A method and an apparatus are provided for transmitting Channel State Information (CSI) having a reporting mode and being transmitted from a User Equipment (UE) over a PUSCH transmission in an Uplink (UL) cell associated with a Downlink (DL) cell in response to the UE receiving a Downlink Control Information (DCI) format that includes a CSI request field indicating CSI transmission corresponding to one of a plurality of CSI processes associated with measurements of respective reference signals. The method includes obtaining, from the CSI request field, an indication of a CSI process set for a CSI transmission; and transmitting the CSI for the CSI process set indicated by the CSI request field, wherein the CSI request field includes 2 bits of a first CSI process set having a first set of interpretations.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to wireless communication systems and, more specifically, to providing channel state information feedback in wireless communication systems.
2. Description of the Art
A communication system may include transmitting and/or receiving DownLink (DL) signals, which are signals transmitted from Base Stations (BSs), such as NodeBs, to User Equipments (UEs), and UpLink (UL) signals, which are signals from transmitted from UEs to NodeBs. A UE, which may be a terminal, a mobile station, a Personal Computer (PC), or any other similar and/or suitable electronic device, may be fixed or mobile and may be a wireless device. A NodeB may be a fixed station and may also be referred to as a Base Transceiver System (BTS), an access point, or any other similar and/or suitable device name for describing a device receiving UL signals from a UE.
A NodeB transmits data information to a UE using a Physical DL Shared CHannel (PDSCH) and transmits DL Control Information (DCI) to a UE using a Physical DL Control CHannel (PDCCH). A UE transmits data information to a NodeB using a Physical UL Shared CHannel (PUSCH) and transmits UL Control Information (UCI) to a NodeB using a Physical UL Control CHannel (PUCCH). If a UE transmits data information and UCI at a same Transmission Time Interval (TTI), the UE may multiplex UCI with data information in a PUSCH so as to not transmit UCI in a PUCCH.
UCI may include Channel State Information (CSI), which may include Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) information and Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) information. The CSI informs a NodeB of DL channel conditions that a UE experiences, and accordingly, the NodeB may select appropriate parameters, such as a transmission power, a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), and any other similar and/or suitable parameters, for a PDSCH or PDCCH transmission to the UE and may ensure a desired BLock Error Rate (BLER) for transmitting respective data information or DCI. CQI provides a measure of a Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) over sub-bands or over an entire operating DL BandWidth (BW), and the CQI may be provided as information indicating a highest MCS for which a BLER target for a data Transport Block Size (TBS) transmitted to the UE may be achieved. The PMI informs a NodeB how to combine a signal that is to be transmitted from multiple NodeB antennas to a UE in accordance with a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) method.
A UE measures CSI based on a DL Reference Signal (RS) transmitted from a NodeB. Different CSI processes may be associated with different CSI measurements that may be respectively obtained from different RSs or from a same RS at different parts of a DL BW. The CSI may be transmitted in a PUCCH or in a PUSCH. The CSI transmission in a PUCCH may be semi-statically configured by a NodeB so as to occur periodically, i.e., the CSI transmission in the PUCCH is a periodic CSI, and may support only small CSI payloads, such as CSI payloads having up to about 10 information bits, in order to avoid excessive overhead. The CSI in a PUSCH may be dynamically triggered by a NodeB, i.e., the CSI transmission in PUSCH is an aperiodic CSI, through a "CSI request" field in a DCI format conveyed by a PDCCH scheduling the PUSCH transmission and it may support large CSI payloads in order to provide the NodeB with detailed information for PDSCH scheduling.
FIG. 1 illustrates a PUSCH transmission structure in an UL TTI according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a UL TTI 100 may include one subframe 110, which includes two slots 120. Each slot 120 includes a number, NsymbUL, of symbols 130 for transmitting a UL RS transmission 140, data information, UCI and any other similar and/or suitable data or information. As shown in FIG. 1, each slot 120 includes 7 symbols 130 such that NsymbUL=7. The UL RS transmission 140 provides channel estimation and enables coherent demodulation of data information or UCI. The UL RS may be transmitted using a Zadoff-Zhu (ZC) sequence that is assigned a Cyclic Shift (CS) and the two UL RSs in a subframe may be further modulated by an Orthogonal Covering Code (OCC) having a value of {1 1} or {1 −1}. A PUSCH transmission BW includes frequency resource units which will be referred to as Resource Blocks (RBs). Each RB includes NscRB sub-carriers, or Resource Elements (REs), and a UE may be allocated MPUSCH RBs 150 for a PUSCH transmission such that a total of MscPUSCH=MPUSCH·NscRB REs.
FIG. 2 illustrates a UE transmitter block diagram for a PUSCH according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 2, in the UE transmitter 200, coded CSI bits 205 and coded data bits 210 are multiplexed by multiplexer 220. A Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of combined data bits and CSI bits is then obtained by a DFT unit 230. Next, REs are provided to a sub-carrier mapping unit 240 so that REs corresponding to an assigned transmission BW are selected by a controller for transmission BW 250, and then Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) is performed by an IFFT unit 260. Next, a Cyclic Prefix (CP) is inserted by a CP insertion unit 270 and filtering is performed by a time windowing unit 280 in order to generate a transmitted signal 290. An encoding process for data bits or CSI bits and a modulation process for all transmitted bits are omitted for brevity.
FIG. 3 illustrates a NodeB receiver block diagram for a PUSCH according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 3, the NodeB receiver 300 receives a signal 310 and filters the received signal 310 using a time windowing unit 320. Next, a CP removal unit 330 removes a CP, and then a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) unit 340 applies an FFT and provides REs to a subcarrier demapping unit 350, and a controller for reception bandwidth 360 selects the REs used by a transmitter. Next, an Inverse DFT (IDFT) unit 370 applies an IDFT, and a de-multiplexer 380 de-multiplexes a signal received from the IDFT unit 370 in order to generate data bits 390 and CSI bits 395.
Information in an aperiodic CSI report may be determined by a respective aperiodic CSI mode of a UE configured by a NodeB through higher layer signaling. For example, an aperiodic CSI mode may be based on measurements for conveying CQI and PMI for multiple sub-bands, and such a mode may be referred to as mode 2-2, or may be based on measurements for conveying CQI for multiple sub-bands and no PMI, which may be referred to as mode 3-1. An aperiodic CSI mode may be associated with a PDSCH Transmission Mode (TM) of a UE configured by a NodeB through higher layer signaling. For example, for a PDSCH TM of transmission diversity, mode 3-1 may be used, and for a PDSCH TM of spatial multiplexing, mode 2-2 may be used. Similarly, information in a periodic CSI report may be determined by a respective periodic CSI mode of a UE as configured by higher layer signaling and is also associated with a PDSCH TM. For example, for a PDSCH TM using transmission diversity, a periodic CSI report may be based on measurements for conveying wideband CQI, which may be referred to as mode 1-0, or be based on measurements for conveying sub-band CQI and no PMI, which may be referred to as mode 2-0. Additionally, for a PDSCH TM using spatial multiplexing, a periodic CSI report may convey wideband CQI, which may be referred to as mode 1-1, or may convey sub-band CQI and a single PMI, which may be referred to as mode 2-1.
In order to increase transmission data rates to a UE, multiple DL cells may be aggregated and multiple PDSCHs may be respectively transmitted to the UE, and such a process may be referred to as DL Carrier Aggregation (CA). PDSCH transmission parameters in each DL cell may be independent so as to maximize a respective spectral efficiency. DL cells that may convey PDSCHs to a UE in a subframe may be referred to as active DL cells. In order to enable independent link adaptation for each active DL cell, a UE should provide a respective CSI. Similar principles apply for DL Coordinated Multiple Point (COMP) transmission to a UE, wherein multiple Transmission Points (TPs) NodeBs transmit the same data information to a UE.
In a case where a UE transmits a PUCCH using only a single UL cell, wherein the UE may do such because it may not have a UL CA capability or because channel conditions, such as a path-loss, in one UL cell may be more favorable or because of system design simplicity, then transmission of multiple periodic CSI reports for respective multiple DL cells may be problematic if such a transmission relies on a PUCCH that may only have enough payload capacity to reliably convey a periodic CSI for a single DL cell.
The above limitation may be circumvented by a UE transmitting a periodic CSI report for each active DL cell in a different subframe using a PUCCH format conveying a periodic CSI report for a single cell. However, this Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) of periodic CSI reports may need a reporting periodicity that is too large which may lead to spectral efficiency degradation of respective PDSCH transmissions as a DL channel used by a UE may change between successive periodic CSI reports. For example, in a TDD system, a number of UL subframes over 10 total subframes may be small, particularly in order to support high DL data rates.
Alternatively, in order to circumvent the above limitation, an aperiodic CSI may be relied upon. For example, as a UE should convey Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Acknowledgements (ACKs) in a PUSCH in response to reception of data packets, a NodeB may instruct the UE to also multiplex aperiodic CSI in that PUSCH. This can be done by the inclusion of a 2-bit CSI request field in a DCI format that is for scheduling a PUSCH. An example of the 2-bit CSI request is shown in Table 1. A "00" value indicates no aperiodic CSI multiplexing in a PUSCH, and a "01" value indicates that a UE should multiplex aperiodic CSI only for a DL cell that is linked or paired to an UL cell of the PUSCH transmission of a serving DL cell. Furthermore, a value of "10" or "11" indicates that a UE should multiplex aperiodic CSI for a first set or for a second set, respectively, of DL active cells where the UE is configured the cells in the first set or in the second set by higher layer signaling such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling.
TABLE 1Aperiodic CSI Reportas a Function of CSI request field value.Value of CSI request fieldDescription'00'No aperiodic CSI report'01'Aperiodic CSI report for DL cell linked to UL cell(serving cell)'10'Aperiodic CSI report for a 1st set of cells configured byhigher layers'11'Aperiodic CSI report for a 2nd set of cells configured byhigher layers
While the approach using the aperiodic CSI may support aperiodic CSI reports for multiple DL cells, it is not an ideal solution for providing timely periodic CSI reports. In general, it may not be possible to support an aperiodic CSI reporting for a CSI measurement process selected from multiple CSI measurement processes as aperiodic CSI reporting is uniquely associated with a predetermined CSI measurement process. For example, there is currently no capability for a CSI request field to indicate aperiodic CSI reporting selected between a conventional aperiodic CSI measurement and a conventional periodic CSI measurement or between a measurement from a first DL RS and a measurement from a second DL RS.
Therefore, there is a need to enable aperiodic CSI reporting for a CSI process selected among multiple CSI processes. Additionally, there is a need to indicate a CSI process, from among multiple CSI processes, to a UE for aperiodic CSI reporting. Furthermore, there is a need to enhance a DCI format capability so as to indicate one or more CSI processes, from among multiple CSI processes, for aperiodic CSI reporting.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present invention.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Reporting of multiple processes for aperiodic channel state information


