In a communication system based on OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model, a pattern body generation circuit of a transmitting device generates and outputs a jitter test pattern body for jitter test. A selector selects an output (frame data) of a transmitting-end upper circuit during normal communication and selects an output (pattern body) of the pattern body generation circuit during jitter test. A transmitting-end MAC circuit performs transmitting-end processing of a MAC layer on the data selected by the selector to thereby obtain a MAC frame. A receiving-end MAC circuit performs receiving-end processing of a MAC layer on a received frame in MAC frame format to thereby obtain a payload. A pattern body verification circuit verifies a pattern body that is a payload obtained by the receiving-end MAC circuit during jitter test against a corresponding pattern body before transmission.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to jitter test and, specifically, to a technique of jitter test in a communication system based on the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model.
2. Description of Related Art
The practical application of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) protocol is rapidly expanding as an international standard protocol architecture for multivendor connection, and various connection architectures based on the OSI Reference Model are standardized. Recently, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.3 Working Group that develops standards for Ethernet (registered trademark), which is MAC (Media Access Control) that is the lower sublayer in Layer 2 (Data link layer) of the OSI Reference Model, defines 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE) with a data rate of ten times as fast as Gigabit Ethernet as the most recent Ethernet standard by IEEE802.3ae. The introduction of the 10 GbE standard is proceeding in the fields of LAN (Local Area Network)/MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) in addition to backbone networks of communication common carriers.
A scheme of data transmission and receipt in communication equipment at the 10 GbE data rate is described hereinafter.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a transmitting end. In a MAC (Media Access Control) layer 14, a MAC frame is generated by adding a synchronizing signal, a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), a minimum packet interval and so on to frame data that is supplied from an upper layer 12.
The MAC frame that is obtained in the MAC layer 14 is output to a PCS (Physical Coding Sublayer) 16. The PCS 16 includes an encoding function 17 and encodes the MAC frame. The MAC frame that is encoded by the PCS 16 is output to a communication line via a physical layer.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a receiving end. In the receiving end, the MAC frame that is transmitted through the communication line is decoded by a decoding function 27 of a PCS 26 and output to a MAC layer 24. In the MAC layer 24, a payload portion that is contained in the MAC frame is extracted from the decoded MAC frame. The extracted payload is supplied to an upper layer 22 and processed therein.
When building a communication system, it is necessary to perform various end-to-end tests. The IEEE802.3ae standard specifies various end-to-end capability evaluation tests, which includes jitter test. In the jitter test, a transmitting end generates a jitter test pattern and outputs it to a communication line, and a receiving end compares the received jitter test pattern which is transmitted through the communication line with the original jitter test pattern, which is the one before being transmitted. Based on the comparison result, the jitter performance of a system is evaluated. The format in the transmission of a jitter test pattern is specified as a MAC frame format by the IEEE802.3ae standard.
A 10 GbE jitter test system is disclosed in Lattice Semiconductor Corporation, "10 Gb Ethernet XGXS IP Core", April 2004, pp. 4-6, pp. 11-13. In this system, a PCS circuit at a transmitting end includes a jitter test pattern generation circuit, and a PCS circuit at a receiving end includes a jitter test pattern verification circuit. During the jitter test, the jitter test pattern generation circuit in the PCS circuit at the transmitting end generates a jitter test pattern and outputs it. The jitter test pattern verification circuit in the PCS circuit at the receiving end compares the received jitter test pattern with the original jitter test pattern. The jitter performance of the system is evaluated based on the comparison result.
The jitter test system that is disclosed in the above document is described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 7.
FIG. 7 is a view schematically showing the jitter test system that is disclosed in the above document. The jitter test system 50 includes a transmitting-end upper circuit 31, a transmitting-end MAC circuit 32, and a transmitting-end PCS circuit 33 as a transmitting end, and also includes a receiving-end PCS circuit 43, a receiving-end MAC circuit 42, and a receiving-end upper circuit 41 as a receiving end. The transmitting-end MAC circuit 32 and the receiving-end MAC circuit 42 perform processing in a MAC layer, and the transmitting-end upper circuit 31 and the receiving-end upper circuit 41 perform processing in an upper layer than MAC.
The transmitting-end MAC circuit 32 generates a MAC frame with the use of data from the transmitting-end upper circuit 31.
The transmitting-end PCS circuit 33 includes a test pattern generation circuit 34, a selector circuit 35, and an encoder circuit 36.
When performing jitter test, a test indication signal that indicates jitter test is transmitted to the test pattern generation circuit 34, the selector circuit 35, and a test pattern verification circuit 44. In response to the test indication signal, the test pattern generation circuit 34 generates a jitter test pattern. Although the selector circuit 35 normally supplies an output of the transmitting-end MAC circuit 32 to the encoder circuit 36, it supplies an output of the test pattern generation circuit 34 to the encoder circuit 36 when it has received the test indication signal.
Because data should be in the MAC frame format when it is output to a communication line, the test pattern generation circuit 34 generates a jitter test pattern in the MAC frame format by adding the portions of a synchronizing signal, a CRC and a minimum packet interval to a main body of a jitter test pattern.
The transmitting-end PCS circuit 33 encodes the MAC frame (frame data or a frame that contains a jitter test pattern body as a payload) that is output from the selector circuit 35 using the encoder circuit 36 and then outputs the encoded MAC frame.
The receiving-end PCS circuit 43 includes a decoder circuit 46 and the test pattern verification circuit 44. The decoder circuit 46 decodes the MAC frame that is transmitted through a communication line and outputs it to the receiving-end MAC circuit 42 and the test pattern verification circuit 44. The receiving-end MAC circuit 42 extracts a payload from the MAC frame that is decoded by the decoder circuit 46 and outputs it to the receiving-end upper circuit 41. The receiving-end upper circuit 41 performs upper processing on the received data.
The test pattern verification circuit 44 performs verification of a jitter test pattern on the MAC frame (which is a MAC frame that contains a main body of a jitter test pattern as a payload in this example) that is output from the decoder circuit 46 when it has received the test indication signal. The verification result of the test pattern verification circuit 44 is used for the evaluation of the jitter performance of the system.
As described above, in the jitter test system 50 shown in FIG. 7, the test pattern generation circuit 34 needs to generate a jitter test pattern in the MAC frame format. Therefore, the test pattern generation circuit 34 needs to generate the synchronizing signal, CRC and minimum packet interval portions, and thus needs to include a circuit for the generation, which causes a circuit size of the test pattern generation circuit 34 to be large. Further, in the receiving end also, the test pattern verification circuit 44 needs to verify the synchronizing signal, CRC and minimum packet interval portions as well, which causes a circuit size of the test pattern verification circuit 44 to be large.
The IEEE802.3ae standard specifies to perform jitter test, and further specifies a jitter test pattern. The jitter test pattern generation circuit and verification circuit that are specified by such a standard should be configured as above.

Communication apparatus and communication system


A method for stabilizing a line of sight of an imaging system on board a satellite uses windows selected within an image sensor. Variations of the line of sight can be characterized at a frequency that is greater than that of a sequential mode of image acquisition by the sensor. The stabilization method can be implemented at the same time as the full-frame acquisition of images by means of the imaging system.

