A parking brake system uses a pneumatically controlled brake actuator to provide both service and parking brake functions. The parking brake system for a vehicle includes a hand control that is manually movable between a plurality of operational positions. A valve is responsive to movement of the hand control and controls air flow from a parking brake air supply to the pneumatically controlled brake actuator. The valve includes a gate that defines the plurality of operational positions, which include a park position, a release position, and an off position. When the hand control is moved out of the off position and into the park position, the pneumatically controlled brake actuator remains pressurized and a latching mechanism is activated to mechanically lock the vehicle brake. When the hand control is moved to the release position, the vehicle brakes are re-applied to unload the latching mechanism. The parking brake system can be used on vehicles equipped with an electronic braking system, or can be used on vehicles that do not have an electronic braking system.

The subject invention relates to a parking brake system for a vehicle including a pneumatically controlled brake actuator that mechanically locks a service brake in a parked condition. The parking brake system can be used in a vehicle having an electronic braking system or can be used in a vehicle that does not have an electronic braking system.
Traditionally, heavy commercial vehicles utilize spring actuators to provide the energy needed for a parking brake function. These heavy commercial vehicles often include electronic braking systems that provide the primary braking function. The primary brake function is a main or foundation brake function that is used to stop or slow rotation of a vehicle wheel during vehicle operation. The parking brake function is usually a separate system that is used to lock a vehicle wheel in a brakes applied position when the vehicle is parked. Traditionally, spring actuators are used for providing the parking and service brake functions. This increases cost and reduces available packaging space for other wheel components.
It is possible for the electronic braking system (EBS) to include an electronic parking control with a hand operated lever or handle that is moved by an operator into a park position. In response to movement of the hand operated lever into the park position, an electronic park signal is generated to control actuation of the brakes for parking. The electronic parking control uses the EBS to apply and release the brakes for parking. In such a system, the service actuators are used for parking and when the desired level of braking is achieved, the brakes are mechanically latched in the applied state. Not all vehicles are equipped with an electronic braking system (EBS). Further, some vehicles have an EBS but do not want the parking brake system to be electronically controlled. Also, it is desirable to eliminate the need for separate park spring actuators. Thus, there is a need for a parking brake system that pneumatically controls parking by using a service brake actuator, and which can be used in a vehicle with EBS or without EBS.


The invention provides a trans fat replacement system that is a stable and shelf storable mixture of an edible oil and an expanded, low-density carbohydrate for use in preparing baked goods having a reduced trans fat content. Depending upon formulation and processing, the mixture can have a consistency ranging from generally granular to an almost paste-like consistency. The trans fat replacement system consists of at least one edible oil and an expanded, low-density carbohydrate having a bulk density less than about 0.4 g/cc. The trans fat replacement system can be used to reduce or eliminate the amounts of traditional fats used to make baked goods. In one representative formulation, the trans fat replacement system can take the form of a generally, paste-like mixture that is suitable for spreading and is especially useful for the preparation of laminated dough products such as biscuits and croissants.

Trans fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids in which the hydrogen atoms of a double-bond, or unsaturation, are located on opposite sides of the molecule. The trans isomer of the fatty acid causes the carbon chain to assume a straight-chain configuration similar to that of a saturated fat. Trans fatty acids are primarily formed through the metal-catalyzed process of hydrogenation, however they have also been found to form naturally at low levels in cow's milk. By hydrogenating oils through industrial processing, hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated sites on fatty acids, creating a larger population of saturated fats in the oil. In a partially hydrogenated oil, some of the unsaturated fatty acids remain. However, the processing causes some of the double-bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids to undergo isomerization to the trans configuration.
A number of research studies have provided evidence that the consumption of foods having saturated fats and trans fats adversely effects cholesterol levels and can lead to an increased potential for cardiovascular diseases. One method by which the trans fat levels can be reduced is to replace the use of solid saturated fats such as shortening or butter with edible oils that typically contain unsaturated fats. Suitable edible oils can include the vegetable oils such as corn, sunflower, canola and the like, the marine oils or other similar unsaturated oils. While these edible oils allow for the replacement of trans fats, the liquid nature of these edible oils can create inconvenience and difficulty in preparing baked products when compared to traditional solid fats. For example, the viscous nature of liquid, edible oils makes it difficult to spread and retain the position of oil during the rolling and sheeting of laminated dough products. In addition, edible oils are subject to oxidation, which reduces the shelf life of edible oils as compared to traditional solid fats.
As such, it would be advantageous to develop a trans fat replacement system for use in baking products that overcomes the viscosity and stability problems presently associated with the use of saturated, edible oils.

Trans fat replacement system and method of making a baked good with a trans fat replacement system


A composition and method of making bodies and necks for stringed musical instruments is provided. The composition is basically an unsaturated compound poly-urethan resin and an inorganic filler, or components comparable thereto, which are combined with a hardener and then molded to form a guitar body, neck or other component of a stringed instrument. The method of making a body or neck of the present invention generally includes the steps of preparing the composition mixture, adding a hardener to the mixture, delivering the mixture and hardener to a mold, and molding the composition. Various appropriate actions may be undertaken upon completion of the molding process including machining, finishing, etc., although the molding process tends to obviate the need for further machining.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to a composition for a stringed musical instrument body and/or neck and a method of making a stringed instrument body and/or neck from such a composition, and more specifically to a guitar body manufactured from a composition possessing qualities similar to those of wood body guitars.
2. Related Art
In the past, stringed instrument bodies, particularly guitar bodies, have been made of wood stock material. Generally, expensive wood is used and it must be dried prior to use. Blocks of the wood as a whole or in part are assembled into a desired configuration and thereafter machined to a final shape. Various recesses are also machined into the body to accommodate necessary components. Necks for such guitar bodies are also generally fabricated from wood stock.
There are a number of drawbacks, however, associated with conventional wood bodies and necks. One such drawback is that the wood stock is expensive. This adds cost to the end product. Additionally, because of various naturally occurring deformities in the wood stock, many blocks of wood are frequently discarded. This further adds to the cost of the end product. Additionally, machining the wood is a time and labor intensive operation which even further adds to the cost of the end product. Finally, inconsistencies in the wood, such as knots, result in uneven sound qualities and unwanted or dampened resonances.
What is needed, and has not heretofore been developed, is a guitar body that can be molded from synthetic materials, and which simulates a wood guitar body in terms of sound, weight, feel, look, etc. Also, it would be important to develop a guitar body having uniform sound qualities associated therewith. Additionally, it would be desirable to develop a simple and inexpensive method for manufacturing such a guitar body. However, it would also be important to maintain the rich sound quality of wood.
There have been numerous attempts in the past to overcome the drawbacks associated with wood guitar bodies. One example of such an attempt is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,290,336 to Peavey dated Sep. 22, 1981. This patent is directed to a guitar neck and body made at least in part of moldable materials. In one embodiment disclosed in the patent, moldable materials may be positioned about a core material such as wood. In another embodiment disclosed in the patent, the guitar body is made up of a clam shell type construction, i.e. two opposite halves are formed and then joined together.
Another attempt to overcome the problems associated with wood body guitars is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,009 to Kaman, II dated Oct. 10, 1978. This patent is directed to a guitar having a neck comprised of structural foamed plastic surrounding a frame.
Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,778 to Martin dated Oct. 1975, discloses a neck for a guitar comprising a metallic frame combined with structural foamed plastic.
However, these patents do not overcome all of the drawbacks associated with wood guitar bodies in that the sound qualities of the bodies are not entirely uniform, assembly of the components of the bodies and the necks takes time and money, and the wood-like quality of the body is not maintained. Specifically, these prior efforts include bodies having component parts and do not undertake to provide a unitary body. Further, the highly desirable sound quality of wood is not maintained.
None of these previous efforts in this field disclose all of the benefits and advantages of the present invention, nor do any of the previous efforts teach or suggest all of the elements of the present invention.

Stringed musical instrument body and neck composition and method of making body and neck


‘UCD Victor’ is a short-day cultivar of a strawberry plant that is highly resistant to Fusarium wilt, and produces firm fruit and high yields of high quality, long shelf-life fruit.

This invention relates to a new and distinct short-day strawberry cultivar designated as 'UCD Victor', which originated from a cross performed in the winter of 2011 between proprietary germplasm parents 08C182P002 (unpatented) and 08C138P002 (unpatented). Seeds of the cross were harvested from greenhouse-grown plants in the spring of 2011 and germinated in June 2011. Seedlings were transplanted to a greenhouse in July 2011 and transplanted to the field in October 2011. 'UCD Victor' was selected and clones were first harvested in 2012. 'UCD Victor' has been asexually propagated since 2012.
The plant of this selection was originally designated '11C057P001' (also represented as '11.57-1') and later called '16SD045' or 'UC45' for evaluation in field trials. The variety was also called 'UC-26' in certain testing trials.

