A power distribution method for electric vehicle driven by two power sources includes executing a first power distribution law by a vehicle control unit, wherein the first power distribution law sets a distribution ratio according to a vehicle speed of the electric vehicle, a torque demand, and a current gear of a transmission. The powers outputted by first and second motors are adjusted according to the distribution ratio such that the first and second motors can operate at the most efficient operation points to increase the operational efficiency of the electric vehicle driven by two power sources.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a driving method for an electric vehicle and, more particularly, to a power distribution method for an electric vehicle driven by two power sources.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vehicles in the current market used to consume fuels as the main power source. Responsive to the global oil shortage, extensive researches in substitute energy vehicles and hybrid vehicles have been made in industries with an intention to minimize the adverse effect of the oil shortage on the vehicle markets. Every car company actively tried to replace oil with electricity as the power sources for vehicles and developed various electric vehicles and various hybrid vehicles to gradually get rid of reliance of oil, and electricity has been a successful power source and gains a role in the market.
Conforming to this trend the electric vehicle industry develops flourishingly, but thus, many technical problems occurred. The problems should be solved in electric vehicles driven by motors significantly different from conventional vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. For electric vehicles, a transmission is required for the electric motor to output an extremely high torque while the vehicle moves at a low speed and to obtain an extremely high rotating speed while the vehicle moves at a high speed. Nevertheless, the transmission must have high efficiency and low costs to provide the product with high competitiveness on the market.
Conventional transmissions for electric vehicles include continuously variable transmissions (CVT), manual transmissions (MT), and automated manual transmissions (AMT). Continuously variable transmissions have low transmission efficiency due to slips during gear shifting processes. Manual transmissions having the highest transmission efficiency but tire the drivers and are inconvenient in use. Thus, automated manual transmissions are a better option. However, automated manual transmissions are expensive and, when a limited number of gears are provided, may result in uncomfortable feel to the drivers due to torque holes during gear shifting processes.
With reference to FIG. 1, to solve the above disadvantages, Taiwan Patent Publication No. 201242804 entitled "Device of twin source power for electric vehicle" discloses an electric vehicle 1 driven by two power sources. The electric vehicle 1 includes a first motor 11, a second motor 12, and a transmission 13. The transmission 13 is a clutchless automatic manual transmission (CLAMT). The power of the first motor 11 is directly transmitted to a transmission shaft 14. The power of the second motor 12 is transmitted to the transmission shaft 14 after gear shifting by the transmission 13. The power received by the transmission shaft 14 is a sum of the powers outputted by the first and second motors 11 and 12. The total power demanded by the electric vehicle 1 is shared by the first and second motors 11 and 12. The transmission 13 includes an automatic gear shifting mechanism. Electronic synchronization is firstly executed when a vehicle control unit 15 (VCU) gives a gear shifting command, and a motor driver 121 of the second motor 12 controls the rotating speed of the second motor 12 such that the driving gear and the driven gear of the transmission 13 rotate synchronously. A gear shifting driver 131 drives a gear shifting actuator 132 to actuate the automatic gear shifting mechanism for automatically changing the gear.
Since the electric vehicle 1 includes an electronic synchronization function, the transmission 13 does not require a conventional clutch device, significantly saving the costs and the space for installation. Furthermore, the first motor 11 shares a portion of the power and, thus, can increase the output power when the second motor 12 does not output power during the gear shifting process. The torque hole of the second motor 12 is compensated to provide a smooth vehicle power output during the gear shifting process, increasing driving comfort.
According to the regulations to electric vehicles in many countries, the total power of the power sources of micro electric vehicles and low speed electric vehicles must be lower than 4 KW. Nevertheless, multi-seat electric vehicles meeting the regulations must be able to travel on various grades under a heavy load and able to travel on a level road at a maximum speed of at least 45 km/hr. Thus, under the limitation of total power of the electric vehicle 1, distribution of the power outputs of the first and second motors 11 and 12 of the electric vehicle 1 for operating the first and second motors 11 and 12 at the most efficient operation points and making the transmission 13 select a proper gear according to actual load conditions for satisfying driver's demand and reducing energy consumption are difficult issues to be solved.
Thus, a need exists for a power distribution method for an electric vehicle driven by two power sources to properly arrange the power output of each power source of a conventional electric vehicle driven by two power sources such that each power source can be operated at the most efficient operation point to effectively increase the operational efficiency of the conventional electric vehicle driven by two power sources and, at the same time, to control the gear of the transmission according to the vehicle load so as to provide a high torque output at low speeds while meeting the extreme speed requirement under limited power of the power sources, increasing the climbing performance, load capacity, operational convenience, and driving comfort of the electric vehicle having a limited total power.

Power distribution method for electric vehicle driven by two power sources


A ceramic member includes a thin plate having a plurality of minute throughholes and a rigid plate supporting the thin plate. The area of the thin plate both ends of which are supported by the rigid plate has a part bent toward the rigid plate so that the line connecting the apexes of the bent part is a straight line, and minute throughholes are formed in the vicinity of the apexes of the bent part. Good adhesion between minute throughholes formed on the line connecting the apexes of the bent part and the drum and the like is obtained, and defective transfer can be prevented.

The present invention relates to a ceramic member used in ion flow control heads, encoders, scales, and high-precision minute electric field shutters.
A ceramic member comprising a thin plate having a plurality of minute throughholes supported by a rigid plate has been used in location detecting devices or recording devices as the parts of ion flow control heads, encoders, scales, and high-precision minute electric field shutters.
In the applications mentioned above, the minute throughholes are used for detecting or recording locations by passing or not passing a gas, liquid, solid particles or light.
For example, when the ceramic member is used as the part of an ion flow control head, as shown in FIG. 3, an electrode 1 is provided on a surface, a dielectric drum 6 is installed on the side where a rigid plate 9 is present, and an ion source 5 is installed on the other side. As a result, the discharge of ions 2 through the minute throughholes 4 is inhibited by making the electrode 1 carry a charge of the same sign as the ions carry. By contrast, ions are allowed to discharge by making the electrode 1 carry a charge of the opposite sign from that the ions 2 carry.
In either use, it is preferred that the drum 3 or the dielectric drum 6 contacts tightly with the opening of the minute throughholes from the point of view of fluid discharge, fluid control, or transfer properties.
However, when conventional ceramic members are used in a high-precision electric field shutters and the like, the presence of a rigid plate 9 interferes with the access of a drum and the like to minute throughholes 4, preventing the drum and the like from contacting the opening. If the drum is made to contact with the opening from the thin plate side, the electrode wiring contacts with the drum causing the electrode to wear, and the electric field cannot be applied to ions effectively because the electrode is apart from the ion source.
Preferably the thickness of the thin plate 13 is small so that the resistance for passing particles is decreased and drum shape followability is improved. However, if the plate is made to thin, the strength of the thin plate 13 is reduced, the adhesion of the drum to the minute throughholes deteriorates due to the deformation of the thin plate 13 to the opposite direction when the drum is approached, or the thin plate 13 is broken when the drum is contacted.
Therefore, it is the object of the present invention to 25 provide a ceramic member which is well adhered with the drum and the like, and does not break due to the contact with the drum and the like.


A device for securing a plurality of cans having a plurality of apertures and a plurality of slits defining a plurality of tabs surrounding each aperture which engage the upper rims of cans to secure the cans when the upper rims thereof are inserted through the apertures.

The present invention relates to packaging of cans. More specifically, the present invention relates to a device which utilizes a planar surface made of a rigid, foldable material with a plurality of apertures for engaging the upper periphery of a plurality of cans.
Objects of this invention are to provide a device for securing a plurality of cans which is safe for the environment reusable and inexpensive. Further objects of the present invention include providing a can securing device which, when securing a plurality of cans, may be stacked upon other such devices securing cans; which provides a sanitary protective cover over the lids of the cans; which provides surfaces which may be used as an advertising medium and which may be used as a tray to carry opened cans when the device is inverted.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,085,683 which issued Apr. 16, 1963 to J. W. Harrison shows a prior art device for carrying cans. However that device requires the expensive use of a heatshrinkable plastic film which is not biodegradable. That device is not reusable, nor can a plurality of those devices be stacked upon one another while holding cans.
Another device for carrying cans is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,288 issued on Mar. 27, 1990 to Kenneth R. Dantoin, Jr. However that device does not secure the cans about the upper periphery as does the present invention which provides for easy removal of the can, easy reuse of the device, and the ability to use the device as a tray for the cans when the device is inverted.
A more commonly used device for securing a plurality of cans consists essentially of a piece of thick plastic, usually polyethylene, adapted to fit tightly around the upper portion of a plurality of cans, usually six or eight. The friction between the plastic and the cans prevents the cans from slipping out of the device, thus enabling the plurality of cans to be handled as one unit.
Use of these plastic devices has become environmentally disfavored as they are not biodegradable, nor can they be recycled economically. They have also been found to be a hazard to wildlife such as fish and fowl. When these devices are improperly disposed of, animals have been found to suffocate by becoming entangled in them or by partially swallowing them.
Furthermore, it is impractical to reuse these plastic devices to secure cans after use since the plastic becomes deformed by removal of the can, and because of the tight fitting nature of the device. Besides not being reusable, these devices have a relatively high material cost and provide no space which could be utilized as a means for advertising.
Another drawback to the use of these plastic devices is that the top of the can is left uncovered. Most beverage cans are opened by pressing a tab portion of the lid into the can. This tab portion of the lid is at least partially submerged into the contents of the can, and because it is left uncovered prior to opening the can, it may introduce undesirable contaminants into the contents. Accordingly, there is a need for an inexpensive device for securing a plurality of cans that is not harmful to the environment, is reusable, stackable, provides space for advertising and the like, may be used as a tray when inverted, and is sanitary. The present invention is directed to that end.


