In accordance with one embodiment, a method is implemented in a vectored system for improving a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a far end transmitted signal on a victim line in the system. The method comprises mitigating, by the vectored system, self-induced far-end crosstalk (self-FEXT) on the victim line based on self-FEXT mitigation coefficients and receiving, by a second sensor, information relating to at least one of: self-FEXT of the vectored system, external noise, and the far end transmitted signal. The method further comprises learning, at the second sensor, coefficients relating to self-FEXT coupling into the second sensor and removing self-FEXT from the second sensor based on the learned coefficients. Upon removal of self-FEXT from the second sensor, a linear combiner configured to combine information relating to the victim line and the second line is learned.

Digital subscriber line (xDSL) technology has developed in recent years in response to the demand for high-speed Internet access. xDSL technology utilizes the communication medium of pre-existing telephone systems. Thus, both plain old telephone systems (POTS) and xDSL systems share a common line for xDSL-compatible customer premises. Similarly, other services such as time compression multiplexing (TCM) integrated services digital network (ISDN) can also share a common line with xDSL and POTS.
Allocations of wire pairs within telephone cables in accordance with service requests have typically resulted in a random distribution of pair utilization with few precise records of actual configurations. Because of the physical proximity of bundled cables (due to pair twisting, cable branching, cable splicing, etc.), crosstalk caused by the electromagnetic interference between the neighboring lines is often the dominating noise source in the transmission environment. In addition, due to pair twisting in cables where cable branching and splicing take place, a wire pair can be in close proximity to many different pairs spanning different portions of its length. At a telephone CO (central office), pairs in close proximity may carry diverse types of service using various modulation schemes, with considerable differences in signal levels (and receiver sensitivities) especially for pairs of considerably different lengths.
There are generally two types of crosstalk mechanisms that are characterized, one being FEXT and the other one being near-end crosstalk (NEXT). FEXT refers to electromagnetic coupling that occurs when the receiver on a disturbed pair is located at the far end of the communication line as the transmitter of a disturbing pair. Self induced far end crosstalk (self-FEXT) generally refers to interference caused by neighboring lines provisioned for the same type of service as the affected line, or "victim line." In contrast, NEXT results from a disturbing source connected at one end of the wire pair which causes interference in the message channel at the same end as the disturbing source. Current approaches to addressing crosstalk suffer from various perceived shortcomings. While vectored systems are effective in addressing such disturbances as self-FEXT, various types of interferences such as radio frequency interference (RFI), power line communications (PLC), common mode noise, and impulse nose remain an issue.

Systems and methods for implementing a multi-sensor receiver in a DSM3 environment


The purpose of the present invention is to ensure reliability and installation space reduction of crossover wires of an axial gap type rotary electric machine. An axial gap type rotary electric machine having: a stator which is constructed by annularly arranging multiple core units about an axis of rotation, each of the core units having at least a core, windings disposed around the outer periphery of the core, and crossover wires leading out from the windings; at least one rotor which faces an axial end surface of the cores with a gap therebetween; and a rotary shaft which rotates along with the rotor. The axial end surface side and the outer diameter side of the stator, is provided with multiple wiring support sections, each having an arc-shaped base part extending in a rotational direction along the annular shape of the outer diameter side of the stator, wherein the base part has a length extending over the outer diameter-side end surfaces of two or more adjoining core units and a predetermined axial width, and is equipped with multiple axial grooves for guiding the crossover wires in the rotational direction which are disposed on the opposite surface of the base from the rotary shaft. The rotary electric machine has a molding resin for integrally molding the wiring support sections with the stator.

An axial gap type rotary electric machine is formed by disposing a cylindrical stator and a disk-shaped rotor in an opposed manner, and is regarded as being suitable for providing a thinner structure than radial gap type rotary electric machines. In such a rotary electric machine, windings are disposed close to a housing (its inner periphery), so that the crossover wires drawn out from the windings of the stators are often disposed on the external diameter side of the rotor. The crossover wires may preferably be fixed with a mold, such as a resin, along with a core and windings to prevent movement.
Meanwhile, it is desired to dispose the largest rotor within a limit to increase torque and improve efficiency of the axial gap type rotary electric machine. This reduces space for disposing the crossover wires. If the crossover wire is drawn out from the space, the crossover wire may cause damage due to interference with the rotor or insulation failure caused by the touching with the housing, or the like.
It is, therefore, important in the axial gap type rotary electric machine to reduce space where the crossover wire is disposed to improve the characteristic of the rotary electric machine while maintaining its reliability.
Patent Literature 1 discloses an axial air-gap electronic motor that includes a crossover wire treatment portion that extends axially on the outer periphery side of the end face of an insulator that serves as a core member, and a plurality of supporting grooves provided on the outer diameter side of the crossover wire treatment portion and extending in a rotary direction to dispose a crossover wire, the supporting grooves support the crossover wire of each core member via adjacent crossover wire treatment portion.

Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co., Ltd.


A method for operating a fuel-supply system for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle is provided, the fuel-supply system having a fuel-storage tank, a fuel pump and a pressure sensor, the fuel pump supplying fuel from the fuel-storage tank to a pressure region, the pressure sensor being arranged in the pressure region, and the pressure sensor generating a signal representing the pressure in the pressure region.

German Published Patent Application No. 199 08 352 discloses a fuel-injection method for an internal combustion engine in which the fuel is supplied from the fuel tank into a storage chamber with the aid of an electric fuel pump and a post-connected high-pressure pump. The pressure generated in the storage chamber is measured using a pressure sensor. The system is controlled and regulated to a setpoint value of the pressure in the storage chamber. According to this reference, a fault in the fuel-supply system is detected by a plausibility check. Once a fault is detected in the fuel-supply system, a diagnostic cycle of the internal combustion engine is initiated in which diagnostic functions are activated that check the individual components of the fuel-supply system with respect to their operability. Among others, an electrical check of the high-pressure sensor is implemented by evaluating the output signals of the pressure sensor. In the process, it is ascertained whether the output signal assumes values within a permitted range, and it is checked whether the time characteristic of the output signal has a typical profile as a function of the fuel-supply system. If one of these two conditions is not satisfied, a defect or a fault of the pressure sensor is assumed. In response to the detected fault of the pressure sensor, the fault is indicated by means of a display device, and an operation for emergency conditions of the internal combustion engine is triggered at the same time. The operation under emergency conditions may be implemented such that the pressure regulation is shut off, so that the pressure in the storage chamber is set solely by the pressure-precontrol.

Method for operating a fuel supply system for an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle


