Provided is a mold release agent composition containing a polymer ester, the composition exerting a good mold releasability even when the temperature of mold increases, and a die casting method using the composition.

In die casting, for lubrication of cavities in molds, mold release agents are applied in a form of spray after mold opening, to form an oil film on the surfaces of the cavities. By this, welding of molten nonferrous metals such as aluminum, magnesium, zinc, etc. to the cavities is prevented, which enables continuous casting. The mold release agents for die casting are classified roughly into oil-based release agents and water-soluble release agents. In view of productivity, safety, and work environment, water-soluble release agents are used a lot recently. Oil-based release agents, which have high lubricating property, are used in a field where a high lubricating property is required as limited use application.
Oil-based release agents, having high viscosity, tend to have a bad spray property. Patent Literature 1 discloses an oil-based release agent in which the spray property is improved.

Mold release agent composition and die casting method


Non-planar thermoplastic article having a flexible portion suitable for use in an aggressive chemical environment, with the flexible portion is an irradiated thermoplastic consisting of polyethylene, ethylene methyl acrylate, ethylene ethyl acrylate, or ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. Such articles can be made by forming the article and then irradiating, or alternatively by radiating the thermoplastic and then forming the article.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to molding compositions, to methods of making such compositions, to products made from said compositions, and to methods of making said products. In another aspect, the present invention relates to irradiated molding compositions, to methods of making such compositions, to products made from said compositions, and to methods of making said products. In even another aspect, the present invention relates to molding compositions having improved environmental stress cracking resistance and environmental fatigue resistance, to methods of making such compositions, to products made from said compositions, and to methods of making said products
2. Description of the Related Art
Stress cracking or environmental stress cracking (ESC) is the brittle failure of plastic parts when simultaneously subjected to static mechanical stress and chemical exposure. In a similar fashion, environmental fatigue (EF) is the failure or cracking of a part when simultaneously subjected to dynamic mechanical stress and chemical exposure. Insufficient environmental stress cracking resistance or environmental fatigue resistance leads to greatly shortened service life of a part.
Flexible molded articles are used in various packaging, dispensing, pumping, footwear, or protective mechanical boot applications. Ideally, these flexible molded articles will retain essentially the same mechanical properties during the desired service life. However, in a less than ideal world, especially mechanical service in the presence of aggressive chemical environments, such exposure can attack or alter these flexible molded articles and hence the performance or service life of such articles.
It is desired that these flexible molded articles withstand, without cracking, mechanical cycling during exposure to a wide range of chemicals. These articles preferably retain dimensional stability after long periods in a compressed state. Dimensional stability permits the springing back of said articles toward their natural uncompressed position as opposed to becoming set to the compressed shape. Additionally, when these articles are held under compression in contact with chemicals and for an extended period of time, it is desired that they withstand environmental stress cracking that could create cracks or openings through the wall of the part and/or alter the mechanical properties.
It is desirable that the flexible molded articles be suitable for service in a wide range of chemical environments. However, designing a suitable polymeric material for such a flexible molded article useful in a wide range of chemical environments has proven difficult.
For example, numerous elastomeric materials can be used to make flexible spring-like moldings that satisfy mechanical design criteria in the absence of an aggressive chemical environment, or in one particular type of aggressive chemical environment. For example, a material that is suitable for an acidic solution can be ill-suited for an alkaline or oxidizing medium; a material that is resistant to stress cracking in a dilute alcoholic solution can crack after the addition of a perfume, for example, a terpene-based perfume. More specifically, thermoplastic elastomers such as polyesters and polyamides provide spring-like behavior in an article. However, these materials lack chemical resistance to extreme pH conditions because of chemical degradation. Thermoplastic urethane elastomers provide a wide range of mechanical properties and could satisfy the mechanical design requirements of a flexible spring-like device. However, these materials can degrade from exposure to alkaline solutions. Resins such as poly(vinyl chloride) or propylene and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer blends, when highly plasticized, exhibit greater chemical resistance but lack either the compression set resistance or dynamic response required for a flexible spring-like device. Low crystallinity or low density polyethylene or ethylene copolymers typically provide favorable moduli and good chemical resistance. However, these materials can often undergo environmental stress cracking unless very high molecular weight resins, that are ill-suited for injection molding, are used. Thus, selection of a material for a flexible spring-like article for use in a wide variety of chemical environments, preferably aqueous solutions or emulsions, becomes difficult.
Alternatively, if several materials are chosen for particular types of chemical service, then fabrication costs can be large. For example, because each material can exhibit unique shrinkage during molding, achieving dimensional tolerances often requires the fabrication of individual molds that are tailored to the shrinkage of each material. Accordingly, use of several molds to accommodate the shrinkage of a variety of thermoplastic materials for the production of the same part but for service in different fluids leads to higher fabrication costs. It is desired to minimize this cost by use of a few materials as possible, ideally, by the use of one material.
One type of application of particular interest, is the use of a flexible spring-like device, such as a bellows, in chemical service. Techniques for fabricating a bellows are known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,656, issued Aug. 17, 1993 to Nakajima discloses a method of injection blow molding synthetic resin bellows. U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,178, issued Aug. 8, 1995 to Peterson, discloses a pump having a bellows which can be constructed from polyolefins such as polypropylene, low density polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, rubber and thermoplastic elastomers. World Patent No. WO 88/06088 to Cheynol et al., published Aug. 25, 1988, discloses a process and apparatus for the manufacture of a protective bellows for a transmission device, in which rough molded bellows are injected during a primary stage into a first mold, then, in a second mold, the rough molding is blown rib by rib, or by groups of ribs, until the required form of the bellows is achieved.
However, these patents do not address the fabrication of a bellows suitable for use in a wide variety of chemical environments.
Specifically, for a flexible spring-like device in chemical service, an enhancement of one or more material properties is required for any material to satisfy the requirements of such service.
Methods to enhance the environmental stress cracking resistance of, for example, polyethylene and ethylene copolymers are known. These methods include crosslinking of polyethylene by peroxides or irradiation. Crosslinking with peroxides has disadvantages such as increased viscosity, localized scorching, and health concerns. Crosslinking by irradiation avoids these disadvantages.
Irradiation of thermoplastics is known in the art as shown by the following prior art references.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,855,517, issued Oct. 7, 1958, to Rainer et al., discloses irradiation of polyethylene above its melting point into a clear, transparent liquid, followed by quenching to preserve its transparency and thus produce transparent polyethylene.
Lanza, V. L., in "Effect of radiation on polyethylene", Modern Plastics, vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 129-132, 134 and 136 (1957), discloses use of high energy electrons, gamma rays, or atomic pile radiation to cross-link polyethylene, resulting in greater insolubility, changes in tensile properties, increase in the environmental stress cracking resistance, and better stability at higher temperatures.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,906,678, issued Sep. 29, 1959 to Lawton et al., discloses a process for irradiating polyethylene at elevated temperatures to enhance crosslinking efficiency.
Olander, John, in "A guide to radiation equipment", Modern Plastics, vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 105-106, 109, 110, 113, 116, 119, 190 and 192 (1961), discloses use of high velocity electrons, X-rays, and gamma rays in the cross-linking of polymeric materials, which in the case of polyethylene, can result in increased temperature and solvent resistance, increased tensile strength, increased melt viscosity, decreased elongation, higher resistance to deformation under load, and improved environmental stress cracking.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,102,303, issued Sep. 3, 1963 to Lainson, discloses an apparatus for irradiation of plastics, in which extruded polyethylene pipe is subjected to controlled ultraviolet radiation during extrusion to cause crosslinking.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,139, issued Apr. 21, 1964 to Harper et al., discloses polyolefin articles containing uniform dispersions of carbon black in polyolefins made by subjecting the polymer to ionizing radiation prior to its admixture with the carbon black, which articles can be irradiated to further improve chemical and physical properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,563,870, issued Feb. 16, 1971 to Tung et al., discloses a process for producing injection molded parts, in which prior to molding the olefin polymer particles are exposed to high energy radiation ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.3 megarads. Tung further teaches that above 0.3 megarads the melt extensibility is decreased.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,734,843, issued May 22, 1973 to Tubbs, discloses the initial melt index of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers can be substantially lowered by treating the copolymers with high energy ionizing radiation of high dose rates up to a critical dose, i.e., point at which gel is formed. Tubbs further discloses that for polymers having an initial melt index of less than 50, a dose of 5 megarads will cause significant gel, and for polymers having an initial melt index of 10 or less, a critical dose will rarely exceed 2 megarads.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,870, issued Nov. 20, 1973 to Spillers, discloses that a substantially uniform dosage of ionization can by applied to tubing if the tubing is completely flattened in the zone of radiation. This is accomplished by passing the tubing over a flat roller directly under the electron beam generator, or alternatively, by passing the tubing through a pair of vertically spaced flat plats arranged directly under the electron beam generator.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,783,115, issued Jan. 1, 1974 to Zeppenfeld, discloses a process for preparing cross-linked polyethylene fiber by irradiating a polyethylene sheet material with a high does rate and thereafter heat tempering the irradiated sheet material.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,757, issued Sep. 20, 1977 to Kammel et al., discloses the production of shaped bodies by extrusion, injection molding or extrusion pressing of a crosslinkable polymer, which shaped bodies are then subjected to high-energy radiation to crosslink the polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,661, issued Apr. 28, 1981 to Brandolf, discloses a process for manufacturing an irradiation crosslinked molded article. The process includes molding a thermoplastic to form an article which does not crosslink under the molding conditions, removing the article from the mold with a separable portion of the mold being retained by the molded article, irradiating the article to crosslink it, and finally, removing the separable portion from the article.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,186, issued Jan. 4, 1983 to Adelmann et al., discloses a process of preparing molded articles from crosslinkable aromatic thermoplastic polycarbonate by first subjecting the polycarbonate to irradiation with UV rays or other high energy rays thereby causing crosslinking of about 5 to about 50 weight percent. The polycarbonate is extruded in a known manner and irradiated, either immediately as the extruded strand or in the form of granules, and are then made into any desired shape by extrusion or injection molding.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,656, issued Apr. 15, 1986 to Hoffman, discloses the use of additives for polyolefins to prevent the occurrence of undesirable accumulations and discharges of electrical charge concentrations and/or to suppress or eliminate the undesirable foaming of polyolefin molded articles during irradiation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,415, issued Oct. 29, 1991 to Depcik, discloses a process for improving the quality of injection molded parts by utilizing a high frequency electromagnetic field and application of pressure in sunk spots in critical regions, which for partially crystalline material, at an operating temperature of more than 10.degree. C. above the melting point, and which for amorphous material, at an operating temperature more than 30.degree. C. above the glass transition temperature.
JP 098850, published Dec. 27, 1991, discloses production of imide silicone-type polymer articles by molding imide silicone-type polymer into the desired shape and irradiating it with an electron beam in the presence of crosslinking aids, to produce sheets, pipes and insulated wires having improved heat distortion resistance and solvent resistance.
However, in spite of these advancements in the above prior art of numerous irradiation methods for enhancing some properties of thermoplastics, none of the above prior art references disclose or suggest how to enhance the environmental fatigue life for a flexible product in aggressive chemical service.
Thus, there is still a need for a material useful in aggressive chemical service.
There is another need in the art for a method of making such a material that is useful in aggressive chemical service.
There is even another need in the art for flexible articles useful in aggressive chemical service.
There is still another need in the art for a method of making flexible articles useful in aggressive chemical service.
These and other needs in the art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of this specification, including its drawings and claims.

