The present invention relates to the field of medicine. Provided herein are aminoquinazoline derivatives, their salts and pharmaceutical formulations useful in modulating the protein tyrosine kinase activity, and in modulating inter- and/or intra-cellular signaling. Also provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising the aminoquinazoline compounds and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders in mammals, especially humans.

Protein kinases represent a large family of proteins, which play an important role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes, maintaining control over cellular functions. Protein tyrosine kinases may be classified as growth factor receptor (e.g. VEGFR, EGFR, PDGFR, FGFR and erbB2) or non-receptor (e.g. c-src and bcr-abl) kinases. The receptor type tyrosine kinases make up about 20 different subfamilies. The non-receptor type tyrosine kinases make up numerous subfamilies. Receptor tyrosine kinases are large enzymes that span the cell membrane and possess an extracellular binding domain for growth factors, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular portion that functions as a kinase to phosphorylate a specific tyrosine residue in proteins and hence to influence cell proliferation. Aberrant or inappropriate protein kinase activity can contribute to the rise of disease states associated with such aberrant kinase activity.
A partial list of such kinases include abl, AATK, ALK, Akt, axl, bmx, bcr-abl, Blk, Brk, Btk, csk, c-kit, c-Met, c-src, c-fins, CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDK10, cRaf1, CSF1R, CSK, DDR1, DDR2, EPHA, EPHB, EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, Erk, Fak, fes, FER, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR5, Fgr, flt-1, Fps, Frk, Fyn, GSG2, GSK, Hck, ILK, INSRR, IRAK4, ITK, IGF-1R, INS-R, Jak, KSR1, KDR, LMTK2, LMTK3, LTK, Lck, Lyn, MATK, MERTK, MLTK, MST1R, MUSK, NPR1, NTRK, MEK, PLK4, PTK, p38, PDGFR, PIK, PKC, PYK2, RET, ROR1, ROR2, RYK, ros, Ron, SGK493, SRC, SRMS, STYK1, SYK, TEC, TEK, TEX14, TNK1, TNK2, TNNI3K, TXK, TYK2, TYRO3, tie, tie2, TRK, Yes, and Zap70. Inhibition of such kinases has become an important therapeutic target.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a kind of receptor tyrosine kinases, is over expressed and/or mutated in most tumors. It can control the tumor growth by signal transduction and is closely related to the angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of tumor. EGFR is an important regulatory factor in cell growth, differentiation and survival, members of which include erbB-1 (EGFR, HER1), erbB-2 (EGFR, HER2), erbB-3 (EGFR, HER3) and erbB-4 (EGFR, HER4), and they have similar structure consisting of extracellular receptor ligand domain, single-strand transmembrane domain and highly conserved protein tyrosine kinase domain, with the function of the receptor as well as the ability of converting extracellular signal into intracellular effect directly as a novel transmembrane transit mode. Once combined with specific ligand, EGFR is activated by autophosphorylation of relative tyrosine kinase, resulting in activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways. These pathways of signal transduction include: activation of Ras protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase leads to activation of multiple proteins in the nucleus involving cyclin D1, thereby leading to DNA synthesis, cell growth and differentiation. Excessive activation of the growth factor receptors makes cell proliferation out of control, therefore, induces various types of excess proliferative diseases, such as non-small cell lung cancer, cancer of breast and head, etc. Since inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases has been proved to be of value in regulating cell replication out of control, it becomes the therapeutic target for novel antitumor drugs.

Aminoquinazoline derivatives and their salts and methods of use


Provided is an optimum resource allocation method in distributed medium access control in a wireless personal area network, including: defining needed parameters in advance; calculating an overhead AckOverhead needed for an acknowledgement policy and calculating an overhead MasOverhead generated per medium access slot by using the calculated overhead AckOverhead and an amount of the medium access slots which remain after transmitting a frame; calculating the number of frame bits to be transmitted per superframe; determining the number of medium access slots primarily needed per the superframe by using the calculated number of frame bits and the calculated overhead MasOverhead generated per the medium access slot; and optimizing the number of medium access slots finally needed per the superframe.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optimum resource allocation method and system in medium access control (MAC) of distribute scheme in a wireless personal network (WPAN), and more particularly, to a method and system for optimizing resource allocation by determining the number of medium access slots (MASs) needed to prevent waste of wireless resources.
This work was supported by the IT R&D program of MIC/IITA [2006-S-071-01, Development of UWB Solution for High Speed Multimedia Transmission]
2. Description of the Related Art
Wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a technology that enables wireless connectivity between devices such as audio/video devices, computers, and peripheral devices within about 10 meters and supports communication between portable small-sized (multimedia) devices with a lower power so as to support various services.
In medium access control (MAC) of WiMedia Alliance, which is distributed MAC in the WPAN, each of devices DEVs basically transmits its own beacon frame, analyzes beacon frame information on neighboring devices to control basic timing between the neighboring devices, and distributes quality of service (QoS), a hibernation mode, and security in order to operate itself.
The MAC in the WPAN has a superframe structure. The superframe includes a beacon period (BP) and a data period (DP). The BP includes beacon time slots (BTSs) in units of 85 μs, and the DP includes medium access slots (MASs) in units of 256 μs.
Unlike a scheme in which network management is centralized by a specific device, in the existing MAC, network management is performed by each device, so that network construction is easily performed in a wireless environment in which devices are frequently connected and disconnected. A network in which each device is connected to neighboring devices is illustrated in FIG. 2. Each device selects a BTS which is not used from among a number of BTSs and transmits its own beacon frame. The beacon frame of each device includes device (DEV) identifier (ID), BTS information about the device, medium usage information, and the like.
In addition, the devices negotiate with each other to reserve MASs of the DPs by using information elements (IE) in the beacon frames in the BPs or command frames in the DPs, so that competition and collision of transmitted data in the DPs can be prevented.
However, the existing MAC has problems in that each device has to analyze a large amount of information on the neighboring devices, and it takes much time to search for a point of compromise and this may cause waste of resources. Moreover, if not all of the devices have mechanisms of optimally allocating necessary wireless resources, the wireless resources in the entire wireless personal area network may be wasted severely.