The Regents of the University of California


Broadband communication systems and methods of the type utilizing xDSL packet-based technologies are configured to provide packet-based point-to-multipoint communication between an upstream xDSL modem and a plurality of downstream xDSL modems. The system preferably includes a twisted pair connecting the upstream xDSL modem to the plurality of downstream xDSL modems, with each downstream xDSL modem being in communication with a corresponding tap along the twisted pair.

xDSL is a generic term for digital subscriber line equipment and services, including packet-based architectures, such as ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL, and RADSL. That is, x is the generic. xDSL technologies provide extremely high bandwidth over embedded twisted pair, copper cable plant. xDSL technologies offer great potential for bandwidth-intensive applications, such as Internet access, remote LAN access, video conferencing, and video-on-demand.
ADSL or asymmetric digital subscriber line services generally use existing unshielded twisted pair (UTP) copper wires from the telephone company's central office to the subscriber's premise, utilize electronic equipment in the form of ADSL modems at both the central office and the subscriber's premise, send high-speed digital signals up and down those copper wires, and send more information one way than the other. The ADSL flavor of xDSL services is capable of providing a downstream bandwidth of about 1.5 Mbps–8 Mbps, and an upstream bandwidth of about 16 Kbps–64 Kbps with loop distances ranging from about 3.7 km–5.5 km. HDSL or high bit rate digital subscriber line services provide a symmetric, high-performance connection over a shorter loop, and typically require two or three copper twisted pairs. HDSL is capable of providing both upstream and downstream bandwidth of about 1.5 Mbps, over loop distances of up to about 3.7 km. SDSL or single line digital subscriber line services provide a symmetric connection that matches HDSL performance using a single twisted pair, but operating over a shorter loop of up to about 3.0 km. VDSL or very high bit rate digital subscriber line services are typically implemented in asymmetric form, as a very high speed variation on the ADSL theme over a very short loop. Specifically, target downstream performance is typically about 52 Mbps over UTP local loops of 300 m, 26 Mbps at 1,000 m, and 13 Mbps at 1,500 m. Upstream data rates in asymmetric implementations tend to range from about 1.6 Mbps to about 2.3 Mbps. Additionally, there is RADSL or rate adaptive digital subscriber line services. RADSL provides a dynamic connection that adapts to the length and quality of the line.
In the xDSL family of services, many xDSL themes, including ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, VDSL, and RADSL, utilize a packet-based approach that does away with the line-grabbing practice of circuit switched networks, such as ISDN. This packet-based approach is very advantageous in a variety of situations, such as high-speed data services, including high definition television or HDTV transmissions.
In the group of xDSL services, VDSL services are of particular interest for a hybrid local loop scenario. In a particular VDSL application, fiber-to-the-neighborhood (FTTN) provides distribution from the central office to the neighborhood, and VDSL over UTP carries the signal the last leg to the individual residential premise. In such an architecture, each customer has their own dedicated VDSL loop extending from the neighborhood node to the customer. In particular, the existing copper twisted pair running to the customer is sometimes utilized for VDSL transmissions. That is, existing xDSL architectures provide point-to-point communication between the neighborhood node and the customer premise.
As VDSL and other xDSL technologies are currently in the early development stages, there is a need for improved xDSL-based communication systems that take greater advantage of xDSL capabilities than do any existing xDSL services.


A first network device including a medium access control module and a physical layer module. The medium access control module is configured to generate a frame to include a first header, a second header and a payload. The first header indicates a start of the frame for a second network device. The second header indicates a length of the payload for the second network device. The payload comprises a third header and data. Other than the payload, a format of the frame complies with IEEE 802.15.4. The physical layer module is configured to: receive the frame; repetition code the third header or repetition code the data; generate a signal including (i) the first header, (ii) the second header, and (iii) the repetition coded third header or the repetition coded data; modulate the signal; and transmit the modulated signal to the second network device.

Wireless systems have been widely adopted for various applications and networks. The applications include medical instruments and equipment, wireless consumer products, wireless equipment used in stores, automotive equipment, control systems, security systems, etc. The networks include personal and commercial communication networks, global positioning system (GPS) networks, cellular networks, broadcasting networks, industrial control networks, wireless local area networks (WLANs), etc. Examples of WLANs are Wi-Fi™ networks, Bluetooth® networks, automobile control and sensor networks, and home and office automation and security networks (e.g., a ZigBee™ network).
Zigbee protocols for wireless communication are being used for the "Internet of things" to provide connectivity and control to various items (e.g., appliances, equipment, sensors, computers, and cellular devices) in a wireless network. Zigbee is a wireless mesh network standard for low-cost and low-power network devices. ZigBee defines a protocol stack that is based on physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer protocols defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 standard. The protocol stack includes: a network layer that communicates with the MAC layer; a security layer; and an application programming interface (API). The network layer performs address assignment, route discovery, and connection establishment. The network layer supports star, mesh and cluster-tree networks. The security layer provides 32-bit, 64-bit, or 128-bit encryption. The API is in communication with an application layer. The application layer includes application objects, a profile and software associated with a network (or customer) device.
According to IEEE 802.15.4, the PHY layer transmits in an 868 mega-hertz (MHz) band, a 915 MHz band, or a 2.4 giga-hertz (GHz) band. The 868 MHz band includes frequencies 869.0-868.6 MHz and is used in Europe. The 915 MHz band includes frequencies 902-928 MHz and is used in the United States of America. The 2.4 GHz band includes frequencies 2.405-2.480 GHz and is used worldwide.
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies a mandatory mode of operation for the 2.4 GHz band. The mandatory mode of operation includes transmitting data at a data rate of 250 kilo-bits-per-second (kbps). The 2.4 GHz band includes 16 channels. Consecutive ones of the 16 channels are 5 MHz apart from each other. FIG. 1 shows a format of a frame 10 according to IEEE 802.15.4. The frame 10 includes a synchronization header (SHR), a PHY header (PHR), and a PHY payload. The SHR includes a preamble and a start-of-frame delimiter (SFD). The preamble of the frame 10 is used by a receiver to obtain chip and symbol synchronization with an incoming message. The preamble includes 4 bytes (or octets). The 4 bytes include 32 binary zeros. The SFD includes a single byte and indicates an end of the preamble and a start of packet data. The PHR includes a frame length field and a reserved bit. The frame length field includes 7 bits and indicates a total number of bytes of data in the PHY payload. The PHY payload is a PHY service data unit and may include up to 127 bytes of data.

Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving packets in a wireless communication network


In order to design a plug connector made of a housing (2), housing modules (6, 7) and plug-in modules (33) in such a way that a readily assembled modular system is produced which fulfils the known requirements with regard to the sealing of contact parts and system sealing, the plug-in module (33) sliding along the housing modules (6, 7) can be inserted into hollow spaces (8, 9), wherein in one of their longitudinal walls (14, 15, 34, 35) the modules (6, 7, 33) are constructed with flaps (16, 17, 36, 37) which can be swivelled outwardly in the plug-in direction (S) for locking contact parts (10, 57).

Such a plug connector is disclosed by EP 0590496 A1. The plug connector exhibits a contact part holder which is connected in one piece to the housing frame. A further contact part holder is constructed as a separate module and can be inserted into a hollow space in the housing frame in the plug-in direction of the contact parts parallel to the contact part holder fixed to the housing. In order to reduce the plugging forces when connecting the frequently multi-pole plug connector to the mating connector the plug surfaces of the two contact part holders are arranged in different planes so that a steplike, force-spreading connection ensues. The initial locking of the contact parts takes place by means of flexible fingers which project from a wall of the contact part cavity in question and catch in the contact part. After the complete plug connection has been produced pins arranged on the mating connector serve as blocking members for the flexible fingers. It is disadvantageous that there is no active secondary locking and that due to the aforementioned contact part locking the correct seating of the contact parts in the contact part cavities is only checked during connection to the mating connector. Incorrect or incomplete positioning requires a costly correction. Contact parts, especially contact pins, which project beyond the plug-in plane are protected only inadequately before and during fitting to the mating connector by a salient cup-shaped elongation of the housing wall. Individual contact parts can be mechanically damaged and give rise to repairs or malfunctions. Sealing of the individual units is not discernible.
DE 3526664 C2 discloses a plug connector in the housing of which a separate contact part holder is inserted. The contact parts are introduced into the contact part holder and provided with secondary locking by means of a swivelling, hinged flap. The contact part holder is then inserted into the housing and fixed in detachable manner with a flexible cantilever arm. No provision is made in a housing of this type for the integration of further contact part holders or contact part holders fixed to the housing. The construction of a modular system is not taken into consideration. Here also contact parts protruding from the plug-in plane are not protected against mechanical damage prior to fitting to the mating connector.