A system and process for providing adaptable controls to computing applications to facilitate interaction by an operator with computing application content is provided. The present invention provides a system to update the control parameters remote to the computing application to reflect changes in operator's preferences. In an illustrative implementation, these dynamic controls may take the form of an add-on toolbar having drop down menus that have the form of panes. In operation, the computing application launches and retrieves the parameters of these controls through messaging from a remote server computer. When launched, the computing application will display the add-on toolbar, maintaining Web-in-Web panes, having the latest updated parameters (i.e. content, look, and feel of the toolbar and panes) as found on the remote server computer. These parameters may be changed by the operator to reflect changes in their content or feature preference.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of computer systems, and more particularly to adaptable controls used to control content within computing applications.
2. Brief Description of Prior Developments
There has recently been a tremendous growth in the number of computers connected to the Internet. A client computer connected to the Internet can download digital information from server computers. Client application software typically accepts commands from a user and obtains data and services by sending requests to server applications running on the server computers. The Web is an information service on the Internet providing documents and links between documents. It is made up of numerous Web sites located around the world that maintain- and distribute electronic documents. A Web site may use one or more Web server computers that store and distribute documents in a number of formats, including the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML).
An intranet is a local area network containing Web servers and client computers operating in a manner similar to the World Wide Web described above. Typically, all of the computers on an intranet are contained within a company or organization. A client computer connected to a network, such as a local area network, wide area network, an intranet, or the Internet, can download digital information from server computers. This digital information can be presented to a user with and executed by a Web browser computing application.
A Web browser is a client application or, preferably, an integrated operating system utility that communicates with server computers via File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Gopher protocols. Web browsers receive content from a server sent over the Internet that is typically encoded in Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) and executed by the browser on a client computer. Such HTML documents may include scripts (e.g. Java Scripts or Visual Basic Scripts) that allow for some basic flexibility. To go beyond what is possible with HTML and embedded scripts, browsers typically support the usage of additional components such as Java Applets, ActiveX Controls and Plug-Ins that provide extra functionality.
In prior versions of the Web browser computing application, an operator was offered conventional toolbar controls by which he/she could browse the web. These controls provided basic browsing functions such as, navigating between and controlling web pages (i.e. moving back and forth between already browsed web pages, refreshing web pages, stopping the loading of a web page, browsing to "Favorite" web pages, loading "Channels", and viewing browsing history) and controlling the web browser application itself (i.e. resizing the browser, and printing). Such conventional toolbar controls, however, do not afford an operator of the Web browser computing application the ability to navigate directly to a given web page or a set of web pages. Further, existing Web browser toolbars are static and, for the most part, do not provide any additional content that may be of use or interest to an operator of the web browser.
Generally, conventional web browsing applications operate such that they provide a single Web browsing session (i.e. an instance in which a web page may be navigated) when the Web browsing application is launched. Although these web browsers do provide the operator the ability to launch additional web browsers, thereby creating additional Web browsing sessions, the operator is still foreclosed from viewing additional web pages (i.e. web page content) within a singly launched web browser.
There are several advantages in having multiple web browsing sessions within a singly launched Web browser computing application, including, providing operators the ability to view real time updated Web content, affording operators the ability to browse multiple Web pages, and providing Web content providers the ability to integrate their Web content directly with a Web browser application. Such advantages may increase an operator's browsing efficiency, significantly add value to an operator's Web browsing experience, and provide an effective marketing tool for Web content providers to showcase their Web content.
Further, in prior versions of Web browser computing applications, the Web browser computing application offered conventional toolbars that generally provided web navigation controls. These toolbars are generally hard-coded within the web browser application yielding toolbars that were static in appearance and, more importantly, in the functionality the toolbar could offer. With static toolbars, an operator of the web browser application is corralled in experiencing a specific set of functions and operations, thereby limiting the overall web-browsing experience. Additionally, as a result of static web browser toolbars, web content providers were foreclosed from updating content within a toolbar to reflect recent changes and/or modifications.
Stated differently, conventional web browsing applications provide an operator with toolbar(s) that perform various functions that range from web navigation (i.e. navigation between web sites and web pages within web sites) to sizing and positioning of the web browser application itself Web browser toolbars facilitate the use of the Web browser computing application and add value to an operator's browser experience. Generally however, these toolbars are hard-coded with predetermined values that indicate a toolbar's look and feel (e.g. size, shape, color, and position) and, more importantly, that describe the functions that the various components of the toolbar perform (e.g. when the "History" button of the navigation toolbar is depressed, list a history of the operator's latest web site(s) and/or web page(s) visited). Although, toolbar values may be updated by modifying the browser application code, such changes require extensive resources (i.e. time and labor) and are extremely impractical. Additionally, such updates generally occur with new releases of the web browser application thereby limiting web content providers to updating toolbar content and/or functionality around such release dates.
It is thus desired to implement a system that would allow for the creation and maintenance of dynamic and updateable computing application panes cooperating with dynamic and updateable toolbars. At the core of this invention that could achieve these advantages is an apparatus and methods that would capitalize on existing computing application technologies.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Dynamic controls for use in computing applications


The present invention provides a registration system (10) including a recognition unit (11) that analyzes an image obtained by a camera imaging a placing surface of a table on which a product is placed and recognizes the product in the image, a registration unit (12) that registers the recognized product as a checkout target, a first display unit (13) that displays a list of the products registered as the checkout targets on a display, a first selection unit (14) that selects one or more of the products from the list, and a second display unit (15) that displays information for determining the selected product, on the placing surface.

A technology of recognizing a product with image analysis and registering the product as a checkout target is examined.
An apparatus may execute a process of analyzing an image obtained by imaging a product on a belt conveyor to recognize the product, and then display a product candidate on a display in a case where a reliability is within a predetermined range and lights up a display lamp when the product moves to the vicinity of a terminal, and register a product specified from the product candidates as a checkout target.
An apparatus may image a product placed on a table with a camera, recognize the product by pattern matching based on a feature value of an appearance of the product, and register the recognized product as a checkout target.
An apparatus may image a product placed on a table with a camera, recognize the product by pattern matching based on a feature value of an appearance of the product, and register the recognized product as a checkout target. The apparatus may project a predetermined mark on a placement position of the recognized product.

Object detection system using image recognition, object detection device using image recognition, object detection method using image recognition, and non-transitory storage medium


A computer numerical control machine tool for grinding two sides of a plane by shifting self-rotation ultrasonic vibration, wherein a pillar (3) is provided on the tool body (1) of the machine tool, a Y axis movement assembly (12) is provided on the platform of the tool body (1), with a lower revolving movement assembly (11), which revolves about a Z coordinate axis, being mounted on the upper surface of the Y axis movement assembly (12), and a lower grinding plate (10) being mounted coaxially above the lower revolving movement assembly (11); an ultrasonic vibration assembly (2) is mounted fixedly on the pillar (3), with a separation plate (8) for clamping a workpiece assembly (9) being provided on the ultrasonic vibration assembly (2); an X axis movement assembly (4) is mounted on the upper part of the pillar (3), a Z axis movement assembly (5) is mounted on the upright face of the X axis movement assembly (4), with an upper revolving movement assembly (6), which revolves about the Z coordinate axis, being provided on the Z axis movement assembly (5), and an upper grinding plate (7) being mounted coaxially on the revolving axis of the upper revolving movement assembly (6). The present invention enhances the time variation of grinding movement tracks, the uniformity of grinding speed distribution, machining efficiency and machining precision.

Grinding is a final finishing method of precision machining or super precision machining. The grinding methods can be classified into a loose abrasive grinding, a fixed abrasive grinding, a magnetic grinding, a vibration grinding, an electrolytic grinding, a mechanical-chemistry grinding, a magnetic fluid grinding and the like. The grinding methods can also be classified into a plane grinding and a curved surface grinding according to a surface shape of a workpiece. The plane grinding is further divided into one side grinding and two sides grinding. With respect to the two sides grinding, the workpiece is placed between an upper grinding plate and a lower grinding plate with two sides of the workpiece being grinded at the same time, resulting in a high grinding efficiency. The present invention relates to a computer numerical control machine tool for grinding two sides of a plane by fixed abrasives (that is, the abrasive and the grinding tool are combined as a grinding plate).
Requirements for the grinding principle include: 1) the grinding movement track should continuously change at each instant (that is, the grinding movement track should be time-variant), and should not repeat as possible, so as to ensure forming uniform grinding stripes on the surface of the workpiece without any leading direction; 2) the relative movement speed between the grinding plate and the workpiece should be distributed as uniform as possible, because the speed is very important for the uniform grinding of the grinding plate, the uniform grinding of the workpiece and the surface shape precision of the grinding plate and the workpiece; 3) a high grinding speed should be adopted in order to improve a machining efficiency, whereas the surface residual stress will increase as the grinding speed increases, so does the hardening extent of the surface, and thus, the surface residual stress and the hardening limit the increase of the grinding speed.
With respect to the fixed abrasive plane grinding, it requires that the workpiece should be self-rotatable while the grinding plate is rotating so as to guarantee the tracks of the grinding movement (the relative movement between the grinding plate and the workpiece) unrepeated to satisfy the time-variation requirement of the grinding movement. The existing double surface grinding machines mostly adopt a planetary mechanism to drive a separation plate to perform a planetary motion, so as to bring the workpiece to self-rotate. However, the structure of the planetary mechanism is relatively complex and the stress conditions of the separation plate (planet gear) is rather bad, resulting in a heavy wear. The distance (radius) between the self-rotation center of the workpiece and the center of the grinding plate is constant, so that the rotation may be referred to as a constant distance self-rotation. One of the defects of the constant distance self-rotation lies in that the self-rotation speed of the workpiece at its self-rotation center is zero, which degrades the time-variation property. Another defect lies in that the grinding speed at each grinding point on the surface of the workpiece equals to the sum of the rotation speed of the grinding plate and the linear velocity of the self-rotation speed of the workpiece at the grinding point, and the distribution uniformity of the grinding speed is deteriorated, because the speed at the self-rotation center of the workpiece is zero. A certain double surface plane grinding machine operates in a manner that the separation plate performs an eccentric transitional motion, the upper grinding plate and the lower grinding plate are fixed, and the workpiece is clamped in the separation plate to perform a transitional motion along therewith (brought by a sine mechanism). This kind of double surface grinding machines can partially overcome the defects of the bad track time-variation and bad uniformity of grinding speed distribution in the former grinding method, while there are still defects as follows: the sine mechanism is complex in structure, the stress condition of the separation plate is bad and the abrasion is serious, especially, the upper and lower grinding plates are fixed and only the workpiece performs a planar motion, so that the grinding speed is low, and thus the processing efficiency is low. The grinding contact pressure of a general grinding machine tool for grinding two sides of a plane is controlled by a hydraulic device. At present, there is no computer numerical control machine tools for grinding two sides of a plane by shifting self-rotation in which not only the workpiece can self-rotate along therewith (i.e. self-rotate without being driven by the partition plate), but also a self-rotation position of the workpiece can be automatically controlled through a numerical control.
The ultrasonic vibration grinding includes a loose abrasive ultrasonic vibration grinding and a fixed abrasive ultrasonic vibration grinding. With respect to the fixed abrasive ultrasonic vibration grinding, an ultrasonic vibration apparatus is used to drive the fixed abrasives to generate a high frequency vibration. The fixed abrasive ultrasonic vibration grinding differs from the normal grinding in that: during the general grinding, if the abrasives move once relative to the workpiece, then the abrasive cutting edge of the normal grinding tool only performs cutting operation once. However, during an ultrasonic vibration grinding, each of the abrasive cutting edges in the fixed abrasives grinding tool vibrates at a frequency of twenty thousands to fifty thousands times per second and conducts a fine cutting (grinding), accordingly the processing efficiency is high, and uniform, fine and dense cutting tracks are generated on the workpiece with a low surface roughness and a high machining precision. The fixed abrasive ultrasonic vibration grinding is adapted to a small mass fixed abrasive application (such as an outer circumference grinding), but hardly implemented on the double side grinding plate for grinding two sides of a plane. Till now, there is no computer numerical control machine for grinding two sides of a plane in which the upper and lower grinding plates are driven by an ultrasonic vibration apparatus to vibrate at a high frequency.