A seat belt retractor including an energy absorbing mechanism which can reliably satisfy a requirement to absorb the energy flexibly is provided. When a first pulley is rotated clockwise by an extraction of a webbing in an emergency, a wire, which is connected to the first pulley at one end, is pulled. Thus, a second pulley, to which the other end of the wire is connected, is rotated clockwise around a second rotational shaft. The second rotational shaft is disposed at a position away from the center of the second pulley. Thus, the rotational diameter gradually increases and a torque applied by the wire for rotating the second pulley is gradually reduced. Since the second rotational shaft is connected to a torsion bar, a load applied to the torsion bar is reduced after reaching a limit load.

The present invention relates to seat belt retractors used in seat belt apparatuses which are installed in vehicles such as automobiles, etc., for restraining and protecting an occupant by a webbing. The seat belt retractors allow a free extraction and retraction of the webbing in a normal situation, and stop the extraction of the webbing in an emergency, for example, when a large deceleration occurs from a vehicle collision. More specifically, the present invention relates to a seat belt retractor including an energy absorbing mechanism (which will also be referred to as an EA (xe2x80x9cEnergy Absorbingxe2x80x9d) mechanism in the following descriptions), which, when the extraction of the webbing is stopped in an emergency, absorbs an impact energy and limits a load applied to the webbing within a predetermined load limit.
Conventionally, seat belt apparatuses are installed in vehicles such as automobiles, etc., for restraining and protecting an occupant by a webbing. A typical seat belt apparatus includes a seat belt retractor which allows free extraction and retraction of the webbing in a normal situation, and stops the extraction of the webbing in an emergency as described above.
Various seat belt retractors have been suggested which include an EA mechanism, which, when the extraction of the webbing is stopped in an emergency, absorbs an impact energy caused by an inertial movement of an occupant, and limits a load applied to the webbing within a predetermined load limit. As an example of the EA mechanism which limits the load applied to the webbing, there is a mechanism in which a torsion bar is attached to a spool provided for winding the webbing in such a manner that the torsion bar and the spool have the same rotational center. When the extraction of the webbing is stopped in an emergency, the torsion bar is twisted so that the energy is absorbed and the load applied to the webbing is limited.
In the EA mechanism of seat belt retractors, an EA load is preferably controlled in accordance with various conditions including a physical size of an occupant, velocity of a vehicle at the moment of collision, etc., for absorbing an impact energy applied to an occupant more effectively.
However, in the above-described conventional seat belt retractors, the load limited by the EA mechanism (the EA load) is set to a constant value. Accordingly, it is difficult for the conventional seat belt retractors to reliably satisfy the above-described requirement to absorb the energy flexibly.
Accordingly, in view of the above-described situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a seat belt retractor including an EA mechanism which can reliably satisfy the above-described requirement to absorb the energy flexibly.
According to the present invention, a seat belt retractor which, in a normal situation, allows a free extraction and retraction of a webbing which is wound around a spool, and which, in an emergency, restrains an occupant by stopping the extraction of the webbing is provided. The retractor includes an energy absorbing mechanism which, in the emergency, limits a load applied to the webbing within a load limit. The mechanism has a load limiting characteristic such that the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
In addition, according to another aspect of the present invention, the energy absorbing mechanism includes a torsion bar which is twisted by a torque caused by an extraction force applied to the webbing in the emergency. The bar absorbs an impact energy which occurs in the emergency. The torque is gradually reduced so that, in the load limiting characteristic of the energy absorbing mechanism, the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
In addition, according to still another aspect of the present invention, a circular pulley is attached to the torsion bar in a decentered (i.e. off-centered) manner and a wire is wound around the circular pulley. The wire is pulled by a force caused by the extraction force applied to the webbing, so that the torque is gradually reduced.
In addition, according to yet another aspect of the present invention, the energy absorbing mechanism includes a wire of which the diameter is gradually reduced and paired members which sandwich and compress the wire. The wire is pulled by a force caused by the extraction force applied to the webbing in the emergency. The compression force applied to the wire by the paired members is gradually reduced, so that, in the load limiting characteristic of the energy absorbing mechanism, the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the energy absorbing mechanism includes a wire having a constant diameter and paired members which sandwich and compress the wire and which are arranged in such a manner that a gap therebetween varies. The wire is pulled, while the gap between the paired members is increased, by a force caused by the extraction force applied to the webbing in the emergency. The compression force applied to the wire by the paired members is gradually reduced, so that, in the load limiting characteristic of the energy absorbing mechanism, the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
The energy absorbing mechanism may comprise a wire having constant diameter and a load limiting member which has a meandered guide groove in which the wire is fitted. The wire is pulled by a force caused by the extraction force applied to the webbing in the emergency and a length of a part of the wire which remains inside the meandered guide groove is reduced. As a result, in the load limiting characteristic of the energy absorbing mechanism, the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the energy absorbing mechanism includes a torsion bar which is twisted by a torque caused by an extraction force applied to the webbing in the emergency, and which absorbs an impact energy which occurs in the emergency. The mechanism further includes a pulley which is attached to the torsion bar and which has such an exterior that a rotational radius, which is the distance between the rotational center and the periphery, varies. The retractor also includes a wire which is wound around the pulley and is connected to the pulley at an end thereof. The wire is pulled by a force caused by the extraction force applied to the webbing and the pulley is rotated so that the torque is applied to the torsion bar. In addition, the rotational radius of the pulley varies so as to gradually reduce the torque, so that, in the load limiting characteristic of the energy absorbing mechanism, the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
In addition, according to yet another aspect of the present invention, the energy absorbing mechanism includes a torsion bar which is attached to the spool in such a manner that the torsion bar and the spool have the same rotational center. The energy absorbing mechanism has a load limiting characteristic which is the sum of a load limiting characteristic obtained from the torsion bar attached to the spool and the load limiting characteristic in which the load is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit.
In a seat belt apparatus in which the present invention is applied, the energy absorbing mechanism has a load limiting characteristic such that the load on the webbing is gradually reduced after reaching the load limit. Thus, the load applied to an occupant by the webbing W during a vehicle collision is gradually reduced with time. Accordingly, by setting the inclination of the load reduction in the load limiting characteristics, the requirement to absorb the energy flexibly may be reliably satisfied.
The energy absorbing mechanism is constructed with a torsion bar, a pulley, and a wire. In addition, according to other aspects of the present invention, the energy absorbing mechanism may be constructed with a wire and paired members which sandwich and compress the wire. Alternatively, the energy absorbing mechanism may be constructed with a wire and a load limiting member which has a meandered guide groove in which the wire is fitted. In either case, the energy absorbing mechanism having a simple construction may be realized at a low cost.
The energy absorbing mechanism may have a total load limiting characteristic which is the sum of the two load limiting characteristics. Accordingly, load limiting characteristic may be flexibly set, so that the requirement to flexibly absorb the energy may be reliably satisfied.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.


