A method for operating a bus system, which includes a master and k slaves as users, where a header of an interrogation frame, which includes k information fields, is transmitted by the master to the slaves; in each instance, an mth slave being assigned an mth information field; an information item regarding the amount of data that is to be sent by the mth slave to the master being written by the mth slave to the mth information field assigned to it; the interrogation frame being transmitted to the master; and a time schedule, by which the amount of data to be sent is taken into account, being prepared by the master for transmitting the data.

A local interconnect network (LIN) is a specification for a serial communication system and, consequently, for a serial bus system, which is also called a LIN bus. This bus system may be used for achieving communication between sensors and/or actuators and a control unit as users of the bus system, e.g., in a motor vehicle.
Event-triggered frames (ETF) and sporadic frames (SF) are introduced by the LIN 2.0 standard for data that are transmitted between the users. Therefore, it is possible to influence a time schedule (schedule) for transmitting data, that is, the above-mentioned frames allow sporadic or event-driven data transmission, but the frames themselves are rigidly defined in the schedule.
In sporadic frames, a plurality of messages having static priority may be defined for a time slot. In such a time slot (slot), a message is only sent when data are present for a master as a user of the bus system, or when slave responses are demanded by the master. If neither is the case, then the bus system remains empty during this time. Thus, the bus system cannot be utilized to full capacity, using sporadic frames.
Using event-triggered frames, it may be taken into account that not all slaves, as users of the bus system, have data to send in every data transmission cycle. In this context, an event-triggered frame may be assigned a plurality of slaves, that is, a plurality of slaves may respond to a header of an event-triggered frame. If there is a collision between transmitted frames, then the slaves may detect this by reading back the data, and may interrupt the transmission process. The master then detects a receiving or timeout error. At a next time slot of this event-triggered frame, the master interrogates the slaves, using normal messages, or using separate identifiers. That is, for each slave that reacts to an event-triggered frame, in each instance, an unequivocal, normal identifier must also exist.
As of the LIN 2.1 standard, it is stipulated that after a collision, the master must change one time to another time schedule that is collision-free, and after it is finished, the master must switch back again to the original table of the time schedule. To this end, however, it is necessary that collision detection is implemented. In addition, in the event of a collision, considerable delays are created by the repeated and individual interrogation of the slaves. Thus, as a rule, event-triggered frames are only useful when only very few collisions are to be expected.
A control method for media access in a serial bus is described in German Patent Application No. DE 197 21 740 A1. This serial bus includes several users that communicate with one another via data messages. In order to allow individual users to access the bus at particular times, trigger messages are sent in a cyclical sequence by a first user taking the form of a master. In this context, each trigger message contains the beginning and the duration of the sending authorization for at least one user selected by the master. For the selected users, a timing interval for transmitting data messages is stipulated by the trigger message. Prior to the sending of a next trigger message, the slaves may request, from the master, sending authorizations for further data messages.

Method for scheduling bus system transmissions


An apparatus for the treatment of containers may include at least one conveying device, which conveys the containers along a pre-set conveying path, and at least one treatment device, which treats the container in a pre-determined manner. The apparatus may include at least one size part which is capable of being arranged in an exchangeable manner on a carrier. A first transmitter device, which at least intermittently emits a signal which is characteristic of the first transmitter device, is arranged on the size part, and the apparatus has at least one first receiver device for receiving the first signal. The apparatus may further include a second signal communication device, which emits or receives a second characteristic signal, wherein the receiver device is designed in such a way that it determines from the signals emitted whether the size part is in a predetermined position with respect to the apparatus.

Apparatuses and methods of this type have long been known from the prior art and they comprise in this case for example apparatus for labelling containers, apparatus for filling containers, apparatus for shaping pre-forms of plastics material into containers, apparatus for producing packs of containers, palletizers and the like.
In this case, size parts, which can be exchanged in order to treat different types of containers for example, are frequently used in machines of this type. In addition, size parts of this type can be replaced in the event of wear. When size parts are replaced in this way, many factors have to be taken into consideration. In this way, it is necessary to ensure that use is made of a size part which is adapted to the apparatus itself. In addition, it is also necessary to ensure, however, that the size part is arranged on the apparatus in the proper manner and is also mounted for example at the correct location inside a plant. In this way, systems should be produced which permit a reliable recognition of change-over parts and fittings or size parts, in which case this recognition can also, in particular, be dependent upon the type of the container.
In the prior art of the Applicants' company a flexible scanning of the size parts is carried out in part in this case by means of a hand-held reading device. In this case it is not possible to prevent size parts, which are not assembled or made ready and which for their part are not involved in the direct set-up procedure, from also being scanned in certain cases as a result of the large radius of action of the hand-held reading device.
It may be desirable, therefore, to ensure or to provide a greater guarantee that the size part in question will also actually be fitted at its correct location.

Apparatus and method for the treatment of containers with recognition of fittings


A bedding or seating product comprising a spring assembly made of a plurality of strings of springs connected to each other. Each string of springs comprises a plurality of individually pocketed coil springs. Within each pocket is a coil spring and at least one cushioning pad secured to the coil spring. In one embodiment, one cushioning pad is secured to the upper end turn of the coil spring. In an alternative embodiment, cushioning pads are secured to the upper and lower end turns of the coil spring.

This invention relates to spring assemblies for mattresses, cushions and other bedding or seating products.
A known form of pocketed spring assembly comprises a plurality of parallel strings of springs joined together either by gluing, clipping or otherwise securing the strings of springs to each other. Each string of springs comprises a strip of fabric wrapped around a plurality of coil springs which are aligned in a row. The coil springs may be part of a continuous band of coil springs made of one piece of wire such as disclosed in assignee""s U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,635, or alternatively may be individual coil springs such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,854,023.
The strings of springs may extend longitudinally or transversely depending on the desired application.
Once a plurality of strings of springs are secured together so as to create a spring assembly, a pair of generally rectangular border wires may be connected to the spring assembly around the periphery thereof. Padding is placed over the spring assembly and the padding and spring assembly encased in an upholstered material as is conventional.
In order to create such a string of springs, a plurality of coil springs are aligned in a row and a strip of fabric is wrapped around the aligned row of coil springs so as to create two plies, one on either side of the row of springs. The edges of the strip of fabric are joined together with a longitudinal line of attachment extending longitudinally along the row of springs. The outermost edges of the strip of fabric are joined together with outermost transverse lines of attachment in order to prevent the outermost springs from falling out of the strip of fabric. Between adjacent coil springs transverse lines of attachment extend generally parallel the axis of the coil springs, separating the strip of fabric into individual pockets, each pocket containing a coil spring, such as is disclosed in assignee""s U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/307,501.
In assignee""s U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,635, a pair of coil springs are located within each pocket rather than each pocket containing a coil spring. In this arrangement a transverse line of attachment exists between every other spring rather than between adjacent springs.
Rather than placing foam or other cushioning or padding materials on top of the upper surface of a spring assembly as is conventional, spring assemblies have been constructed utilizing strings of springs in which the cushioning or padding material is built into the string of springs.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,160,894 discloses a plurality of strings of springs joined to a wooden base. Each string of springs has a strip of padding material comprising foam or other similar material placed on top of the upper end turns of a row of springs, the strip of padding material and springs being encased in fabric. In this patent, the coil springs within each string are not located within individual pockets separated from one another. Rather, the coil springs are stapled to a base in order to keep the coil springs in place.
Similarly, French Patent No. 657648 discloses a product comprising a plurality of strings of springs placed inside compartments of fabric, each string of springs comprising a plurality of individual coil springs separated by dividers of fabric. A strip of padding material is located above the string of coil springs and inserted into one of the compartments above the string of springs.
Although these two patents do disclose continuous strips of padding incorporated into or used with a string of springs, the springs are not individually pocketed as in applicant""s invention. Furthermore, these strings of springs lack a strip of fabric surrounding a row of springs, opposite plies of the strip of fabric being secured together so as to separate the springs.
Therefore, it has been one objective of the present invention to provide a bedding or seating product with improved responsiveness to a load placed on the product.
It has further been an objective of the present invention to provide a bedding or seating product which contains cushioning material within each pocket.
It has further been an objective of the present invention to provide a bedding or seating product which does not require large amounts of cushioning or padding material to be placed on top of the bedding or seating product once the spring assembly is complete.
The pocketed bedding or seating product of the present invention which accomplishes these objectives comprises a plurality of parallel strings of individually pocketed coil springs. Adjacent strings of springs are joined to each other using conventional methods such as gluing, ultrasonic welding, or using conventional fasteners such as hog rings. The assembly of parallel strings of springs may then be joined to upper and lower generally rectangular border wires located in the top and bottom planes of the bedding or seating product. In order to complete the bedding or seating product of the present invention, a covering pad may be placed over the spring assembly and an upholstered covering placed around the covering pad and the spring assembly.
Each string of springs comprises a row of individual coil springs, a strip of fabric surrounding the coil springs and a plurality of cushioning pads placed on top of the coil springs inside the fabric. The strip of fabric is divided into a plurality of pockets by spaced transverse lines of attachment, each pocket containing one of the coil springs and at least one cushioning pad located above the coil spring. An additional cushioning pad or pads may be located below the coil spring within the pocket.
Each coil spring has an upper end turn, a lower end turn and a plurality of convolutions between the end turns defining a spring axis. Although this application illustrates and describes individual coil springs incorporated into the string of springs, it is within the contemplation of the present invention to use continuous bands of springs, each band being made of one piece of wire such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,127,635.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first cushioning pad is located within each pocket and is secured to the upper end turn of the coil spring within the pocket. In an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention, a first cushioning pad is secured to the upper end turn of the coil spring within each pocket and a second cushioning pad is secured to the lower end turn of the same coil spring within the pocket, thus each pocket contains two cushioning pads located above and below the end turns of the coil spring.
In forming a string of springs, once a strip of fabric has been wrapped around a row of aligned coil springs, the longitudinal edges of the strip of fabric are joined together with a longitudinal line of attachment in any known manner, such as sewing, welding or gluing. Opposed plies of the strip of fabric on opposite sides of the coil springs are joined together between the coil springs with transverse lines of attachment, which similarly may be ultrasonic welds, sewing lines, glue lines or any other means of attaching the plies to each other.
Each pocket contains at least one cushioning pad. Each cushioning pad comprises at least one piece of foam. The cushioning pad is illustrated and described as being a piece of urethane foam sandwiched between two pieces of cloth, one of the pieces of cloth being glued or otherwise secured to the end turn of the coil spring. However, it is within the contemplation of the present invention that the cushioning pad comprise multiple pieces of foam. In addition to foam, other materials such as cotton may be used to form the cushioning pad.
By securing at least one cushioning pad to the spring within each individual pocket, each coil spring functions independently, resulting in a more comfortable bedding or seating product than heretofore known pocketed products.

