The present invention is directed to a thick film patterned resistor on a substrate and to a method of forming it. The method involves providing a substrate with opposed surfaces, where one surface is coated with a layer of a resistor composition. A photoresist is applied over the layer of the resistor composition, and a desired pattern in the photoresist is formed, where the pattern leaves certain regions of the resistor composition layer uncovered by the photoresist. The resistor composition layer which is uncovered by the photoresist is etched under conditions effective to leave a mass of loosely bound resistor particles at regions of the resistor composition which are not covered by photoresist. The mass of resistor particles is then removed from the substrate to produce a thick film patterned resistor on the substrate.

Contemporary electronic circuitry often includes resistor components produced in the form of thin layers or films of resistive materials supported on an insulating substrate. Individual resistive elements of this type can be very small in size. Their manufacture, however, is generally done in the form of large repetitive two-dimensional arrays using wafer-scale processing techniques.
There are two distinct versions of film resistors. One version, referred to as thin film, is made using vacuum-deposited films of materials a few hundred to a few thousand angstroms in thickness. Different resistor values are achieved by forming these thin films into patterns having different length-to-width ratios, known as the aspect ratio. The patterning is done by photolithography. A layer of photosensitive polymer is deposited onto the resistive thin film. It is then exposed to a light source directed through a photo mask carrying an image of the desired pattern. The light changes the polymer solubility by special solvents, thereby exposing the underlying resistive film in selected regions. The exposed resistive film is then removed using aggressive chemical agents or plasma etching.
The range of resistivity values available by changing the film thickness is limited, to a factor of about ten, ranging from about 50 to 500 ohms per square (the unit of which is the resistance across a pattern having an aspect ratio of one). Different values are, therefore, achieved primarily by varying the aspect ratio geometrically using photolithography. Aspect ratios can be varied by a factor of many thousands, depending upon the minimum line width achievable.
Another common resistor manufacturing method is referred to as thick film. In this technology, a relatively limited range of geometrical patterns is employed and the primary way of varying the resistance value is achieved by changing the specific resistivity of the film material itself. These materials are a mixture of fine powders of glass and powders of resistive substance, typically ruthenium dioxide or ruthenate compounds. These powders are mixed with an organic vehicle to form viscous ink. The ink is deposited onto an insulating substrate in patterns using stencil screen-printing techniques. After the volatile vehicle is removed in a low temperature oven, the system is raised to a higher temperature to fuse the glass constituent, resulting in a partially conducting glaze. The specific resistivity of the glaze depends upon the relative proportions of glass and conductive phase; the resistivity can range over a factor of ten or eleven decades (i.e. orders of magnitude). The thickness of the final film is about a half a mil.
For a given resistance value, resistive elements made from thin film are generally of higher quality than those of thick film. They have a smaller temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), a lower current noise, a smaller voltage coefficient of resistance (VCR), and greater stability throughout service life. However, for a given size, thin film elements are limited in maximum value achievable compared with thick film elements. By using thick film compositions, with reduced resistive phase, resistors can be made with a resistance several orders of magnitude higher than for thin film.
The ohmic value of thick film resistors varies significantly with its composition. At very low ohmic values, the proportion of glass phase is very low, making it unstable. As a result, it is difficult to form a continuous matrix of glass and thereby completely isolate the conductive phase of the resistor from attack by atmospheric agents. In compositions with middle level ohmic values, stability is improved. As the proportion of resistive phase is further reduced to reach higher values, however, the quality degrades in relation to the degree of dilution of the resistive phase. The TCR is higher, the current noise is greater, the current-voltage linearity is poorer, and the service life is reduced.
One way of counteracting this tendency is to use thick film compositions of moderate specific resistivity and rely on ways of achieving higher aspect ratios. As with thin films, the maximum aspect ratio achievable, within a given area, is a direct function of the minimum line width obtainable (i.e. it is inversely proportional to the square of the line width). The finer the line width, the higher the aspect ratio.
With conventional stencil screen techniques the minimum line width attainable is on the order of 10 mils. This would allow an element of 10×40 mils to be made by screen-printing with an aspect ratio of four.
An earlier idea, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,576 to Collins, is the discovery that higher aspect ratio patterns of thick film inks could be achieved using extrusion of ink through a small orifice in a pen tip, much as in writing. By this method, it was demonstrated that patterns based on line widths as narrow as 5.5 mils could be deposited directly onto substrates resulting in aspect ratios nearly an order of magnitude greater than could be produced by screen-printing. This means that in order to achieve a given resistance value, in a given size, an ink composition having nearly an order of magnitude lower resistivity could be used with a concomitant improved performance. Despite this improvement, the ability to write resistive lines with even finer widths is needed.
The present invention is directed to satisfying this objective.

Fine line thick film resistors by photolithography


A collapsable handcart includes a first axle on which a first pair of wheels are rotatably mounted, a second axle on which a second pair of wheels are rotatably mounted, a substantially inverted U-shaped slanted handle member securely mounted to the second axle at two distal ends thereof, and a collapsable basket. A positioning member extends laterally outward from a lower portion of the first frame member of the basket adjacent to the first axle. A supporting member extends between lower ends of the inverted U-shaped handle member and above the second pair of wheels and below the bottom frame member. A first pair of pivotal members each of which have a first end pivoted to the bottom portion of a second frame member of the basket adjacent to the second axle and a second end pivoted to a mediate portion of the handle member. A second pair of pivotal members each of which have a first end pivoted to the mediate portion of the handle member and a second end. A rod is provided for connecting the second ends of the second pair of pivotal members. Each second pivotal member has three recessed portions at an upper side thereof. When the positioning member respectively engages with a lowermost, mediate, and uppermost recessed portions in the second pair of pivotal members, the handcart is in a fully extended, semi-collapsed, and fully collapsed status, respectively.

The present invention relates to a collapsable handcart and, more particularly, to a collapsable handcart which is able to "climb" stairs.
Collapsable handcarts are common in daily lives. In buildings without elevators it is inconvenient to lift the handcarts upstairs when loaded. It is proposed to provide additional wheels and support means therefor to the handcarts so as to allow the handcarts to climb.
The present invention provides an improved handcart which is collapsable and "stairs-climbable" without additional wheels.

No. 20, Lane 327, Sec. 2, Chung Shan Rd.


A pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus including a housing having a pair of rear wheels disposed thereon. A pneumatic motor is disposed within the housing. The pneumatic motor has a rear portion extending outwardly of the housing. The rear portion has an air hose extending outwardly therefrom. A front portion of the pneumatic motor has an actuating arm extending outwardly therefrom. A planar cutting blade is disposed within the housing and secured to a free end of the actuating arm of the pneumatic motor. An arcuate shovel is secured to the housing over the cutting blade. A handle assembly is coupled with the housing. An operation mechanism is disposed within the handle assembly. The operation mechanism is coupled with the air hose of the pneumatic motor. The operation mechanism includes an exterior hose extending outwardly therefrom for coupling with an air compressor. The operation mechanism includes an activation trigger extending outwardly of the handle assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus and more particularly pertains to removing shingles, rolled roofing and old flooring materials with a pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of roof material removers is known in the prior art. More specifically, roof material removers heretofore devised and utilized for the purpose of removing roofing materials are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
By way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,104 to Sanchez discloses a reciprocating shingle remover with upward thrust blade.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,219 to Perciful discloses a power driven roofing removal tool.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,691,439 to Marra discloses a powered roof shingle detacher and stripper apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,430 to Nichols discloses a material stripping apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,491 to Jacobs et al. discloses a guided roofing materials removal apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,450 to Welborn discloses an asphalt shingle remover and deroofer apparatus.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objective and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not describe a pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus for removing shingles, rolled roofing and old flooring materials.
In this respect, the pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of removing shingles, rolled roofing and old flooring materials.
Therefore, it can be appreciated that there exists a continuing need for new and improved pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus which can be used for removing shingles, rolled roofing and old flooring materials. In this regard, the present invention substantially fulfills this need.

Pneumatic roofing material removing apparatus


A tennis racket having a racket frame defining a ball-hitting face, wherein if the upper part of the ball-hitting face is set as a 0-degree position, a string protection member is mounted on at least one portion of a head part of the racket frame in a range from a clockwise 45-degree position to a clockwise 135-degree position and in a range from a clockwise 225-degree position to a clockwise 315-degree position by interposing a viscoelastic member between the string protection member and the racket frame. The moment (Is) of inertia of the tennis racket in a swing direction is set to not less than 450,000 g/cm2 nor more than 490,000 g/cm2, when strings are not tensionally mounted thereon. The moment (Ic) of inertia of the tennis racket in a center direction is set to not less than 15,000 g/cm2 nor more than 19,000 g/cm2, when the strings are not tensionally mounted thereon.