The use of images that are successively captured from a satellite to detect variations of a line of sight of images is known, and that this line of sight can be corrected to compensate for the variations.
Whenever the line of sight is fixed with respect to the satellite, modifications of the orientation of the entire satellite that are performed to compensate for variations in the line of sight can be used to stabilize the satellite's attitude, that is, it's angular orientation with respect to external markers. In particular, those markers can be imaged in the captured images.
Another application of the stabilization of the line of sight of an imaging system on-board a satellite consists in reducing blur in captured images. This blur is caused by unwanted variations of the line of sight, which occur during exposure of the photodetectors of the image sensor. These unwanted variations may be caused by vibrations produced by moving elements of the satellite, such as attitude control actuators, or a filter wheel, or even fuel in the liquid phase.
In general, the efficiency of stabilization of the line of sight of the imaging system increases when the latency is shorter between the occurrence of a new variation in the line of sight and the moment when the result of the characterization of this variation is obtained. When this latency is short, it is possible to efficiently command the satellite's attitude control system, or a mobile imaging system support, or a variable pointing system, so as to compensate, at least in part, for the variation in the line of sight that has been detected and characterized. In other words, it is then possible to efficiently stabilize the line of sight and provide high responsiveness with respect to its unwanted variations.
Another general object of the methods of line-of-sight stabilization consists in producing successive characterizations of the direction of this line of sight based on a sufficiently high frequency of characterization.
Still another object of the line-of-sight stabilization methods for an imaging system on-board a satellite consists in enabling such stabilization with a high degree of precision. In particular, it is necessary to characterize the variations in the line of sight with a precision greater than that which can be obtained using gyroscopes or star sensors.
Lastly, another object of the invention consists in obtaining improved line-of-sight stabilization that does not require that additional heavy, cumbersome, or costly equipment be placed on-board the satellite. In other words, the invention seeks to improve stabilization of the line of sight by modifying the equipment that is already present on-board the satellite as little as possible.

Stabilization of a line of sight of an on-board satellite imaging system


A method of adjusting the position of a first object relative to a second object, the first object being releasably secured to the second object by a bolt. The method includes providing a precision movement tool comprising an L-shaped bracket having a base portion and a flange portion extending substantially perpendicularly from the base portion adjacent one end thereof, the base portion having an aperture adjacent an opposite end thereof, and a threaded adjustment bolt extending through a threaded aperture in the flange portion. The bolt is removed and the base portion of the precision movement tool is positioned so that the aperture in the base portion is aligned with apertures in the first and second objects from which the bolt has been removed. The precision movement tool is also positioned so that the flange portion overlies the first object such that the adjustment bolt can engage the first object. A bolt is passed through an aperture in the base portion and into the apertures in the first and second objects and secured in place in an untightened manner. The adjustment bolt is then rotated to engage the first object and move the first object relative to the second object by a desired amount.

There are various situations where it is necessary to move a first object relative to another object in a precise manner. For example, it may be necessary to align a pump relative to a motor so that their driven and drive shafts respectively can be properly connected. Various precision movement tools have been previously proposed for this purpose, but such known tools are not particularly convenient to use.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a precision machine movement tool which is more convenient to use than known such tools.

Method of using precision machine movement tool


A vehicle has a driver module and a propulsion module selectively connected to the driver module. The modules are separable from each other as independent units. The driver module has a driver module frame, at least one front wheel operatively connected to the driver module frame, at least one front suspension assembly operatively connecting the at least one front wheel to the driver module frame, and a seat connected to the frame. The propulsion module has a propulsion module frame, at least one rear wheel operatively connected to the propulsion module frame, at least one rear suspension assembly operatively connecting the at least one rear wheel to the propulsion module frame, a motor operatively connected to the at least one rear wheel, and an energy storage device operatively connected to the motor.

In order to reduce the number of parts, simplify manufacturing, and therefore costs, some vehicle manufacturers use a common platform across multiple vehicle models. In the car industry, such a platform typically includes the lower frame which defines the locations for the engine and other components, suspensions, steering mechanism, drive elements (i.e. drive axles, driveshaft, etc.). The model specific components such as the wheels, engine, transmission, upper frame, vehicle body, vehicle interior and other systems such as the air intake, exhaust and fuel systems, are then connected to the platform.
As would be appreciated, there are still a lot of components to be attached to the platform. Also, the general dimensions of all the car models using the common platform are dictated by the wheelbase and axle track which is fixed for the platform.
Additionally, although this type of platform is suitable for cars, it is less suitable for smaller mobility vehicles such as two or three-wheel straddle seat vehicles. Such small mobility vehicles have a different type of frame than cars. This type of frame does not necessarily allow for the easy separation between a lower components and upper components as in cars. Additionally, these small mobility vehicles, due to their small sizes, have a more compact arrangement of their components, making the separation of certain components into a common unit to be used across models difficult.
There is therefore a need for a vehicle in which the car industry's concept of a common platform has been adapted to the constraints of smaller mobility vehicles.

Vehicle having separable driver and propulsion modules


A method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for identifying and tracking grouped content in e-mail campaigns. An instruction set is placed in an e-mail to form a modified e-mail, wherein the modified e-mail contains a grouped content having a plurality of levels that are expandable to present additional content. The modified e-mail is sent to a distribution list, wherein the instruction set is used to track information about the grouped content.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and, in particular, to a method, system, and computer program product for optimizing performance in a data processing system. Still more particularly, the present invention provides a method, system, and computer program product for identifying and tracking electronic mail campaigns.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the Internet has matured, so has electronic mail, which is also referred to as e-mail. In particular, the content, layout, and architecture of e-mail have significantly improved over time. E-mail has become richer in terms of its ability to convey a message as it can blend together audio, video, artwork, and other content. E-mail can contain a combination of items, including attached files and hyperlinks. The files may contain text, video, audio, graphics, and other rich content. The hyperlinks may contain links to a network such as the Internet, an intranet or an extranet. Due to these capabilities, in the 21st century e-mail is preferred by over 93 percent of U.S. based Internet users as the communication medium of choice.
As the reach of the Internet grows and e-mail as a communications medium becomes more prolific, newsletter authors, advertisers, and marketers alike are trying to leverage this new channel and extend their reach on a daily basis. As savvy marketers attempt to extend their reach and tap into a global economy, e-mail based marketing campaigns rank number one as a vehicle of choice. E-mail is fast, inexpensive, and reliable for reaching the large masses, especially when compared to methods such as outbound call centers or direct mail. E-mail also has the capability of delivering targeted and customized messaging to specific audiences. As a result, e-mail campaigns cover the full range from product and service announcements to business partnerships and beyond.
Problems with the ability to track or identify e-mail readership over time include knowing if a reader ever opened and read the message, which hyperlinks were most popular, and which attachments were opened most often. E-mail authors need this information to improve the effectiveness of future e-mail campaigns. Given the significant amounts of investments being made in e-mail based campaigns and newsletters, a number of methods exist in the commercial world to address hypertext markup language (HTML) based e-mails. Tracking of e-mail is fundamentally achieved by incorporating a probe or some mechanism within the e-mail whereby the e-mail can be tracked and the readership identified. In most situations, e-mail is typically created using HTML or text and delivered as multipurpose Internet mail extensions (MIME) based e-mail. The simplest way to track HTML formatted e-mail is by the inclusion of a reference to an external image, typically 1 pixel wide. The loading of the image by a web browser causes a small amount of code to be executed. Such code, typically written in JavaScript® language, has the capability of capturing the desired information about the e-mail, allowing e-mail authors to track and report on usage.
In contrast, Lotus Notes® based e-mail presents an interesting challenge because an e-mail generated by Lotus Notes® is typically non-HTML based and it is not simple text. Lotus Notes® is a rich and complex system, allowing for the inclusion of graphics, audio, video, complex tables, and other content. But Lotus Notes® does not provide for a mechanism to track and identify unique or repeat readers of any e-mail. Currently, no solution is available that allows native Lotus Notes® based e-mails to be automatically tracked and reported on.
Many of the world's largest corporations use Lotus Notes® as their e-mail of choice. A solution to track and report on Lotus Notes® based e-mail benefits any enterprise looking for response rates to campaigns and gives e-mail authors the ability to measure readership for any e-mail, whether it be part of a formal campaign, executive communication, team event, or some significant occurrence.
The Lotus Notes® Client is a highly secure client. It is not easy for an e-mail author to customize or alter a given corporation's mail template as templates are highly protected. Another problem involves the ability to insert any type of probe or tracking mechanism into e-mail created by the Lotus Notes® Client. Any inclusion or introduction of a probe has to be done in such a manner so as to preserve the authenticity of the e-mail message and ensure that any actions by the probe or tracking mechanism remain totally transparent to the recipient and within the security features enabled by the Lotus Notes® Client.
E-mail campaigns created by Lotus Notes® usually contain links to websites, or hyperlinks. The intent of most e-mail campaigns is to try to get the reader of any given e-mail to select the links within the e-mail and subsequently visit the linked website. The creation of a hyperlink or hotspot is what facilitates its selection, typically using a mouse to click on the hyperlink or hotspot. Assuming uniform resource locator (URL) hyperlinks within a given e-mail are tagged or instrumented, a subsequent problem is the tracking and reporting of any of the various types of URL hyperlinks.
A technical problem is the absence of a convenient mechanism or published applications program interface (API) to directly access hotspots and hyperlinks that exist within an e-mail created by Lotus Notes®. Furthermore, such a mechanism or API has to address issues of security and transparency, and also be capable of tagging all of the objects that could be used to generate hotspots and hyperlinks. These and other features of Lotus Notes® are not currently found in markup language based e-mail, making it more difficult to track the usage of this type of e-mail.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Identifying and tracking grouped content in e-mail campaigns