Pocketed bedding or seating product with cushioning pads inside pockets


A water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet, includes a body and a mandrel. A raw water outlet hole and a pure water outlet hole are arranged on the end surface of the mandrel. The mandrel has a raw water inlet cavity and a purified water inlet cavity which are independent from each other. One end of the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity are communicated with the raw water outlet hole and the purified water outlet hole, and the other ends are the raw water inlet hole and the purified water inlet hole. The water outlet terminal has a purified water opening member with a first position and a second position corresponding to an open or closed state of purified water inlet hole, a cover assembly, with a purified water outlet passage in the geometric center of the assembly.

In the prior art, the pull-type faucet used in the kitchen needs to set complex waterway structure in the pull-type faucet if the two water outlet modes of purified water and raw water are to be realized, and the purified water switch and the raw water switch are also designed on the faucet at the same time. When the purified water switch is turned on, the user needs to turn off the raw water switch, otherwise, the raw water and the purified water may be discharged at the same time. Therefore, in the prior art, the purified water switch and the raw water switch are designed in linkage. When the purified water switch is turned on, the raw water switch is automatically turned off. This structure is very complicated. In addition, in the prior art, the purified water cavity and the raw water cavity are disposed on both sides of the mandrel, respectively, and the thickness of the mandrel is limited. Therefore, the volumes of the two water cavities also become smaller. In this way, the flow in the water cavity becomes smaller. When the water pressure is low, the water flow in the water cavity is also relatively small, which is likely to cause the water outlet flow at the water outlet terminal to be small and the water outlet stability at the end of the water outlet terminal to be relatively worse.
Content of the Invention
The main technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a water outlet terminal which has two water outlet modes of raw water and purified water, and the switching structure of raw water and purified water is simple.
In order to solve the above technical problem, the present invention provides a water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet, comprising a body and a mandrel disposed in the body, an end surface of the mandrel is provided with a raw water outlet hole and a purified water outlet hole;
the mandrel is provided on the same side with a raw water inlet cavity and a purified water inlet cavity which are independent of each other; one end of the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity is communicated with the raw water outlet hole and the purified water outlet hole, and the other end is a raw water inlet hole and a purified water inlet hole; the water outlet terminal is further provided with a purified water opening member which is switched between a first position and a second position so that the purified water inlet hole in the open state or close state;
further comprising a cover assembly, wherein a water outlet passage is provided in the geometric center of the cover assembly for communication with the fluid in the water inlet cavity.
In a preferred embodiment: the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity are provided with an open end along the water flow direction on the same side, the rest of the raw water inlet cavity and purified water inlet cavity is sealing portion, the periphery of the open end is welded to a weld tab to seal the open end.
In a preferred embodiment: the side of the purified water inlet cavity away from the raw water inlet cavity is further provided with a second open end, and the second open end is welded and sealed with the second weld tab.
In a preferred embodiment: the raw water inlet hole is always in a normally open state.
In a preferred embodiment: the raw water outlet hole comprises at least two water outlet holes with different outlet forms.
In a preferred embodiment: the raw water outlet hole comprises a first water outlet hole and a second water outlet hole; the second water outlet hole is arranged on the periphery of the first water outlet the hole and concentric with the first water outlet hole.
In a preferred embodiment: the purified water outlet is arranged at the center of the first water outlet hole.
In a preferred embodiment: the first water outlet hole is a bubble water outlet, and a aerator is arranged at the bubble water outlet hole.
In a preferred embodiment: a raw water switching member for switching the water outlet water form of the raw water; and when the raw water switching member is operated, one of the first water outlet hole and the second water outlet hole is in an open state and the other is in a sealed state.
In a preferred embodiment: the side of the mandrel facing away from the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity is provided with a first installation hole for installing the raw water switching member;
the raw water switching member comprises a key and a first switching shaft; the first switching shaft is disposed between the raw water inlet cavity and the raw water outlet hole through the first installation hole; the key is connected with a fulcrum, the two ends of the key are pressing ends, one of the pressing ends is interlocked with an end of the first switching shaft exposed outside the first installation hole so as to drive the first switching shaft to move so that one of the first water outlet hole and the second water outlet hole is communicated with the raw water inlet cavity, the other end is sealed from the raw water inlet cavity.
In a preferred embodiment: the purified water opening member is one of a mechanical switch, a touch switch and a remote control switch.
In a preferred embodiment: the mandrel is further provided with a second installation holes on the same side with the first installation hole;
the purified water opening member comprises a button and a second switching shaft; the second switching shaft is disposed between the purified water inlet hole and the purified water inlet cavity through the second installation hole; the button is arranged in linkage with the second switching shaft through a ball-point pen mechanism; and pressing the button drives the second switching shaft to switch between the first position and the second position; the outer periphery of the second switching shaft is provided with a first sealing rings and a second sealing ring arranged coaxially with the second switching shaft and the areas of the first sealing ring and the second sealing ring are the same; when the purified water opening member is in the second position, the first sealing ring and the second sealing ring are respectively located in both sides of the purified water inlet hole and close the purified water inlet hole.
In a preferred embodiment: a flexible water inlet pipe; the water inlet pipe comprises a raw water inlet pipe and a purified water inlet pipe which are coaxially nested and are respectively communicated with the raw water inlet hole and the purified water inlet hole.
In a preferred embodiment: a raw water opening member separately provided from the water outlet terminal, the raw water opening member controls the water flow in the raw water inlet pipe to open or close; so that the raw water opening member and the purified water opening member are independent from each other.
In a preferred embodiment: a three-way valve; the three-way valve is provided with a raw water interface and a water purifying interface, and which are provided with the raw water introducing cavity and the purified water introducing cavity independent of each other; both ends of the raw water introducing cavity are respectively connected with the raw water interface and the raw water inlet pipe; both ends of the purified water introducing cavity are respectively connected with the purified water interface and the purified water inlet pipe.
Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. The invention provides a water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet, which has two water outlet modes of raw water and purified water. And the raw water switch and purified water switch are independent of each other, the raw water waterway keep normally open, only after the faucet water inlet switch is closed, the raw water waterway can be closed. The purified water open member is set in the water terminal. The user can operate the purified water open member to open and close the purified water waterway, which has nothing to do with the switching of the raw water waterway, thus achieving the separation of the two waterway operations. Users are not prone to misuse during use.
2. The present invention provides a water outlet terminal with a function of purified water outlet. The raw water outlet hole and the purified water outlet hole are coaxially arranged, so that the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity are arranged on the same side of the mandrel; therefore, the open ends of the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity along the water flow direction are also on the same side, so that the open end can be sealed by using a weld tab after the mandrel is formed. However, in the traditional mandrel, the open ends of the raw water cavity and the purified water cavity are respectively arranged on two sides of the mandrel, that is, two pieces of weld tabs are required to be welded. Therefore, the technical solution of the present invention has a simpler structure, fewer parts and less processing requirements.
3. The present invention provides a water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet. The structure of the mandrel maximizes the space of the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity, which is favorable for increasing the flow rate of the water outlet. If the raw water inlet cavity and the purified water inlet cavity are set on both sides of the mandrel, it will cause the waterway to be complex, the water space to become smaller, resulting in increased tube resistance, the water flow at the water outlet terminal will be reduced when the water pressure is low, lower the use stability of the water outlet terminal.
4. The invention provides a water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet, which adopts the structure of the pipe in the pipe and realizes both the raw water inlet and the purified water inlet.
5. The present invention provides a water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet, and also has a raw water switching member, so that the raw water outlet water can be switched in the shower water or the bubble water through the raw water switching member, further increasing the function of the water outlet terminal.
6. The present invention provides a water outlet terminal with the function of purified water outlet, and the purified water outlet hole is arranged at the center of the water outlet surface without occupying the position of the raw water outlet. As a result, the water outlet holes are concentrically arranged, the overall appearance is beautiful, the shape of the raw water outlet is also relatively complete, avoiding the occupation of the purified water outlet hole and making the relative incompleteness of the outlet water form.