An electronic device enclosure includes a chassis having a base plate, a number of fans, a number of securing boards mounted on the corresponding fans, and a number of pivot members. The receiving bracket includes a first sidewall, a second sidewall parallel to the first sidewall, and a bottom wall secured to the base plate and connecting the first sidewall to the second sidewall together such that the first sidewall, the second sidewall, and the bottom wall cooperatively define a receiving housing configured for receiving the fans. The pivot members each has a pivot end attached to the corresponding securing boards and a securing end secured to the first sidewall of the receiving bracket. Each pivot member is capable of rotating about a pivot axis of the securing board and configured for securing the corresponding fan to the receiving housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mounting apparatus for mounting a fan to an electronic device enclosure.
2. Description of Related Art
Electronic devices generate heat during operation. Electronic components may overheat and become damaged if this heat is not removed. Some electronic devices use a fan to draw heat away from the electronic components. A fan is typically mounted in the electronic device using a set of screws. Many electronic systems, such as servers, produce an enormous of heat because of the large number of electronic components in the system. More than one fan is often needed to cool the components efficiently. Thus, it becomes difficult and time consuming to remove the fans for repair or replacement.
Therefore, a mounting apparatus using fans that can be attached and removed easily from the electronic device enclosure is desired to overcome the above-described shortcomings.

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


An index sheet which may be accommodated by and directly printed upon by a conventional printer. The index sheet is formed from a rectangular shaped stock sheet having a body portion, at least one index tab portion, and a guide portion, all of which are separated by a plurality of perforations. After the stock sheet is directly printed upon, the index sheet may be formed by removing the guide portion and any excess index tab portions so that a single index tab portion extends outwardly from the body portion to identify, separate, or otherwise distinguish the materials being indexed. A first plurality of index sheets stacked in a first position may be used with a second plurality of index sheets which are inverted and stacked in a second position to create a continuous staggered edge of index tab portions.

Index tabs for quick identification and selection of information from looseleaf or hardbound binders are a common feature of nearly every well-organized office or home. Typically, these index tabs are provided as markings on certain sheets or pages of binders, books, notebooks, or other multiple sheet material. In order to facilitate ease of scanning and selecting pages, the index tabs are typically staggered or spaced, along the edge of the multiple sheet material. For example, a set of index tabs connected to the edge of spaced index sheets are positioned just far enough away from each other so that the identifying text or characters or symbols appearing on all index tabs can be seen simultaneously. Uses for such index tabs include simple referencing and presentations, among others.
A set of index sheets generally include a fixed number of index tabs which span the length of the material being indexed. The number of tabs usually ranges from about 3 to 8 or more.
In general, index tabs are made in one of two ways. The tabs may be integrally formed as protrusions of the sheets themselves as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,699 issued to Lowe on Jan. 22, 1980. Alternatively, the tabs may be separate components which are connected to the index sheets as shown, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,603 issued to Kao et al. on Oct. 16, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,261 issued to Cusack et al. on Aug. 4, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,427 issued to Cusack et al. on Aug. 23, 1994; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,414 issued to Popat on Feb. 14, 1995.
It is often desirable to produce index tabs using common office printers. As the Kao et al. patent indicates, forming index tabs as integral protrusions of the index sheets is difficult since it has been difficult to machine print identifying text on the index tabs. For example, it has been impractical to insert the entire index sheet into a standard typewriter in order to type text sideways onto the protruding index tab. It has also been difficult or impossible to feed index sheets directly through common office printers, such as laser printers, ink jet printers or office copiers, without encountering jamming problems, limited feed size problems, or distorted printing problems.
It is desirable to print index sheets using common office printers due to the great flexibility of what can be printed as well as the high print quality provided by such printers or the like. However, such printers require the sheet stock to be uniformly dimensioned, at least widthwise, according to standard sizes in order to be accommodated by the standard sized feeding tray and pathway of such printers. Otherwise, the sheet stock will either tend to jam within such printers or not even fit into such printers.
An index sheet is typically designed so that a portion of the sheet will extend past the boundary of the materials being indexed for easy viewing. As a result, index sheets are typically wider in size than the standard size accepted by a printing machine. Moreover, protruding tabs on the top or leading edge of index sheets which are first drawn into the printer, can jam or stray from the correct feed path. In addition, the sheet stock must be strong enough to withstand the stresses imposed on the sheets by the feeding mechanisms and pressure rollers, and must provide a uniformly smooth surface that will properly take up the toner. Because of these requirements, conventional index sheets having nonuniform widths due to protruding index tabs have been poorly suited for use in common office printers.
Several ways to produce a machine-printable index sheet have involved transforming the size of the index sheet to fit within the feed size width of the printing machine. This has been accomplished by such techniques as folding over a portion of the index sheet for printing purposes. While these techniques have been successful, the present invention is directed toward an index sheet which does not have to be folded or similarly manipulated in size prior to printing.

Directly machine printable index sheet having index tab portions


A light source apparatus with modulation function has a wavelength conversion module (75) composed of a nonlinear optical material with a structure having a nonlinear constant modulated periodically. It outputs a difference frequency or sum frequency produced by multiplexing pumping light from semiconductor laser light sources (71) and (72) with different wavelengths through a WDM coupler (74) and by launching the multiplexed light into the optical waveguide. The semiconductor laser light source (72) includes a diffraction grating. The semiconductor laser light source (71) includes a section for modulating output light emitted from its semiconductor laser, and is connected to an external FBG (73) which has a reflection band narrower than a resonance wavelength spacing determined by the device length of the semiconductor laser. The FBG (73) is supplied with the modulated output.