International Business Machines Corporation


A method for producing a light omitting device includes providing a substrate and forming an epitaxial structure thereon, forming first and second electrodes on a side of the epitaxial structure facing away from the substrate, and removing the substrate. The epitaxial structure includes a first-type semiconductor layer, an active layer, a second-type semiconductor layer, and an AlGaAs-based semiconductor layer formed on the substrate in a distal-to-proximal manner. The AlGaAs-based semiconductor layer has a thickness of not less than 30 μm, and is configured to support the rest of the epitaxial structure and serve as a light exiting layer. The device produced by the method is also disclosed.

Advantages of flip-chip light emitting diodes (LEDs) reside in that wire bonding is not required, that electrodes can be arranged not to block light emission, and that excellent heat dissipation can be achieved. Due to such advantages, light emitting efficiency of these diodes can be enhanced. For instance, FIG. 1 shows a conventional flip-chip LED that is AlGaInP-based, and that includes a transparent substrate 101, a semiconductor structure (normally including a first-type semiconductor layer 111, an active layer 112, and a second-type semiconductor layer 113), and a transparent bonding layer 120 interconnecting the transparent substrate 101 and the semiconductor structure. The flip-chip LED shown in FIG. 1 further includes first-type and second-type ohmic contact electrodes 121, 122 (which may be p-type and n-type) that are disposed on the semiconductor structure opposite to the transparent substrate 101 and on the same side of the semiconductor structure. For packaging the flip-chip LED shown in FIG. 1, die bonding is applied to the electrodes 121, 122 for electrical connection.
CN 101897048 A discloses a thin flip-chip light emitting device that is AlGaInP-based, as well as a production method of such device. Specifically, n-type and p-type electrodes are formed on the same side of a semiconductor structure, and the semiconductor structure with such electrodes is connected to a mount by way of metallic bonding. Subsequently, a growth substrate, on which the semiconductor structure is formed, is removed.
Moreover, CN 107681034 A discloses a flip-chip micro LED and a production method thereof. To be exact, n-type and p-type electrodes are formed on a side of a semiconductor structure, and the semiconductor structure with such electrodes is bonded to a support substrate, followed by removing a growth substrate on which the semiconductor structure is formed.
Since the aforesaid two Chinese patents both require the semiconductor structure to be connected to the substrate or a mount by way of bonding for subsequently removing the growth substrate, the bonding process might cause the LED to be damaged, hence reducing the production yield.

Light emitting device and production method and use thereof


Techniques for analyzing and modeling the frequency of queries are provided by a query analysis system. A query analysis system analyzes frequencies of a query over time to determine whether the query is time-dependent or time-independent. The query analysis system forecasts the frequency of time-dependent queries based on their periodicities. The query analysis system forecasts the frequency of time-independent queries based on causal relationships with other queries. To forecast the frequency of time-independent queries, the query analysis system analyzes the frequency of a query over time to identify significant increases in the frequency, which are referred to as “query events” or “events.” The query analysis system forecasts frequencies of time-independent queries based on queries with events that tend to causally precede events of the query to be forecasted.

Many search engine services, such as Google and Yahoo, provide for searching for information that is accessible via the Internet. These search engine services allow users to search for display pages, such as web pages, that may be of interest to users. After a user submits a search request (i.e., a query) that includes search terms, the search engine service identifies web pages that may be related to those search terms. To quickly identify related web pages, the search engine services may maintain a mapping of keywords to web pages. This mapping may be generated by "crawling" the web (i.e., the World Wide Web) to identify the keywords of each web page. To crawl the web, a search engine service may use a list of root web pages to identify all web pages that are accessible through those root web pages. The keywords of any particular web page can be identified using various well-known information retrieval techniques, such as identifying the words of a headline, the words supplied in the metadata of the web page, the words that are highlighted, and so on. The search engine service identifies web pages that may be related to the search request based on how well the keywords of a web page match the words of the query. The search engine service then displays to the user links to the identified web pages in an order that is based on a ranking that may be determined by their relevance to the query, popularity, importance, and/or some other measure.
Search engine services obtain revenue by placing advertisements along with search results. These paid-for advertisements are commonly referred to as "sponsored links," "sponsored matches," or "paid-for search results." An advertiser who wants to place an advertisement (e.g., a link to their web page) along with certain search results provides a search engine service with an advertisement and one or more bid terms. When a search request is received, the search engine service identifies the advertisements whose bid terms match the terms of the search request. The search engine service then selects advertisements to display based on the closeness of their match, the amount of money that the advertisers are willing to pay for placing the advertisement, and other factors. The search engine service then adds a sponsored link to the search result that points to a web page of the advertiser. The search engine services typically either charge for placement of each advertisement along with search results (i.e., cost per impression) or charge only when a user actually selects a link associated with an advertisement (i.e., cost per click).
Advertisers would like to maximize the effectiveness of their advertising dollars used to pay for advertisements. Thus, advertisers try to identify bid term, advertisement, and bid amount combinations that result in the highest benefits (e.g., most profit) to the advertiser. Advertisers may analyze query trends to identify bid terms, timing for placing advertisements based on those bid terms, bid amounts for those bid terms, and so on. Query trend analysis studies how the frequency of queries changes over time and is used to predict the future frequency of queries. If query trends can be accurately predicted, then advertisers can adjust their placement of advertisements in an attempt to maximize the advertising effectiveness. For example, if a query is likely to increase in the near future, an advertiser may want to increase the bid amount for terms of that query. It has been, however, difficult to accurately model the frequency of queries.

Forecasting time-independent search queries


An airbag and an airbag assembly including a gas generator and an airbag. The airbag (10) forms a first end (11) and a second end (12), the first end (11) being a free end of the airbag, and the second end (12) being used for fixing the airbag to a mounting position. The airbag (10) forms a folding portion (13) and a rolling portion (14) in the collapsed stat. The folding portion (13) is formed by folding one part of the airbag in an “N” shape; the rolling portion (14) surrounds a periphery of the folding portion (13), so that the folding portion (13) is surrounded by an inner side of the rolling portion (14).