Water outlet terminal with purified water outlet

XIAMEN SOLEX HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.


A context-based graphical database system for storing a data structure comprises an entity node that stores an identifier of an entity. A data node stores non-contextual entity data about the entity. At least one context node is linked to the data node. The at least one context node provides context to the non-contextual entity data in the data node to create contextual entity data. A pointer from the entity node to the data node returns a data node identifier to the entity node to link the contextual entity data to the entity.

The present disclosure relates to the field of computers, and specifically to the use of databases in computers. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to context-based graphical databases and their use.
A database is a collection of data. Various types of databases include relational databases, graph databases, network databases, and object-oriented databases. Each type of database presents data in a non-dynamic manner, in which the data is statically stored without contextual meaning.

International Business Machines Corporation


In order to reduce the delay and/or loss of packets caused by the transmission through a large number of routers on the Internet, a direct connection is established between a client (or its proxy) and a server if the client (or its proxy) and the server are connected to the same alternative subnetwork. Control management information, including the type of subnetwork to which each is connected, as well as the address of the client (or its proxy) and the server are transmitted to the other on the Internet in an optional HTTP header field. After receipt of the addressing information, a direct connection is established on the alternative subnetwork between the client (or its proxy) and the server for purposes of streaming information from the server to the client.

As the Internet becomes more complex, comprising a continuously increasing number of interconnected networks, the packetized requests from client terminals and packetized server responses pass through an ever increasing number of routers between the two endpoints. It is not uncommon, for example, that these packets traverse eighteen or more routers along their route. Since the Internet does not provide any guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS), certain packets may be delayed or lost as they pass through these routers, which likelihood increases with the number of routers through which the packets traverse. If a stream of packets transmitted from a server to a client contains real-time multimedia content (audio, video, and data), the received stream may contain missing or delayed packets. In many cases, such missing packets may necessitate that the client re-request the content of the previously requested URL, thereby requiring the server to resend the entire content. For a transmitted video clip, for example, this is analogous to rewinding a video tape to its beginning and re-watching the entire tape to view the missing portion. This is a waste of resources of the server, the network, and the time of the user at the client.
In some environments where the clients and the servers are on the same subnetwork, such as the same ATM network or ISDN network (a public switched or private ISDN network, for example), the downstreaming of information from the server to the client can bypass the routers, and thus the delay and loss-imparting network elements, if the stations at both endpoints are provided with each other's address on their common subnetwork. For example, if the client and server know of each other's address in the ISDN domain, a direct connection can be established on the ISDN network, as opposed to the Internet, for at least the streaming of information from the server to the client. The key element in being able to use subnetwork interconnectivity is thus providing one endpoint with the subnetwork address of the other from which a direct connection between the endpoints can be established on the subnetwork.
A fairly general way to discover such subnetwork addresses is to place special address translating servers in the Internet network. Clients and servers can then query these address translators to obtain the subnetwork addresses. In order to provide wide area interconnectivity between clients and servers, a significant infrastructure is necessary to put such a network of translators in place. Furthermore, in order to enable clients and servers to take advantage of these translator servers within the Internet, the software on both the clients and host servers end devices must be modified to access the translator servers to obtain the alternate address information.

Method of transferring connection management information in world wideweb requests and responses


A shock absorbing device for a vehicle, absorbing an axial compression load by means of plastic deformation in order to absorb an impact energy, is hollowed and has an octagonal cross section.

A known shock absorbing structure for a vehicle disclosed in for example JP2002-155980A (US2002060463A1) includes a bumper reinforcement and a pair of side members extending in a longitudinal direction of the vehicle, each of which is located at end of a bumper reinforcement. Further, a crash absorbing box serving as a shock absorbing device is provided between the bumper reinforcement and each of the side members. This crash absorbing box is consecutively plastic deformed (buckling deformed) so as to be in a concertina shape in order to absorb the impact energy.
For example, one known crash absorbing box is comprised of a pair of pressed iron material in the shape of square bracket with corners cut off in cross section, and these materials are put together and welded so as to be hollowed and have a rectangular cross section.
Another known crash absorbing box is comprised of a flat iron plate and a pressed iron material in the shape of square bracket with corners cut off in cross section, and these materials are put together and welded so as to be hollowed and have a hexagonal cross section.
Because the crash absorbing box hollowed and has a rectangular cross section or a hexagonal cross section has small number of the ridge lines extending in an axial direction, in other words, the number of peak points in its cross section of the crash absorbing box is small, the thickness of the crash absorbing box needs to be increased in order to increase a level of the load (axial compression load) required for deforming the crash absorbing box.
Further, because the length of each side of the crash absorbing box in cross section is long, a wave length of the load (axial compression load) required when the crash absorbing box is consecutively plastic deformed (buckling deformed) so as to be in a concertina shape in order to absorb the impact energy, becomes large, and then amplitude of the load (axial compression load) becomes large, as a result, the energy absorbing effect is reduced. The energy absorbing effect can be calculated by the formula; (energy absorbing amount)/(maximum load×maximum stroke). In this formula, the maximum stroke means a stroke at a point where, even when the load is applied, the crash absorbing box is no longer deformed. In addition, the energy absorbing amount means a total of the load absorbed by the crash absorbing box until the stroke becomes a maximum value, in other words, the energy absorbing amount means an area which is closed by each of lines and the x-axis in FIG. 6.
Structures of the crash absorbing box being hollowed and having a rectangular cross section and a hexagonal cross section and an energy absorbing manner of the crash absorbing box upon an axial compression obtained on a basis of an experimental test will be explained.
FIG. 10A illustrates a front view indicating the crash absorbing box 91 being hollowed and having a rectangular cross section.
As shown in FIG. 10A, the crash absorbing box 91 includes a pair of pressed iron materials 91a and 91b. Specifically, these materials formed has an approximate C-shaped cross section with each corner makes a right angle, and these materials are put together and welded so as to be in a rectangular shape in its cross section. A length of the long sides of the crash absorbing box 91 is set to 87 mm, and a length of the short sides of the crash absorbing box is set to 59.6 mm. Further, a thickness of the crash absorbing box 91 is set to 2.3 mm, and a length of the crash absorbing box 91 in an axial direction (in a direction perpendicular to FIG. 10A) is set to 114.2 mm.
Furthermore, on the top end portion of the crash absorbing box 91 in an axial direction, a stress concentrated portion (vulnerable portion) is formed to be a starting point for the plastic deformation caused by an axial compression load. The stress concentrated portions are formed in order to reduce the axial compression load by which the crash absorbing box 91 starts plastic deformation (initial buckling deformation).
A dashed line in FIG. 6 indicates a relationship between a deformation characteristic (stroke) and an axial compression load based on an experimental test in which a predetermined energy amount J (joule) is applied to the crash absorbing box 91 and the bumper reinforcement 16 so as to be compressed in an axial direction. A range in which the bumper reinforcement has been deformed is also shown in FIG. 6.
As shown in FIG. 6, the crash absorbing box 91 being hollowed and having a rectangular cross section performs large wavelength and large amplitude of the load (axial compression load) required for deforming the crash absorbing box when the crash absorbing box 91 has consecutively repeated plastic deformation (buckling deformation) so as to be in a concertina shape in order to absorb the impact energy.
Further, it is experimentally confirmed that the energy absorbing effect, which is obtained until the stroke reaches the maximum stroke, is low such as 65%.
FIG. 10B illustrates a front view indicating the crash absorbing box 92 being hollowed and having a hexagonal cross section.
As shown in FIG. 10B, the crash absorbing box 92 includes a flat iron plate 92a and a pressed iron material 92b formed so as to be in a square bracket with corners cut off in cross section. Specifically, these materials are put together and welded so as to be in a rectangular shape in its cross section, and each of the welding portions makes a right angle. Further, a long side of the pressed iron material 92b is located so as to be perpendicular to each of the short sides of the pressed iron material 92b.
Assuming that each corner of the pressed iron materials 92b exist, a length of the long side is set to 115.7 mm, and a length of each of the short sides is set to 62.5 mm. Further, a thickness of the iron plate 92a is set to 2 mm, and a thickness of the pressed iron material 92b is set to 1.6 mm, and a length of the crash absorbing box 92 in an axial direction (in a direction perpendicular to FIG. 10B) is set to 232 mm.
Furthermore, on the top end portion of the crash absorbing box 92 in an axial direction, a stress concentrated portion (vulnerable portion) is formed to be a starting point of the plastic deformation caused by an axial compression load.
A chain double-dashed line in FIG. 6 indicates a relationship between a deformation characteristic (stroke) and an axial compression load based on an experimental test in which a predetermined energy amount J is applied to the crash absorbing box 92 and the bumper reinforcement 16 so as to be compressed in an axial direction.
As shown in FIG. 6, the crash absorbing box 92 being hollowed and having a hexagonal cross section performs small wavelength and small amplitude of the load (axial compression load) required for deforming the crash absorbing box. However, it is experimentally confirmed that the energy absorbing effect, which is obtained until the stroke reaches the maximum stroke, is low such as 80%.
A need thus exist to provide a shock absorbing device for a vehicle and a shock absorbing structure for a vehicle which can be reduced in size and can improve an energy absorbing effect.

