnetically actuated selectable one-way-clutch. The one-way-clutch prevents rotation of a transmission member in both directions when a current exceeds a threshold and permits rotation in only one direction otherwise. To prevent un-intended engagement, a switch interrupts the current unless a second current exceeds a threshold. In order to engage the one-way-clutch, both currents are set above their respective thresholds by a controller. In the event of a single fault such as a short circuit, the system continues to function normally. The controller may periodically test for a fault by intentionally setting one current above its threshold and the other below its threshold and determining the state of the one-way-clutch by measuring speeds of transmission elements.

Many vehicles are used over a wide range of vehicle speeds, including both forward and reverse movement. Some types of engines, however, are capable of operating efficiently only within a narrow range of speeds. Consequently, transmissions capable of efficiently transmitting power at a variety of speed ratios are frequently employed. When the vehicle is at low speed, the transmission is usually operated at a high speed ratio such that it multiplies the engine torque for improved acceleration. At high vehicle speed, operating the transmission at a low speed ratio permits an engine speed associated with quiet, fuel efficient cruising. Typically, a transmission has a housing mounted to the vehicle structure, an input shaft driven by an engine crankshaft, and an output shaft driving the vehicle wheels, often via a differential assembly which permits the left and right wheel to rotate at slightly different speeds as the vehicle turns.
A common type of automatic transmission utilizes a collection of shift elements. Various subsets of the shift elements are engaged to establish the various speed ratios. A common type of shift element utilizes a clutch pack having separator plates splined to a housing and interleaved with friction plates splined to a rotating shell. When the separator plates and the friction plates are forced together, torque may be transmitted between the housing and the shell. A controller controls the torque capacity on such a friction clutch by adjusting the force squeezing the clutch pack. Friction clutches are capable of transmitting torque in the presence of relative speed between the separator plates and the friction plates. Some drag torque is transmitted even when a friction clutch is disengaged reducing efficiency.
Another type of shift element is a one-way-clutch. A one-way-clutch permits relative rotation between two races in one direction, but prevents relative rotation in the opposite direction. One-way-clutches have advantages and disadvantages relative to friction clutches. Shift quality is improved when the off-going element is a one-way-clutch because the clutch passively releases at the correct time. Generally, the parasitic drag of one-way-clutches is lower than that of friction clutches. However, one-way-clutches cannot transmit torque in the presence of relative rotation between the races. Some one-way-clutches are selectable. A selectable one-way-clutch (SOWC) can be actively controlled to be in one of multiple states which vary in terms of which directions of relative rotation are permitted. For example, a selectable one-way-clutch may permit relative rotation in one direction but not the other in one state and preclude relative rotation in both directions in another state. Like non-selectable one-way-clutches, selectable one-way-clutches are not capable of transmitting torque in the presence of relative rotation.

Electro-mechanical one-way-clutch and method of operation


A container for food products is defined by a cup-shaped basket, which is made of a first polymeric material, and is provided with a gripping handle connected to the basket in rotary manner by means of two coupling elements, which are made of a second polymeric material, and are welded to the basket itself.

In the field of the production of containers for food products, it is known to manufacture a container comprising a cup-shaped basket which is delimited by a bottom wall and a lateral wall, and is provided with a gripping handle coupled to the basket in a rotatory manner by means of two eyelets, which extend through the free ends of the handle, and are fixed to the basket by means of punching.
Since the basket and the handle are made of polymeric material and the eyelets are made of metal material, the containers for food products of the known type described above have several drawbacks, mainly deriving from the fact that the presence of a polymeric material and a metallic material involves the separate collection of the baskets and the handles on the one part and on the other part of the eyelets and therefore making operations for the disposal of such containers relatively complex and expensive.

Container for food products and method for manufacturing such container


A level and protractor tool (100) includes a body (102) with three sections. The first section (106) includes a spring clip (108) mounted on the body. The spring clip is adapted to be attached to an item that is to be bent or otherwise measured with the level and protractor tool (FIG. 6). The second section (128) is contiguous with the first section. The second section includes a mounting pin (132) defining a rotational axis for both a pointer (134) and a degree wheel (136) having a pendulum weight (306). The degree wheel and the pointer are positioned with respect to the mounting pin for rotational movement about the mounting pin independent of one another. The third section (142) includes a bubble level or spirit vial (144) and is attached perpendicularly to the second section and parallel to the mounting pin. When the spring clip is attached to an article that is to be bent, the degree wheel and pointer provide a scale for determining the angle of the bend, and the bubble level vial gauges lateral displacement.

Levels are used throughout the construction industry and other industries to determine level and plumb surfaces. The most common type of level is referred to as a spirit level. The spirit level normally includes a frame which houses a closed end tube filled with alcohol, ether, or a mixture thereof. A small bubble of air is entrained in the tube and, by basic physical laws, seeks out the highest point in the tube. The tube is marked with parallel lines at equidistant points from the tube center. By observing the relationship between the parallel lines and the bubble of air, a user can visually determine whether the surface the level is resting on is substantially level. The spirit level, while useful for determining whether a surface is level, i.e., at 180 degrees, is not helpful where other angles are desired.
More sophisticated levels are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,167,075 provides a level to measure the angular displacement during pipe-bending. However, this level is cumbersome and requires the use of at least three spirit levels. In addition, this level requires some undesirable estimation of angles and undesirable rotation of parts of the level for use.
Therefore, a need in the art exists for an easy-to-use, accurate, precise and reliable level and protractor.