A composition, comprising an agent, a carrier admixed with the agent to form a mixture, and a film-forming polymer coating around the mixture which is insoluble in a selected solvent. A biocidal composition, comprising a biocide, such as an aldehyde, a carrier admixed with the aldehyde to form a mixture, and a film-forming polymer coating around the mixture which is insoluble in a selected solvent. The composition of the invention further comprising an acidifying agent admixed with the aldehyde. The composition of the invention and an activator. An article of manufacture, comprising the composition of the invention contained inside a fluid-permeable mesh bag. A method of making a biocidal composition, comprising admixing a carrier with an aldehyde to form a mixture, and coating the mixture with a film-forming polymer coating which is insoluble in a selected solvent. A method of making a biocidal article of manufacture, comprising enclosing within a fluid-permeable mesh bag the biocidal composition of the invention and an activator. A method of making a biocidal composition, comprising contacting the biocidal composition of the invention with the selected solvent and adding an activator to the composition in the solvent.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an encapsulated agent, preferably a biocidal preparation. In particular, the preparations of the invention provide a means for safely transporting a biocide such as an aldehyde, preferably glutaraldehyde, to an end-use destination and for preserving the biocidal activity of the biocidal agent until it is ready to be used at the destination.
2. Background Art
Aldehydes, and especially dialdehydes, can be potent biocidal compounds. One particular dialdehyde, glutaraldehyde, is a strong disinfectant. Glutaraldehyde is a 5-carbon molecule and possesses two aldehyde groups (i.e., a dialdehyde). Glutaraldehyde is the most potent disinfectant of the aldehyde class. It is available commercially as a 2 weight ("wt") % aqueous solution (Johnson & Johnson Co.) at pH 4.0. When made alkaline, pH 7.5-8.5, the 2 wt % glutaraldehyde is a rapid acting disinfectant. It is classified as a high-level germicide and is capable of producing sterility, i.e., eradicating all living bacteria, microorganisms and spores. Most bacteria are killed in less than 1 minute. Tubercie bacillus and viruses are killed in less than 10 minutes. And, bacterial spores are killed in less than 3 hours.
The 2 wt % glutaraldehyde solution has high stability when kept acidic. However, to be germicidal, the glutaraldehyde solution must be made alkaline. The alkaline glutaraldehyde solution is only stable for about 2 to 4 weeks. Under alkaline conditions, glutaraldehyde slowly polymerizes resulting in decreased germicidal activity.
The primary application for glutaraldehyde is as a cold disinfectant or sterilant or heat-sensitive medical and dental instruments. For disinfection, a 20 minute immersion in a 2 wt % glutaraldehyde alkaline solution is recommended. For sterilization, a 10-12 hour immersion is recommended. After immersion in the glutaraldehyde for the recommended time, the instruments are rinsed with sterile water.
Because of its strength as a disinfectant, care must be exercised when handling glutaraldehyde solutions, including the use of gloves and aprons when handling glutaraldehyde solutions. In addition, adequate ventilation should be provided when handling glutaraldehyde solutions. Glutaraldehyde solutions have been reported to produce contact dermatitis, eye irritation, nausea, headache, rashes, and asthmatic reactions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,192 to Fellows discloses a glutaraldehyde containing disinfectant preparation. That preparation consists of glutaraldehyde (or a saturated dialdehyde of 2 to 6 carbons) absorbed and/or adsorbed on a carrier material. In some cases an alkalinating, activating agent is also included, which can be encapsulated in a water-soluble polymer. The '192 preparations suffer from several drawbacks. First, the glutaraldehyde itself is not isolated from human contact in the unused preparation. Second, the carrier material may freely enter the solution upon use of the preparation. Such entry into the cleaning solution of carrier material is undesirable. Furthermore, depending upon the original pH of the glutaraldehyde solution, some inactivation of the glutaraldehyde may occur in situ.
Because of its toxicity, glutaraldehyde is sold to the end-user as the 2 wt % glutaraldehyde aqueous solution. However, even the 2 wt % glutaraldehyde solution has toxicity and handling problems. A method of making aldehydes, particularly glutaraldehyde, safer to handle which lessens the toxicity and handling problems to the end-user is therefore highly desirable. Such a method would greatly increase the appeal of aldehydes, such as glutaraldehyde, as cold sterilants. In addition, there exists a need for a cost-effective mode of handling and delivering aldehydes. Finally, the method must provide a stable aldehyde or biocidal solution that can be readily and easily activated.


There is provided a computer implemented method for generating a three dimensional (3D) image based of fluorescent illumination, comprising: receiving in parallel by each of at least three imaging sensors positioned at a respective parallax towards an object having a plurality of regions with fluorescent illumination therein, a respective sequence of a plurality of images including fluorescent illumination of the plurality of regions, each of the plurality of images separated by an interval of time; analyzing the respective sequences, to create a volume-dataset indicative of the depth of each respective region of the plurality of regions; and generating a 3D image according to the volume-dataset.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to fluorescent imaging and, more specifically, but not exclusively, to systems and methods for generating a 3D image based on fluorescent illumination agent(s).
Imaging based on fluorescent illumination is used, for example, to perform imaging of cerebral blood vessels in clinical and preclinical practice. Fluorescent illumination based imaging may generate non-invasive or minimally invasive images, for example, of blood vessels.
An exemplary method of in vivo optical imaging, intravital microscopy, is an essential tool that advances knowledge of how intact biological organisms work. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool, providing the ability to characterize live organism physiology in the natural context of cellular and sub cellular resolution. However, the small field of view and the use of highly expensive and complicated equipment limit the usefulness of intravital imaging in general biological research. Standard or advanced intravital microscopy is useful when the field of view (FOV) does not extend 2 millimeters (mm) and the depth does not extend a few hundred microns.
Another exemplary method based on fluorescent imaging, termed trans-cranial optical vessel imaging (TOVI), is invented by the same inventors of the current application. The method is based on the administration of fluorescent contrast material into circulation. The method generates 2D images. Using TOVI, cerebral blood vessels may be observed at a FOV of 15 mm through the intact cranium and intact skin.

Systems and methods for generating 3D images based on fluorescent illumination


An on-line poker game system includes a poker table staffed with a live dealer with a plurality of designated seats assigned to at least one a remote player and one or more live players or to a plurality of remote players. Remote players connect to the system via a wide area network. Located at each designated seat is a private card camera that produces and transmits images of face down cards dealt thereto. A public card camera produces and transmits images of all face up cards dealt on the poker table. A table camera constantly provides an image of the entire table and dealer. A deck of cards with an identifying RFID tag is used with images to verify the identity of the private and public cards. A game logic server connects to a network server and host and client-side software programs enable the remote players to connect to the server.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to card games, and more particularly to on-line poker games.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are two general categories of card games—card games played against a dealer and card games played against other players.
On-line card games played against a dealer, such as roulette, black jack, dice, and baccarat, have been developed. In these games, players located at different remote locations play against the dealer. These types of games frequently include different methods and mechanisms to transfer data from the casino to each player through the Internet or some other communication network. In these games, remote players are able to perform all the tasks commonly performed by physically present players.
Several methods of playing online card and casino games have been developed in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,133 issued to Penzias discloses a system for playing card games remotely that includes a multimedia communication system, a card toaster, and an image recognition system at each game site. The toaster has the capability of reading, distributing, sorting, and finding cards. The image recognition system reads the cards that are manually played on the table and signals the card toaster, which distributes the same cards at other game location. However, this invention lacks any live video feed and requires the special gaming equipment, other than a computer, to be installed at all gaming locations.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,508,709 issued to Karmarkar, a virtual gaming method and system is disclosed that uses a multi-media video or restricted pre-recorded video from randomly selected live casino games. The system includes an accounting subsystem, a remote player station, and a communication hub connecting the multimedia video source and the player accounting subsystem to the remote player station. The simplified wagering rules enable a remote player to concurrently play dissimilar games at the same gaming system. The technical features of this invention, for example, the players station's reliance on authentication sensors and gaming jurisdiction entitles, are overly complex and differ substantially from the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,575,834 issued to Lindo discloses an interactive system and method for playing table-type games at a casino. Terminals at remote locations receive a video display of the game, game players, game results, and game betting status signals from a distribution device, such as the Internet. Each terminal includes a means for electronically placing a bet. Each terminal is connected to a computer that is programmed with the required odds information for payoff when a player makes a winning bet. However, this patent is distinguishable from the present invention since the present invention's purpose is to enable a player to have a realistic table experience without having to be physically playing at the table.
U.S Pat. No. 5,800,268, issued to Molnick discloses a method by which remote players may participate in live casino game. Located in the casino is a table manned by a live dealer. Aimed at the table are cameras that display live images of the table to remote players interested in playing at the table. Prior to playing, each remote player must establish a communication link with the casino and transmits financial account information thereto. The casino utilizes this informtation and winnings are paid and loses are debited intantaneoulsy. During the course of a game, the casino transmits live images of the table to each remote player. Each remote player uses his or her computer to communicate game instructions to the dealer or to place bets.
Of all the online poker games that are currently in use, one aspect of game play involves random shuffling and card distribution. Current online poker games use random number generators (RNG) to determine random cards in play. However, the sites hosting the online poker games differ in their methods of initialization, known as seeding, how they use RNG's and the frequency with which they use RNG's. In some instances, a site will pull a random card when a card is required, in others the deck is set before the hand begins, and in other cases the deck is reshuffled at every stage of the hand. For example, when an action is chosen, what card comes next is determined based on the system time of the action. In this manner, current online poker games do not accurately simulate an actual shuffled deck of cards and therefore, cannot simulate live poker.