Shock absorbing device for vehicle and shock absorbing structure for vehicle


A utility knife for use with a replaceable flat blade, has an elongated housing having a longitudinally extending guide open at the front end, a longitudinally extending and transversely open slot, and a longitudinally extending holding face directed transversely opposite to the stop. A blade holder having a seat for the blade is slidable in the housing between a front use position forwardly bearing on a longitudinally displaceable stop and with the blade projecting longitudinally forwardly from the guide past the front end and a rear storage position with the blade wholly contained in the housing rearward of the front end and the holder out of engagement with the stop. The stop can be secured in any of a plurality of longitudinally offset positions in the housing to adjust the front position of the blade.

A standard utility knife for use with a replaceable flat razor blade has as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,576 an elongated housing having a front end, a longitudinally and longitudinally extending guide open at the front end, a longitudinally extending and transversely open slot, and a longitudinally forwardly directed holding face directed transversely opposite to the slot. A blade holder having a seat for the blade is slidable in the housing between a front use position with the blade projecting longitudinally forward from the guide at the front end and a rear storage position with the blade wholly contained in the housing rearward of the front end. An actuator connected to the holder and exposed at the slot is accessible from outside the housing and operable to shift the blade in the holder between its front and rear positions. A spring braced between the holder and the housing urges the holder and the actuator longitudinally rearward in the housing toward the rear position. Thus it is possible to hold the knife with the blade in the use position by a small force exerted against the actuator, but as soon as the actuator is released the blade snaps back into the housing so that the knife can be safely pocketed.
A knife housing front edge surrounding the blade exit opening of the guide is configured at an angle to a longitudinal blade movement direction, such that the knife housing front edge extends away from the front of the blade toward the back. This way, while cutting, the knife can be held ergonomically at a an obtuse angle relative to the material to be cut, without the knife housing front edge coming in contact with the material to be cut during cutting and impairing the cut.
A similar knife is also illustrated in the comprehensive catalog from Martor KG, Solingen, January 2002, under the heading "Professional Applications" on pages 14 to 21 in various embodiments. On a wide knife housing side, the knife has a longitudinal slot, in which an operating projection is guided that actuates the blade holder. On the end at the blade exit side, the knife housing is set at an obtuse angle relative to the blade movement direction. The knife for left-handed users has the operating projection on the other wide housing side, which means that it is configured mirror-reversed. As a result, two different knives have to be produced for right-handed and left-handed users.
Furthermore, safety knives of this type are offered with varying blade extension lengths depending on the application. Knives with varying blade extension lengths are offered for right-handed and left-handed users, respectively. Consequently, a large number of knives is produced, resulting in high technical and organizational expenses, which affects overall costs.
From the related art, furthermore knives are known, which can be used by right-handed and left-handed users alike. These knives comprise, for example, longitudinal slots on both wide housing sides for an operating projection. The disadvantage with these knives, however, is that the second actuator requires additional manufacturing expenses. In other known systems, such as for example seen in German utility model 82 18 916 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,233,832, the actuator is provided on a rear edge of the blade housing, so that the same knife can be used with equal comfort both by right- and left-handed persons.
Furthermore, knives given sold under the trade name "Cuttex" are known from pages 180 and 181 of the comprehensive catalog of Martor KG, Solingen, January 2002. The knives have a snap-off blade with predetermined break lines. The blade holder is slidable the knife housing and is provided with a snap-fit element that can engage with recesses provided on one side of the housing in the blade movement direction. The engagement of the snap-fit element firmly locks the blade holder and consequently also the blade in a certain locked position, for example the cutting position, in which the blade projects from a blade exit hole. To move the blade to the rear storage position, the snap-fit element must be released from the recess and the blade must be retracted into the housing. Thus this knife is not a safety knife that automatically retracts the blade into the knife housing as soon as the pressure that is applied on the operating projection has eased and/or a cutting reaction force on the blade is removed.
In the knife used with the breakaway blade, the housing front edge of the knife that surrounds the blade exit hole has a first region that is inclined relative to the blade movement direction and extends away from the blade front toward the back. This way, the knife housing cannot come in contact with the material to be cut during cutting and impair the cut. A further second region of the knife housing front edge is inclined parallel to the predetermined cutting lines of the blade segments. This way, a used dull blade segment is easy to break off and a new, unused blade segment can be easily moved into the cutting position. The second region of the knife housing front edge that extends parallel to the predetermined break line, serves as a contact edge for the blade when breaking off the blade. As a result, no tool is required for breaking off the dull blade.


The base material can be obtained by means of the realisation, on a support made out of material or nonmaterial, of a system of two crossed orders, uniformly distributed, of rectilinear stitching carried out with a yarn having a metallic core inside. In this way, an incorporated shielding metallic screen made of metallic cores is obtained.

The present invention relates to a material that cannot be penetrated by forms of electromagnetic energy propagation, both in the form of waves and particles which are particularly light, flexible and thin which can be used in garments, for example incorporating it between the parts of the lining and the external of the garment, or for making suits for protecting the human body from radiation stress. The material can both be used generally and for specific use, for example for the protection of the personnel operating in radio stations, in X ray areas and on board submarines, and for the conventional use of electrical equipment such as irons, microwave ovens and the like. Said material can be produced in bobbins so as to make it possible to obtain the shapes to be worked by die cutting or other related processes. In order to obtain an antistress radiation material of a particular consistency, there is provided an integrally operating unit meant for the stitching or for the welding lines, said unit being composed of two shielding parts between which is interposed a plate-like part acting as a structural element. Furthermore, using in the above mentioned composite version, a part of interposition with excellent heat insulating characteristics, which for example can be obtained from polyethylene plates which are suitably equipped with a uniform system distributed with holes so as to allow for the transpiration of the human body, a new kind of material is obtained with the characteristics which are similar to those already mentioned in terms of lightness, flexibility and thinness, thus resulting impenetrable to the forms of electromagnetic energy propagation and capable of simultaneously holding back the body heat according to preestablished values. In the prior art technique, in order to protect the human body from the forms of electromagnetic energy propagation which can be found in sender equipment, for example computers, cellular telephones, television systems, white goods and the like, a metallic screen is used inside the bodies of said equipment which, operating as shielding barriers, prevents the propagation of the radiation to the outside. The above mentioned shielding system, as it provides for a positional impenetrability, it is not capable of preventing the exit to the outside of a considerable amount of radiation because of the presence of various parts or components which cannot be shielded; furthermore it doesn't provide for any protection for the personal who have to intervene on the conventional resetting operations and adjustment of the sending equipment. For these tasks, for power plant operators, transreceiver plant operators, and the like, is evisaged a rigid structure, worn by the operator, with a shielding metallic screen incorporated on the inside. These are shielding means that are fundamentally meant for the use of particular tasks and whose weight and overall dimensions make them unfit for general use.
Known from "INDUSTRIAL SCREENING AND FILTRATION MEDIA-GENERAL CATALOG NO. 2000", Tetko Inc., 1978, are conductive fabrics woven with metallic thread periodically inserted in either the warp, weft, or both, designated for applications as carrier belts.
Moreover, PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol.014, no.147 (M-0952) & JP 2011499 disclose a thermal blanket with mesh-like stitches on a metal deposition film. WO 89/12706 discloses a yarn consisting of a textile roving which contains metal fibers and other fibers, and a thread made from one or more such textile rovings and their use for obtaining woven materials for electromagnetic screening purposes.
Furthermore, from DE-A-3207014 it is known a blanket made of fabric wherein a metallic thread is woven to form a metallic net.