The present invention relates to a tennis racket. More particularly, the present invention relates to a lightweight tennis racket for regulation-ball tennis having improved restitution performance, ball controllability, and vibration-damping performance.
The so-called "thick racket" which is thick in the out-of-plane direction of the racket frame is commercially available. Female and senior tennis players require the "thick racket" because they desire the tennis racket to have highs ball rebound performance, even though they hit the ball with a small amount of power. That is, they demand a tennis racket that is light in weight and has a high, ball rebound performance. Therefore a fiber reinforced resin is mainly used as the material for the tennis racket because the fiber reinforced resin has a light weight, has a high specific strength, and provides a high degree of freedom when designing the tennis racket.
However, the light weight tennis racket has a the problem that in the collision between the tennis racket and the ball, the coefficient of restitution of the ball becomes low according to the law of energy conservation. That is, to make the tennis racket lightweight causes the rebound performance to deteriorate. To solve this problem, it is possible to enhance the moment of inertia of the tennis racket in the swing direction by placing the center of gravity thereof at a position a little closer to the top of the racket frame. However, when the moment of inertia of the tennis racket in the swing direction is large, the player feels that the tennis racket is heavy and thus its operability deteriorates.
The light weight tennis racket causes the impact applied thereto when the ball is hit to be readily transmitted to a player's hand, which causes the player to suffer from tennis elbow. Thus, both female and senior tennis players who participate in competitions requires a tennis racket which has a high face stability and excellent controllability and is light weight.
To solve these problems, the present applicant proposed a tennis racket disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-175134 (patent document 1). The present applicant developed a tennis racket whose rebound performance, operability, and face stability are improved in a favorable balance by enhancing the rigidity of the racket frame and setting the ratio between the swing-direction moment of inertia affecting the rebound performance thereof and the center-direction moment of inertia affecting the face stability thereof to a predetermined range.
However, in the tennis racket shown in patent document 1, attention was not paid to an improvement of its vibration-absorbing performance.
In Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-300698 (patent document 2), as shown in FIG. 19, the string protection member 2 is constructed of a vibration-damping member 3 in which the cylindrical portion 3a through which strings are inserted and the belt-shaped portion 3b connected with the cylindrical portion 3a; and the belt-shaped protection member 4 covering the periphery of the belt-shaped portion 3b of the vibration-damping member 3. The weight member 5, made of a material having a specific gravity of not less than 1.5 and the vibration-damping member 3 are mounted on the racket frame 1 by holding down the weight member 5 and the vibration-damping member 3 with the protection member 4. Accordingly, the tennis racket exhibits improved rebound performance, face stability, and vibration-absorbing performance.
However, the tennis racket shown in patent document 2 is not constructed to increase the deformation amount of the string protection member 2. Thus the rebound performance of the racket frame cannot be effectively improved, and its ball-flying performance cannot be enhanced. Another problem with this tennis racket is that the number of component parts increases which makes it difficult to achieve a light weight. Thereby the operability of the tennis racket may deteriorate.
In addition to the means disclosed in the above patent documents, the following rebound performance-improving means are conceivable:
(1) The area of the face of the racket frame is increased to widen the string-movable range.
(2) The in-plane rigidity of the frame is increased.
(3) The elasticity of the frame is made high.
However, means (1) has the problem that because the area of the face is increased, the weight and the moment of inertia of the tennis racket is increased and hence its operability deteriorates. Means (2) has the problem that the moldability deteriorates due to the alteration of the sectional configuration of the frame caused by the formation of a layered construction or a reinforcing portion. Means (3) has a the problem that the strength of the frame deteriorates.
Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-175134
Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-300698


Wind turbine assembly, and related method, is provided that exploits an aerodynamically enhanced wind region of a building in proximity to a parapet of the building. A wind turbine assembly includes a support assembly configured to couple to a building in proximity to a parapet of the building and a rotor assembly coupled to the support assembly such that its rotor is oriented relative to the enhanced wind region to optimize electrical generation.

The present invention relates generally to wind turbines and, more particularly, to wind turbines for use in small-scale applications. The present invention also relates to a method of using wind turbines in small-scale applications.
Electrical power generation from environmentally friendly sources, or "alternative energy sources," has long been a goal of many, for both environmental and economic concerns. Wind-powered generators have been used for this purpose. Generally speaking, wind turbines transfer the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy. This has been achieved by exposing a rotor to wind. The rotor turns a generator typically mounted aft of the rotor, driving the generator to create electricity. The rotor and generator combination (i.e., wind turbine generator) is mounted at the top of a tower high above the ground to expose it to high winds. The tower is attached to a foundation and is configured to endure significant structural loads.
Government incentives exist promoting the use of alternative sources of electricity, in both utility-scale and small-scale applications. Wind turbine generators have been particularly successful in utility-scale applications. In such applications, fields of large wind turbine generators are used. These wind turbines can exceed a height of 200 feet. Some utility-scale installations generate in excess of 100 mega-watts. However, such installations are very costly. A number of factors must properly align to make such an investment worthwhile, including location, government incentives, electricity costs, and turbine costs. Thus, utility-scale installations can play an important, but not exclusive role, as an alternative source of electricity.
Wind turbine generators have also been used in small-scale applications, typically ranging between 50 watts and 100 kilowatts. Even for small-scale applications, a number of factors must be satisfied to make the investment worthwhile. For example, proper location and mounting of wind generators can be an issue. In many current approaches, a single, relatively small, wind turbine is mounted on a tower away from other structures such that the turbine is spaced away from turbulent flow caused by such structures. Thus, current approaches are typically limited to rural settings and are impractical in many other settings.
It should, therefore, be appreciated that there exists a need for a wind turbine system for use in small-scale applications in a broad range of settings, including industrial settings, that is cost-effective, environmentally safe, and does not hamper other systems. The present invention fulfills this need and others.

Wind turbine assembly and related method


Provided are methods and compositions for inhibiting expression of one or more target genes. The compositions contain RNA polynucleotides that can inhibit expression of a target gene via RNA interference (RNAi) electrostatically complexed with surface functionalized gold nanorods (GNRs). The RNA polynucleotides are not covalently bound to the surface functionalized GNRs. The method involves inhibiting expression of a target gene in an individual. The method is performed by administering to the individual an effective amount of a composition containing surface functionalized GNRs electrostatically complexed with RNA polynucleotides, such as siRNA, that can inhibit expression of the target gene via RNAi. The siRNA is not covalently bound to the surface functionalized GNRs.

Nanotechnology is having an increasing impact in the healthcare industry, offering unprecedented capability of not only carrying multiple diagnostic/therapeutic payloads in the same composition, but also facilitating the targeted delivery into specific sites and across complex biological barriers.
RNA interference (RNAi) mediated silencing or downregulation of mRNA is an established technique for inhibiting gene expression. However, a major hurdle limiting the use of the gene silencing technology is the lack of methods to safely and efficiently deliver siRNA molecules to target cells/tissues. In free form, siRNA molecules have a very short half life in physiological conditions, owing to their vulnerability for degradation by endogeneous nucleases. In addition, their permeability across cellular membranes is extremely limited. Furthermore, free siRNA is completely inaccessible to the brain, which is a major target organ for the delivery of various siRNA-based therapeutics. The brain is secluded from the systemic circulation owing to the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB), which excludes the brain specific delivery of 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all small-molecule drugs (Pardridge W M (2007). Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59(2-3):141-152). Therefore, there is a need ongoing need for improved compositions and methods for siRNA delivery, which will not only protect the siRNA from physiological degradation, but also help them permeate across biological barriers such as cellular membranes and the BBB.

Method of using gold nanorods-siRNA complexes

The Research Foundation of State University of New York


An improved frequency and phase lock detection circuit includes a first circuit for receiving a first signal and a second circuit for receiving a second signal. A detecting circuit detects that one of the first and second signals is being received by one of the first and second receiving circuits and produces a detect signal indicative thereof. A comparing circuit detects that the first and second signals have substantially the same frequency and phase and produces a compare signal indicative thereof. An output circuit receives the detect signal and the compare signal and produces a locked signal in response thereto which indicates that at least one of the first and second signals is being received and that the first and second signals are substantially identical in frequency and phase.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of frequency and phase lock detectors. More particularly, this invention relates to an improved frequency and phase lock detector which does not produce false lock indications when there is no signal present.
2. Background of the Invention
When electronic circuits are used to indicate when two signals are essentially identical, a false indication is often obtained when there is in fact no signal present. In this instance, although the two signals are technically identical, the indicating circuit would lead one to believe that two signals are present and locked. The present invention addresses this problem by providing an improved circuit to indicate when two signals are identical in phase and frequency without providing a false indication that they are identical in phase and frequency when there is no signal present.