Although laser technology has made remarkable progress at present, laser oscillation is not implemented over the entire wavelength domain. Accordingly, wavelength conversion technology utilizing nonlinear optical effect is an important technology to obtain coherent light in a wavelength range in which the laser oscillation is not easy.
Among nonlinear optical effect, the application of wavelength conversion devices is expected which generate a second harmonic, sum frequency or difference frequency by pseudo-phase matching by making use of the second order nonlinear optical effect (see Patent Document 1).
FIG. 1 shows a configuration of a conventional pseudo-phase matching type wavelength conversion device. A multiplexer 11 multiplexes pumping light A (wavelength λ1) from a semiconductor laser light source and pumping light B (wavelength λ2) from another semiconductor laser light source, and launches into a nonlinear waveguide 12 having a polarization inversion structure. The waveguide 12 converts the pumping light A to difference frequency light C with a wavelength λ3 and emits it together with the pumping light B. A demultiplexer 13 separates the difference frequency light C from the pumping light B.
For example, assume that the pumping light A has a wavelength λ1=1.06 μm, and that the pumping light B with a wavelength λ2=1.55 μm is input. In this case, the wavelength converted light C with a wavelength λ3=3.35 μm can be obtained by the difference-frequency generation.
Making use of such a wavelength conversion device as a middle infrared laser light source can implement highly sensitive gas sensors and the like utilizing the middle infrared light.
According to another embodiment in FIG. 1, the multiplexer 11 multiplexes the comparatively high intensity pumping light A with the pumping light B, and launches into the nonlinear waveguide 12 having the polarization inversion structure. The waveguide 12 generates the wavelength converted light C of the pumping light A and the pumping light B, and emits it. For example, assume that the pumping light A has a wavelength λ1=1.06 μm and the pumping light B has a wavelength λ2=1.32 μm. Then, the wavelength converted light C with a wavelength λ3=0.59 μm, which is yellow visible light, is obtained by the sum-frequency generation.
A yellow visible light source using the wavelength conversion device based on the sum-frequency generation is applicable as a light source for measuring refractive indices instead of a conventional D line light source of an Na lamp. In addition, the yellow visible light source using the wavelength conversion device based on the sum-frequency generation has marked effect on increasing the sensitivity of optical equipment using visible light such as fluorescence microscopes.
Such a yellow visible light source includes in its casing a 1.06 μm semiconductor laser that stabilizes its wavelength using an external resonator utilizing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as the pumping light, a DFB (Distributed Feedback) laser whose oscillation wavelength is 1.32 μm, a multiplexing means such as a WDM coupler, and a modularized wavelength conversion device. Here, as the light source used as the pumping light, a light source with single mode oscillation such as a DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector) laser and DFB laser is preferable. When it does not have the single mode oscillation, it is preferable that a light source be used whose wavelength is stabilized by adding an external resonator using an FBG.
The FBG, which has a Bragg diffraction grating formed in a core section of an optical fiber, is an optical fiber type device with a characteristic of reflecting only light with a particular wavelength. The FBG has as its property a low loss, good coupling characteristic with an optical fiber, and superior reflection characteristics. Thus, besides the reflection light filter, the FBG is widely applied to wavelength control devices, optical sensor devices and dispersion compensation devices.
The DFB laser is a semiconductor laser that oscillates laser light by confining light to an active region by operating a periodic shape built in a laser chip as a diffraction grating, and by reflecting only light with a particular wavelength. It is superior to a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser without having a diffraction grating in the monochromaticity of the wavelength of the laser light, and is suitable for light signal transmission beyond several kilometers.
FIG. 2 illustrates pseudo-phase matching conditions for obtaining green light with a wavelength of 0.53 μm by the second-harmonic generation. FIG. 2 is a diagram of the pseudo-phase matching curve calculated under the assumption that lithium niobate is used as a nonlinear optical material, the polarization inversion period is 6.76 μm and a wavelength conversion device with a length of 10 mm is used. The horizontal axis shows the wavelength of the pumping light, and the vertical axis shows the normalized light intensity of the second harmonic obtained. FIG. 2 shows that the pseudo-phase matching band is equal to or less than 0.2 nm. Accordingly, the oscillation wavelength of a 1.06 μm semiconductor laser must be stabilized within the spectral width of 0.2 nm. To obtain the light output of stable wavelength converted light, the wavelength stabilization is an essential condition because the pseudo-phase matching bandwidth of the wavelength conversion device used for obtaining the visible light is narrow.
The wavelength converted light C generated under such conditions inherits a coherent characteristic from the semiconductor laser serving as the pumping light, and is effective as the visible light source for increasing sensitivity of refractive index measurement and of fluorescent protein observation with a fluorescence microscope. To increase the measurement sensitivity, however, a high extinction factor is required, and an ON/OFF modulation function must be provided.
Until now, however, the ON/OFF modulation is carried out using a single semiconductor laser as the visible light source, or by connecting an external AO modulator to a solid laser. Thus, the ON/OFF modulation function has not yet been implemented in the light source that generates the difference frequency or sum frequency by using the optical waveguide composed of a nonlinear optical material and two semiconductor laser light sources.
FIG. 3 illustrates current-light output characteristics of a 1.06 μm-band semiconductor laser connected to an external FBG. The semiconductor laser connected to the FBG usually has a reflection band of about 2 nm due to the FBG, and is placed in a multimode state in which a plurality of wavelengths oscillate within that range. Although a result obtained by differentiating the light output by current is referred to as differential efficiency, the differential efficiency characteristics represented by broken lines have a plurality of discontinuous locations, and hence the current-light output characteristics have minute discontinuities. In the case where such discontinuities are present, it is very difficult to carry out the light output stabilization control (APC) for the semiconductor laser. Thus, generally, the external resonator type semiconductor laser having the external FBG has not been used in a modulated state.
FIG. 11A illustrates current-light output characteristics of a 1.32 μm-band DFB laser. Controlling the current of the 1.32 μm-band DFB laser enables the output of the wavelength converted light to be turn on and off in accordance with the current-light output characteristics of FIG. 11A, and enables the light source apparatus with modulation function to have a conversion function.
The 1.32 μm-band DFB laser employed here has Ith=10 mA or so, and operates stably at the signal wavelength even when the operation current is placed at about 30 times the Ith to increase the light output. FIG. 11A shows the differential efficiency by broken lines. Except for the threshold value, no discontinuous locations appear in the differential efficiency characteristics, and no module jumps of the oscillation wavelength occur. However, increasing the operation current of the 1.32 μm-band DFB laser up to 300 mA brings about a temperature rise in the device, which shifts the oscillation wavelength about 0.8 nm with keeping the single wavelength. The range of variation of 0.8 nm of the oscillation wavelength is four times wider than the foregoing pseudo-phase matching band. In addition, the portion outside the pseudo-phase matching band does not contribute to the wavelength converted light. Accordingly, it is impossible to increase the operation current beyond about ¼ of 300 mA, or about 80 mA, substantially, and hence the light output obtained reduces to about ¼. This means that the output intensity of the wavelength converted light also reduces to about ¼. Thus, the practical output intensity of the wavelength converted light cannot be achieved by only carrying out the modulation in the 1.32 μm-band DFB laser.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2003-140214.

Light source apparatus with modulation function and its driving method

NipponTelegraph and Telephone Corporation


A multilayer capacitor includes a capacitor body including a dielectric layer and first and second internal electrodes; first and second external electrodes; and an insulator disposed on a first surface of the capacitor body. The capacitor body includes an active region in which first and second internal electrodes overlap each other in a first direction, and upper and lower covers disposed above and below the active region in the first direction. A length of the active region in the second direction is defined as ‘La’, a length of one margin of the capacitor body in the second direction is defined as ‘Lm’, a height of the active region in the first direction is defined as ‘Ta’, a thickness of the lower cover of the capacitor body is defined as ‘Tc’, and a thickness of the insulator is defined as ‘Te’. A relative displacement index, ((La/Lm)−(Ta/Tc))/Te)2, ranges from 0.003 to 0.055.

A multilayer capacitor may have a structure in which a plurality of dielectric layers and internal electrodes having different polarities are alternately disposed between the dielectric layers.
Such a multilayer capacitor has been widely used as a component of various electronic devices as a multilayer capacitor, may be miniaturized, may secure high capacity, and may be easily mounted.
Since the dielectric layer has piezoelectricity using a ferroelectric material, a piezoelectric phenomenon occurs between internal electrodes when a direct or alternating voltage is applied to the multilayer capacitor, such that a volume of a capacitor body may expand or reduce according to a frequency, and periodic vibrations may be generated.
Such vibrations may be transmitted to a board through an external electrode of the multilayer capacitor and a solder connecting the external electrode to the board, such that the entire board becomes an acoustic reflective surface, and vibration sound, noise, may be generated.
Such vibration sound may correspond to an audible frequency in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz causing discomfort to listeners, and such vibration sound causing discomfort to listeners is known as acoustic noise.

Multilayer ceramic capacitor and board having the same mounted thereon


A system for performing the method of this invention includes a leader having a robot arm able to articulate about first axes and supporting an end effector. A follower includes a robot arm able to articulate about respective second axes. Servo motors articulate the leader arm about the first axes and the follower arm about the second axes. A user interface allows a user to jog the arm of the leader and to program movement of the arms for automatic execution such that the end effector reaches predetermined positions. A controller, operatively connected to the servo motors and the user interface, controls operation of the servo motors, moves the arm of the leader in accordance with the programmed movement, and moves the arm of the follower such that it tracks or mirrors movement of the leader.

The invention relates to jogging multiple industrial robot arms simultaneously with an incremental displacement of both a leader robot and follower robots. More particularly, it pertains to a track jog mode, in which a follower tracks the motion of the leader, and to a mirror jog mode, in which a follower mirrors the motion of the leader.
The term "jog" is a generic reference to teach-time, user-interactive robot motion. A user can teach multiple robots a path to be traversed automatically and repeatedly by teaching one robot and later transferring the taught program to other robots. This method can be tedious if during program execution the robots must execute simultaneously. After transferring the program to the other robots, when changes are required or corrections to the original program must be made, it is difficult to alter the program uniformly for each robot because continuous switching between robots is required to make these changes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,552 describes a system for teaching and operating leader and follower robots to produce coordinated translation along three mutually perpendicular axes, one of the follower's translations being equal in magnitude and opposite in direction relative the corresponding translation of the leader. A switching circuit controls actuators, which produce the programmed translations. The control system produces no rotation about the axes and requires initial alignment of at least one axis of the leader and follower, and accurate spacing of the work heads of the leader from the follower so that coordinated movement can occur.
Coordinated jogging is a well known technique for producing coordinated movement of a follower robot with that of a leader robot, the relationship of the follower tool center points (TCP) to that of the leader being fixed while jogging. But coordinated jogging does not produce the same incremental motion of the follower as that of the leader. The leader frame changes when the leader moves, and the follower must maintain its relative position with respect to the leader frame. For example, when the leader rotates, the follower must rotate with respect to the leader frame and this produces longer distance movement of the follower than that of the leader.
Coordinated jogging was primarily designed to use a positioner as the leader. It was not intended for use with a robot arm as the leader or to teach multiple arm programming when the leader is a robot arm. Coordinated jogging requires users to jog each robot arm individually to a desired location and orientation, and then record the position. Furthermore, coordinated jogging does not support mirror jogging; instead, it causes the follower to move in the same direction as the leader's motion.
Multiple arm track jogging overcomes coordinated jog's shortcomings. Multiple arm track jogging produces the same magnitude of incremental motion of the leader and follower, and it supports mirror jogging. It allows a leader and follower to jog in reverse directions so that a leader and follower can cooperatively process and manipulate a symmetric workpiece concurrently.

Multiple robot arm tracking and mirror jog


A portable test compartment allows for on-site pressure testing of a workpiece at the site where the workpiece is utilized, instead of having to haul the workpiece to an off-site testing location. A test vehicle carries the elongated test compartment, and travels to the on-site location to test the workpiece. The vehicle has a lift assembly that pivotally connects the vehicle and the compartment. The lift assembly moves the compartment from a storage position alongside the vehicle to an operational position alongside the ground. The compartment has an interior portion that receives the workpiece. Inside the compartment, a safety blanket is fastened to the bottom of the compartment. The safety blanket envelops the workpiece by folding several portions of the blanket around the workpiece.