Non-planar flexible articles having improved mechanical service, and methods of making


A forearm walking crutch includes an upper part mounted on a stick. The upper part carries a forearm sleeve and includes a grip. The sleeve is adapted to embrace the forearm of a user by more than 270° and is pivotably attached to the upper part. The upper part includes an upper piece and a lower piece, with the upper piece being adjustable relative to a lower piece. A device is provided to fix the upper and lower pieces against relative movement. The sleeve is pivotal between a first position which covers the device and a second position which exposes the device.

The present invention pertains to a forearm walking crutch with a stick and a plastic upper part mounted thereon and constructed from a forearm sleeve and a grip.
Forearm crutches are known, such as represented by DE 94 06020 U. In the case of this known forearm crutch, the problem arises that even on releasing the hand from the grip the user cannot freely use the hand without putting down the crutch.
The invention is concerned with developing a forearm crutch wherein the user can substantially freely use his hand upon releasing from the grip without putting down the crutch.


A driver's injury prevention type pedal may include a pedal arm which is rotatably coupled, at an upper portion to a pedal arm hinge which acts as a center of rotation of a pedal stroke, and a universal reverse rotation member which reversibly rotates the pedal arm about the pedal arm hinge and away from a driver which may include a mounting bracket to which the upper portion of the pedal arm is fitted and coupled, and a reverse rotation lever which presses the upper portion of the pedal arm by counterclockwise direction rotation formed by pushing of the pedal arm. In particular, the driver's injury prevention type pedal may be converted into a brake pedal, a clutch pedal, or an acceleration pedal, thereby allowing pedal manufacturing costs to be significantly reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pedal; and more particularly, to a pedal in which all sorts of pedals may be converted into pedals for preventing driver's injury with no change of design by adopting a universal reverse rotation member for reversely rotating a pedal arm to prevent injury of a driver's leg part.
2. Description of Related Art
In the event of a forward collision of a vehicle, components such as a bumper and an engine are generally pushed rearward of an engine compartment due to an impact of the collision to thereby deform an interior structure separated from the engine compartment, resulting in injury to a driver mounted inside the vehicle by the collision.
A driver typically operates a pedal by narrowly keeping a distance between a driver's leg part and the pedal. Accordingly, when the pedal is pushed toward the driver due to deformation of the interior structure, there is a high risk that the driver's leg part is injured by the pushed pedal.
In particular, there is a high risk that a driver's ankle may be injured by a clutch pedal which is always operated by the driver during changing gears and braking, in the event of the collision of the vehicle.
Thus, a pushed amount of the clutch pedal is controlled for satisfying the requirement of EURO-NCAP or Korean-NCAP.
Therefore, the clutch pedal or the brake pedal has an injury prevention function which prevents the injury of the driver's leg part during pushing of the pedal due to the collision, together with securing convenience and reliability of operation thereof.
The brake pedal typically has a reverse rotation type pedal pushing structure. Such a reverse rotation structure is a structure in which, when a lever lock separately fixed to a dash panel moves forward, a transfer rod operatively connected thereto is driven at the rear of a pedal arm such that the pedal arm is reversely rotated to be away from the driver's leg part.
However, since the clutch pedal has a relatively complicated pedal structure compared to the brake pedal, reverse rotation type components applied to the clutch pedal should be structurally modified unlike to those of the brake pedal.
Therefore, since the brake pedal and the clutch pedal may not commonly use the components regardless of having the same reverse rotation type pedal pushing structure, the brake pedal and the clutch pedal may differ from each other. This causes an increase of manufacturing costs.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the present invention and should not be construed as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.


Aspects of the disclosed technology relate to techniques of improving heat sink designs based on systematic mass removal. A thermal simulation is performed to determine thermal property values for a heat sink design. The thermal property value of a portion of the heat sink design relates to the portion's contribution to thermal performance of the heat sink design. One or more portions of the heat sink design are selected based on the thermal property values and removed to generate a new heat sink design. The performing operation and the removing operation are repeated until one of one or more predetermined conditions is met.

Typical heat sink design involves balancing trade-offs between parameters such as heat spreading, heat sink mass, airflow bypass, and manufacturability. A typical optimization would include varying a small number of dimensional parameters of the heat sink and a temperature rise used as the objective cost function. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation offers the opportunity to consider the spatial distribution of heat transfer effectiveness and, based on that, changes made to the geometry topology with the intention to further improve the design. This approach was described in a paper by John Parry et al., "Simulation-Based Design Optimisation Methodologies Applied to CFD", Proceedings of 19th SEMI-THERM Symposium, San Jose Calif., March 2003, pp. 8-13, which is incorporated herein by reference.
An additive methodology to heat sink design has been developed, which was described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/824,370, filed on Aug. 12, 2015, entitled "Additive Design Of Heat Sinks", and naming Robin Bornoff et al. as inventors, which application is incorporated entirely herein by reference. In one embodiment of the additive design approach, the heat sink fins were allowed to grow where the surface temperature was the highest, as part of an iterative design process. The heat sink topology evolved over a number of cycles until no further performance gains were achieved. It was observed that the heat sink grew as a tree-like structure from the center of the heat source. In another embodiment, this process was also applied to grow the heat sink where the thermal bottleneck value was largest, producing improved behavior compared to using surface temperature to drive the additive design process.
Thermal bottleneck distribution was also used to directly modify fin thickness of a pre-optimized heat sink, which was described in Robin Bornoff et al., "Heat Sink Design Optimization Using the Thermal Bottleneck Concept", Proceedings of 27th SEMI-THERM Symposium, San Jose, Calif., March 2011, pp. 76-80, which is incorporated herein by reference (referred to as the optimization paper). The thermal bottleneck values in each fin were noted and the fin thicknesses modified in an attempt to equalize the thermal bottleneck value in each fin, leading to a marked improvement in thermal performance.
Typical heat sink design includes base and fin thickness, fin height, and fin gap optimization. In situations where material cost or mass of the heat sink are also a design priority further optimization with respect to mass removal can be significant.