A switch detection device using RFID tags is disclosed. The switch detection device includes a RFID tag, a conducting circuit loop and a switch connected to the conducting circuit loop to form a control circuit. The switch is controlled to turn on or off, leading to the closing or opening of the control circuit. The RFID tag detects the state of the conducting circuit loop and transmits a signal representing the opened/closed state to a RFID reader. The switch detection device is incorporated to a turning operation mechanism which includes a lever lock assembly, a deadbolt lock assembly, a window sash lock assembly, an odometer wheel, a hinge provided with a first hinge member and a second hinge member interconnected by a central axle, a door closer, a water faucet, a rotatable switch, or a rotatable lock.

Barcode reader is widely used in the industry for reading a message on a barcode adhered on an object. However, in operation, errors are frequently found, especially when the barcode reader is not closed enough to the barcode for detection. Moreover, it is required to project light on the barcode for the barcode reader to read.
Recently, it is found that radio frequency identification (RFID) techniques have been applied to many applications for easily obtaining messages on an object. The message is stored in a RFID tag and a signal is transmitted wirelessly from the RFID tag to a RFID reader within an effective transmission distance. A large amount of messages can be transmitted by radio frequency identification. It is very simple and convenient to read a message by RFID.
Passive RFID transponders or tags, instead of the conventional barcode tags, are used to communicate messages for product tracking. The use of passive RFID tags includes the mounting of the RFID tags in the packaging of wine bottles and corks in which the RFID tags carry anti-counterfeit and product-tracking information. Once the cork of a wine bottle is removed, the RFID tag mounted thereof is destroyed simultaneously; hence a RFID reader receives no signals from the destroyed RFID tag. It is also easy for the RFID reader to identify a counterfeit wine that would not send messages to the RFID reader. Hence, any opened wine or counterfeit wine is recognized and prevented. However, it is noted that once the RFID tag is destroyed, whether it is destroyed intentionally by the consumer or unintentionally by the manufacturing machine or workers, the RFID reader is not able to read any information from the RFID tag, and hence not able to track the product.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,780 discloses applications for radio frequency identification systems. RFID devices, including handheld RFID devices, and applications may be used in connections with items that are associated with an RFID tag, and optionally a magnetic security element. The devices and applications can be applied for management of books and materials in a library.
A multi-directional RFID antenna is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,564. The antenna provides multi-directional RF communication to a source, such as a RF tag, which comprises a plurality of coils for transmission of RF signals and a switch for selecting at least one of the RF antenna coils for transmission of the RF signal and receipt of the RF response signals whereby the RF signals can be directed toward and received from a plurality of different directions from a fixed position.
In WO 2006/049374A1, a RFID sensor is disclosed. The RFID sensor comprises a plurality of RFID chips for monitoring different objects e.g. gas valve, door, window and so on. The RFID reader transmits a radio frequency signal to the RFID sensor at a predetermined period, and receives a frequency signal having the unique number of the chosen RFID chip from the RFID sensor. Then the RFID reader transmits the signal to the controller to recognize the used state of the monitored object. The controller can provide the information, e.g. "the gas valve is open", to the user through a Personal Digital Assistance. The system also comprises a selection unit for choosing the chip by a physical or an electrical operation and connecting the chosen chip to the RFID antenna. Therefore, the accessing of information from the chips is controlled to assure safety. The system requires a plurality of RFID tags that increase the manufacture cost. Moreover, the system is unable to realize whether the RFID tags that are connected to the antenna work normally or not.
Taiwan Patent No. 494245 discloses a radio frequency identification tag device having a sensor input adapted to receive variable signals from a sensor which may be a switch, a transistor, a hall effect device, a photo-transistor and the like. The difference between the two data word bit streams represent the change in the sensor (open or closed) which represents whatever the sensor represents, i.e., open or closed valve, circuit breaker on or tripped, and the like. The sensor input modifies the tag data word bit stream. In the patent, a register is arranged in the logic circuit for reading and/or writing information.
The conventional security systems for detecting the ON/OFF status of a switch mainly adopt wired configuration. It is desired to provide a detection device that is able to detect the status of a switch, control or monitor the ON/OFF of a switch wirelessly that is simple for installation and is cheap in manufacturing cost.


The present disclosure relates to a surface structure control and preparation process for a metal nanocatalyst involving a metal nanocatalyst. The present disclosure provides a surface structure control and continuous preparation system for a metal nanocatalyst, a metal nanocatalyst having an open surface structure and high surface energy, and a surface structure control and a preparation process thereof. The system is provided with a nucleation electrolytic cell, a distribution valve, at least two growth electrolytic cells, with two ends of the distribution valve being connected to an output port of the nucleation electrolytic cell and to input port of all the growth electrolytic cells, respectively. The metal nanocatalyst having an open surface structure is a single metal nanoscale crystal and has a high density of terrace atoms or active sites on the surface thereof. The precursor reaction solution is injected into the nucleation electrolytic cell, and a nucleation programmed potential is applied to one pair of electrodes in the nucleation electrolytic cell to obtain a nucleation reaction solution having the metal crystal nucleus formed, which is conveyed to the growth electrolytic cell through the distribution valve, a growth programmed potential is applied to one pair of electrodes in the growth electrolytic cell to obtain a metal nanoscale crystal having an open surface structure; controlling the growth time to obtain a reaction solution, and collecting a product by centrifugation.

Nanomaterials are characterized in particular physical/chemical properties such as small size effect, surface effect, quantum tunneling effect, etc. Metal nanomaterials become important catalysts because of the excellent properties. Commonly used metal catalysts include generally platinum metals, coinage metals, ferric metals, etc., and are widely used for energy conversion, petroleum chemistry, purification of exhaust gas of automobiles and chemical industries. It has been always an important issue in the field for how to improve the metal nanocatalyst in the activity, selectivity, stability and use efficiency. Taking platinum metal catalyst as an example, a study employing platinum single crystal surface as a model catalyst exhibits that, performance of the catalyst depends on the catalyst's surface structure. A high-index crystal surface having an open structure and high surface energy has the catalytic activity and stability remarkably advantageous over a low-index crystal surface whereon atoms are tightly lined up (see reference document: [1] Na Tian, Zhi-You Zhou, Shi-Gang Sun, Platinum Metal Catalysts of High-Index Surfaces: From Single-Crystal Planes to Electrochemically Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C., 2008, 112: 19801-19817). Fundamental studies on other metal catalysts gave the similar conclusion, i.e., the surface structure is the decisive factor of performance of the metal catalysts, and a catalyst having an open surface structure has a higher activity and stability. Further, different surface structures may have particular catalytic property with respect to special reaction, i.e., exhibiting catalytic selectivity of surface structure. Currently, commercially available metal nanocatalysts are particles or crystals of several nanometers in size, and their surfaces have a structure of crystal planes with compact atomic arrangement. As the surface structure of a nanocrystal is determined by the shape of the nanocrystal, changing the shape of the prepared nanocrystal can change the surface structure, and thus control the activity and selectivity of the metal nanocatalyst at the level of atomic arrangement structure.
First of all, depositing platinum nanospheres on surface of glassy carbon electrodes, then appling square wave potential treatment to the surface to dissolve the platinum sphere and allow nucleation growth again. With respect to this, the present applicant ([2] Na Tian, Zhi-You Zhou, Shi-Gang Sun, Yong Ding, Zhong Lin Wang, Synthesis of Tetrahexahedral Platinum Nanocrystals with High-Index Facets and High Electro-Oxidation Activity. Science, 2007, 316: 732-735; [3] Chinese patent ZL 2007 1 0008741.4, platinum tetrahexahedral nanocrystal catalyst and preparation and use thereof) has prepared successfully the tetrahexahedral platinum nanocrystal catalyst, which has an activity 2-4 times of the commercially available platinum nanocatalyst. Further employing the process of direct electro-deposition, the present applicant ([4] Na Tian, Zhi-You Zhou, Neng-Fei Yu, Li-Yang Wang, Shi-Gang Sun, Direct Electrodeposition of Tetrahexahedral Pd Nanocrystals with High-Index Facets and High Catalytic Activity for Ethanol Electrooxidation, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132: 7580-7581) further prepared palladium tetrahexahedral nanocrystal catalyst. The study results show that the platinum nanocatalyst having an open surface structure has a high density of active site, thus improving the catalytic activity remarkably. The present applicant ([5] Zhi-You Zhou, Zhi-Zhong Huang, De-Jun Chen, Qiang Wang, Na Tian, and Shi-Gang Sun, High-Index Faceted Platinum Nanocrystals Supported on Carbon Black as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Ethanol Electrooxidation, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49: 411-414.) mixes platinum precursor and carbon black, and drops the mixture onto surface of glassy carbon electrodes, and carries out a square wave potential treatment to prepare a carbon-supported high-index faceted platinum nanocatalyst, further improving the utilization efficiency of platinum. The present applicant ([6] Yan-Xin Chen, Sheng-Pei Chen, Zhi-You Zhou, Na Tian, Yan-Xia Jiang, Shi-Gang Sun, Yong Ding, Zhong Lin Wang, Tuning the Shape and Catalytic Activity of Fe Nanocrystals from Rhombic Dodecahedral and Tetragonal Bipyramids to Cubes by Electrochemistry, J. Am. Chem. Sco. 2009, 131: 10860-10862) further prepares iron nanocrystal catalysts having various shapes such as rhombic dodecahedron, tetragonal bipyramids, 18-facet polyhedra, and cube on surface of glassy carbon electrodes with electrochemical method, which have very high electro-catalytic activity with respect to the reduction of nitrite. Studies also reveal the rule that more open of the surface structure of the metal catalyst, the higher the catalytic activity is.
It is worthy of pointing out that the above metal nanocatalysts having an open surface structure all grow on surface of glassy carbon electrodes, form at most one layer of metal nanocrystal with very few amount, and can hardly be used to practical catalytic system and industrial processes. There is yet no report about the preparation technology of adding metal precursor to the flowing liquid-phase reaction solution as a metal source, and the metal is controlled for nucleation first and growing later with the programmed potential.

