An illumination system includes a light source, a wavelength conversion element and a light guide column. The light source provides an excitation beam. The wavelength conversion element has a wavelength conversion portion for converting the excitation beam into a converted beam. The light guide column is disposed between the light source and the wavelength conversion element and located on a transmission path of the excitation beam. The light guide column has a first end, a second end opposite to the first end, a third end and a fourth end opposite to the third end. The third and fourth ends respectively face the light source and the wavelength conversion element. The third end receives the excitation beam. The excitation beam exits the first or fourth end, and the converted beam enters the light guide column through the fourth end and exits the first end. A projection device is also provided.

The illumination system of the current laser projection device generally uses blue laser diodes to provide blue light to excite the phosphor on the phosphor wheel to generate yellow light, and then filter the yellow light to generate the required red and green light through a filter wheel. The generated red and green light are matched with the blue light emitted by the blue laser diode to form the three primary colors of red, green and blue required for the projection image.
In the illumination system using blue laser diodes and phosphor wheels, a dichroic element is provided between the blue laser diode and the phosphor wheel. The blue light passes through the dichroic element and is transmitted to the phosphor wheel. The yellow light generated by the phosphor is reflected to the dichroic element, and is then reflected to the filter wheel by the dichroic element. On the other hand, the blue light that is not absorbed by the phosphor is guided by a plurality of reflectors, passes through the dichroic element, and is transmitted to the filter wheel. In addition, a light guide column is provided on the light exit side of the filter wheel to homogenize the beam passing through the filter wheel and adjust the light shape.
Because the current illumination system using blue laser diodes and phosphor wheels has many optical elements, the current illumination system not only has a larger size, but also has some problems such as difficulty in assembly and poor accuracy.
The information disclosed in this "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION" section is only for enhancement understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, the information disclosed in this "BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION" section does not mean that one or more problems to be solved by one or more embodiments of the invention were acknowledged by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Illumination system and projection device


A multifunction antenna is described in which the multifunction antenna is divided into a first segment and a second segment by an impedance circuit that produces low impedance at a low frequency and high impedance at a high frequency. A high frequency radio frequency (HF-RF) signal may be transmitted or received using only the first segment of the multifunction antenna from a HF-RF transceiver by blocking the HF-RF signal from the second segment by the impedance circuit. A low frequency radio frequency (LF-RF) signal may be received using both the first segment and the second segment of the multifunction antenna by passing the LF-RF signal through the impedance circuit.

Wireless energy transfer for contactless battery charging of an active mobile device and over-the-air high speed data transmission between an active mobile device and a remote access point or base station typically use two distinct radio frequency wireless transmission techniques: magnetic conductive coupling and radio-electric propagation coupling. Each of these wireless transmission techniques use a dedicated antenna design for operation within a specific radio frequency range. Magnetic conductive coupling typically operates at LF (low frequency) radio frequencies less than 10 MHz with a transmission range less than 10 cm. Radio-electric coupling typically operates at UHF radio frequencies in the range of 300 MHz up to 3-5 GHz with a transmission range greater than 1 m.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a wireless technology allowing two devices to communicate over a short distance of approximately 10 cm or less. NFC is standardized internationally within NFC Forum specifications and defined in ISO/IEC 18092, ECMA-340, and ISO 14443, for example. NFC allows a mobile device to interact with a subscriber's immediate environment. With close-range contactless technology, mobile devices may be used as credit cards, to access public transportation, to access secured locations, and many more applications. While NFC may used for short distance communication and collecting energy to power the mobile device, the mobile device may also include a UHF-RF transceiver for longer distance communication using a separate antenna.
Contactless systems are commonly used as access control ID's (e.g. employee badges), as well as payment systems for public transportation etc. More recently, credit cards are beginning to include NFC capability. Lately, contactless capabilities are being integrated into mobile phones as well; recent examples are Nokia's 6212 phone and Google's Android, which supported NFC in its latest release.
Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows.

Multifunction single antenna for contactless systems


A pitch detection method and apparatus are disclosed. The method includes: performing pitch detection on an input signal in a signal domain, and obtaining a candidate pitch; performing linear prediction (LP) on the input signal, and obtaining an LP residual signal; setting a candidate pitch range that includes the candidate pitch; searching the candidate pitch range for the LP residual signal, and obtaining a selected pitch.

To save bandwidths for transmitting and storing speech and audio signals, the speech and audio encoding technology has been widely used. The technology includes lossy encoding and lossless encoding. For lossy encoding, the reconstructed signal may not keep the same as the original signal, but the signal redundancy information may be minimized according to the features of the sound source and the human auditory perception, little coding information is transmitted and high speech and audio quality is achieved. For lossless encoding, the reconstructed signal may be the same as the original signal, so that the final decoding quality is not degraded. Generally, the lossy encoding compression efficiency is high, but the quality of the reconstructed speech and audio signal cannot be guaranteed. Lossless encoding can guarantee the speech quality because it can reconstruct signals without distortion, but the compression rate is only about 50%.
The pitch is an important parameter either in lossy encoding or lossless encoding. The final encoding performance depends on the accuracy of the pitch detection. In the prior art, a lot of pitch detection methods are available, one of which includes: mapping a signal to a domain, performing search pre-processing, performing coarse search on an open loop basis, and then performing refined search on a closed loop basis, and finally performing post-processing such as pitch smoothing. All these operations are performed in one domain, for example, time domain, frequency domain, cepstrum domain, signal domain, or residual domain.
During the implementation of the present invention, the inventor finds the prior art has the following problems: A lot of operations need be performed in different domains in the actual algorithm, and the pitch detection algorithm shows different levels of performance and complexity in different domains. For example, in the time domain, the pitch detection complexity is low; in the frequency domain, the pitch detection accuracy is higher; in the signal domain, the pitch is better, and is easy to detect; in the residual domain, the pitch is poor, and thus is difficult to detect.


The present invention discloses lentogenic viral strains useful in the treatment of cancer. A preferred viral strain of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is specifically characterized in terms of biological activities. The present invention further discloses treatment of cancer by application of a clonal NDV strain to tumors. Another feature of the invention is the use of at least one isolated viral glycoprotein or a subunit or analog thereof or of an isolated polynucleotide encoding the same for the treatment of cancer.