Subtractive design for heat sink improvement


A method for processing a received packet in a MAC (Medium Access Control) layer of an Ethernet which receives a packet from a physical layer and transmits the received packet to a switch. The method includes the steps of detecting an error while receiving the packet from the physical layer; upon failure to detect error, transmitting the received packet to the switch; and, upon detection of error, stopping the transmission of the received packet to the switch.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method for processing a received packet in a MAC (Medium Access Control) layer of an Ethernet, and in particular, to a method for processing an error in the received packet.
2. Description of the Related Art
A local area network (LAN) interconnects a group of data communication terminals within a limited area. This type of LAN topology is classified into bus type, ring type, star type and tree type. The bus type network is the most commonly used network, and the Ethernet is one of the oldest communication protocols for communication terminals implemented in the bus physical topology.
Meanwhile, a MAC layer of the Ethernet processes a packet received from a physical layer. When an error occurs during the reception of data from the physical layer, the MAC layer performs the corresponding error processing operation. More specifically, when an error occurs in the packet exceeding 64 bytes while receiving the packet from the physical layer, the MAC layer receives the entire packet and transmits the received packet to the next stage along with an error signal indicating the occurrence of an error in the received packet. A MAC protocol standard and a logical link control (LLC) protocol standard, including the error processing method for the received data in the MAC layer, have been published by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802 Committee and certified by ISO (International Standard Organization).
According to the above standards, when an error occurs in the packet not exceeding 64 bytes while receiving the packet, the MAC layer will discard the error packet. However, when an error occurs in a packet exceeding 64 bytes, the MAC layer will receive the entire packet and transmit the received packet to the next stage (e.g., switch), along with an error signal indicating the occurrence of the error. Therefore, the receipt of the unnecessary error packet causes an increase in the overhead of the system. In particular, a switch in the next stage receiving the error packet wastes time by receiving the unnecessary error packet, thereby causing a degradation of the system performance.

Method for processing error of received packet in ethernet MAC layer


The present disclosure concerns a device for supplying an adjustable current configured to supply discrete values of the current belonging to different current ranges, with a pitch between two successive discrete values determined by that of said ranges to which each of the two successive discrete values belongs.

Electronic circuits having their operation depending on the value of a current that they receive are known. Such circuits are designed so that, when the current that they receive is at a target value, they operate in correct or expected fashion, for example by respecting one or a plurality of pre-established constraints.
However, due to manufacturing variances, it is possible for the circuits not to operate as expected, even though the current that they receive is at the target value.

Device and method for provision of an adjustable current


A honeycomb insulating panel is described wherein each cell of the panel has multiple layers of material formed by embedding tubular cells. In this manner, a retractable cover for an architectural opening may be formed that has superior insulating or light blocking capabilities in a volume comparable to a honeycomb panel made of tubular cells having a single layer of material. The resultant panel is formed by attaching a plurality of embedded tubular cell units, wherein each embedded tubular cell unit comprises at least one side having multiple layers of material.

a. Field of the Invention
The instant invention is directed toward expandable and collapsible honeycomb panels. More specifically, it relates to a honeycomb panel where at least one of the elongated tubular cells comprising the collapsible honeycomb panel is itself multi-cellular.
b. Background Art
It is well known that cellular panels provide excellent coverings for architectural openings. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,750 discloses a multi-cellular honeycomb insulating panel. Another type of retractable cellular panel is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,072, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Still another type of honeycomb insulating panel is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,795,515 and 4,871,006. In the '515 and '006 patents, a plurality of attaching strips join two sheets of fabric along corresponding pleat lines formed in each of the two sheets. U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,936 discloses yet another insulating panel wherein a strip connects adjacent sheets of fabric.
Various machines are known that are capable of manufacturing cellular panels at high speeds. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,027, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses an apparatus for manufacturing cellular panels. Related U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,108, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, issued from a continuation-in-part of the application that eventually issued as the '027 patent.
Cellular honeycomb panels have been manufactured heretofore having multiple cells juxtaposed such that in order to pass through the honeycomb panel along a path that is perpendicular to the plane of the panel one must pass through more than one cell. A panel of this type is disclosed in the '750 patent mentioned above. These panels have excellent insulating properties, but may be rather thick.


A VLAN tagging unit associated with a WAN is used to add VLAN tags based upon logical interfaces. In one example, data received across the logical interface is tagged with an associated VLAN ID by the unit. In another embodiment, flow-based VLAN tagging is done in which in addition to the logical interface other indications are used in the VLAN tagging.

The present invention relates to Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). VLANs allow multiple community groups to coexist within one bridge. A bridging community is identified by its VLAN ID. As described in IEEE 802.1q standard, if a system that supports VLANs receives a frame from the LAN, the frame will only be admitted to a LAN which belongs to the same community. A disadvantage of the VLAN standard 802.1q is that it does not support interactions over Wide Area Networks (WANs). It is desired to have a VLAN supported over a wide area network because it would allow the logical grouping of resources between a customer premise equipment (CPE) location and a point of presence (POP) location.
For this reason, it is desired to have systems and apparatus that support VLANs over wide area networks.

System and method for connecting geographically distributed virtual local area networks


The invention provides for an improved speaker cover assembly for mounting a speaker cover over a speaker housing that is mounted with a speaker support frame structure in a wall, cabinet, or the like. The cover assembly includes a one-piece, unitary molded frame body which is characterized by a flattened, annular-shape defining an open central region.

Friedman Fr. Pat. No. 2,520,181 discloses a speaker support frame structure which is held across a mounting orifice pre-formed in a wall board by means of screw pivoted clips. A flange of this Friedman frame structure outwardly extends adjacent to the forward side of the wall board at the orifice and is associated with the screw clips. With the Friedman frame structure, no speaker cover or grill is provided for association with peripheral portion of the frame structure after the speaker is mounted to the frame structure. A speaker grill is only associated with the face of the speaker.
Koshimura U.S. Pat. No. 4,860,369 also discloses a screw clip wall-mounted speaker support frame structure with the speaker here being of the flat type. No cover member is provided which over fits the support frame as well as the mounted speaker.
The art needs a new and improved speaker cover assembly with versatility for mounting on a wall, cabinet or the like. To be versatile in its application, the speaker cover assembly must have a configuration which is strong and yet, for aesthetic reasons, not overly bulky. Preferably, different materials can be used as a speaker cover without needing different frame structures to support the same. The present invention provides such an improved speaker cover assembly.


The present relates to a method of manufacturing a product by the steps of                i) injecting a sufficiently heated thermoplastic material into a 1st cavity to form a preliminary product comprising a collar having a connecting feature located on the inner surface thereof, then        ii) optionally cooling the preliminary product of step i), then        iii) blow molding the preliminary product in a 2nd cavity to form a void volume, wherein steps i) to iii) are performed in a single molding unit, then        iv) removing the finished product produced in step iii) from the single molding unit.

Products, such as plastic bottles, containers and other products can be made using a number of techniques depending on the requirements of the product. Products, including bottles and containers may be made using multiple techniques if, for example, different materials must be used or different functions are required. For example bottles are generally made by either i) extrusion blow molding, wherein a parison is made by extruding molten material around a mold composed of 2 separate cavities, trapping a free end, forming a hollow area between the cavities and then blowing air through the parison, pushing it towards the cavities walls and making the bottle shape, or ii) first injection molding a preform, often resembling a test tube shape with a collar area, wherein the screw thread of the bottle is formed on the outside of the collar area, then the preform is moved to a different production unit and is blown to make the bottle. Most plastic bottles used as packaging containers have an outside-facing thread or other closure or finish etc on the neck portion, to which a cap may be fitted. This outside-facing thread can be formed by using a split mold, comprising at least two mold components, when either forming the parison or injecting a preform.
When developing caps for attachment to bottles with outside-facing thread, the screw thread thereof, must be on the inside of the cap in order to be able to connect with the screw thread on the outer surface of the neck of the bottle. In this context, the inside facing thread, is delivered by transfer moulding from an outer-facing thread pattern formed on the outer surface of a core mold component. Therefore, after production, the core would need to be disengaged from the finished product. Disengaging the core from the finished article may be done so by rotating the core, and moving it in the axial direction. Therefore, the rotation and the axial moving should be synchronized. However, the synchronizing action mechanically limits the speed of production and synchronization can be poor, resulting in damage to the formed thread. Moreover, since the thread is prepared using heated material, when pulling out the core, the thread can be damaged. An alternative to the above method, is where instead of rotation and axial movement of the product, it is simply pulled from the core using mechanical force. Whilst this system of disengagement of the product from the mould is simple and quick, it may result in damage to the thread, resulting in a poor connection points and potential leakage when joined with a bottle. Moreover the shaping of the thread itself must use minimal height thread and rounded corners in order to allow the mechanical 'bump-off' release. These latter features result in poor connection between bottle and cap, mispositioning of the cap during screwing, low maximum application torque, and potential leakage. A further known method of making inner thread products consists in molding the cap in a one step injection molding process, by using a collapsible core which molds all the inner surfaces. At the end of the injection molding cycle, the core retracts, so that its undercut portion can be ejected through the bottom part of the dosing cylinder which has a restricted diameter. The major disadvantages in molding a dosing cap with undercut using collapsible cores, are that the production speed is slow and the collapsible cores are fragile, they are worn out/broken easily, resulting in frequent halts to production, changing of tools, reduced tool capacity and cost escalation.
Dosing devices in the past have generally fitted onto the cap. They are generally not attached to the bottle or cap other than through friction of the dosing device on either cap or bottle. Manufacturing a separate cap and dosing device is clearly not economical, requiring further process and production equipment, space in plant and additional materials. Moreover the process is slowed due to the need to not only fit a cap to a bottle, but also a dosing device.
It has been the Applicants objective to combine the requirements of the cap and dosing device to one product, which can then be subsequently connected to a bottle and develop a method of making such a device which is efficient and economical and permits varied dosage sizes.