A display includes a pixel array, a vertical scan circuit, a horizontal drive circuit, and an auxiliary scan circuit. The pixel array includes scan lines, signal lines, pixels, and auxiliary scan lines. Each pixel includes a transistor, a pixel electrode, and an auxiliary capacitor. The auxiliary scan circuit sequentially applies auxiliary pulses, of which potential is reversed between a high level and a low level relative to a predetermined reference potential, to the auxiliary scan lines synchronously with selection pulses to control such that a potential of one electrode of each auxiliary capacitor in a selected pixel row is opposite in polarity to that of a signal written in the corresponding pixel electrode in the selected row, and further control such that the potential of the electrode of each auxiliary capacitor is returned to the reference potential when the selected row is released.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an active matrix display, typified by an LCD, and a method for driving the display, and more particularly, relates to a technique for driving a transistor and an auxiliary capacitor formed in each pixel of a display.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a conventional display. The display includes a pixel array 1, a pair of vertical shift registers 2a, and a horizontal shift register 3a. The pixel array 1 includes scan lines X extending laterally, signal lines Y extending longitudinally, pixels P arranged in a matrix so as to correspond to the respective intersections of the scan lines X and the signal lines Y, and auxiliary capacitor lines Xs arranged parallel to the scan lines X. The vertical shift registers 2a are arranged on the right and left sides of the pixel array 1 to simultaneously drive the pixel array 1 on both the sides. In other words, each vertical shift register 2a sequentially applies selection pulses to the scan lines X to select the pixels P row by row. The horizontal shift register 3a supplies a signal VIDEO, of which potential is reversed between a high level and a low level relative to a reference potential COM, to each signal line Y to write the signal with a high or low potential into each pixel P of the selected row. Specifically, each signal line Y is connected to a common video line 3b through the corresponding horizontal switch HSW. The signal VIDEO is externally supplied to the video line 3b. The horizontal shift register 3a sequentially turns on or off each horizontal switch HSW to supply the signal VIDEO to the corresponding signal line Y. An image-quality improvement circuit 5 is connected to the respective signal lines Y.
Each pixel P includes a transistor Tr, a pixel electrode, and an auxiliary capacitor Cs. The transistor Tr connects to the corresponding scan line X and signal line Y and conducts in response to a selection pulse. The pixel electrode is shown by an intermediate node between the transistor Tr and the auxiliary capacitor Cs. The signal VIDEO is written into the pixel electrode through the corresponding conducting transistor Tr. The auxiliary capacitor Cs holds the signal VIDEO written in the corresponding pixel electrode. One electrode of the auxiliary capacitor Cs is connected to the corresponding transistor Tr and pixel electrode and the other electrode thereof is connected to the corresponding auxiliary capacitor line Xs, which is common to the auxiliary capacitors Cs in the same row. The auxiliary capacitor lines Xs are tied together into a bundle. The bundle is held at the predetermined reference potential COM. In other words, the potential of the electrode of each auxiliary capacitor Cs is fixed to the reference potential COM.
The display further has counter electrodes (not shown) facing the respective pixel electrodes, with a predetermined space therebetween. An electrooptic material such as liquid crystal is arranged in the space between the pixel electrodes and the counter electrodes. The counter electrodes are held at the predetermined reference potential COM. On the other hand, the potential of a signal to be written into the pixel electrode is positive or negative relative to the reference potential COM.
FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing the N-th stage (N-th row) and the (N+1)-th stage ((N+1)-th row) in the pixel array. As mentioned above, each pixel P includes the transistor Tr and the auxiliary capacitor Cs. One electrode of the auxiliary capacitor Cs is connected to the transistor Tr. The other electrode thereof is connected to the predetermined reference potential COM through the corresponding auxiliary capacitor line Xs. In this description, the other electrode of the auxiliary capacitor Cs may be called a Cs counter electrode.
FIG. 19 is a timing chart explaining a method for driving the conventional display in FIGS. 17 and 18. FIG. 19 shows first and second fields. In the first field, all of the scan lines are sequentially scanned once. In the second field, all the scan lines are again scanned in sequence. The N-th stage (N-th row) in the pixel array will now be described as an example. For an arbitrary horizontal period in the first field, a selection pulse (GATE) is applied to the corresponding scan line, so that the pixels in the N-th row are selected. At that time, the potential of each of the corresponding Cs counter electrodes is fixed to the reference potential COM. In the conventional display, the potential of each Cs counter electrode is always fixed to the reference potential COM irrespective of line sequential scanning. For example, a positive signal relative to the reference potential COM is written into each pixel of the selected N-th row. For the next horizontal period in the first field, pixels in the (N+1)-th row are selected. A negative signal relative to the reference potential COM is written into each pixel in the selected row. For the further next horizontal period in the first field, pixels in the (N+2)-th row are selected. A positive signal relative to the reference potential COM is written into each pixel of the selected row. As mentioned above, in the conventional display, the polarity of a video signal written in each pixel row is generally reversed every horizontal period (1H). This is called 1H reversal driving. In the second field, 1H reversal driving is similarly performed. When the first field is compared to the second field with respect to the same pixel row, it is known that the polarity of the signal in the first field is opposite to that in the second field. In other words, 1F reversal driving is performed. The N-th pixel row will now be described as an example. The positive video signal is written in the pixels in the N-th row in the first field. In the second field, a negative video signal is written into the same pixels.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. 11-271787 and 2001-159877 disclose methods for driving the above-mentioned conventional display.
In an active matrix display, generally, each pixel includes a transistor for writing a signal into the corresponding pixel electrode and an auxiliary capacitor for holding the signal written in the pixel electrode. Each of the above-mentioned active and passive devices includes a thin-film device having a thin layer of, for example, silicon. In conventional driving methods, to stably hold a signal in one field, it is desirable that the capacitance of the auxiliary capacitor of each pixel be increased. The increase in capacitance of the auxiliary capacitor prevents light leak in the transistor. On the other hand, the width of a channel of the transistor is narrowed to reduce the leak. Therefore, the resistance of the channel in the transistor is increased. The current drive capacity tends to be restricted. This leads to the limitation of a capacity to charge the auxiliary capacitor. As mentioned above, the conventional technique has inconsistent conditions, namely, the increase in capacitance of the auxiliary capacitor and the increase in resistance of the transistor. Unfortunately, the conventional technique can hardly overcome disadvantages such as insufficient signal writing and a spot defect caused by leak. As the definition of the active matrix display becomes higher, the number of pixels increases more sharply. Write time for each pixel is reduced inversely proportional to the increase in number of pixels. Disadvantageously, image quality is seriously deteriorated due to the insufficient signal writing and the spot defect caused by leak.
To overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages, a common reversing method has conventionally been provided. According to the method, synchronously with 1H reversal driving of a video signal, a potential of each counter electrode (common electrode) is reversed so as to be opposite in phase to that of the video signal relative to a reference potential. Synchronously with reversing the counter electrode, the potential of the Cs counter electrode of each auxiliary capacitor is also reversed. According to the common reversing method, however, the potential of each of the counter electrodes arranged in all of the pixels is changed between a positive level and a negative level every horizontal period (1H). Thus, the extremely large amount of charge is required. Actually, it is difficult to charge or discharge the counter electrodes at a high rate. The common reversing method is not exactly an effective solution.


A method and apparatus for performing speech interaction with children is provided. The apparatus may be a computing device that includes at least one camera, at least one microphone, memory, and at least one processor for executing stored instructions. The at least one processor may be configured to determine an age range or an age or skill level of the child. The computing device may receive one or more inputs from the child. The at least one processor may perform analysis on the one or more inputs based at least in part on the determined age range or the age or the skill level of the child, and output a speech response to the child based on the performed analysis.