A washing composition for a domestic or business detergent and a skin cleanser containing one or more compounds having a protease inhibitory activity.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel washing agent. More specifically, it relates to a detergent composition for domestic or business use or a skin cleanser composition comprising one compound or two or more compounds selected from compounds having a protease inhibitory activity, which prevents and ameliorates skin irritation, and at the same time, is harmless to the human body and has a strong washing power.
2. Description of the Related Art
Washing compositions such as cleansers and detergents have been generally employed for removing contaminates or soils attached to the surface or internally of materials and the human body, and may be broadly classified into 1) those used for the human body, 2) those used for clothing and fiber products, 3) and those for washing soft and rigid surfaces.
Among these cleansers, the cleanser for the human body (i.e., skin) is intended to remove the fat and sweat secreted from the skin surface, and other corneum cells detached as a result of metabolism (i.e., dirt), outside contamination attached thereto, and cosmetics.
The surfactant contained in a detergent is a chemical exhibiting a washing power and foaming power which are inherent properties of the detergent, but these are known to have an adverse influence on human skin. A detergent which comes directly into contact with human skin must produce only a weak irritation of the skin or eyes.
For skin cleansers, surfactants with a low irritation effect have been developed to obtain useful products, but there remains a need to improve the washing power and foaming power thereof.
For the washing of the human body, surfactants with a low irritation, effect have been developed to obtain useful products, but there remains a need to improve the washing power and foaming power, and a product which fully satisfies users has not yet been developed. Further, even though the composition has a low irritation effect, it would be more useful if a chemical which treats and ameliorates skin irritation were formulated therein.
On the other hand, currently, for washing objects other than the human body, the surfactants primarily used have a strong washing power but also cause an irritation of the skin or eyes. Although efforts to improve safety have been made by working with the use of protective tools such as gloves, or by way of after-care after completion of the work, the sensitivity of the fingertips may be lost depending the work, and thus the wearing of gloves may be unsuitable in some cases; sometimes skin irritation is reported to be generated by the gloves per se. Also, although the practice of after-care after the completion of work is is important, it is considered more useful if the chemical acts during the work.
Many proteases are known to exist, which maintain the structure and constancy of the skin functions, and the important role thereof thus recently attracted more attention. A protease or proteolytic enzyme is the comprehensive name for enzymes which catalyze a peptide bond by hydrolysis, and such proteases are classified into peptidases and proteinases. The former are enzymes which cleave the peptide bond from the outside of the amino group terminal end or the carboxyl group terminal end of a protein or a peptide chain, and the latter proteinase are enzymes which cleave the specific bond internally of a peptide chain. Such proteinases are known as "protease" in a broad sense, and further, are broadly classified, according to the properties of their active sites, into 1) serine type, 2) thiol (cysteine) type, 3) carboxyl type and 4) metal proteinase, and specific inhibitors exist for the respective enzymes.

Washing composition capable of preventing and ameliorating skin irritation


A cover structure for a water bag inlet comprises: a base, a locking for mounting at the outer periphery of the base, and a cover for mounting on the base. An extension and a locking rim are respectively provided at two ends of the base. A groove is formed at the periphery of the base and is provided with locking blocks at an appropriate position. The locking ring is provided with locking sockets for combining with the locking blocks, and an opening at a pre-determined position of the inner rim of the locking ring, while a fastener is provided at respective ends and can be mounted with a cap, which has a switch at one end surface. Accordingly, the cover can be firmly combined with the base or freely detached to alter its assembly.

(a) Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cover structure for a water bag inlet, particularly to one that can allow film combination of a cover and a base, such that the cover can be freely detached to alter assembly and that the water bag containing with liquid can be hold or installed at a back pack conveniently.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Cycling has become a popular leisure and sporting activity. To solve the issue of water supply during cycling, bicyclists used to prepare water or a sports drink contained in a bottle and put in the rack of the bicycle. However, when the bicyclist wanted to take the water bottle, he/she had to bend to reach it by hand, which exists inconvenience and danger and therefore requires improvements.
In view of the fact that the cyclist has difficulty and frustration in obtaining the water bottle, the relevant businessmen have researched and developed a water bag, which allows the cyclists to carry it on the back and drink the water contained therein via an extending water conduit that is combined with a nozzle at one end. The cyclists can hold the nozzle in the mouth and bite down to open the crevice of the nozzle to directly drink water from the water bag without bending to reach it. Although the aforesaid water bag structure has improved the disadvantages existing in the prior art, when washing the water bag, the inlet thereof is not big enough, rendering the user unable to insert his/her hand into the water for washing purposes. Additionally, the inside of the water bag can easily become dirty and cannot be completely cleaned. Also, as the water bag structure of the prior art is made of soft material, it is not convenient for the user to grip. As there still exist disadvantages in the water bag of the prior art, it requires further improvements.
The water bag of the prior is put into a backpack after replenished with water or drink and supplies water to the user via a water conduit. If the user needs to replenish the bag with water, he/she has to take off the backpack and get out the water bag. Since such use status is quite inconvenient, U.S. Publication No. 2002/0014498 A1 has disclosed a "Hydration System for Liquid Reservoir", the cover of which includes a supporting element to extend around the neck of the opening of a filling path for supporting said neck, such that liquid can be directly poured into water bag through the opening. However, as it is hard to detach the supporting element from the water bag, the lay consumers cannot operate the structure easily.


An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is provided. The ADC includes a tetravalent monoclonal antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic drug by a chemical linker. The monoclonal antibody includes two long chains and four short chains. Each of the long chains includes a first segment and a second segment, the first segment located proximal to the N-terminus of the long chain, and the second segment located proximal to the C-terminus of the long chain. Each of the first segment and second segment pairs with one of the short chains to form an antigen-binding fragment domain, therefore forming four antigen-binding fragment domains having specificity toward the same antigen. Pharmaceutical composition including the ADC and methods of treating diseases using the compositions are also provided.

Antibodies are key immune molecules acting against foreign pathogens. The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology resulted in widespread use of monoclonal antibodies in research, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The therapeutic use of first-generation mAb (mostly monospecific, bivalent mAb) achieved success in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. However, many diseases, such as solid tumors, have been shown to be quite resistant to antibody-based therapies.
In order to increase potency, improve the safety profile and acquire non-natural properties of mAb, new formats of mAb with modified, multivalent properties have been developed. For example, novel trivalent and tetravalent antibodies have been developed to maximize tumor targeting capabilities through enhanced biodistribution and functional affinity. For example, tetravalent antibodies have been generated for use in cancer immunotherapy, where two binding portions can react with target molecules on the cancer cell surface, while two other binding portions react with cytotoxic T cells or natural killer (NK) cells.
Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are mAbs chemically linked to active drugs, and therefore, have both the specific targeting of mAbs and the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs. The ability to select specific mAbs-drug combination and advances in the linking the mAbs and drugs provides new possibilities to target cancers while minimizing exposure of healthy tissue. By 2019, a total of seven ADCs have been approved by the FDA, including: ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla™), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris™), inotuzumab ozogamicin (Besponsa™), gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg™), polatuzumab vedotin-piiq (Polivy™) Enfortumab vedotin (Padcev™), and Trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu™). All of them involve conjugation of a cytotoxic drug with a bivalent mAb. In addition to the seven ADC drugs that have been approved for marketing, a large number of ADCs are currently under clinical development.
HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2) also known as Neu, ErbB-2, CD340 or p185, is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB) family encoded by the ERBB2 gene. An acquired somatic alteration of this gene resulting in amplification and overexpression occurs in approximately 20-25%, 23-80%, 10-30%, and 20% of human breast, bladder, gastric, and lung cancers, respectively. Amplification and overexpression result in an increase in the proliferative stimuli associated with HER2. This increase in proliferative stimuli results in increased tumor growth. Therefore, enhanced or constitutive HER2 activity was believed to be the driving force of malignances in HER2-expressing human tumor cells. Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab, HER2-targeting monoclonal antibodies, were developed by Roche that bound HER2 and inhibited the tyrosine kinase signal pathway by preventing the necessary dimerization of HER2 or heterodimerization with other members of the HER family (EGFR, HER3 and HER4), which in turn slowed the growth of HER2 overexpressing (HER2-positive) cancer cells. To further improve the therapeutic benefit of HER2-targeting antibody therapies, Roche launched Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), which combines the anti-tumor activity of Trastuzumab with the anti-microtubule agent DM1.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also known as HER1 or c-erbB-1) is a 170 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the tyrosine kinase family of cell surface receptors. EGFR is abnormally activated in many epithelial tumors, including those in non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck cancers, and prostate cancer. Abnormal activation of EGFR can arise from overexpression of the receptor, gene amplification, activating mutations, overexpression of receptor ligands, and/or loss of regulators of EGFR activity.
Interruption of EGFR signaling, either by blocking EGFR binding sites on the extracellular domain of the receptor or by inhibiting intracellular tyrosine kinase activity, can prevent the growth of EGFR-expressing tumors and improve the patient's condition. Anti□EGFR antibodies exert antitumor effects by binding the receptor at the cell surface to interfere with ligand binding, which leads to the inhibition of its downstream signaling pathway. The chimeric monoclonal antibody C225 (or cetuximab), which contains the murine variable region of mAb225 and a human IgG1 constant region, is available for treatment of irinotecan-refractory colon cancer in parts of the world.
The approved naked antibodies (i.e., cetuximab, nimotuzumab, panitumumab, and necitumumab) for EGFR demonstrate their therapeutic utility in malignancies but are often used in combination with chemotherapy drugs to achieve significant clinical efficacy. Due to the suboptimal activities of naked antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) as the next generation therapies that may increase the antitumor activity of an antibody. In EGFR targeted therapy, there is no commercially approved ADC while several ADCs have entered clinical trials. AVID□100, which is composed of the maytansinoid attached to an anti□EGFR antibody, was developed to treat epithelial tumor patients in phase I/II. ABT□414, which is composed of the monomethyl auristatin F attached to an anti□EGFRvIII antibody via a cleavable linker, has shown significant efficacy against tumors expressing amplified EGFR and EGFRvIII in phase III (van den Bent et al., 2017). All clinical stage EGFR-targeting ADCs have utilized the conventional bivalent anti-EGFR mAbs as targeting antibodies.