Shielding material having a radiation antistress effect


A heating and cooling system for use in high-rise residential and commercial buildings may include condensing unit having dimensions no greater than 12 inches deep by 40 inches wide by 20 inches tall and a fan coil unit coupled to the condensing unit via refrigeration tubing. The fan coil unit may have dimensions of no greater than 14 inches deep by 43 inches wide by 11 inches tall. The condensing unit may include a condenser water connection, a refrigeration tubing connection, a compressor, and a heat exchanger. The fan coil unit may include a filter rack configured to hold a MERV 13 filter, two in-line high-pressure fans, and at least one access panel on a bottom surface of the fan coil unit.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning ("HVAC") systems are very large, expensive systems in commercial and multi-residence buildings. One of the parts of an HVAC system that takes up a large amount of space is the heat pump unit. Due to limited floor-to-floor heights in high-rise residential buildings (typically 8′9″ to 9′6″), these buildings use floor-mounted vertical heat pumps. The pumps are placed in dedicated closets, for architectural and acoustical reasons. Such closets must have clear inside dimensions of at least 30 inches by 30 inches, which represents over 10 square feet of valuable space. Thus, HVAC units often pose challenges in building design and require cumbersome, dedicated HVAC closets.
An alternative to a vertical heat pump unit is a water cooled split system. Such a system has two components: a condensing unit and fan-coil unit. A typical, commercial-sized water cooled condensing unit is designed for 3-6 tons of cooling. The size of such units is still relatively large, for example having dimensions such as 40″ H by 31″ W by 22″ D.
Commercially available fan coil units are designed for low static pressure drops. A typical external static pressure drop (ESP) is 0.25″. This creates problems when filters are required or there is a need for extensive ductwork.
Based on the shortcomings of currently available HVAC systems, it would be advantageous to have smaller HVAC units that still had sufficient capacity to be used in a large commercial or residential building.


A valve drive of an internal combustion engine, which has a reciprocating poppet valve and a spring element which impinges the closed reciprocating poppet valve with force against the action of a valve seat. The force characteristics are substantially independent of the lift characteristics of the reciprocating poppet valve. The spring element is part of a snap-in locking device, which is stationarily mounted in the engine and surrounds the valve stem of the reciprocating poppet valve. The snap-in locking device has snap-in elements arranged in the power flux between the spring element and reciprocating poppet valve. The snap-in elements are supported in the direction of closure of the reciprocating poppet valve on a snap-in surface of the valve stem when the reciprocating poppet valve is closed and on a snap-in surface of the snap-in locking device when the reciprocating poppet valve is open.

A valve drive of this type is previously known from DE 199 56 584 A1; in said document, it is what is known as a desmodromic valve system having a lifting disk valve which is actively loaded with a stroke by a tappet of an actuator, not only in the opening direction but also in the closing direction. The valve closing force of the lifting disk valve, which valve closing force is active with respect to the valve seat, is generated by a spring means; although the spring force of said spring means is substantially independent of the stroke profile of the lifting disk valve, said spring means is clamped in between the tappet of the actuator and the lifting disk valve and as a consequence moves in its entirety completely with the lifting disk valve. This is true to the same extent of the valve drive which is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,232,352.
In the case of the spring means being coupled to the lifting disk valve in this way, the spring means represents, however, in both cases an additional mass, which is moved completely with the lifting disk valve and conflicts with the general aim in the design of valve drives, namely to minimize their drive and contact forces with a high ability to withstand high rotational speeds.
The constructions which are selected in the above-mentioned documents with regard to the arrangement of the spring means within the desmodromic valve drives also cannot be transferred readily to valve drives of the type, in which the closing movement of the lifting disk valve is not generated actively by an actuator, but rather by the force of a valve spring which is supported at one end in a stationary manner in the internal combustion engine and at the other end on a spring collar which is moved with the lifting disk valve, and which valve spring has, as is known, a force profile which is dependent on the stroke profile of the lifting disk valve. An additional spring means which is substantially independent of the stroke profile of the lifting disk valve can thus be expedient or required, if it is a lifting disk valve which can be deactivated and if its deactivation is based on a spring collar which can be decoupled from the valve stem and can slide to and fro on the valve stem. A valve drive of this type is apparent from DE 195 22 720 A1, an additional valve spring/disk spring arrangement which is connected rigidly to the valve stem being proposed there for supporting the deactivated lifting disk valve with respect to the valve seat in the case of a decoupled, i.e. pressed down spring collar. However, this additional valve spring/disk spring arrangement is to be considered disadvantageous in so far as it also follows the stroke profile of the lifting disk valve completely and thus leads to an undesirable additional installation space requirement, in particular in the longitudinal direction of the lifting disk valve.

Valve drive of an internal combustion engine


A frame includes a main frame and a receiving frame. The main frame includes a base and several circumferential sidewalls extending from the base. At least two opposite stepped elements are defined at the top of two opposite sidewalls. Each stepped element includes a tread portion extending from the sidewall toward an inner of the main frame, a riser portion extending from the end of the tread portion toward the opening. The receiving frame includes a frame body, a rim portion extending from a bottom of the frame body toward an inner of the frame body, and at least two grooves defined in the rim portion corresponding to the two stepped elements. Each groove of the receiving frame may be inserted into the corresponding stepped element. A backlight system using the frame is also provided, which has a narrow-framed, space-saving design, and also can be assembled easily.

In a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal is a substance that does not itself illuminate light. Instead, the liquid crystal relies on light received from a light source, thereby displaying images and data. In the case of a typical liquid crystal display, a backlight system powered by electricity supplies the needed light.
Typically, the bottom-lighting type backlight system includes a plurality of light sources, a number of optical sheets, and a frame fixing the light sources and accommodating the optical sheets. The optical sheets can be selected from a group consisting of a diffusing plate, a prism sheet, or a brightness enhancement film. The optical sheets are used to improve the backlight system's optical uniformity.
Referring to FIGS. 10 through 12, a typical frame 10 for use in bottom-lighting type backlight system with an optical sheet 16 is shown. The frame 10 includes a metal main frame 12 and a receiving frame 14. The main frame 12 is a rectangular housing, which includes a base 122 and a circumferential sidewall 124 extending from the base 122 to define an opening (not labeled). The main frame 12 is usually manufactured by being punched out from a metal sheet. A plurality of positioning pins 126 is disposed on the top the sidewalls 124. The receiving frame 14 has a frame body (not labeled) defining a rectangular opening (not labeled) therein, and a plurality of pinholes 146 disposed on the frame body corresponding to the positioning pins 124. The receiving frame 14 can be mounted onto the top of the main frame 12 by inserting the positioning pins 124 in the corresponding pinholes 146, so that the lengths of the frame body should be configured to match with that of the main frame 12.
In order to accommodate the optical sheet 16, widths of two opposite frame body of the receiving frame 14 is configured to be larger than that of the corresponding sidewalls 124 of the main frame 12. The optical sheet 16 also defines a plurality of pinholes 166 thereon corresponding to the positioning pins 126, thus, the optical sheets 16 can be fixed onto the receiving frame by inserting the positioning pins 126 through the corresponding pinholes 146 and 166.
However, the process of assembling the frame 10 and fixing the optical sheet 16 on the receiving frame 14 is complicated, because it is needed to respectively insert the positioning pins 126 through the pinholes 146 of the receiving frame 14, and also through the pinholes 166 of the optical frame 16. In addition, in order to configure a plurality of positioning pins 126 or pinholes 146 on the top of the sidewalls 124 of the main frame 12 and the receiving frame 14, the main frame 12 and the receiving frame 14 requires more setup space, thus, widths of sidewalls 124 of the main frame 12 and the receiving frame 14 is large.
What is needed, therefore, is a frame, and backlight system using the same that has a narrow-framed, space-saving design, such that it can be assembled easily.

Frame design and backlight system using the same


Novel coumarin derivatives comprising a coumarin moiety linked to a non-nucleosidic backbone moiety are disclosed. The resulting molecules are typically used as photoactivate cross-linking groups when incorporated into polynucleotides as replacements for one or more of the complementary nucleoside bases present in probes used in procedures involving nucleic acid hybridization reactions.

The use of crosslinkable probes in nucleic acid hybridization assays to crosslink to target sequences is demonstrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,967 by K. Yabusaki et al.; compounds are based on furocoumarin (or psoralen) attached to existing polynucleotides (usually through adduct formation) and are satisfactory for many applications. However, the crosslinking group/nucleoside adduct is difficult to synthesize, particularly in large quantities. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,934, Saba et al. describe a photoactivatible nucleoside analogue comprising a coumarin moiety linked through its phenyl ring to the 1-position of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety in the absence of an intervening base moiety. The resulting nucleoside analogue is used as a photo-crosslinking group when inserted into a polynucleotide as a replacement for one or more of the complementary nucleoside bases present in a probe used in hybridization assays.
Nevertheless, new types of compounds that offer additional advantages, such as stability throughout probe synthesis and use, and conformational flexibility, continue to remain desirable.