Optimum resource allocation method and system in medium access control of distribute scheme in wireless personal area network

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


Methods and apparatus for operating a downhole tool within a wellbore adjacent a subterranean formation to pump contaminated fluid from the formation into the downhole tool while measuring first and second fluid properties of the contaminated fluid. The contaminated fluid comprises native fluid from the formation and a contaminant. The downhole tool is in communication with surface equipment located at surface. The downhole tool and/or surface equipment is operated to estimate a formation volume factor of the contaminated fluid based on at least one of the first and second fluid properties of the contaminated fluid. A linear relationship is then estimated between the first fluid property and a function that relates the first fluid property to the second fluid property and the estimated formation volume factor of the contaminated fluid. A fluid property of the contaminant is then estimated based on the estimated linear relationship.

Wellbores (also known as boreholes) are drilled to penetrate subterranean formations for hydrocarbon prospecting and production. During drilling operations, evaluations may be performed of the subterranean formation for various purposes, such as to locate hydrocarbon-producing formations and manage the production of hydrocarbons from these formations. To conduct formation evaluations, the drill string may include one or more drilling tools that test and/or sample the surrounding formation, or the drill string may be removed from the wellbore, and a wireline tool may be deployed into the wellbore to test and/or sample the formation. These drilling tools and wireline tools, as well as other wellbore tools conveyed on coiled tubing, drill pipe, casing or other conveyers, are also referred to herein as "downhole tools."
Formation evaluation may involve drawing fluid from the formation into a downhole tool for testing and/or sampling. Various devices, such as probes and/or packers, may be extended from the downhole tool to isolate a region of the wellbore wall, and thereby establish fluid communication with the subterranean formation surrounding the wellbore. Fluid may then be drawn into the downhole tool using the probe and/or packer. Within the downhole tool, the fluid may be directed to one or more fluid analyzers and sensors that may be employed to detect properties of the fluid while the downhole tool is stationary within the wellbore. Fluid properties like gas-oil ratio (GOR), density, optical density (OD), composition, and others may be measured, detected, and/or estimated utilizing downhole fluid analysis (DFA). These DFA-obtained fluid properties may be utilized for oil-based drilling mud (OBM) filtrate contamination monitoring (OCM).


Disclosed is a multi-axis workpiece manipulator or positioning device (10) having movement along two rectilinear axes (L1 and L2), two pivotable or tilt axes (T1 and T2) and two rotational axes (R1 and R2). The positioning device (10) includes a support base (12), a first member (18) attached to the support base (12) extending axially therefrom and a carriage (24) adjustably connected to the first member (18). The support base (12) is movable in a longitudinal path along a first rectilinear axis (L1) and the carriage is movable along the first member (18) in a vertical path along a second rectilinear axis (L2). A second member (30) is pivotably and rotatably attached to the carriage (24) and extends axially away from the carriage (24). The second member (30) can pivotably move along a first tilt axis (T1) with respect to the carriage (24) and can rotate in a circular path along a first rotational axis (R1). A third member (40) is pivotably and rotatably attached to an end of the second member (30), wherein the third member (40) can pivotably move along a second tilt axis (T2) with respect to the second member (30) and can rotate in a circular path along a second rotational axis (R2). A drive mechanism (D) operates the positioning device (10) for selectively positioning a workpiece (W) to be processed. This device (10) is particularly useful in fabricating compressor impellers.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a workpiece positioning device and, more particularly, to a positioning device for the fabrication of compressor impellers.
2. Description of Related Art
Multi-axis workpiece positioning devices or manipulators have recently gained acceptance as a highly efficient apparatus for executing complex motions on relatively inaccessible areas in performing welding or cutting operations. In the fabrication of complex parts, which can encompass two-dimensional and three-dimensional part designs, the conventional two or three axes tilt-rotate positioner typically requires multiple setups and special fixturing in order to obtain proper joint positioning for welding of parts. This method relies heavily upon a highly skilled welder in order to achieve consistently high quality welds.
Recently, automatic or robotic welders have been used in conjunction with workpiece positioning devices to negotiate the workpiece in order to weld difficult part shapes. The complexity of the equipment associated with a robotic welder that can negotiate difficult part shapes is oftentimes cumbersome and expensive. Conventional multi-axis workpiece manipulators are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,402,234 and 3,665,148.
It is desirable to have a workpiece positioning device that has multi-axis capabilities for positioning a workpiece in the best possible orientation, thus enabling a torch, even one that is fixed in place, to be positioned to produce the most favorable angle between a torch centerline and a welding surface of the workpiece. This would result in the elimination of additional torch equipment required to negotiate difficult part shapes.