An image-forming apparatus includes a web browser and is connectable to a network. The image-forming apparatus includes a transmission unit configured to transmit a menu request including identification information of the image-forming apparatus, a reception unit configured to receive a response to the menu request from a management server via the network, an execution unit configured to analyze and execute a processing command included in content of the response received by the reception unit, and a display unit configured to generate a display file by embedding a processing result of the processing command executed by the execution unit into the content of the response received by the reception unit and to display the display file via the web browser.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a management system for an image-forming apparatus connected to a network.
2. Description of the Related Art
A management system can manage operational statuses of various image-forming apparatuses (printers, copying machines, multifunction peripherals, etc.) which are located at various locations. The management system collects operational status information from image-forming apparatuses and provides services according to each operational status.
One of the services provided by a management system is to present a resolution method that suits for a failure having occurred in an image-forming apparatus. As discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-296082, if any error occurs in an image-forming apparatus, the image-forming apparatus automatically starts error resolution processing or automatically presents a manual resolution method to a user.
According to this conventional method, the server performs a centralized management of error resolution programs and manual resolution methods. If any error occurs in an image-forming apparatus, the image-forming apparatus transmits error information to the server. The server transmits a response including a resolution program relating to the notified error to the image-forming apparatus. The image-forming apparatus executes the received resolution program to enable the system to recover from failure without relying on a user's support.
Furthermore, as discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-150643, a supervisory control system performs remote supervisory control for an information-processing system and, if any failure information is received, generates a processing procedure for enabling the information-processing system to recover from failure.
According to this conventional method, the supervisory control system collates the obtained failure information with failure precedents stored in its server. Then, if there is any failure precedent according with the obtained failure information, the supervisory control system generates a recommendable failure recovery procedure and transmits the generated recovery procedure to the information-processing system. Therefore, an appropriate recovery procedure can be presented to a service engineer when the service engineer arrives at a location where the information-processing system is located.
In an image-forming apparatus management system, if any failure occurs in an image-forming apparatus, the image-forming apparatus notifies a management server of the occurrence of a failure. The management server accumulates notified information (e.g., failure contents). For example, the management server provides a portal screen that enables an administrator to view supervisory information of an image-forming apparatus and to dispatch a service engineer to the location where the information-processing apparatus is located.
When a service engineer arrives at a client office or facility, the first thing the service engineer needs to do is to check the content of failure and resolution method(s) such as cause(s) and operational procedure(s). However, due to security enhancement in a recent work environment, service engineers are not basically allowed to bring a portable computer into a client's office or facility where a failed image-forming apparatus is located. Furthermore, it is generally difficult for a service engineer to use a client's computer during a repair or maintenance work for the failed image-forming apparatus.
According to the conventional system discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-296082, the information that the server can supply to a user is limited to error resolution program(s) and manual resolution method(s) that suit for errors having ever occurred in image-forming apparatuses. However, the repair or maintenance work at an image-forming apparatus performed by a service engineer is not limited to failure recovery operations. To check every performance of an image-forming apparatus, a service engineer is required to be frequently communicate with a management server to obtain various information and data for the image-forming apparatus.
If it is difficult for a service engineer to access a management server to view image-forming apparatus information, the service engineer checks necessary information and prepares documents and related things beforehand. However, it is impossible for a service engineer to prepare all of the necessary documents including any documents necessary for possible events occurring at the location where the service engineer works. Furthermore, if a service engineer immediately requires a specific document that is not prepared, there is no way for the service engineer to get it.
To reduce such a burden placed on a service engineer, it is desired to establish a system capable of easily viewing necessary information (type of failure, cause of failure, resolution method, etc.) at the location where a failed image-forming apparatus is located. In addition, it is desired to establish a system that enables an administrator to easily view and confirm the information about maintenance processing performed by a service engineer.
Furthermore, before a service engineer visits a client office or facility, the service engineer reads a service manual (document prepared for a service engineer), which describes resolution methods in association with various failures to enable each service engineer to accurately know the contents of failures and resolution methods (causes, operational procedures, etc.), and prepares necessary replacement parts and tools according to the service manual.
According to the conventional system discussed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 3-150643, the supervisory control system generates resolution method(s) upon detecting the occurrence of a failure and promptly transmits the generated resolution method(s) to a failed information-processing system. However, other failure may occur after a service engineer has been dispatched to a client's office or facility. In such a case, it is difficult to notify the service engineer of information relating to a newly occurred failure. Furthermore, a service engineer completes a maintenance work by summarizing maintenance results into an operational report (a report describing the contents of operations having been done). In any case, a service engineer is required to return and come again with necessary information newly acquired.

System, apparatus, method and computer readable storage medium for displaying information related to an image-forming apparatus connected to a network


A light emitting semiconductor bonding structure includes a structure formed by bonding a substrate onto a light emitting semiconductor. The substrate is a structure containing electric circuits. The ohmic contact N electrode layer and P electrode layer are formed on the N-type contact layer and the P-type contact layer of the light emitting semiconductor respectively. A first metallic layer and a second metallic layer are formed on the surface of the substrate by means of immersion plating or deposition. The metallic layers are connected electrically to the corresponding electric signal input/output nodes of the electric circuit of the substrate. The first metallic layer and the second metallic layer are bonded onto the N electrode layer and the P electrode layer respectively through supersonic welding, and as such the light emitting semiconductor is bonded onto the substrate, and thus realizing the electric connection in-between.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting semiconductor bonding structure and its manufacturing method, and in particular to a light emitting semiconductor structure bonded on a substrate for creation of electric connection therebetween.
2. The Prior Arts
In the conventional method of producing light emitting semiconductor bonding structures, a light emitting semiconductor is bonded onto an electrically controlled substrate through the ordinary flip chip process. FIG. 3 of the attached drawings shows a conventional light emitting semiconductor bonding structure, which is obtained by bonding a substrate 301 to a light emitting semiconductor 302. The substrate 301 is a structure containing electric circuits, and the light emitting semiconductor 302 is a light emitting diode. Taking the gallium-nitride (GaN) based light emitting diode as an example, the light emitting semiconductor 302 comprises an N-type contact layer 303 and a P-type contact layer 304. The N type contact layer 303 is made of N-type gallium-nitride, and an ohmic contact N electrode layer 303a is formed on one exposed side, and a first metallic bump 303b is formed on the N electrode layer 303a. The P type contact layer 304 is made of P-type gallium-nitride, an ohmic contact P electrode layer 304a is formed on one exposed side, and a second metallic bump 304b is formed on the P electrode layer 304a. Therefore, the light emitting semiconductor 302 can be welded on the substrate 301 through the first metallic bump 303b and the second metallic bump 304b by means of the Flip Chip Bonder, and as thus accommodating the input/output of the electric signals between the substrate 301 and the light emitting semiconductor 302. However, if the metallic bump is made of solder, it is not suitable for the high temperature manufacturing process and the application of the high power light emitting diode (LED) because the melting point of the solder is too low. Besides, although the gold bump process can be used for the metallic bump to overcome the shortcomings of using the solder, yet by doing so, it would require the additional Au Bump Process. In addition, in the application of Gold Bump Process, the number of gold bumps will determine the effectiveness of heat dissipation, and resulting in the increase of its production cost due to the gold bump process required for the high power light emitting diode, and thus reducing its production yield.
Therefore, the development and realization of the present invention is based on the effort to overcome the shortcomings and disadvantages of the conventional light emitting semiconductor bonding structure.

Light emitting semiconductor bonding structure and method of manufacturing the same


This vehicle control device is provided with: an external sensor which detects a vehicle stop position; a vehicle sensor which detects the vehicle speed; a remaining distance calculation unit which calculates the remaining distance; and a short-term trajectory generation unit which sets a target speed on the basis of the remaining distance and the vehicle speed. Furthermore, the short-term trajectory generation unit of the vehicle control device performs correction for increasing the degree of deceleration if a predicted stop position from a prediction unit is predicted to go beyond the vehicle stop position, and performs correction for reducing the degree of deceleration of the host vehicle if the predicted stop position is predicted to be before the vehicle stop position.

One example of a vehicle control device, which performs automated driving or driving assistance of a vehicle (host vehicle), is disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4646990. This vehicle control device performs stop control of detecting a vehicle stop position and then decelerating and stopping the host vehicle in accordance with the vehicle stop position.
Incidentally, in this type of stop control, stopping the vehicle actually at the vehicle stop position while the deceleration is left, a vehicle occupant feels weighting and the ride quality decreases. Moreover, the host vehicle may move relative to the vehicle stop position and the actual stop position may deviate. Furthermore, in the stop control, it has been desired to reduce an error or the like as much as possible in detecting the vehicle stop position by stopping the vehicle at the vehicle stop position more accurately.