Airbags used in vehicles are important devices frequently used in emergency situations to protect occupants within vehicles from injury. As one type of airbags, a curtain airbag is typically mounted at an upper portion of a side door and positioned at an edge of a vehicle structure under the inner roof. Moreover, the curtain airbag is inflated when a vehicle is impacted, so that it expands and is deployed in an inflated state against a vehicle side structure, such as a side window, inside the vehicle. In this way, the occupants can be restrained from directly hitting the inside structures of the vehicle or being thrown out of a vehicle window. An example of such curtain airbag is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Specifically, FIG. 1 shows a state in which a curtain airbag 1 in a collapsed state is roll-folded and stored in a space under a vehicle side structure 3 (e.g., a side door) and an inner roof 2 when viewed in the length direction of a vehicle (i.e., a left-and-right direction of FIG. 1 is a width direction of the vehicle). FIG. 2 shows that the curtain airbag 1 in a deployed state in which it is inflated and expanded in the length direction of the vehicle (i.e., a left-and-right direction of FIG. 2), and the airbag is deployed downward along the vehicle side structure 3, so as to provide protection for occupants in the occupant protection area.
Because a mounting space of an airbag is very limited, the airbag is typically mounted in a rolled state or a folded and collapsed state in a particular space of a vehicle. FIGS. 3 and 4 show two common roll-folding modes for airbags in the prior art: a roll-folding manner (as shown in FIG. 3) and an N-fold manner (as shown in FIG. 4). FIG. 3 shows a schematic side view of an airbag folded in a roll-folding manner. An airbag assembly formed in such roll-folding mode easily maintains its external shape. Therefore, an airbag assembly can maintain its shape without additionally providing enclosures such as a seal cover when mounted to a vehicle. However, the diameter of such airbag assembly is relatively large and thus often is unable to meet the limited packaging space requirement in the vehicle. FIG. 4 shows that a cross section of an airbag folded in an N-fold manner is relatively flat; a small space is occupied in the vehicle; but a seal cover 4 is required to maintain the size and shape. However, because the outer shape of the airbag folded in the N-fold manner is not flat, the seal cover 4 usually needs to enclose the airbag substantially over the entire extended length of the airbag. Because of the requirement for the seal covers, reducing cost becomes difficult.
Therefore, the airbags folded, as described above, occupy a large space in the vehicle and have a high mounting and fixation cost.


A microelectronic assembly is provided having a MEMS substrate, a MEMS device on the MEMS substrate, the MEMS device having a MEMS component which is movable relative to the MEMS substrate, a cover piece having a side over a side of the MEMS substrate on which the MEMS device is located, and a plurality of perimeter components, each having opposing portions sealing with the MEMS substrate and the cover piece respectively, the perimeter components forming a perimeter around the MEMS device.

1). Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a microelectronic assembly, and more specifically to sealing of a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) device on a MEMS substrate.
2). Discussion of Related Art
MEMS devices are mechanical devices such as fluid sensors, mirrors, actuators, pressure and temperature sensors, vibration sensors, valves, etc. that are formed on or in MEMS substrates, utilizing technologies such as photolithography that allow for very small devices to be formed. A MEMS device typically has one or more components that are movable relative to the MEMS substrate. Such a component usually requires freedom of movement for proper functioning of the MEMS device. Contaminants or particles that come into contact with such a component can restrict its freedom of movement and cause failure of the MEMS device. Some MEMS devices may also fail when they are exposed to moisture.

Microelectronic assembly having a perimeter around a MEMS device


Disclosed herein is a light emitting module. The light emitting module according to an exemplary embodiment includes a circuit board which has a cavity and includes a metal board, an insulation layer, and a circuit pattern, an insulation board disposed in the cavity, at least one light emitting device disposed on the insulation board, first and second pads disposed on the insulation board to be electrically connected with the light emitting device, and a conductive pad for electrically connecting the second pad and the circuit pattern.

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a type of semiconductor element for converting electric energy into light. The LED has several advantages, such as low power consumption, semi-permanent lifespan, rapid response time, safety, and eco-friendliness, compared with an existing light source such as a fluorescent lamp, an incandescent lamp, or the like. Accordingly, various studies are underway in order to replace existing light sources with LEDs. The LED is an increasing trend towards being used as a light source of a lighting equipment such as a variety of lamps utilized in indoor and outdoor spaces, a liquid crystal display device, an electronic display board, a streetlamp, or the like.
Meanwhile, such an LED is applied to a head lamp for a vehicle, but there is a problem in that reliability is deteriorated due to exposure of a wire and light emitting device in the case of the conventional head lamp.

Light emitting module and head lamp including the same


A closed end tube particularly for use in a vehicle suspension damper includes a tubular body with an attachment fitting fixed to the end of the tube where the closed end of the tube is manufactured according to a multi-step process. Initially, the process commences with a tubular body having an opening at both ends. One of the ends is formed so that the tube is partially closed with a reduced opening remaining. An attachment fitting is forced against the partially closed end of the tube to completely close the end and a welding operation is used to fix the attachment fitting to the now closed end of the tube.

Closed tubes with connected attachment fittings are often used in vehicle suspension dampers. A damper operates in vehicle suspensions as a damping device controlling the sprung (body) and unsprung (wheels) masses of a vehicle by reducing loads and vertical accelerations that are normally transmitted from the wheels to the body. Damping is accomplished by converting kinetic energy into thermal energy and dissipating the heat. Conventionally hydraulic dampers include a piston with a connected piston rod slidably carried in a fluid-filled tube and separating the tube into extension and compression chambers. A rod guide at the top end of the tube closes the extension chamber and slidably engages the piston rod. The piston rod and the tube are provided with attachment fittings for connection to the sprung and unsprung masses. Due to the damper's operating environment, the fittings must be securely connected to withstand the applied forces and a fluid-tight closure of the tube must be established and maintained during operation.
The various types of known vehicle suspension dampers use several different methods to close the ends of the tubular sections. In applications such as MacPherson struts, a cap (base cup) is placed in the end of the tube, and the tube and cap are connected together and sealed by gas metal arc welding or resistance seam welding to complete the assembly. These welds produce a strong joint and a leak-free seal of the unit. Other methods of closing damper tubes utilize a series of extrusions with intermediate annealing operations to produce a closed-tubular component from a solid steel blank. Closing a tube end over an arbor by means of an external forming tool is also known. These methods, which often undesirably require the introduction of heat from an external source require extensive cleaning operations to remove oxide coatings and other contaminants. In some cases heat is required to permit adequate formation of the steel tubing material while avoiding failure in tension due to extraordinarily severe metal working conditions. Accordingly, a new method of producing a closed tube and attachment fitting assembly would preferably operate without the introduction of external heat during forming operations and would result in a securely sealed joint.


A robotic surgical system comprises a surgical tool, a manipulator configured to support the surgical tool, a force/torque sensor to measure forces and torques applied to the surgical tool, and a control system. The control system obtains a three-dimensional milling path for the surgical tool. The control system also receives one or more signals from the force/torque sensor in response to a user manually applying user forces and torques to the surgical tool. The control system determines a commanded pose to which to command the manipulator to advance the surgical tool along the milling path based on a tangential component of the user forces and torques, based on a virtual simulation using virtual constraints, and/or based on other suitable factors to promote guided, manual movement of the surgical tool along the milling path.

Robotic surgical systems perform surgical procedures at surgical sites. Robotic surgical systems typically include a manipulator and an end effector coupled to the manipulator. Often, the end effector comprises a surgical tool to remove tissue at the surgical site.
In a manual mode of operation, one type of robotic surgical system senses forces and torques manually applied to the surgical tool by a user. The robotic surgical system commands positioning of the surgical tool to emulate motion expected by the user from application of the sensed forces and torques. Thus, the robotic surgical system generally positions the surgical tool in accordance with the user's intentions and expectations so that the user, for example, is able to remove a desired volume of tissue. However, in the manual mode, it can be fatiguing for the user to cause movement of the surgical tool as needed to completely remove the entire volume of tissue, especially when the volume of tissue is relatively large compared to the size of the surgical tool. Accordingly, the robotic surgical system is also operable in a semi-autonomous mode in which the robotic surgical system commands the manipulator to move the surgical tool autonomously along a predefined tissue removal path, unassisted by the user. However, when operating in the semi-autonomous mode, there may be a perception that the user has less control over the surgical tool. For this reason, the manual mode may be preferred by some users.
There is a need in the art for systems and methods to address these challenges.