Tetravalent antibody-drug conjugates and use thereof

Bliss Biopharmaceutical (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd.


A method and apparatus which can couple a high intensity point source, such as from a single fiber, to a fiber bundle. A bundle of fibers is fed though a hole in the light post. A removable potting compound is applied to the tip of the bundle to hold the fibers together for polishing. The tip of the bundle is polished and then the potting compound is removed from the tip of the bundle. A window is placed over a light inlet of the hole so as to seal the bundle. A point source cable introduces a point source of light to the bundle of fibers. A ferrule is provided around the point source cable, having a diameter sized corresponding to a diameter of said light post. The ferrule and the bundle of fibers are clamped with a split sleeve which extends therebetween.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to techniques for coupling light from a point source, such as a single fiber, to an illumination fiber bundle, such as for an endoscope.
2. Description of the Background Art
Known techniques used for coupling light from a source cable to an illumination fiber bundle inside rigid or flexible endoscopes, for example, include (a) butt coupling or (b) coupling through a cone-shaped glass rod to focus the light before coupling it into the endoscope.
In either of the above cases, the fiber endfaces on both sides are epoxied and polished to the optical quality finish. The epoxy used typically has a 1-10% light absorption coefficient. The small percent of light which is absorbed by the epoxy combined with its poor heat transfer characteristics can gradually accumulate enough heat to melt the fiber endface. As a result, this prevents the use of a high power density light input to couple more light into the endoscope.

Device for coupling a high intensity point source to a fiber bundle


A method and system are provided to compensate for the nonlinearity of a wireless transmitter. The method includes sending a predetermined input bit stream to the power amplifier, calculating the coefficients of the polynomial representing the response curve of the power amplifier and generating the predistortion coefficients of the polynomial representing the response curve of the predistortor. The method linearizes the response curve of the transmitter chain in a communication device.

Certain designs of power amplifiers (PAs) of a transmitter chain in a communication system employ non-constant envelope modulation techniques to improve the bandwidth efficiency. In order to preserve the signal shape, the non-constant envelope modulation techniques require linear amplification. However, linear amplification is possible only when the power amplifier is operated with a small input signal, which in turn makes the amplifier least efficient. The nonlinear characteristic of the power amplifier makes it difficult to achieve power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency simultaneously.
Many techniques have been developed to improve the linearity of the PA in the transmitter chain. Three main categories of these techniques are feedforward, feedback, and predistortion.
Feedforward techniques are more expensive and less efficient than feedback techniques. The feedback linearization technique can be applied directly around the RF amplifier or indirectly upon the modulation.
Two well-known feedback techniques are Cartesian feedback and polar-loop feedback. The Cartesian feedback technique involves the suppression of nonlinearity in a complex-baseband, expressed by using rectangular Cartesian coordinates, so that it can reduce the shortcomings of quadrature modulators. However, it requires a large amount of memory to store the table of 2-dimensional coefficients for the I-Q data. Another disadvantage of the Cartesian feedback technique is the difficulty in implementing local phase control for the quadrature modulator and demodulator.
In the polar-loop feedback technique, the RF signal is directly generated by a voltage-controlled oscillator whose phase is controlled by feedback signals and whose amplitude is modulated by the difference between a reference signal and a feedback signal. The issues that complicate the design of polar-loop feedback are as follows: First, it requires a precision receiver within the transmitter; second, the control loop bandwidth greatly exceeds the signal bandwidth; third, it restricts the dynamic range of output power and lastly, the maintainability of the stability of the feedback loop is complex tricky.
As such, what is desired is a system and method for improving the transmission linearization that costs less and is easy to implement.

Method and system to improve transmitter linearization


A liquid crystal display device including a main cell comprising a first substrate having a gate line, a data line, a thin film transistor and a pixel electrode; a second substrate facing the first substrate and having a black matrix and a color filter layer; and a first liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates; and a switching cell over the main cell, the switching cell comprising a third substrate having a plurality of first electrodes; a fourth substrate facing the third substrate and having a second electrode; and a second liquid crystal layer between the third and fourth substrates.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device. More particularly, the present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device module having two main viewing angles and a method of driving the liquid crystal display (LCD) device.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
In general, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes two substrates facing and spaced apart from each other and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the two substrates. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer have optical anisotropy and polarizability, and are aligned with directional characteristics resulting from their long, thin shapes. The alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules can be controlled by applying an electric field thereto. Accordingly, a desired image can be obtained by refracting and transmitting incident light and controlling the electric field applied to a group of liquid crystal molecules within particular pixel regions. In addition, active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) devices, where thin film transistors (TFTs) and pixel electrodes connected to the TFTs are arranged in a matrix, have been widely used because of their high resolution and superiority in displaying moving images.
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a liquid crystal display device according to the related art. In FIG. 1, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes first and second substrates 110 and 120, and a liquid crystal layer 130 therebetween. A gate line "GL" and a data line "DL" are formed on an inner surface of the first substrate 110. The gate line "GL" and the data line "DL" cross each other to define a pixel region "PA." A thin film transistor (TFT) "T" is connected to the gate line "GL" and the data line "DL." In addition, a pixel electrode 112 connected to the TFT "T" is formed in the pixel region "PA." A black matrix 124 is formed in an inner surface of the second substrate 120. A color filter layer 126 including red, green and blue color filters 126a, 126b and 126c is formed on the black matrix 124 and a common electrode 122 is formed on the color filter layer 126. The pixel electrode 112 and the common electrode 122 are formed of a transparent conductive material such as an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and indium-zinc-oxide (IZO). When the TFT "T" is turned on, the liquid crystal layer 130 between the pixel electrode 112 and the common electrode 122 is rearranged according to an image signal applied to the pixel electrode 112 and light transmittance is adjusted according to the rearrangement of the liquid crystal layer 130. As a result, a required image is displayed.
In the LCD device of FIG. 1, since the liquid crystal layer 130 is driven by a vertical electric field generated between the pixel electrode 112 and the common electrode 122, the LCD device has high transmittance and high aperture ratio. However, when a voltage is applied to a liquid crystal layer 130 having a horizontal arrangement where liquid crystal molecules in upper and lower portions are twisted by 90°, the liquid crystal molecules are rearranged to have a polarization value of 90°. As a result, contrast ratio and brightness vary extremely according to a viewing angle and a wide viewing angle is seldom obtained.
To solve the above problems, various LCD devices such as an in-plane switching (IPS) mode LCD device, a fringe field switching (FFS) mode LCD device and a vertical alignment (VA) mode LCD device are suggested. In the IPS mode LCD device, the liquid crystal layer is adjusted using a horizontal electric field. The FFS mode LCD device is suggested for improving aperture ratio and transmittance of the IPS mode LCD device. In the VA mode LCD device, the ordinary axis of the liquid crystal molecule is aligned along a direction perpendicular to substrates.
FIGS. 2A to 2C are cross-sectional views showing an IPS mode LCD device, an FFS mode LCD device and a VA mode LCD device, respectively, according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 2A, an IPS mode LCD device includes a first substrate 210, a second substrate 220 and a liquid crystal layer 230 between the first and second substrates 210 and 220. A pixel electrode 212 and a common electrode 222 are formed on the first substrates 210, and liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 230 are arranged along a horizontal electric field 200 between the pixel electrode 212 and the common electrode 222. Since variation in refractive index according to a viewing angle is relatively small, a viewing angle is improved. However, aperture ratio and brightness are reduced. To improve the disadvantages of an IPS mode LCD device, the FFS mode LCD device is suggested.
In FIG. 2B, an FFS mode LCD device includes a first substrate 210, a second substrate 220 and a liquid crystal layer 230 between the first and second substrates 210 and 220. A common electrode 222 having a plate shape is formed in a pixel region on the first substrate 210. An insulating layer 214 is formed on the common electrode 222, and a plurality of pixel electrodes 212 are formed on the insulating layer 214. The plurality of pixel electrodes 212 are parallel to and spaced apart from each other. Since a horizontal electric field is generated in a gap having several angstroms (Å) between the common electrode 222 and the pixel electrode 212, the horizontal electric field has a strong intensity. In addition, since liquid crystal molecules over the common electrode 222 are arranged along the horizontal electric field, aperture ratio and brightness are improved. When the common electrode 222 is formed to have a bar shape, the common electrode 222 is disposed very close to the pixel electrode 212
In FIG. 2C, a VA mode LCD device includes a first substrate 210, a second substrate 220 and a liquid crystal layer 230 between the first and second substrates 210 and 220. A pixel electrode 212 is formed on the first substrate 210, and a common electrode 222 is formed on the second substrate 220. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer 230 are vertically aligned. In addition, a pixel region is divided into domains having main viewing angles different from each other. This multi-domain structure is obtained by a slit or a protrusion in the common electrode 222. Since a vertical electric field is distorted due to the slit or the protrusion, the VA mode LCD device has a multi-domain structure.
Since an IPS mode LCD device, an FFS mode LCD device and a VA mode LCD device have a wide viewing angle, an identical image having a high display quality are displayed to users along various viewing angles. When the users along various viewing angles want to watch different images, a plurality of LCD devices are required. For example, when an LCD device is disposed at a central portion of a car, a driver may look forward to watching an image regarding a car navigation system (CNS) and a passenger may look forward to watching an image regarding a movie or a broadcast. However, a plurality of LCD devices cause increase in space and cost.