Method of manufacturing an injected and blown product


A thin-film magnetic head is manufactured as follows. First, a base insulating layer having a magnetic pole forming depression sunken into a form corresponding to the main magnetic pole layer is formed, a stop film for CMP is formed such as to fill the magnetic pole forming depression, and then a magnetic layer is formed on the stop film. Next, the magnetic layer is separated by forming a separation groove substantially surrounding the magnetic pole forming depression on the outside thereof, and thus separated magnetic layer is formed with a cover insulating film adapted to cover the whole upper face. The surface is polished by CMP until the stop film is exposed, so that the part of magnetic layer remaining on the inside of the magnetic pole forming depression is used as the main magnetic pole layer. Further, a recording gap layer, a write shield layer, and a thin-film coil are formed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thin-film magnetic head which performs magnetic recording operations by perpendicular recording schemes, a method of manufacturing the same, a head gimbal assembly and hard disk drive.
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, the areal density in hard disk drives has been increasing remarkably. Recently, the areal density in hard disk drives has reached 160 to 200 GB/platter in particular, and is about to increase further. Accordingly, thin-film magnetic heads have been required to improve their performances.
In terms of recording schemes, thin-film magnetic heads can roughly be divided into those for longitudinal recording in which information is recorded in a (longitudinal) direction of a recording surface of a hard disk (recording medium) and those for perpendicular recording in which data is recorded while the direction of recording magnetization formed in the hard disk is perpendicular to the recording surface. As compared with the thin-film magnetic heads for longitudinal recording, the thin-film magnetic heads for perpendicular recording have been considered more hopeful, since they can realize a much higher recording density while their recorded hard disks are less susceptible to thermal fluctuations.
Conventional thin-film magnetic heads for perpendicular recording are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,504,675, U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,546, U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,493, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-94997.
Meanwhile, when thin-film magnetic heads for perpendicular recording record data onto areas in inner and outer peripheries of a hard disk, a magnetic pole end part disposed on the side of a medium-opposing surface (also referred to as air bearing surface, ABS) opposing the recording medium (hard disk) yields a certain skew angle with respect to a data recording track. In perpendicular magnetic recording heads (hereinafter also referred to as "PMR") having a high writing capability, the skew angle has caused a problem of so-called side fringe in which unnecessary data are recorded between adjacent tracks. The side fringe adversely affects the detection of servo signals and the S/N ratio of reproduced waveforms. Therefore, in conventional PMRs, the magnetic pole end part on the ABS side in the main magnetic pole layer has a bevel form gradually narrowing in width toward one direction (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2003-242607 and 2003-203311 in this regard).
Since it is necessary to move the magnetic head when writing data onto a recording medium, eliminate the above-mentioned problem of side fringe and the problem of erasing data in adjacent tracks, and so forth, the bevel angle (θ shown in FIG. 19) in conventional PMRs has been set within the range of 5 to 12 degrees.
Such a PMR has been formed as follows, for example. A method of manufacturing a conventional PMR will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 18 to 21. First, as shown in FIG. 18, a seed layer 401 is formed on an insulating layer 400 made of alumina or the like. Next, a resist pattern 402 provided with a tapered depression corresponding to a bevel angle is selectively formed, and a magnetic layer 403 is formed by plating with a magnetic material such as FeNi, CoNiFe, or CoFe so as to fill the tapered depression. Subsequently, the resist pattern 402 is removed, and the seed layer 401 is etched by ion beam etching (hereinafter referred to as "IBE"), whereby a main magnetic pole layer having a magnetic pole end part 404 is formed as shown in FIG. 19.

Method of manufacturing a thin-film magnetic head


Methods and computer programs for logic circuit design minimization with Identity cell representation is provided which can simplify logic circuit design by combining and minimizing Identity cells and thereby reducing the number of gates in the logic circuit. All possible Identity cells from a given logic function are generated by combining every possible pair of logic terms, then equivalent Identity cell terms are eliminated and the best subset of Identity cell terms which covers all the minterms of the given logic function is provided.. The I-cell term representation is sufficiently broad in its scope to allow representation of sub-functions such as ABC+ABC as a single entity that can be readily used for minimization which may be advantageously used in logic circuit fabrication and design. Since I-cell representation includes sum of products, EXOR, EXNOR and other logic terms, fewer terms will be needed to represent a given Boolean function, and a much more simplified, inexpensive and advantageous optimal logic design structure will be obtained.

Currently there are no efficient methods to represent logic circuit design with Exclusive-OR, (EXOR) terms, Exclusive-NOR (EXNOR) terms, terms with embedded functions, such as f(ABC)=ABC+ABC, and hence there are no efficient techniques available that would extract common terms, or partial functions, and minimize them. One of the reasons for this is that the existing minimization techniques are geared towards extracting prime implicants, also known as AND terms, rather than extracting partial functions, such as ABC+ABC and so on, which would result in achieving better minimization algorithms. The existing minimization algorithms can be divided into two broad categories, namely, those that generate either a sum of products (SOP), or a product of sums (POS), and those that generate EXOR sum of products (ESOP). Therefore, logic circuit designs are restricted to NAND-NAND or NOR-NOR or AND-EXOR structures, even though a better structure could be obtained by using OR, AND, EXOR, EXNOR gates, and other logic structures. Recent PLA, PLD, and FPGA architectures have included explicit EXOR gates which are often left unused when the minimization CAD tools cannot effectively extract the EXOR/EXNOR functions. FPGA's allow us to implement Boolean functions efficiently if they can be represented properly and minimized efficiently by extracting partial functions.
Another problem in the traditional minimization technique is they cannot effectively extract complementary functions in the minimization process. For example, consider a function f(ABCD) that can be represented as: EQU Ag(BC)D+Ag(BC)D
where g(BC)=BC+BC and g=BC+BC. If we can extract BC+BC and BC+BC as complements of each other, then f(ABCD) can be represented more simply as: EQU A(gD+gD)=A(g.sym.D)
The reason is that most minimization techniques try to eliminate one variable at a time, such as ABC+ABC=AB, rather than considering several variables at a time, namely, ABC+ABC. Since the single variable minimization methods use bit manipulation techniques, where each variable is represented by a bit, they do not produce efficient results. For example, the logic function: EQU f(ABCDE)=ABCDE+ABCDE+ABCDE+ABCDE+ABCDE+ABCDE
can be reduced to a very simple structure, A(B.sym.g), where g=CDE+CDE. Unfortunately, prior art minimization methods cannot extract functions like g and still provide the above minimal representation for f(ABCDE). Graph based methods, such as Binary Decision Diagrams (BDD), for Boolean function manipulation try to overcome some of the above problems, however the effectiveness of the result depends on the ordering of the variables.
Due to the shortcomings, drawbacks and limitations of prior art minimization procedures, there has been a long-felt need for new minimization techniques which successfully extract EXOR functions embedded within Boolean expressions. Comparison of new minimization techniques provided by the present invention with traditional SOP minimization CAD tools such as Espresso and McBoole demonstrate that more efficient circuits in terms of the number of logic gates and in terms of size, where the number of gate inputs gives a more accurate size comparison as related to ASIC implementations, can be achieved. A minimization technique in accordance with the present invention that successfully extracts EXOR functions can be very useful in the synthesis of VLSI systems, Built-In Self-Test (BIST) approaches in ASICs, and in the mapping of Boolean expressions into input-limited PLD macrocells and FPGA Look-up Tables while making use of EXOR gates available in the programmable logic blocks but residing external to the macrocells or Look-up Tables themselves, and in minimizing ISCAS85 benchmark circuits for the evaluation of the actual savings in the number of gates. The present invention answers the long-felt need for this capability by providing an identity cell representation that allows the representing of sub-functions as a single entity that can be readily used for minimization in logic circuit design and fabrication.
Prior art approaches, methods and techniques are described in the following publications: Johnson, E. L., et. al "Digital Design: A Pragmatic Approach," PWS Engineering, Boston, Mass., 19**, pp. 39-48;
Damarla, T. and Karpovsky, M., "Fault Detection in Combinational Networks by Reed Muller Transforms," IEEE Trans. Computers, Vol. 38, No. 6, June 1989, pp. 788-797; and
Bryant R. E., "Graph Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation," IEEE Trans. Computers, Vol C-35, No. 8, August 1986, pp. 509-516.

Methods and computer programs for minimizing logic circuit design using identity cells

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


An amphibious chair having a land mode for use as a lawn chair, preferably, for pool-side seating and a water mode for use as a pool chair for in-pool seating. Moreover, when the amphibious chair is in the water mode, the depth positioning of the seat member of the amphibious chair is adjustable.