The present invention relates to test flowline equipment in the context of oil field pumping, where it is necessary to pump with high pressure in the range of 10,000-15,000 psi. The high pressure pumping is used in such instances as pumping cement or viscous chemicals from a well through a flowline.
In the course of operating the flowline equipment, the flowline workpiece must periodically undergo testing. A common method of testing is to carry the flowline workpiece away from the oil field to an off-site location to perform the proper testing. It is inconvenient and costly to carry the equipment off-site for testing each time such testing was necessary. As such, a need in the art exists for a device that enables testing flowline equipment directly on-site at the oil field.
Furthermore, an additional challenge to on-site testing is the safety risks associated with pumping at 10,000–15,000 psi. Such safety accommodations were readily available at off-site testing centers. However, the safety accommodations from the off-site locations have proven difficult to move to the on-site location because of size, weight, and other practical considerations. Therefore, any solution to the aforementioned problem must combine on-site convenience with the necessary pressure testing safety.


Described are a system and method for facilitating collaboration on a project by multiple team members. A plurality of projects and a plurality of documents are stored in persistent storage of a server system. A user launches an application program that displays an expandable and collapsible view showing each project of the plurality of projects for which the user is a team member and each document linked to each of the shown projects. Searchable metadata is associated with each project. The searchable metadata associated with each project is propagated to each document linked to that project. A given document is searched for using the metadata propagated from the project linked to that document.

Many organizations, large ones in particular, have many ongoing and completed projects. Each of these projects usually involves the participation of multiple individuals, often geographically separated from each other. Organizations often want and need individuals who are working together on a project to be able to share information and communicate with one another. In the performance of their respective projects these individuals produce numerous materials, typically in the form of documents and records of their online communications (i.e., emails and chat messages) that memorialize the knowledge acquired during the project. This knowledge, also referred to as intellectual capital, often proves valuable to other individuals in the organization who are not part of the project. Projects of an organization often resemble other currently active or previously completed projects. Consequently, organizations typically want this knowledge to be made available and readily discoverable across the organization so that individuals can profit from the accomplishments of others. Often, though, the vast quantity of intellectual capital can make it cumbersome for individuals to find relevant information.

Case management system and method for collaborative project teaming

International Business Machines Corporation


An optical module for a motor vehicle lighting device, capable of emitting at least one type of light beam having a cut-off and comprising: a light source disposed in a reflector; a dioptric element, in particular a convergent lens, disposed in front of the reflector; a shield disposed between said light source and said dioptric element; and an additional optical element is disposed between the light source and the shield.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical module for a motor vehicle lighting device of the projector type and more particularly, to optical modules referred to as elliptical modules comprising a light source associated with a reflector and closed by a dioptric element of the convergent lens type, for example a plano-convex type lens, or a Fresnel lens. The invention provides optical modules equipped with a fixed or movable shield capable of intercepting at least partially, according to its position, the light beam emitted by the light source/reflector assembly. The shape of the upper edge of the shield makes it possible to delimit the desired cut-off in the beam by imagery with the convergent lens.
2. Description of the Related Art
Besides these well-known lighting and signaling functions, new functions have recently appeared, grouped together under the name AFS (Advanced Front System), which offer in particular other types of beam functions. These functions concern in particular:                the so-called BL (Bending Light) function, which can be broken down into a so-called DBL (Dynamic Bending Light) function and a so-called FBL (Fixed Bending Light) function. The DBL function makes it possible to modify the orientation of a light beam produced by a light source so that, when the vehicle reaches a bend, the road is illuminated in an optimum manner. The purpose of the FBL function is to progressively illuminate the verge of the road when the vehicle takes a bend; to this end, an additional light source is provided which progressively supplements the low-beam or high-beam lights during negotiation of a bend;        the so-called Town Light function. This function provides the broadening of a low-beam light type beam whilst slightly reducing its range;        the so-called Motorway Light function. This function provides an increase in the range of a low-beam light;        the so-called Overhead Light function. This function provides a modification of a low-beam light beam so that gantries situated high up are satisfactorily illuminated by means of the low-beam lights;a so-called AWL (Adverse Weather Light) function. This function provides a modification of a low-beam light beam so that the driver is not dazzled by a reflection of his own headlight.
Optical modules with a fixed or movable shield have been used in the past, and reference can be made in particular to several illustrative examples in the patents EP 1 197 387, EP 1 422 471 or EP 1 422 472. The movable shield, on command and by virtue of the presence of a motor, can take different positions with respect to the light source, including at least one position referred to as optically "active", that is to say a position where it effectively masks part of the light beam, in particular so that the module emits a beam with a cut-off, such as a low-beam (oblique cut-off) or fog-lamp (horizontal cut-off) type beam. The shield can thus have one or more "active" positions, for example two, one for the right-hand drive low-beam function and one for the left-hand drive function, and also a so-called "passive" function where it does not mask the light beam, thus allowing the module to emit light beams with no cut-off of the high-beam type. For examples of modules with a fixed shield, reference can be made in particular to the patent FR 2 754 039, which describes modules capable of emitting low-beam or fog-lamp beams for example.
Whether the shield is fixed or movable, and irrespective of the type of cut-off it defines in the beam, it remains that all the luminous flux that is intercepted by the shield is lost, and the luminous efficiency, that is to say the ratio between the light emitted by the lamp and that reconstructed at the output of the optical module, is therefore not very satisfactory.
The aim of the invention is then the development of an optical module with a shield of the type described above, in particular of the elliptical type, which has improved optical performance.
One feature of the invention concerns increasing the luminous efficiency of this type of module without impairing the statutory photometric characteristics of the beams with cut-off obtained. Secondarily, the aim of the invention is to achieve this objective without completely changing the design of current optical modules.

Optical module for a motor vehicle lighting device


An earphone jack and a mobile terminal having the same is provided so as to enable a plug to be smoothly inserted into or pulled out of an earphone jack regardless of diameter variations of the plug and the earphone jack without providing an additional part. To this end, an earphone jack comprises a housing having at its center, an insertion hole into which a plug formed at an earphone is inserted, and a slot cut in an upper surface thereof along a direction of insertion of the plug into the insertion hole so that the housing can be elastically deformed in a direction perpendicular to the insertion direction during the insertion of the plug, and a plurality of contact terminals, wherein one side of each contact terminal is disposed inside the insertion groove to contact with each terminal of the plug and the other side thereof is exposed to the outside of the housing to be connected to a circuit component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an earphone jack and a mobile terminal, and more particularly, to an earphone jack and a mobile terminal having the same so as to enable a plug to be smoothly inserted into or pulled out of an earphone jack regardless of diameter variations of the plug and the earphone jack without providing an additional part.
2. Description of the Background Art
A mobile terminal is a communication device which permits the voice transmission and reception with an other party anywhere while a user portably carries it along. With the development of information and communication technologies, such a mobile terminal has not only a function of sending/receiving voice messages to/from the other party but also a function of sending/receiving image information.
Also, the mobile terminal is continuously being developed so as to have improved performance and exterior and various functions in response to the growing demand of consumers. Of the various functions, an earphone supporting function is being considered as an essential function of the mobile terminal. This is because as mobile terminals are commonly used due to developments of a wireless communication technology, the quality of communication is more importantly considered. In order for the high quality communication, an ear-microphone provided with both an earphone and a microphone is commonly used, so that a user may conveniently make a call by inserting (connecting) the ear-microphone into an earphone jack of the mobile terminal while driving or walking. Also, since an MP3 function of replaying downloaded music is additionally provided to a recently released mobile terminal, its user may listen to the music by connecting a headphone or a headset to the terminal.
In this specification, an earphone, an ear-microphone, a headphone, a headset, and the like will be collectively referred to as an earphone.
In general, a mobile terminal, a PDA, or the like is provided with an earphone jack to which a plug of an earphone is connected. The earphone jack and the plug are illustrated in exemplary views of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view which illustrates a conventional earphone jack and a plug before connection, and FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1.
As shown, a plug 10 integrally connected to an earphone includes a plurality of terminals 12, 13 and 14 which are electrically separated from one another by insulating portions 11 that are formed at a certain interval along a direction in which the plug 10 fits into the earphone jack 20. The illustrated plug 10 is a three pole plug, and the terminals 12, 13 and 14 may be a mike terminal, a speaker terminal and a ground terminal, respectively. Also, the terminals 12, 13 and 14 may be a first speaker terminal, a second speaker terminal and a ground terminal, respectively.
An earphone jack 20 into which the plug 10 fits includes a housing 21 formed as a rough rectangular parallelepiped shape and having at its center an insertion hole 22 into which the plug 10 can be inserted, and a plurality of contact terminals 23, wherein one side of each contact terminal 23 is disposed inside the insertion hole 22 to contact with each terminal 12, 13 and 14 of the plug and the other side thereof is exposed to the outside to be connected with a circuit component. The housing is commonly formed of a synthetic resin material.
The conventional earphone jack constructed in the aforementioned manner has the following problem.
First, a plug applied to a mobile terminal has a standardized diameter of 2.3±0.1 mm, and the insertion hole of the earphone jack is formed corresponding to the plug. Accordingly, if an outer diameter of the plug is 2.4 mm and an inner diameter of the insertion hole is 2.2 mm, namely, if the outer diameter of the plug is greater than the inner diameter of the insertion hole, the insertion itself cannot be made smoothly. Also, if the inner diameter of the insertion hole is greater than the outer diameter of the plug, the insertion is made smoothly but the contact between the terminals becomes loose, which may create noises or cause the earphone to be separated from the earphone jack all of a sudden.
Also, a special locking device may be additionally provided to prevent the sudden separation of the plug from the earphone jack. However, in this case, additional installation of the special locking device is not easy because of limited room within the housing and, manufacturing costs are increased and manufacturing processes become complicated.