Non-nucleosidic coumarin derivatives as polynucleotide-crosslinking agents


Embodiments provide mobile device comprising a body frame; processing circuitry affixed to the body frame; a first antenna and a second antenna arranged adjacent to each other in the body frame, the first antenna and the second antenna electrically coupled to the processing circuitry to provide radiation, wherein the first antenna and the second antenna share a common ground defined by the body frame, wherein the first antenna is configured to provide radiation of a first polarization, and wherein the second antenna is configured to provide radiation of a second polarization substantially orthogonal to the first polarization to provide a signal isolation between the first antenna and the second antenna.

Devices communicate with each other exchanging information by transferring signals such as wireless signals. Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves travelling through the air. They are formed when electric energy travels through a piece of metal, for example a wire or antenna, and waves are formed around that piece of metal.
Wireless signals occupy a spectrum or a range of frequencies. A mobile device may be a full duplex wireless communication device, i.e. a mobile device simultaneously transmits and receives signals so that a user can talk and listen at the same time. Usually two different frequencies or frequency bands are used in a mobile device to isolate its transmitter from receiver, one band for transmitting and the other band for receiving.
More and more antennas are needed for a single mobile device to support requirements of complex communications. For example, a mobile phone supports 4×4 LTE MIMO (long term evolution multiple input and multiple output) would need minimal 4 antennas to cover a same frequency spectrum. Good isolation of each antenna is desired for good radio frequency (RF) sensitivity and less jamming on inter-modulation.
Though the required number of antennas increases, mobile device is getting slimmer on thickness and its bezel area is getting smaller with its screen-to-body ratio getting bigger. The area left for antennas is extremely limited. How to design multiple antennas within the limited space of a mobile device with good performance becomes a real technical challenge.

Mobile device with multiple-antenna system


An optical recording apparatus includes a control unit 37 performing a control operation by forming control data on the basis of a detection output by detection units 12, 13 during a minimum time domain T.sub.S of a recording data pulse after lapse of a predetermined time until the end of formation of a pit P on an optical recording medium 1 by a recording light beam from a laser light source 11. The optical recording apparatus drives the laser light source 11 between one record data and the following record data with a reproducing level light volume L.sub.B to perform data recording on the optical recording medium 1 while performing control operations by the control unit 37 on the basis of the above control data.

Recently, a disk-shaped recording medium, such as an optical disc or a magneto-optical disc, utilizing the optical or magneto-optical signal recording/reproducing method, has been developed and presented to the market. As such disc-shaped recording medium, there are known a recording medium of the read-only-memory type (ROM) such as a so-called compact disc (CD), a so-called write once type recording medium on which data can be written only once by the user, and a so-called overwrite type disc, such as a magneto-optical disc, on which data re-recording is possible.
With a recording/reproducing apparatus for an optical disc, in which data are recorded or read out on or from the above mentioned write once type or overwrite type optical disc, the recording track on the optical disc is scanned by a light beam for data recording and/or reproduction, whilst the optical disc is rotationally driven at a constant angular velocity or at a constant linear velocity by spindle servo, and whilst focusing servo and/or tracking servo are supplied to an optical head on the basis of detection output of a photosensor adapted for sensing the light beam irradiated on and reflected back from the disc. The photosensor is enclosed within the optical head along with a laser diode which is driven by a laser driving circuit for outputting the light beam for data recording and/or reproduction.
With the recording/reproducing apparatus for an optical disc in which the recording track is scanned in this manner by the light beam for data recording and/or reproduction, if the power of the light beam scanning the recording track during the recording mode is too low, data cannot be recorded reliably, whereas, if the power of the light beam scanning the recording track during the reproducing mode is too high, serious effects may be produced, such as destruction of data recorded on the recording track. According to the Japanese Patent Kokai Publication No. 53-46633(1978), the intensity or volume of the light beam for data recording and/or reproduction is detected and the driving circuit for the laser diode adapted for outputting the laser beam is feedback controlled while a so-called APC servo loop for maintaining a constant beam power of the light beam is switched as a function of the prevailing operating modes for suitably switching the beam power.
Meanwhile, with an optical recording/reproducing apparatus in which the recording track is scanned by the light beam for recording and/or reproducing data on or from an optical recording medium, the light reflected from the optical recording medium is detected by an optical head, and the above mentioned focusing or tracking servo is performed on the basis of the resulting detection output. However, since the reflected light from the recording medium has been modulated by the pits formed on the recording track of the recording medium, that is, the recorded data, the operation of the servo system tends to be affected by the pits.
With the optical recording apparatus, the recording track on the optical recording medium is scanned by the recording light beam radiated by a laser diode driven by pulses in accordance with the record data during the recording mode, thereby forming the pits for data recording. However, inasmuch as a time delay .GAMMA. in the order of 300 to 400 ns is produced from the time when a recording light beam obtained by driving a laser diode by driving pulses consistent with the record data is irradiated until the pits P start actually to be formed, as shown in FIG. 1, the detection output waveform of the recording light beam reflected after irradiation on the recording track is also modulated with the above defined time delay. Thus the conventional servo system operating on the basis of the reflected light of the recording light beam exhibits a strong dependency on the pattern of the pits that is, the record data, formed on the recording track, so that it becomes necessary to provide a wide dynamic range automatic gain control circuit in the servo system.
Above all, in an optical recording/reproducing apparatus employing an optical recording medium having the modulation factor by the record data signal in the order of 60 percent, which is almost as high as that of the compact disc, such as a write once type optical disc having an organic dye optical recording medium, the problem is raised in connection with the effect on the operation of the servo system of the pit pattern formed on the recording track during the recording mode.
On the other hand, there is disclosed in the JP Patent Kokoku Publication No. 63-87656(1988) an optical disc in which a pre-groove formed thereon for tracking servo is wobbled as in the case of a so-called ATIP (absolute time in pregroove) and auxiliary data or sub-data, such as absolute time information, is recorded with the wobbling frequency component as the carrier wave. However, since the return light detected by the optical head during data recording has been affected with the time delay .GAMMA. as described above, the absolute time information cannot be reproduced satisfactorily. This is ascribable above all to the fact that indeterminate level components caused by reading the recorded pits give rise to generation of spectral components in the lower frequency range to lower the C/N ratio of the wobbling frequency to worsen the error rate during reproduction of the above mentioned absolute time data.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement in which, even with an optical recording and/or reproducing apparatus in which an optical recording medium exhibiting a high modulation factor by the record data signal is used, error data of the focusing or tracking servo of the recording light beam or the wobbling time data may be detected reliably during the record mode operation to provide for a highly reliable recording operation. Thus the present invention provides an optical recording apparatus of a novel construction in which a light source for irradiating a light beam adapted for forming pits on an optical recording medium for data recording is driven by a reproducing level light volume during a time between successive data pulses for recording the data on the basis of control data obtained from the optical recording medium.

Optical recording apparatus recording beam controlled in response to reduced light level reflected between successively formed pits


A magnetic disk glass substrate manufacturing method includes a step of polishing a surface of a glass substrate to a mirror surface, a gas heating process step of causing a heated atmosphere and the glass substrate to contact each other so as to heat the glass substrate at a temperature T0, a step of causing a chemically strengthening salt melted exceeding a freezing temperature TF and the glass substrate to contact each other so as to chemically strengthen the glass substrate at a temperature T1, a gas cooling process step of causing a gas coolant and the glass substrate to contact each other so as to cool the glass substrate to a temperature T2, and a liquid cooling process step of causing a liquid coolant and the glass substrate to contact each other so as to cool the glass substrate to a temperature T3, the above-mentioned steps being included in this order, wherein the temperature T2 is set to a temperature less than the freezing temperature TF of the chemical strengthening salt in a gas cooling process.