During the summer months swimming pools provide lots of enjoyment for kids and adults, alike. A variety of pool accessories are available to allow kids and adults to float while lying down or sitting above water. However, in some instances it is desirable to just sit in the water. Typically, pools are provided with steps providing access in and out of the swimming pool. Such steps are also used as a seating means for those who desire to be cooled. However, the access in and out of the swimming pool may be blocked by a sitting pool user who wants to relax in the water. Several attempts have been made to provide a pool chair for use in the swimming pool.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,653, by Todor, entitled "ADJUSTABLE INFLATABLY BODY CRADLE FOR USE IN WATER" discloses an elongated flexive cradle. The elongated flexive cradle comprises three adjustably inflatable head, lower back and thigh cushions. The sides of the inflatable head, lower back and thigh cushions adjustably shift longitudinally along support members.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,322, by Weir, entitled "ADD-ON SEAT MODULE FOR SWIMMING POOL" comprises a modular seat unit devised to be lowered into and secured to the perimeter wall at the shallow end of a swimming pool. The modular seat provides in-pool seating.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,307,527, by Schober, entitled "POOL CHAIR" discloses a pool chair capable of being partially submerged in water of a swimming pool. The pool chair comprises an upper cross member adapted to rest along the perimeter of the pool to hold the pool chair upright in the pool.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,050,863, by Yacoboski, entitled "EXERCISE CHAIR FOR USE IN SWIMMING POOL" discloses a support chair comprising an upper horizontal beam of a C-shaped frame secured to the deck adjacent the pool and the lower arm engages the side wall of the pool to be supported thereby. The seat with back support is slidably carried to the support frame for adjustment of the depth of the seat in the pool. One of the horizontal beams of the frame is of adjustable length to adjust the angle of the seat.
While each of the above chairs functions as desired, none of them provide an amphibious chair having a land mode for use as a lawn chair, preferably, for pool-side seating and a water mode for use as a pool chair for in-pool seating.
Other devices attachable to the top side of the pool are U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,363, by Huff, entitled "HANGING WALL TABLE FOR SWIMMING POOLS" and U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,926, by McNarry et al., entitled "DETACHABLE IMMERSIBLE SUPPORT FOR SUPPORTING ARTICLES IN A SWIMMING POOL."
U.S. Pat. No. 4,893,363, by Huff, entitled "HANGING WALL TABLE FOR SWIMMING POOLS" discloses a frame for a table which engages the above ground pool wall by a J-shaped hanging support and a shelf made of plastic or the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,903,926, by McNarry et al., entitled "DETACHABLE IMMERSIBLE SUPPORT FOR SUPPORTING ARTICLES IN A SWIMMING POOL" discloses a detachable immersible support coupled to the top of a pool wherein the detachable immersible support comprises a mooring bracket, an U-shaped frame member, an article support and a frame member spacer.
It can be readily seen that there exists the continuing need for an amphibious chair having a land mode for use as a lawn chair, preferably, for pool-side seating and a water mode for use as a pool chair for in-pool seating.

Amphibious chair with adjustable depth positioning


The projectile toy includes an elongate projectile member having a body portion connected to a nose portion. The body portion has a rigidifying structure, and the nose portion is made of a unrigidified foam. A hook device is connected to the body portion near the nose portion. An elastomeric tether for engaging the hook device can be stretched and released causing the projectile member to launch with the nose portion in front.

The invention relates to toys, particularly foam toys that are designed to be projected through the air safely with entertaining trajectory characteristics.
Projectile toys of many types have been popular for many years. However, it is often difficult to provide projectile toys that are safe without compromising aerodynamic objectives. Accordingly, there is a need for toys that are made of lightweight compressible materials that exhibit interesting and entertaining movement or flight qualities.
The invention is a projectile toy which comprises an elongate projectile member having a body portion connected to a nose portion wherein the body portion has a rigidifying structure and the nose portion is made of unrigidified foam. A hook device is connected to the body portion near the nose portion. An elastomeric tether engages the hook device so that the tether can be stretched and released causing the projectile member to launch with the nose portion in front.


A method of making an amino acid triisocyanate is provided, the method comprising reacting an amino acid trihydrochloride with phosgene to form the amino acid triisocyanate. In some embodiments, the amino acid trihydrochloride comprises lysine ester trihydrochloride salt and the amino acid triisocyanate comprises lysine ester triisocyanate. In some embodiments, there is a lysine ester triisocyanate having a purity of at least about 98%, the lysine ester triisocyanate having a structure resulting from reacting lysine ester trihydrochloride salt with phosgene to form the lysine ester triisocyanate. These lysine ester triisocyanates can be used to make biodegradable polyurethanes.

Isocyanate is a functional group having the formula R—N═C═O. A molecule which contains more than one isocyanate groups is referred to as a polyisocyanate (diisocyanate, triisocyanate, etc.). Isocyanates are generally highly reactive.
Isocyanates are capable of forming polyurethanes or polyureas when reacted with molecules containing one or more hydroxyl functional groups (e.g., alcohol, polyols, etc.) or amino functionality (—NH2) such as in polyamines to form polyureas. A typical reaction resulting in the formation of a polyisocyanate with an alcohol to form a polyurethane is shown below:

Polyurethanes can be used as implantable material either as implants either preformed and then implanted into the target tissue site or as a flowable material that is implanted at the site, where the polyurethane adheres and/or hardens at the target tissue site (e.g., tissue defect, bone defect, etc.). In some embodiments, the polyurethane is porous and allows cells into the site to aid in remodeling and repair of the defect, where it can then degrade over time (e.g., 2 weeks to 6 months or longer).
To make polyisocyanates, phosgene (COCl2) can be used. Phosgene is a valued industrial reagent and building block in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. However, phosgene is toxic and great care should be used in its handling.
There is a need for new methods and compositions to efficiently and safely make polyisocyanates. Methods and compositions that can efficiently and safely generate phosgene are also needed.

Methods and compositions for making an amino acid triisocyanate


Example embodiments provide systems and methods for simulating a disease outbreak using a relatively simple formula based on a limited number of input parameters. In particular, disease severity is computed based on a relationship between leaf wetness duration and average temperature during a wetness period. The resulting model is a physical, deterministic model that accepts hourly weather data as input and outputs the most significant severity event of disease infection during a specified (e.g., one-day) period. This information can then be used to guide the application of various treatments when they can be most effective (e.g., when predicted disease severity is at its worst).

In agriculture it is desirable to maximize, as much as possible, the production or yield of a given agricultural product. One factor that limits the amount of production or yield are diseases, which can include (for example) micro-organisms, insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, infectious agents, parasites, and genetic disorders. A disease outbreak can reduce or even outright destroy a harvest.
In many cases, agricultural diseases can be treated or controlled—for example, by spraying a crop with an appropriate treatment such as a fungicide, insecticide, or pesticide. However, these treatments are expensive and time-consuming to apply. Accordingly, they should be applied only where and when they can be most effective. In order to effectively target disease treatments, it is critical to understand (and, if possible, to predict) the risk of a disease outbreak at a given time and place.
A number of techniques exist for simulating a disease outbreak. Typically, these simulations attempt to model an exact relationship between a particular type of disease and a particular host. Accordingly, different simulations are needed to model the various diseases that could affect a single type of crop; if multiple crop types must be considered, the number of simulations increases proportionally. Furthermore, each individual simulation tends to be computationally intensive, because a large number of variables and parameters must be accounted for in order to model an exact relationship between a disease and a host. Thus, existing simulation methods require a significant amount of time in order to evaluate the risk to a given agricultural product, which reduces the time available to respond to a predicted outbreak.
Moreover, a great deal of research and work needs to be done to determine the relationship between a given disease and a particular host. This makes it difficult to expand a simulation to new disease types.

Systems and methods for modeling disease severity


In a power transmission system, a ring gear of a first speed reducer and a ring gear of a second speed reducer are coupled to each other and have the same rotational axis. An engagement portion between the ring gear and a planetary gear is formed such that, when a first motor generates a rotational torque in the forward direction, a force acts on the ring gear in a direction approaching the second speed reducer in the rotational axis direction. An engagement portion between the ring gear and a planetary gear is formed such that, when a second motor generates a rotational torque in the forward direction, a force acts on the ring gear of the second speed reducer in a direction of approaching the first speed reducer in the rotational axis direction.

As a power transmission system like this, Patent Literature 1 discloses a configuration that a first speed changer and a second speed changer are constructed from planetary gear mechanisms and that ring gears thereof are coupled to each other in a manner not permitting relative rotation. When the ring gear engages with the planetary gear, a thrust force acts on the ring gear in the axial direction. Nevertheless, Patent Literature 1 does not mention this point at all.
In contrast, Patent Literature 2 describes that a thrust force generated between a large diameter gear of a double pinion and an idler gear and a thrust force generated between a small diameter gear of a double pinion and a driving output gear canceled out with each other through a thrust bearing arranged between the double pinion of a first speed changer and the double pinion of a second speed changer which are located opposite to each other.
Further, a power transmission system described in Patent Literature 3 describes a thrust force generated in a large diameter gear of a double pinion of a planetary gear mechanism and a thrust force generated in a small diameter gear of the double pinion are canceled out with each other in the inside of the double pinion.


Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a storage medium, for integrating components into objects that are to be 3D printed. One of the methods includes obtaining a three-dimensional model of a first object; receiving an input identifying an additional component; generating a digital representation of the additional component; integrating the digital representation of the additional component with the three-dimensional model; and providing the three-dimensional model with the integrated digital representation to a 3D printer for fabrication.

This disclosure relates generally to using computer-aided design (CAD) tools and techniques for three-dimensional (3D) printing.
3D printers can be configured to fabricate physical objects from three-dimensional models of the objects. In particular, a CAD tool can be configured to generate or load a three-dimensional CAD model of the object and to provide the model to a 3D printer for use in fabricating a physical object from the model.

Integrating components into 3D printed objects


A reader failover system and method are described for a data storage system. At least two reader systems, including a first reader element and a second reader element, situated on the same head, are employed to read a magnetic storage medium. In an aspect, the head is a two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) head. Control circuitry detects when the first reader system provides less than a predetermined performance or fails, and thereafter causes the second reader system, but not the first reader system, to read the magnetic storage medium. In an aspect, a buffer stores a first reader element signal until the control circuitry detects whether or not the first reader element provides less than a predetermined performance or fails. In an aspect, when a reader element fails, data recovery is performed, and all of, or a majority of, the media continues to be readable, improving the data storage system robustness.

Magnetic storage systems are utilized in a wide variety of devices in both stationary and mobile computing environments. Magnetic storage systems include hard disk drives (HDD), and solid state hybrid drives (SSHD) that combine features of a solid-state drive (SSD) and a hard disk drive (HDD). Examples of devices that incorporate magnetic storage systems include desktop computers, portable notebook computers, portable hard disk drives, servers, network attached storage, digital versatile disc (DVD) players, high definition television receivers, vehicle control systems, cellular or mobile telephones, television set top boxes, digital cameras, digital video cameras, video game consoles, and portable media players.
There is an ongoing effort within the magnetic storage system industry to increase storage capacity while maintaining the same external drive form factor. Track density has increased, and track pitch has decreased, such that magnetic read heads may detect more inter-track noise. Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) uses multiple read heads to read a single data track, and can improve the reading performance of a magnetic storage system with a high-density disk, as compared to a system using a single read head.

Read failover method and apparatus for a data storage system


A method of chronically instrumenting an animal enabling one to simulate congestive heart failure. A method for assessing the effects of a test compound on cardiac function and systemic vascular dynamics.

The preclinical assessment of agents for the treatment of heart failure has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal models. Previous models have either utilized non-clinically relevant insults to induce the disease state, or have failed to produce controllable, stable and predictable damage. Pressure overloading to induce ventricular hypertrophy and failure, produced by a variety of techniques including corticosteroid administration, renal artery occlusion, unilateral nephrectomy with contralateral occlusion of the renal artery, and most extensively banding of major outflow tracts such as the aorta, has been used in a variety of species including rat, cat and dog (Smith and Nutall, Cardiovascular Research 19: 181-186, 1985).
However, acute severe fixed afterload augmentation in animal models probably differs significantly from the gradual events that occur with pressure overload failure in man. The major limitation of animal pressure overload models include the propensity for the development of hypertrophy but not failure and/or a protracted time frame for the development of failure. Volume overloading produced by arteriovenous fistulae and valvular incompetence has been used to induce heart failure in dogs; however, this method has been limited by difficulty in controlling the degree of cardiac damage (Smith and Nutall, Cardiovascular Research 19: 181-186, 1985).
Cardiotoxic agents, including doxorubicin, have been used in several species including rat and dog to induce heart failure. This approach is limited by difficulty in controlling dose of cardiotoxic agent to induce sufficient but not excessive damage, extracardiac toxicity and the production of calcium overload-injury that may render the model unsuitable for the assessment of positive inotropic agents (Czarnecki, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 79C: 9-14, 1984; Smith and Nutall, Cardiovascular Research 19: 181-186, 1985). Several experimental procedures have been utilized to effect coronary artery occlusion, myocardial ischemia and resultant heart failure primarily in rats and dogs. These procedures include direct coronary ligation, embolism with liquid mercury, injection of preformed thrombus, wedged catheters, and sequential coronary microembolization with microspheres (Khomaziuk et al, Kardiologiya 5: 19-23, 1965; Rees and Redding, Cardiovascular Research 2: 43-53, 1968; Lumicao et al, American Journal of Medical Science 261: 27-40, 1971; Millner et al, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 52: 78-83, 1991; Sabbah et al, American Journal of Physiology 260: H1379-H1384, 1991). Problems associated with coronary artery ligation/ischemia models of heart failure include the inability of ischemic rodent models to develop myocardial dysfunction which meets the hemodynamic criteria of heart failure, as well as a high degree of malignant arrhythmia and mortality associated with myocardial ischemia. Damage to the heart from repeated DC shocks has been shown to induce heart failure in dogs (McDonald et al, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 19: 460-467, 1992); however the clinical relevance of this method of damage is uncertain.
Recently, several laboratories have adopted the method of rapid ventricular pacing-induced heart failure in dogs (Riegger and Liebau, Clinical Science 62: 465-469, 1982). One prominent criticism of the pacing-induced dog failure model is that while it does induce a predictable, controllable degree of myocardial failure, this condition is reversible with the termination of pacing. Also, the underlying mechanism for the development of failure in the pacing model is not understood at this time.


A method is disclosed for constructing a backup route from a source node around an adjacent component. The source node derives a first set of nodes reachable from it without traversing the adjacent component and a second set of nodes from which a neighbor node of adjacent components is reachable without traversing the adjacent component. The source node then constructs a backup route via an intermediate node in the intersection of the first and second sets.

The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
In computer networks such as the Internet, packets of data are sent from a source to a destination via a network of links (communication paths such as telephone or optical lines) and nodes (usually routers directing the packet along one or more of a plurality of links connected to it) according to one of various routing protocols.
De-activation of a network component, i.e. a link or a node, either by component failure or by planned downtime needs to be managed in order to avoid the risk of packet loss. In known systems, such de-activations cause routing transitions to take place, during which, distributed routing algorithms may open up an alternative route. However such transitions can be slow, of the order of seconds before convergence and in the interim data can be lost. Although packet loss is commonly dealt with by higher level protocols that re-send packets, the inherent delays can adversely affect time critical functions such as voice and pseudo-wire traffic.
Various solutions have been proposed for providing backup routes.
For example in Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) fast re-route, pre-configured backup paths are provided for destinations, as described in the document entitled "MPLS Traffic Engineering Fast Reroute—Link Protection" available at the time of this writing in the file 'frr.pdf' in directory "univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios120/120newft/120limit/120st/120st16" of the domain "cisco.com" on the World Wide Web. However MPLS backup paths rely on source routing.
Various other proposals based on link state routing rely on "downstream paths" according to which a node determines whether an alternative path to a destination node is available which will not simply loop a packet back to it (i.e. the packets will travel "downstream"). Examples of such proposals are the Internet Draft of Kini, Yang, dated May 2002 entitled "Traffic Restoration in Links State Protocols using Neighbor's Shortest Path" available at the time of this writing in the file 'draft-kini-traf-restore-nsp-00.txt' in directory "internet-drafts" of the domain "ietf.org" on the World Wide Web. A further example is Srinivas Vutukury, "Multi-Path Routing Mechanisms for Traffic Engineering and Quality of Service in the Internet"PhD Thesis, computer Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, March 2001. However such solutions will not work if no downstream path is available.
Zhang Yang and Jon Crowcroft in the paper "Shortest Path First with Emergency Exits" ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume 209, Issue 4 (September 1990) propose a solution according to which, for a given destination node an alternative path (AP) is created to the shortest path (SP) for a specified node to the destination using a downstream path (i.e. a path which will get a packet closer to its destination than the current node) identified by calculating whether any of the specified node's neighbor nodes can reach the destination without looping back to the specified node. If, for any destination in the network, an AP is not available, then the specified node sends a message to each of its neighbors to assess whether any of their neighbors can provide a downstream path to the destination. If not then the message is propagated out once again until an "exit" to the destination node is identified, providing a "reverse alternative path" (RAP). The specified node maintains a table, for every destination, of the SP and AP and, where an AP is not available an RAP.
Various problems arise with this approach. First of all because it relies on a signaling protocol in order to establish whether an RAP is available, the process is time-and bandwidth-consuming. Furthermore in order to forward a packet to an exit in an RAP the source has to force it upstream, potentially over a number of hops which requires source routing. As a result an additional protocol is overlaid on the link state protocol and the processing burden of the specified node is also increased.

Method and apparatus for constructing a backup route in a data communications network


Disclosed are: a communication technique and a system therefor for fusing, with IoT technology, a 5G communication system for supporting a data transmission rate higher than that of a 4G system. Provided is a method for installing a profile of a terminal having an embed universal integrated circuit card (eUICC) in a mobile communication system, the method comprising: requesting for an eUICC authentication certificate to an eUICC and receiving the eUICC authentication certificate; and transferring a profile package to the eUICC so as to install a profile, wherein the received eUICC authentication certificate further comprises an eUICC manufacturer (EUM) authentication certificate.