This invention relates to a method, system, and apparatus for assisting in the education of individuals, particularly the education of children, including babies, toddlers, and children of varying ages. As directed to children, the present invention provides children with the sort of engaged, one-on-one responsiveness as well as speech recognition, interaction, and learning that is typically only available from an engaged, responsive adult.
The present invention provides technological interventions with information about the child's eye-gaze location, gesture activity, speech, vocalizations, emotional expression or other inputs. The disclosure further seeks to enhance learning by mimicking, for example, the parent's output of responsive and interactive speech, activities of physical gesture and of directed eye gaze or joint attention or otherwise to enhance the child's learning experience.
The present invention includes responses to inputs, either from a user (e.g., child, parent), other individuals, or, for example, information stored in memory. The present invention then processes, via a processor and associated memory, the inputs according to one or more computer program modules. Based on the input and computer program module(s), the present invention then presents an output, of various forms, to the user.
Inputs may take on various forms, such as, gestures, eye gaze, facial expressions, physical movements, emotional expressions, speech, vocalizations, or other sensory inputs. The method, system, and/or apparatus then interacts with one or more program modules to create outputs such as physical gestures, such as pointing, directed eye gaze, responsive speech interaction or other sensory outputs in a manner that assists the individual, for example, in a learning environment, for purposes of entertainment, or otherwise. Depending on the form of architecture, the appropriate input and output devices may also contain, as an example, cameras, microphones, speakers, and various devices to provide physical movement, such as an electro-mechanical pointing device, or pneumatically controlled movement device. By so doing the present invention reacts with companionship and, in certain cases, physicality to aid in an individual's education. This invention relates to having a contingent response that mimics traditional methods by which an individual may learn, and that may include a physical interaction with the child.
The present invention is also beneficial to parents and to researchers because it is easy to update the device with a module or modules that contain best practices and interventions from the latest academic research. In this way, the device is able to quickly and consistently disseminate best practices discovered by early childhood education researchers to all children with access to the device. This is a tremendous advantage over the current system of gradually disseminating information about best practices through a variety of networks over the course of many years and in some cases over the course of many decades.
Moreover, currently existing voice interaction technology, for instance, is limited to the interaction between an adult user and a computing device. In at least that regard, the present invention is also advantageous in that sophisticated and dynamic speech interaction between a child and the computing device is possible with the added benefit of at least helping the child learn vocabulary, pronouncing various sounds and words, developing speech and language skills and more, as will be further described below.
Because it can be very difficult to educate every parent about the latest in early childhood education research, parents and even preschool teachers may not be aware of the best practices discovered by academic researchers until many years have passed. In the intervening time children will have failed to reap the benefit of the academic research because it had not yet become widely known to all parents.
Furthermore, even when best practices from academic research reach parents the best practices may be confusing to implement or may involve changing the daily habits of parents or preschool teachers. As a result of the difficulty of changing habits and the difficulty of reaching parents with news of new research, many helpful best practices do not make their way to the parents or children who need them, or are not implemented consistently because consistent implementation, while beneficial, involves the difficult process of changing human behaviors.
The present invention helps resolve these issues. When a new discovery is made in educational academic research, the behavior of the device can be immediately updated through a simple software or module update and immediately, consistently, and precisely follow the best practice generated in a lab but in households and day-cares across the country. A benefit of the device is its ability to consistently, precisely, conveniently, and immediately follow the best practices of academic researchers through simple software or module updates. The benefit provided by this device of being able to implement interventions at scale with consistency and immediacy is tremendously advantageous to researchers, children, and parents.
Prior to the present invention, it could take years or even decades for best practices discovered by academics to reach parents and children. This long path to broad implementation typically involved lengthy and sustained public relations efforts and the lengthy process of people changing habits over time. With this device, best practices from researchers can be precisely implemented on a large scale with immediate effect, via easy updates to the processing modules.
For example, the research of Harvard Professor Meredith Rowe indicates that it is extremely important for parents to use gesture when interacting with babies and infants. Specifically, Professor Rowe of Harvard found that when parents gesture more, children gesture more and children who gesture more have higher vocabularies independent of IQ. Rowe, M. L., S Ozcaliskan, and S. Goldin-Meadow, 2008, "Learning Words by Hand: Gestures Role in Predicting Vocabulary Development," First Language (2): 182-199. As the research found, higher vocabulary in early childhood is the best predictor of later academic and life success and this simple intervention of gesturing more increases vocabulary regardless of the child's IQ. Thus, the present invention is capable of gesturing and labeling in such a way that should increase children's use of gesture and thereby increase their vocabularies and likelihood of academic success.
High quality talk means different things at different stages of early childhood. Specifically, high quality talk for infants and babies means talk with gestures and lots of different physical objects. High quality talk with toddlers means introducing and responsively explaining sophisticated and unusual vocabulary words. High quality talk for toddlers and preschool-aged children means engaging in decontextualized talk or talk about the past or future. It is difficult for any parent to understand and implement in their day to day routines with their children, but through the present invention a high quantity of high quality of talk specific to the child's developmental stage is easy to incorporate into a family's daily routine. For instance, when the child is an infant or baby, the present invention uses its capability to gesture in combination with its eye-gaze tracking, facial expression tracking, and gesture tracking, and object recognition to consistently incorporate gesture and labeling into the baby or infants day to day play. As the child becomes a toddler, the present invention is aware of the unusual and sophisticated vocabulary that is most helpful for the child to learn and is able to remember to introduce unusual and sophisticated vocabulary as part of the child's daily play, including through reading books that are known to the present invention to contain unusual or sophisticated vocabulary. Later, as the child becomes a preschooler the present invention, using a three-dimensional physical presence can join the family at the dinner table or the breakfast table and engage in conversation with the child about past or future events. Parents and other family members can join in the conversation. In this way the present invention is engaging the family in best practices from researchers in a seamless and convenient fashion. Overall, the present invention's gesture and responsiveness make it an ideal tool for researchers and parents to work together to help children learn effectively in early childhood
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting examples of the invention.

Method and apparatus for speech interaction with children


A method of preparing a document for printing may include determining a preferred image resolution for an image on a document. An electronic file may be received. The electronic file may comprise data representing a first embedded image having a nominal resolution. A job may be received. The job may comprise one or more operations to be performed on the electronic file. A computing device may determine an effective resolution for the first embedded image based on the nominal resolution and the one or more operations. It is determined whether the effective resolution for the first embedded image is greater than the preferred image resolution. The first embedded image may be downsampled based on a scaling factor. A printing device may process the job using the downsampled first embedded image.

Documents are commonly produced containing a plurality of images, and such documents often have large file sizes. As such, computer systems used to process such large documents into displayable images require a substantial amount of processing time.
Downsampling is a technique used to decrease the size of a document by reducing the number of pixels in an image. Image downsampling is used to decrease extraneous image data. Downsampling techniques include, but are not limited to, subsampling, bicubic downsampling, and average downsampling. Decreasing the size of the document allows a document to be more easily and quickly, downloaded, transmitted and/or stored.
Image downsampling can be used to optimize, for example, Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Images are often compressed in PDF files in order to increase speed and functionality. The speed and functionality is increased because a compressed image is smaller and has less bytes. Due to the decreased number of bytes, a machine may process (i.e., upload, download, save and/or print) the image at a faster speed.
For example, Acrobat® 8 from Adobe Systems, Inc. deletes an image if that image occurs multiple times within an electronic document file. Acrobat® 8 deletes a redundant image if it is fully redundant or identical in all aspects. By downsampling the image, a smaller PDF file can be created because the image is stored only a single time in the document. References to the image are used when there are multiple instances of the image in the document.


A wireless modem employs a radio frequency (RF) transponder system components to remotely access the memory of an electrical or electro-mechanical device by providing an exciter/reader/writer (ERW) circuit free of electrical contact with the electrical or electro-mechanical device and a transponder including a transmit/receive antenna, a reading circuit, a programming circuit, and a transponder memory. The transponder memory is directly connected to the device memory. The ERW circuit initially generates an RF excitation signal powering the transponder. In response to the RF excitation signal, the transponder generates a RF response signal using the reading circuit that is transmitted back to the EWR circuit. The RF response signal includes data from the device memory. The RF response signal is received by the ERW circuit, which in turn generates an RF write signal that is transmitted to the transponder. The RF write signal powers the transponder and programs the device memory using the programming circuit of the transponder.