A controller for adjusting an output voltage of a power converter includes a gate control signal generation circuit, a feedback signal detection module, and a reference voltage generation module. The gate control signal generation circuit generates a gate control signal to a power switch of a primary side of the power converter according to a reference voltage and a plurality of signals corresponding to the primary side and a secondary side of the power converter. The feedback signal detection module generates a logic signal according to a combination corresponding to the plurality of signals. The reference voltage generation module generates the reference voltage to the gate control signal generation circuit according to the logic signal. The power switch adjusts the output voltage of the secondary side of the power converter according to the gate control signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a controller for adjusting an output voltage of a power converter and a related method thereof, and particularly to a controller and a related method thereof that can adjust an output voltage of a power converter through a primary side of the power converter.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally speaking, the prior art utilizes a feedback control of a second side of a power converter to adjust an output voltage or an output current of the second side of the power converter through a primary side of the power converter. However, a controller of the second side of the power converter for detecting the output current, or a voltage controller and a photo-coupler will increase cost of the feedback control of the second side of the power converter. In addition, although another prior art can also utilize a primary-side regulation constant current/constant voltage technology to simultaneously control the output voltage and the output current of the second side of the power converter, if the output current of the second side of the power converter exceeds a fixed current value, the output current of the second side of the power converter is still limited to the fixed current value, resulting in output power of the second side of the power converter being still not fixed at a constant value. Therefore, the above mentioned prior arts are not good choices for a designer of the power converter.

Controller for adjusting an output voltage of a power converter and related method thereof


A holder (10) is provided for securing a capillary (30) having a window section (28) including first and second edges (46) (48) to a mount (80). The holder (10) comprises a retaining surface (14) for securing the capillary (30) to the holder (10) and a mounting surface (18) for detachably securing the holder (10) to the mount (80). The retaining surface (14) is attached to the capillary (30) proximate to the opposed first and second edges (46), (48), with a portion of the window section (28) exposed. Since the capillary (30) is secured proximate the opposed first and second edges (46), (48), the fragile capillary window section (28) is protected during manufacturing or installation into an electrophoretic system (32). The retaining surface (14) preferably is sized and shaped to retain a plurality of capillaries (30) to allow for the substantially simultaneous testing of multiple capillaries (30). Optimally, the mounting surface (18) secures the holder (10) to the mount (80) with the capillaries (30) in fluid communication with a support medium supply (106) so that the support medium inside each capillary (30) can be replaced without removing each capillary (30) from the mount (80).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to capillary holders useful in capillary electrophoresis instruments. More particularly, the present invention involves holders which secure and protect capillaries during their installation and subsequent use in electrophoretic separation.
2. Description of Related Art
A detailed description of capillary electrophoresis is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,675,300 issued to Zare et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,571, issued to Pentoney, Jr. et al., both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Capillary electrophoresis is commonly used in analytical and biomedical research for the rapid separation and analysis of charged species including synthetic polynucleotides, DNA sequencing fragments, DNA restriction fragments, amino acids, optical isomers of dansyl amino acids, and the separation of proteins, viruses and bacteria.
Capillary electrophoresis typically utilizes an electrokinetic differential to separate and transport components of a sample inside a capillary. A variety of detectors are available for detecting the sample components including uv-visible detection, electrochemical detection and more recently laser induced fluorescence detection which involves labeling sample components with a fluorescent tag, such as, e.g., fluorescein.
Laser induced fluorescence utilizes one or more lasers to illuminate a window section of the capillary. This illumination results in the laser excitation of fluorescent material within the window section and causes the fluorescent material to emit radiation. These emission are collected by a collection device and sent to a detector which converts the emission energy to a usable signal for analysis. Many capillary systems will accommodate multiple fluorescent labels each of which has its own emission characteristic or emission wavelength. Accordingly, information about the nature of many sample components can be obtained by collecting the fluorescent emissions from the components and noting the wavelength and/or intensity of the emission.
In order to increase sample throughput, recent capillary electrophoresis system designs incorporate multiple capillaries in a single system. Many of these systems use only a single detector to interrogate and detect sample components in multiple capillaries. In order to handle and install multiple capillaries, great care must be taken to protect the capillaries and guide them into position. Moreover, since it is desirable to collect as much of the fluorescent emissions as possible to maximize the detection sensitivity, proper alignment between a laser or the radiation source, each capillary window section, and the fluorescent emissions collector is critical. When multiple capillary systems are utilized, installing the capillaries and properly aligning each capillary window can be very challenging.
Typical capillaries are in a tubular configuration having a wall thickness of between 25-500 microns. The wall is made of glass, fused silica or an organic material such as polytetrafluoroethylene, commonly sold under the trademark "Teflon" by DuPont. In order to protect fused silica capillaries the wall is strengthened with a polyimide coating. However, the polyimide coating is removed from the capillary window section to allow light to pass. resulting in a relatively weak and fragile capillary window section. Thus a major consideration in installing and removing capillaries is to avoid damaging the window and breaking the capillaries.
The concern for protecting and securing capillaries is especially critical for high volume users. Although capillaries have long useful lives, they are not indefinite and they need to be removed and replaced. The primary reason for replacing capillaries is the degradation and the loss of interior wall coatings which are introduced on the walls to reduce or eliminate electroosmotic flow during the electrophoretic process. Moreover, many electrophoretic separations require that the separation medium be pumped from each capillary and replaced by pumping in fresh medium after each separation. Thus, the capillaries need to be secured during the separation medium replacement process and they need to be protected when they are replaced and aligned.
One way of retaining a single capillary is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,571. With reference to FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,571, the capillary can be inserted through and retained by small holes in the sides of a parabolic reflector. However, this system is not entirely satisfactory since the fragile capillary window section is not protected during the capillary coating process or its installation into the parabolic reflector. Additionally, in this system the window section can be difficult to position properly in front of the focal spot of the light source and it holds only one capillary.
Accordingly, there is a need for a device that supports the window section of the capillary during its installation into an electrophoretic system, and that facilitates the correct alignment between the window section and the focal spot of the light source. Further, there is a need for a device which retains a plurality of capillaries and allows for the replacement of the support medium within the capillary without removing the capillary from the electrophoretic system.


Disclosed herein is a method of controlling power consumption of a mobile communication terminal, and a mobile communication terminal in which the method is implemented. The mobile communication terminal, having peripheral devices, such as a speaker, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and a camera, and a diversity unit for implementing a diversity function, includes a power measurement unit and a control unit. The power measurement unit measures power consumed in the diversity unit. The control unit controls the power consumption of the peripheral devices based on the amount of consumed power read from the power measurement unit. Accordingly, the power consumption of the peripheral devices is appropriately controlled, so that unnecessary power consumption can be reduced, therefore the lifespan of a battery can be prolonged.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method of controlling the power consumption of a mobile communication terminal, and a mobile communication terminal implementing the same, more particularly, to a method of controlling the power consumption of a mobile communication terminal, which measures power consumed in the mobile communication terminal provided with a diversity unit for implementing a diversity function, and controls the power consumption of peripheral devices, such as a speaker and a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), and a mobile communication terminal implementing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a mobile communication terminal has gradually become small due to the high sensitivity, compactness and light weight of electronic components, and the functions become diverse to fulfill customers' demand. For example, a mobile communication terminal provided with various functions, such as games, Internet search, the reception and transmission of electronic (e)-mail, and the payment of bill, has been popularized. Also recently, a mobile communication terminal, which functions not only as a camera phone that is provided with a camera allowing the capture of objects, but also as a video mobile communication terminal that captures images and transmits the captured images to another person, is being commercialized.
A conventional mobile communication terminal employs a technology for measuring total average consumed power therein, and controlling the power consumption of peripheral devices, such as a speaker, an LCD and a camera, based on the measurement result For example, when total power consumed increases, the power consumption of the peripheral devices, such as a speaker, an LCD and a camera, is lowered, or the function of the speaker is deactivated, so that the power consumption of the peripheral devices can be reduced, which will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings below.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the internal construction of a conventional mobile communication terminal. In FIG. 1, a power measurement unit 300 measures power consumed in the terminal. A control unit 200 reads the consumed power from the power measurement unit 300, and controls the power consumption of peripheral devices 100 based on the amount of the measured consumed power.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method of controlling power consumption in the conventional mobile communication terminal. In the mobile communication terminal, power consumed by the peripheral devices 100 is measured at step S210. Average consumed power is calculated based on the power consumed by the peripheral devices 100 at step S220. The power consumption of the peripheral devices 100 is controlled based on the amount of the average consumed power obtained at step S230. That is, when the average consumed power exceeds a predetermined value, the peripheral devices 100 enter into a power-saving mode, or the brightness of the backlight of the LCD decreases, so that power consumed by the peripheral devices 100 is reduced.
Meanwhile, a diversity function is chiefly used as a method of solving a fading problem on a communication line. For example, two reception antennas are used and, thereby, electric waves are received through two paths, so that fading can be compensated for. That is, the transmission paths of signals are separated according to space, time, or frequency, so that fading can be reduced by comparing two received signals with each other or extracting only appropriate signals from the two received signals.
The mobile communication terminal in which the above described diversity function is implemented, has an advantage in that quality of communication is considerably improved, but has a disadvantage in that the amount of power consumption increases rapidly with communication time and, therefore, the depletion of a battery is faster than that of general mobile communication terminals. Unfortunately, a technology for controlling power consumption in a mobile communication terminal to which diversity is applied has not yet been proposed.