Viruses are known to exert an oncolytic effect on malignant cells and the use of oncolytic viruses as therapeutic agents has been reported (Csatary et al. Cancer Detect Prev (1993) 17(6):619–27; Csatary et al. Anticancer Research (1999) 19(1B):635–8 and for review see Sinkovics J. of Clinical Virology (2000) 16: 1–15).
Oncolytic viruses, for example the avian virus Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), have been shown to be cytolytic to tumor cells in vivo and in vitro (Reichard et al. J Surg Res (1992) 52(5):448–53; Bar Eli et al. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol (1996) 122: 1–7 and Tsadok-David et al. (1995) J. Cancer Research Clinical Oncology 121:169–174).
The Newcastle disease virus is an avian RNA paramyxovirus that causes Newcastle disease in different avian species (dependent on the virulence of the virus strain and on the age of the individual bird), but that is considered minimally pathogenic in humans. NDV is an enveloped virus containing a linear, non-segmented, single-strand, negative sense RNA genome. The virion consists of a coiled nucleocapsid containing single stranded RNA and 6 structural polypeptides (M.W. 20,000–80,000). The nucleocapsids are coated with protein and lipid envelopes. The matrix protein (M), located in the inner surface of the viral envelope, is involved in viral assembly and interacts with both the viral membrane and the nucleocapsid proteins. On the outer surface of the viral envelope are two viral glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion glycoprotein (F). The HN glycoprotein is involved in the binding of the virus to cellular receptors. Monoclonal antibodies raised against this protein were shown to neutralize NDV infectivity. The F protein, which is first expressed as an inactive precursor (F0) and then cleaved post-translationally to produce two disulfide linked polypeptides (F1 and F2), is involved in penetration of NDV into host cells by facilitating fusion of the viral envelope with the host plasma cell membrane. Antisera to the F protein inhibited hemolysis and virus-induced cell fusion Since the F and HN glycoproteins play a crucial role in NDV infectivity, much effort has been done to clone NDV genes. EP Patent 227414 to Bingham et al., discloses the cDNA sequence encoding the F and HN polypeptides of NDV Beaudette C strain and envisages the use of this nucleotide sequence for the preparation of labelled probes, which will be utilized for diagnosis of NDV in poultry as well as for the preparation of the F and HN polypeptides.
The state of proteolytic cleavage of the surface glycoproteins F and HN is responsible for the virulence of the different NDV strains. F0 of virulent strains is cleaved to F1 and F2 in a wide range of host cells, whereas F0 of avirulent strains is cleaved only in few host cells. Accordingly, these differences are expressed in the classification of the different strains of NDV as velogenic (highly pathogenic), mesogenic (intermediate in pathogenicity) and lentogenic (apathogenic) strains.
In addition to their role in infectivity, the HN and F surface glycoproteins of NDV have also been postulated to be involved in the oncolytic capabilities of NDV (MSc thesis by Alissa Waldman-Kegnovitch (1999) Dept of Virology, Haddasa Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem).
The effect of oncolytic viruses on neoplastic cells is attributed by some to the enhancement of the sensitivity of the neoplastic cells to the cytolytic activity of tumor necrosis factors and to the immune stimulatory properties of these viruses. NDV in animals induces locally chemokines and cytolines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha that affect T cell recruitment and activation (Schirrmacher et al. (1998) Semin Oncol 25(6):677–96 and Schirrmacher et al. (1999) Int J Oncol 14(2):205–15). There are other reports that attribute the killing effect of an attenuated strain of NDV (73-T) on neuroblastoma cells to direct cytolysis following replication of infectious virus (Lorence et al. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. (1994) 86(16) 1228–1233). The killing effect of a mesogenic strain of NDV (RO) on Daudi lymphoma cells and the effect of NDV Ulster strain on metastatic Esb lymphoma and B16-F10 melanoma was found to be unrelated to viral replication since UV inactivated viruses were found to be as effective as infectious viruses in killing these tumor cells (Tsadok-David et al. (1995) J. Cancer Research Clinical Oncology 121:169–174 and Schirrmacher et al. (1997) Clin Cancer Res 3(7):1135–48).
Present efforts at cancer therapy using viruses involve the use of live pathogenic viruses as cytolytic agents (see Csatary et al. above and U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,023 to Csatary). WO 00/62735 of Pro-Virus discloses the use of any interferon sensitive strain of virus for killing neoplastic cells that are deficient in the interferon response. The Pro-Virus disclosure supplies a catalog of viral strains including three mesogenic strains of NDV (MK107, NJ Roakin, and Connecticut-70726) shown to be useful for treatment of human tumor xenografts in athymic mice. NDV administration to these mice caused tumor regression, which was attributed to more efficient and selective replication of NDV in tumor cells versus normal cells. The differential sensitivity of tumor cells to killing by NDV was disclosed to be correlated to an inability of the cells to manifest interferon-mediated antiviral response. The above patent application claims methods of infecting neoplasms or tumors and methods of treating neoplasms or tumors by interferonensitive, replication competent RNA or DNA viruses
Alternative methods are mostly directed at developing vaccines for anti tumor immunization. For example, NDV is used in the preparation of an autologous tumor cell vaccine for humans (reviewed in Schirrmacher et al. (1998) Semin Oncol 25(6):677–96).
Nowhere in the background art is it taught or suggested that lentogenic strains of NDV are used for cancer therapy, or that surface glycoproteins derived from different strains of NDV, namely, velogenic, mesogenic or lentogenic strains, may have oncolytic properties and be useful in the treatment of cancer.

Compositions and methods for treatment of cancer

Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem


There is provided an interlayer film for laminated glass with which the adhesive force between the interlayer film and a laminated glass member of the laminated glass can be effectively improved. The interlayer film for laminated glass according to the present invention has one-layer structure or a two or more-layer structure, is provided with a first layer containing a thermoplastic resin, a plasticizer and a metal element as a surface layer of the interlayer film, and the first layer is a first layer having a contact angle of greater than 40.1° when measured by a sessile drop method using diiodomethane or a first layer having a contact angle of greater than 54.2° when measured by a sessile drop method using ethylene glycol.

Since laminated glass generally generates only a small amount of scattering glass fragments even when subjected to external impact and broken, laminated glass is excellent in safety. As such, the laminated glass is widely used for automobiles, railway vehicles, aircraft, ships, buildings and the like. The laminated glass is manufactured by sandwiching an interlayer film for laminated glass between two glass plates.
Examples of the interlayer film for laminated glass include a single-layered interlayer film having a one-layer structure and a multi-layered interlayer film having a two or more-layer structure.
As an example of the interlayer film for laminated glass, the following Patent Document 1 discloses a sound insulating layer including 100 parts by weight of a polyvinyl acetal resin with an acetalization degree of 60 to 85% by mole, 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight of at least one kind of metal salt among an alkali metal salt and an alkaline earth metal salt, and a plasticizer in an amount greater than 30 parts by weight. This sound insulating layer can be used alone as a single-layered interlayer film.
Furthermore, the following Patent Document 1 also describes a multilayer interlayer film in which the sound insulating layer and another layer are layered. Another layer to be layered with the sound insulating layer includes 100 parts by weight of a polyvinyl acetal resin with an acetalization degree of 60 to 85% by mole, 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight of at least one kind of metal salt among an alkali metal salt and an alkaline earth metal salt, and a plasticizer in an amount less than or equal to 30 parts by weight.
In Patent Document 1, examples of the alkali metal salt or the alkaline earth metal salt include salts of K, Na and Mg.
Moreover, the following Patent Document 1 discloses an interlayer film formed of a resin composition containing a polyvinyl acetal resin, a plasticizer, a metal salt of a carboxylic acid and an organic acid.
In Patent Document 2, examples of the metal salt of a carboxylic acid include salts of Mg, Ca and Zn.

Intermediate film for laminated glass, method for manufacturing intermediate film for laminated glass, and laminated glass


A disposable diaper system including a diaper body having a pouch, a changing pad within the pouch which can be removed therefrom and form a surface shield extending away from the diaper body, containers connected to the changing pad for containing personal care products, and a disinfectant connected to the changing pad. The soiled diaper is placed in the pouch and wrapped in the changing pad for disinfectant and disposal purposes.

The prior art discloses a number of disposable diaper devices incorporating packets or containers containing baby care products such as lotions or the like. Examples of such devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,221, issued Sep. 9, 1980, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,240, issued May 10, 1988. The diaper construction shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,240 also teaches the general ideal of integrally forming a bag with the diaper to be inverted and encapsulate a soiled diaper.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,859, issued Oct. 23, 1990, discloses a disposable diaper with an integral changing pad. The pad, which also operates as a disposable container means, is in the form of a liquid impermeable membrane 22 which is positioned over the diaper, when unfolded, to provide support for the baby.
Other patents disclosing various types of diaper constructions are: U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,378 issued Oct. 27, 1987, U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,840, issued Dec. 13, 1988, U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,693, issued Apr. 17, 1990, U.S. Pat. No. 3,865,110, issued Feb. 11, 1975, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,052, issued Jun. 5, 1990, the latter being closely related to U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,859, noted above.


The invention relates to a wind turbine with a generator and a method of assembling a generator thereof, wherein the generator comprises a rotor rotatably arranged relative to a stator. The rotor comprises a plurality of superconducting pole units arranged on a back iron which is spaced apart from a rotor structure by a number of thermally insulating plates or beams. Said plates or beams are located between either ends of the rotor and orientated relative to the rotational direction of the rotor. Each plate has a first end firmly connected to another first beam extending in an axial direction and a second end firmly connected to another second beam also extending the axial direction. The first beams are further firmly connected to the back iron while the second beams are further firmly connected to the rotor structure. The thermally insulating plates or beams provide a flexible and cheap support interface that is able to adapt to the tolerances of the individual components.

It is known that superconductive generators thermally separate the warm rotor structure from the cold superconducting pole units in order to minimise the total mass that need to be cooled down to the cryogenic operating temperature. This in turn enables the cooling capacity of the cooling system to be reduced.
EP 2521252 A1 solves this problem by arranging the superconducting pole units in individually ladder-shaped cryostats which in turn are arranged on a supporting back iron directly connected to a rotor structure. This configuration provides a complex and expensive solution that adds to the total assembly time. This design further requires that the superconductive coils are supportably arranged within each individual cryostat which further adds to the complexity of this solution.
US 2008/0079323 A1 discloses an alternative solution wherein the superconductive coils are supportably arranged within a bracket shaped back iron. This back iron is also kept below the critical temperature of the superconductive material. The cold back iron is spaced apart from the warm rotor structure by means of a plurality of thermally support blocks. The cold back iron is further connected to the rotor structure by means of thermally insulating bolts. The individual bolts and support blocks add to the complexity and costs of the solution. This configuration also requires an accurate alignment of the individual support block in order to enable the back iron to be positioned correctly so that the bolts can be mounted to the rotor structure.
Thus, there is a need for an improved thermally insulating support structure that allows for a simple and inexpensive mounting of the back iron.

Wind turbine with a superconductive generator having an improved thermally insulating structure


A vibrating plate-bonded body includes a supporting substrate composed of silicon, a vibrating plate composed of a highly rigid ceramics and having a thickness of 100 μm or smaller, and a bonding layer between the supporting substrate and vibrating plate, contacting a bonding surface of the vibrating plate and composed of α-Si. The arithmetic average roughness Ra of the bonding surface of the vibrating plate is 0.01 nm or more and 10.0 nm or less, and the pit density of the bonding surface of the vibrating plate is 10 counts or more per 100 μm2.