Computer numerical control machine tool for grinding two sides of a plane by shifting self-rotation and ultrasonic vibration


In a method of testing a multi-port memory in accordance with a test pattern, test clock signals having the same test clock frequency but with different delay periods introduced therein are generated for controlling memory access through the different access ports of the memory. Consecutive memory operations of a test element of the test pattern are then conducted in a folded sequence upon a memory cell through the different access ports in accordance with the test clock signals such that the memory operations are completed within the same test clock cycle of the test element.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of testing a multi-port memory, more particularly to a method of testing a multi-port memory using a sequence folding scheme to effectively reduce the testing time.
2. Description of the Related Art
System-on-chip (SOC) products generally incorporate hundreds of embedded memories, the size of which can occupy as much as 90% of the total chip area. Apart from memory capacity, the demand for data bandwidth in an SOC chip has increased as well. These led to the development of multi-port memories having a plurality of access ports that permit simultaneous access to memory cells. Multi-port memories are widely used in multiprocessor systems, network processors, graphic processing chips, devices with high performance requirements, etc., and are also found in data communication applications having different timing requirements. Therefore, in view of the increasing requirements for multi-port memories, technical problems of effective and rapid detection and diagnosis of defects in multi-port memories during the development phase, and of efficient testing during the mass production phase have become an important topic in the industry.
However, unlike a single-port memory, the multi-port memory provides parallel access paths that permit simultaneous access to different (or even the same) memory cells. In this sense, a multi-port memory differs very much from a single-port memory in architecture. Hence, an inter-port word line short or an inter-port bit line short in a multi-port memory will be more difficult to detect than damage in a conventional single-port memory. Accordingly, to promote efficiency in detecting damage in a multi-port memory, numerous test algorithms, including Zero-One, Checkerboard, CALPAT, Walking 1/0, Sliding Diagonal, Butterfly, and March algorithms, for a multi-port memory have been proposed in recent years. Among them, the March algorithm has proved to be superior in terms of testing efficiency. In accordance with different fault models of a multi-port memory, the basic March algorithm can be extended to result in other algorithms, such as MATS+, Marching 1/0, MATS++, March X, Match C+/C−, March A, March Y, March B, etc.
Taking the March C-algorithm as an example, the test pattern is: { (wa); ↑ (ra, wb); ↑ (rb, wa); ↓ (ra, wb) ↓ (rb, wa);  (ra)}, where a=0 or 1, b=ā (i.e., inverse of a), w represents a write operation, r represents a read operation,  represents that a memory write or read operation can be conducted in an ascending or descending order of memory addresses, ↑ represents that a memory write or read operation is conducted in the ascending order of the memory addresses, ↓ represents that a memory write or read operation is conducted in the descending order of the memory addresses, and ( ) indicates a test element that includes one or more memory operations, e.g., read a (ra), write b (wb), read b (rb), and write a (wa). Furthermore, the memory operations of a previous test element must be completed upon one of the memory cells (or memory addresses) before the memory operations of a succeeding test element can be performed upon said one of the memory cells (or memory addresses).
Therefore, assuming that a multi-port memory includes a pair of access ports A and B, when a test element ↑ (ra, wb) is to be executed, the prior art contemplates applying the consecutive memory operations (ra) and (wb) of the test element to each memory cell (or memory address) through the access port A, followed by applying the same memory operations (ra) and (wb) of the test element to each memory cell (or memory address) through the access port B. In this case, since each memory operation (ra) and (wb) requires at least one test clock cycle for completion, at least two test clock cycles are required when the memory operations of the test element ↑ (ra, wb) are conducted upon one of the memory cells (or memory addresses) through one of the access ports A or B. Since testing is actually conducted by treating the access ports A and B as individual ports, the test algorithm is executed twice such that one of the access ports A or B is idle when testing is conducted through the other of the access ports A or B.
In another conventional method of testing a multi-port memory, the consecutive memory operations (ra) and (wb) of the test element are applied to each memory cell (or memory address) by alternating between the access ports A and B. Particularly, the memory operation (ra) is applied through the access port A during a first test clock cycle, whereas the memory operation (wb) is applied through the access port B during a succeeding second test clock cycle. While two test clock cycles are still required when the memory operations of the test element ↑ (ra, wb) are conducted upon one of the memory cells (or memory addresses), it is no longer necessary to execute the test algorithm twice. However, one of the access ports A or B is still idle when testing is conducted through the other of the access ports A or B.
Since fault models of multi-port memories tend to be very complicated, corresponding complex algorithms are required for fault detection and testing. As a result, as capacities of multi-port memories become bigger, and as structures of multi-port memories grow in complexity, the test algorithms required also become more complicated, thereby resulting in a tremendous increase in testing time, which has an adverse affect on the testing efficiency of multi-port memories.

Multi-port memory testing method utilizing a sequence folding scheme for testing time reduction


A proteinaceous gelatin binder is used to make aqueous green ceramic compositions suitable for forming green ceramic tape by tape casting. Any known ceramic may be used. The tapes may be fired individual or as a laminate to produce sintered ceramic articles.

In the manufacture of many ceramic products, a ceramic powder is combined with a binder and a carrier medium such as a solvent, and the combination is formed into a green ceramic tape. The green ceramic tape may be subjected to processing steps such as cutting, lamination, hole punching, and metallization. After such processing steps (if any), the tape or tape laminate is fired to produce a sintered ceramic body.
While green ceramic tapes can be formed by several techniques, the most widely used technique is tape casting. In tape casting, a ceramic powder/binder/carrier medium formulation is cast onto a backing sheet. The sheet, with the green ceramic formulation on its surface, is then passed under a device such as a "doctor" blade which regulates the thickness of the ceramic tape.
In order for the green ceramic formulation to be workable during the tape casting process, a solvent is typically added to the formulation as the carrier medium. For most binders, an organic solvent is used. In recent years, however, the use of organic solvents has become less desirable due to environmental problems associated with their later removal from the tape.
Some binder systems which use water as the solvent or carrier medium have been developed. Examples of some aqueous systems are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,093. These binder systems are often expensive and require a relatively high proportion of binder compared to the amount of ceramic powder in the formulation. The higher amount of binder results in a lower density green tape which requires more severe firing conditions to densify and which undergoes a greater amount of shrinkage on densification. Many aqueous systems also require lengthy times for drying the tape. These disadvantages have discouraged the adoption of such water-based systems for tape casting.