Method for controlling power in mobile phone, and mobile phone implementing the same


This system provides for communications between several different types of wireless networks and a mobile node. The system provides various services from a wireless network to a mobile node which is not covered by that wireless network without exhaustion of the mobile node battery. According to this system, the mobile node sends an update message to a currently accessible network node, which transfers the update message to the same or different types of nearby network nodes with incrementing the hop count for every transfer. The different type of network node that has received the update message checks whether the hop count decreases from that previously received, judges that the mobile node is approaching if the hop count decreases, and sends the guide message to the mobile node via the same and different types of networks.

Recently, the mobile computing including access to the Internet during moving of the mobile node has been more and more popular. The mobility is achieved by the fact that the network connection is available even when the mobile node moves. Multimode terminals that can connect to the Internet using a wide range of access technologies such as the third generation (3G) or other cellular networks, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), IEEE 802.11a/b/g, IEEE 802.16a or Bluetooth® are also becoming popular than before.
Among various portable computers with high networking capabilities such as cellular phones, laptops and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), for example, the request for seamless communications with both of wired and wireless networks is increasing. In addition, as the use of multimedia contents increases in video conferences or the like, seamless communications are more considered as the essential and required feature of the mobile connections. In the practical management of the mobility, it is necessary to provide a seamless handoff so that the users do not notice any disruption of communication. The mobile data networks today commonly consist of a plurality of overlapping wireless networks supporting different data rates and geographical areas and can be accessed only via wireless interfaces peculiar to the applicable media.
Every time a mobile node changes the cell, subnet or network, coverage responsibilities need to be switched between the access nodes providing the service. To provide seamless roaming among these networks, it is necessary to make communications among the networks in order to request the reservation of resources for the mobile node. Thus, in case a user in public transportation facilities is accessing the Internet, for example, complicated problems increase as the transfer speed of the mobile node becomes higher. In addition, it becomes more difficult to learn the transfer direction of the mobile node for reservation of the resources with presumption.
On the other hand, learning the position and the intended mobility of the mobile node brings commercial profits in providing services based on the local area along the intended transfer route. For example, a tourist may get some indication about the scenery or attraction as he moves along a street, and the information may be dynamically updated and refreshed as he turns a corner.
Therefore, the recent wireless system faces a problem that the mobile terminal always needs to scan for alternative access network different from the one currently in connection, which requires too much cost for cellular terminals. Still other problems are that special devices and high calculation capabilities are required for dynamic positioning information and that a solution to search for access networks out of the range is lacking.
As a conventional method to solve the above-mentioned problems, it is proposed in the patent document 1 to use a mobile user tracking system and a positioning system. This solution utilizes tracking of the cellular call information history provided by the user terminal. In the patent document 1, however, there is a problem that the positioning system of cellular phones does not have a sufficient accuracy.
As other conventional methods to solve the above-mentioned problems, it is proposed in the patent documents 2 and 5 to use GPS receivers on the terminal or network side in addition to the tracking history in order to improve the forecast accuracy of the user position information. In the patent documents 2 and 5, however, the GPS receiver is indispensable and the forecast based on the history information is correct only when the motion of the terminal is along as any known route such as bus or train route.
As still another conventional method to solve the above-mentioned problems, it is proposed in the patent document 3 that the terminal makes communications with both networks in dual mode and permits access to the service from either network in that process. In the patent document 3, however, there is no description about the terminal position and the fact that it is out of the networks is not informed.
Furthermore, as still another conventional method to solve the above-mentioned problems, it is proposed in the patent document 4 to provide another device that sends virtual wireless base station ID data from a certain position in the wireless system. This may improve the accuracy of mobile terminal position forecast with a modest investment. According to the patent document 4, however, this method works only when several repeaters are in a small area (a building, for example. Still in this case, another device is required on the network side.).
[Patent document 1] [US Patent Application US 20050064844 A1] Derek McAvoy, Oleg Lebedko and Igor Shushakov, "Mobile User Location Tracking System", US Patent Application 20050064844 A1, 17 Sep. 2004.
[Patent document 2] [US Patent Application US 20050079877 A1] Atsushi Ichimura, "Mobile Object Location Providing Device and Mobile Object Location Providing System", US Patent Application 20050079877 A1, 19 Aug. 2004.
[Patent document 3] [US Patent Application US 20050083893 A1] Debashish Purkayasth a and Kamel M. Shaheen, "Method and Apparatus for Reporting WLAN Capabilities of a Dual Mode GPRS/WLAN or UMTS/WLAN WTRU", US Patent Application 20050083893 A1, 31 Dec. 2003.
[Patent document 4] [US Patent Application US 20050113117 A1] Johan Bolin, Rune Johansson and Ari Kangas, "Position Determination of Mobile Stations", US Patent Application 20050113117 A1, 5 Dec. 2003.
[Patent document 5] [US Patent Application US 20050162314 A1] Patrick G. Bromley, Louis H. M. Jandrell and Michael D. Wise, "Method and System for Processing Positioning Signals Based on Predetermined Message Data Segment", US Patent Application 20050162314 A1, 17 Mar. 2005.
The problem to be solved by the present invention is explained below, with reference to FIG. 12. FIG. 12 shows the service areas provided by wireless base stations BS1 and BS2 and the service areas provided by access points AP1, AP2 and AP3 as circles. Among BS's and AP's shown in FIG. 12, any pair of BS's or AP's or a set of BS and AP may be on the same link as layer 2 in the OSI reference model or may be on the same network as layer 3.
Mobile node MN has interfaces (IFs) for communications with both of the networks provided by the wireless base stations BS1 and BS2 and the networks provided by the access points AP1, AP2 and AP3. Here, the service areas of the wireless base stations BS1 and BS2 are adjacent to enable seamless communications. The service areas of the access points AP1, AP2 and AP3 are, however, smaller than the service areas of the wireless base stations BS1 and BS2 and some of them are separated (AP1 and AP2/AP3) and some are adjacent (AP2 and AP3).
Suppose, in such a system, the mobile node MN moves from the service area of the wireless base station BS1 to that of the wireless base station BS2 during communications with the networks of the wireless base stations BS1 and BS2 and scans the access points AP1, AP2 and AP3 to search for a network different from those of the wireless base stations BS1 and BS2. This scanning needs to be continued with both interfaces always kept active, which exhausts the battery. On the other hand, even if the provider of the position base service on the network side of the access points AP1, AP2 and AP3 knows that the mobile node MN is approaching and desires to provide services, it cannot provide any service because the mobile node MN is out of the areas of the access points AP2 and AP3 in FIG. 12.

Communication method, communication system, mobile node and network node for notification about the proximity of a second wireless network via a first wireless network


A method, apparatus, and article of manufacture for providing a change and accounting log in an object-oriented system. When a function is invoked in an application programming interface (API) to modify one or more aspects of the object-oriented system, a log entry is created in the API that documents various aspects of the invoked function. The log entry identifies the invoked function in the API, input parameters passed to the invoked function in the API, output parameters received from the invoked function in the API, and/or a return code received from the invoked function in the API that indicates a successful and failed completion of the invoked function in the API. Thereafter, the API stores the log entry into the change and accounting log in the data storage device.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to object-oriented systems, and in particular to a change and accounting log for an object-oriented system.
2. Description of Related Art
In object-oriented systems, there is often a need to modify classes, objects, attributes and object properties. However, management of modifications and version control is difficult when multiple users modify the object-oriented system. Users typically make modifications for the purpose of (1) improving the efficiency and/or accuracy of the object-oriented system or (2) debugging the object-oriented system.
Concerning improvements, conscientious users aid in version control by documenting their changes. However, users often forget to record all changes made to the object-oriented system, and instead, may record only the major modifications. Without a complete record of all changes, version control is impossible.
In the case of debugging, the use of trace output from debug statements placed inside the object-oriented system has little application to version control. Instead, trace outputs usually are recorded in an associated log file temporarily and merely to verify the correctness of operation, but not to document modifications.
Current methods for modifying classes, objects, attributes and object properties are not necessarily error-free, and often result in numerous errors throughout the object-oriented system. What is needed, then, is a straightforward method for capturing information concerning changes made to the object-oriented system, so that changes can be undone if necessary. Thus, there is a need in the art for a change and accounting log file that records all changes to a model, including additions, deletions, and modifications. Further, the log file should provide information about the input values used, the functions called, the data created, and who made the change.

Change and accounting log for object-oriented systems

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention is directed to effervescent compositions comprising a basic amino acid.

Effervescent powders and tablets are well known in the art, and generally "fizz" when added to water. Such effervescent materials have been utilized in various arts for multiple purposes. For example, ALKA-SELTZER from Bayer Corporation may be used to deliver any number of medicaments for various indications, such as headache, indigestion, gas, stomach cramps, and heartburn. The use of effervescent products to orally deliver medicaments orally is advantageous in that there is no need to swallow capsules or capsules, which is a problem for the elderly and young children. Effervescent products may also include flavorings, which can mask the taste of many medicaments. Some studies have also indicated that the use of effervescent powders in the administration of medicaments also results in enhanced absorption of actives.
Effervescence is usually produced by the reaction of an acid with a carbonate salt, to release carbon dioxide. For example, citric acid may react with sodium bicarbonate to form carbon dioxide, water and sodium citrate. Considering the benefits of effervescent products in the delivery of medicaments, it is desirable to develop improvements in such formulations. As existing effervescent formulations may contribute to dental decay, it is desirable to develop effervescent compositions which do not only avoid decay, but may treat or reverse such effects, and treat disorders of the mouth.