A head up display (HUD) is a system for displaying necessary information overlapping in a visual field while line of sight is maintained in forward-looking mode. In the case of driving an automobile, as the information can be visualized while the line of sight is maintained in the forward-looking mode than the case that the information on a meter panel or console panel is watched, it is possible to effectively prevent aside driving and further, as a fewer focus shift of eyes is necessary, it is possible to reduce fatigue of a driver and to improve the safety.
It will be described the principle of the HUD. An image from a fluorescent tube, CRT or liquid crystal display is displayed on a front glass or a transparent screen (combiner) of the automobile. Here, the HUD includes the following two system due to the difference of the optical structures.
(1) Direct Projection system of directly projecting the image on the front glass or the like as a screen.
(2) Virtual Imaging system of imaging the image on the retina of the driver by the front glass or the like as a reflecting mirror.
The major difference between these systems is the feeling of distances when the driver watches the image. According to the Direct Projection system, the image is recognized on the screen (combiner) as a conventional projector. According to the Virtual Imaging system, the image is recognized in a space a few meters away on the line of sight of the driver. According to both systems, the shift of the line of sight is considerably reduced between the forward visual field of the driver and meter panel or console, compared with the case that the HUD is not used. However, according to the Virtual Imaging system, as the focus shift from the visual field during normal driving is made small, the driver can concentrate more on the driving to reduce the fatigue. According to the Virtual Imaging system, it has been promoted the development of a new system of scanning laser beam for the imaging.
According to laser scanning type display, laser beams of three colors RGB are combined through an optical device called a combiner to provide a single beam, which is reflected by a micro mirror to perform the scanning two-dimensionally and the imaging. Although it is similar to electron beam scanning of CRT, instead of exciting a phosphor, the pulse width and output of the respective laser beams are controlled at positions corresponding with the respective pixels on the horizontal scan lines to change the color and brightness so that the pointillism of the pixels is performed at a high speed. Resolution which can be realized is determined by the vibrational frequency of the mirror and modulation frequency of the laser.
Major advantages of the system include the followings.
(1) As a number of parts is low, miniaturization, cost reduction and improvement of reliability can be realized.
(2) As the laser can be illuminated at a brightness required for each pixel, low consumption of electric force can be realized.
(3) As it is used the collimated laser light (parallel light), the adjustment of focus is unnecessary.
The micro mirror is a core part of the laser scanning type display and produced by processing Si by MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) technique and by vapor deposition of a metal. The methods of driving the mirror may be electrostatic system of driving by electrostatic attraction, electromagnetic system of driving by electromagnetic force, or piezoelectric system of driving by a piezoelectric device. Among them, the advantages of the piezoelectric system include driving at a high speed, lower consumed electric power and large driving force, and the defects include the difficulty of film-formation of the piezoelectric device. For example, it is proposed a MEMS mirror applying an SOI substrate (Patent document 1).


To determine the depth of a body of water, ultrasonic pulses are transmitted from a point above the water at a known distance. Reflections from the water are received and the time of each of the leading edge of the reflections and the trailing edge are recorded as well as the amplitude. This information is used to sort the reflections and the most significant reflections are used to calculate the level of the water. The most significant reflections are determined by multiplying a range of between 10 and 50 times the amount of time difference between the last calculated distance to the target, a factor between 5 and 30 for the time bin that is first, a factor between 10 and 50 multiplied by the number of echoes in the bin divided by the largest number of echoes of all the bins, a value of between 20 and 100 multiplied by the number of correct level echoes in the bin divided by the largest number of correct level echoes of all of the bins and a value of between 5 and 40 multiplied by the average width of the echoes in one bin divided by the widest average of the width of all the bins.

This invention relates to measuring the level or depth of liquids using ultrasonic signals, such as for example, measuring the level of a body of water as part of a flow rate measurement.
It is known to use ultrasonic signals for measuring distances including the distance from a reference point above a body of water to the surface of the body of water. In a known class of such ultrasonic level measuring devices, ultrasonic pulses, each containing sound waves repeated at an ultrasonic frequency, are periodically transmitted and reflections or echoes of the ultrasonic pulses from the water are received. The time between transmitting an ultrasonic pulse and receiving its reflection is used to calculate the distance of the water from which the ultrasonic pulse was reflected. In such systems, the pulses are transmitted and received periodically at a predetermined ultrasonic carrier frequency and the time average of the reflections is used to more precisely determine distance.
In a prior art type of ultrasonic level measuring apparatus of this class, each time a pulse is transmitted, a series of reflections is received and all of the reflections are averaged. The average signal is utilized to determine a peak time of arrival and the peak time of arrival is compared with the time of transmission to determine the distance. This prior art system has the disadvantages of including noise and having a slow response time to changes in level when used as a water level sensing system.


The present invention comprises a wind speed indicating device wherein a plurality of panels of flexible fabric are attached to a vertically disposable holding component. Each panel of flexible material is heavier or more wind resistant than the one above it, thus requiring a higher wind necessary to unfurl it or extend it horizontally. Each panel has markings on its side to indicate the wind speed required to effectuate its unfurling.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to wind speed and wind direction indicators, and more particularly to multiple fabric devices for indicating wind speed and direction.
2. Prior Art
Sailors, sportsmen and outdoorsmen over the years have developed ways to see how fast or in what direction the wind is blowing. Sailors nowadays may utilize complicated, expensive electronic devices unreadable from a distance, or watch the waves, or telltales on their sails. They may also refer to storm warning flags on the docks. Golfers use a pennant on a pole to try to estimate the wind speed and direction.
A device to indicate wind speed may be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 1,579,034 to Roberts which shows an arrangement for golf green wind speed indication. This is basically a windsock with a swivel coil.
An unusual wind sock is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,696,672 to Lindsay which includes curved vanes to help indicate the wind force in addition to the wind direction indicated by the sock.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,463 to Cole discloses a complicated air sock device with a spring for effecting pivotal movement in response to wind speed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,558,862 to Kelly discloses a golf pin sock with tailing strings to indicate wind direction. These strings are intended to indivate a small level of wind activity, but do not indicate wind strength.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,488 to David discloses a windsock with spaced chevrons on its upper surface arranged to indicate wind speed, based on the number of chevrons observable from above.
None of the prior art addresses the need for determining speed as well as direction in a portable device, carryable or attachable to a dock, boat, roof, or holdable aloft by hand, and which is discernable from distances of several hundreds of feet.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simple, inexpensive to manufacture, accurate, easy to interpret means for determining wind speed from a distance.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a wind speed indicating device which can function as a club burgee, flag or advertising banner.


An implant being securely fixed in a bone by a layer of plastic cement is removed by supplying a pressurized fluid to the interface between the cement and the implant.

The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for facilitating the removal of a prosthetic implant from a body and, more specifically, to the use of fluid pressure to effect said removal.
An orthopaedic implant is typically placed in a bone having a prepared bed formed to the implant shape. The bed fits the implant loosely and a plastic cement fills the space between the implant and the bone to securely fix the implant. Due to implant failure or other complications it is occasionally necessary to remove the implant. A variety of means have been proposed for such removal including impacting devices for driving the implant out, powered and manual instruments for excavating the cement from about the implant, and means for heating or ultrasonically vibrating the implant or instruments to soften the cement. These prior devices have been employed with varying levels of safety, efficacy, and economy. Further, they have been limited to use with rigid metallic implants because of their dependence on energy being conducted through the implant.


The present invention relates to an automated, mobile method for remotely managing the resources of a job-based business through real-time allocation of the resources among a set of user-defined virtual spending accounts. The method enables the user to establish two layers of virtual accounts. One layer comprises job accounts that represent individual jobs or projects. The other layer comprises allocation accounts that represent categories of transactions such as “materials,” “labor,” “facilities,” and “insurance.” The user uses these virtual accounts in conjunction with actual accounts to track the user's transactions in real time. The user may also use the present invention to create and remotely transmit purchase orders and invoices, keep a record of employees, enter employee time sheets, process payroll, and allocate and reconcile incoming and outgoing transactions between the various virtual accounts.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer-based resource management systems, and, more particularly, to the job-based management of a business' financial resources through the allocation of resources to various user-defined accounts in an automated environment.
2. Background
Often individuals or businesses need and desire to achieve some measure of control over their financial affairs. Several software accounting programs have been developed to aid a business in managing its financial resources. Some of these programs include a budgeting system that allows a business to see where its money is invested or spent. Some of these programs further provide the user with the ability to perform several types of financial transactions on-line, including the ability to pay bills and to receive updated information with respect to cleared transactions from financial institutions such as banks and credit card companies.
One major problem with these existing accounting programs is the inability to provide up-to-date financial information needed to a business owner who is constantly on the go. For example, this problem represents a long-felt but unsolved need that is particularly taxing to sole proprietors who run a construction business. Often such a sole proprietor will be out in the field all day long engaging in various financial transactions, only to return home with a handful of bills and receipts representing transactions to either manually enter into a software program on a personal computer or to give to an accountant or CPA at the end of each month, quarter, or even year. Not only does this manual, after-the-fact, transaction entry take a great deal of time; without real-time access to account information, the business owner cannot make informed spending decisions while out in the field away from his or her personal computer. In other words, although existing accounting programs allow a user to establish a budget, these programs are inadequate because a user who is out in the field cannot make informed spending decisions without real-time access to his or her account information.
Besides not being able to provide real-time information, existing accounting programs also do not provide simple and intuitive budgeting systems that ensure that each spending decision is made in accordance with an established budget. For example, existing accounting programs typically allow the user to see how funds have been allocated between different financial accounts by providing a representation or statement indicating how funds were allocated during a period of time such as a week, month, quarter, or year. That is, these accounting programs compare budgeted amounts with actual spending only after the spending has occurred. Moreover, when a business' transactions involve several different financial projects (e.g., in businesses such as job shops that contract out individual jobs or projects and/or regularly make job bids or estimates), this after-the-fact budget reporting proves complicated and useless for the typical small business owner who must quickly summarize such reported information in his or her head when making on-the-spot spending decisions.