Method for tuning surface structure of metallic nano-catalyst and preparation method thereof


The invention concerns a combined surgical microscope system having a surgical microscope and a retinal diagnostic device of modified configuration having transscleral pulsed illumination.

With known surgical microscopes, for example with the M841 of the Leica company (see brochure, "The Leica M841—The Ultimate Surgical Microscope System for Ophthalmology," Publication no. 10 M1 841 Oen, printed VII.2000), surgery is performed on and below the retina (fundus) when ophthalmological diseases are present. The region extends from the macula to the ora serrata.
There also exist retinal diagnostic devices specifically for this sector, for example the retinal diagnostic device of Medibell Medical Vision Technologies Ltd., Haifa, Israel, referred to (in a brochure without publication information) as the "Panoret 1000—Wide-Angle Digital Retinal Camera." Retinal diagnostic devices in general are also commonly referred to as "retinal cameras" or "fundus cameras," and are produced by a number of manufacturers.
Retinal cameras are used for the diagnosis of corresponding diseases, and are sufficiently known.
The basic principle of such retinal cameras is that the observation beam path is guided through the patient's pupil together with the illuminating beam path.
Guidance of the observation and illumination beam paths together through the patient's pupil is, however, very difficult to implement. Compromises are therefore accepted.
The Medibell company developed the digital retinal camera indicated above, in which the observation beam was separated from the illumination beam so that these difficulties could thereby be circumvented. Observation is performed using a special optical system in direct contact with the patient's eye. Illumination is conveyed into the patient's eye in transscleral fashion (i.e. through the sclera of the eye) using a fiber illumination system.
The light source comprises three color diodes that are pulsed. The highresolution digital BW (black-and-white) camera is triggered simultaneously with the three colored light pulses. Image processing of the BW image yields an outstanding high-resolution color image on the color monitor or alternatively, given appropriate real-time processor performance, a live image. A similar arrangement, although not with pulsed color diodes but rather with a white-light source with color filter selection, is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,070.
For a surgeon, it is desirable to use a retinal diagnostic device during an operation as well, i.e. not only for separate diagnosis. The reason is that utilization of the retinal diagnostic device is extremely cumbersome, since surgery using the surgical microscope must be interrupted in order to move the retinal diagnostic device over the patient's eye in order to make the desired (interim) diagnosis. The retinal diagnostic device must then, if applicable, be exchanged once again with the surgical microscope. Another desire on the part of ophthalmic surgeons is to receive from the diagnostic device not a separate, monoscopic image of the retina, but rather an enlargeable and, if applicable, stereoscopic one.


In a process for the preparation of oriented electrical steel sheet having a high magnetic flux density a primary recrystallization annealed steel sheet is nitrided for a short period of time in a temperature range of 800.degree. C. or less whereby growth of crystal grains does not substantially occur. The nitrided sheet is held at a temperature range of 700.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. for at least four hours during temperature raising to final annealing temperature whereby nitride formed by the nitriding dissolves and re-precipitates allowing the nitride to transform to a thermally stable nitride containing aluminium.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a process producing oriented electrical steel sheet having a high magnetic flux density. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process of producing oriented electrical steel sheet of the type wherein most of crystal grains is aligned with each other with a certain specific orientation such as (110) <001>, (100) <001> or the like represented by a mirror index.
The steel sheet produced by employing the process of the present invention is used as soft magnetic material for producing cores for various kinds of electric apparatuses, electric equipment or the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Oriented electrical steel sheet has a structure composed of crystal grains aligned with each other with a specific orientation as mentioned above wherein each steel sheet usually contains Si of 4.8% or less and has a thickness ranging from 0.10 to 0.35 mm. These steel sheet is required to have excellent magnetizing properties and iron loss properties as magnetic properties. To satisfactorily meet the requirement, it is important that crystal grains are aligned with each other with an exact orientation. Integral alignment of the crystal grains with each other with the specific crystal orientation has been accomplished by utilizing a phenomenon of catastrophic grain growth called secondary recrystallization.
To properly control the secondary recrystallization, it is necessary that a primarily recrystallized structure is properly adjusted prior to the secondary recrystallization, and moreover, a fine precipitated substance called an inhibitor or a grain boundary segregated type element is properly adjusted prior to the secondary recrystallization. The inhibitor has a function of suppressing the growth of general primarily recrystallized grains in a primarily recrystallized structure to thereby selectively grow crystal grains each having a certain specific orientation.
According to the reports given by M. F. Littman (official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent (Kokoku) No. 30-3651) and J. E. May and D. Turnbull (Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 212 (1958) P769/781), MnS is noted as a typical precipitated substance. In addition, according to the report given by Taguchi and Sakakura (official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent (Kokoku) No. 40-15644), AlN is noted as a typical precipitated substance. Additionally, according to the report given by Imai et al. (official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent (Kokoku) No. 51-13469), MnSe is noted as a typical precipitated substance. Further, Komatsu et al. reported that (Al, Si)N is a typical precipitated substance.
On the other hand, according to the report given by Saito (Trans. of Japanese Metal Association, Vol. 27 (1963) P186/195), Pb, Sb, Nb, Ag, Te, Se and S are noted as grain boundary segregated type elements but they are used practically merely as an assistant for the inhibitor on an industrial basis.
At present, it is not necessarily clarified what the necessary conditions are for allowing each of the above-noted precipitated substances to function as an inhibitor but it is considered based on the results obtained from the reports given by Matsuoka (Iron & Steel, Vol. 53 (1967) P1007/1023) and Kuroki et al. (Trans. of Japan Metal Association, Vol. 43 (1979) P175/181) and (Trans. of the same, Vol. 44 (1980) P419/427) that the following conditions are necessary for the same purpose as mentioned above.
(1) A sufficient quantity of fine precipitated substance enough to suppress growth of primarily recrystallized grains is present prior to secondary recrystallization.
(2) Each precipitated substance has a considerably large size, and moreover, it is not thermally transformed at an excessively high rate during a secondary recrystallization annealing operation.
At present, the following three kinds of methods can each be noted as typical methods for producing grain oriented electrical steel sheets on an industrial basis.
Specifically, a first prior technology is disclosed in an official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent (Kokoku) No. 30-3651 of M. F. Littmann wherein MnS is used as a precipitated substance to enable a hot rolled sheet to be subjected to cold rolling twice, a second prior technology is disclosed in an official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent (Kokoku) No. 40-15644 of Taguchi and Sakakura wherein AlN+MnS are used as precipitated substances to enable a cold rolled sheet to be subjected to final cold rolling at a high reduction ratio exceeding 80%, and a third prior technology is disclosed in an official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent (Kokoku) No. 51-13469 of Imanaka et al. wherein MnS (or MnSe)+Sb are used as precipitated substances so as to enable a hot rolled sheet to be subjected to cold rolling twice.
To satisfactorily meet the requirements for assuring a quantity of precipitated substance and minimizing it in size, each of the aforementioned prior technologies is practiced based on the fundamental technical concept that an inhibitor is prepared by heating a slab of silicon steel up to an elevated temperature exceeding 1270.degree. C. prior to a hot rolling operation.
However, when the slab is heated to an elevated temperature as mentioned above, the following problems occur.
1) It is necessary that a high temperature slab heating furnace exclusively employable for producing oriented electrical steel sheets be installed in a steel plant.
2) The energy unit cost required for operating the slab heating furnace is high.
3) The surface of each slab is promotively oxidized and a molten material called slag appears, resulting in adverse operation of the slab heating furnace.
To obviate the above problems, there has arisen a necessity for developing a technology for preparing an inhibitor without the need of heating a slab to an unusually high temperature.
Some of the inventors have proposed a method of preparing an inhibitor by performing a nitriding operation, as disclosed in an official gazette of Japanese Examined Publication Patent No. (Kokoku) No. 62-45285 (grain oriented electrical steel sheet) and official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Publication Patent (Kokai) No. 1-139722 (double oriented electrical steel).
A significant feature of the proposed process is that inhibitors are uniformly precipitated and dispersed in the steel sheet. However, when the process is practiced on an industrial scale, it was found that if the nitriding operation is irregularly performed in the longitudinal direction of a coil or in the transverse direction of the same, magnetic properties of the steel sheet become correspondingly irregular.
In view of the aforementioned problem, a proposal has been made regarding a method of nitriding a steel sheet (strip) using a gas such as an ammonia gas or the like having a nitriding function, as disclosed in an official gazette of Japanese Unexamined Publication Patent (Kokai) No. 1-91956. This prior invention makes it possible to uniformly nitride a steel sheet in the longitudinal direction of a coil and also in the transverse direction of the same.
However, even when a steel sheet is uniformly nitrided in the longitudinal direction of a coil and in the transverse direction of the same, a satisfactory secondary recrystallizing operation does not necessarily occur for reasons that have not been made clear in the past.
The present invention has been made with the above background in mind and its object resides in clarifying the essential reason why a satisfactory secondary recrystallizing operation does not in some cases occur. Another object of the present invention is to present operational conditions for assuring that a satisfactory and stable secondary recrystallizing operation does occur.