This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a glass substrate for a magnetic disk that is mounted in a magnetic disk apparatus such as a hard disk drive and a method of manufacturing a magnetic disk.
A magnetic disk device represented by a hard disk drive (HDD) can record a larger amount of information as compared with other information storages. Further, since the information transmission speed is high, it has rapidly been spreading. A recording medium installed in the hard disk drive is a magnetic disk, which is manufactured by depositing a magnetic layer, used as a magnetic recording layer, on a disk-shaped substrate.
In a hard disk drive, a magnetic head performs high-speed scanning over the surface of a magnetic disk rotating at high speed while keeping a narrow flying height. Thus, recording/reproduction of information is carried out.
As a substrate for a magnetic disk, use is made of a metal substrate of an aluminum alloy or the like, a resin substrate of plastics or the like, or a glass substrate. Since the glass substrate has a higher rigidity as compared with the substrates made of other materials, it is advantageously suitable for high-speed rotation of a disk and excellent in shock resistance. Further, since the glass substrate can be finished so as to have an extremely smooth mirror surface by carrying out precision polishing, it is possible to further narrow the flying height of a magnetic head. Therefore, use of the glass substrate can realize a high information recording density.
Glass is a brittle material as a raw material but is also a material that can be chemically strengthened. When glass is chemically strengthened, it is possible to generate a strong compressive stress on the surface. Therefore, by applying predetermined chemical strengthening to a glass substrate, a sufficient strength can be given thereto in terms of a use in a magnetic disk.
As a manufacturing method of such a magnetic disk glass substrate, techniques as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,654,057, 5,725,625, and 5,916,656 are known.
On the other hand, in recent years, a magnetic head mounted with a magnetoresistive effect (MR Effect, Magneto-Resistive Effect) type reproducing element has been adopted for the purpose of increasing an information recording density recordable on a magnetic disk. It is known that when this MR effect type reproducing element is used, a recorded signal can be reproduced with a high S/N ratio, while, thermal asperity defect is liable to occur. When the thermal asperity defect occurs, the reproduction of the recorded signal is impeded. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,119,483, 6,427,489, 6,430,965, 6,523,367, and 6,534,120 each disclose a manufacturing method of a magnetic disk glass substrate that can reduce occurrence of the thermal asperity defect.
Recently, even higher information recording capacities have been required. For example, there is demand for a magnetic disk that can record information of 60 GB or more per 2.5-inch magnetic disk (donut-shaped disk having an outer diameter of 65 mm and an inner diameter of 20 mm). Accordingly, there are required a magnetic disk and a magnetic disk glass substrate that can further improve the information recording density as compared with conventional ones.
Further, with respect to recent hard disk drives, the mobile type has been spreading in place of the conventionally used desktop type. Therefore, there are demand for a magnetic disk and a magnetic disk glass substrate that are excellent in shock resistance as compared with conventional ones.
Moreover, recently, for the purpose of increasing a recording/reproducing region per magnetic disk surface, further reducing the flying height of a magnetic head, and so on, a hard disk drive that performs a start/stop operation by the use of an LUL (Load Unload) system is now spreading in place of a hard disk drive that performs a start/stop operation by the use of a CSS (Contact Start Stop) system.
In the LUL system, while the hard disk drive is stopped, a magnetic head is retreated outside a magnetic disk surface and, at the time of starting, the magnetic head enters over the magnetic disk surface via a ramp and carries out recording/reproduction while flying. When the hard disk drive stops again, the magnetic head is retreated to the outside of the magnetic disk surface via the ramp.
In the LUL system, the magnetic head often interferes with the magnetic disk surface when the hard disk drive starts up. In order to relax such interference, it is preferable that the end portion shape of a magnetic disk glass substrate is controlled to a predetermined shape. By providing the predetermined end portion shape, it is also possible to increase a recording/reproducing region on the magnetic disk surface.
In addition, recently, it is required to provide a hard disk drive at an even reduced price.

Magnetic disk glass substrate manufacturing method


A device for guiding, driving, and locking a slot-in module of electrical or electronic equipment in a cabinet, wherein the circuits of the slot-in module are connected to those of the cabinet by coupling the connectors of the slot-in module to those of the cabinet or a rack in the cabinet, wherein the cabinet is secured to a slide with which a slideway secured to the slot-in module can engage, wherein a system of pinions and of racks cause their relative travel under the action of a rotary control member in a manner such that, at the end of travel, an input pinion is automatically blocked by a spring that can be unblocked from the outside.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a device for guiding, driving, and locking a slot-in module of electrical or electronic equipment in a cabinet, it being necessary for the circuits of the slot-in module to be connected to those of the cabinet by coupling the connectors of the slot-in module to those of the cabinet (or rack).

Device for guiding, driving, and locking a slot-in module of electrical or electronic equipment in a cabinet


Disclosed is a system wherein the compensation for temperature effects on a pressure measurement gauge are accomplished by processing the raw pressure measurement signal from the gauge through a linear differential equation to produce a thermally compensated measurement. The linear differential equation expresses the thermally compensated pressure determination as a relation between a derivative of temperature and a derivative of pressure error. The linear differential equation contains several coefficients having constant values, and these constant values are computed by calibrating the pressure gauge in a pressure tank having a known pressure and temperature. When the gauge is later placed in an oil or gas well, the coefficient values are used to obtain the corrected measured pressure from the raw measured pressure received from the gauge.

In the pressure gauge arts, pressure gauges employing precision piezoelectric quartz resonators are known for providing highly accurate pressure determinations. U.S. Pat. No. 3,561,832 issued to Kerrer et al., and assigned to Hewlett-Packard Company, shows a quartz pressure gauge which is created from a single piece of crystalline quartz with the gauge comprising a hollowed cylinder and a circular resonator with electronics thereupon. The cylinder may be oriented with respect to the crystalline access for selected characteristics. By applying a predetermined voltage to the resonator, the resonator may be caused to resonate at a resonance frequency. The application of pressure around the cylinder causes the resonator to change its oscillation frequency, thus by measuring the change in oscillation frequency, the applied pressure may be accurately determined.
While the oscillation frequency of the resonator of the quartz pressure gauge is a function of the applied pressure, it is known that the frequency is also affected by temperature. Thus, in order to provide an exact measure of the applied pressure, the reading must be compensated for temperature changes. One prior art method for eliminating the temperature effect on the pressure measuring gauge is to provide an isolated second reference gauge which is kept at a constant pressure but which is subjected to the same temperature fluctuations as the first gauge. When both gauges have attained thermal equilibrium at the same temperature, the difference in frequencies output by the gauges is directly correlated to the pressure measured by the first gauge.
The above described technique is effective only after both gauges have reached the same temperature equilibrium. It is ineffective when temperature transients occur, since the second gauge is likely to reach equilibrium at a slower rate than the first gauge. This is because the second gauge must be surrounded by some material which protects it from the pressure fluctuations, and this material will also provide some thermal isolation. In addition to thermal transients occurring in the fluid or gas being measured, if the fluid or gas changes pressure, this pressure change may induce an adiabatic temperature change in the gauge that is subject to pressure. The second gauge, however, which is isolated from the pressure change, would not undergo the adiabatic change.
U.S Pat. No. 4,607,530 issued Aug. 26, 1986 to Chow, entitled "Temperature Compensation for Pressure Gauges" discloses one prior art method for compensating for thermal transients. This method relies on the physical construction of the gauge, and upon creating a dynamic model that compensates for the flow of heat through the physical exterior of the gauge to the interior where the pressure is being measured. The method uses a fast responding thermal device on the exterior of the gauge to measure the temperature at the exterior, and uses the model to predict the temperature on the interior of the gauge at the location of the resonator. By calibrating the gauge to provide a known relationship between the frequency of the resonator and the temperature of the resonator, the system then uses the dynamic model to predict the temperature of the resonator based upon the temperature of the fast acting thermal device. Thus, as the temperature around the gauge changes, the model, in combination with the fast responding thermal device, will predict the temperature of the resonator. The resonator temperature can then be used to determine the pressure error due to the temperature.
The method of Chow suffers from the limitation that the dynamic model is based on the construction of the particular gauge being used to perform the measurement. Thus, this method may not easily be adapted to other manufacturer's gauges, or to other types of gauges.
"State-of-the-Art Simultaneous Downhole Flow Rate and Pressure Measurement Equipment" by G. W. Haws and B. L. Knight, published at the 65th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Sep. 23, 1990, describes thermally compensating pressure gauges using a differential equation which is a modification of an RC electrical circuit description. "Pressure Gauge specification considerations in Practical Well Testing", by A. F. Veneruso, et al., published at the 66th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Oct. 6, 1991, also describes thermal compensation of pressure gauges using a differential equation similar to the Haws and Knight equation. Both these methods are limited in their accuracy.
It is thus apparent that there is a need in the art for an improved method of compensating for transient temperature changes while measuring pressure in an oil or gas well. There is further need in the art for such a method that does not depend upon the physical construction of the gauge used during the measurement. The present invention meets these and other needs.

Transient temperature compensation for pressure gauges


Disclosed are an auto login method and device. The method includes: when a request for auto logging into a designated account is received, acquiring the URL of the login page, a login password and an account address of the designated account from a pre-stored configuration file, and loading the login page according to the URL; acquiring a login menu in an HTML document corresponding to the login page, searching for a login password input box and an account address input box contained in the login menu, and determining content to be filled into the account address input box; writing the content to be filled into the account address input box into the account address input box, and writing the login password into the login password input box; and submitting the login menu which is written with the account address content and the login password, and completing auto login.