Methods and systems for job-based accounting


A device to hang articles includes a first member defining a first elongate slot and adapted to be affixed to a mounting surface, and a second member defining a second elongate slot and oriented generally perpendicular to the first member. The second member defines a hook disposed near an end of the second member. The device also includes a threaded screw protruding through the first elongate slot and the second elongate slot, and a retaining nut in engagement with the threaded screw to clamp the first member and the second member thereby securing a relative position between the first member and the second member.

Hanging articles on a mounting surface such as a wall generally includes affixing a hanging device to the wall, and then positioning the article to be suspended from the device. Often this requires accounting for the dimensions of the article and the position of the article's edges relative to its hanging feature. A difficulty arises when dimensions are mis-measured or mis-calculated. The result may be that the final hanging position of the article is not the actual position desired by the user. One remedy is to remove the hanging device from the wall, and re-attach it at a different position. This can be cumbersome, as well as result in unnecessary damage to the wall.


A method of producing idiosyncratic electronic emissions fingerprints from an electronic device is disclosed wherein emissions produced by the electronic device are collected and converted into one or more digital electronic fingerprints. The method contemplates a variety of emissions, such as electromagnetic emissions (including radio frequency emissions) and vibrational emissions (including audio emissions). The emissions fingerprints of various types extracted from an electronic device can be combined into more complex emissions signatures, and/or they can be combined with conventional electronic fingerprints or other idiosyncratic identifying data. A drift-test method for compensation and correction of emissions fingerprint drift is also disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention comprises electronic fingerprinting methods for identifying computers and other electronic devices.
2. Scope and Usage of Certain Terms
The following lexicon sets forth the intended scope and meaning of certain terms and concepts used herein. Examples provided in this lexicon are intended to clarify and not to limit the meaning of the respective term. The definitions set forth here include the plural and grammatical variations of the terms defined. Unless otherwise noted, meanings of terms not included in this lexicon are to be determined by reference to first the specification and then, if necessary, the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992, ver. 3.6p.
Electronic device—a device of the type having a case or cabinet and comprising at least one component within the case or cabinet whose operation depends on the controlled conduction of charge-carriers through the component. By way of example, but without limitation, Electronic device includes computers, computer accessories, video monitors, DVD and CD players and recorders, radios, televisions, magnetic recording and/or play-back devices, optical recording and/or playback devices.
Identify and ID—when used with respect to electronic devices, "identify" refers to 1) the act of ascertaining definitive characteristics of a particular electronic device; 2) the act of determining the particular electronic device from which ID data or fingerprints originate; and/or 3) the act of distinguishing a particular electronic device from all other electronic devices. "ID" refers to an identifying means or process based on a unique data representation, trait, or characteristic.
Idiosyncratic—traits, characteristics, and/or features of an individual electronic device that are sufficiently unique or peculiar, either alone or in combination, that they can be used to identify that electronic device. The degree of uniqueness or peculiarity implied by the term will be understood by those skilled in the art as being a function of the objectives, requirements, and specifications of the particular implementation of the invention, as discussed below. Unless explicitly modified, the term is not limited to any specific type or domain of feature, trait, or characteristic, but may be applied to, by way of example, emissions, intangible features or identifiers, component traits and specifications, performance characteristics, arbitrary alphanumeric identifiers, and the like.
Emission—refers to radiations, vibrations, and other emanations of one or more components of an electronic device. When used without modification, the term is intended to be understood in its broadest sense, without any limitation as to energy type, wavelength, speed of propagation, or other physical characteristics. By way of example, the term "emission" includes electromagnetic (EM) radiations, including radio-frequency ("RF") emissions, and vibrational emissions, such as acoustic waves produced, by electronic devices.
Emissions ID data and non-emissions ID data—"Emissions ID data" refers to data representative of and/or derived from idiosyncratic emissions produced by the electronic device being identified. "Non-emissions ID data" refers to idiosyncratic data used to identify electronic devices wherein the data are not derived from emissions. Examples of non-emissions ID data include alphanumeric identifiers for hardware and software, component specifications, performance characteristics, and the like.
Electronic fingerprint—a data representation of an idiosyncratic feature of an electronic device. "Electronic fingerprint" is a generic term that encompasses both non-emissions electronic fingerprints and emissions fingerprints (defined below). Verb forms of "electronic fingerprint" refer to a process of obtaining an electronic fingerprint.
Emissions and non-emissions fingerprints—"Emissions fingerprint" refers to an electronic fingerprint derived from emissions ID data. A "non-emissions fingerprint" is an electronic fingerprint derived from non-emissions ID data. A non-emissions fingerprint may also be referred to herein as a "conventional electronic fingerprint."
Collecting or acquiring emissions—to receive or detect emissions by a means, and in a manner, that produces an analog or digital representation of the emissions received or detected.
Signature—a compound data structure composed of a plurality of electronic fingerprints and/or non-electronic ID data such as encryption keys, passwords, and biometric data.
3. Statement of the Problem Solved by the Invention
The primary technical problem solved by the present invention is how to exploit the physical characteristics of an electronic device to obtain reliable and efficient electronic fingerprints and signatures from that device with a minimum of inconvenience to the end-user.
In virtually all fields of endeavor that employ electronic devices, there are situations in which it is desirable or necessary to be able to identify individual electronic devices. At the most basic level this is done simply by affixing a label bearing a unique alphanumeric identifier to the electronic device. However, for many applications, including many consumer and security applications, a far more sophisticated means of identifying electronic devices is required. For example, in the commercial software market, vendors often wish to restrict the use of a software program to an individual computer for which the program is licensed, thereby "locking-down" the program to a specific device. In such situations, there must be a means for identifying, often remotely or over the Internet, the individual computer as one that has permission to run the vendor's application. Similarly, vendors of audio-visual materials often wish to be able to lock-down their materials to a single electronic device that has been licensed to play the material, and yet do so in a way that is entirely transparent or minimally disruptive to the end-user.
The problem of identifying electronic devices is also commonly encountered in the design and implementation of secure computer systems. Computer security requires that executables, web sites, data/databases, and computer networks be maintained in a way that allows only specified individuals or specified computers to gain access to the protected executables, web sites, data, and networks. The importance of computer security to the nation is reflected by recent government interest in the subject. The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics has launched the Software Protection Initiative (SPI) as a means to prevent the unauthorized distribution and exploitation of national security application software by adversaries of the United States. The focus of SPI is to improve protection methods for critical scientific, engineering, and modeling and simulation software running on computing platforms ranging from desktops through supercomputers. In particular, SPI has identified key software technologies as vital technology resources for the national security and defense of the United States.
SPI, and computer security in general, encompass a broad range of issues and a broad range of requirements. The most vital and problematic aspect of computer security is protecting computers against malicious remote attacks, which often deny service to computer resources, provide the attacker with unauthorized access to computing resources or sensitive data, or destroy data. Such attacks often take the form of a virus or internet worm.
4. Existing Art
Solutions to the foregoing problems generally require the acquisition of a capability for identifying individual electronic devices. The current state of the art for achieving this capability includes, inter alia, (1) licensing protocols, (2) hardware dongles, (3) disk drive volume ID's and (4) encrypted CPU IDs. All of these methods have relative advantages, but any of these methods when used alone can be compromised with moderate effort—even combinations of these methods can be compromised by a knowledgeable and well-funded attacker. As a result, there has been intense interest in the security community in obtaining high quality idiosyncratic fingerprints and signatures from electronic devices, particularly fingerprints and signatures that are substantially invariant over the operating life of the device. The concept of a fingerprint or signature for computer identification provides a basis for an authentication method that overcomes many of the deficiencies of current approaches.
a. Electronic Fingerprints and Signatures Art
Electronic fingerprinting is a general term encompassing many diverse methods of producing or acquiring a code—the electronic fingerprint—that is peculiar to a specific computer or other electronic device. An electronic fingerprint can be used to prevent access to the device by anyone who cannot reproduce the code. Alternatively, an electronic fingerprint may be transmitted to and stored in remote devices that can then use the fingerprint to identify the device from which it originated. For instance, the systems administrator of a network can use a directory of electronic fingerprints when polling computers attached to the network in order to detect unauthorized connections. Once obtained, electronic fingerprints can be employed in a great number of different ways to maintain the security of individual machines or entire networks.
Given the impressive potential utility of electronic fingerprinting, many solutions have been proposed to solve the problem of how to produce efficient and robust electronic fingerprints. The general approach is to identify one or more features or traits of the electronic device to be protected and then represent those traits in a digital format that can be manipulated, encrypted, stored, transmitted, and subjected to interrogation and verification. To be useful, an electronic fingerprint must be idiosyncratic—that is it must be a sufficiently unique representation of the electronic device to provide the level of security required. Of course, the level of uniqueness that is required will depend on the situation. In some situations it is necessary to be able to distinguish one individual device from all others—absolute identity. In other situations it is sufficient to identify one or more electronic devices as members of a defined class—for instance, identifying computers using a particular version of an operating system or identifying all computers connected to a network.
For most applications a single ID trait or characteristic is not sufficiently unique for electronic fingerprinting; therefore, electronic signatures are often constructed from a plurality of fingerprints and other ID traits which, when taken together, provide a sufficient level of uniqueness. Traits that are commonly combined to produce electronic signatures include alphanumeric identifiers arbitrarily assigned to one or more components of the electronic device; code segments embedded into operating systems, drivers, or other software; performance characteristics—baud rates for modems, clock rates for CPU's, spin rates for DVD players/recorders. Most of these characteristics used alone can be easily hacked by interrogating the system or the component; however, by combining a number of such characteristics and by employing encryption/authentication processes, it is possible to derive an electronic signature that is reasonably unique for the electronic device.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,148,407 to Aucksmith is representative of the foregoing approach of deriving and employing electronic signatures for computers from a plurality of standard traits. Aucksmith discloses the use of traits such as processor ID, cache ID, memory controller, BIOS version, Ethernet address, and CD-ROM type. The traits chosen are converted to discrete digital reference values, which are then combined into an aggregate signature. This signature can then be encrypted, stored, transmitted, manipulated, and interrogated. An agent, entity, or software application that "knows" the signature, the encryption technique, and the storage location can interrogate the computer on the basis of its signature to determine whether or not the computer has access rights to the application, data, or network being protected.
b. Electronic Device Emissions Art
It is well known that many electronic components—such as CPU's, buses, drives, motors, clocks—produce EM emissions, most commonly in the RF portion of the EM spectrum. In addition, some electronic components—such as fans and motors—produce vibrational emissions, which may be in the human audible frequency range or may be above or below that range. Such EM and vibrational emissions are generally considered to be a bane of good electronic design. For instance, the Federal Communications Commission regulates, and often prohibits, the use of many consumer electronic products in airplanes because the RF emissions of the devices can interfere with radio communications or navigational instruments that are necessary for the safety of the aircraft. It is also generally considered advantageous to mitigate vibrational emissions, many of which are annoying to the user. Thus, much of the literature related to EM and vibrational emissions from electronic devices is devoted to ways to eliminate or reduce such emissions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,538,524 to Miller advocates electrically lossy transmission system to reduce RF emissions in computers. And U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,489,402 to Ohyama et al. and 6,468,451 describe advances in vibrational and acoustic insulation used in electronic devices.