Liquid crystal display device and method of driving the same


A flow control valve for use inside a wellbore. In one implementation, the flow control valve may include a housing, a chamber disposed inside the housing and an entry port disposed at a first end of the chamber. The entry port may be configured to allow fluid to enter into the chamber. The flow control valve may further include an exit port disposed at a second end of the chamber. The second end may be opposite of the first end and the exit port is configured to allow fluid to flow out of the chamber. The flow control valve may further include a check valve assembly disposed between the entry port and the exit port. The check valve may be configured to allow fluid to flow from the entry port to the exit port and to prevent fluid to flow from the exit port to the entry port.

1. Field of the Invention
Implementations of various technologies described herein generally relate to flow control valves for injection systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
The following descriptions and examples are not admitted to be prior art by virtue of their inclusion within this section.
In general, injection operations involve pumping fluid into a well. Injection may be used in a number of applications to support the production of hydrocarbons, such as for pressure maintenance, for voidage replacement, for fluid disposal and the like. During injection operations, surface fluid may be pumped into a well under very high pressures. When the pumping is stopped, the stabilizing downward pressure is removed. The downward momentum of the fluid generates pressure waves that travel downward through the completion string and into the formation. These pressure waves may reverberate through the formation and may be reflected back by the completion string, the wellbore annulus, and the formation itself. The pressure waves may continue to resonate until the wave is fully dampened. This phenomenon may be known as the hammer effect.
The hammer effect can cause damage to the reservoir and components of the completion string. The primary cause of damage may not necessarily be the pressure waves themselves, but rather the fluid flowing in and out of the formation as a result of the pressure waves. Possible reservoir damage may include a collapsed hole, damaged perforations, a plugged screen, increased formation damage and destabilized sand or shale, which may ultimately lead to a decrease in injectivity. If injectivity is lost in whole or in part, the sweep efficiency and injectivity of the well may be jeopardized, which may in turn impact the ultimate efficiency of the injection operation.

Flow control valve for injection systems


A vehicle and method for cleaning parabolic trough solar collectors (2) by means of a motorized vehicle (1) which includes a water tank (4); front (5) and rear (6) cleaning arms, with a telescopic part having several sections, coupled at one end to a pivoting head (8) which supports a rotary cleaning brush (9) and comprises spray nozzles (10), as well as proximity sensors (12) for the brushes (9). It comprises the same number of front and rear transverse guide rails (13) which include a linear movement means (14) coupled, by means of a pivot (15), to the cleaning arms (5, 6). The brushes (9) are movable in relation to the head (8) by means of a shaft (21) actuated by a retraction actuator (27) for overcoming obstacles (26).

Spanish patent application P200901410 describes the cleaning of mirrors of parabolic trough solar collectors
The aforementioned application P200901410 relates, according to a first aspect, to a cleaning vehicle for parabolic trough solar collectors, consisting of a motorised vehicle which comprises a water tank included in the vehicle chassis; front and rear cleaning arms, each of which comprises a telescopic part having several sections whereto a head that supports at least one cleaning brush which can rotate around its axis and comprises water spray nozzles is coupled to its free end in a pivoting manner, said vehicle also comprising proximity sensors for the brushes and a pump for feeding water from the tank to the spray nozzles. Additionally, the aforementioned vehicle advantageously includes, on each of the front and rear parts, a transverse guide rail which includes linear movement means whereto the corresponding cleaning arm is coupled, by means of a pivot.
The aforementioned application P200901410 relates, according to a second aspect, to a cleaning method for parabolic trough solar collectors which comprises the following stages:
forward movement of the vehicle until its front part is in front of the collector to be cleaned;
positioning of the arms in their cleaning position;
contact of the rotary brushes with the collector;
forward movement of the vehicle and actuation of the brushes and water sprays; and
end of the cleaning method and retraction of the brushes.
The drawback to be resolved consists of improving the accessibility of the brushes to the largest possible area of collector surface, avoiding the structural obstacles that prevent complete cleaning of certain areas with more difficult access.

Cleaning vehicle and method for parabolic trough solar collectors


A method for making a multilayered electronic device with at least one epitaxial layer grown on a single-crystal film bonded to a composite wherein at least one layer is polycrystalline, the method includes the step of bonding a single-crystal film at least one of the epitaxial layers on the single-crystal film wherein thermal coefficients of expansion for the substrate and the epitaxial layer are closely matched.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to an electronic device containing a composite substrate which is a multi-layer of which at least one layer is polycrystalline, and to a method for making same.
2. Description of Related Art
A large area, inexpensive substrate for the growth of epitaxial layers gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC) has been a long-sought goal. Currently, single crystal GaN and SiC substrates are the predominantly used substrates for epitaxial growth. However, single crystal SiC substrates are very expensive and are currently available in small substrate sizes. For instance, 8xe2x80x3 polycrystalline SiC substrates are available for about $800 whereas the largest single-crystal SiC substrate available is 2xe2x80x3 and is available for about $1000; large diameter microwave insulating substrates such as about $100 for a 4xe2x80x3 aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate, can be obtained whereas microwave insulating single-crystal substrates are expensive, costing about $4600 for 2xe2x80x3 diameter SiC substrate.
An alternative approach that has been investigated for SiC epitaxial growth on a large area substrate has been the growth of the cubic polytype of SiC (also referred to as the 3C or beta polytype of SiC) on a silicon substrate. The 3C polytype of SiC is desirable for its high electron mobility and high breakdown field for power electronic device applications, and its isotropic mobility characteristics for sensor applications. However, the large lattice mismatch (xcx9c20%) and thermal expansion mismatch (xcx9c8%) between SiC and silicon have to date prevented the growth of high quality SiC epitaxial layers on silicon substrates. An additional problem with this approach is that the optimum growth temperature for SiC epitaxial growth is between 1500xc2x0 C. and 1600xc2x0 C., well above the 1350xc2x0 C. maximum use and the 1450xc2x0 C. melting temperature of a silicon substrate.
Another approach for 3C-SiC growth on silicon substrate has been to first carbonize the silicon surface forming a thin 3C-SiC layer and then to grow 3C-SiC epitaxial layers on the carbonized silicon surface at a growth temperature below 1350xc2x0 C. There is a tendency for anti-phase domains to form in the epitaxial layer for 3C-SiC growth on a (100) orientation silicon substrate. More recent studies have included the growth of 3C-SiC on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates.
Wide bandgap material has recently been demonstrated to be very beneficial for microwave power transistor applications, and for blue-green laser and light emitting diodes. GaN epitaxial layers have typically been grown on a sapphire substrate or on single crystal SiC substrates. There are continuing searches for new substrates for GaN growth. Sapphire is electrically insulating, a disadvantage for vertical current conducting optical emitters and power devices, and has relatively high thermal impedence which is a disadvantage for high power microwave devices. The best quality GaN epitaxial layers have been obtained for material grown on SiC substrates, however, single crystal SiC substrates are very expensive and are only available in small substrate sizes. GaN epitaxial growth on silicon substrates is recently being investigated as an approach to obtain GaN epitaxial growth on large area substrates. There is however, significant thermal expansion mismatch between GaN and silicon which leads to cracking of the epitaxial layer for thick GaN epitaxial layers. The silicon substrate is not suitable for microwave applications because of the microwave loss in the conducting silicon substrate. There is also a significant lattice mismatch between GaN lattice and silicon lattice, however, GaN epitaxial layers with reasonable electron mobilities have been grown on a silicon substrate.
For GaN growth on a silicon substrate, different poly-types of GaN have a tendency to form, depending on the orientation of silicon substrate. Typically, cubic poly-types of GaN will form on a (100) orientation silicon substrate. Likewise, hexagonal poly-types of GaN will form on a (111) orientation silicon substrate. In some cases, a preferred method to grow GaN on silicon is to first form a thin layer of cubic-SiC on the silicon surface by carbonization prior to the grown of GaN. There is a relatively good lattice constant match between cubic-GaN and cubic -SiC, and also between hexagonal-GaN and hexagonal-SiC. Care should be taken in the GaN growth process, to avoid the formation of silicon nitride on the silicon surface prior to the GaN growth.
Non-single crystal ceramic substrates can be designed to have optimized mechanical, thermal expansion, thermal conduction, or electrical conduction properties for particular applications. One polycrystalline ceramic substrate that has especially desirable properties is poly-SiC. Poly-SiC substrates are manufactured commercially in hot pressed sintered form, reaction bonded form, and chemical vapor deposited (CVD) form. The CVD poly-SiC substrates are available commercially in substrate size up to 200 mm diameter, with thermal conductivity as high as 310 W/mK, electrical resistivity as high as 100,000 ohm-cm at room temperature, electrical impedance as low as 0.01 ohm-cm, maximum use temperature greater than 2000xc2x0 C., and excellent thermal expansion matching to single crystal cubic-SiC. Hot pressed sintered poly-SiC substrates are commercially available that have many of the above characteristics. Ceramic AlN substrates are available commercially in substrate sizes of 100 mm diameter, with thermal impedances as high as 190 W/mK, electrical resistivity as high as 1013 ohm-cm at room temperature, and excellent thermal expansion match to single-crystal GaN. Polycrystalline diamond substrates have thermal conductivity greater than 1000 W/mK. Ceramic silicon nitride has good thermal expansion matching to silicon. Ceramic graphite substrates are available with electrical impedances as small as 0.001 ohm-cm at room temperature. AlSiC substrates are commercially available, and have good expansion matching to silicon.
Direct wafer bonding typically requires polishing that the surfaces of the substrates to be bonded to a root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of less than 1 nm. Materials such as silicon, GaAs, and sapphire can readily be polished to a surface roughness of less than 1 nm RMS. Extensive polishing is required for hard materials such as silicon carbide and diamond to achieve this surface roughness condition. There are a number of approaches that can be used to the bonding of two substrates to reduce the requirement that the two substrates. One approach is to deposit a material such as polysilicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or metal on the substrate surface, and then polish the material to a surface roughness of less than 1 nm RMS. The use of pressure, temperature, or vacuum separately or in combination also reduces the requirement to have a surface polishing of 1 nm or less. If one of the substrates is thin, then the thin substrate will more easily conform to the other substrate during bonding and thus reduce the requirement for surface roughness less than 1 nm RMS.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved electronic device and a method of growth of at least one single-crystal material layer that is wafer bonded to a composite substrate with the mechanical, thermal expansion, thermal conduction, electrical conduction, and optical transmission properties of the substrate selected to optimize the epitaxial growth of a single-crystal material layers, and to optimize performance of electronic devices formed using the grown epitaxial material layer.
Another object of this invention to provide improved electronic devices that are fabricated in a single-crystal material layer that is wafer bonded to a composite substrate with the mechanical, thermal expansion, thermal conduction, electrical conduction, and optical transmission properties of the composite substrate selected to optimize the performance of the electronic devices.
Another objective of this invention is to encapsulate one or more layers of a composite polycrystalline substrate with a thin chemical vapor deposition layer to ensure that impurities that are within in the ceramic polycrystalline substrate don not diffuse out of the ceramic polycrystalline during the fabrication of the electronic device.
Another object of this invention is to thin the composite substrate from the backside after the electronic device has been fabricated to substantially or entirely remove one layer of the multilayer composite substrate.
Another object of this invention is the provision of a via from the backside after the electronic device has been fabricated with the via made substantially or entirely through one layer of the multilayer composite substrate, and then the via partially or entirely filled with a thermally conductive material layer such as diamond or copper.
Another object of this invention is to provide wide bandgap epitaxial material layers on optimized large diameter composite substrates for a wide number of applications, including lateral conducting microwave power devices, vertical conducting microwave power devices, lateral conducting power switching devices, vertical conducting power switching devices, and vertical and lateral conducting optical laser and LED emitters.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method to grow epitaxial layers of cubic-polytype of GaN and hexagonal-polytype of GaN on a thin single crystal layer of silicon or GaAs that is wafer bonded to a composite substrate.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method to grow a hexagonal or cubic polytype GaN epitaxial layer on a thin compliant single-crystal layer that is wafer bonded to composite substrate for a wide range of applications, including lateral conducting microwave power devices, vertical conducting microwave power devices, and vertical conducting optical laser and light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Another object of this invention is to provide a method to fabricate a material structure where there is an additional insulating or electrically conducting wafer bonded material layer between the thin wafer bonded single- crystal material layer and a composite substrate with the further growth of a wide bandgap material layer on the surface of the thin wafer bonded single-crystal material layer.
Another object of this invention is structures and methods to make a composite substrate with improved thermal conduction, improved thermal expansion, improved microwave insulating characteristics, improved electrical conductivity and /or improved optical transmission properties, to which a single crystal material layer is direct wafer bonded and on which at least one epitaxial layer is grown.
Another object of this invention is the methods to laterally isolate regions of the composite substrate so that stresses generated in one polycrystalline substrate layer due to differences in thermal expansion between the layers of a composite substrate do not cause excessive stress in the single-crystal layer that is direct wafer bonded to the composite substrate and the epitaxial layer that is grown on the single-crystal layer.
These and additional objects of the invention are accomplished by the structures and processes hereinafter described which incorporate a composite substrate, an epitaxial layer and a single crystal film between the substrate and the epitaxial layer.