Earphone jack and mobile terminal having the same


Pixel electrodes in a liquid crystal panel extend to cover the entire pixel regions. The light leakage is generated only on two sides of the pixel region due to the uncontinuous alignment of liquid crystal molecules when the liquid crystal panel is driven by dot inversion. Therefore, in the present invention, light-shielding layer is formed on only the corresponding region of the TFT substrate. The aperture ratio of the liquid crystal panel according to the present invention can increase and the light-shielding layer can be employed to repair the gate lines and data lines.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel structure and method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly to an LCD panel structure driven by dot inversion and method for manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show a conventional LCD panel, which comprises a color filter (CF) substrate 160, a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate 170, and a liquid crystal layer 150 injected in between the CF substrate 160 and the TFT substrate 170. A plurality of thin film transistors (TFTs) 105, gate lines 110, data lines 120, and pixel electrodes 140 are formed on the TFT substrate 170. A black matrix 164 and a plurality of color filters 162 are formed on the CF substrate 160. Each of the TFTs 105 mainly comprises a gate electrode 112, a gate insulating layer (not shown), a semiconductor layer 114, a source electrode 116, a drain electrode 118. The gate electrode 112 is electrically connected with a corresponding gate line 110; the source electrode 116 is electrically connected with a corresponding data line 120; and the drain electrode 118 is electrically connected with a corresponding pixel electrode 140. The alignment of liquid crystal molecules on the pixel electrode 140 is controlled by a voltage of the pixel electrode 140 applied through the TFT 105. However, the pixel electrode 140 of the conventional LCD panel is not covered the entire area surrounded with the data lines 120 and the gate lines 110. As shown in FIG. 1A, the pixel electrode 140 and the gate line 110, and the pixel electrode 140 and the data line 120 are spaced with a gap. Namely, the gate line 110 and the data line 120 are not covered by the pixel electrode 140. Hence, the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules on the gap can not be controlled by the pixel electrode 140, and a problem of light leakage will be generated in the gap.
In order to avoid the problem of light leakage, the opaque black matrix is formed on partial area of the CF substrate 160 corresponding to the gap. FIG. 1B is a cross-section schematic diagram along the line 1B–1B′ in FIG. 1A. An insulating layer 172 is formed on the TFT substrate 170, the data lines 120 and the pixel electrodes 140 are formed on the insulating layer 172, and a passivation layer 104 is covered on the data lines 120 and the pixel electrodes 140 to protect them. The black matrix 164 and the color filters 162 are formed on the lower surface of the CF substrate 160, the position of the black matrix 164 is corresponding to the area of light leakage, and the position of the color filters 162 are corresponding to the area of the pixel electrodes 140.
The structure of LCD panel mentioned above overcomes the problem of light leakage by using light-shielding structure of the black matrix 164. However, the assembly precision for combining the CF substrate 160 and TFT substrate 170 of LCD panel is not good. Consequently, the dimension of the black matrix 164 must be very larger than the dimension of the gap between the pixel electrodes 140 and the gate lines 110 and between the pixel electrodes 140 and the data lines 120 for defeating the assembly imprecision resulted in the light leakage. Nevertheless, the larger black matrix 164 will reduce an aperture ratio of the LCD panel. Therefore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,882 discloses the light-shielding structure formed on the TFT substrate 170. FIG. 1C shows a TFT substrate structure of a LCD panel of U.S. Pat. No. 6,476,882. In the present invention, the definition for source/drain of TFT is according to the common definition, and is different from the definition in the specification of the patent mentioned above. In such structure of LCD panel, an opaque light-shielding layer 125 is formed on the TFT substrate. In order to provide a more clear description for shapes and relationships of elements, the portions of the light-shielding layer 125 covered by the pixel electrode 140, the data line 120 and the protruding structure 122 is drawn with dot-line. Because the photolithography process is more accurate than the assembly process for the LCD panel, the dimension of the light-shielding layer 125 is smaller than the black matrix 164 shown in FIG. 1B. Hence, the aperture ratio can be increased by replacing the black matrix with the light-shielding layer mentioned above. Furthermore, the light-shielding layer has a repairing function of connecting the light-shielding layer with the protruding structure while the data line is broken.
Unfortunately, in the LCD panel mentioned above, gaps between the pixel electrode and the gate lines, and between the pixel electrode and the data lines are existing in each pixel region defined by two adjacent data lines and two adjacent gate lines. Hence, whether the light-shielding structure is the black matrix on the CF substrate or the opaque light-shielding structure on the TFT substrate, the light-shielding structure must be formed on the four sides of the pixel regions. The aperture ratio is still affected, and the quality of the LCD panel can not rise.

Structure of LCD panel and method of manufacturing the same


An easily accessible electrical connector capable of rapid assembly and disassembly wherein a wide metal conductor sheet may be evenly contacted over the entire width of the conductor sheet by opposing surfaces on the connector which provide an even clamping pressure against opposite surfaces of the metal conductor sheet using a single threaded actuating screw.

This invention relates to an easily disassembled electrical connector for effectively coupling a high voltage, high frequency pulsed power supply with another electrical component. More particularly, this invention relates to a removable electrical connector for use in electrically coupling a pulsed laser power supply to a laser head.
In the past, electrical connectors, such as the connectors shown in prior art FIGS. 1 and 2, were used to couple a pulsed laser power supply 2 with a laser head 4. Such connectors comprised a plurality of bolts 10 and washers 12 which secured the respective ends of a number of conductive sheets 14 to contact 8 at laser head 4 and contact 6 at pulsed power supply 2. However, the electrical components used in the power supply can experience failure, resulting in the need to unfasten the power supply from the laser head. Such multiple connections interfere with rapid disconnection of the power supply and replacement of components therein. Furthermore, the proximal location of the power supply and the laser head to one another, for electrical reasons, results in added difficulty in removing and replacing multiple bolts, due to the resulting space constraints.
The use of such a plurality of narrow connector strips 14, as shown in the prior art connections, also increases the possibility of arcing across the conduction paths, a condition exacerbated by the high frequencies present in the quickly rising high voltage pulses. Arcing is undesirable for several reasons. One reason is that arcing causes localized high-power and heat dissipation inducing rapid component failure. Furthermore, arcing creates electrical noise strong enough to affect operation of nearby electrical devices. In addition, arcing can produce large amounts of ozone which is a corrosive agent for certain materials and, in any event, is an undesirable byproduct of such arcing, from both health and environmental considerations.
It would, therefore, be desirable to provide a replacement electrical connector for use with a laser head and the laser power supply which would be more easily accessible, and more easily disassembled in a shorter period of time, while at the same time reducing arcing at the connectors and the resultant effects of such arcing.

Easily disassembled electrical connector for high voltage, high frequency connections

The United States of America as represented by the United States Department of Energy


The improved hunting arrow point includes an elongated preferably generally frusto-conical aerodynamic main body defining a central longitudinal slot extending from near the rear end of the body to the front end thereof and a front tip releasably secured over the front end of the main body. The tip has a rearwardly extending pin which fits into the slot and supports the front end of the main body. At least two flat cutting blades are rotatably secured at their rear ends in the rear portion of the slot for rotation between a collapsed forward position abutting the front tip and an operative cutting position wherein they extend outwardly and rearwardly of the slot for cutting the flesh of an animal pierced by the point. The blades bear integral detents which releasably secure the blades in the collapsed position. The blades have laterally extending front pusher tips which facilitate opening of the blades to the cutting position when an animal is pierced by the point. The rear end of the main body includes a connector for releasably attaching it to the front end of a hunting arrow shaft.

1. Field Of The Invention
The present invention generally relates to sport equipment and more particularly to an archery hunting arrow point of an improved type.
2. Prior Art
Most conventional archery hunting arrow points employ fixed laterally extending razor blades and the like to cause maximum cutting and bleeding damage when an animal is hit by a hunting arrow bearing the point. Such points are dangerous to carry because of the exposed fixed razor blades. Moreover, there is some hazard involved in screwing the points onto the front of a hunting arrow shaft and removing the points when damaged, for example, when the arrow misses the target and strikes a bush or tree. Moreover, the fixed laterally extending blades adversely affect the proper rotation of the hunting arrow during flight and may result in the arrow missing the target.
Newer, safer hunting arrow points solve this problem by using razor blades which collapse into the point before the arrow is shot and which deploy to the cutting position only when the target is struck. These newer points also have their disadvantages, however. In most instances they are held in the collapsed position by external rubber bands which are easily broken before or during use and must be replaced with some degree of difficulty in order for the razor blades to function properly. Moreover, the rubber bands can slip rearwardly on the point to a non-biasing position and must be maneuvered into place in order to operate properly.
Certain other hunting arrow points employ springs and other complicated mechanisms for deploying the razor blades, but substantially increase the cost of the points and are not easily replaced when damaged during use of the points. Furthermore, most points which bear deployable razor blades in central cavities are structurally weak at their front ends and can easily become twisted and break in use. Moreover, most such points do not have replaceable front tips which are the most easily damaged components of hunting arrow points.
Accordingly, there remains a need for an improved archery hunting arrow point which is simple, inexpensive and durable and which does not require the use of rubber bands, springs and the like to properly deploy razor blades housed in the point. Such point should also include a reinforced front end and a removeable tip for optimum utility.