Idiosyncratic emissions fingerprinting method for identifying electronic devices


A light-shielding film pattern 2a having a main opening 5 and auxiliary openings 6 is formed in a first process and, then, recess etching of a transparent substrate (formation of a substrate etched portion 8) is performed in a second process. Thus, the main opening and auxiliary openings can be simultaneously exposed in the first process and the positioning accuracy of them becomes excellent. Patterning of a light-shielding film 2 is performed by the use of an etching mask layer 3a and therefore the processing accuracy of the light-shielding film becomes excellent. The etching mask layer 3a is removed in a third process as the final process and thus the light-shielding film pattern 2a can be protected by the etching mask layer 3a upon recess-etching the transparent substrate in the second process. Thus, it is possible to prevent damage to the light-shielding film pattern 2a in the recess etching of the transparent substrate. Specifically, the etching mask layer 3a itself is damaged in the recess etching of the transparent substrate and this etching mask layer 3a is removed in the third process, causing no problem.

Phase shift masks are used as one of super-resolution techniques in the photolithography in recent years. As the phase shift masks, various kinds of phase shift masks are proposed. Among them, an auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask is used as a phase shift mask for forming an isolated pattern such as a contact hole.
FIG. 3, (a) is a plan view of an auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask and FIG. 3, (b) is a sectional view taken along dotted line A in FIG. 3, (a). As shown in these figures, the auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask has, on a transparent substrate 20, a main opening 22 formed in a light-shielding film 21 and auxiliary openings 23 provided at the peripheral portion thereof. Further, in order that light passing through the main opening 22 and light passing through each auxiliary opening 23 have a phase difference of about 180 degrees, the auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask has, for example, a substrate etched portion 24 obtained by etching the substrate to a predetermined depth at a portion corresponding to the main opening. It is noted here that the fine line width and forming positions of the auxiliary openings 23 are set such that the light passing through the auxiliary openings 23 is prevented from resolving a resist on a transfer-target substrate.
As a method of manufacturing such an auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask, the following method, for example, is described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (JP-A) No. H7-20625 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 1).
At first, referring to FIG. 4, description will be made about a conventional auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask manufacturing method (hereinafter referred to as Conventional Method 1) in the invention described in Patent Document 1.
A light-shielding film 21 and a first resist film 25 are formed in order on a transparent substrate 20 (see FIG. 4, (1)).
Then, a pattern corresponding to a main opening and auxiliary openings is exposed by the use of, for example, an electron-beam exposure apparatus and developed to thereby form a first resist pattern 25a. Then, the light-shielding film is etched using the first resist pattern 25a as a mask to thereby form a light-shielding film pattern 21a having a main opening 22 and auxiliary openings 23 (see FIG. 4, (2)). Thereafter, the remaining first resist pattern is stripped (see FIG. 4, (3)).
Then, a second resist film 26 is formed on the surface of the substrate thus obtained (see FIG. 4, (4)).
A pattern corresponding to the main opening is exposed onto the second resist film by the use of, for example, the electron-beam exposure apparatus and developed to thereby form a second resist pattern 26a (FIG. 4, (5)). By etching the substrate using the resist pattern 26a as a mask, a substrate etched portion 24 is formed (FIG. 4, (5)). Thereafter, the remaining second resist pattern 26a is stripped. Thus, an auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask is completed (FIG. 4, (6)).
According to Patent Document 1 as described above, the main opening and the auxiliary openings are so close to each other. Therefore, it is difficult to write both the main opening and the auxiliary openings on the same resist film by electron-beam writing. In order to solve this problem, Patent Document 1 proposes the following method (hereinafter referred to as Conventional Method 2). This method will be described with reference to FIG. 5.
A light-shielding film 21 and a first resist film 27 are formed in order on a transparent substrate 20 (see FIG. 5, (1)).
Then, a pattern corresponding to a main opening is exposed by the use of, for example, an electron-beam exposure apparatus and developed to thereby form a first resist pattern 27a. Then, the light-shielding film is etched using the first resist pattern 27a as a mask to thereby form a light-shielding film pattern 21b having a main opening 22 (see FIG. 5, (2)).
Subsequently, by etching the substrate using the first resist pattern 27a and the light-shielding film pattern 21b as a mask, a substrate etched portion 24 is formed (see FIG. 5, (2)). Thereafter, the remaining first resist pattern 27a is stripped (see FIG. 5, (3)).
Then, a second resist film 28 is formed on the surface of the substrate thus obtained (see FIG. 5, (4)).
A pattern corresponding to auxiliary openings is exposed onto the second resist film 28 by the use of, for example, the electron-beam exposure apparatus and developed to thereby form a second resist pattern 28a. Then the light-shielding film 21 is etched using the second resist pattern as a mask (FIG. 5, (5)). Thereafter, the remaining second resist pattern 28a is stripped. Thus, an auxiliary pattern type phase shift mask is completed (FIG. 5, (6)).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


According to the present invention, the operating rate of a machine tool can be increased. Solution is made by a machine tool including a processing chamber surrounded by cover walls to perform processing of a workpiece to be processed, an equerre a part of which is arranged inside the processing chamber, the equerre fixing the workpiece, an opening arranged at a part of the cover walls for access to an inside of the processing chamber, and shutter doors movable between open positions where opening of the opening is performed so that the inside of the processing chamber communicates with an outside of the processing chamber, and closed positions where closing of the opening is performed so that the inside of the processing chamber is isolated from the outside of the processing chamber.