Aqueous processing of green ceramic tapes


An improved spoke edge geometry for a non-pneumatic or hybrid tire. The spoke edge geometry possesses a reduced cross-section that reduces the bending stresses locally and allows a unique mold construction that changes the placement and orientation of potential flash.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention provides improved spoke edge geometry for a non-pneumatic or hybrid tire that is less prone to fatigue when used. The present invention also provides a way to manufacture such geometry in a mold. In particular, the spoke edge geometry is provided with a reduced crass-section that reduces the bending stresses locally and allows a unique mold construction that changes the placement and orientation of potential flash and reduces other potential molding flaws when a liquid such as polyurethane is introduced into the cavity of the mold to form a spoke. This change results in a reduction in the possibility of a stress riser being found near the edge of the spoke, enhancing the durability of the tire.
2. Description of the Related Art
Non-pneumatic or structurally supported tires have been disclosed in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,201,194, commonly owned by the applicant of the present invention, relates to a structurally supported resilient tire that supports a load without internal air pressure. The content of this patent is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In an exemplary embodiment, this non-pneumatic tire includes an outer annular shear band and a plurality of web spokes that extend transversely across and radially inward from the annular band and are anchored in a wheel or hub. In certain exemplary embodiments, the annular shear band may further comprise a shear layer, at least a first membrane adhered to the radially inward extent of the shear layer and at least a second membrane adhered to the radially outward extent of the shear layer. In addition to the ability to operate without a required inflation pressure, the invention of U.S. Pat. No. 7,201,194 also provides advantages that include a more uniform ground contact pressure throughout the length of the contact area. Hence, this tire mimics the performance of a pneumatic tire.
FIG. 1 shows such a tire defining radial R and axial A directions. For reference, all the reference numerals in the 100's used herein refer to a previous tire, spoke and mold design while all reference numerals in the 200's used herein refer to a new and improved tire, spoke and mold design according to an embodiment of the present invention. The tire 100, 200 comprises a tread 102, 202 that is attached to the outward extent 104, 204 of the spokes 106, 206, which in turn, are connected to a hub or wheel 108, 208 at their inward extent 110, 210 by means known in the art. For the version of the tire 100, 200 shown, the spokes 106, 206 are formed by pouring a polyurethane liquid into a rotational mold where the liquid is then cured or hardened. It can also be seen that the spokes 108, 206 are grouped in pairs and that the individual spokes 106′, 106″, 206′, 206″ within each pair are consistently spaced from each other and that each pair is spaced consistently from the adjacent pair around the circumference of the tire. The spacing within each pair and the spacing between each adjacent pair do not need to be the same.
As described by the Abstract and col. 2, lines 28-41 of the '194 patent, the spokes 106, 206 support the tire 100, 200 in tension near the top of the tire 100, 200 and not in compression at the bottom of the tire 100. Instead, the spokes 106, 206 at the bottom of the tire near the contact patch, which is where the tread 102, 202 of the tire contacts the road, compress or buckle easily. This helps the tire to simulate the pneumatic support function of a pneumatic tire. As can be imagined, these spokes 106, 206 undergo a great deal of cyclic stress from tension to compression especially as the tire 100, 200 rotates at high speeds. This creates a risk of fatigue failure for the spokes. Consequently, the endurance of the spokes 106, 206 and the operability of the tire 100, 200 depend significantly on the accuracy of the geometry with which the spokes 106, 206 are made and the lack of any stress risers caused by manufacturing flaws.
Looking now at FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C, front, side and sectional views respectively of a previous spoke design that was susceptible to molding flaws are shown. For the sake of clarity, the tread has been omitted. Focusing on FIG. 2C, the cross-sectional shape of spokes 106′, 106″ can be seen. The thickness of the spoke, T106, which is relatively consistent at 4 mm, and the edges 112′, 112″ of the spokes 106′, 106″ where flash 114 frequently occurs during the molding process are illustrated. The flash 114 is located near the edges 112′, 112″ of the spokes 106′, 106″ where radii 116 have been added to aid in stress reduction as the spokes 106′, 106″ cycle between tension and compression as the tire 100 rotates on a road surface under a vertical load. The reason why this flash occurs and why it is located as illustrated will be discussed more fully later. Since the cross section of the spokes 106′, 106″ is fairly straight and constant, the neutral axis or plane 118 about which each spoke 106′, 106″ flexes is essentially on the mid-plane of the spoke 106′, 106″ and the bending moment from a straight exterior surface 120 of the spoke 106′, 106″ to the neutral plane 118 remains fairly constant all the way to either edge of the spoke 106′, 106″.
In addition to the flash 114, the manner in which the mold that formed this geometry was built creates the possibility of mold mismatch from one side of the mold to the other which means that in addition to or sometimes instead of the presence of flash 114, the filleted edges 116 of the spokes 106 do not line up exactly with a straight exterior surface 120 of the spoke 106, creating a small ledge or corner near the edge of the spoke 106. This too can be undesirable for reasons that will be discussed below. A more complete explanation for this molding flaw will be discussed later.
Testing of this spoke design has revealed that any of these locations of flash 114 or mold mismatch create a stress riser as the spoke 106 cycles between tension and compression as the tire 100 rolls on a road surface. These manufacturing flaws then lead to crack initiation and propagation that can cause the spoke 106 to fail, undesirably impairing the operability of the tire 100. The location of these flaws is less than optimal because they are found near the edge 112 of the spokes 106 where they bend, creating high strains and stresses which cause cracks to initiate. Also, the orientation of the flash 114 is less than optimal since it is perpendicular or oblique to the neutral bending plane 118 of the spoke 106, which means that the flaw it creates is aligned with the direction in which the flash has a natural tendency to propagate cracks as the longest dimension of flash is the one that is bent, creating the highest moment and largest stress concentration in the flash. Put into other words, the flash is oriented in its most rigid configuration relative to the bending of the spokes making it more susceptible to cracking and this adds to the susceptibility of the spoke to fail 106.
Turning to FIG. 3, a general representation of how the mold 122 that made the previous spoke configuration was constructed is depicted. A first set of cores 124 that extend from a first mold half 126 and that Interarticulate with a second set of cores 128 that extend from a second mold half 130 form the majority of the surface area of the cavities 132, which are the negative image of the spokes that are formed. Each core has a 0.25° of draft on a side and this in conjunction with the interarticulation of the cores 124, 128 allows the spokes to maintain a constant thickness which helps maintain the strength of the spokes. It should be noted that these cores 124, 128 are actually arranged in a circular array in the mold 122 and that this figure shows their cross-sections projected onto a flat plane for ease of illustration. Also, common mold features such as venting for helping proper mold fill by allowing the escape of trapped gas and alignment features such as taper pins for facilitating mold alignment for the cores 124, 128 and mold halves 126, 130 have been omitted for the sake of clarity. Also, the cores are shown to be solid extensions of the mold halves 126, 130 but in actuality these are often separate inserts that are retained within the mold halves 126, 130 and that can be easily replaced should a core 124, 128 be damaged.
Looking more closely at the ends 133 of the cavities 132 that form the fillets found on the spokes, it can be seen that they are found adjacent to flat shut off surfaces 134 where the core 124, 128 extending from one mold half 126, 130 contacts or nearly contacts the other mold half 126, 130. As a result of this mold configuration, it is possible for a liquid such as polyurethane to seep into this space if a large enough gap is created due to machining tolerances, core deflection due to mold processing conditions, etc. This creates the undesired. flash that has been previously described near the edges of the spokes. Also, since the parting line is perpendicular to the direction of the extension of the cores 124, 128, the flash will be nearly orthogonal to the bending plane of the spokes, which is undesirable as explained above.
Looking now at FIG. 3A, which is an enlarged view of the radiused end portion 133 of the cavities 132, an example of mold mismatch is given. As shown, the core 128 extends undesirably into the cavity 132, creating a ledge or corner 138 that forms the complimentary shaped ledge or corner geometry in the spoke. In this case, either the location of the radiused end 133 is in the improper place due to manufacturing errors and/or tolerance stack ups, and/or the core is deflected, improperly manufactured, etc. so that the straight surface 138 of the core 128 is not tangent to the radiused end 133 of the cavity 132 but is shifted downward relative to the radiused end 133 of the cavity 132 as seen in FIG. 3A. Sometimes, this geometry is reversed and the core 128 is shifted upward relative to the radiused end 133 of the cavity 132 as seen in FIG. 3A. In either case, the ledge 138 that mold mismatch creates may also create a stress riser that is undesirably positioned and oriented since it is located on an outside surface near the edge of the spokes and is perpendicular to the natural bending plane of the spoke. So this too can initiate cracks that could cause the spoke to fail. Mold mismatch may occur in any, all or none of the cavities of the previous mold construction depending on a host of variables such as core deflection due to mold processing conditions, improper machining, and tolerance stack ups, etc.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved spoke edge design and mold for creating this geometry that limits the creation and changes the orientation of molding flaws such as flash and mold mismatch near the edge of the spokes. Also, revised spoke edge geometry for reducing the strains and stresses found in this area would be helpful.

Spoke edge geometry for a non-pneumatic tire

Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin


A magnetic memory device comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, a laminated structure comprising plural first magnetic layers being provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, a second magnetic layer comprising different composition elements from that of the first magnetic layer and being provided between plural first magnetic layers, a piezoelectric body provided on a opposite side to a side where the first electrode is provided in the laminated structure, and a third electrode applying voltage to the piezoelectric body and provided on a different position from a position where the first electrode is provided in the piezoelectric body.

"A memory device, a selection device, and a wire which reads information" were fabricated in a semiconductor device. On the contrast, shift resistor type memory has been proposed for realizing a large capacity memory. This idea is based on arraying only the memory devices for realizing high density memory, and this idea is a method for transferring memory information to a sensor and a wire which are formed in given place. Thus, this idea enables memory capacity to increase markedly. The shift resister memory which is equipped with control electrode for each bit (digit) is not good as the use of memory, and several digits of shift motion should be operated by the shift resister memory by applying some actions to whole bit lines. However it is not easy for the shift resister to send whole digit information correctly.