Systems and methods for controlling movement of a surgical tool along a predefined path


This invention relates to a compound of the formula (I):

Cancer remains a major cause of death in the 21st century. Consequently, considerable drug research and development effort is currently placed on the discovery of therapeutics that may provide life extending or curative options to cancer sufferers.
While there are many different varieties of cancer, each exhibiting a different array of genetic and growth properties, a common denominator among many solid cancer types is the ability to metastasise. Until the occurrence of metastasis, tumors are confined to one area of the body and may be controlled through surgical intervention and/or radiotherapy. However, metastasis causes cancer cells to spread to disparate parts of the body and while surgical intervention may remove the primary tumor lesion, removal of all metastatic lesions is very difficult to manage.
Tumor metastasis is a multistage process, involving the breakdown of extracellular matrix, invasion of local tissue parenchyma, intravasation into regional blood vessels and lymphatics, survival in the circulation and finally extravasation, survival and growth in secondary tissue sites (Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed). 2012; 4: 1888-1897).
Metastasis may occur through blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels differ from blood vessels in several ways. Large collecting lymphatic vessels contain vascular smooth muscle cells in their wall, as well as valves, which prevent the backflow of lymph. However, lymphatic capillaries, unlike typical blood capillaries, lack pericytes and continuous basal lamina and contain large inter-endothelial valve-like openings (J. Theor. Med. 2003; 5: 59-66). Due to their greater permeability, lymphatic capillaries are more effective than blood capillaries in allowing tumor cells to pass. Experimental evidence demonstrates that lymphangiogenesis (the formation of new lymphatic vessels) within a growing tumor lesion promotes metastasis through lymphatic vessels. The control of lymphangiogenesis presents an attractive therapeutic strategy for preventing lymph node metastasis (J. Clin. Onc. 2007; 25: 4298-4307).
The lymphatic system is comprised of capillaries and larger collecting vessels continuously lined by endothelial cells which return extravasated fluid and macromolecules from the interstitial space back to the blood circulation. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes via lymphatic vessels is a tumor progression process that is common to many cancer types. The extent of lymph node involvement is a major determinant for the staging of many types of cancer and is an important prognostic factor that is used as the basis for surgical and radiation treatment intervention of the affected lymph nodes.
Molecular signalling through binding of the growth factors VEGFC or VEGFD to their membrane receptor VEGFR3 has been shown to play a central role in the process of lymphangiogenesis (Brit. J. Cancer 2006; 94: 1355-1360). Stimulation of the VEGFR3 receptor occurs through the phosphorylation of its intracellular region and triggers a downstream signalling cascade that drives lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation leading to formation of lymphatic vessels (Exp. Cell Res. 2006; 312: 575-583). Increased expression of VEGFC or VEGFD has been shown to promote tumor associated lymphangiogenesis enabling lymphatic-mediated metastasis to regional lymph nodes. These observations have been reported for several different tumor types, including colorectal (Oncol. Rep. 2009; 22: 1093-1100) lung (Ann. Oncol. 2010; 21: 223-231), gastric (Surgery 2009; 146: 896-905), kidney (Oncol. Rep. 2008; 20: 721-725) prostate (Clin. Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 5137-5144) and ovarian (Cancer 2004; 101: 1364-1374). Blockade of VEGFC, VEGFD/VEGFR3 mediated signalling has been shown to inhibit lymphangiogenesis and suppress lymph node metastasis in several tumor experimental models in rodents (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2008; 113: 225-234; Int. J. Cancer 2009; 125: 2747-2756).
VEGFR3 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is broadly expressed in endothelial cells during embryogenesis (Biochem. J. 2011; 437: 169-183). In the latter stages of development VEGFR3 expression becomes restricted to developing lymphatic vessels. In adults, VEGFR3 expression is primarily restricted to lymphatic endothelium and a subset of CD34+ hematopoietic cells. In addition, fenestrated capillaries and veins in certain endocrine organs, as well as monocytes, macrophages and some dendritic cells (DCs), continue to express VEGFR3 in adults. Disruption of the VEGFR3 gene in mouse embryos results in the failure of vascular network formation and death after embryonic day 9.5 (Biochem. J. 2011; 437: 169-183). This observation demonstrates that VEGFR3 plays an essential role in the development of embryonic vasculature. In cancer, VEGFR3 is overexpressed in lymphatic sinuses in metastatic lymph nodes and in lymphangiomas. Furthermore, in many instances cancer cells themselves express VEGFR3. VEGFR3 expressing cancer cells have been shown to be dependent on VEGFR3/VEGFC signalling for their proliferation (Eur. J. Canc. 2011; 47: 2353-2363).
Based on the foregoing, it is apparent that inhibition of VEGFR3 signalling has strong potential as therapeutic strategy for mammalian subjects that have been diagnosed with a disease characterised by proliferation of endothelial cells that express this receptor. In the case of cancer, targeting VEGFR3 is likely to result in therapeutic benefit through suppression of lymphatic metastasis and suppression of growth in cancer cells that express VEGFR3.
Interestingly, and perhaps importantly from the view point of target selection within the VEGFR3 axis, in mice in which both the VEGFC and the VEGFD genes have been homozygously deleted, the blood vasculature develops normally, unlike the embryonic cardiovascular phenotype of VEGFR3 homozygous knockout mice: i.e. deletion of these two ligands is not the same as deletion of the receptor (Mol. Cell. Biol. 2008; 28: 4843-4850). These data raise the possibility that another ligand for VEGFR3 exists or that VEGFR3 may be able to act by an as-yet-unknown manner independent of its ligands VEGFC and VEGFD. The foregoing suggest that targeting VEGFR3 is more advantageous to blocking VEGFC/D-VEGFR3 signalling compared to targeting either VEGFC or VEGFD alone.
Whilst there are a number of studies reported involving tyrosine kinase inhibitors with various levels of VEGFR3 activity and selectivity (Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006; 5: 835-844; Mol. Cancer Ther. 2007; 6: 2012-2021; Cancer Res. 2009; 69: 8009-8016; Mol. Cancer Ther. 2012; 11: 1637-1649) these studies have some limitations, resulting in part at least from inhibition at other tyrosine kinases.
Nonetheless, collectively these studies strengthen the conclusion that inhibition of VEGFR3 suppresses or reduces lymphangiogenesis and/or lymphogenic metastasis.
Accordingly, compounds that selectively inhibit VEGFR3 would be useful for the treatment of proliferative diseases, such as cancer.
As described above, VEGFR3 plays an important role in the control of lymphangiogenesis. Accordingly, inhibitors of VEGFR3 may have utility in the treatment of diseases other than cancer where control/inhibition of lymphangiogenesis has a therapeutic benefit. The lymphatic system plays a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases and in transplant rejection. Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis through suppression of VEGFR3 function may provide a viable therapeutic strategy in these conditions.
For example, preclinical studies have demonstrated that the expression of VEGFR3 in the cornea and ocular surface is modified during corneal neovascularisation and that VEGFR3 mediates corneal dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes and induction of immunity to corneal transplant. High-risk corneal transplantation, where grafting is performed on inflamed and highly vascularized host beds, has a very poor success rate, with rejection rates as high as 90% (J. Leukoc Biol. 2003; 74: 172-178). In preclinical models, treatment with a VEGFR3 antibody leads to significant suppression of corneal graft rejection (Nat. Med. 2004; 10: 813-815).
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), the creation of new blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye, leads to chronic inflammation which is implicated in the pathogenesis of age related macular degeneration (AMD) and is driven by factors which include uncontrolled expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGFA and VEGFC (J. Cell. Physiol. 2012; 227(1): 116-26). Treatments for AMD have been developed that target VEGFA, for example the anti-VEGFA antibodies ranibizumab and bevacizumab and the anti-VEGF aptamer pegaptanib, but to date no treatments have been clinically evaluated that mediate effects through modulation of VEGFC and its cognate receptor VEGFR3.
Accordingly, compounds that inhibit VEGFR3 may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of eye diseases, for example corneal graft rejection and age related macular degeneration.
Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that lymphatic vessels have an active role in chronic inflammation of the skin. Lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and lymphatic hyperplasia have been described in chronic skin inflammation in mice and have been reported for skin lesions in psoriasis patients (Blood 2004; 104: 1048-1057).
Accordingly, compounds that inhibit VEGFR3 may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of skin inflammations, such as skin lesions in patients with psoriasis.
Lymphangiogenesis has also been found to be associated with kidney transplant rejection. VEGFC producing macrophages induce formation of new lymphatics which induce and support the maintenance of an alloreactive immune response in renal transplants (Nat. Med. 2006; 12: 230-234).
Accordingly, compounds that inhibit VEGFR3 may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of rejection in renal transplantation.
Co-pending application WO2012/110773 discloses compounds which inhibit FAK and VEGFR3.