Conventionally, in a machine tool such as a machining center, a processing chamber is surrounded by wall surfaces, so that a liquid coolant, which is a cutting oil, is not scattered to the surroundings. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a conventional machine tool. The four sides of a machining center 50, which is a machine tool, are covered by wall surfaces 52, and, a processing chamber 51 inside the machining center 50 is isolated from the outside. A fixed base 56 is arranged inside the processing chamber 51. An index table 55, which can be rotated and positioned about an axis in the vertical direction with respect to the fixed base 56, is arranged on the fixed base 56. An equerre 53 is arranged on the index table 55. A workpiece 54 to be processed is attached to the equerre 53. The equerre 53 is rotatable along the circumference of the axis in the vertical direction of the fixed base according to the rotation of the index table 55. The index table 55 is rotated, so that the workpiece 54 attached to the equerre 53 faces the direction of a spindle 58 to which a tool is attached. The spindle 58 performs processing of a surface of the workpiece 54 facing that direction. An opening for accessing the inside of the processing chamber 51 for replacement of the workpiece 54 is arranged at a part of the wall surface 52, and a shutter door 57 for closing this opening is arranged at the opening. Accordingly, access to the equerre 53 of the machining center 50 is enabled, and scattering of the liquid coolant to the surroundings of the machining center 50 is prevented.


An improvement in the oxidation catalyst used for the partial oxidation of n-butane and containing vanadium and phosphorus, zinc, lithium and molybdenum mixed oxides which comprises adding the molybdenum as a compound which is dissolved in a solvent during the manufacture of the catalyst.

The present invention relates to an improved PVO-zinc activated, lithium modified catalyst containing an oxide of molybdenum for use the in the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons to prepare dicarboxylic acids and anhydrides. Most particularly, the invention relates to the preparation of the improved molybdenum containing catalyst.
Basically, all of the methods used to prepare oxidation catalysts seek to obtain vanadium in a valence state of less than +5. One method of achieving this is to begin with vanadium in less than the +5 valence state. Another method and that used most widely in the art is to start with vanadium in the +5 state and reduce the valency to less than +5. This invention relates to the latter method. Several variations on this method have been used to obtain these catalyst. In one method V.sub.2 O.sub.5 is reduced in a solution with HCl to obtain vanadyl chloride. A typical catalyst preparation may involve dissolving the vanadium, phosphorus, and other components in a common solvent. The reduced vanadium with a valence of less than 5 is obtained by initially using a vanadium compound with a valence of plus 5 such as V.sub.2 O.sub.5 and thereafter reducing to the lower valence with for example, hydrochloric acid during the catalyst preparation to form the vanadium oxysalt, vanadyl chloride, in situ. The vanadium compound is dissolved in a reducing solvent, such as hydrochloric acid, which solvent functions not only to form a solvent for the reaction, but also to reduce the valence of the vanadium compound to a valence of less than 5. Preferably, the vanadium compound is first dissolved in the solvent and thereafter the phosphorus and other components, if any, are added. The reaction to form the complex may be accelerated by the application of heat. The complex formed is then, without a precipitation step, deposited as a solution onto a carrier and dried. Generally, the average valence of the vanadium will be between about plus 2.5 and 4.6 at the time of deposition onto the carrier.
In another method the catalyst is prepared by precipitating the metal compounds, either with or without a carrier, from a colloidal dispersion of the ingredients in an inert liquid. In some instances the catalyst may be deposited as molten metal compounds onto a carrier. The catalysts have also been prepared by heating and mixing anhydrous forms of phosphorus acids with vanadium compounds and other components. In any of the methods of preparation, heat may be applied to accelerate the formation of the complex.
A method of obtaining vanadyl chloride was disclosed by Koppel et al, Zeit. anorg. Chem, 45, p. 346-351, 1905 by the reduction of V.sub.2 O.sub.5 in alcoholic HCl solution. This method has been recommended for the preparation of the phosphorus-vanadium oxidation catalyst for example, by Kerr in U.S. Pat. No. 3,255,211 where the solvent also serves as the reducing agent. Subsequently, U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,521; 4,043,943; 4,251,390; 4,283,307 and 4,418,003 for example, employed this method generally referred to as the "anhydrous process" of reducing vanadium to prepare the basic phosphorus-vanadium catalyst. The catalysts produced by this latter method have been found to be generally superior to similar catalyst by the other methods. Specifically what had occurred to this class of oxidation catalysts prior to the return to the anhydrous process had been the addition of a veritable cornucopia of elements to the base vanadium-phosphorus composition, see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,586 where in addition to V, P and O the catalyst must contain nine other elements. The catalyst were satisfactory, but manufacturing was difficult because of the number of components and their varying effects on the catalyst performance.
Many references disclose oxidation catalysts which are suitable for producing maleic anhydride by the partial oxidation of n-butane, which catalysts contain molybdenum as one component of a phosphorus, vanadium mixed oxide catalyst. For example U.S. Pat. No. 3,980,585 discloses a catalyst containing P, V Cu and one of Te, Zr, Ni, Ce, W, Pd, Ag, Mn, Cr, Zn, Mo, Re, Sn, La, Hf Ta, Th, Ca, U or Sn; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,056,487 discloses a PVO catalyst containing Nb, Cu, Mo, Ni, Co and plus one or more of Ce, Nd, Ba, Hf, U, Ru, Re, Li or Mg. U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,904 discloses a procedure for preparing PVO catalysts which may include one metal of Mo, Zn, W, U, Sn, Bi, Ti, Zr, Ni, Cr or Co in atomic ratios of metal: V of 0.001 to 0.2:1.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,147,661 discloses high surface area PVO mixed oxide catalyst additionally containing W, Sb, Ni and/or Mo at atomic ratios of 0.0025 to 1:1 to vanadium.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,003 discloses PVO catalysts containing either Zn or Mo which is deactivated by Na or Li and which may also contain Zr, Ni, Ce, Cr, Mn, Ni ana Al.
Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,060 discloses an oxidation catalyst which contains molybdenum which is substituted for some of the phosphorous and produces a more stable catalyst.
In all of the disclosed molybdenum containing catalysts the molybdenum and any other metal are added as the oxide or salt of the metal directly to the reaction mixture during formation of the catalyst. While some of the metal compounds, especially the chloride salts, are readily dissolved in the reaction mixture, the molybdenum oxide does not dissolve well and is not fully dispersed in the catalyst.
It is a feature of the present invention that better dispersion of the molybdenum throughout the catalyst is obtained which results in higher conversions and selectivities.


The retention device comprises a clip and a back plate engaging the clip, the clip comprises pressing members for press the heat sink onto the processor and at least a pair of hooks, the back plate is placed below a printed circuit board on which the processor is mounted, and comprises a body and at least a pair of retaining rings mounted thereof. The retaining rings travel through mounting holes in the printed circuit board and beyond the top surface thereof for catching the hooks of the clip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a retention device, and particularly to a heat sink retention device including a back plate.
2. Related Art
Historically, when microprocessors were first commercialized, each microprocessor held less than one million transistors, and operated at speeds below 20 MHz. Typically, the microprocessors were either directly mounted to a printed circuit board by soldering or mounted to the printed circuit board via sockets.
With the continuing and rapid development of integrated circuits technology, the number of transistors contained in each microprocessor, as well as the processor operating speed, has increased dramatically. Correspondingly, the amount of heat that needs to be dissipated has increased. As a result, today's microprocessors used in computer systems almost employ heat sinks with fans to ensure that microprocessors run within their normal operating temperature ranges. At the same time, the trend to increase transistor density and operating speed is expected to continue. It is expected that because of increase of the amount of heat that needs to be dissipated, contact between the processor package and a heat sink will reach a point of critical importance. That is, the physical contact between the processor package and the heat sink plays a critical role in heat dissipation.
Heat dissipation efficiency of a heat sink has been increased by using a clip which physically holds the heat sink to firmly contact with the processor package. One such clip is a socket attach clip. To adequately dissipate heat from a processor containing large scale integrated circuits, a heat sink is required to have enough surface area. This results in an increased mass for the heat sink. Generally, the size of a socket is generally changeless, reliably retaining such an increscent large heat sink to the socket is difficult because of imparity of size between the heat sink and the socket. In order to mounting a large heat sink to a processor, a conventional method employs a spring clip with hooks to travel through mounting holes formed in the printed circuit board. The spring clip secures the heat sink to the processor after the hooks travel through the mounting holes to clasp the bottom face of the printed circuit board. An apparent disadvantage of this method is unsteadiness of mounting. The hooks are prone to jump out of the mounting holes due to mechanical shock or vibration during the operation of the processor, which results in the heat sink's departing from the processor and consequently the temperature of the processor's dramatically increasing. Another deflect also should not be ignored that the printed circuit board is prone to be damaged because of direct contacting force exerted by the spring clip, especially during mounting and removing the heat sink.
To overcome the above-mentioned deflect, an improved approach in which a plurality of rings is soldered to a circuit board has been developed. A clip with hooks for securing a heat sink clasps the rings instead of directly contacting the printed circuit board. However, it is required to affix extra structure to the printed circuit board. Furthermore, there is a requirement of adopting a solid metal material where the ring is soldered. On the other hand, a retention force between the heat sink and the printed circuit board could indirectly result in deformation of the printed circuit board as the increase of retention force for securing the heat sink along with the increase of volume of the heat sink.
At present, a prevalent approach, shown in FIG. 5, employs a back plate 100 which locates below a printed circuit board 200. A plurality of pillar 120 extends from the back plate 100 to pass through holes defined in the printed circuit board 200. A screw eye 121 is defined in the end of each pillar 120. Screws 400 corresponding to the pillars 120 travel through holes defined in a heat sink 300 to engage into the screw eyes 121 to thereby fasten the heat sink 300 onto a processor 220. The use of the back plate 100 avoids exerting a direct force on the printed circuit board and affixing extra construre to the printed circuit board. However, as any one skilled in the art has known, mounting a heat sink using screws is inconvenient, and making screw eyes in the pillars is not an efficient fabrication. A more dramatic disadvantage is that it is difficult to ensure the joining forces between the screws and the pillars in different place balance. Unbalanced joining forces will result in deformation of the printed circuit board and bad contact between the heat sink and the processor.
For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for improved heat sink retention device.