Microprocessors and their associated memory are used to improve the operation, usability, and control of many electronic and electro-mechanical products. Typically, the memory of these products includes non-volatile memory that advantageously preserves important system data when the power supply to the product is turned off, disconnected, or otherwise rendered inoperative. Such system data may include default configuration data required during startup of the microprocessor or diagnostic data that facilitates the identification of operational problems.
As the use of microprocessors and associated memory in electronic and electro-mechanical products proliferates, there is an increasing need to access system data stored in the non-volatile memory for diagnostic and/or data modification purposes. For example, if a product becomes inoperable, it is generally desirable to access system data stored in the memory to search for data errors. If an error is found in the system data, it is necessary to correct the system data stored in the memory, thereby restoring the product to proper operation.
Access to the memory oftentimes requires costly diagnostic devices that are connectable to the memory of the product via direct electrical contact therewith. Although some diagnostic devices are connectable to the memory of the product via indirect electrical contact, such as via a user interface integral with the product, these devices have limited utility because they are generally only applicable if the user interface, and correspondingly the product, is functioning properly. Diagnostic devices that are connectable to the memory of a product via direct electrical contact are also problematic in cases where the memory resides in a relatively inaccessible location within the product, rendering direct electrical contact between the diagnostic device and the memory extremely difficult. In such cases, it may be necessary for a technician to disassemble the product before the memory is accessible, which requires a significant amount of time and substantially increases the cost of servicing the product.
There are other cases where it is not practical to access the non-volatile memory of a microprocessor via direct or indirect electrical contact, such as in the case of a field replaceable unit (FRU) for a computer. An exemplary FRU is a computer circuit board having a microprocessor and an associated non-volatile memory, wherein the memory is powered by a battery when the memory is disconnected from its external power source. The non-volatile memory usually contains important system data read by the computer during startup and/or operation of the computer. It is sometimes necessary to read the system data stored in the non-volatile memory of the FRU or to correct, update, or replace the system data stored therein, particularly when the computer is shut off, malfunctioning or otherwise inoperable. Yet the contents of the non-volatile memory are not readily accessible by indirect electrical contact under these conditions because the user interface of the computer is often correspondingly inoperable. Thus, the computer must be disassembled to access the memory via direct electrical contact. Disassembly, however, is an unsatisfactory alternative, as noted above, due to the high costs associated therewith.
Still another alternative is to access the non-volatile memory using a conventional contactless communication device such as a wireless modem. Wireless modems are used to transfer data between remote locations without requiring electrical contact therebetween. Conventional wireless modems, however, have a relatively high cost that prevents or discourages their use in low-cost products. Conventional wireless modems are also too large for use in products where miniaturization is required.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a wireless modem that allows communication with the memory of an electrical or electromechanical host device without requiring connection therebetween by either direct or indirect electrical contact. It is another object of the present invention to provide a wireless modem that is small in size. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a wireless modem that is relatively low in cost. These objects and others are achieved by the present invention described hereafter.


An agricultural working device, such as a mulcher, is improved with a working rotor which is driven by a drive shaft and a cutting rail with a cutting edge which can be directed towards the working rotor. Sensors for acquiring parameters of working rotor and/or cutting rail are provided. An electronic control apparatus is provided with at least one encoder to set the cutting rail. A method for setting the position of a cutting rail of a working device, such as a mulcher, relative to a working rotor, is configured in such a way that the rotational speed of a drive shaft and the rotational speed of the working rotor are measured and compared with one another. When a ratio of the rotational speeds differs by a predefined threshold, a change in the position of the cutting rail is brought about.

Such agricultural working devices for separating and comminuting undergrowth, such as grass but also plant stubble, are used widely as separating devices and comminution devices, in particular as mulching devices, mulching-mowing devices or rotary cultivators, inter alia in the cultivation of fallow land and in conservation of the countryside as well as for agriculture. They are used there for mowing and comminuting plant growth, plant residues and biomass of a wide variety of types, such as for example grass, catch crops, plant stubble of grain, rape, corn, branches or bushes. These are separated from the soil by the working devices, picked up, comminuted by a working rotor of the working device and fed back to the soil again. The comminuted and distributed plant material on the soil rots quickly on the soil owing to its condition. It therefore serves as fertilizer for the soil, for the formation of humus and for field hygiene measures.
Such working devices can have, in addition to the working rotor, a cutting unit with at least one cutting rail which is arranged at a distance from the working roller within the housing of the working device. The distance between the cutting rail and the working roller forms a gap which primarily determines the size of the comminuted vegetation. In most working devices from the prior art, the cutting rail is arranged in a positionally fixed fashion, together with the cutting apparatus, within the housing of the working device. It is therefore not possible to carry out adaptation to different cutting lengths.
Individual working devices of the specified type in which the cutting apparatus or the cutting rail can be adjusted manually by the user are known. For this purpose, firstly attachment elements which hold the cutting apparatus on the housing of the working device are released. The cutting apparatus or the cutting rail is subsequently shifted and attached to the housing of the device again by means of the attachment elements. This process is very laborious under the frequently changing circumstances, for example when there are changes in material or biomass and in the weather, and does not permit any dynamic adaptation of the cutting apparatus during the operation of the device. Furthermore, the space in the interior of the housing is limited to such an extent that individual components which are arranged in the working path of the undergrowth to be comminuted significantly disrupt the working flow.
European patent application 17 001 686.9, which is also made fully a subject matter of the disclosure of the present application (European patent application 17 001 686.9 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), discloses an agricultural working device for processing biomass, such as parts of plants, in particular a mulching device, mulching-mowing device or milling device, having at least one cutting apparatus which has at least one cutting rail, wherein, in order to achieve continuous adjustability of the cutting apparatus by a user during the working process there is provision that the cutting rail can be adjusted by the user by means of a remote-controlled hydraulic cylinder.
On the one hand, the attention of the user is required elsewhere, with the result that he/she cannot always monitor the mulching process and himself perform necessary settings or adjustments, and on the other hand the mulching process is adversely affected by external influences, such as for example the change in the quality of the mulched material, in particular the change in its humidity.


A low-leakage circuit design method involves determining a capacity of a power gating transistor using delay statistics, wherein the resulting power gating transistor has sufficient capacity to supply all of the current necessary to meet the demands of the powered design elements while minimizing an amount of chip space required to implement the power gating transistor. The capacity of the power gating transistor is determined by first estimating a capacity necessary to meet the demands of all design elements connected to the transistor. The design elements are then grouped according to input signal arrival time to determine an amount by which the estimated capacity of the gating transistor may be reduced without affecting operation of the design elements. Various grouping schemes are evaluated to determine an optimal grouping. The estimated transistor capacity is reduced according to the optimal grouping, and the power gating transistor is implemented accordingly.

Advances in technology have allowed manufacturers of integrated circuits to design the circuits with increasingly smaller design elements. The transistors used in digital integrated circuits to create basic design elements such as logic gates, for example, are becoming smaller and smaller. As transistors and design elements become smaller, manufacturers are able to design and build integrated circuits with much higher densities of design elements and, thus, more functionality.
Increasing the density of design elements presents certain challenges. Each design element in a digital circuit, for example, has associated with it a leakage current. Leakage current, as the name implies, is undesired current that flows through a design element. A metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), for example, in theory requires no current flow to activate or deactivate. However, the silicon dioxide that functions as gate insulation is not a perfect insulator, and therefore allows some current to seep through as "leakage current." Although the leakage current associated with a single MOSFET may be as small as a few picoamperes, the combined leakage current of millions of MOSFETs can consume as much as twenty percent of a chip's total power budget. Furthermore, leakage current can vary depending on the temperature of the circuit, increasing rapidly—even exponentially—with the temperature of the circuit, making it more difficult for engineers to account for it. This undesired and fluctuating power consumption can severely impede a designer's ability to maximize circuit efficiency and performance.
One method of controlling the amount of leakage current in digital integrated circuits involves "power gating," or "switching off" power to design elements that are not in use. FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art circuit employing power gating, wherein a MOSFET 2 serves as a power gate to a standard logic gate 4, wherein the logic gate 4 may comprise, for example, a series of MOSFETs or other primitive design elements. When the logic gate 4 is not in use, a sleep signal connected to a gate of the MOSFET 2 is asserted to switch the MOSFET "off" and prevent current from flowing to the logic gate 4. Thus, when the sleep signal is asserted current is prevented from flowing to the primitive design elements of the logic gate 4 and, therefore, leakage current is eliminated.
Power gating also presents challenges because the capacity of the gating transistor must be optimized. If the transistor is too big or "wide," for example, it will occupy an unnecessarily large portion of the available chip area and thus reduce the total number of design elements that may be placed on the chip. Furthermore, the wider the transistor, the higher the leakage current through it, which limits the transistor's effectiveness to reduce leakage current in the power-gated circuit in standby mode. If the gating transistor is too small or "narrow," it will limit the amount of drive current available to the design elements which could hinder the performance of the chip.
Therefore, a need exists for a method of determining a capacity of a gating transistor such that the transistor is capable of supplying sufficient operating current while occupying a minimal amount of chip area.