Abstract: The invention also relates to processes for the preparation of the compound of the formula (I), pharmaceutical agents or compositions containing the compound or a method of using the compound for the treatment of proliferative diseases, such as cancer, as well as the treatment of diseases ameliorated by the control and/or inhibition of lymphangiogenesis.


A cutting tool assembly (10) includes a support block (12), a replaceable spray nozzle housing, a liquid seal tight insert ring and first and second fluid passages. The first fluid and second fluid passage has an axis and extends between the concealable outer surface portion (22) and a first (20) surface portion of the support block. The first and second fluid passages are substantially straight between first and second outer surfaces so as to permit a drill to be inserted into first and second fluid passage for cleaning. The cutting tool assembly (10) also includes an exterior replaceable spray nozzle housing (14) on the support block having a cylindrical inlet portion (38) that extends into the first fluid passage such that the spray nozzle housing (14) is in fluid communication with the first fluid passage. A separate insert ring independent of a tool holding wear protective sleeve is press fit into the rear portion of the support block and forms an annular flow chamber section of the first fluid passage. The insert ring may be readily removed in the field to permit cleaning of the first fluid passage.

The invention relates to a cutting tool assembly having a replaceable spray nozzle housing.
Cutting tool assemblies for such applications as mining or road milling typically comprise a cutting tool, sometimes referred to as a cutting pick, rotatably mounted within a support block. The support block in turn is mounted onto a drum, chain or other body, typically by welding, which in turn is driven by a suitable drive means. A number of such support blocks carrying cutting tools are mounted onto said drum to continually mine and remove material such as coal, rock, concrete, asphalt or concrete. The material in the earth strata being mined or removed by the cutting tool is pulverized by the cutting picks as each tip is rotated about the drum or chain into contact with the earth strata. The material being mined or removed is pulverized by the impact of the pick and explodes in all directions. Some of the pulverized material collides against the support block and other cutting tool structure. The continual collision of pulverized material against the support block during operation causes abrasion and wear of the support block and any other components mounted on or near the support block.
It is also known to equip a cutting tool assembly with a spray nozzle for spraying fluid onto a cutting tool so as to reduce the potential for ignition of gases encountered during cutting or mining activities. These spray nozzles mounted on cutting tool support blocks are also benefical in suppressing dust particles that otherwise would be stirred up into the atmosphere during the operation of the cutting tool. U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,048, to Parrot, for example, discloses a water spray nozzle that is retained within a threaded bore of a pick box or support block using a resilient retaining ring. This nozzle is relatively complex in design and relatively costly to manufacture. Furthermore, the discharge end of the nozzle is contained within a bore drilled in the support block. Consequently, when the support block is sufficiently worn away, it can no longer house the nozzle; however the support block maintains its usefulness in holding the cutting pick. Despite this the support block and cutting tool assembly must be removed from the drum and a new support block having a new threaded bore for retaining a spray nozzle is attached to the drum. Support blocks are expensive themselves and attaching a new one to a drum is time consuming and disruptive of the mining operation. Typically a replacement support block must be manually welded onto the drum or chain, significantly hampering the efficeiency of the mining operation.
Siebenhofer et al.""s U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,069 discloses a cutting tool assembly including a spray nozzle in a bore of the support block adjacent to the cutting tool. When the support block is sufficiently worn away, it can no longer house the nozzle. Additionally the water passages disposed in Siebenhofer et al.""s support block for providing water to the nozzle are configured such that they cannot be drilled out once the pick support box is welded to a drum. As a result, when the passages become blocked, such as by calcium deposits, the cutting tool assembly is no longer useful for cutting operations that require a functioning spray nozzle.
It is an object of the invention to provide a new and improved cutting tool assembly having a support block and a replaceable spray nozzle housing mounted to the support block, wherein the spray nozzle housing is simple in design and relatively economical to manufacture.
In one embodiment of the invention, the cutting tool assembly comprises a support block having a cylindrical outlet portion. A replaceable unitary spray nozzle housing includes a base and upper spray nozzle housing portion. An inlet body portion extends downward from the base portion. The inlet portion of the replacement nozzle housing includes two separated collars on its exterior surface for forming a press fit seal with the support block cylindrical outlet portion. This press fit seal in combination with a fixing means such as a screw provides a method for quick and easy connection and disconnection of the nozzle housing from the support block.
The cutting tool assembly comprises a support block having first and second outer surfaces and first and second fluid passages. The first and second fluid passages communicate fluid between the first and second outer surface portions of the support block. The first and second fluid passages are in fluid communication with each other at the second outer surface. The replaceable spray nozzle housing inlet body portion is press fit into the bore of first fluid passage at first outer surface such that the spray nozzle housing is in fluid communication with the first fluid passage. The second fluid passage communicates with a conventional nozzle insert positioned near the first outer surface. The first and second passages both have straight-line axes that extend between the second outer surface portion and the first outer surface.
Advantageously, with such a straight-line configuration the first and second fluid passages can each be easily drilled in one machining step during manufacturing. The straight-line passage configurations also permits ease in cleaning debris such as calcium from the fluid passages so as to ensure maximum fluid flow therethrough.
While one embodiment of the new and improved cutting tool assembly is illustrated and disclosed, such disclosure should not be construed to limit the claims. It is anticipated that various modifications and alternative designs may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

Cutting tool assembly with replaceable spray nozzle housing


Disclosed is a black resin composition with which a black matrix having high insulation properties even after heat treatment at a high temperature and, in addition, achromatic reflection properties can be readily formed. The black resin composition comprises (A) a light-shielding material, (B) an alkali-soluble resin, and (C) an organic solvent, and comprises (A-1) a carbon black and (A-2) titanium nitride compound particles as the light-shielding material (A). The carbon black (A-1) is surface-treated with a sulfur-containing compound, and in the surface composition, the percentage of carbon atoms is 95% or less and the percentage of sulfur atoms is 0.5% or more.