A colorimeter method and apparatus is described that is used to accurately deduce the color of a source which is varying in intensity with respect to time. The colorimeter consists of a plurality of sensors with varied spectral responsivity, a means of shielding these sensors from the effects of ambient illumination and a computational element to analyze the temporal and intensity variation of the signal under measurement. The output from the sensors is integrated and analyzed based upon the measured light intensity, time variant, and characteristics of the source. Sources such as CRT monitors, Flat Panel displays, and stroboscopic illuminators, are typical representations of time variant sources.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
This invention relates to colorimeters, and more particularly to colorimeters capable of measurement of emitted light from sources that are temporally active.
2. Background Art
The measurement of color is a complex task. The complexity arises from the need to correlate the measurements made by an instrument with the impressions or sensations perceived by the human observer. Much of the prior art is devoted to instrument design that accomplishes the task within the framework of the known requirements for scenes that are continuously illuminated for sources which do not vary over time.
When light sources are temporally variant, and their effects are to measured relative to human responses, it is necessary to carefully separate artifacts that may be detected by the instrument from artifacts which affect the human perception. One method of elimination of temporal variation is to electronically filter the variation out using well known electrical and analytical techniques. The problem with this technique is that it increases measurement times. This increase in measurement time may be a problem in industrial applications which require that measurement times be short.
Automated adjustment and calibration of a CRT while on the assembly line is a typical task which requires minimal measurement time. The monitor adjustments must be servoed by the measurement device and the time of measurement must be short. The monitor is essentially a flashing source, and if the colorimeter is not properly synchronized with the vertical refresh rate of the monitor, the measurements will be very unreliable.
Another typical application is colorimetric analysis of colors on web presses during the production run of a newspaper or magazine. In situations like this it is often useful to use a strobe illuminator to "freeze" the movement of the web. This is done by flashing a source for a very short period. This flash effectively acts as shutter.
Yet another application of this technology is in the automatic calibration of hardcopy within a color copier. A test pattern is printed and examined by the sensor while still in the copier. Colorimeteric information is collected and sent back to a calibration subsystem to adjust the color balance of the media.

Colorimeter for measurement of temporally variant light sources


Disclosed is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device. A polysilicon layer is deposited on an oxide layer having a contact hole or an opening. The polysilicon layer is etched-back such that the polysilicon layer remains only in the contact hole or in the opening. A cleaning process is performed using a first etchant having a similar etching rate with respect to polysilicon and oxide, thereby removing a damaged layer which is created on a surface of the oxide layer when the etch back process is carried out with respect to the polysilicon layer. An insulating layer is deposited on the resulting structure. After the etch-back process is carried out, a cleaning process using SC-1 solution is performed so as to remove the damaged layer formed on a surface of a lower insulating layer. A polysilicon based plate-shaped defect can be prevented and a lateral undercut of an upper insulating layer can be reduced when a subsequent HF cleaning process is carried out.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device by using a dual-damascene process in which a wiring is formed while simultaneously filling a contact hole.
2. Description of the Related Art
As multi-layer wiring structures are more widely used in semiconductor memory devices, the aspect ratio of contact holes, i.e., the ratio of the diameter of the hole to its depth, increases so that various kinds of problems, such as a non-planar phenomenon, poor step coverage, shorts caused by residual metal, low yield rate, reduced reliability and the like, occur. In order to solve the above problems, a damascene process has been suggested as a new wiring technique. According to the damascene process, a trench (or a hole) is formed by partially etching an insulating layer, and a conductive layer is deposited such that the trench is completely filled. Excess insulating layer remaining on the insulating layer is removed by performing chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process thereby forming a wiring in the trench.
In the damascene process, the wiring is engraved in a trench area of the insulating layer. The wiring is mainly formed as a line and space pattern. Recently, a damascene process for forming the wiring while simultaneously filling up a via hole or a contact hole is widely used.
A flash memory device is a kind of an EEPROM (electrically-erasable programmable read only memory) which can electrically erase data at high speed. The flash memory device electrically controls the input and output of data by using an F-N (Fowler-Nordheim) tunneling effect or hot electron injection.
Flash memory devices are typically of the NAND type, in which a plurality of cell transistors are connected in series to form a unit string and the unit strings are connected between a bit line and a ground line in a row, or the NOR type, in which each cell transistor is connected between the bit line and the ground line in a row. The NOR type is adapted for high-speed operation and the NAND type is adapted for high integration.
FIGS. 1A to 1E are sectional views showing a method for manufacturing a NAND type flash memory using a conventional dual-damascene process. Referring to FIG. 1A, an oxide material is deposited on a semiconductor substrate (not shown) formed with cell transistors having a stacked gate structure and selecting-transistors having a MOS transistor structure, thereby forming an insulating interlayer 16. Then, the insulating interlayer 16 is etched by performing a photolithography process so that a bit line contact hole 18 is formed. A doped polysilicon layer is deposited on the bit line contact hole 18 and the insulating interlayer 16. Then, a plasma dry etching process is carried out so as to etch-back the polysilicon layer to expose a surface of the insulating interlayer 16, thereby forming a bit line plug 20 in the bit line contact-hole 18.
By performing the plasma etching process, gas in a plasma state is dissociated into ions, electrons and active radicals. The ions, electrons and active radicals are combined with atoms existing in an etching area of the semiconductor substrate and disappear from the surface of the semiconductor substrate while creating new materials. At this time, a local charging occurs at the surface of the insulating interlayer 16 caused by the isotropic flux feature of electrons and the directional flux feature of ions in a plasma sheath, so a damaged layer 21 is formed.
Referring to FIG. 1B, silicon oxynitride (SiON) is deposited on the bit line plug 20 and the insulating interlayer 16 by using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) process, thereby forming an etching stop layer 22. Then, TEOS is deposited on the etching stop layer 22 by using the PE-CVD process to form a bit line insulating layer 24.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a bit line insulating layer pattern 25 and an etching stop layer pattern 23 are formed by etching the bit line insulating layer 24 and the etching stop layer 22 using a photolithography process. The bit line insulating layer pattern 25 isolates adjacent bit lines from each other, and is patterned in the same direction as in the bit line. That is, a bit line wiring area 26 is defined between insulating layer patterns 25.
Referring to FIG. 1D, after exposing the active area formed at a peripheral portion of a memory cell using the photolithography process, the exposed insulating interlayer 16 is etched so as to form a metal contact hole 28.
Referring to FIG. 1E, after performing a cleaning process using hydrofluoric acid (HF) for removing a native oxide film remaining on the bit line plug 20, a barrier metal layer 30 made of titanium/titanium nitride (Ti/TiN) is deposited on the bit line plug 20, the metal contact hole 28, the bit line insulating layer pattern 25 and the insulating interlayer 16. Then, a tungsten layer 32 having a thickness sufficient for filling up the bit line wiring area 26 and the metal contact hole 28 is deposited on the barrier metal layer 30.
Thereafter, though it is not illustrated, a bit line connected to the bit line plug 20 and a metal wiring layer for filling up the metal contact hole 28 are formed by removing the tungsten layer 32 to expose the surface of the bit line insulating layer pattern 25 by using the CMP process.
According to the above-mentioned conventional method, when the etch back process is carried out, a plate-shaped defect at an edge of a wafer (shown in FIG. 2) is shifted into an inner portion of the wafer so that an error occurs when the photolithography process is carried out. The plate-shaped defect mainly occurs at a fixing portion of the wafer to which a chuck is coupled and a bevel portion of the wafer. The plate-shaped defect, which occurs when the polysilicon etch back process is carried out, is assumed as having occurred at a polysilicon type material. Accordingly, if the plate-shaped defect remains in the wafer, the bit line insulating layer pattern 25 cannot be properly formed in the subsequent process or the metal contact hole 28 cannot be opened.
In addition, the damaged layer 21 is formed on the surface of the insulating interlayer 16 by the polysilicon etch back process and the etching stop layer 22 made of silicon oxynitride is stacked on the damage layer 21. Therefore, when the HF cleaning process is carried out before the barrier metal layer 28 is deposited, a lateral undercut (circle A of FIG. 1E) of the etching stop layer pattern 23 increases at an interfacial surface between the etching stop layer pattern 23 and the insulating interlayer 16. Sometimes, the etching stop layer pattern 23 is lifted so that the bit line insulating layer pattern 25 falls down.
To solve the above problems of the prior art, it is a first object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device capable of preventing a plate-shaped defect generated during a polysilicon etch back process and solving a lateral undercut problem of an upper insulating layer.
A second object of the present invention is to provide a method for fabricating a non-volatile memory device capable of forming a bit line while simultaneously filling up a metal contact hole and capable of preventing a plate-shaped defect generated during an etch back process of polysilicon for a bit line plug and solving a lateral undercut problem of an upper insulating layer.
In accordance with the invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device. In accordance with the method of the invention, a polysilicon layer is deposited on an oxide layer having a contact hole or an opening. The polysilicon layer is etched back such that the polysilicon layer remains only in the contact hole or in the opening. A cleaning process is performed using a first etchant having a similar etching rate with respect to polysilicon and oxide, thereby removing a damaged layer which is created on a surface of the oxide layer when the etch back process is carried out with respect to the polysilicon layer. An insulating layer is deposited on the resulting structure.
In one embodiment, the first etchant has an etching ratio of 1:1 to 1:1.5 with respect to polysilicon and oxide. The first etchant can include a solution comprising NH4OH, H2O2 and H2O which are mixed in a ratio of about 1:4:20.
In one embodiment, the insulating layer is a composite layer including a nitride-based material layer and an oxide-based material layer.
In one embodiment, after the insulating layer is deposited on the structure, an insulating layer pattern is formed by etching the insulating layer, and a cleaning process is performed using a second etchant. The second etchant can include a diluted HF solution in which HF is diluted in a ratio of about 200:1.
In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method for fabricating a non-volatile memory device. In accordance with the method, an insulating interlayer made of oxide is deposited on a semiconductor substrate on which a plurality of active areas defined by a field area extend in a first direction and a plurality of word lines extending in a second direction are formed on the active areas. A plurality of bit line contact holes are formed to expose first regions of the active areas by partially etching the insulating interlayer. A polysilicon layer is deposited on the resulting structure, and the polysilicon layer is etched back, thereby forming bit line plugs in the bit line contact holes. A first cleaning process is performed using a first etchant having a similar etching rate with respect to polysilicon and oxide thereby removing a damaged layer which is created on a surface of the insulating interlayer when the etch back process is carried out with respect to the polysilicon layer. An etching stop layer and a bit line insulating layer are deposited on the structure. The etching stop layer and the bit line insulating layer are etched to form a plurality of bit line insulating layer patterns and etching stop layer patterns which extend in the first direction and to define a bit line wiring area between adjacent bit line insulating layer patterns. A plurality of metal contact holes are formed to expose second regions of the active areas by etching the insulating interlayer. A second cleaning process is performed using a second etchant, thereby removing a native oxide layer from a surface of the bit line plug. A metal layer is deposited on the resulted structure, and the metal layer is removed until the bit line insulating layer pattern is exposed by using a chemical mechanical polishing process, at the same time, forming a metal wiring for filling up the metal contact hole.
In one embodiment, the first etchant has an etching ratio of 1:1 to 1:1.5 with respect to polysilicon and oxide. The first etchant can include a solution comprising NH4OH, H2O2 and H2O which are mixed in a ratio of about 1:4:20.
The first cleaning process using the first etchant can be carried out for about 20 to 30 minutes. The second etchant can include a diluted HF solution in which HF is diluted in a ratio of about 200:1. The insulating interlayer can include high-density plasma oxide. The bit line insulating layer can include a material having an etching rate different from an etching rate of a material of the etching stop layer with respect to a predetermined etching process. The etching stop layer can include a nitride based material and the bit line insulating layer can include an oxide-based material.
In one embodiment, before the metal layer is deposited, a barrier metal layer is deposited on the bit line insulating layer pattern, the bit line plug, the insulating interlayer, and the metal contact hole. The barrier metal layer can be comprised of titanium/titanium nitride (Ti/TiN). The metal layer can be comprised of tungsten.
According to the present invention, a polysilicon based plate-shaped defect can be removed from an edge of a wafer by carrying out a cleaning process using an etchant, such as SC-1, after the etch- back process has been finished. At the same time, the damage layer formed at a lower insulating layer is removed, so the lateral undercut of an upper insulating layer can be reduced when a subsequent cleaning process is carried out.