Topical compositions for application to the stratum corneum include a polyester and an active ingredient which is a chemical exfoliating agent, sunless tanning agent, skin lightening agent and/or an insect repellent. The polyester substantially retains the active ingredient on or in the stratum corneum. A method for improving the effect of the active ingredient in a topical composition includes providing a polyester which functions to substantially retain the active ingredient on or in the stratum corneum to improve the effect of the active ingredient.

The use of chemical exfoliating agents such as alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids is associated with fresher, smoother-looking skin. The main function of these acids is to exfoliate the skin by weakening the bonds that hold the cells together in the skin's upper most layers, i.e., the stratum corneum. The overall effect is described as combating wrinkles, photoaging, and loss of smoothness and elasticity. The basis for the significant impact of alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids as skin treatments is their ability to reduce corneocyte adhesion and to accelerate cell proliferation within the basal layer of the stratum corneum. Continued use of these ingredients in topically applied compositions provides a gradual reduction in fine lines and an improvement in skin texture by virtue of accelerated desquamation.
Alpha-hydroxy acid compositions of the prior art may include fatty acid glycols, and surfactants and emulsifiers which may be silicon polymers, or humectants which may include functionalized silicone polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,945 combines organic acids with oils and sunscreens in fatty acid-based compositions which may have glycol surfactants. U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,665 includes citric acid triester monomeric compounds, polyethylene emulsifiers, and silicone emulsifier/surfactants. U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,682 is directed to a skin cleansing moisturizing composition including functionalized silicone polymers, as a dispersed insoluble oil phase, and hydroxy acid humectants.
Skin-care products which act against aging effects or which remove or lessen age-induced wrinkles are of increasing demand to consumers. Topically applied compositions having alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids such as lactic or glycol acids exhibit improved effects in relation to prior active ingredients asserted to reduce aging over a prolonged period of use. However, consumers may experience dissatisfaction if the desired effects are not readily perceived, or if they experience the undesirable side effects of topical compositions which may cause a stinging sensation as a result of the presence of the acids in the composition. Based on these difficulties, consumers may stop using the products altogether, or, in the case of stinging or burning sensations, may deter other potential users from trying the products. These problems may also lead to intermittent usage of such skin care products which then compromises the ultimate beneficial effects of long-term usage.
As such, there is a need in the art for a composition which enhances the performance of skin exfoliating agents such as hydroxy acids and which minimizes skin irritancy typically associated with their use.
In addition to attempts to reduce the effects of skin aging caused by natural aging processes, there is increased interest in protecting skin from the effects of the sun. With the ever-increasing rate of damage to the skin associated with exposure to UV radiation, including the risk of melanoma, consumers are looking for ways to guard the skin from sun exposure, such as by using various sunscreen-containing topically applied compositions. However, many consumers still seek to achieve the look of a tan or a "healthy" coloring to their skin without incurring the risks involved with actually tanning by harmful exposure to the sun's radiation. One way of achieving this affect cosmetically is to use compositions containing "sunless tanning" active ingredients. While sunless-tanning agents have been used for many years, they have not provided adequate tanning effects with respect to color, substantivity and harmlessness to the skin. The tanning mechanism consists of a Maillard reaction of dihydroxyacetone (DHA) with amines of the stratum corneum to yield brown polymeric structures on the skin. The molecule reacts with the skin in as short a time as three hours, providing a brown color which typically lasts for only up to a few days. Cosmetics manufacturers, as well as consumers of such products, desire a product which would enhance the color development and prolong the developed color.
While modem cosmetic products attempt to reduce the effects of aging and avoid exposure to the sun while providing enhanced coloring, as noted above, there is also a desire of many consumers to alter their existing skin appearance with respect to the effects of hyperpigmentation. Such effects may include dark patches, freckles or other skin pigmentation effects. Topically applied compositions are available to make skin appear lighter or to retard or inhibit pigmentation. Lightening may be achieved by applying pigmentation to the skin surface, by reducing the normal pigmentation process which continuously occurs, or by bleaching extracellular and relatively fixed pigment. Products associated with applying pigmentation to the skin surface, such as cosmetics, must be present on the skin surface continuously to achieve the effect of a lighter complexion. Cosmetics containing active ingredients which are designed to reduce the normal pigmentation process or which bleach extracellular pigment can be applied at definite intervals over a period of time. The overall effects of depigmentation are achieved by the mechanisms of either reducing pigmentation by decolorizing the melanin already present in the skin and/or by preventing new melanin from being formed. Products which can accelerate and improve these mechanisms are desired in the cosmetics industry.
In addition to the above cosmetic products which are in increasing demand, there is a need in the art for protective topical compositions which provide insect repellent capabilties for prolonged periods of time without causing detrimental harm to the user from penetration of the repellent. The increased incidence of mosquito- or other insect-borne health problems, such as encephalitis has heightened the public demand for such products. The most popular such repellent, which has been in use for many years, is N, N-dimethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). In order for DEET to be effective, however, it must remain on or in the outermost layers of human skin. Absorption of DEET through or deep into the epidermis of the user may sensitize the user to DEET's effect and render the use of the repellent incapable of performing its function. As such there is a need in the art to localize DEET in the outer stratum corneum or on top of the skin to enhance its effectiveness and to avoid sensitizing users to DEET's harmful side effects.
Applicants previously investigated the effects of various end-functionalized polyesters in general for use in hair and skin personal care products. The results of this investigation and early experimentation are set forth in WO 96/06878, the entire teaching of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such derivatized polyesters appeared promising in a number of areas, spurring firther research and development using the variety of such polyesters as well as other polyesters. As a result of further research, applicants have found as described herein that certain polyesters, functionalized polyesters, and their derivatives, when used with particular active ingredients can significantly and unexpectedly enhance the performance of such active ingredients.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,738 teaches a cosmetic composition which uses particular polyol fatty acid polyesters as an alternative to petrolatum for skin and hair products as occlusive agents. The compositions include a blend of two or more polyol fatty acid polyesters derived from aliphatic or aromatic polyols of at least 4 free hydroxyl groups, at least 60% of which are esterified with one or more fatty acids of from 8-22 carbon atoms.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,729 discloses polyester humectants for hair and skin for lubricating, softening and conditioning. The humectants are derived from esterification of hydroxyl-containing silicone compounds, diacid and polyhydroxy compounds.
Based on the foregoing, there is a need in the art for improved topical compositions with chemical exfoliating agents having decreased irritation and which provide improved and/or better controlled effects of such agents in cell renewal and desquamation. There is also a need for a composition which can maintain sunless tanning agents on the surface of the skin for a prolonged period, assist in color development and maintain a persistent color from use of these agents. There is further a need in the art for a composition having skin lightening agents and/or insect repellents such as DEET which can maintain these compositions on the surface of the skin and significantly enhance their effectiveness.

Compositions and methods for improving the performance of chemical exfoliating agents, sunless tanning agents, skin lightening agents and insect repellents


By using a core made of laminated sheets of inorganic fibers having a particular shape and composition as part of a vacuum heat insulator for a heat insulation box, a heat insulation box excellent in long-term heat insulating properties and productivity can be provided. The vacuum heat insulator can be shaped easily. Therefore, a vacuum heat insulator suitable for a required heat insulation portion can be produced easily and applied to a heat insulation box. This property can increase coverage of the vacuum heat insulator on the heat insulation box, thus improving heat insulating properties of the heat insulation box. This can improve heat insulating properties and productivity of a refrigerator, thermal storage box, cold storage box, or vending machine, and contribute to energy savings.