Color filters are generally produced by a method in which, on the surface of a transparent substrate in which a black matrix is formed such as glass or a plastic sheet, different hues of red, green, and blue are sequentially formed in a color pattern such as stripes or mosaic. The black matrix used as a light-shielding film serves to prevent the decrease in contrast and color purity due to light leakage between pixels.
Also in a substrate for a touch panel, a black matrix is formed likewise as a light-shielding film, and since the black matrix is directly viewed through glass, the reflected hue is required to be achromatic. Further, depending on the constitution, it is necessary to form electrodes and the like after forming a black matrix, and, accordingly, high adhesion and chemical resistance as well as high insulation properties are required.
Conventionally, films on which a metal such as chromium, nickel, or aluminum or a metal compound is deposited have been used as a black matrix, but they have problems in that, for example, the process is complicated and costly, and the surface of the metallized thin film is highly reflective. Thus, as a method that can solve these problems, the pigment dispersion method which uses a resin composition in which pigments are dispersed is currently predominant.
In the pigment dispersion method, among negative and positive photosensitive compositions, negative photosensitive compositions mainly composed of acryl polymer, acrylic polyfunctional monomer or oligomer, photoinitiators, solvents, and pigments have been widely used. As a light-shielding material, carbon black, titanium black such as low-valent titanium oxide and titanium nitride oxide, metal oxides such as iron oxide, and, in addition, mixtures of organic pigments have been used, and carbon black and titanium nitride oxide are predominant. To obtain a black matrix having high insulation properties, surface-treated carbon black and titanium black, or those mixed with organic pigments have been used as a light-shielding material.
As a technique for providing a carbon black with high insulation properties by surface treatment, oxidizing the surface of the carbon black, for example, with O3 (Patent Document 1), resin coating by graft treatment (Patent Document 2), and modifying the surface of the carbon black with an organic group that does not comprise a polymer, such as a carboxylic acid group and a sulfonic acid group, (Patent Document 3, Patent Document 4, and Patent Document 5) are known, but there has been a problem in that when a resin black matrix is heat-treated at a high temperature, e.g., 250° C., the resistance decreases.
When titanium nitride oxide or a titanium nitride compound is used as a light-shielding material in a photosensitive resin material, a resin black matrix having a sufficiently high resistance value can be readily formed, and the resistance value will not decrease even when the resin black matrix is heat-treated at a high temperature. However, the resin black matrix obtained using titanium nitride oxide or a titanium nitride compound has a problem in that the transmitted light is colored blue and the reflected light is colored red. Patent Document 6 describes adding carbon black to titanium nitride oxide, but there have been problems in that when toning is performed by adding carbon black to titanium nitride oxide, the OD value decreases, and, in addition, a sufficient resistance value cannot be obtained. A resin black matrix having high resistance and relatively achromatic color properties can be obtained by using a titanium nitride compound with a small particle size as a light-shielding material (Patent Document 7), but for touch panel application and the like which strictly require reflected light chromaticity, a more achromatic color has been necessary.
Further, when a material mixed with organic pigments is used as a light-shielding material (Patent Document 8), a black matrix having high insulation properties can be obtained, but there has been a problem in that because of a low light-shielding effect per unit film thickness, the film thickness needs to be thick in order to produce a desired light-shielding effect, which deteriorates the flatness of the boundary with openings of the black matrix.

Black resin composition, resin black matrix substrate, and touch panel


A floor sanding machine is proposed, which consists of a case body (11) and a plurality of sanding tools (30) arranged eccentrically in the case body (11). The axes of the tool shafts (31) rotate about the axis of a central shaft (12), and the sanding tools (30) rotate about the axis of the tool shaft. The construction consists essentially of a belt drive, of which the unilaterally grooved drive belt (3) is driven on the grooved side of the main drive pulley (2) and drives a gear mechanism (5). Also on the grooved side of the drive belt (3), a belt tensioner (6) ensures that the drive belt (3) is always under sufficient tension. The tools (4) are driven via the non-grooved side of the drive belt (3).

Floor sanding machines according to the preamble to the first patent claim have already been familiar for decades and are proven in service. A good example of the early recognition of such technology and its advantages can be found in patent number U.S. Pat. No. 835,631 dating from the year 1905.
The re-examination of this technology towards the end of the twentieth century led to an abundance of patent applications followed by the granting of patents. Accordingly, it appears appropriate to the applicant to submit patent applications in respect of inventions made in the course of research and considered to be relevant: U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,447; U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,032; U.S. Pat. No. 6,540,596 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,138. This list is not exhaustive, although it contains the specifications that are considered important.
The present specifications reveal clear disadvantages. In the case of U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,447, for example, the fact that three belt drives are used is disadvantageous, due to the requirement for more space, as a consequence of which the device is ungainly. In addition, the gear mechanism is arranged eccentrically as additional weight and as such generates an imbalance in the device that is disadvantageous for the sanding process. Imbalance in a device of this kind always produces a one-sided application of force to the sanding tools, which manifests itself when operating such a device in the machine "drifting to one side" and having to be restrained against this tendency to "swing out". A further disadvantage associated with the static, eccentric loading of the sanding tools relates to the sanding process. Depending on their individual position, the sanding tools are subjected to more or less weight, which also reveals itself in an uneven sanding pattern. These disadvantages are also exhibited by U.S. Pat. No. 6,540,596, which operates with two drive motors.
A different situation applies in the case of U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,032. The flat belt, which is depicted in FIG. 2b as passing around both the large pulley and the small tool driving pulleys, is under high tension. Its replacement presents a very considerable risk of accident to the persons involved. A further disadvantage, which is compensated for in part by an increased tension in this particular flat belt, is the exceptionally small angle of belt contact of the sanding tool drive shafts 8c.
Devices that are constructed according to the design principles described above are available on the market and are also sold. They are affected by the shortcomings outlined above.
The present invention has as its object the improvement of a floor sanding device of the kind mentioned by way of introduction, in such a way that the advantages of the previously disclosed floor sanding machines are retained, but that the device is more easily operated, the mechanical drive components are reliably protected against contamination by dirt, and repair and maintenance operations can be carried out simply and without the risk of accident to the personnel.
This object is achieved by a floor sanding machine having the characterizing features of Patent claim 1. Further characterizing features in accordance with the invention can be appreciated from the dependent claims, and their advantages are explained in the following description.
The figures depict preferred proposed embodiments, which are explained as examples in the following description.


An optical encoder that includes an optical grating and a quadrature optical encoder sensor that move relative to each other. The optical grating includes a first encoder bar and a plurality of second encoder bars, wherein the first encoder bar is optically configured to change an amplitude of an output of the quadrature optical encoder sensor.

Printing systems such as ink jet printers and electrophotographic printers can employ position encoders to track the position of moving components such as print drums and printheads. Position encoders commonly include an optical grating and an optical encoder sensor that move relative to each other pursuant to movement of the component whose position is being tracked. It can be useful to determine a reference or home position for the component whose position is being tracked, and it can be difficult to determine such reference or home position.


In various embodiments, a method for determining a homogeneity of complexion is provided. The method may include provision of a digital image on which skin is portrayed and which is parameterized in a color space which is defined by a parameter set in which one of the parameters is a hue, identifying and/or defining at least one skin examination area in the transformed image, calculating a hue distribution in the at least one skin examination area, and determining at least one homogeneity value for the complexion based on the calculated hue distribution.

Healthy skin and a homogeneous facial coloring are generally considered attractive. However, with advancing age and/or as a result of sun damage, many people experience changes to their skin such as red patches or yellowish-brown discolorations. Particularly redness and/or discolorations of the face, which are immediately evident to anyone, are perceived as unpleasant by those affected.
From a medical perspective, most instances of reddened patches on the face are entirely inconsequential. For the most part, even skin disorders such as rosacea represent only a cosmetic problem. Rosacea is a relatively widespread facial skin disorder, the early form of which is often also called Couperosa. The exact causes of rosacea are not known, though genetic predisposition does seem to play an important part. Then, factors such as excessive sunbathing, high blood pressure, gastric and intestinal disorders, climatic effects, alcohol, nicotine and coffee may lead to an exacerbation. The early form of rosacea is characterized by reddish patches on the face, small bluish-red veins becoming visible through the skin and sensitive facial skin. The physical manifestations of advanced stages are quite similar to acne vulgaris, advance in phases and are characterized by tender pustules and papules.
Brownish discolorations of the skin may have entirely natural causes, and include for example freckles, liver spots or moles. These "color defects"—also referred to as pigment spots—are caused primarily by overproduction of the pigment melanin. One well-known example of a cause of stimulated melanin production is sunlight, or the UV radiation it contains. This also bears significant responsibility for the appearance of age spots (Lentigo solaris, Lentigo senilis). Internal factors such as physical age, metabolism, hormones or taking certain medications also contribute.
White patches on the skin (Vitiligo or leukoderma) appear because the skin cells that are responsible for producing skin pigment (melanocytes) die or are at least inactivated.
Various special cleansing and/or care products are available for treating reddened skin on the face and/or body. Skin whitening creams or solutions can be helpful in alleviating or removing brownish discolorations.
For some time, there has been a trend in many areas of daily life towards personalised programmes and/or products which are able to selectively address individual conditions and needs, in the realm of nutrition or health, for example.
Without specialised dermatological or cosmetic advice, many users may find it difficult to determine their individual skin condition and the cosmetics that are suitable for their skin condition.
It is also difficult for a user to objectively monitor and assess the success of the treatment, and therewith the efficacy of skin care products, particularly in terms of the reduction of redness and/or or discolorations. As a consequence, the motivation to complete a thorough care or and/or treatment programme regularly and rigorously may diminish.
The homogeneity of a user's skin color or complexion can be in important parameter for the consumer's purposes.
A quantitative measure for an assessment of the homogeneity of a skin color or complexion, and particularly for an assessment of how the homogeneity of a user's skin color or complexion develops over time can be desirable.