Method for manufacturing a semiconductor device


A lid for a container holding a flowable substance has an annular top wall. A side wall depends from the top wall, and has a mounting portion for connecting the lid on the container. The top wall has an opening that is adapted to permit the flow of the substance through the lid. The top wall also has a retaining member. The lid further has a closure member positioned on the mounting portion. The closure member is movable between a first position and a second position, wherein at least a portion of the closure member is received in the opening in the first position and at least a portion of the closure member is received in the retaining member in the second position. The opening and the closure member are cooperatively dimensioned such that the closure member is removably inserted in the opening. The retaining member and the closure member are cooperatively dimensioned such that the closure member is removably inserted in the retaining member. The closure member has a flexible connector arm which facilitates movement of the closure member between the first and second positions.

Lids for containers are well-known in the beverage container industry. In general terms, lids for single-use or disposable containers have three main components: a top wall or surface, a mounting portion, and an opening. Typically, the mounting portion is adapted to engage an upper rim of the container to seal the lid on the container. The opening is adapted to permit the flow of the container contents through the lid.
Existing lid designs suffer from a number of problems including untimely spillage through the opening due to the lack of a reliable means for sealing the opening. The inability to effectively seal the opening can also result in a significant loss of heat from the container contents through the opening. To address these and other problems, a number of lid designs include a cover portion for the opening. However, most cover portions lack structural integrity and can interfere with a user consuming the container contents through the opening.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,373 to DeParales discloses a container lid where the opening is formed after a hinged tear panel is removed from an outer edge of the lid. Due to its hinged construction, the tear panel can unexpectedly rotate back towards the edge while a user is drinking from the container, thereby interfering with the discharge of the container contents. In addition, it is quite difficult to completely re-seal the opening with the tear panel once it is initially removed from the edge of the container.
Another example of a lid having an attached cover for the opening is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,902 to DeMars. There, a cover is placed over a spout extending upward from the lid. The lid contains no structure to retain and/or secure the cover once it is removed from the spout. Because the cover remains unsecured while the user is drinking from the container, the cover can obstruct the use of the lid. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the lid is compromised.
Therefore, there is a definite need for a container lid with a cover portion that effectively re-seals the opening therein. In addition, there is a need for lid with a cover portion that can be reliably secured such that the cover portion does not interfere with the discharge of the container contents.
The present invention is provided to solve these and other problems.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Bent portions (28a and 28b) substantially perpendicular to the base plane of a door inner panel (4) are formed by bending at a door inner panel portion near a portion where a door opener handle is disposed, attaching portions (16a and 16b) facing the bent portions (28a and 28b) of the door inner panel (4) are provided in a reinforcement member (12) interposed between the door inner panel (4) and a door outer panel (5) to reinforce the portion where the door opener handle is disposed, and the attaching portions (16a and 16b) of the reinforcement member (12) and the bent portions (28a and 28b) of the door inner panel (4) are joined together in a state in which they are in slidable contact with each other.

Conventionally, the reinforcement of an automotive back door opener handle attaching portion is provided, for example, by such a structure as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. Specifically, bent portions 32a and 33a of a pair of crank-shaped reinforcement members 32 and 33 are fitted to a door inner panel 31 constituting the inside surface of a back door 30 by spot welds S.sub.1 as shown in FIG. 8, and a pair of attaching portions 35 and 36 of a door outer panel 34, which are bent in an L shape toward the door inner panel 31, are put on bent portions 32b and 33b on the other side of the paired reinforcement members 32 and 33, by which these elements are fastened by bolting together with a handle case 37. In this case, the spot welds S.sub.1 of the reinforcement members 32 and 33 to the door inner panel 31 are made on the base plane of the door inner panel 31 (door inner panel base plane), and the fastening of the door outer panel 34 to the reinforcement members 32 and 33 is done on a plane, substantially parallel to the base plane of the door inner panel 31, at a distance .alpha. apart from the base plane of the door inner panel 31.
In FIG. 7, reference numeral 38 denotes a work opening formed in the door inner panel 31 to perform the work for connecting a back door opener handle 39 to an interlocking mechanism 40 (see FIG. 10), and 41 denotes a handle operating opening formed in the door outer panel 34 to operate the back door opener handle 39. The work opening 38 is a service hole having an opening area necessary for a box spanner 43 to be inserted, as shown in FIG. 10, during the work for connecting the back door opener handle 39 to an upper end 42a of an operating rod 42 (see FIG. 10) operated in connection with the turning operation of the back door opener handle 39 and when the door outer panel 34 is bolted to the reinforcement members 32 and 33 together with the handle case 37. In FIG. 8, reference numeral 44 denotes a door inner trim attached to the cabin-side surface of the door inner panel 31.
A latch reinforcing reinforcement member 50 as shown in FIG. 9 is sometimes used as another conventional reinforcement structure. In this case, the upper part of the latch reinforcing reinforcement member 50 is extended upward to provide a pair of attaching portions 51 and 52, and the attaching portions 35 and 36 of the door outer panel 34 (see FIG. 7) are bolted to the attaching portions 51 and 52 of the reinforcement member 50 assembled to the door inner panel 31.
However, the above-described conventional door structure has the following problems in either case. First, if variations exist in a distance .beta. between the door inner panel 31 and the door outer panel 34 at the back door opener handle attaching portion, that is, in a distance .beta. (see FIG. 8) between a door opener handle tightening plane of the door outer panel 34 and the door inner panel 31, in assembling the reinforcement member 32, 33 or 50 which has been assembled in advance to the door inner panel 31 to the door outer panel 34, the bolts are tightened in a state in which these elements interfere with each other or a gap exists between these elements. Therefore, there is a possibility of deformation, which mars the appearance, occurring at the corner of the door outer panel 34, that is, at a place indicated by arrow M in FIG. 8.
Also, the turning operation force for the back door opener handle 39 disposed to the door outer panel 34 acts in the direction such that the spot weld S.sub.1 portions which connect the reinforcement members 32 and 33 to the door inner panel 31 are separated, so that this construction is disadvantageous in terms of connection strength.
Further, because the back door opener handle 39 is connected to the upper end 42a of the operating rod 42 constituting the interlocking mechanism 40 of the back door opener handle 39 on the door inner panel 31, and because only the work opening 38 with a small opening area, which is necessary for assembling parts, is formed, if an excessive external force (impact force) is applied to the door outer panel 34 of the back door 30 from the rear side as indicated by arrows F in FIG. 10, the upper end 42a, a connecting portion 60 connecting with the back door opener handle 39, and the like of the operating rod 42 interfere with the door inner panel 31 due to the deformation of the door outer panel 34, so that there is a possibility that the back door is opened unexpectedly.
Also, because the distance .alpha. from the base plane of the door inner panel 31 to the attachment plane of the door outer panel 34 (the fastening plane between the reinforcement member 32, 33 or 50 and the door outer panel 34) is long as shown in FIG. 8, the accuracy of the reinforcement member attaching plane of the door inner panel 31 easily affects the attaching position of the reinforcement member 32, 33 or 50, so that the position of the handle operating opening 41 with respect to the back door opener handle 39 is not stabilized. Further, the door inner panel 31 has low strength. Also, the reinforcement member 32, 33 or 50 itself is large in shape because the distance .alpha. is long, so that this structure is disadvantageous in terms of cost and weight.