Magnetic memory device and method of magnetic domain wall motion


A walkway system comprising a plurality of support assemblies, each having a pair of spaced apart beam support plates on an upper side thereof, and a plurality of pairs of beams. Each pair of beams is supported by pairs of spaced apart beam support plates of at least two support assemblies. A plurality of cross members extend between lower portions of the pairs of beams. The cross members are configured to support one or more cables resting thereupon. A plurality of decking members extend between the pairs of beams. The decking members are secured to upper sides of the beams. The cross members, beams and decking members cooperate to form a partial enclosure for the cables, thereby eliminating the need for a separate cable tray.

Walkways are often erected next to railways, particularly next to elevated railways. Such walkways may facilitate access to the tracks for maintenance staff. Walkways may also be erected to provide a safe platform for receiving passengers exiting from trains in the event of an emergency or an unscheduled stop between stations.
FIGS. 17A-C show an example section of a prior art walkway. In the illustrated example, a steel frame is provided which includes a number of vertical posts 10, diagonal braces 12, lateral supports 14, upper longitudinal supports 16 and lower longitudinal supports 18. Lateral supports 14 support one or more cable trays 20 (see FIG. 17C) for carrying cables. A cover plate 17 may be attached between upper longitudinal supports 16 and lower longitudinal supports 18. Upper longitudinal supports 16 support a plurality of decking planks 30, which are typically covered with safety tread to provide increased traction.
Typical prior art walkways are generally constructed primarily from steel, due to its strength. However, steel can be relatively difficult to work with, and is relatively heavy, which can lead to increased costs. Also, it is often not cost effective to form curved walkways from steel, so instead prior art walkways are typically made up of a number of straight sections when the walkway is placed alongside a curved railway.
The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related thereto are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.


A bias circuit includes a first branch circuit, a second branch circuit, a current amplifier and a switch, wherein the first branch circuit is configured to shunt an inputted first current, and input a first branch current of the first current to a power supply ground; the second branch circuit is configured to shunt the inputted first current, and input a second branch current of the first current to the current amplifier; the current amplifier is configured to receive the second branch current of the first current and amplify the second branch current of the first current to serve as a bias current of a power amplifier connected to the bias circuit for outputting; and the switch is configured to switch different resistance values for a resistor in the first branch circuit and/or switch different resistance values for a resistor in the second branch circuit.

When a radio frequency signal in the 2nd Generation (2G), The 3rd Generation (3G) or the 4th Generation (4G) mobile communication technology is amplified by a multimode multiband radio frequency power amplifier, the power amplifier should operate in different states. The power amplifier that operates in a 2G mode should be provided with a large bias current such that the power amplifier operates in a class A mode of power amplifier, thereby further realizing better output power and linearity. The power amplifier that operates in a 3G or 4G mode should be provided with a small bias current such that the power amplifier operates in a class A and class B mode of power amplifier, thereby further realizing better efficiency and linearity compatibility. That is to say, the power amplifier compatible with different modes such as the 2G mode, the 3G mode and the 4G mode has different bias currents for realizing an optimal performance in each of different modes such as the 2G mode, the 3G mode and the 4G mode.
As shown in FIG. 1, in related technologies, a fixed bias circuit is generally used to provide the power amplifier compatible with the different modes such as the 2G mode, the 3G mode and the 4G mode with a base bias current. The fixed bias circuit is fixed to a radio frequency impedance of a base of the power amplifier, such that a base current provided for the power amplifier is fixed.

Bias circuit and power amplification circuit

SMARTER MICROELECTRONICS (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD.


A system and methods that prioritize email based on the use of cryptographic signatures are described. The system can allow email to be received without blocking a subset of the email. When email is received, the system can determine whether the email is received from an approved user who has exchanged public keys with the email recipient and determines whether the email includes one or more cryptographic signatures. Emails with signatures that are successfully verified can be identified as having a higher priority level than emails without the cryptographic signatures. The emails with the higher priority level can be presented to the recipient in a priority inbox. Emails without the signatures can be placed in a different folder, which is not presented to the user by default, but can be presented to the user in response to a request from the user.

At one time, the majority of written communication between people and businesses was conducted through mail sent via the post office. Included with the mail was often junk mail. Although often an annoyance, junk mail was relatively manageable for most people because, for example, the time and expense to create junk mail kept the quantity of junk mail to a manageable level.
Today, the majority of written communication is conducted via electronic means, such as email. The relative ease of creating junk electronic mail, or spam as it is often termed, has vastly increased the amount of spam created and received compared to traditional mail. Dealing with the vast amount of spam is not only a great annoyance to users, but can be quite costly to both users and businesses. For example, employees may spend time dealing with spam that could have been spent attending to more productive tasks. Further, some businesses spend extra capital and require additional resources to handle spam that could have been spent in a more beneficial manner.

Electronic communications management system and method


The present application at least describes a computer-implemented method including a step of setting, via a service layer residing on a server outside of an underlying 3GPP network, a trigger in the underlying 3GPP network, where the trigger defines an QoS parameter change in the underlying 3GPP network. The underlying 3GPP network is configured with functionality to send a notification to the service layer upon detecting the QoS parameter change. The computer-implemented method also includes a step of receiving, from the underlying 3GPP network, the notification the detected QoS parameter change has occurred. The computer-implemented method further includes a step of performing, at the service layer residing on the server a service layer operation in response to the received notification.

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) covers cellular telecommunications network technologies, including radio access, the core transport network, and service capabilities. The latest version of the 3GPP mobile core network (MCN) architecture for wireless communications is referred to as the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) has a "flat architecture" to handle the data traffic efficiently from performance and cost perspective. EPC also separates the user data (also known as the user plane) and the signaling (also known as the control plane) to make the EPC scale independent.
The 3GPP network Policy and Charging Control (PCC) system provides dynamic control of policy and charging per subscriber and per IP data flow. It supports finer QoS control to enable application servers to dynamically control the Quality of Service (QoS) and charging policies for the services delivered.
FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates the PCC architecture 100 that consists of a number of functions with specified interfaces between them. The Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) 102 is responsible to manage Policy and Charging for IP-CAN sessions, IP-CAN bearers or Service Data Flows (SDFs). Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) 104 encompasses service data flow detection, policy enforcement and flow based charging functionalities. 3GPP network supports both Offline and Online Charging. Offline Charging System (OFCS) 106 is a mechanism where charging information does not affect, in real-time, the service rendered, such as post-paid subscribers. OFCS 106 includes Charging Data Function (CDF) and Charging Gateway Function (CGF). CDF uses the information received from Charging Trigger Function (CTF) to construct Charging Data Records (CDRs). CGF acts as a gateway between the 3GPP network and the Billing Domain to transfer CDRs. On the contrary, the Online Charging System (OCS) 108 performs charging functions, e.g. credit control in real-time. This allows the OCS 108 to affect service execution in real-time, typically for pre-paid subscribers. Various charging models are supported by 3GPP network, such as volume-based, time-based, volume- and time-based, event-based, and no charging.
From a protocol stack perspective, service layers are typically situated above the application protocol layer and provide value added services to client applications. Hence service layers are often categorized as 'middleware' services. For example, FIG. 2 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary service layer 202 between an IP network stack 204 and applications 206.
An M2M/IoT service layer is an example of one type of service layer specifically targeted towards providing value-added services for M2M/IoT type devices and applications. Recently, several industry standards bodies (e.g., oneM2M) have been developing M2M/IoT service layers to address the challenges associated with the integration of M2M/IoT types of devices and applications into deployments such as the Internet/Web, cellular, enterprise, and home network.
An M2M service layer can provide applications and devices access to a collection of M2M-oriented capabilities supported by the service layer. A few examples include security, charging, data management, device management, discovery, provisioning, and connectivity management. These capabilities are made available to applications via APIs which make use of message formats, resource structures and resource representations defined by the M2M service layer.
oneM2M is a new standard to develop technical specifications which address the need for a common M2M Service Layer that can be readily embedded within various hardware and software, and relied upon to connect a wide variety of devices in the field with M2M application servers worldwide.
FIG. 3 is a diagram that illustrates a oneM2M common services layer 302 that supports a set of Common Service Functions (CSFs) (i.e. service capabilities). An instantiation of a set of one or more particular types of CSFs is referred to as a Common Services Entity (CSE) 304 which can be hosted on different types of network nodes (e.g. infrastructure node, middle node, application-specific node).
oneM2M is developing the service layer in two architectural approaches. FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates a RoA (Resource Oriented Architecture) architecture for oneM2M. A resource is a uniquely addressable element in the architecture having a representation that can be manipulated via RESTful methods such as Create, Retrieve, Update, and Delete. These resources are made addressable using a Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs). A resource may contain child resource(s) and attribute(s). A child resource is a resource that has a containment relationship with a parent resource. The parent resource representation contains references to its child resources(s). The lifetime of a child-resource is limited by the parent's resource lifetime. Each resource supports a set of "attributes" that store information of the resource.
FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates a SoA (Service Oriented Architecture) for oneM2M. The SoA architecture is being developed to consider legacy deployment that is not RESTful based. It re-uses largely the same service layer functional architectural. The service layer contains various M2M services, and multiple services can be grouped into service components. In addition to existing reference points, it introduced the inter-service reference point Msc. Communication between M2M Service Components which pass over the Msc reference point utilizes a web services approach, e.g., Web Services Message Exchange Patterns (MEP).
Looking again at FIG. 3, the Mcn reference point is designed for communication flows between a Common Services Entity (CSE) 304 and the Underlying Network Services Entity (NSE) 306. These flows enable a CSE 304 to use the supported services (other than transport and connectivity services) provided by the Underlying NSE 306.
Communications between the CSEs 304 and the NSEs 306 across the Mcn reference point include:                CSE(s) accessing network service functions provided by Underlying Networks; and        Optimizing network service processing for Underlying Networks.
Such services normally are more than just the general transport services.
Communications which pass over the Mcn reference point to Underlying Networks include:                Messaging services that are widely deployed by Applications and network operators using a number of existing mechanisms.        Network APIs defined by other SDOs (e.g. OMA and GSMA) are used by network operators for their services.        Interworking for services and security aspects for MTC (Machine Type Communications) has been defined by 3GPP network.
A Service Charging and Accounting (SCA) CSF 308 defined by oneM2M is responsible for dealing with all charging and accounting issues. Table 1 shows the charging requirements related to the charging correlation, however these requirements are not fully addressed in current oneM2M specifications.
TABLE 1Onem2m Requirements For Charging CorrelationRequirement IDDescriptionCHG-002The M2M system shall support mechanism to facilitate correlation (e.g. subscriber identity) of charging information collected for different services, including those provided by the underlying network operator.CHG-004The M2M system shall support transfer of the charging information records to the Billing Domain of the M2M ServiceProvider, for the purpose of:Subscriber billingInter-provider billingProvider-to-subscriber accounting including additional functions like statistics.