Electronic device with composite substrate

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


A rocket includes: 1) an air-breathing external combustion rocket engine including: a fuel tank configured to contain a fuel combustible with air; a working medium tank configured to contain a working medium; a combustor connected to the fuel tank and configured to combust the fuel with air to form a hot product gas; a heat exchanger connected to the combustor and configured to heat the working medium with the hot product gas via heat conducting walls of the heat exchanger so as to generate a high-energy working medium having a high pressure; and a nozzle connected to at least one of the working medium tank and the heat exchanger and configured to expand the high-energy working medium so as to generate thrust; and 2) accommodations for a human passenger sufficient to allow the human passenger to fly on the rocket.

Space tourism is upon us. The next decade will see drastic reductions in cost and improvements in safety in various space-related flights, such as suborbital flights, flights to an orbiting space station or hotel, and flights to the moon and beyond. Private industry and innovation will soon make exotic trips affordable.

Very safe manned rocket and method of entertaining


This invention concerns a system for insuring and accurately controlling the turbulent flow of a pressurized mixture of a gas and a cleaning fluid for purging and cleaning ducts. The pressures of cleaning fluid and the gas are continuously sensed and transduced into electrical signals for controlling valves for the pressurized gas to maintain and insure its pressure at a predetermined amount relative to the pressure of said cleaning fluid, so that when the gas and fluid are mixed in a turbulator, turbulent flow is insured. The improvements of this circuit include a pressure sensor transducer for sensing the pressure of the input of the air to the turbulator and feeding it back to the main air pressure transducer for accurately maintaining a predetermined ratio between the gas and cleaning fluid pressures within less than about 1 psi in at least pressures of 150 psi. A pressure warning signal indicates when the gas and/or cleaning fluid pressure is too low to produce effective turbulent flow. Furthermore, since the circuitry is so sensitive, a low pass filter is connected to the output of the cleaning fluid transducer to prevent unnecessary operation of the valves that control the gas pressure to the turbulator when the circuit is in its standby mode, thereby increasing the life of these gas control valves. An enrichment circuit for the cleaning fluid pressure sensors may vary the differences in pressure between the cleaning fluid and gas, not only for different cleaning fluids, but also during turbulation. Furthermore, the accurate control of the relative pressures of gas and cleaning fluid in the turbulator enables the turbulent flow mixture not only to clean the ducts, but also to simultaneously purge them.

This invention is an improvement in copending U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 07/849,457, filed Mar. 11, 1992, assigned to the same assignee as this application.
Previously the pressures between a cleaning liquid and a gas often varied as much as 5 psi, causing variable turbulence which affected the efficiency of the cleaning of ducts, both in increased time and increased amount of the cleaning liquid.

Apparatus and method for insuring and controlling turbulent flow for cleaning ducts