E-mail is a space for communicating electronic information on network provided for network clients by an electronic network post office. The E-mail has the function of storing, receiving and sending electronic information, and is an important tool for information communication on the internet. Through the E-mail, a user may receive and send a mail anytime and anywhere, which greatly facilitates lives of people.
One common mode of an E-mail service is an E-mail service in which a web is used as an interface, in the mode, a login page of the E-mail may be accessed by a web browser; data such as a username and a password may be filled in a login menu of the login page, submission buttons such as "Login" may be clicked to realize the login of the E-mail, and then the operations of receiving and sending a mail may be executed.
However, in the above login process, the user is required to input the username and password via a keyboard every time he or she logs in, and thus a lot of user's operations are required to complete the login. In order to save the user's operation, some web browsers provide the function of auto login of the E-mail, wherein once the user have pre-set his or her username and the corresponding password, an "Auto-login" button provided by the browser may be clicked directly to log in his or her E-mail, without having to open the login interface first and then fill the data such as username and password in the input box.
The following manner may be usually used when automatically logging in the E-mail in the prior art: first, a developer manually analyzes the login menu of the login page, submits menu data and target URL (Universal Resource Locator) which are required in the login request, and acquires a data format needed in the login; then the developer constructs a simulative login menu based on the analysis of above data, in which when the user clicks the "Auto-login" button, data such as a pre-stored username and password are filled into the simulative login menu and submitted to the target URL so as to complete the auto login of the E-mail.
However, the inventor of the present patent has found in the implementation of the invention that at least the following problems occur when using the above manner to realize the auto login of the E-mail: the login pages of almost each of E-mails are different, thus, it is required to re-analyze the login interface for every supported E-mail and construct a corresponding simulative login menu, thereby complicating the process of sorting data.
Therefore, the technical problem that is needed to be solved by the person skilled in the art currently is how to avoid the complicated process of sorting data during the auto login process for an account.

BEIJING QIHOO TECHNOLOGY COMPANY LIMITED


A method and apparatus for applying dye marks to a line at predetermined fixed increments. An unmarked line is wound around a roller tube which has a slot formed therein communicating with the interior of the roller tube. A vaporized dye is supplied to the interior of the roller tube and exists through the slot and the roller tube. The disperse dye contacts and penetrates the portion of the line overlying the slot to produce a dye mark on the line at predetermined increments equal to the circumference of the roller tube.

The present invention relates generally to a process for applying marks at predetermined increments to a continuously moving line.
In certain applications, it is desirable to measure the length of a line by optically detecting the presence of marks applied to the line at predetermined increments. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 956,065, filed on Oct. 22, 1992 discloses an optical fishing line meter for measuring the length of a fishing line. A optical sensor detects dye marks on the fishing line as the fishing line passes by the optical sensor and either increments or decrements a counter.
Processes for applying dye or other coloring to a man-made line or filament are well known to those skilled in the art. The most common method used is to force a disperse dye through a package containing the line to color the line. This process is used primarily for coloring the line along its entire length. However, there is no known method for applying dye to a line at predetermined increments.


A technique for providing a grid for a gate such as utilized in gating a stream of ions or other particles in a spectrometer instrument. The grid of wires may, for example, be a so-called Bradbury-Nielson Gate that consists of a set of two electrically isolated sets of equally spaced wires that lie substantially in the same plane and alternate in potential. The method utilized to provide is to first fabricate a frame of an insulating substrate having a hole and depositing metal film patterns such that conductive portions are formed on either side of the hole. Conductive portions on either side form a series of terminating pads on the portion of the substrate closest to the hole and a bus bar. Grid wires are then formed by stretching a section of wire with desired constant tension across the hole and bonding the ends of the wire to a respective one of the pads on one side and bus bar on the other side. The method provides a rapid, inexpensive way to fabricate such modulating devices.

The present invention relates generally to a method for manufacturing a grid for gating a stream of charged particles.
Certain types of particle measurement instruments, such as ion mobility spectrometers, can require a gating device for turning on and off of a flowing stream of ions or other charged particles. This is accomplished by disposing a wire grid within the path of the ions; alternately energizing or de-energizing the grid then respectively traps the ions or allows them to flow.
Certain types of time of flight spectrometers, such as those described in the paper by Vlasak, P. R., et al., entitled "An interleaved comb ion deflection gate for m/z selection in time-of-flight mass spectrometery," in Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 67, No. 1, January 1996, pp. 68–72, also utilize a gating device.
The most common methods for accomplishing this use an interleaved comb of wires also referred to as a Bradbury-Nielson Gate. Such a gate consists of two electrically isolated sets of equally spaced wires that lie in the same plane and alternate in potential. When a zero potential is applied to the wires relative to the energy of the charged particles, the trajectory of the charged particle beam is not deflected by the gate. To deflect the beam, bias potentials of equal magnitude and opposite polarity are applied to the two sets of wires. This deflection produces two separate beams, each of whose intensity maximum makes an angle alpha with respect to the path of the un-deflected beam.
One approach to manufacturing a gating grid is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,150,319 issued to Nowak, et al. In this technique, a ring-shaped frame is fabricated from a ceramic or other suitable high temperature material. The two sets of wires are wound or laced on the frame. Each set of wires is actually a single, continuous wire strand that is laced back and forth between two concentric series of through-holes that are accurately drilled around the periphery of the frame.
Another technique for manufacturing such a gate is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,480 issued to Karl, et al. In this approach, the gating grid elements are produced from a thin metal foil by cutting or etching the foil to produce the grid structure. The gird elements are connected to side electrodes in a desired pattern to produce the two sets of wires. The foil grid structure is made mechanically stable by attaching it to an insulating support member. After the then-rigid grid structure is affixed to the insulating support member, the grid elements are selectively severed from the side electrodes to form the interdigitated grid.
Yet another approach for manufacturing such a grid is described in the paper by Kimmel, J. R., et al., entitled "Novel Method for the Production of Finely Spaced Bradbury-Nielson Gates," in Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 72, No. 12, December 2001, pp. 4354–4357. In this method, a guide is first manufactured out of a polymer block. The guide has a series of evenly spaced parallel grooves. A hole is drilled through the center of the polymer block; this hole eventually carries the ion beam. The machined polymer block is mounted on an insulated face of an H-shaped portion of a single sided, copper clad circuit board, with the grooves running from top to bottom of the H. The polymer-to-copper clad contacts are then fixed using an epoxy. Two small portions of the single sided copper clad board are fixed on the bottom side of the polymer in the region where the block extends over the center bar of the H-shaped copper frame.
A hand cranked, rotating screw is then used as a weaving instrument. In particular, a gold-plated tungsten wire runs from a spool over a directing screw and is coupled to the hand cranked screw by a belt. The loose end of the wire is then fixed such as by using an epoxy. A weight is hung from the wire between the directing screw and the spool in order to provide a constant tension on the wire.
Beginning at one side of the center hole, the hand crank is turned, which rotates the frame, drawing the thread from the spool. While watching through a microscope, an assembler feeds a first wire set through alternating grooves in the surface of the polymer and around the frame, making sure to touch both contacts on each pass. After winding the wire across the entire width of the opening, the wire is bound to both copper contacts on either side of the hole using an epoxy. A razor blade is then used to remove the segment of the wire between the two contacts on the side of the frame opposite the polymer.
Using the same procedure as for the first wire set, a second wire set is then wound through the grooves located between the wires of the first set. The ends of the wires are then cut, leaving wire only on the polymer side of the frame.

Fabrication of chopper for particle beam instrument


The switched-mode power supply comprises a secondary winding and four diodes for producing two rectified voltages of the same polarity, one of which can be regulated. A connection of the unregulated voltage has connected to it a variable Zener diode as an error amplifier for transmitting a regulating signal to the primary side. The driver stage provides a pulse-width-modulated square-wave signal for driving the switching transistor which is arranged at a high potential between the operating voltage on the input side and a first connection of the primary winding. The second connection of the primary winding is connected with a Zener diode and provides a stabilized voltage for the driver stage. Arranged between the driver stage and the control electrode of the switching transistor there is a differentiating element which produces positive and negative switching voltages for controlling the switching transistor.

a. Field of the Invention
The invention is based on a switched-mode power supply which contains a switching transistor as well as an isolating transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding.
b. Description of the Prior Art
These require a relatively high level of component complexity, particularly if regulation information must be transmitted from the secondary side to the primary side in order to stabilize an operating voltage on the secondary side. Various embodiments are known for transmitting this information, for example using an optocoupler. DE 40 04 707 discloses a circuit in which a regulating signal is transmitted back via a transistor stage in a brief time interval during a quiescent phase of the isolating transformer.
The object of the present invention is to reduce the component complexity for switched-mode power supplies of the type.

Switched-mode power supply for a load having a low power supply