Subject matter disclosed herein relates to a memory device, and more particularly to write performance of a phase change memory.

Field
Subject matter disclosed herein relates to a memory device, and more particularly to write performance of a phase change memory.
Information
Phase change memory (PCM) may operate based, at least in part, on behavior and properties of one or more particular phase change materials, such as chalcogenide alloy and/or germanium antimony telluride (GST), just to name a few examples. Crystalline and amorphous states of such materials may have different electrical resistivities, thus presenting a basis by which information may be stored. The amorphous, high resistance state may represent a stored first binary state and the crystalline, low resistance state may represent a stored second binary state. Of course, such a binary representation of stored information is merely an example: Phase change memory may also be used to store multiple memory states, represented by varying degrees of phase change material resistivity, for example.
A PCM memory cell may transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state by applying a bias signal to the memory cell. Characteristics of a bias signal, such as peak magnitude and/or pulse width, for example, may be selected to allow a transition to a crystalline state. An improper selection of bias signal characteristics may result in a failure to transition to a crystalline state. Accordingly, such an improper selection may result in a PCM memory cell comprising a mixture of material in an amorphous and a crystalline state, which may lead to an undefined memory cell state resulting in a failure of the PCM memory cell, for example, or in decreased reliability (e.g., higher drift, lower data retention, and/or reduced endurance). On the other hand, a proper selection of bias signal characteristics may be relatively difficult to determine because biasing conditions for individual memory cells in a PCM may vary.

Descending set verify for phase change memory


A pressure compensated tubing injector for injecting coiled tubing into a subsea wellhead or flowline. A traction device including grippers carried on respective opposing chain loops provides gripping engagement with the coiled tubing to longitudinally move the coiled tubing. A plurality of sealed outboard bearing assemblies guide movement of the chain loops. A drive unit powers the chain loops and includes a sealed gear case. One or more pressure compensators are placed in communication with the sealed gear case and one or more of the bearing assemblies, to compensate for subsea pressure and prevent intrusion of seawater. The bearing assemblies may include self-contained pressure compensators.

Coiled tubing has been used for decades in land-based hydrocarbon recovery operations to perform various well treatment, stimulation, injection, and recovery functions more efficiently than with threaded tubulars. In a conventional land-based operation, the coiled tubing injector may use a gear drive mechanism with conventional bearing assemblies to reliably and efficiently transmit power to the coiled tubing.
While conventional coiled tubing injectors may work satisfactorily for land-based or shallow-water operations, they would not work in deeper water because the drive mechanism for the injector is not sufficiently protected from the subsea environment. Specifically, the hydrostatic pressure at such depths is sufficient to penetrate past the seals used on lubricated components such as the gear case and bearing assemblies of land-based equipment. A proposed solution to this problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,823, whereby the tubing injector is protected subsea by an enclosure surrounding substantially the entire tubing injector. Seals are provided between the enclosure and the coiled tubing above and below the injector. An obvious disadvantage of this solution is the size of the housing and complexity of enclosing the entire injector with the housing.
An improved coiled tubing injector for subsea use is therefore desirable.

Subsea coiled tubing injector with pressure compensation


A noise estimation system that estimates noises in a sequence of video frames, uses a an image structure remover and a noise variance calculator. The image structure remover computes the difference over a local window in two consecutive frames. The noise variance calculator estimates the noise variance (standard deviation) from the distribution of the local difference. If there is no motion or small motion between two consecutive frames, the image structure can be removed by calculating the local difference, whereby very robust estimation is obtained.

Noise estimation is required in many algorithms to process images or video optimally. For example, in TV systems, noise reduction is often applied as a first step to obtain noise-free video sequences. An optimal algorithm of noise reduction is noise adaptive, which first estimates the noise variance of input video sequences, and then performs noise reduction. Noise estimation is very important in this case, because overestimation leads to image blurring and underestimation leads to insufficient noise reduction. The input image g is generally assumed to be corrupted by additive Gaussian noise N(0, σ20):g=f+n  (1)
where f is the original noise-free image and the noise n˜N(0, σ20). For each pixel:gij=fij+nij  (2)
where (i, j) is the coordinate of each pixel, gij, and fij denote the pixel values in image g and f, and nij˜N(0, σ20). The problem of noise estimation is to estimate the noise variance σ20 of the contaminated image g without the priori information of the original image f.
A straightforward method of noise estimation is to compute the expectation of the local variance of image g. This method suffers from the image structure which causes overestimation. To overcome this problem, several methods have been proposed. One method excludes the local variance if the gradient magnitude of the corresponding pixel is greater than a preset threshold. However, the gradient magnitude is also related to noise variance, so it is hard to find an appropriate threshold. Another method, first extracts the noise component with little structure by applying high-pass filters to the contaminated image g, and then performs noise estimation on the noise component. Another method decomposes the image into a pyramid structure of different block sizes. The noise variance is estimated from a sequence of four smallest block-based local variance at each level. Yet in another method, Reyleigh distribution is fitted to the magnitude of the intensity gradient. The noise variance is estimated based on the attribute that the Rayleigh probability density function reaches maximum at value σ0. Other methods estimate multiplicative as well as additive noise. Overall, all of the above methods utilize the spatial local statistics to estimate noise variance. However, estimation accuracy depends on the separation of the noise component and the real image signal. The robustness degrades greatly if most of the image contains complicated structure.

Methods to estimate noise variance from a video sequence


An engine bracket assembly may include a first mounting portion, a second mounting portion, and a support member. The first mounting portion may fix a first end of the bracket assembly to the engine and the second mounting portion may fix a second end of the bracket assembly to the engine. The support member may support an engine component and may be disposed between and coupled to the first and second mounting portions. The coupling between the first and second mounting portions and the support member may provide relative displacement between the first mounting portion and the support member in a longitudinal direction extending from one of the first and second mounting portions toward the other of the first and second mounting portions during thermal expansion of the bracket assembly.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Engine assemblies include a variety of components that are fixed to an engine structure such as an engine block or a cylinder head. During engine operation, the thermal loads applied to the components and engine structure may result in different rates of thermal expansion between the parts. For example, when a bracket assembly is fixed to a cylinder head of the engine at two or more points, expansion of the bracket assembly at a greater rate than the cylinder head may result in an increased stress on the cylinder head. The increased stress may result in cracking of the cylinder head. The different rates of thermal expansion experienced between the engine structure and components may result from different thermal loads applied to each part or may result from each part having material properties, such as thermal expansion rates, that are different from one another.

Engine including a self-adjusting thermally compliant bracket


An IR emitter for use in an IR repeater system includes an IR light source and a manually adjustable brightness control for adjusting the brightness to a level appropriate for an IR detector of electronic equipment to be controlled. In a preferred aspect, the emitter includes a plug-type connector having a variable resistor mounted therein. Also provided is an IR repeater system and method employing an IR emitter having a manually adjustable brightness control.

Many consumer electronic devices may be controlled remotely via a wireless remote control unit. Such devices include, for example, television receivers, cable or satellite receiver boxes, video cassette recorders, digital video disc (DVD) players, audio equipment such as amplifiers, receivers, compact disc players, magnetic tape players, and the like.
Such devices may be operated remotely using handheld remote control units. Commonly, such remote control units transmit IR light signals representing coded electrical signals modulated on a carrier frequency in the range of about 36–40 kHz. The transmitted IR light signal is received by an IR receiver in the consumer electronic equipment, demodulated, decoded, and the appropriate action taken.
IR remote control units are line-of-sight devices. IR repeaters have been developed to allow users to exercise remote control of devices which are out of sight of the user, e.g., when the electronic equipment is hidden in a cabinet, remotely located from the user, e.g., in different rooms in a home, or otherwise located beyond the operational range of the hand held remote control unit.
An IR repeater includes an IR sensor or detector for detecting coded IR light signals produced by the remote control unit and producing an electrical signal representative of the incoming IR signal. Commonly, an IR receiver is electrically coupled to an IR transmitter and the electrical signal is passed thereto. The IR transmitter generates an IR light signal which reproduces the original IR light signal received by the IR receiver. The consumer electronic equipment receives this IR light signal from the IR transmitter and performs the selected function. The IR detector is located where it can receive the IR light signals from the remote control unit. The IR transmitter includes an IR light emitter which is placed such that emitted light will impinge upon the IR detector of the device to be controlled, and is typically mounted directly adjacent thereto.
However, it has been discovered that the IR receivers of many consumer electronic devices are too sensitive for mounting existing IR emitters in adjacent relation thereto. Accordingly, the present invention provides a new and improved IR repeater system, emitter, and method that overcome the above-referenced problems and others.