Energy saving in electric appliances is an unavoidable important problem that has been addressed in recent years. Also, in a heat insulation box used for a refrigerator and other various kinds of electric appliances, improvement in performance of a heat insulator is becoming essential. On the other hand, positive efforts to conserve terrestrial environment is becoming important. One of urgent requests with regard to electric appliances is energy saving; thus, improving heat insulating properties of heat-related electric apparatus is becoming an important problem to address.
One heat insulator that has been recently developed, mainly by manufacturers of electric appliances and heat insulators for energy and space saving, is a vacuum heat insulator that has excellent heat insulating properties. An example of the vacuum heat insulator is made by covering a core, made of a rigid urethane foam having continuous pores with a gas-barrier laminated film, and evacuating an inside thereof. This vacuum heat insulator has heat insulating properties that are approximately 2.5 times heat insulating properties of conventional rigid or soft urethane foam or resin foam.
Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. H05-63715 discloses a vacuum heat insulator using a fibrous aggregate. A use of a fibrous aggregate of glass fibers, ceramic fibers, or resin fibers as a core of a vacuum heat insulator provides a light and deformable vacuum heat insulator.
Moreover, according to Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 30-3139, a vacuum heat insulator made of a core of glass fibers, each having a diameter of 250 μm or smaller, is proposed. Inside of the vacuum heat insulator is maintained to a degree of vacuum of 0.75 Pa or lower. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 60-208226 discloses randomly laminated inorganic fibers, having a small diameter, in a direction perpendicular to a heat transfer direction, and other fibers are sewn perpendicularly halfway to the laminated inorganic fibers to form a core of a vacuum heat insulator.
An example of binding fibers using a binder is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H09-138058. In this invention, a fiber material such as glass wool is molded using an organic binder, and used as a core of a vacuum heat insulator.
However, these conventional techniques have following problems and thus are difficult to be put to practical use.
For example, the vacuum heat insulator disclosed in Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. 30-3139 is difficult to be formed into a specific shape because it is made of glass fibers only. When a sheet-form vacuum heat insulator is to be produced, using glass fibers as a core of the vacuum heat insulator requires much manpower because the fibers themselves do not have shape-keeping properties.
Since inorganic fibers are sewn with other fibers in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 60-208226, shape-keeping properties are imparted to the fibers themselves, and the problem with regard to shape-keeping properties is solved. However, as general methods cannot be used to sew the fibers, while reducing heat conduction, this process has a problem of high production costs.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. H09-138058 proposes binding fibers together using an organic binder as a method of imparting shape-keeping properties to the fibers. However, this publication only discloses a type of the binder and does not disclose an amount of the binder or a composition of the fibers. Thus, there is a problem in that it is difficult to bind fibers together using the binder while maintaining heat insulating properties suitable for a vacuum heat insulator. In addition, when organic fibers are used for a core, the core generates gases during a long-term usage, and thus, heat insulating properties may be degraded.
In order to improve heat insulating properties of a heat insulation box, a heat insulation box that uses a heat insulator using a resin foam or powder as the core has been proposed. Such a core has a problem of long-term heat insulating properties or workability. As described above, conventional techniques have problems such as poor workability of the vacuum heat insulator, or a premature stage of product development, and advantages of fiber aggregates are not utilized sufficiently.
In consideration of the above problems, the present invention aims to provide a heat insulation box excellent in heat insulating properties and in productivity by using a vacuum heat insulator that includes a core made of laminated sheets of inorganic fibers. The core of the vacuum heat insulator is excellent in long-term reliability and in workability.


An objective lens driving apparatus includes a lens holder holding an objective lens, a focusing coil wound around the vertical outer periphery of the lens holder, yoke members each constituted by an inner yoke and an outer yoke, permanent magnets each retained on the outer yoke to oppose the focusing coils, and tracking coil fixed to the focusing coil. Each tracking coil is twice bent at right angles to wrap around the front, rear and one side of the inner yoke. Electromagnetic forces generated from each upper and lower parts of the tracking coil when the lens holder moves in the horizontal direction, and capable of causing the rolling of the lens holder, offset each other, so that the position of the lens holder is controlled without its axis being inclined and the driving range of the lens holder is wide.

The present invention relates to an objective lens driving apparatus for an optical pickup for use in an optical disc player such as a compact disc player (CDP) and a video disc player (VDP), and more particularly to an objective lens driving apparatus for improving the structure of a tracking coil wherein current for controlling the tracking of optical recording media is supplied to control the tracking accurately.
Generally, players using optical recording media such as a CDP and a VDP, include an optical pickup for injecting light beams and detecting the light beams reflected from the information recorded surface of an optical disc. The optical pickup comprises an objective lens, a lens holder, tracking coils, a focusing coil, a permanent magnet and a light source. The objective lens is held by the lens holder, the focusing coil is wound around the vertical outer periphery of the lens holder, and the tracking coils are fixed on the focusing coil. The permanent magnet is located outside the focusing coil and the tracking coils, and is opposed to the above two coils. The light source is installed on the lower part of the lens holder, and the beam irradiated from the light source is projected to the information recorded surface of the optical disc via the objective lens.
In such an optical pickup, a current signal obtained from a detecting beam reflected from the information-recorded surface of the optical disc during recording/reproducing, is supplied into the focusing coil and the tracking coils, so that a servo control for correcting the location of the objective lens by the electromagnetic circuit which is formed by the coils and a permanent magnet is performed. However, such an optical pickup traces a fine error signal to correct the light beam to be precisely projected on the accurate information track of the optical disc, so that a high accuracy is required. Accordingly, when correcting the location of the track of the objective lens, it becomes necessary to prevent the lens holder from rolling due to an electromagnetic force unnecessary for controlling the tracking, due to the structure of the tracking coils.
FIG. 1 is a partially cut-away perspective view showing a conventional objective lens driving apparatus for the optical pickup.
Referring to FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 designates an objective lens opposed to an optical disc (not shown). Objective lens 1 is held by a lens holder 2. Lens holder 2 is finely movably supported by four supporting rods 4 attached to a fixed member 3. Each supporting rod 4 is formed of elastic material such as rubber. A focusing coil 5 is wound around a vertical outer periphery of lens holder 2, and tracking coils 6, in a rectangular shape, are fixed to an outer periphery of focusing coil 5. A pair of permanent magnets 8 retained by yokes 7 are located outside focusing coil 5 and tracking coils 6 to oppose the above coils.
In the conventional objective lens driving apparatus for the optical pickup as mentioned above, lens holder 2 is driven by an electromagnetic circuit made by the current flowing in focusing coil 5 and the magnetic force of permanent magnets 8, so that the focusing correction in the direction of an optical axis of objective lens 1 (Y-axis), is performed. Further, lens holder 2 is driven by an electromagnetic circuit made by the current flowing in both sides of tracking coils 6 and the magnetic force of permanent magnets 8, so that lens holder 2 is positionally corrected in the direction along the information recorded surface of the optical disc (X-axis). In such a tracking correction operation, an electromagnetic force unnecessary for controlling the track of lens holder 2 is generated in the upper and lower parts of each tracking coil 6. That is, if the direction of a magnetic field (direction B) and the direction of a current (represented by dotted lines) flowing in tracking coils 6 are the same as that in FIG. 1, electromagnetic forces F1 and F2 are generated in the upper parts of each tracking coil 6 and electromagnetic forces F3 and F4 are generated in the lower parts of each tracking coil 6. Electromagnetic forces F5 versus F6 and F5 versus F7 having opposite directions are generated along the X-axis on both sides of each tracking coil 6. Electromagnetic forces F1 and F2 and F3 & F4 generate opposite turning forces in the upper and lower parts of each tracking coil 6.
However, as shown in FIG. 2, when lens holder 2 moves in the Y-axis by a focusing correction signal, the magnetic flux density of the upper parts of each tracking coil 6 differs from that of the lower parts. Accordingly, the electromagnetic forces generated in the upper and lower parts of each tracking coil 6, causes a difference in the turning forces such that lens holder 2 is inclined. As a result, since lens holder 2 of the optical pickup, which demands high accuracy in correcting the location, loses balance thus the light beam is emitted while being inclined with respect to the disc surface, so that accuracy is lowered. Also, an electromagnetic force F5 in the inner parts and electromagnetic forces F6 and F7 in the outer parts, both generated by the current flowing in the vertical portions of each tracking coil 6, are generated in opposite directions. Therefore, lens holder 2 is driven in the X-axis by the difference, so that the driving region of lens holder 2 is narrowed.

Objective lens driving apparatus for optical pickup