A multitube fixed bed reactor and the use of such a reactor for carrying out catalytic gas-phase reactions, in particular for carrying out exothermic and endothermic catalytic gas-phase reactions such as the preparation of phthalic anhydride (PA), acrylic acid, methacrylic acid (MAA), acrolein, maleic anhydride (MA), glyoxal, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid or vinyl formamide (VFA). In a relatively large multitube reactor in which a large amount of heat of reaction is generated owing to the numerous catalyst tubes (17) and has to be removed, it is proposed that the ratio of tube spacing t to external tube diameter da be made dependent on the reactor diameter or on the external tube bundle diameter dRBa. At an external diameter of the catalyst tube bundle (18) of more than 4 meters, a ratio of tube spacing d to external tube diameter da of at least 1.3 is preferred.

In the chemical industry, multitube reactors are usually used for carrying out catalytic gas-phase reactions over fixed-bed catalysts.
Multitube reactors usually comprise a catalyst tube bundle made up of numerous parallel catalyst tubes and arranged within an outer wall. The catalyst tubes, which usually contain supported or unsupported catalysts, have their open ends fixed so as to form a seal to tube plates and each of them opens into a cap connected to the outer wall at the upper or lower end. Apart from supported catalysts, the catalyst tubes may, alternatively or in addition, contain shell catalysts, solid catalysts or ordered packings of catalyst material arranged like a static mixer. It is also possible to coat the inner surface of the catalyst tubes with catalyst material. The reaction mixture flowing through the catalyst tubes is fed in and discharged via the caps. A heat transfer medium is circulated through the space located between the uppermost and bottommost tube plates and surrounding the catalyst tubes, which space may be divided by deflecting plates, in order to introduce or remove heat of reaction. For this purpose, the outer wall of the multitube reactor has means for feeding in and discharging the heat transfer medium, usually suitable annular inlet and outlet channels through which the heat transfer medium is circulated by means of suitable pumps. After leaving the multitube reactor, the heat transfer medium is again brought to a prescribed temperature, for example in an external heat exchanger, before it re-enters the reactor. As far as exothermic reactions are concerned, hot cooling may be applied for reactor temperature control as well.
The multitube reactors used in industrial production processes have a diameter of several meters. For economic reasons, as large as possible a number of catalyst tubes is used in the reactor. In the case of a reactor having a diameter of several meters, the number of catalyst tubes is usually in the range from 10,000 to 50,000, preferably in the range of 10.000 to 30.000. In the past, it has been considered important to pack the tubes of industrial multitube reactors as tightly as possible in order to achieve as small as possible a reactor diameter for a maximum number of catalyst tubes. Usually, the tubes are positioned in a triangular arrangement, in most cases in an equilateral triangle. A measure used for the compact arrangement of the catalyst tubes is the ratio of the tube spacing t to the external diameter da of a tube. Here, the tube spacing is the distance from the central internal axes of nearest-neighbor catalyst tubes. Known industrial reactors, for instance the reactor described in the examples of DE 44 31 957 A1, have a ratio of tube spacing to external tube diameter of 1.28 or less.
Particularly when carrying out strongly exothermic oxidation reactions, for example the preparation of phthalic anhydride, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrolein, maleic anhydride or glyoxal, precise control of the reaction temperature plays a critical role. In these reactions, a gas mixture is passed through the catalyst tubes which contain a fixed bed of a catalytically active multimetal oxide. For example, multitube reactors are used for preparing phthalic anhydride which is an important intermediate for producing synthetic resins, phthalate plasticizers, phthalocyanine dyes and further fine chemicals. The worldwide production of phthalic anhydride is more than 4,000,000 metric tons per year. Most phthalic anhydride is now produced by gas-phase oxidation of o-xylene using air as oxidant. For this purpose, o-xylene is vaporized, mixed with an excess of air and passed at 340–440° C. over the catalyst present in the catalyst tubes. The catalyst can, for example, comprise a mixture of V2O5 and TiO2 with promoters on ceramic bodies such as porcelain or SiC spheres or rings. Typical dimensions of these ceramic bodies are about 6 mm×6 mm or 8 mm×6 mm, respectively. In this process, the o-xylene is oxidized to phthalic anhydride with a selectivity of 78–80%. With an enthalpy of reaction of about −1110 kJ/mol, the oxidation is strongly exothermic.
Suitable heat transfer media are, in particular, fluid heat transfer media which are liquid in the preferred reaction temperature range from 250° C. to 500° C., preferably from 250° C. to 380° C. For example, the use of melts of salts is particularly useful, such as a melt of a mixture of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, which melt is particularly preferred in PA synthesis.
The reaction conditions, in particular reactor temperature control, require particular attention for a number of reasons: the large number of tubes in the reactor makes it necessary for the gas mixture flowing into all tubes over the entire cross section to be the same and constant over time, so that the reaction proceeds at the same rate in all tubes and does not proceed particularly quickly in a few preferred tubes. However, the high enthalpy of reaction liberated can, in particular, lead to the catalyst sintering or melting or becoming inactive in individual tubes in the case of deviations from the prescribed temperature range. This is associated with considerable risks for the plant. Inhomogeneities in the throughput also lead to different reaction conditions in the tubes. This results in formation of increased amounts of by-products which reduce the yield and have to be separated from the resulting phthalic anhydride in later purification steps and have to be disposed of. In the gas-phase oxidation, the reaction temperature goes through a maximum along a catalyst tube in the flow direction and this maximum is referred to as a hot spot. Such a hot spot is desirable in principle but problems occur if the hot spot temperature is too high, since this leads both to a reduced catalyst life and to a decrease in the selectivity of the reaction.
In principle, effective reactor temperature control therefore has the task of reducing temperature inhomogeneities over the cross section of the reactor and to prevent the occurrence of undesirably high hot spots.
In the case of previously known reactors, which generally have a very small ratio of tube spacing to external tube diameter, effective reactor temperature control was possible to only a limited extent. Particularly in the case of cylindrical reactor geometries, a transverse stream of the heat transfer medium is passed from a region outside the catalyst tube bundle to an inner space of the reactor which is free of catalyst tubes, or vice versa. This leads to a large pressure drop and thus to a restricted flow of heat transfer medium. In the past, one was therefore forced to use high-performance and consequently very expensive pumping facilities for conveying the heat transfer medium.

Multi-tube fixed-bed reactor, especially for catalytic gas phase reactions


A spider for use with a gyratory crusher. The spider includes spider arms each formed from two spaced flanges joined by a connecting web to define an open channel having an open top end. The configuration of the spider arms increases manufacturability and provides the required strength and rigidity for the spider. The channel formed in each spider arm is covered by a spider arm shield to reduce abrasive wear to the spider arm.

The present disclosure generally relates to a rock crushing machine, such as a rock crusher of configurations commonly referred to as gyratory or cone crushers. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a spider for use in a gyratory crusher or cone crusher including multiple spider arms each including an open channel formed between two spaced flanges.
Rock crushing machines break apart rock, stone or other materials in a crushing cavity formed between a downwardly expanding conical mantle installed on a mainshaft that gyrates within an outer upwardly expanding frustoconically shaped assembly of concaves inside a crusher shell assembly. The conical mantle and the mainshaft are circularly symmetric about an axis that is inclined with respect to the vertical shell assembly axis. These axes intersect near the top of the rock crusher. The inclined axis is driven circularly about the vertical axis thereby imparting a gyrational motion to the mainshaft and mantle. The gyrational motion causes points on the mantle surface to alternately advance toward and retreat away from the stationary concaves. During retreat of the mantle, material to be crushed falls deeper into the cavity where it is crushed when motion reverses and the mantle advances toward the concaves.
A spider is attached to the top of the shell assembly, forming the top of the support structure for the mainshaft. The material to be crushed is typically dropped onto an abrasion resistant spider arm shields that are positioned over the arms and central hub of the spider, after which the material to be crushed falls into the crushing cavity. The spider includes a central hub and bushing that receive one end of the mainshaft. The crushing forces generated in the crushing cavity create very large loads that are imposed in part on the spider. The spider must be constructed to withstand such loads to avoid having to shut down a crushing line, or an entire mine, to replace and/or repair a damaged spider.

Spider having spider arms with open channel