Design techniques for low leakage circuits based on delay statistics


An exhaust valve for threading into a street elbow threaded into an exhaust port of a conventional steam radiator that includes a base portion, a cap portion supported by the base portion, and a bimetallic arm contained in the cap portion. The base portion has a ledge that provides a broad surface onto which condensate in exhaust steam from the conventional steam radiator is attracted and deposited as it passes through the base portion so as to prevent the steam condensate from interfering with the exhaust steam from the conventional steam radiator. The base portion further has only one central throughbore that is coaxial with the bimetallic arm so as to provide a direct path for the exhaust steam from the conventional radiator without any bends that can produce obstructive eddy currents.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exhaust valve. More particularly, the present invention relates to an steam radiator exhaust valve.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Numerous innovations for exhaust valves for steam radiators have been provided in the prior art that will be described. Even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, however, they differ from the present invention.
FOR EXAMPLE, U.S. Pat. No. 2,845,227 to Leonardis teaches a steam exhaust valve assembly for venting radiators comprising, a housing having a port adjacent its upper end means for interconnecting the housing and a radiator portion of a steam heating system with the means comprising a steam supply port and a liquid condensate return port, a tubular valve support member having an annular forward portion extending through the port and fixed therein in a manner providing a seal between its outer surface and the housing and defining a vent port concentric with the port in the housing wall, with the body of the valve support extending into the housing and having a portion of its wall cut away to prevent the accumulation of sediment within the support member and to give entrance to the bifurcated upper end of a bi-metal arm the upper end of which is bifurcated, means for supporting the bi-metal arm within the housing with its bifurcated upper end extending into the cut away portion of the support member, and a valve member contained within the support member and movable axially within the support member for opening and closing the port defined by the forward end of the support member with the valve member being slotted intermediate its ends to make sliding engagement with the arms of the bifurcated upper end of the bi-metal arm whereby as the arm is bent or straightened in response to temperature variations the valve member is moved within the support member for opening and closing the port defined by the forward portion of the valve support member.
It is apparent that innovations for exhaust valves for steam radiators have been provided in the prior art that are adapted to be used. Furthermore, even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, however, they would not be suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described.


Methylotrophic yeast are used for high-level expression of GAD65 that makes the production of GAD65 feasible on an industrial scale. A methanol-inducible promoter from, for example, an alcohol oxidase gene, such as Pichia pastoris AOX1, can be used to regulate GAD65 expression. The recombinant GAD65 has high specific activity and retains antigenic characteristics of the native molecule that are essential to immunological assays and therapeutic protocols.

L-Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the synthesis of .gamma.-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely accepted as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. One isoform of GAD has been identified as a 65 kD beta cell autoantigen in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Type 1 (insulin-dependent) Diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. Development of IDDM has been associated with the presence of autoantibodies to the 65 kD GAD enzyme.
Naturally occurring GAD65 is difficult to isolate from pancreatic islet cells in meaningful quantity and purity, and purified GAD has been isolated from COS cells in only trace amounts. Tuomi et al., Diabetes 42:359-362 (1993). The cloning of human islet cell GAD.sub.65 makes it theoretically possible to obtain recombinant protein useful as antigen in quantitative assays for measuring GAD autoantibodies in IDDM susceptible individuals. GAD65 has been expressed in bacterial (e.g., Atkinson et al., Lancet 339:458-459 (1992)), mammalian (e.g., Hagopian et al., Diabetes 42:1-3 (1993)), and insect cells (e.g., Christgau et al., J. Cell. Biol. 118:309-320 (1992)). These strategies provided partially purified material for the detection of autoantibodies on a small scale. However, they were not fully successful as sources of purified GAD, either because the level of expression was low, making purification difficult, enzymatic activity was reduced, or because the GAD65 was expressed as a fusion protein which might have altered the immunoreactivity of the GAD65 portion of the molecule. For example, the amount of GAD65 expressed from BHK cells was approximately 600 .mu.g/liter (Moody et al., Diabetologia 38:14-23 (1995), which made purification by affinity chromatography essential.
GAD65 is a complex molecule, containing 15 cysteine residues and two palmitoylated sites (Shi et al., J. Cell Biol. 124:927-934 (1994)). In solution GAD65 aggregates rapidly to form both covalent and non-covalently bound oligomers having reduced enzymatic activity and reduced ability to react with antibodies. These characteristics make the purification of recombinant GAD65 difficult. The material is often purified at high concentration under which conditions its inherent tendency to irreversibly aggregate leads to the formation of unusable precipitates.
The production of large quantities of GAD65 is sought as a source of antigen for development of immunoassays and potentially for use in screening and monitoring large numbers of individuals for susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes. However, large quantities of recombinant GAD65 are of little use if the biological characteristics of the molecule, such as antigenic properties and enzymatic activity, are impaired.
More recently GAD65 has been expressed in insect cells, such as Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells, using baculovirus vectors. Moody et al., supra; Mauch et al., J. Biochem. 113:699-704 (1993); and Christgau et al., J. Cell. Biol. 118:309-320 (1992). The recombinant GAD65 was reportedly obtained in large quantities from the insect cells (up to 50 mg/L) and could be purified up to 95% purity while retaining significant enzymatic and antigenic reactivity. Moody et al., ibid. However, insect cell expression systems suffer from a number of disadvantages when used for protein expression on an industrial scale. For example, the insect cells are difficult to manipulate in quantities needed to cells (1) are expensive to culture; (2) require infection with baculovirus for heterologous protein expression, making them unsuitable for continuous production methods; (3) produce poorly reproducible results, making them difficult to rigorously validate; and (4) have a low overall productivity rate.
What is needed in the art is a means for convenient expression of very large amounts of biologically active recombinant GAD65. The protein preparations isolated from the expression system should be readily purified to relative homogeneity, while retaining a high level of enzymatic and antigenic activity. Quite surprisingly, the present invention fulfills these and other related needs.

Production of GAD65 in methylotrophic yeast


An x-ray lithography device in which a beam of electrons interacts with a microwave field of a quasi-optical maser such as a quasi-optical gyrotron. This maser comprises a pair of spaced mirrors defining a quasi-optical cavity therebetween, with one mirror being provided with an orifice to permit extraction of the x-ray beam produced. A Bragg reflector is connected to the mirror orifice to reduce the microwave power loss from the device through the orifice. Electrons injected in the maser cavity are caused to "wiggle" by the interacting microwave field, which functions as an undulator, so as to produce a non-coherent x-ray beam that travels along the longitudinal axis of the cavity and exits through the mirror orifice.