Methods and apparatuses for service layer charging correlation with underlying networks


A brake control device for a brake system for a rail vehicle, the brake system having at least one adhesion-type friction brake device. The brake control device receives brake actuation data, which are assigned to the at least one adhesion-type friction brake device, from a brake actuation sensor device of the brake system. The brake control device receives brake action data, which are assigned to the at least one adhesion-type friction brake device, from a brake action sensor device of the brake system, and to cause the adhesion-type friction brake device to effect a braking process, and to monitor and assign brake actuation data and brake action data to each other during a braking process. Also disclosed is a brake system, a rail vehicle and a method for operating a brake system.

One of the most important and most safety-relevant systems of a rail vehicle is the brake system. Nowadays, in modern rail vehicles, pneumatic brakes are commonly used as service brakes, the pneumatic brakes being supplemented by further brake systems if appropriate. In the case of a pneumatic brake, a brake pressure is exerted on a force generator, for example a pneumatic cylinder, which thereupon brings friction elements of a friction brake device into frictional contact to bring about a braking operation. To test the functionality of such friction brake elements, it is generally the case that, before a train sets off, a brake signal is generated and it is checked, by means of pressure sensors, whether a brake pressure corresponding to the brake signal is generated.
Disclosed embodiments permit improved monitoring of brake apparatuses of rail vehicles.

Brake control device for a brake system, brake system, rail vehicle and method for operating a brake system

KNORR-BREMSE SYSTEME FÜR SCHIENENFAHRZEUGE GMBH


A printing apparatus includes traveling means for traveling in the recording directions by holding it for recording on a recording medium, guiding means for guiding the traveling means, and reading means detachably held by the guiding means. This printing apparatus further includes electrical connectors provided for the reading means and printing apparatus, respectively, for electrically connecting them, which are arranged to be installed or removed simultaneously by the operation of mounting the reading means on or demounting it from the guiding means, and also, detecting means for detecting a state of the reading means being mounted on the printing apparatus, controlling means for holding the power-supply to the traveling means and recovery means for recovering the performance of the recording means in a state of being cut off in accordance with the detection of the detecting means when the reading means is mounted on the printing apparatus. With such structure, it is possible to mount a reading unit in the interior of the printing apparatus easily without removing recording means, and at the same time, to prevent the reading unit from being stained by recovery means for recovering the performance of recording means.

1. Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a reading unit mountable on a printing apparats, and a printing apparatus capable of mounting such reading unit thereon.
2. Related Background Art
The conventional printing apparatus is generally provided with a function to receive data from a computer and record them on a recording medium. In recent years, however, there has been a demand that the apparatus should be provided not only with such function as a printing apparatus, but also with a function to read the image data recorded on a recording medium as in a copying machine, facsimile equipment, or the like. A printing apparatus having a complex function of recording and reading is more in demand.
To comply with such demand, the printing apparatuses provided with the complex function are being developed. However, the conventional printing apparatus having reading means is such that recording means is mounted on a carriage that can hold such recording means, and that the recording means is replaced with recording means for reading images, or a method is adopted so that images are read by reading means as required, which is installed outside the printing apparatus.
For example, methods disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 1-20832, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-21711, and Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-21712, among others, are such that while sharing means for feeding a recording medium, the apparatus is arranged to make its head unit exchangeable so that it can be used for recording or reading.
Meanwhile, from the viewpoint of high-speed recording, quietness at the time of recording, smaller size and portability, an ink jet printing apparatus takes the lead among printing apparatuses available in recent years, because it can perform ink jet recording on a recording medium, such as a recording paper and a resin sheet, by use of an ink jet recording head as recording means. Also, of such ink jet printing apparatuses, the main current is the ink jet printing apparatus of a serial type wherein an ink jet recording head and ink tank are mounted on a carriage that reciprocates along a recording medium.
Now, even for such ink jet recording apparatus of the serial type, it has been desired that the apparatus should be able to perform ink jet recording, while it is provided with a function to read source documents. Here, as an actual method whereby to mount on an ink jet printing apparatus reading means provided with an image sensor or the like that optically reads images, it is possible to adopt a mode that enables reading means to be exchangeably mounted on an ink jet recording head or an ink jet recording head formed together with an ink tank, which can serve as recording means.
Nevertheless, the following problems are encountered in arranging such methods that reading means and ink jet recording means are exchangeably mounted on the apparatus:
(1) While reading means is mounted on a carriage carrier, the blade, cap, and others that serve as discharge recovery means for an ink jet recording head are in contact with the reading means. As a result, there is a fear that ink adheres to the light transmitting surface or other parts of optical path of the reading means. PA1 (2) The mounting of reading means on the carriage requires the transmission of large power and signals between the reading means and printing apparatus. This requirement inevitably invites the provision of flexible cable having a large capacitance for connecting the carriage and printing apparatus reliably. As a result, the resultant flexibility of the cable is lowered as a whole. Also, the space on the circumference of the carriage traveling area should be made larger inevitably. PA1 (3) Each time when recording is executed on a recording medium by use of reading means and ink jet recording means, and a source document is read by use of the reading means, extra operation and time are required to remove either one of the ink jet recording means and reading means from the carriage, and then, to mount the other one of them on the carriage.
Also, for the method whereby to install reading means outside the housing of a printing apparatus, there is a problem that the size of the printing apparatus becomes inevitably larger.

Reading unit and printing apparatus capable of mounting such reading unit thereon


A vibratory apparatus including a lever arm apparatus including a living hinge, wherein the vibratory apparatus is configured such that at least a portion of the lever arm moves about the living hinge when the vibratory apparatus is generating vibrations.