Process for preparation of oriented electrical steel sheet having high flux density


The present invention is directed to novel compounds represented by structural Formula (I):

The neurotransmitter/hormone serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) regulates many physiological processes via a group of at least 14 distinct receptors that are organized into 7 subfamilies (Hoyer, D., et al., Pharmacol. Rev., 46, 1994). The 5-HT2 subfamily is composed of the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors as determined by gene homology and pharmacological properties. There exists a substantial correlation for the relationship between 5-HT2 receptor modulation and a variety of diseases and therapies. Prior to the early 1990's the 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptors were referred to as 5-HT1C and 5-HT2, respectively.
The direct or indirect agonism or antagonism of 5-HT2 receptors, either selectively or non-selectively, has been associated with the treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders including obesity, depression, schizophrenia and bi-polar disorders. In the recent past the contribution of serotonergic activity to the mode of action of anti-obesity drugs has been well documented. Compounds that increase the overall basal tone of serotonin in the CNS have been successfully developed as anorectic drugs. The serotonin releasing agents, such as fenfluramine, function by increasing the amount of serotonin present in the nerve synapse. These breakthrough treatments, however, are not without side effects. Due to the mechanism of action of serotonin releasing agents, they effect the activity of a number of serotonin receptor subtypes in a wide variety of organs including those not associated with the desired mechanism of action. This non-specific modulation of the serotonin family of receptors most likely plays a significant role in the side effect profile. In addition, these compounds or their metabolites often have a high affinity for a number of the serotonin receptors as well as a multitude of other monoamine neurotransmitters and nuisance receptors. Removing some of the receptor cross reactivity would allow for the examination and possible development of potent therapeutic ligands with an improved side effect profile.
The 5-HT2C receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. It is almost exclusively expressed in the central nervous system including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal cord, cortex, olfactory bulb, ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens and choroid plexus (Hoffman, B. and Mezey, E., FEBS Lett., 247, 1989). There is ample evidence to support the role of selective 5-HT2C receptor ligands in a number of disease therapies. 5-HT2C knockout mice develop a late stage obesity syndrome that is not reversed by fenfluramine or other direct acting 5-HT2C agonists such as mCPP (Nonogaki, K., et al., Nature Med., 4, 1998; Vickers, S., et. al., Psychopharmacology, 143, 1999). Administration of selective 5-HT2C agonists to rats causes a reduction in food intake and corresponding reduction in body weight (Vickers, S., et al., Br. J. Pharmacol., 130, 2000) and these responses can be blocked by administration of selective 5-HT2C antagonists (Vicker, S., et al., Neuropharmacol., 41, 2001). 5-HT2C receptor modulation in the hypothalamus can also influence thermoregulation (Mazzola-Pomietto, P, et al., Psychopharmacology, 123, 1996), sleep (Sharpley, A., et al., Neuropharmacology, 33, 1994), sexual behavior and neuroendocrine function (Rittenhouse, P. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 271, 1994). Activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the VTA modulates the activity of dopaminergic neurons that are involved in aspects of depression (Di Matteo, V. et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 22, 2001) and 5-HT2C receptor agonists such as WAY 161503, RO 60-0175 and RO 60-0332 are active in rodent models of depression (Cryan, J. and Lucki, I., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 295, 2000). 5-HT2C agonists have been reported to reduce the rewarding effects of nicotine administration in rats (Grottick, A., et al., Psychopharmacology, 157, 2001) and influences rodent responses to cocaine administration (Grottick, A., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 295, 2000). Modulation of 5-HT2C receptors in the spinal cord can influence pain perception (Chojnacka-Wojcik, E., et al., Pol. J. Pharmacol., 46, 1994). There is also data indicating that the 5-HT2C receptor agonists mCPP and RO 60-0175 mediate penile erections in rats (Millan, M., et al., Eur J. Pharmacol. 325, 1997).
Compounds reported to bind to and activate 5-HT2C receptors are disclosed in the following documents. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,914,421; 4,013,652; 4,115,577; 4,183,936; and 4,238,607 disclose pyridopyrrolobenz-heterocycles of formula:
where X is O, S, S(═O), or SO2; n is 0 or 1; R1 is various carbon substituents, and Z is a monosubstituent of H, methyl, or chloro.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,550 discloses pyridopyrrolo-benzheterocycles of formula:
where X is O or S; R1 is C1-4 alkyl or cyclopropyl; R2 is H, CH3, OCH3, Cl, Br, F, or CF3; and (A) is —CH2—, —CH(CH3)—, or —CH2CH2—.
European Patent Application EP 473,550 A1 discloses indolonaphthyridines of formula:
wherein X and Y are H or a simple ring, R1, is H, alkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonylalkyl, aralkyl, or a mono or disubstituted carbamoylalkyl; and R3, R4, and R5 are H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or trifluoromethyl.
PCT International Patent Application WO 00/35922 discloses tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino(1,2-A-quinoxalin-5(6H)one derivatives of formula:
as being 5HT2C agonists; wherein X is CR5R6 or carbonyl; R is H or alkyl; R′ is H, alkyl, acyl, or aroyl; and R1, R2, R3, and R4 are independently, H, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trifluoroalkyl, cyano, alkylsulfonamide, alkyl amide, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, trifluoroalkoxy, acyl, or aryl.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,552,017, 6,548,493 PCT International Patent Application WO 00/77001, WO 00/77002, and WO 00/77010 discloses substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines of formula:
wherein X is CHR, C(═O), O, S, S(═O), SO2, NR, C(═O)NR, or NRC(═O); n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; k is 1 or 2: R1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, or aryl; R5 is H or alkyl, R6a and R6b are independently H, OH, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, trifluoroalkyl, alkylamino, trifluoroalkoxy, acyl, or aryl; and R7, R8, and R9 are independently, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trifluoroalkyl, cyano, alkylsulfonamide, alkyl amide, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, trifluoroalkoxy, acyl, aryl, or heterocyclic ring.
Patent Application WO 02/59129 discloses substituted pyridoindoles of formula:
wherein X is O, S, S(═O), SO2, or NR; n is 1 or 2; k is 1 or 2: R1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, or aryl; R5 and R6 are independently H, or alkyl: and R7, R8, and R9 are independently, H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, halogen, trifluoroalkyl, cyano, alkylsulfonamide, alkyl amide, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, trifluoroalkoxy, acyl, aryl, or heterocyclic ring.
PTC International Patent Application WO 03/14118 discloses 1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indoles of formula:
wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are independently, H, halo, CF3, OCF3, CN, NO2, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, C(═O)Ar, aryl, or alkyleneAr, provided that at least one of R1, R2, R3 or R4 is aryl; and R5, R6 and R7 are independently H, or various carbon substituents.
None of the above references suggest or disclose the compounds of the present invention. There remains a need to discover new compounds useful as serotonin receptor modulators, i.e. selective agonists and antagonists, which are useful in the control or prevention of central nervous system disorders. As such, the present invention discloses novel compounds which are useful as serotonin agonists and antagonists, and provide good in vitro potency.

Substituted tricyclic gamma-carbolines as serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists

Abstract: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1, R4a, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9,and m, are defined herein. The invention is also concerned with pharmaceutical formulations comprising these novel compounds as active ingredients and the use of the novel compounds and their formulations in the treatment of certain central nervous system disorders. The compounds of this invention are serotonin receptor modulators, in particular 5HT2C receptor agonists and antagonists, and are useful in the control or prevention of central nervous system disorders including obesity, anorexia, bulemia, depression, anxiety, psychosis, schizophrenia, migraine, addictive behavior, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and sexual disorders.