A major contributor to the very substantial developments taking place in information processing is the miniaturization of semiconductor devices marketed by the electronics industry. In fact, the ability to achieve and maintain a leadership position in the fast developing technology for fabricating smaller and cheaper integrated circuits (IC) can play a key role in the economic well-being of any country. One process by which such IC's are mass produced is lithography. Using this technique, a predetermined pattern can be rapidly replicated on the surface of a semiconductor chip using a beam of radiated particles. A reliable, efficient and compact source of radiation or particles is critical to the economic viability of lithography. This is especially so because of the high capital expenditure required for the sources necessitated by further miniaturization.
A good discussion of lithography is contained in "x-ray Lithography Research; A collection of NRL Contributions", R. R. Whitlock, Editor, Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum report 5731 (1987). As discussed in this report, the crystal-growing industry routinely provides silicon crystals about 5" or more in diameter and once a single-crystal ingot is grown, it is sliced into wafers which are then used for device fabrication. Planar technology consists, for example, in selective introduction of dopant atoms into small precisely predetermined areas of the silicon surface to form regions of p- and n- type material. Dopant atoms can be introduced simultaneously into many separate, small regions of the wafer. Therefore, the use of larger diameter wafers and smaller device dimensions minimizes the process cost per device. The technique for replication of a predetermined pattern on a silicon wafer is referred to as lithography. The pattern may correspond, for example, to an opening for introduction of dopant atoms by diffusion or implantation. Lithography involves the application of a thin film of a radiation-sensitive plastic, called a photoresist, onto the surface of the wafer. The photoresist is then exposed to radiation through a mask bearing the desired feature so as to create a shadow image on the resist.
Current state-of-the-art miniaturization requirements by the IC industry demand the ability to resolve submicron minimum features of patterns to be replicated. However, for mass production of critical, leading-edge circuits for computers, memories, signal processors and other devices, resolutions approaching .ltoreq.0.1 .mu.m will be required. Resolution, therefore, is a determining factor in the quest for greater density. However, as is well known, diffraction provides a fundamental barrier to resolution. If d is the line width of the feature in the mask to be replicated and .lambda. is the wavelength of the radiation, the diffraction angle is .lambda./d, so that if s is the mask-to-resist separation, the blur on the resist is .lambda./(d)s. Thus, to reduce blur, it is necessary to use short wavelength radiation, x-rays, or energetic particle beams.
As far as the resolution is concerned, x-ray radiation or particle beams are satisfactory sources. Of course, other factors such as throughput and yield must be considered in selecting the most appropriate source for lithographic purposes. A direct-write technique with tightly focussed electron or ion beams is frequently used for extremely high-resolution process. The wavelength .lambda. of an electron of momentum p is .lambda.=h/p where h is Planck's constant. Thus, for a 20 keV electron beam, .lambda.=2.5.times.10.sup.2 .ANG.. With such short wavelengths, "computer-controlled particle beams are ideal for making high-quality patterns on masks which are then used for" resist exposure in quantity. However, the main problem with the electron- beam direct-write process for mass production is that it is slow compared to parallel exposure through a mask. In addition, particle beams spread out upon impinging on a resist, and there is also some backscattering and thus possible damage to the mask.
Because x-ray sources have a high throughput compared to direct- write techniques, the use of such x-ray sources as lithography has considerable potential. Three common sources of x-ray radiation that appear to be good candidates for lithography are electron-impact (x-ray tube), high-temperature plasma, and synchrotron radiation. To compare these, the following important characteristics must be considered in making a choice between different sources: emission intensity; efficiency of x-ray generation and usage; spectral character of radiation (lines, continuum, etc.); energy range of emitted photons; source size (important for resolution); emission solid angle (determines collimation and exposure area); pulsed or continuous wave (CW). Further, in comparing the different x-ray sources, the use of material the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) will be considered. PMMA is a popular, high-resolution resist suitable for submicron work. To fully expose PMMA one requires 1 J/cm.sup.2 of 12 .ANG. radiation. More generally, the range of useful photon energies is 0.5-1.5 keV (20-8 .ANG.). Photon energy influences resist absorption which, along with the intensity, determines the exposure time. In common with ordinary photography, faster resists than PMMA are found to exhibit poorer resolution.
Turning to the properties of the three common sources of x-ray radiation mentioned above, x-ray tubes were the first source to be used for x-ray lithography. The radiation is uncollimated and is in the form of lines (bound-to-bound transitions) and a continuum (free-to-free transitions in the nuclear coulombic field). x-ray tubes are inefficient, with typically much less than 1% of the electron beam energy being converted into (total) x-ray radiation.
x-ray radiation from plasmas at 10.sup.6 -10.sup.7 .degree. K. is in the form of a line spectrum (bound-to-bound transitions), continue with high-energy cut-off (free-to-bound transitions), and continuum (free-to-free bremsstrahlung). Heating of the plasma is achieved using a discharge, as in a z-pinch, or a high powered laser as described in Nagel et al., Electron. Lett. 14,781 (1978), and the radiation is spread over a large solid angle (2.pi. to 4.pi.). The process is necessarily pulsed with a lifetime of 10-100 ns for discharge heating and 1-10 ns for laser heating. Efficiencies are in the range from 1-10%. Some of the problems associated with high-temperature plasma lithography include the following: contamination of mask and/or resist by debris from the plasma; low repetition rate; thermal response of mask and/or resist to very intense, pulsed heating; and significant shot-to-shot variability of plasma sources.
Patents relating to the use of plasma sources include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,961,197 (Dawson); 4,184,078 (Nagel et al.); and 4,618,971 (Weiss et al.). The Dawson patent discloses a method for producing coherent secondary x-rays from a plasma device using a laser activated plasma source. A disadvantage of this method is that pulsed x-rays are generated and these x-rays are coherent (it being noted that coherent x-rays are have no advantage over non-coherent x-rays in lithography, the ultimate purpose being to burn a semiconductor, rather than maintain a coherent wavefront.) The Nagel et al. patent discloses a plasma source that produces x-rays via laser excitation; the x-rays produced are coherent x-rays. The Weiss et al. patent discloses an arrangement wherein the plasma is contained in a magnetic field established by an electrical current. This has the advantage providing greater control over shot-to-shot variability but does not solve the other problems mentioned above.
Synchrotron radiation is generated by electrons in synchrotron accelerators and storage rings. It is basically magnetic bremsstrahlung due to the curved motions of the particles in the bending (dipole) magnets. Although the radiation process is efficient, use of the emitted radiation is quite inefficient due to the large fraction that is lost onto the vacuum chamber walls (often about 90%). Because the radiation is highly collimated, .ltoreq.1 mrad for a 1 Gev electron beam, the mask-wafer separation and wafer flatness are less critical than with x-rays from a point-source with highly-diverging rays such as plasma sources. The spectrum is continuous so that filters and/or mirrors must be used to select the desired wavelength band for lithography work.
In existing and proposed storage rings, electrons are typically injected at low energy, .sup.- 150 MeV, and then accelerated to about 1 GeV while the bending magnets are ramped up to about 4-5 T. These arrangements are designed for compactness, with linear dimensions on the order of several meters. Superconducting magnet designs are also available and somewhat more compact, although such designs involve added cost and require additional space for the cryogenic system. Thus far, the most important source of x-ray synchrotron radiation is that provided by a dedicated storage rings to be found in many national laboratories throughout the world. However, it will be appreciated that these machines are extremely expensive and occupy a great deal of space. On the other hand, the commercial storage rings for x-ray lithography are only now becoming available.
Patents relevant to the use of synchrotron radiation include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,947,687 (Fenstermacher) and 4,803,713 (Fujii). The Fenstermacher patent discloses the use of a collimated x-ray beam to improve efficiency. This is accomplished by a collimator that absorbs undesired x-rays instead of reflecting them via a mirror arrangement as in the prior art. The Fujii patent discloses the use of mirrors to deflect the x-rays to the desired position on the mask.
As described below, the present invention involves the use of an electromagnetic undulator in generating x-rays for lithographic applications. The use of periodic undulators and wigglers to achieve higher brightness (energy radiated per unit bandwidth per unit solid angle), and to modify the spectral character of the storage rings is by now well-established. (See, e.g., Winnick et al., Phys. Today.36,49 (1983).) Due to the complexity and construction costs of electromagnets (conventional or superconducting), recent developments in the fabrication of high-field, rare-earth cobalt permanent magnets have led to their almost universal use as insertion devices in storage rings. Reference is made, e.g., to Halbach, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 169,1 (1980) and Halbach et al., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS -28, 3136 (1981).
Defining the dimensionless magnetic field parameter K=(.vertline.e.vertline.B.sub.o .lambda..sub.o)/(2.pi.mc.sup.2), where e is the charge and m is the rest-mass of an electron, c is the speed of light in vacuum, B.sub.o is the peak magnetic induction and .lambda..sub.o is the period of the planar undulator or wiggler, the wavelength .lambda. of the radiation emitted along the beam direction is given by .lambda.=.lambda..sub.o (1+K.sup.2 /2)!/2.gamma..sup.2 !, where .gamma. is the relativistic mass factor. Typically, .lambda..sub.o ranges over 1-10 cm so that for x-ray radiation in the required range of 8-20 .ANG., electron energies upwards of several GeV are required. On the other hand, lower energy electrons, e.g., at 150 MeV, might be used together with extremely short- period insertion devices. However, to maintain the same magnetic field strength there has to be a corresponding decrease in the gap spacing between opposite poles of the magnet and this implies very thin filamentary electron beams and correspondingly high electron-beam brightness.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,124 (Ketterson et al.) discloses the use of a high frequency laser to produce x-rays via the excitation of a piezoelectric material by microwave radiation. Coherent radiation is generated, and the use of a lasing system to generate x-rays also creates an intrinsic problem with respect to the electron beam quality associated with the lasing action.
From the foregoing, one can see that the electronics industry has an ongoing need for x-ray sources that are compact, energy efficient, and inexpensive. Current x-ray sources suitable for x-ray lithography are generally large, energy inefficient, and very expensive, the synchrotron being an excellent example. One key to the success of x-ray lithography will be the extent to which the technology becomes available to the scientific community generally, rather than to just a few large organizations with unusually large resources.
Much work has been done to develop free electron lasers for the many scientific applications requiring a source of coherent x-rays. Generally, the output wavelength .lambda..sub.x of such a laser relates to the microwave input wavelength .lambda..sub..mu. by: EQU .lambda..sub.x =(.lambda..sub..mu. /4.gamma..sup.2)
Where, again, .gamma..sup.2 =1/(1-v.sup.2 /c.sup.2), v=electron velocity, and c=the speed of light.
From this relation, one would naturally try to increase the x-ray output frequency by increasing electron energy. The generation of coherent electron beams at such high energies, however, makes such lasers prohibitively expensive for general users, and, heretofore, not a potential tool for lithography.
On the other hand, there are relatively compact, efficient, and inexpensive sources of high energy, incoherent, electron beams, for example high the power undulator mentioned above.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