A fuel cell system includes a circulatory device and a fuel cell module. The fuel cell module includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), an anode flow field plate and a heat exchange module. The anode flow field plate is disposed at a side of the MEA and has an inlet and an outlet. The heat exchange module includes a fluid-conveying unit and a heat exchange unit. At least a part of the heat exchange unit is disposed inside the fluid-conveying unit to divide the heat exchange unit into a first channel and a second channel. The first channel communicates with the circulatory device and the inlet. The second channel communicates with the circulatory device and the outlet. The circulatory device injects a portion of the liquid reactant into the anode flow field plate through the first channel. The remainder reaction solution flows into the circulatory device through the second channel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a cell system, and more particularly, to a fuel cell system.
2. Description of Related Art
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional direct methanol fuel cell system 100 mainly includes a circulatory device 110, a direct methanol fuel cell module 120 and a methanol-supplying device 130. The direct methanol fuel cell module 120 includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 122, an anode flow field plate 124a, a cathode flow field plate 124b, an anode current-collecting plate 126a and a cathode current-collecting plate 126b. The MEA 122 is located between the anode flow field plate 124a and the cathode flow field plate 124b, the anode flow field plate 124a is located between the anode current-collecting plate 126a and the MEA 122, and the cathode flow field plate 124b is located between the cathode current-collecting plate 126b and the MEA 122. The MEA 122 includes an anode carbon cloth 122a, an anode catalyst layer 122b, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) 122c, a cathode catalyst layer 122d and a cathode carbon cloth 122e, which are sequentially arranged from a side near the anode flow field plate 124a to a side near the cathode flow field plate 124b. The anode flow field plate 124a has an inlet I1 and an outlet O1. The circulatory device 110 is adapted for injecting methanol solution into the anode flow field plate 124a via the inlet I1, and the injected methanol solution permeates from the anode flow field plate 124a through the anode carbon cloth 122a and then be diffused in the anode catalyst layer 122b, where an anode half-reaction is produced as follows:CH3OH+H2O→CO2+6H++6e−The remainder methanol solution after the reaction flows into the circulatory device 110 via the outlet O1.
Similarly, the cathode flow field plate 124b also has an inlet I2 and an outlet O2. The inlet I2 is adapted to make oxygen gas pass there-through and then be injected into the cathode flow field plate 124b. The injected oxygen gas permeates from the cathode flow field plate 124b through the anode carbon cloth 122e and then is diffused in the cathode catalyst layer 122d, where a cathode half-reaction is produced as follows:3/2O2+6H++6e−→3H2OThe electrons produced by the anode half-reaction are delivered to outside from the anode current-collecting plate 126a and return to the cathode current-collecting plate 126b, which forms a loop so as to provide the cathode half-reaction with required electrons. The hydrogen ions produced by the anode half-reaction are driven by an electrical permeability force to penetrate into the cathode catalyst layer 122d via the PEM 122c in a form of a hydrogen ion together with several water molecules, so as to provide the cathode half-reaction with required hydrogen ions. The overall reaction combining the anode half-reaction with the cathode half-reaction is expressed as follows:CH3OH+3/2O2→CO2+2H2O
The water produced by the cathode half-reaction is introduced into the circulatory device 110 via the outlet O2. The remainder methanol solution in the anode half-reaction, the water produced by the cathode half-reaction and the methanol supplied by the methanol-supplying device 130 are mixed up into methanol solution in the circulatory device 110, and the methanol solution is injected into the anode flow field plate 124a via the inlet I1.
The output electrical power of the methanol fuel cell system 100 is related to the temperature of the methanol solution injected to the anode flow field plate 124a via the inlet I1. In general, the higher the temperature of the methanol solution, the higher the output electrical power is. The heat energy produced by the anode half-reaction is able to increase the temperature of the remainder methanol solution after the reaction. However, after the remainder methanol solution is mixed with the water produced by the cathode half-reaction and the methanol supplied by the methanol-supplying device 130 into the methanol solution required by the anode half-reaction and the methanol solution then is conveyed through the whole fluid-conveying path of the circulatory device 110, the temperature of the methanol solution required by the anode half-reaction is largely reduced. Therefore, due to a too low temperature of the methanol solution injected into the anode flow field plate 124a, the output electrical power of the conventional methanol fuel cell system 100 is quite low.
In order to increase the temperature of the methanol solution in the anode flow field plate 124a, some of the conventional methanol fuel cell systems employ an electric heating wire or an electric heater to heat the methanol solution to increase the temperature of the methanol solution, which consumes additional electrical energy and reduces the total output electrical power of the methanol fuel cell system.


A child car safety seat includes: a base having a shell body that defines an inner space therein and that is formed with a viewing window for permitting a user to view therethrough into the inner space; a seat body detachably mountable on and engageable with the base; and an indicator disposed in the inner space in the shell body and having an indication. The indicator is operatively associated with the base and the seat body such that the indication is disposed at the viewing window upon engagement between the seat body and the base so as to permit the user to see the indication through the viewing window and is not disposed at the viewing window upon disengagement between the seat body and the base.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a child car safety seat, more particularly to a child car safety seat having a viewing window and an indication that is operable to be seen through the viewing window for indicating a connection state between a base and a seat body.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional child car safety seat normally includes a base that is adapted to be secured to a car seat in a vehicle and that is provided with at least one first engaging member, and a seat body that is mountable on the base and that is provided with at least one second engaging member. The seat body can be secured to the base through engagement between the first and second engaging members. However, the conventional child car safety seat is disadvantageous in that whether the engagement between the first and second engaging members is completed or not is determined by the user's intuition or experience, which increases the risk of mistakes.


A system includes a memory, including a plurality of memory locations having different respective addresses, and a processor. The processor is configured to compute one of the addresses from (i) a first sequence of bits derived from a tag of a data item, and (ii) a second sequence of bits representing a class of the data item. The processor is further configured to write the data item to the memory location having the computed address and/or read the data item from the memory location having the computed address. Other embodiments are also described.

Memories used for caching data may be subjected to various forms of attack by malicious parties. In one such form of attack, known as a cache pollution attack, an attacker pollutes the memory with entries that are not used (or are not frequently used) by legitimate users of the memory, thus increasing the number of cache misses experienced by the legitimate users. In another such form of attack, the attacker exploits sharing of the memory between multiple processes to execute a side-channel attack.
US Patent Application Publication 2015/0356026 describes a cache memory including a data array storing a plurality of data elements, a tag array storing a plurality of tags corresponding to the plurality of data elements, and an address decoder which permits dynamic memory-to-cache mapping. The address decoder receives a context identifier and a plurality of index bits of an address passed to the cache memory, and determines whether a matching value in a line number register exists. The line number registers allow for dynamic memory-to-cache mapping, and their contents can be modified as desired. Methods for accessing and replacing data in a cache memory are also provided, wherein a plurality of index bits and a plurality of tag bits at the cache memory are received. The plurality of index bits are processed to determine whether a matching index exists in the cache memory and the plurality of tag bits are processed to determine whether a matching tag exists in the cache memory, and a data line is retrieved from the cache memory if both a matching tag and a matching index exist in the cache memory. A random line in the cache memory can be replaced with a data line from a main memory, or evicted without replacement, based on the combination of index and tag misses, security contexts and protection bits. User-defined and/or vendor-defined replacement procedures can be utilized to replace data lines in the cache memory.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,895,392 describes color-based caching allowing each cache line to be distinguished by a specific color, and enabling the manipulation of cache behavior based upon the colors of the cache lines.


The invention comprises a panel lift apparatus for detachably mounting to a conventional drywall lifter for raising a drywall panel, from immediately adjacent the ground, to the lifting arms of the lifter for transfer of the panel to the lifting arms of the lifter. The apparatus has a main frame for attachment to the main frame of the lifter, with a pivotally mounted channel member pivotally mounted for pivoting adjacent the lifter for storage, and pivoted to a spaced away position for operation. The channel member has a lifting plate for movement down along the channel to a position immediately adjacent the ground for receiving a drywall panel thereon. A cable is attached to the lifting plate at its one end and a drum at its other end and a wheel is mounted to the drum to rotate the drum to wind the cable onto the drum to raise the lifting plate in the channel to thereby raise the panel thereon to the lifting arms of the lifter. The lifting plate its pivotally mounted to its slidable movement in the channel to pivot away from the channel for easier transfer of the panel from the lifting plate to the supporting arms of the lifter.

This invention relates to panel lifting apparatus and the like.
It is an object of the invention to provide a novel lifting attachment for lifting drywall panels and the like, from immediately adjacent the ground onto drywall lifter lifting arms having an initial elevated lifting position, for further lifting by the lifting arms of the lifter, by transferring the panel onto the arms.
It is another object of the invention to provide a novel lifting attachment for attachment to a drywall lifter having elevated lifting arms for elevating drywall panels from immediately adjacent the ground to the elevated lifting arms, for transfer onto the elevated lifting arms for further lifting with the lifting arms.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel lifting attachment for attachment to a dry wall lifter which can be collapsed against the lifter for storage.
It is another object of the invention to provide a novel lifting device for lifting drywall panels from immediately adjacent the ground.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a novel lifting attachment which can be detachably mounted to a drywall lifter having elevated lifting arms for lifting drywall panels from immediately adjacent the ground to the elvated lifting arms, and transferring the panel onto the elevated lifting arms, and operating the lifter for elevating the arms with the paenel thereon to a further height while the attachment remains attached to the lifter.


A method for detecting variation of gene based on fluorescence quenching quantification comprises: performing single base extension at a specific site of a gene to be detected with marked probes and marked dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate; detecting fluorescence quenching values, and determining SNP of the gene to be detected. The present invention also provides an oligonucleotide probe for the method.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a technical field of nucleic acid test, and more particularly to a method for detecting SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) for non-diagnostic purpose and a detecting probe therefor.
Description of Related Arts
The genetic science is an important field in biological science. Genetic sequence with code of human and also its variation will affect various biological functions of human and cause functional discord. The functional discord of human could be known and predicted by detecting SNPs of human Nowadays, SNP detection has become important for analyzing and diagnosing genetic diseases and drug reactions of individualized medicine. The SNP detection is also an important method for predicting and preventing many diseases, for example, determining risks of endocrine diseases including diabetes, and various cancers.
Nowadays, main methods for detecting SNP are Sanger's sequencing and method with Taqman probe. The Sanger's sequencing requires expensive sequencers, so that detecting cost is high. In addition, the sequencer is complicated to operate and maintain, and thus has not been equipped in hospitals and R&D institutions in most cities. Shortages of the method with Taqman probe are as follows. 1) It is difficult to design the probes, and usually a pair of suitable probes is selected at last after screening many times. What's more, the screening often fails. 2) It requires two probes to detect one SNP, so that the cost is high. 3) The method with Taqman probe is not site-specific, and thus the method has lower sensitivity and specificity for detecting single-base mutation; which usually causes false negative or false positive.