A hanger includes a hanger body having a prescribed external peripheral shape on which clothing is hung up. A first magnet is arranged in a projecting manner on a rear side of the hanger body for attaching the hanger to a prescribed suspending place.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hanger for suspending clothing to be attached via a magnet to some suspension places such as a wall or a side surface of a locker.
2. Description of Prior Art
A conventional garment hanger used for engaging and suspending clothing has a hook arranged around a top center of a hanger body shaped in an inversed-V shape or substantially equilateral triangle shape, and is used for suspension in engaging the hook with a support bar in a locker or a hook member attached to a wall or the like. Such a garment hanger, however, cannot be suspended at a place, with no support member such as a support bar or a hook member for engaging the hook of the garment hanger, like a wall or a side surface of a locker.
In view of the above, a hooking hanger K, as shown in FIG. 17, has a hook Kf and a magnet provided on the side of the proximal end of the hook. This hooking hanger K is attached via the magnet to a side surface of a steel locker or the like, and is used for suspension in hooking a nape part of a shirt or one part of the waist portion of trousers and a skirt. When this hooking hanger K is used, the hooking hanger K can be attached via the magnet to a place attracted by a magnet even where no support means, such as a support rod, a hook or the like, exists, thereby suspending clothing.
The present inventor previously proposed a hanger with a magnet as disclosed in JP-A HEI 11-313,748. This hanger with the magnet includes a hanger body having a shape of an inverse letter V or substantially equilateral triangle similar to ordinary garment hangers and a magnet buried in the back of the hanger body to be attached to a suspending place, such as a side surface of a steel locker. In use of this garment hanger in the form of the inverse V-shape or substantially equilateral triangular, similarly to use of ordinary hangers, clothing is hung up in a manner matching the shoulders of clothing with the above shaped hanger body, and the hanger body in that state is attached via the magnet to the suspending place. The clothing is suspended by the garment hanger and my be clamped between the magnet and the suspending place. When removing the clothing from the hanger body, the hanger body is detached from the suspending place before the clothing is taken out of the hanger body.
At a hospital, laboratory, site of construction and the like, white overalls and working clothes are used during medical treatments, experiments, research, and construction working, and are taken off and placed anywhere at the time such as, during a meal or going out, and are repeatedly worn and taken off. The white overalls and working clothes once taken off are desirably hung up over a hanger and stored in that state in a locker, etc. from the standpoint of arrangement and good order for prevention of wrinkle formation. Because such white overalls and working clothes, however, are susceptible to attachment of medicine, various germs, dust and perspiration while being worn, it is unsanitary, and storing the white overalls and working clothes together with other clothing is frequently avoided. In addition, since putting on and taking off those clothes is frequently repeated, it is laborious to store them in and take them out from a locker each time. In some cases, the number of lockers is not enough, or lockers have a small accommodation space, resulting in failure to store all white overalls or working clothes. For this reason, once taken off, they are generally hung up over a chair or placed on a desk randomly, resulting in a disorder state with a mess of the white overalls and working clothes. The dust or various germs attached to the white overalls or working clothes may dirty chairs and desks, and winkling may occur when the white overall or working clothes are worn again.
To improve such a situation, the prior art hooking member K or the hanger with the magnet previously proposed by this inventor may be used. In the case of the hooking member K, however, parts of clothing may be overlapped with the part of clothing on the hook Kf as the center. In the case of the hanger with the magnet, clothing is clamped between the hanger body and the suspending place without any gap, so that magnet-equipped hangers do not have good air-permeability to the clothing, thereby raising a problem that the clothing will be subjected to moisture and stacked odor (particularly because water or medicine or perspiration is attached to the white overalls or working clothes). Also, because the prior art uses a strong magnet so that clothing hung up does not fall off, the hooking member K or other hanger may be needed to be strongly pulled when being removed from the suspending place, thereby raising a problem that the removal is not easy. When the hooking member K or hanger with the magnet is attached aslant or upside down to the suspending place, white overalls or working clothes may fall off from the hook Kf or hanger, and in some cases, may be difficult to hang up. Accordingly, when the hooking member K or hanger is attached to the suspending place, it is always necessary to confirm the vertical direction of the hanger and to pay attention to whether the attachment state is inclined, which are laborious matters.
Regarding the hooking member K, because a tip of the hook Kf retains clothing, the clothing tends to be easily subject to wrinkles. When the clothing is hooked on the hooking member K, a tailor's tag or loop attached around a nape portion of a jacket or a waist of trousers is engaged with the hook member Kf. Therefore, the tag or loop may be torn off, while if such a tag or loop cannot be hooked, it is difficult to hook the clothing on the hooking member K. The neck portion or the like may be used for hooking where a tag or loop cannot be used for hooking, but this may cause to extend or break the portion at which the hook member Kf is hooked. Furthermore, it is unstable to hook the hook member Kf with the neck portion and no more than that, and the clothing may gradually move downward and drop as time lapses. Since, in some cases, a penlight or tool for work (e.g., stationary goods or a measuring instrument) is put in a pocket of a white overall or working clothes, the weight of the goods is exerted to the clothing, thereby easily raising such a problem of clothing weight.
Meanwhile, in the case of the prior art hanger with the magnet, when a thick portion of the clothing (e.g., a portion of the collar, pocket, or seam) is placed between the hanger body and the suspending place, or when a locally thick portion is formed due to overlapped parts of clothing, the thick portion may cause the hanger body to float and to drop off from the suspending place. When the hanger body is in the shape of an inversed letter V or substantially equilateral triangle, although the upper clothing of a white overall or working clothes can be hung up over the hanger body, the trousers of working clothes cannot directly be hung up over the hanger body.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a hanger that can be suspended without specially determining a suspending place or suspending direction when clothing is hung up, obtaining a clean suspending state, rendering stable a suspending state of the hanger with respect to the suspending place, and rendering easy removal of the hanger.


Method for pre-interventional planning of a 2D fluoroscopy projection for an interventional entry using a fixed instrument, comprising the following steps:    a) Recording a 3D data set,    b) Planning the intervention,    c) Planning the optimum projection direction,    d) Registering the 3D data set with a navigation system and a 2D fluoroscopy system,    e) Transmission of the intervention data to the navigation system,    f) Computing the position of the fluoroscopy system, and    g) Executing the interventional entry under fluoroscopy.

The process of planning interventions with a fixed instrument, for example an aspiration needle, based on pre-interventionally recorded data sets, is already known. These data sets can be obtained by 3D angiography, CT or MR investigation. The planning undertaken in advance can then be transferred to a navigation system or a system for orientation of the fixed instrument or the aspiration needle. Such a system is for example a stereotactic frame, which allows pinpoint alignment and positioning of the aspiration needle. The case can arise however in which the aspiration needle or another fixed instrument has to pass within a very short distance of critical structures such as vertebrae, organs or blood vessels. In order not to endanger the patient a continuous monitoring of the position of the needle is necessary. The direction of projection must be defined within the context of pre-interventional planning. The direction of projection, which can be imagined as a straight line through the tube focus and the center of the detector of the fluoroscopy system, is set by corresponding positioning of the C-arm of the fluoroscopy device. This setting is made manually, based on the experience of the operator, with a number of steps sometimes being required. The disadvantage in this case however is that the choice of the best direction of projection and the setting of the C-arm position and the multi-stage optimization which may be required are undertaken during fluoroscopy so that the patient is subjected to a certain dose of radiation even before the actual intervention.