To meet the demand for wireless data traffic that has increased since commercialization of the 4G communication system, efforts have been made to develop an advanced 5G or an advanced pre-5G communication system. For this reason, the 5G communication system or the pre-5G communication system is also called a beyond-4G network communication system or a post-LTE system. To achieve a high data rate, implementation in an mmWave band (e.g., 60 GHz band) is being considered for the 5G communication system. In the 5G communication system, beamforming, massive MIMO, full dimensional MIMO (FD-MIMO), array antenna, analog beam-forming, and large scale antenna techniques are under discussion to reduce the propagation path loss and increase the propagation distance in the mmWave band. Also, in the 5G communication system, techniques such as evolved small cell, advanced small cell, cloud radio access network (cloud RAN), ultra-dense network, device-to-device (D2D) communication, wireless backhaul, moving network, cooperative communication, coordinated multi-points (CoMP), and interference cancellation have been developed to improve the system network. In the 5G system, hybrid FSK and QAM modulation (FQAM) and sliding window superposition coding (SWSC) as advanced coding modulation (ACM) schemes, and filter bank multi carrier (FBMC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) as advanced access technologies have also been developed.
The Internet has evolved from the human-centered connectivity network where humans generate and consume information to the Internet of things (IoT) network where information is exchanged and processed between distributed components such as things. The Internet of everything (IoE) technology which is a combination of the IoT technology and the big data processing technology through a connection with a cloud server has emerged. Technology elements such as sensing technology, wired/wireless communication and network infrastructure, service interface technology, and security technology are required for implementation of the IoT, and thus research has recently been focused on connection technologies between things, such as a sensor network, machine to machine (M2M) communication, and machine type communication (MTC). In the IoT environment, intelligent Internet technology (IT) services may be provided, which create a new value for human life by collecting and analyzing data generated between connected things. The IoT may be applied to a variety of fields such as smart homes, smart buildings, smart cities, smart cars or connected cars, smart grids, healthcare, smart appliances, or high-tech medical services through convergences and combinations between the conventional information technology (IT) and various industrial applications.
Accordingly, various attempts have been made to apply the 5G communication system to the IoT network. For example, the sensor network, machine-to-machine (M2M), and machine type communication (MTC) technologies may be implemented by the beamforming, MIMO, and array antenna techniques of the 5G communication technology. The application of a cloud radio access network (cloud RAN) as the above-described big data processing technology may also be considered an example of convergence between the 5G technology and the IoT technology.
A universal integrated circuit card (UICC) refers to a smart card that is inserted and used in a mobile communication terminal or the like, and is also called "UICC card". The UICC may include an access control module for access to a mobile network operator (MNO)'s network. Examples of the access control module include a universal subscriber identity module (USIM), a subscriber identity module (SIM), and an IP multimedia service identity module (ISIM). The UICC including a USIM is usually called USIM card. Likewise, the UICC including a SIM is also called SIM card.
In the following description of the present disclosure, the meaning of the term "UICC card" as generally used herein may cover the SIM card, the USIM card, the UICC including an ISIM, and the like. That is, the technical description of the UICC card may be generally applied for the USIM card, the ISIM card, or the SIM card in the same way.
The UICC card stores personal information of a mobile communication subscriber, and performs subscriber authentication and traffic security key generation during access to a mobile communication network, thereby achieving safe use of mobile communication networks. Considering at the time of proposing the present disclosure, the UICC card is typically manufactured as a dedicated card for a specific mobile network operator (i.e., MNO) at the request of the corresponding MNO, and may be released in a state where authentication information for access to the corresponding MNO's network, for example, universal subscriber identity module (USIM) application and international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), a K value, an OPc value, or the like, is previously contained in the card.
Therefore, the manufactured UICC card is delivered to the corresponding MNO, and then the corresponding MNO provides the same to a subscriber. Thereafter, if necessary, the corresponding MNO may perform management of applications in the UICC, including installation, modification, and deletion of the applications, by using the over the air (OTA) technology. The subscriber can use the corresponding MNO's network and application services by inserting the UICC card into his/her own mobile communication terminal, and when replacing the terminal with a new one, can use the authentication information, the mobile communication phone number, the personal phonebook, stored in the UICC card, as they are in the new terminal by taking out the UICC card from the old terminal and inserting the same into the new terminal.
However, the UICC card causes inconvenience to a mobile communication terminal user when he/she is provided with services from other mobile network operators. The mobile communication terminal user is inconvenienced because he/she needs to physically obtain a UICC card provided by a mobile network operator in order to receive services from a corresponding mobile network operator. For example, when a user travels abroad, he/she has to purchase a local UICC card in order to receive local mobile communication services, which causes inconvenience to the user. A roaming service may somewhat reduce the inconvenience, but there is a problem in that the user needs to pay a high rate for the roaming service and cannot receive the service when a contract is not established between mobile communication providers.
This inconvenience may be mostly solved by remotely downloading and installing a SIM module to the UICC card. That is, the SIM module for a mobile communication service to be used may be downloaded to the UICC card at the time desired by a user. It is also possible to download and install a plurality of SIM modules to the UICC card and to selectively use only one of the SIM modules.
The UICC card may be fixed or may not be fixed in a terminal. In particular, the UICC fixed in a terminal is called embedded UICC (eUICC). The eUICC generally means a UICC card that is fixed in a terminal and is capable of remotely downloading a SIM module from a server and selecting the same.
In order to use such an eUICC, a profile must be downloaded and installed in the eUICC. Therefore, there is a need to provide a profile management technique for the eUICC.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Technique for managing profile in communication system


A method of forming a thin-walled skin includes coating at least one side of a mold cavity of a molding tool, evacuating air from the mold cavity, and filling the mold cavity with a molten polymeric resin. Among other optional variations of the disclosed method, an inert gas is injected into the molten polymeric resin simultaneously with the step of filling the mold cavity with a molten polymeric resin. As a result, high quality, large, thin-walled skins are produced by the teachings of the present disclosure.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Instrument panel skins for dashboard or door panel are conventionally manufactured by thermoforming plastic sheet material or by slush molding plastic material in a powder form, and very few skins are manufactured using the injection molding process. The instrument panel skins are a large part with thin wall sections of approximately 1.0 mm thickness. Accordingly, in the injection molding process, multiple injection ports or gates need to be used in an injection mold. Therefore, as the plastic material from each of these gates flow into the mold cavity, they merge together and create potential visible "knit lines."
It is difficult to fill a large mold with such a thin wall section because the melt front of the molten plastic material freezes off in the molding tool before the entire mold cavity is filled. Therefore, high molding pressure and very fast molding injection time are often desired, potentially exceeding the process and machine capabilities.
Moreover, after the skins are manufactured, post-molding paint may need to be applied on the skins to provide a desired color and gloss, thereby adding significant costs and manufacturing complexity to the molded part.
These issues with surface blemishes and non-uniform gloss on the surface of a thin-walled molded part in injection molding is addressed by the present disclosure.


A heat-sensitive transcription printer system 100 is made up of a heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette 10 and a heat-sensitive transcription printing device 50 on which said heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette is loaded. On the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette is bonded an IC label 20 having an IC memory 21, a power receiving/supplying coil 23 and a diode 24 connected to the IC memory 21 and a signal communication coil 22 for performing communication of signals between the IC memory 21 and the heat-sensitive transcription printing device. The inherent discrimination information is previously recorded on the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette 10 and can be read out from it electrically. In this heat-sensitive transcription printing device 50, the driving power is supplied from a power supply unit 55 through a power supply coil 61, power receiving/supplying coil 23 and the diode 24 to the IC memory 21. A system controller 51 reads out the discrimination information and the using hysteresis information from the IC memory 21 through the signal communication coils 22, 56 to control the printing operation.