Method for detecting variation of gene for non-diagnostic purpose based on fluorescence quenching and probe thereof


A charge pump includes a plurality of capacitors that are alternately charged and serially coupled. When serially coupled, the voltage across a given capacitor will equal the voltage at its negative terminal and the voltage across the preceding capacitor.

Charge pumps use a switching process to provide a DC output voltage larger than its DC input voltage. In general, a charge pump will have a capacitor coupled to switches between an input and an output. During one clock half cycle, the charging half cycle, the capacitor couples in parallel to the input so as to charge up to the input voltage. During a second clock cycle, the transfer half cycle, the charged capacitor couples in series with the input voltage so as to provide an output voltage twice the level of the input voltage. This process is illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 1b. In FIG. 1a, the capacitor 5 is arranged in parallel with the input voltage VIN to illustrate the charging half cycle. In FIG. 1b, the charged capacitor 5 is arranged in series with the input voltage to illustrate the transfer half cycle. As seen in FIG. 1b, the positive terminal of the charged capacitor 5 will thus be 2*VIN with respect to ground.
The generic charge pump described above will provides an output voltage that can be no more than twice the input voltage VCC. U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,587, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a charge pump having a voltage adder stage followed by a plurality of voltage doubler stages, wherein the stages are cascaded such that output voltages considerably higher than twice VCC may be obtained. While the voltage adder stage uses just one capacitor per output voltage signal, the voltage doubler stages require 2 capacitors for each output voltage signal, thereby increasing manufacturing costs. Replacing all the voltage doubler stages with voltage adder stages, however, would increase the series resistance substantially.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for efficient charge pumps that require just one capacitor per stage.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Charge pump with fibonacci number multiplication


A circuit comprising a switch section configured to generate a first and second control signal. A pull section may receive the first and second control signals to generate an output. A capacitor may be coupled between the switch section and the pull section for coupling the output to the switch section.

The universal serial bus (USB) has a variety of operating modes that allow a number of computer peripherals to be connected to a generic port. One of the modes of a USB device is a low speed mode. While operating in the low speed mode, the outputs of a USB device are generally very slow transitioning signals. Another design criteria involved with USB devices is that there may be a large variation in the load placed on the device. As a result, the USB device must be designed to provide the proper speed at the output across wide load variations.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional USB driver circuit 10 is shown which implements operational amplifiers to control the transitioning of an output signal. The circuit 10 generally requires the use of an operational amplifier 12 and an operational amplifier 14 to control the signal presented at the output pad 16. The circuit 10 also requires a variety of transistors, a bias circuit 18, a predriver circuit 20 and a clamp circuit 22. More information regarding the circuit of FIG. 1 may be found in the paper "Design Guide For A Low Speed Buffer For The Universal Serial Bus", published in December of 1996, the appropriate sections which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Each universal serial bus device has two outputs, a plus output and a minus output. The circuit 10 would have to be implemented, at a minimum, at each of the plus and minus outputs. In an application that provides a number of universal serial bus outputs on a single device, the number of instances that the circuit 10 would have to be duplicated increases accordingly. As a result, it is desirable for the number of components in the circuit 10 be kept to a minimum in order to reduce the overall area required to implement the plurality of required buffers at the various outputs.

Low speed driver for use with the universal serial bus


Transgenic non-human mammals comprising a DNA with an exogenous IL-18 gene incorporated in it such that the exogenous IL-18 gene is skin-specifically expressed, or their offsprings.

Atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis are diseases which respond hypersensively to environmental antigens or the like, to which normal subjects do not respond, and develop destruction or disorder of various organs by their own immune system. Th2 cytokines which enhance allergic responses are assumed to play a role in the onset mechanism of these diseases. Elucidation of their induction and regulatory mechanisms, therefore, has an important significance from the standpoints of physiology and pharmacology, but these mechanisms have not been clarified in detail yet.
Treatments of atopic diseases are currently known to include primarily those which rely upon avoidance from antigens, or antihistamines which compete with binding of mediators such as histamine to receptors, or anti-inflammatory steroidal agents. Development of treatment methods directed to more specific acting mechanisms is, however, hampered due to lack of appropriate laboratory animals.
Induction of an allergic response on a laboratory animal has conventionally required administration of an antigen or allergen to the animal after sensitizing the animal beforehand by repeated immunization of the animal with the antigen or allergen. In this case, simultaneous sensitization of many animals, however, requires a great deal of labor and further, may produce variations in reactivity among the individual animals, leading to a problem in the reproducibility of an experiment.
In recent years, NC/Nga mouse is attracting interests as a model animal for atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis which occurs on this mouse, however, leads to its onset for the first time in the presence of mites, and moreover, its onset rate is unstable and its symptom varies.
Laboratory animals are indispensable for the development of medicines for atopic diseases, leading to a strong outstanding desire especially for model animals of atopic dermatitis. These days, however, there is not any atopic dermatitis model animal available and provided for practical use, which has been established in genetic background, is immunologically defined and is usable for the development and research of various treatment methods and drugs under specific pathogen-free conditions.
An object of the present invention is, therefore, to create an animal useful as an atopic dermatitis model.

Abstract: The transgenic non-human mammals according to the present invention spontaneously develop atopic dermatitis under specific pathogen-free conditions, and therefore, are useful as disease model animals. Use of the transgenic non-human mammals according to the present invention makes it possible to develop drugs for preventing or treating atopic dermatitis by natural immunity and also to elucidate the onset mechanisms of atopic diseases.


Cone beam artifacts arise in circular CT reconstruction. The cone beam artifacts are substantially removed by reconstructing a reference image from measured data at circular source trajectory, differentiating the reference image; generating synthetic data by forward projection of the differentiated reference image along a pre-determined source trajectory, which supplements the circular source trajectory to a theoretically complete trajectory, reconstructing a correction image from the synthetic data and optionally applying a scaling factor. Ultimately, the cone beam artifact is substantially reduced by generating a corrected image using the reference image and the correction image that has been optimally scaled based upon the adaptively determined scaling factor value.

Cone beam artifacts are a well known problem in computed tomography. The cone angle of the X-ray source in most advanced CT systems such as Toshiba AquilionONE is quite large, and CFK images tend to suffer cone beam artifacts due to missing data in radon domain.
In one prior art approach, the artifact in circular cone beam CT is substantially removed by applying exact reconstruction based upon a theoretically complete trajectory such as a combination of a circular trajectory and a line trajectory. Although an additional line scan achieves a theoretically complete trajectory with a circular trajectory for exact reconstruction, the additional scan is often either unavailable or impractical to collect. Furthermore, since circular data and line data are not simultaneously obtained, any change in motion or agent enhancement between the two scans causes data inconsistency between the two data sets and affect image accuracy. Lastly, the additional scan undesirably exposes a patient to an additional dose of radiation.
For the above reasons, it is of particular interest to accurately reconstruct image volume only from circular data. In one prior art approach, a scanogram is used to estimate line data. Although this approach does not increase patient's radiation dose, cone beam artifacts are still observable even after the estimated line data generally helps reduce much of the artifacts. At the same time, any change in motion or agent enhancement is also causing some inaccuracy in the resulted images based upon a scanogram.
The above specified related patent application has disclosed another way to estimate the line data based upon a large image that is extended along a predetermined axis so that an improved image is reconstructed from the circular data and the estimated line data. The large image also has a field of view (FOV) that is larger than a desired FOV and is extended in the Z direction to generate the extended large image. Although a scaling factor is optionally used, a value of the scaling factor has been determined prior to the reconstruction for reconstructing an improved image.
In the above described techniques, it is still desired to have additional improvement in a system and a method for substantially reducing artifacts in circular cone beam Computer Tomography (CT).

Method and system for substantially reducing cone beam artifacts based upon image domain differentiation in circular computer tomography (CT)


A method and system for correlating input data that includes configuration data. The configuration data describes at least one hierarchy including a first hierarchy. Each hierarchy includes at least two nodes. Each node includes a value and is designated as an ontology end point consisting of a unique positive integer. For each hierarchy, a unique relationship number RN is stored in a medium for each pair of parent-child nodes of each hierarchy. RN is a function of X and Y which respectively denote the ontology end point of the parent and child node of each pair of parent-child nodes. Responsive to a query that identifies a measure of correlation between the first hierarchy and other information, the measure of correlation is computed by retrieving and utilizing each stored relationship number of the first hierarchy. Information relating to the measure of correlation is outputted.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method and system for correlating information.
2. Related Art
Text and multi-media information may be published in a manner that males it accessible over a data communication path or network (e.g., telephone lines, cable, wireless network, etc.). Such published information may be produced in such volume and frequency that it makes discovering relevant information difficult to one who desires to consume it. With the current state of the art, information is captured, indexed, and made available to consumers through a search metaphor. This approach involves indexing the information and applying search criteria against the indexed (or hashed) information. However, with this approach, the published information must be stored and indexed, incurring a high cost in digital storage as well as query processing when dealing with large amounts of information. It also introduces latency, as the information must be indexed and stored prior to being available for search. In an environment where the publication is continuous, such a system becomes costly, as the means to store and index the information must grow with the addition of newly-published information.
Thus, there is a need for a method and system for correlating information with high efficiency and low computing cost.

Method and system for correlating information