The structure relates to a belt integral seat of a motor vehicle with a back rest, which has a back rest frame, onto which a carrier of a neck rest and a device for the safety belt guidance is arranged at the top. The device for a safety belt guidance is attached to the carrier. The carrier is located between the device for a safety belt guidance and the neck rest.

A device for a safety belt guidance is usually provided above the upper cross piece of the back rest frame of the neck rest with belt integral seats. According to the state of the art it is attached at its own support piece. Because of this, there is an additional support piece next to the carrier of the neck rest. Due to that, the construction as a whole has a higher expenditure and also a higher weight.
This is where the invention sets in. It is the object of the invention to further develop belt integral seats of the above mentioned kind in such a way that a most favorable attachment possible of the device for a safety belt guidance is stated and that with a development the possibility is offered, to adjust the height of the device for a safety belt guidance in a favorable combination with the height of the support cushion of the neck rest.

Belt integral seat of a motor vehicle with a back rest, a neck rest and a device for the safety belt guidance


A contacting device, especially for an antenna amplifier in an automotive application to contact an antenna on a windshield or rear window of the vehicle has a lever-like contact element in the form of a strap or stirrup and bends lying in a plane and bearing upon the surfaces and bridging between them.

The formation of an electric contact between two surfaces utilizing a contact element can be used, for example, for electrical contact with flat antenna conductor structures in motor vehicles. From DE 196 05 999 A1, for example, the contacting of a flat antenna conductor structure is known. In this case, below a portion of the vehicle body a signal processing unit, especially an antenna amplifier, is mounted by appropriate fasteners. The housing of this unit has a carrier in the form of an outrigger arm provided at its end with contacts. The contacts are connected by connecting conductors which can be arranged in or on the rigid carrier and connected in turn with the signal processing unit. The contacts can make electrical contact with the contact surfaces or pads of an antenna conductor structure which can be provided, for example, upon the vehicle windshield or rear window. The carrier enables the signal processing unit to be positioned a certain distance away from the antenna conductor structure. However, because of the inflexibility of the rigid structure and the fact that only limited space may be available in the vehicle to accommodate the signal processing unit, the signal processing unit itself and the location at which the signal processing unit is to be mounted must be fabricated with narrow tolerances. It is desirable, by contrast, to have a wide tolerance range for the positioning of the signal processing unit and for the contacting of the contact surfaces or pads of the antenna conductor structure.
A further drawback of the prior art construction is that the entire signal processing unit with the carrier and the contacts on the carrier must be replaced completely or as a unit when it is damaged, for example, in the case of a vehicle crash. This need for replacement of the entire unit involves high cost especially since the signal processing unit as a rule must be integrated between the vehicle body and the ceiling of the vehicle and thus is not readily accessible.
It is also a disadvantage of the prior art structures described that with rigid carriers, the signal processing unit must be designed for the particular vehicle geometry and as a result different signal processing unit configurations must be provided for the various vehicle body types. This matching of the signal processing unit to the particular vehicle body types is likewise associated with high cost since different tools (molds) may be necessary for fabricating the different signal processor housings, the different types of signal processors have to be stocked without necessarily knowing which particular housing configuration will be required as a replacement for a damaged unit, etc.


A drive train for a wind turbine is provided. The wind turbine includes a rotor hub and one or more blades. The drive train includes a first stage carrier connected to the rotor hub. The first stage carrier includes one or more first stage planet gears that interact with a fixed first stage ring gear and a rotating first stage sun gear. A second stage planet carrier includes one or more second stage planet gears. The second stage planet carrier is rigidly connected to the first stage sun gear. The second stage planet gears interact with a rotating second stage ring gear and a non-rotating second stage sun gear. A generator includes a generator rotor and a generator stator, and the generator rotor is fixedly connected to the second stage ring gear so that both the generator rotor and the second stage ring gear rotate together.