A front panel driving apparatus for a car audio system comprises a main chassis, a slider base fitted inside the main chassis, and a slider. A plurality of roller structures are provided for promoting a more stable motion of the slider. The roller structures are formed between the slider base and the slider. A front panel is opened or closed by translating vertically when the slider moves back and forth. A lower end portion of the front panel is hinged upon a front end portion the slider. Projections that are protruded from both upper ends of the front panel are mounted inside generally vertical tracks of a front frame that is attached to a front of the main chassis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a front panel driving apparatus for a car audio system that includes a display portion occupying most of the front surface of the car audio system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a front panel driving apparatus promoting more smooth and stabilized operation of the front panel as it opens/closes.
2. Background of the Related Art
Increasing importance has been placed on in-car entertainment systems, especially car audio systems, as one of essential components of a car. Recently, various kinds of media players have been mounted in cars.
For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,168 discloses a flip down system, in which the car audio system comprises a front display panel, the front panel being vertically translated as recording media is inserted or taken out.
FIG. 1 is a side view of a front panel driving apparatus for a car audio system according to a related art. FIG. 2 is a plan view showing part of the front panel driving apparatus for a car audio system according to the related art.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the front panel driving apparatus includes a driving motor 10 formed on a main chassis (not shown), a gear train 12 for transferring a driving force of the driving motor 10, and a driving pinion 20 engaged with a final gear of the gear train 12, being formed on the main chassis.
More specifically, the driving pinion 20 is composed of a large gear portion 22 and a small gear portion 24, both being in a cylindrical shape. The large gear portion 22 is engaged with the final gear of the gear train 12, and the small gear portion 24 is interlocked with a rack 28.
Also, a slider 25 that slides back and forth is disposed on the top of a lower surface of the main chassis, and both ends of the slider 25 and its bottom surface are supported by a plurality of sliding structures.
It is considered very important to leave a space between the main chassis and the slider 25 for the sake of convenience of assembling work, and for more smooth motion of the slider 25 when the front panel is in operation.
The slider 25 is a plate in a designated shape. A panel connection ball (e.g. roller) 26 is formed at the end of the slider 25 to help the front panel (not shown) of the car audio system to rotate vertically around the connection ball 26.
Operational principles of the conventional front panel driving apparatus for the car audio system are now explained. The driving force from the driving motor 10 is transferred to the driving pinion 20, more particularly, to the large gear portion 22, through the gear train 12. The rotational force upon the driving pinion 20, on the other hand, is transferred to the rack 28 that is engaged with the small gear portion 24 of the driving pinion 20. In this way, the driving force from the driving motor 10 is transferred to the rack 28, making the rack 28 move horizontally. This horizontal motion of the rack 28 is transferred to the slider 25, and as a result, the slider 25 slides in or out of the main chassis.
The slide's horizontal motion is then converted to a motion of the front panel connected to the panel connection ball 26, consequently opening or closing the front panel.
However, several drawbacks were observed in the above-described related art.
As described before, there is a designated space in the vertical direction between the slider 25 and the main chassis that supports the slider 25. This space sometimes allows an external vibration to be transferred to the slider 25. Such vibration resultantly shakes the car audio front panel that is connected to the front end portion of the slider 25. This vibration of the front panel can also damage other compartments or cause a mechanical trouble. This problem occurs more frequently under difficult driving conditions, such as, on bumpy roads, and most of drivers become irritated by the vibration movement of the front panel.
However, it is not a good idea to reduce the space between the slider 25 and the main chassis to prevent the vibration of the front panel because this only makes assembling the slider and front panel more difficult. Moreover, in so doing, the slider 25 could fall into around the main chassis.


A method for cutting piled fabric is provided. The method includes the steps of bending the pile elements downward towards the fabric base along a line to be cut and thereafter cutting through the bent piling elements and fabric base to form a two-sided cut. Such method shears piling elements adjacent to one side of the cut while leaving the pile elements adjacent to the other side of the cut substantially unaltered.

Piled fabrics, such as for example carpets, may be manufactured in numerous ways such as by weaving, tufting, needling or bonding. In each method the pile is secured in some manner to a base layer thereby forming a composite structure comprising a piling portion and a base portion. The base is generally substantially solid yet flexible in nature and typically comprises a bonding matrix in combination with a backing material. Some typical configurations of piled fabrics are illustrated in FIGS. 5-11 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,665 to Machell the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Carpet configurations are also illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,857 to Higgins (incorporated by reference).
Regardless of the specifics of the piled fabric configuration, the fabric will comprise generally a piling portion having a multiplicity of pile elements and some type of stable base portion to which the pile elements are attached in an outwardly extending generally perpendicular fashion. Accordingly, the surface of the base adjacent to the outwardly extending pile elements forms a boundary between the piling and base portions. Above this; boundary the pile elements may be bent rather freely.
As will be readily recognized, any bending of a pile element away from a perpendicular orientation with respect to the boundary surface of the base will tend to bring the pile element towards the base portion of the fabric. Moreover, due to the generally close packed nature of the pile elements, the bending of one element will lead to the bending of adjacent elements in the direction of the applied force.
So as to facilitate ease of handling during transportation and installation, piled fabrics such as carpet are often formed into easily handled modular sections referred to generally as carpet tiles. These tiles are typically cut into discrete elements from a broad loom of piled fabric having the characteristics described above. The tiles are typically of a rectangular shape and are preferably substantially square so as to permit them to be laid side by side in abutting relation across a surface to be covered.
It has long been recognized that a problem often arises in forming the edge portions of carpet tiles which are to be abutted together. A straight cut by means of a rotary blade or similar device may tend to leave half cut tufts and/or missing tufts along the edge of the tile. These half cut and missing tufts may give rise to a substantial degree of asymmetry from tile to tile. Furthermore, a straight cut leaving such half cut and missing tufts may give rise to voids at the juncture between the tiles installed across a surface to be covered. In the past, these problems have been addressed by cutting the edges of the tile on a chamfer, thereby generating a substantially uniform beveled appearance at the edges of the individual tiles. Due to the bevelled edges formed on the individual tiles, the height of the piling immediately adjacent to the edge of each tile is typically less than that existing across the rest of the tile. Moreover, this feature is replicated from tile to tile such that when the tiles are brought into abutting relation with one another across a surface to be covered, a visible seam is formed at the abutting interface between the individual tiles.
As will be appreciated, when a multiplicity of carpet tiles are laid together, a void or seam at the interface between each tile section has the effect of clearly delineating the intersections between the individual tiles which may prevent the perception of a continuous covering. In some settings the perception of continuity in a covering is considered to be of benefit. Accordingly, the substantial elimination of visible seams between carpet tiles presents a useful advancement over the present art.


This invention pertains to an umbilical hose comprising in order a thermoplastic inner liner, at least one fibrous reinforcement layer having a layer thickness no greater than 1.5 mm, comprising continuous filament yarns having a yarn tenacity of at least 13 g/dtex and a linear density no greater than 6667 dtex, and a thermoplastic outer cover.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to a multilayer reinforced hose that is particularly suitable for use in a service umbilical.
2. Description of Related Art
Hoses used in umbilicals contain layers of reinforcing fibers braided over a thermoplastic polymer liner. A common cause of hose failure is reinforcement failure. There is a need, therefore, to provide solutions that can extend the useful life of reinforcement layers in an umbilical hose.
United States patent application publication number 2013/0000767 to Nonaka et al describes a method of manufacturing a rubber hose that includes an inner rubber tube having a hollow portion, first and second braided layers formed by braiding strands, and an outer rubber tube. The method includes forming a laminated structure by sequentially forming the first braided layer on the inner rubber tube, a thermoplastic resin layer including a thermoplastic resin on the first braided layer, the second braided layer on the thermoplastic resin layer, and the outer rubber tube on the second braided layer, vulcanizing the inner rubber tube and the outer rubber tube and softening the thermoplastic resin layer by heating the laminated structure to not lower than a softening temperature of the thermoplastic resin layer, and integrating the first and second braided layers by softening the thermoplastic resin layer and then solidifying the soft thermoplastic resin penetrated into mesh openings formed between the strands.


Multiple layer laminate element, such as DVD optical recording elements, are disclosed. The laminates include a cured cyanoacrylate adhesive layer in direct contact with a polymeric layer having a chemically bound cure accelerator for the cyanoacrylate.

Optical recording elements for recording and storing digital information are known. One of the currently popular optical recording element is the compact disc or CD. CDs and recordable CDs (CD-Rs) have transformed the personal entertainment, personal computer and data storage industries. CDs and CD-Rs have made it possible to store enormous amounts of music or data on inexpensive, reliable, mass produced media.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and recordable DVD (DVD-R) optical recording elements are being developed. These elements have significantly greater storage capacity than CDs.
In CDs and DVDs digital information is stored in the form of low reflective marks on an otherwise reflective background. In this format the optical information is in the form of read only memory or ROM. Optical information is not recorded in real time, but is produced by press molding. In a typical process a substrate is stamped with a master containing the digital information in an embossed form. The stamped substrate, beaing deformations caused by the embossed master, is coated with a reflective layer and then with a protective layer. In the stamped substrate areas having the deformations the reflectivity is lower than in undeformed areas.
Several different layer configuration embodiments are possible for DVD optical recording elements. Two embodiments are presented in FIGS. 1 and 2.
In the FIG. 1 embodiment the DVD element comprises the following layer arrangement:
(a) a transparent substrate that may or may not include grooves for laser tracking;.(1) PA1 (b) an optical recording layer; (2) PA1 (c) a light reflecting layer (3). PA1 (d) a protective layer (4). PA1 (e) an adhesive layer (5). PA1 (f) a protective layer (6). PA1 (g) a reflective layer (7). and PA1 (h) a substrate (8). PA1 (a) a transparent substrate that may or may not include grooves for laser tracking (1); PA1 (b) an optical recording layer; (2) PA1 (c) a light reflecting layer (3). PA1 (d) a protective layer (4). PA1 (e) an adhesive layer (5). PA1 (f) a protective layer (6). PA1 (g) a reflective layer (7). PA1 (h) an optical recording layer; and PA1 (i) a transparent substrate that may or may not include grooves for laser tracking. PA1 (a) a transparent substrate; PA1 (b) an optical recording layer; PA1 (c) a light reflecting layer; PA1 (d) a polymeric protective layer of one or more vinyl monomers, including at least one vinyl monomer having incorporated therein a amine group that accelerates curing of cyanoacrylate adhesives. PA1 (e) a cured cyanoacrylate adhesive; and PA1 (f) a substrate. PA1 providing a first assembly comprising: PA1 providing a second assembly comprising at least a substrate; PA1 forming a laminate of the first and second assembly by bonding, with a cyanoacrylate adhesive, the protective layer of the first assembly to (i) the substrate of the second assembly or (ii) another exposed layer of the second assembly.
In the embodiment presented in FIG. 1 one or more of layers (d), (f) and (g) may be omitted in some applications.
In the FIG. 2 embodiment the DVD element comprises the following layer arrangement:
In some FIG. 2 embodiments one or both of the protective layers (d) and (f) may be omitted.
An important component in these multilayer laminate DVD elements is the adhesive layer. The adhesive must be effective in holding the various layers together in a single package in a variety of environments. In embodiments having two recording layers the adhesive layer must be optically clear at the read and write wavelengths. Rapid curing of the adhesive is desirable to avoid warping of the element.