Method and device for determining the homogeneity of skin color


Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and techniques for optical detection of analytes (e.g., biomarkers or other objects) using a liquid-core waveguide in which the analytes are suspended in a high-index liquid inside a liquid channel of the waveguide. The term “high-index” may indicate a refractive core index of the carrier liquid that is higher than or equal to that of one or more surrounding cladding layer(s) (e.g., ethylene glycol liquid inside a glass channel). In some embodiments, a method includes illuminating, by a light-source, one or more particles in a liquid-core waveguide, wherein the liquid-core waveguide comprises a first cladding layer having a first index of a refraction, and a hollow core comprising a liquid inside the hollow core, wherein the liquid has a second index of refraction higher than the first index of refraction; and detecting, by a detector, light emitted from the one or more particles.

One known method of optical detection of biological samples (e.g., molecules, particles, biomarkers, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.) is surface-based excitation/detection using evanescent fields from solid waveguides. Another known method is excitation/detection inside a microchannel/micro-capillary filled with water, saline, or a buffer solution containing the particles to be detected.
Another known solution is to use ARROW (antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides) or Bragg waveguides, which confine light in low-index materials by using wave interference from specially designed cladding layers. These waveguides have been shown to guide light through microchannels with low propagation loss, and can be interfaced with solid-core waveguides to enable sensitive detection of biomarkers down to the single nucleic acid level.

High efficiency optical detection of biomolecules in micro-capillaries

The Regents of the University of California


A prober for testing components comprises a lower frame, over which a probe holder plate is disposed at a distance therefrom for receiving test probes that make contact with the components to be tested and to which a displacement device is connected. A substrate carrier is disposed in the space between the frame and the probe holder plate, and the probe holder plate is provided with an opening, below which the substrate carrier can be displaced. To expand the scope of application of probers used for testing components, all those components of the prober that surround the substrate are made from a non-magnetic material.

The present invention relates to a prober for testing components, which prober comprises a lower frame, over which a probe holder plate is disposed at a distance therefrom for receiving test probes that make contact with the components to be tested. A displacement device, on which a substrate carrier is disposed in the space between the frame and the probe holder plate, is connected to the frame. The probe holder plate is provided with an opening, below which the substrate carrier can be displaced.
Probers of this type are used for testing components such as semiconductor chips in a wafer package. The semiconductor wafer is placed on the substrate carrier and clamped on the latter. The semiconductor wafer clamped in this way is tested chip by chip by making contact with contact pads present on the chip, applying measurement signals to them, and measuring or determining their reaction to these measurement signals. Test probes are provided for making contact with the contact pads. These test probes are pre-assembled before the actual test procedure. In principle, there are two alternatives for arranging the test probes.
According to the first alternative, the test probes can be designed in the form of test needles, which have associated needle supports, one end of which is then clamped in probe holders. The probe holders are then mounted on the probe holder plate in such a way that the needle points of the test probes corresponding to the pattern of contact pads on the semiconductor chip to be tested penetrate the opening in the probe holder plate.
The second possibility for arranging test probes involves so-called probe cards, in which the needles are already pre-assembled on a card. Corresponding electric conductors and sometimes also electronics, for example, an amplifier, are disposed on this card. The probe card is inserted into the probe holder plate using a probe card adapter in most cases and fixed therein. The needles on the probe card serve for making contact with the contact pads on the semiconductor.
Furthermore, the purpose of use and structure of the prober likewise differ from each other. Thus, for example, so-called vacuum probe systems are known from the prior art in which the components are tested in a vacuum environment. The means for clamping the semiconductor wafer on the substrate carrier must also be designed accordingly. While the substrate carrier can be provided with vacuum clamping devices under normal atmospheric conditions, a vacuum environment requires the provision of other clamping mechanisms, for example, mechanical clamping devices. The basic structure of such vacuum probe systems does not differ from that described above.
Furthermore, it is known from the prior art to expose the components to be tested to defined thermal conditions, for example, heating them up during the testing procedure. For this purpose, the substrate carrier is equipped with a special heating system, which then enables the application of high temperatures to the components to be tested. Naturally, it is also possible to test the components in a lower temperature range, in which case the substrate carrier then ensures a corresponding cooling of the substrate to be tested.
Although these known probers are suitable for testing a plurality of different components, for example, semiconductor chips or so-called MEMs (Micro-Electro-Mechanical components) such as sensors, it has been found that these probers are not suitable for testing magnetic components such as magnetic memory (MRAM-Magnetic Random Access Memory) by way of example, i.e. components, which display a function as a result of magnetic excitation.

Prober for testing magnetically sensitive components


A spectrum information query system, a method of querying a database storing spectrum information and a secured query proxy device are provided, the spectrum information query system comprising a database storing spectrum information; one or more spectrum utilising devices forming a first communications network; and a secured query proxy device, the secured query proxy device configured to communicate at its front-end with the database storing spectrum information, wherein the secured query proxy device is configured at its back-end for a one-way downlink to the first communications network; a decoupled source that is decoupled from the first communications network, the source being coupled to the secured query proxy device, wherein the secured query proxy device is configured to obtain information associated with the first communications network via the decoupled source, the secured query proxy device being further configured to perform encryption of obtained information associated with the first communications network obtained from the decoupled source; and wherein the secured query proxy device is further configured to apply one or more security data preservation measures to the received spectrum information prior to transmission of the received spectrum information to the first communications network via the one-way downlink.

Traditionally, spectrum is allocated in a fixed or semi-fixed manner where specific frequency bands are allocated to license owners. Since the license owners may not fully utilise the respective allocated spectrum at all times and at all places, there is under-utilisation of spectrum. To improve spectrum utilisation rates, dynamic ways of using spectrum such as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) have been explored to utilise spectrum in a dynamic and/or opportunistic manner. Television White Spaces (TVWS) is a DSA system that attempts to use spectrum dynamically in TV bands. One of the promising ways of accessing underutilised spectrum dynamically is via a look-up to a Geo-Location Database (GLDB).
Accessing a GLDB is part of a querying system where a DSA or TVWS device accesses a database to obtain information on the available channels (or spectrum) at the location of the device for specific duration(s). The device can then select one or more of the available channels for communications.
It has been recognised that a query network that queries a GLDB typically conducts queries in a bi-directional format and over a communications network. For example, a query engine of the querying network device typically sends the device location and other parameters, and receives a list of available channels for communications and other parameters. It has been recognised that this setup has a potential avenue for unauthorised access to the querying network via the device that conducts the querying of the GLDB.
To address the above issue, network firewalls are typically deployed at a querying network to filter traffic and additionally, mutual authentication may be used to further enhance the security levels. Alternatively, network monitoring or installation of anti-malware solutions are used. However, it has been recognised by the inventors that these measures are deployed by software which potentially have loopholes for attacks and manipulation. In addition, the costs to deploy the software network components are relatively expensive. Further, it has been recognised by the inventors that such current software solutions are not able to detect data tampering and protect data privacy.
In view of the above, there exists a need for a spectrum information query system, a method of querying a database storing spectrum information and a secured query proxy device that seek to address at least one of the above problems.

Spectrum information query system and a secured query proxy device