The utilization of implanted hearing instruments continues to increase with improving technology. Such implantable hearing instruments provide operative and cosmetic utilitarian features relative to conventional ear canal hearing devices. For example, implantable hearing devices offer operative utilitarian features in relation to patients having certain types of conductive or sensorineural hearing loss (e.g., mixed hearing loss comprising a conductive loss component of 45 dB or more with sensorineural hearing loss component of 40 dB or more). These patients are generally known to perform poorly with conventional hearing aids because their conductive and sensorineural hearing loss components are additive and these patients require substantial amounts of gain and output for proper speech recognition.
Conductive hearing loss can happen when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear (ossicles) and is sometimes termed middle ear hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs in the inner ear and/or neural pathways. In patients with sensorineural hearing loss, the external and middle ear can function normally (e.g., sound vibrations are transmitted undisturbed through the eardrum and ossicles where fluid waves are created in the cochlea). However, due to damage to the pathway for sound impulses from the hair cells of the inner ear to the auditory nerve and the brain, the inner ear cannot detect the full intensity and quality of the sound. Sometimes conductive hearing loss occurs in combination with sensorineural hearing loss. In other words, there can be damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear or auditory nerve. When this occurs, the hearing loss is sometimes referred to as a mixed hearing loss.
In instances of middle ear or mixed hearing loss, bone conduction devices, such as bone anchored hearing instruments, provide an option for patients in addition to standard hearing instruments or middle and inner ear hearing instruments. Bone anchored hearing instruments utilize a surgically implanted abutment to transmit sound by direct conduction through bone to the inner ear, bypassing the external auditory canal and middle ear. Accordingly, in cases where the middle ear is damaged or deformed, bone anchored hearing instruments provide a viable hearing solution that is typically less invasive than either a middle ear hearing instrument or a cochlear implant.
Some types of bone anchored hearing instruments have a bone screw surgically embedded into the skull with a small abutment exposed though the overlying tissue/skin. An external sound processor connects onto this abutment and transmits vibrations in response to a sound signal to the abutment and hence the bone screw. The implant vibrates the skull and inner ear, which stimulate the nerve fibers of the inner ear, thus providing hearing.
There have been attempts to produce an implantable actuator for generating the necessary vibrations where the implantable actuator can be wirelessly coupled to an external sound processor. However, to date, these attempts have resulted in actuators that provide the vibration of frequency and/or amplitude to stimulate hearing in a manner that has limited utility. For instance, provision of adequate stimulation in these systems can require excitation of a large mass to generate vibration of a magnitude necessary to simulate hearing. This is especially true at low frequencies. Displacement of such a large mass has further complicated efforts due to the high power demands of these devices. That is, as implantable devices typically require a rechargeable battery for energy storage, the power consumption demands of devices utilizing large masses has resulted in devices that do not, inter alia, have an adequate operating duration between charges.

Electromechanical transducer with mechanical advantage


A system having a transmit path and a receive path coupled to an antenna includes a cryostat, a receive filter disposed in the cryostat, a transmit filter disposed outside of the cryostat and in the transmit path, and a coupler that couples the antenna and the receive filter. The coupler includes a phase-adjusting portion disposed in the cryostat to provide duplexing functionality. The receive path includes the filter and the phase-adjusting portion of the coupler.

The present invention relates generally to radio frequency (RF) communication systems and, more particularly, duplexed configurations for radio communication stations, such as a base station for a mobile radio communication network.
Radio frequency (RF) filters have been used with cellular base stations and other telecommunications equipment for some time. Such filters are conventionally used in a receiver front-end to filter out noise and other unwanted signals that would harm components of the receiver in the base station. For example, bandpass filters are conventionally used to filter out or block RF signals in all but one or more predefined bands. With the recent dramatic rise in wireless communications, such filtering should provide high degrees of both selectivity (the ability to distinguish between signals separated by small frequency differences) and sensitivity (the ability to receive weak signals) in an increasingly hostile frequency spectrum.
The relatively recent advancements in superconducting technology have given rise to a new type of RF filter, namely, the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) filter. HTS filters contain components that are superconductors at or above the liquid nitrogen temperature of 77K. Such filters provide greatly enhanced performance in terms of both sensitivity and selectivity as compared to a conventional filter. HTS components have been utilized in bandpass filters disposed in the receive path of a cellular base station.
Many front-end systems in the cellular and PCS (personal communication systems) industries utilize the same antenna for both reception and transmission. As a result, certain base stations have required a duplexed front-end. In the past, such duplexed configurations have included a stand-alone duplexer coupling the antenna to an RF filter in the receive path.
Base station installations have also required low losses as well as high selectivity. In some cases, an HTS bandpass filter has been incorporated into the receive path. When disposed in a duplexed configuration, however, losses were still undesirably introduced via the components in the duplexer. In addition, having both a stand-alone duplexer and an HTS filter added size as well as complexity to the system.
Generally speaking, duplexed receive configurations must address the significantly different power levels experienced by the receive in a simplex configuration. Utilization of an HTS bandpass filter has therefore complicated the configuration of the duplexed front-end, inasmuch as the use of such a filter in the transmit path would require significantly more cooling capacity. Prior duplexed front-ends have accordingly combined an HTS filter in the receive path with a conventional duplexer. However, the overall system suffered additional losses due to the additional connection between the HTS filter and the duplexer.
Typically, a duplexer constitutes a device or set of devices that utilizes the delay between the transmission of a pulse and the echo thereof to permit the connection of both a transmitter and a receiver (i.e., a transceiver) to a common antenna. Duplexers (or duplexed configurations) have been realized in a number of ways, including through combinations of components, such as 3-dB hybrids and bandpass filters, as well as, more generally, via the adjustment of the phase of the incoming and outgoing signals to prevent the undesired propagation of transmit signals in the receive path, and vice versa. For example, the phase of an incoming (i.e., received) signal may be adjusted such that it will not be propagated down the transmit path of the transceiver system by adjusting the length of the transmission line between the antenna and the components in the receive and transmit paths. One approach in adjusting the transmission line length is by installing additional cabling of a certain length between the antenna and an RF filter in the receive path.
However, adding such cabling undesirably adds to the losses encountered in the receive path. The noise figure for the receive path of the base station is, in large part, set by the losses introduced upstream of any amplification of the desired signal. As a result, any advantage gained through the use of low-loss components, such as an HTS bandpass filter and low-noise amplifier (or LNA), would be lost.
In prior base station installations, the receiver front-end has often been disposed on the tower supporting the antenna to minimize the length of such cabling, thereby minimizing any pre-LNA losses. Regardless of whether the front-end is disposed in a tower-top installation, it has generally been desirable to minimize cable lengths prior to the HTS filter and LNA in order to realize as much advantage from the HTS filter as possible.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a system for receiving and transmitting signals via an antenna includes a cryostat, a receive filter disposed in the cryostat, a transmit path coupled to the antenna and disposed outside of the cryostat, and a coupler that couples the antenna to the receive filter and that includes a phase-adjusting portion disposed in the cryostat.
In a preferred embodiment, the phase-adjusting portion of the coupling includes a cable. The coupler may further include a further phase-adjusting portion disposed outside of the cryostat. Alternatively, phase-adjustment via the coupler is provided solely by the phase-adjusting portion in the cryostat.
The transmit path may include a conventional bandpass filter. Alternatively, the system further includes a duplexer and a receive path wherein the receive path includes the receive filter and the phase-adjusting portion of the coupling and the receive path and the transmit path are coupled by the duplexer.
In another preferred embodiment, the receive filter and the phase-adjusting portion of the coupling are disposed in a receive path and the receive path is duplexed with the transmit path such that the system has a single input/output connection for coupling the communication station to the antenna.
The receive filter preferably includes a mechanism for protecting the receive filter from a high-power transmit signal carried by the transmit path. To that end, the receive filter may include a first stage modified to protect the receive filter from a high-power transmit signal carried by the transmit path.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a system having a transmit path and a receive path coupled to an antenna includes a cryostat, a receive filter disposed in the cryostat, a transmit filter disposed outside of the cryostat and in the transmit path, and a coupler that couples the antenna and the receive filter and includes a phase-adjusting portion disposed in the cryostat. The receive path includes the filter and the phase-adjusting portion of the coupler.
Other features and advantages are inherent in the apparatus claimed and disclosed or will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Duplexed front-end for a radio transceiver system


A blade moves backward/forward to enter four different states, namely a first state in which the tip thereof is in sliding contact with the internal peripheral surface of an external side cylinder part, a second state in which the tip is positioned in the cutaway portion of a ring-shaped piston to thereby place only an external side cylinder chamber at rest, a third state in which the tip is positioned in the cutaway portion of an internal side cylinder part to thereby place only the external side cylinder chamber and an intermediate cylinder chamber at rest, and a whole rest state in which the tip is positioned in a blade groove to thereby place all of the cylinder chambers at rest.