Multilayer laminate elements having an adhesive layer


An active matrix liquid crystal display device with a plurality of thin-film transistors each including a gate electrode, preferably made of an aluminum film formed over a glass substrate, and a gate insulator preferably made of an upper silicon nitride film and a lower anodized oxide film of the aluminum film. Dummy gate lines DGL are disposed outside the outermost scanning signal line GL, and dummy data lines DDL are disposed outside the outermost video signal line DL so as to prevent breakage of outermost signal lines.

This invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, particularly a liquid crystal display device of an active matrix type using thin film transistors, or the like.
In a liquid crystal display device of an active matrix type, non-linear devices (switching devices) are disposed in such a manner as to correspond to a plurality of pixel electrodes arranged in matrix, respectively. The liquid crystal in each pixel is always driven, in principle, (a duty ratio of 1.0) . In comparison with a so-called "simple matrix type" which employs a time division driving system, therefore, the active matrix system has better contrast and has become an indispensable technique particularly in a color liquid crystal display device. A typical example of the switching devices is a thin film transistor (TFT).
In a conventional active matrix type liquid crystal display device, signals are applied to the outermost scanning signal line and to the outermost video signal line.
The liquid crystal display device of the active matrix type using the thin film transistors is known, for example, from "12.5 Type Active Matrix System Color Liquid Crystal Display Employing Redundancy Structure", Nikkei Electronics, pp. 193-210, Dec. 15, 1986, published by Nikkei-McGraw Hill.

Liquid crystal display device having peripheral dummy lines


A process of a catalytic combustion is disclosed. The process can be started at a cold temperature and then raised to a desired high temperature in a very short time by employing a noble metal catalyst dispersed on a supporting material. Moreover, a method for dispersing a noble metal catalyst used in the catalytic combustion is also disclosed for increasing a specific surface area of the catalyst so as to facilitate the catalytic combustion. Furthermore, a substance including a promoter dispersing a metal catalyst therewith, and a supporting material supporting the promoter with the metal catalyst is also disclosed, so that a contact surface area of the metal catalyst can be increased, thereby the catalytic combustion can be initiated within a very short period.

Vapor phase combustion at high temperature is notorious for generating a nitrogen oxide, NOx, which always causes a noxious pollution hazard. Furthermore, during the vapor phase combustion, a large portion of the thermal energy is lost through the chimney effect. On the other hand, a catalytic oxidation is a much cleaner type of combustion without yielding nitrogen oxides. However, the catalytic oxidation generally takes a long induction period to initiate the reaction until its exothermic reaction heat can provide enough activation energy to sustain its continuous auto-oxidation. Thus, it often needs to preheat the fuel to a high temperature for shortening the induction period thereof. As a result, the catalytic oxidation reaction is difficult to be used as a heating method for supplying heat to an industrial reactor or facilities due to the fact that the conventional oxidation catalyst is not reactive enough to increase the temperature of the fuel from the ambient temperature to the desired high temperature in a very short period of time, for example, 10 to 30 minutes.
Consequently, it will need a reactive oxidation catalyst capable of being heated up from the room temperature to the desired high temperature in a very short time, for example, 10 to 30 minutes, so that the catalytic oxidation catalyst can be used for an industrial reactor or facilities. That means the catalyst must be able to start a reactor to its desired reaction temperature in a short period of time without external heating source or facility.
Because the defects in the prior art and the demands for a future application of the catalytic combustion, the present invention discloses a method and a substance for rapidly catalyzing the combustion in a short time. Therefore, the combustion can be completed in a rapid and clean way.

Method and substance for reactive catalytic combustion


A storage enclosure ideally suited for use under kitchen cabinets on the kitchen counter top is disclosed. The enclosure has a top, bottom, right and left side, as well as a roll-top lid. The roll-top lid is slidably received in grooves provided in the right and left sides of the enclosure, which enable the lid to be opened and closed in the normal fashion a roll-top lid is used. The enclosure also includes notches located at the ends of the grooves on the backside of the enclosure for enabling the roll-top lid to be easily removed from the enclosure. In addition, the leading edge of the roll-top lid is provided with a cutting blade for cutting sheet material which is dispensed from the enclosure.

The prior art is replete with storage enclosures, or boxes using roll-top lids. In a search for such enclosures having features of the present invention, the following patents were found: U.S. Pat. Nos. 467,035; 2,107,997; 2,722,469; 3,044,841; 3,249,273; 4,432,482; 4,805,794 and 5,193,726.
As will be appreciated from a review of the foregoing patents, none discloses a roll-top lid-type storage enclosure for dispensing sheet material from a plurality of rolls of sheet material mounted in the enclosure. In addition, the preferred roll-type lid storage enclosure of the present invention has a quickly and easily removable roll-top lid as well as a cutting blade mounted on the forward or leading edge of the roll-top lid, the provision of which enables one to easily tear off a section of rolled sheet material such as aluminum foil and/or Saran wrap which may be dispensed from the enclosure.


A workpiece chucking device is strengthened in its workpiece chucking force. The workpiece chucking device comprises a diaphragm 14 having chucking claws 35 in the front of a base 12 which will rotate along with a spindle 11 of a machine tool, a piston which will be moved back and forth by switching fluid fed into a hollow chamber 15 of the base, a cylindrical member 21 inserted in a center of the piston and held to the base, first balls 24 fitted into even-numbered ones of a plurality of transmitting holes formed in the cylindrical member, as well as second balls fitted into odd-numbered ones of the transmitting holes, and a recessed fitting portion 29 provided in an outer circumferential surface of a slider 26 which is inserted into the cylindrical member and connected to the diaphragm so that parts of circumferential surfaces of the first and second balls will be fitted into the recessed fitting portion 29. The slider will retreat only when the first balls are pushed into the recessed fitting portion by a first tapered portion of the piston, while the slider will be advanced when only the second balls are pushed into the recessed fitting portion by a second tapered portion of the piston.

The present invention relates to a device for chucking a workpiece to be machined.
Conventionally, for chucking a workpiece to be machined, as shown in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. HEI 5-104312, first, fluid is fed under pressure to behind a piston in a hollow chamber through a passage so that the piston is slid. With this sliding of the piston, a central portion of a diaphragm is pushed forward, by which chucking claws are opened wide.
Next, a workpiece is inserted inside the wide-open chucking claws, and then the fluid is stopped from being fed.
Then, the piston is returned by restoring force of the diaphragm, so that the chucking claws are contracted. Thus, the work is chucked.
Further, the fluid is fed under pressure to the front side of the piston in the hollow chamber through the passage, so that the piston is slid backward, while the central portion of the diaphragm is pulled backward. In this way, the chucking claws are contracted toward the center.
By doing so, a greater chucking force can be obtained.
With such a chucking device, which is so arranged that the piston and the diaphragm connected to the piston are pulled up together by fluid pressure that acts on the pressure-receiving surface, there has been a disadvantage that a great clamping force could not be obtained.
Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 8, there has been provided a chucking device in which a first piston 3 and a second piston 4 connected to a diaphragm 2 are built in a hollow chamber 1, and fluid is fed under pressure to the front side of the first piston 3 and the second piston 4 in the hollow chamber 1 through a passage 5, so that greater power is obtained (double piston system).
In addition, more than two pistons may be arrayed so that even greater power can be obtained.
In this case, a considerably large weight increase is involved due to the double piston system such that the device would be unsuitable for high-speed revolution, and the size is also increased, thereby posing disadvantages.