This invention relates to a heat-sensitive transcription printer system comprising a heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette system and a heat-sensitive transcription printer device.
If plural sorts of the heat sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette or recording sheets are used in a heat-sensitive transcription printer, it is necessary for the heat-sensitive transcription printer to discriminate the ink types, recording characteristics or the number of images. As means therefor, mechanically or optically readable identification information is provided on a cassette housing a heat sensitive transcription ink sheet and a signal pattern of the identification information read on loading the cassette on the heat-sensitive transcription printer is collated to a pattern stored at the outset on a memory of the heat-sensitive transcription printer, by way of discrimination. For example, a seal having recorded thereon an optically readable information pattern, termed a code ring, is provided on a spool adapted for sending out the heat sensitive transcription ink sheet. In use, the rotational operation of the spool is utilized to cause a recognition device provided on the heat-sensitive transcription printer to read out the information by, for example, infrared rays.
It has also been proposed to have a memory mounted on a cassette itself for storing the type of the heat sensitive transcription ink sheet, the number of images or control data of the heat-sensitive transcription printer thereon and to connect the cassette to the heat-sensitive transcription printer via a connector or a contact on loading the cassette on the heat-sensitive transcription printer to read out the stored data.
However, if the mechanically or optically readable identification information is provided on the cassette, ingenuous techniques need to be used to enable the reliable operation of the mechanical or optical switches to enable positive readout of the information signals when the cassette is loaded on the heat-sensitive transcription printer.
Moreover, since the identification information cannot be rewritten in use, the number of residual images of the heat sensitive transcription ink sheets need to be counted on the side of the heat-sensitive transcription printer. There is also a problem that, if the cassettes in use are exchanged, it becomes impossible to count the number of images. In addition, if a memory is mounted on the cassette to exchange the information with the heat-sensitive transcription printer via a connector, it is necessary to provide a memory and a connector circuit in the cassette casing, while it is also necessary to provide electrical contacts to assure positive connection to the heat-sensitive transcription printer.
Since the cassette is liable to modification, it is necessary to provide suitable measures to prevent easy counterfeiting even for the inherent identification information provided on the cassette, such as name of the manufacturer, product number, manufacturing number, product type or recording characteristics. If the above-mentioned code ring is used to afford the identification information, the optically recognizable identification information can readily be modified or modified. Therefore, such a cassette which can be reliably mounted on the heat-sensitive transcription printer, can readily record the using hysteresis information. such as the number of residual images, and which is not susceptible to counterfeiting or modification, as well as a heat-sensitive transcription printer using this cassette, has so far been desired.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a heat-sensitive transcription printer system which is not used in a mistaken fashion in a heat-sensitive transcription printing device, which is able to perform optimum printing and record the using hysteresis information readily and with which it is possible to prevent falsification or modification. It is another object of the present invention to provide a heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette and a heat-sensitive transcription printing device.
In one aspect, the present invention provides heat-sensitive transcription printer system including a heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette and a heat-sensitive transcription printing device on which the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette is loaded, wherein the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette includes, on a sheet-shaped substrate, an IC label having an IC memory, a power receiving/supplying means for supplying the power to the IC memory and signal communication means for performing communication of signals between the IC memory and the heat-sensitive transcription printing device. The IC memory has the discrimination information proper to the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette previously recorded thereon and which is able to electrically read out the discrimination information. The heat-sensitive transcription printing device includes power supplying means for supplying the power through the power receiving/supplying means to the IC memory of the IC label provided on the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette, control means for collating the discrimination information previously recorded on the IC memory to control the picture printing operation based on the collated results, and signal communication means for performing signal communication between the IC memory and the control means to reproduce the discrimination information previously recorded on the IC memory by the control means in a non-contact fashion.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette used in a heat-sensitive transcription printing device adapted for performing heat-sensitive transcription recording, wherein the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette includes a sheet-like substrate having an IC memory having the electrically readable discrimination information proper to the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette previously recorded thereon, power receiving/supplying means for supplying the power to the IC memory and signal communication means for performing signal communication between the IC memory and the heat-sensitive transcription printing device.
In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a heat-sensitive transcription printing device employing a heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette including, on a sheet-shaped substrate, an IC memory, a power receiving/supplying means for supplying the power to the IC memory and signal communication means for having communication of signals with the heat-sensitive transcription printing device, the IC memory having the discrimination information proper to the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette previously recorded thereon and which is able to electrically read out the discrimination information. The heat-sensitive transcription printing device includes power supplying means for supplying the power through the power receiving/supplying means to the IC memory of the IC label provided on the heat-sensitive transcription ink sheet cassette, control means for collating the discrimination information previously recorded on the IC memory for controlling the picture printing operation based on the collated results, and signal communication means for performing signal communication between the IC memory and the control means to reproduce the discrimination information previously recorded on the IC memory by the control means in a non-contact fashion.

Heat-sensitive transcription printer system


In a multi-echo measurement sequence with the goal of optimizing the spatial resolution given predetermined time difference between successive gradient echoes, gradient pulse parameters are set depending on a defined ratio between a predetermined time difference between echo times and a quotient of a predetermined maximum gradient pulse amplitude and a predetermined maximum gradient pulse rate-of-change.

Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a method to implement a multi-echo magnetic resonance (MR) measurement sequence and an MR system to execute such a method. In particular the invention concerns techniques that enable an increased spatial resolution given predetermined time difference between successive gradient echoes, in which a predetermined maximum gradient pulse amplitude and a predetermined maximum gradient pulse rate-of-change are not exceeded.
Description of the Prior Art
Multi-echo measurement sequences of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are known in which multiple MR images with different echo times are respectively acquired from different anatomical slices of an examined person. Due to the different echo times, the multiple MR images typically have different contrasts. The MR images with different contrasts can be used in what are known as chemical shift techniques in which a separation of different spin species occurs.
Multi-echo measurement sequences are frequently implemented such that MR images are obtained at very specific and well-defined echo times. For example, the concrete selection of the echo times can depend on the desired application of the MR images. One example of a typical application would be fat/water separation. The sought echo times are typically dependent on the strength of the basic magnetic field (field strength-dependent). The echo time (TE1) of a first MR image and the time interval or the time difference between the echo times of successively acquired MR images (δTE) decreases in an inverse proportion to the strength of the basic magnetic field of the MR system. Typical basic magnetic field strengths are 1.5 Tesla, 3 Tesla, 5 Tesla or 7 Tesla, for example.
Various types of multi-echo measurement sequences are known. In a conventional multi-echo measurement sequence, all detected MR echoes are detected (meaning at the various echo times) respectively as a time period after a radiation of radio-frequency (RF) pulse for excitation of the transverse magnetization of nuclear spins of a subject (RF excitation pulse). In other words: a number n of MR echoes is respectively detected in each of separated repetition intervals (TR intervals) after an RF excitation pulse. Therefore, such techniques are also known to those skilled in the art as an n-echo n-TR approach. N-echo n-TR techniques are known in connection with the detection of gradient echoes, for example.
The resolution of an MR image in the readout direction (frequency coding direction) is typically defined by the Fourier pixel size Δx. The Fourier pixel size is the size of a field of view in the readout direction, divided by the number of readout points Nx. The field of view designates a region of an examination subject that is depicted by the MR image. The smaller the Fourier pixel size Δx, the higher the resolution. The Fourier pixel size is inversely proportional to the 0th moment of the readout gradient:Δx=2π/(γM0x).γ is the gyromagnetic ratio. For water protons, the gyromagnetic ratio is γ/(2π)=42.576 MHz/T. The 0th moment of the readout gradient is the time integral of the amplitude of the readout gradient during the readout time, frequently also designated as an "area" of the readout gradient. If the readout gradient is thus constant during the entire readout time, the 0th moment M0x is then the product of amplitude of the readout gradient and readout time.
In gradient echo imaging, a switch is frequently made between the excitation and readout gradients of a pre-phasing gradient pulse in the readout direction whose 0th moment has the same magnitude as the moment of the readout gradient between the beginning of the readout gradient and the echo point in time. The direction of the pre-phasing gradient pulse is typically opposite the direction of the readout gradient, such that the total moment disappears exactly at the echo point in time. The echo time is often the time between the center of the excitation pulse and the echo point in time. For example, the echo time can be the time between a spin echo and the echo point in time.
Since the maximum amplitude of a gradient pulse and the shortest rise time can typically be technologically and/or physiologically limited, the maximum resolution with gradient echo-based n-echo n-TR techniques is thus conventionally limited by the shortest required gradient echo time TE1, but is not additionally limited by the shortest time difference ΔTE of successive gradient echoes. However, the total duration that is required to implement the multi-echo MR measurement sequence (measurement duration) is comparably long. Moreover, such a technique frequently extends the time interval between the detection of the different gradient echoes. This can lead to negative effects, particularly in measurements that are implemented to avoid breathing artifacts while an examined person holds his breath. Moreover, time-dependent drifts of the basic magnetic field, such as due to physiological processes or heating during the measurement—can lead to additional phase differences between the individual MR images with different echo points in time. A subsequent evaluation of the MR images then can be possible only to a limited extent, and possible quantitative analyses can be plagued with a relatively large error.
Multi-echo measurement sequences are known other than the n-echo n-TR-based measurement sequence described above. For example, multi-echo measurement sequences are also known that detect multiple echoes at different echo points in time or echo times after a single RF excitation pulse. The detection of multiple echoes following one RF pulse is also called an n-echo per TR technique. n-echo per TR techniques have the advantage of a reduced measurement duration. Due to the predetermined different echo points in time, given such multi-echo measurement sequences a maximum achievable spatial resolution is typically limited by the first echo time TE1, and additionally by the time difference between successive echoes. It is of particular significance that the time period provided for the detection of an echo is also limited, because the next echo should already be formed and detected after the time period ΔTE.
The maximum gradient amplitude and/or a maximum rise time and fall time of gradient fields or, respectively, rate-of-change of an MR system is often technologically and/or physiologically limited. For example, for the detection of gradient echoes it is often necessary to initially switch pre-phasing gradient pulses and to subsequently switch readout gradient fields during the readout of the gradient echo. Since the time period available for this is typically limited by the predetermined different echo points in time or the time difference between successive echo points in time, the maximum 0th moment M0x of the readout gradients (and therefore the achievable spatial resolution) is often limited accordingly.

Method and magnetic resonance system to implement a multi-echo measurement sequence