In the past, rotary type fluid machines with an eccentric rotary piston mechanism have been known. This eccentric rotary piston mechanism is configured such that the ring-like piston moves in an eccentric rotation motion within a ring-like cylinder chamber. As such a rotary type fluid machine, there is a compressor, such as one disclosed, for example, in JP-A-H06-288358, which is configured to compress refrigerant by the variation in volume of the cylinder chamber associated with the eccentric rotation motion of the ring-like piston.
Referring to FIG. 19, the compressor of the aforesaid patent document has a cylinder (121) having a ring-like cylinder chamber (C1, C2) and a ring-like piston (122) disposed in the cylinder chamber (C1, C2). The cylinder (121) is composed of an external side cylinder (124) and an internal side cylinder (125). These cylinders (124) and (125) are arranged concentrically with each other. In other words, the cylinder chamber (C1, C2) is defined between the external side cylinder (124) and the internal side cylinder (125), and the cylinder chamber (C1, C2) is divided by the ring-like piston (122) into an external side cylinder chamber (C1) and an internal side cylinder chamber (C2). The ring-like piston (122) is configured such that it moves in an eccentric rotation motion with respect to the center of the cylinder (121) while the external peripheral surface of the ring-like piston (122) is in contact with the internal peripheral surface of the external side cylinder (124) substantially at one point and the internal peripheral surface of the ring-like piston (122) is in contact with the external peripheral surface of the internal side cylinder (125) substantially at one point.
An external side blade (123A) is disposed on the outside of the ring-like piston (122). An internal side blade (123B) is arranged on the inside of the ring-like piston (122) such that it is positioned on an extension of the external side blade (123A). The external side blade (123A) is inserted into the external side cylinder (124) and is biased inwardly in the radial direction of the ring-like piston (122) so that its tip is in pressure contact with the external peripheral surface of the ring-like piston (122). On the other hand, the internal side blade (123B) is inserted into the internal side cylinder (125) and is biased outwardly in the radial direction of the ring-like piston (122) so that its tip is in pressure contact with the internal peripheral surface of the ring-like piston (122). The external side blade (123A) divides the external side cylinder chamber (C1) into a high pressure chamber and a low pressure chamber. The internal side blade (123B) divides the internal side cylinder chamber (C2) into a high pressure chamber and a low pressure chamber. And in the above compressor, with the eccentric rotation motion of the ring-like piston (122), the suction of fluid is carried out in the low pressure chamber of each cylinder chamber (C1, C2) while the compression of fluid is carried out in the high pressure chamber of each cylinder chamber (C1, C2).


A signal processing method divides a first signal of two signals to be compared in similarity into smaller regions, selects one of the regions, and calculates the correlation of the selected one with the other second signal. The method finds a time difference, an expansion factor, and a similarity in one region in which the maximum similarity as the square of the correlation is obtained, and performs integration in the position represented by the time difference and the expansion factor of values based on similarities. The method performs similar processing on all the regions, and evaluates similarity by, in a peak where the integrated value of similarities is a maximum, compares its magnitude with a threshold value. The region corresponding to the peak can be extracted.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to signal processing methods and apparatuses, signal processing programs, and recording media, and in particular, to a signal processing method and apparatus for evaluating similarity between different sections of at least one audio signal which include identical or similar audio signal components, a signal processing program used therewith, and a recording medium containing the signal processing program.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, an audio signal consists of a plurality of signal components which are simultaneously or consecutively superimposed on one another. However, even different audio signals may include identical or similar signal components. For example, in television and radio broadcasting, there are many cases in which, in even different conversations or narrations, common background music is superimposed on the sound.
Also, in many cases, at the start or end of a program broadcasted in series, a voice, music, or sound effect is used in common. Moreover, in some commercials provided by a single company, by using common audio-signal components for advertisements for different products, customers can be informed that the products are produced by the single company.
As described above, in many cases, between scenes (sections of a video/audio signal) related to each other, common audio-signal components are used in the background. Therefore, if a partially identical or similar portion of the audio signal can be detected, it is possible to perform high speed retrieval of a scene related to another, such as a similar audio-signal portion, a video-signal portion accompanying it, a related scene in a program, a scene in a series of programs, or a commercial of a single company.
Technologies that compare an input signal with a prerecorded signal and determine whether the signals are identical include, for example, a technology using correlation between an audio signal and its spectrum, and the technology disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-312343.
In the above technology using correlation, when a plurality of audio signals or different components between the spectra of the signals are sufficiently weak, two signals are correlated with each other while the time between the signals is being shifted, and a correlation at maximum shifted time is used to evaluate similarity. However, when the different components are not sufficiently weak, appropriate evaluation of similarity cannot be performed.
Also, in the technology disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-312343, only an audio signal identical to that recorded can be detected regardless of a difference caused by some noise.
Accordingly, it is impossible for the above technologies to detect music which is used as background music of a program, or audio-signal components used in different commercials of a single company, as described above.
In order to determine whether an input signal is identical to a prerecorded signal by comparing both signals, a common method of the related art correlates the signals with each other while shifting their time domains, and evaluates similarity based on a correlative value at the time that the maximum correlation is obtained. This method has a problem in that it cannot perform accurate similarity when a plurality of audio signals, and different components between the spectra of the signals are not sufficiently weak. The following is a specific description.
The short-time spectrum distributions (so-called "spectrograms") of three audio signals (signal A, signal B, and signal C) are shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, respectively. These distributions are obtained from the last two seconds of actually broadcast commercials. Signal A and signal B represent commercials for different products of a single company, and signal C represents a commercial of another company.
As FIGS. 1 and 2 shows, signal A and signal B include acoustically similar components which give an idea of the company, but the signal C in FIG. 3 does not include such a component. From the comparison between the signal-A spectrum distribution and the signal-B spectrum distribution, similar components and superimposition of different components are observed, though both distributions have a temporal shift.
Regarding the three audio signals, the results of correlative calculation on the spectrum of signal B and the spectrum of signal C, which are obtained with sections of the spectrum of signal A used as templates, are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The templates are 0.5-second sections that start at the 0-second position, 0.25-second position, 0.5-second position, 0.75-second position, 1-second position, 1.25-second position, and 1.5-second position of signal A.
FIG. 4A shows the result of correlative detection on the signal-B spectrum. This is obtained by using the template starting at the 1.5-second position of the signal-A spectrum. FIG. 4B shows the result of correlative detection on the signal-C spectrum. This is obtained by using the template starting at the 0.75-second position of the signal-A spectrum.
The maximum correlation between signal A and signal B is 0.657, while the maximum correlation between signal A and signal C is 0.642, which are indicated by the arrows in FIGS. 4A and 4B, so that both have almost no difference. This is not because signal A and signal C are similar to each other, but because different components between signal A and signal B are not weak since both have only a maximum correlation of approximately 0.65.
As described above, the correlation method is not always suitable for detection, classification, and retrieval of similar scenes.

Signal processing method and apparatus, signal processing program, and recording medium


When a gate length is reduced for the purpose of reducing on-resistance in a SiC DOMSFET, it is difficult to achieve both of the reduction of on-resistance by the reduction of gate length and the high element withstand voltage at the same time. In the present invention, a body layer is formed after the source diffusion layer region is formed and then a portion of the source diffusion layer region is recessed. Because of the presence of the body layer, the distances between the source diffusion region and respective end portions can be increased, a depletion layer is effectively expanded, and electric field concentration at the end portions can be suppressed, thereby improving withstand voltage characteristics. Consequently, the present invention can provide a silicon carbide semiconductor device that achieves both of the reduction of channel resistance by the reduction of gate length and the high element withstand voltage at the same time.

As a power device to be used in an inverter or the like, the use of a SiC-MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) utilizing a silicon carbide substrate has been proposed (Patent Document 1). One of the problems related to the on-resistance of this SiC-MOSFET is a low channel mobility that is inherent to SiC. In general, a 4H—SiC substrate is used as a substrate thereof. The 4H—SiC substrate has two surfaces of a Si surface and a C surface, and in the case of, for example, a general DMOSFET (Double-diffused MOSFET) using a Si surface as a channel, even when the application of a SiON film (silicon oxynitride film) to a gate insulating film and the use of a buried channel which are considered to be useful for the improvement of channel mobility are taken into consideration, the channel mobility is as low as 50 cm2/Vs or less. This is smaller by one order of magnitude in comparison with that of a Si-MOSFET. For this reason, among the parasitic resistance components of the SiC power MOSFET, the ratio occupied by the channel resistance component is the highest. Even when the C surface having a comparatively high channel mobility is utilized, the problem of this high channel resistance still remains as a big problem of the SiC power MOSFET.
Because of the presence of the problem of this low channel mobility, in the conventional technique, the gate length of the DMOSFET is shortened so as to reduce the channel resistance, thereby reducing the on-resistance of the DMOSFET.

Silicon carbide semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof


A decoding method and device utilizing a flash channel characteristic and data storage system, wherein the method comprises: acquiring a probability density function curve diagram; determining a to-be-corrected data position according to the current situation of the probability density function curve diagram; transmitting the to-be-corrected data position to a low-density parity check module to perform an operation to correct the to-be-corrected value. The embodiment of the present invention considers the current situation of the probability density curve diagram when determining the to-be-corrected data position, namely, selects different solutions to determine the to-be-corrected data position on the basis of the current situation of the probability density function curve diagram, thus reducing the data transmitted to the low-density parity check module to perform an operation, and reducing operation workload and power consumption.

At present, an error code of a flash chip is corrected by adopting the soft decision of a low-density parity check (LDPC) code. Specifically, the existing error code correction method first calculates the probability value of 0 or 1, then substitutes the probability value into a plurality of equations (such as the MIN SUM equation or the SUM PRODUCT equation) to perform an operation. The method has an extremely great operation workload and large power consumption.

Decoding method and device utilizing flash channel characteristic and data storage system

Shandong Storage Wings Electronics Technology Co., LTD