Infrared repeater system, method, and adjustable brightness emitter therefor


A stent graft (10) has a tubular body of a biocompatible material and a side arm (20) fastened to the tubular body. A tubular extension piece (24) is sealingly joined to the end of the side arm and extends from it. It can be joined with adhesive or stitching. The extension piece can be formed from an elastomeric biocompatible material such as Thoralon™. The extension piece can have a resilient reinforcement 44 embedded into it and extending longitudinally. The extension piece is tucked back into the side arm during deployment of the stent graft into a body lumen.

It is known to use branch vessel stent grafts deployed into vasculature of a human or animal to provide and alternate flow path where the vasculature has been damaged by accident or disease. The branch vessel stent graft allows an extension piece to be deployed from a main graft into a side vessel of the vasculature so that blood flow can enter the side vessel.
The conventional procedure to treat branch vessels utilizes a balloon expandable covered stent which is deployed through the side arm of the stent graft to connect the side vessels to a bifurcated stent graft. The limitation of a delivery system for such balloon expandable covered stents is normally 7 to 8 French which makes the design of the stent graft deployment system challenging. A further challenge is then providing a sufficient attachment between the branch vessel stent graft and the side arm of the main graft since endoleaks can occur and these are of significant concern.


An accurate, low voltage, low parts-count current sense amplifier can be employed to sense either high side or low side currents. A pair of transistors are connected in a common-base configuration and biased with equal currents, with a sense resistor connected between their respective emitter circuits. A sensed current develops a voltage across the sense resistor which unbalances the transistor currents. A third transistor is connected to provide a feedback current to detect and correct the current imbalance; the feedback current is directly proportional to the sensed current, and serves as the current sense amplifier's output. The current sense amplifier requires only three transistors, can be realized with bipolar or FET devices of either polarity, and can operate at supply voltages as low as about 1.1 volts.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of current sense amplifiers, particularly those designed to operate with a low supply voltage.
2. Description of the Related Art
Current sense amplifiers produce an output that varies with a particular current of interest. Such amplifiers are typically connected across a "sense resistor" through which the current of interest, i.e., the "sensed current", flows. The amplifiers produce a current or voltage output that is proportional to the sensed current.
A known current sense amplifier is shown in FIG. 1. A sense resistor R.sub.s is connected to carry the current of interest i.sub.s, creating a voltage at a node 10 that increases with the sensed current. A diode-connected transistor 12, shown here as an npn bipolar transistor though pnp's and field-effect transistors (FETs) are used as well, is biased with a current source i1 and is connected to node 10 via a resistor R.sub.a. A second transistor 16 shares a common base connection with transistor 12, and its emitter is connected to ground through a resistor R.sub.b. The current sense amplifier output i.sub.out is taken at the collector of transistor 16.
An increasing i.sub.s increases the voltage at node 10, as well as at the emitter of transistor 12. This raises the voltage at the bases of transistors 12 and 16, boosting the drive to transistor 16 and thereby increasing i.sub.out. For this circuit, output i.sub.out is related to the sensed current i.sub.s as follows: EQU i.sub.out =i.sub.s (R.sub.s /R.sub.a)+i1(R.sub.b /R.sub.a)-(V.sub.T ln(i.sub.out /i1))/R.sub.a
Unfortunately, the output current produced by this current sense amplifier it is not very accurate. The output current equation's "i1 (R.sub.b /R.sub.a)" and "(V.sub.T ln(i.sub.out /i1))/R.sub.a " terms are error terms, which show that the i.sub.out is greatly affected by changes in current source i1 and by changes in temperature.
Another current sense amplifier is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,494 to Somerville. This amplifier is referred to as a "high side" amplifier, because it is arranged to sense a current that is near the supply voltage, as opposed to a "low side" amplifier which senses a current near ground. Though more accurate than the amplifier of FIG. 1, this circuit (as shown in FIG. 3 of the patent) requires seven transistors, two diodes, five resistors and a current source. The circuit has two transistors (43, 44) in its output stage and another (35 or 36) in its input stage, and as such requires a supply voltage equal to at least V.sub.out +2(V.sub.be)+V.sub.sat +V.sub.R1 +V.sub.SENSE to operate. Using typical values, a supply voltage of at least 2 volts is needed to operate this circuit, or more if V.sub.OUT is larger.
Present trends in analog circuit design are toward ever lower supply voltages. A need exists for a current sense amplifier that is capable of operating with a low supply voltage while producing an accurate output current.


In a wireless communication system, a method and apparatus of communicating between at least one base station and a core network is claimed. Signaling messages and voice streams are transported using packet-switched protocols (IP). A CIC field (Circuit Identity Code) is used to identify at least one VoIP streams. The CIC field may be interpreted as a UDP port number for the voice over IP stream. Also, a synchronization source or contributing source filed of a RTP header may be used as the CIC field.

I. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to an apparatus and method for providing infrastructure in a wireless communication system. More particularly, the invention relates to an IP-based (Internet Protocol-based) cdma2000 base station.
II. Background
Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, packet data, and so on. These systems may be multiple access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users sequentially or simultaneously by sharing the available system resources. Examples of such multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems (OFDMA).
The hardware used for infrastructure support for wireless systems are typically dedicated for the given system. For example, a CDMA2000-1x based infrastructure comprises CDMA 2000 1x Base Station Transceiver Subsystems (BTSs) and Base Station Controlloers (BSCs), a CDMA2000-1xEVDO (also known as High Data Rate, or HDR) based infrastructure comprises CDMA-1xEVDO BTSs and BSCs, and a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) based infrastructure comprises GSM BTSs and BSCs.
For wireless providers, having to provide dedicated hardware for each different multiple access system is an expensive and somewhat hardware-redundant proposition. For example, traditional infrastructure design in k sectors over m types of air interfaces and n bands requires the use of k×m×n RF modules. This is especially true in so called "hot-spots", or areas having a high concentration of users. Also, coverage in buildings is traditionally somewhat spotty, as the building itself leads to interference with infrastructure equipment. Further, there are frequently space limitations in hot spots or in buildings.
Synchronous wireless access systems, such as CDMA (IS-95 and IS-2000) require accurate time and frequency references at each BTS. In traditional infrastructure systems, each BTS has a dedicated global positioning system (GPS) time/frequency server to provide such time and frequency information to the BTS. Providing a dedicated GPS server contributes to significant cost infrastructure costs and potentially redundant resources, particularly within confined areas, buildings or other hotspots.
Traditional cdma2000(base stations are connected to the core network via standard circuit switched protocols (defined in the IOS specifications—TIA/EIA-2001), which are transported over framed-T1 lines.

Core network interoperability in a pico cell system


Method for supplying fibrous suspension to at least one headbox that includes degassing a diluting liquid via rotation of a rotor of a degassing device to apply centrifugal forces to the diluting liquid, guiding the degassed diluting liquid out of the degassing device into a separate diluting water pump, and mixing at least a portion of the degassed diluting liquid with a high-consistency suspension to form the fibrous suspension.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for feeding a fibrous suspension and, in particular, to feeding a fibrous suspension to a headbox of a paper or cardboard machine or to feeding a fibrous suspension to at least one filter device and degassing device. The invention also relates to a degassing device for carrying out the above noted methods.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Methods of this type are used, for example, to supply paper or cardboard machines with fibrous suspension. The headbox delivers a fibrous layer onto a passing screen that has a thickening function. The stock feeding systems required thereto are known in principle. The fibrous suspension, which is to be fed, receives a major part of the fibers from a high-consistency suspension provided in a stock preparation unit. The high-consistency suspension has, e.g., a typical consistency between 2.5 and 5%. However, with the addition of a diluting liquid, such as a paper machine's backwater, the consistency of the high-consistency suspension is lowered to a value that is favorable for operating the headbox of the paper machine. While the backwater is optimally suited for this diluting task, there are problems due to the high gas content when the predominant part is air. The largest proportion of these gases escape very quickly, however, the residual gases often have to be removed in a complex manner so that the quality of the paper produced is not unduly lowered. Known solutions are large degassing containers in which negative pressure is permanently maintained by evacuation, wherein the negative pressure corresponds to the steam pressure of the suspension to be degassed. This is effective, but expensive.
A degassing pump for paper production is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,723,205 B1, wherein the pump is provided with a rotor forming a cylindrical interior, in which the fed liquid can be degassed by centrifugal force. The backwater fed from the paper machine at high speeds provides the drive power for the rotor via a turbine, which is integrated into the degassing pump. When the backwater has left the degassing pump, the liquid is guided directly to a mixing station where raw fiber material (high-consistency stock) is added.
Another application for methods of this type occurs in the preparation unit ("stock preparation"), where the fibrous suspension is designated for processing on the paper or cardboard machine. Filter devices, and in particular disk filters, are used to increase the consistency of suspensions with relatively low consistency, e.g., between 0.5% and 1.5%. The fibrous suspension to be thickened can thereby have a high percentage of air content. For example, a high air content may exist if the fibrous suspension had previously been floated to eliminate contaminants with the flotation foam. The operation of disk filters and pumps is adversely affected by higher air contents.

Method for degassing and supplying a fibrous suspension to a headbox or a filter device and degassing device