The apparatus described herein relates generally to a compact drive train. More specifically, the apparatus relates to a compact geared drive train for a wind turbine.
Recently, wind turbines have received increased attention as environmentally safe and relatively inexpensive alternative energy sources. Wind turbines do not emit greenhouse gases (GHGs), and therefore, do not contribute to global warming. With the growing interest in wind generated electricity, considerable efforts have been made to develop wind turbines that are reliable and efficient.
Wind is usually considered to be a form of solar energy caused by uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. The terms wind energy or wind power, describe the process by which the wind is used to rotate a shaft and subsequently generate mechanical power or electricity.
Typically, wind turbines are used to convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power may be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator may convert this mechanical power (i.e., the rotation of a shaft) into electricity. A wind turbine usually includes an aerodynamic mechanism (e.g., blades) for converting the movement of air into a mechanical motion (e.g., rotation), which is then converted with a generator into electrical power. Power output from the generator is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. As wind speed doubles, the capacity of wind generators increases almost eightfold.
The majority of commercially available wind turbines utilize geared drive trains to connect the turbine blades to the electrical generators. The wind turns the turbine blades, which spin a low speed shaft, which feeds into a gearbox having a higher speed output shaft. This higher speed output shaft connects to a generator and makes electricity. The geared drive aims to increase the velocity of the mechanical motion.
The industry standard drive train for large (e.g., >1.5 MW) wind turbines consists of discrete gearbox and generator units that are separately mounted to a mainframe (also commonly called a bedframe or bedplate). Power is transferred from the gearbox to the generator via a flexible "high-speed" shaft coupling. This arrangement forces the gearbox and generator to be physically distanced from each other, as well as, requires both the output shaft of the gearbox and the input shaft of the generator to be separately supported by gearbox bearings and generator bearings, respectively.


Ocular surgery may be performed by a variety of systems, processes, and techniques. In certain implementations, systems and processes for ocular surgery may include the ability to emulsify a lens in an eye using a modular hand-held system including a phacoemulsification unit detachably coupled to a pump unit and remove lens portions from the eye using suction provided by the pump unit. The system and the process may also include the ability to decouple the phacoemulsification unit from the pump unit, couple an irrigation-aspiration unit to the pump unit to form a second hand-held system, and remove material from the eye using suction provided by the pump unit.

The human eye, in simple terms, functions to provide vision by transmitting and refracting light through a clear outer portion called the cornea and focusing the image by way of the lens onto the retina at the back of the eye. The quality of the focused image depends on many factors including the size, shape, and length of the eye, and the shape and transparency of the cornea and lens.
When trauma, age, or disease causes the lens to become less transparent, vision deteriorates because of a reduction in light transmitted to the retina. This deficiency in the eye's lens is medically known as a cataract. The treatment for this condition is often surgical removal of the lens and implantation of an artificial lens, typically known as an intraocular lens (IOL).
An IOL is often foldable and inserted into the eye through a relatively small incision by being advanced through an IOL insertion cartridge, which causes the IOL to fold. The IOL is typically advanced through the insertion cartridge by a plunger-like device.
Before inserting an IOL, the old lens is usually removed through a process called phacoemulsification. In phacoemulsification, an eye's lens is emulsified with an ultrasonic handpiece and aspirated from the eye. Aspirated fluids are replaced with an irrigation of balanced salt solution, thus maintaining the anterior chamber, as well as cooling the handpiece. The irrigation fluid and the aspiration suction are usually supplied by a remote surgical console, which is coupled to the handpiece through several feet of tubing.
Typically, a second stage is required to completely remove the lens, as the first stage only extracts the main portions. Thus, after phacoemulsification, an irrigation-aspiration probe is used to aspirate out the remaining peripheral cortical matter, while leaving the posterior capsule intact.


The invention relates to a method for detecting video frame types with median filtering, which proceeds a denoising step after calculating the comb factor of each pixel, to avoid incorrect judgment of the frame type resulting from excessive field difference and improve detection accuracy.

1. Field of the Invention
The method for detecting video frame types with Median Filtering denoising step to distinguish comb factor from impure spots, then to determine frame types and improve detection accuracy.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The video picture that is commonly adopted at present is transmitted at 30 frames per second to produce continuous and dynamic images. Each frame consists of a plurality of scan lines (for instance, National Television System Committee—NTSC, standard is 525 scan lines). That is, 525 scan lines are transmitted in 1/30 second for one frame.
Said video frame is classified into two categories: interlaced frame and progressive frame. Scanning of the interlaced frame divides each frame into a top field and a bottom-field. The top field has an odd number of scan lines while the bottom-field has an odd number of scan lines. They are separately scanned at two times. For instance, the top-field is scanned first, then the-bottom field is scanned to generate a complete frame. For the progressive frames, all of the scanning lines are transmitted at the same time, so they are scanned consequentially individually one after one.
Referring to FIG. 1(a) and 1(b) for an interlaced frame 10 and a progressive frame 11. As the interlaced frame 10 is scanned at different times and is transmitted respectively for the top field (even number of scan lines) and the bottom-field (odd number of scan lines), a comb-shaped pattern is generated on the peripheral edges of the square picture 100 and the triangle picture 101 (generally called comb factor). The resolution is less desirable and video quality is poorer. While the whole progressive frame 11 is transmitted at the same time, therefore the comb factor as shown in FIG. 1(a) does not occur.
Based on previous discussion, it is obvious that the comb factor has great impact on resolution. Hence prior to video output, a detection process is performed to determine whether the input frame is an interlaced frame or a progressive frame. If the interlaced frame is detected, then a deinterlacing process is conducted to remove the comb factor to obtain a higher quality video. If the progressive frame is detected, the video may be directly output without deinterlacing.
Referring to FIG. 2 for a traditional detection process. First, in step 201, set the comb factor counter to be zero and input a frame F (n) for calculating the comb factor of pixels; then, in step 202, apply all of the pixels to the frame function F (n); in step 203, calculate the comb factor of the pixels (the equation for calculating the comb factor will be discussed later); in step 204, determine whether the comb factor is above the threshold value; if "yes", come to step 205 and increase the counter value by one; if "no", come to step 206 to determine if it is the last comb factor; if it is, come to step 207; if "no", repeat step 203 to step 206; in step 207, determine whether the value in the counter is less than the threshold value; if yes, the frame is determined as a progressive frame at step 208; if no (i.e. the counter value is more than the threshold value), come to step 209 and determine the frame as an interlaced frame; finally end the detection process.
FIG. 3 illustrates the calculation of a pixel comb factor in step 203 shown in FIG. 2. The pixel 30 to be calculated is located on the coordinate X in the picture. O-31 indicates a first adjacent pixel (b) and O-32 indicates a second adjacent pixel (e), then the equation for calculating the comb factor of the pixel 30 is as follows:Comb Factor (x, y)=(b−x)×(e−x)−(b−e)2   (Eq. 1)
Of which, x is the pixel value of pixel 30 on the coordinate (x, y); b is the pixel value of the first adjacent pixel 31 on coordinate (x, y−1); e is the pixel value of the second adjacent pixel 32 on coordinate (x, y+1).
Though a pixel could be determined whether it is a comb factor by comparing the value of each comb factor figured out with the formula with a fixed threshold value, then the type of the frame could be determined by the number of the comb factors (the number of the counters), this method sometimes still leads to wrong judgments. The reason is that when a pixel is greatly different from surrounding pixels in brightness, the comb factor value calculated with above formula shall be very big, so if there are some impure spots on videos, they may be wrongly determined to be comb factors due to the difference in brightness. For instance, if there are more impure spots on progressive frame videos, they may be wrongly determine to be interlaced frames.
To solve the above mentioned problems, a method for detecting frame types with Median Filtering is offered in this invention, thus a more precise way of judging interlaced frames and progressive frames is available.

Method for detecting video frame types with median filtering