Positioning device for the fabrication of compressor impellers


A urinary catheter and system includes a catheter with a drain lumen which is coated with oligodynamic metal and preferably arranged with a coating of a more noble metal for creating an iontophoretic galvanic couple, which drives antimicrobial ions into solution. The exterior of the catheter is also coated in a similar manner to inhibit microbes migrating toward the bladder along the outer surface of the catheter. The system includes a flow rate control device which may be a one-way valve, a filter or both. A collection bag is coupled to the control device. The interconnecting hoses, the flow rate control device(s) and the collection bag are also coated on the interior with oligodynamic metal, preferably silver, and also with a more noble metal, preferably platinum.

This invention relates to urinary catheters and catheter systems generally, and more specifically to such catheters and other devices which are coated with metal to reduce microbial infection.
Four million urinary catheters are used yearly in the United States, and about 40 percent of patients develop uninary tract infections due to the use of the catheter. About 3.2 percent of the total number develop bacteriaemia (bacteria in the blood). Ten to twenty thousand people die each year, and about one billion dollars are expended to manage the complications arising from the use of urinary catheters and drainage systems. Clearly, any means which helps to reduce such infections may have a significant effect on the overall cost of medical services.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,598,127, issued Aug. 10, 1971 to Wepsic describes a catheter in which V-shaped grooves or chambers are provided, which contain antibacterial agents which diffuse through a permeable outer coating. Other patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,337, issued Sep. 16, 1986 to Fox, Jr. et al. describe various schemes for attaching or bonding antimicrobial agents to catheter materials. In general, such antimicrobial agents have a short half-life, and the microbes develop resistance to the agent.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,139, issued Oct. 18, 1977 to Crossley describes a catheter which embeds particles of "oligodynamic" (effective in small quantities) metals in a plastic matrix on the inner and outer surfaces of the catheter, to thereby inhibit microbial action. The matrix covers most of the surface of those metal particles and may envelop other particles completely. This arrangement, when used in a blood vessel, may produce an effect in preventing actual colonization of the surface by microbes, but may not be sufficient to kill or inhibit microbes migrating along the space between the exterior of the catheter and the skin, because of insufficient oligodynamic ion density, even though the space between the outside of the catheter and the skin which is available for migration of microbes is very small. However, the relatively large lumen required for use as a urinary catheter renders an arrangement such as that of Crossley essentially ineffective, for reasons described below.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,648, issued Oct. 25, 1983 in the name of Davis et al. describes an arrangement which uses an external voltage source to drive ions from a metal wire into fluid in the lumen of a urinary catheter. The ions then diffuse into the bladder. No attempt is made to prevent bacteria from moving along the outside of the catheter toward the bladder. The Davis et al. arrangement acts on bacteria or microbes moving in reflux from the exterior through the lumen, and also on those which are exiting from the bladder through the lumen.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,673, issued Feb. 11, 1986 in the name of Tesi, shows a pair of metal rings affixed on the exterior of a urinary catheter, with the rings connected to an external power source, for reducing microbial migration along the exterior of the catheter. Contamination through the lumen, as for example due to reflux, is not taken into account, nor is the possibility that, if microbes enter the bladder, they can colonize the exterior of the catheter at locations more distal than the rings.
All of the above patents describe devices which have metallic surfaces which are hydrophilic, and which confer protection against encrustation by proteins and minerals. Plastics are generally hydrophobic, thereby tending to increase the adhesion of bacteria and proteins.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,450 to Maeda, et al. describes a polymeric catheter into which silver-containing zeolite is impregnated as an antimicrobial. However, impregnation with zeolite decreases the tensile strength of the catheter.
A copending application entitled "Metallic-Surface Antimicrobial, Antithrombogenic Devices", filed concurrently herewith in the name of DeLaurentis et al., describes catheters, artificial blood vessel, valves or stents which are made from a combination of dissimilar metals which provide both antimicrobial and antithrombogenic properties. A catheter according to an aspect of the invention described in the DeLaurentis et al. application provides a conduit for access between a blood vessel or vas and the exterior of the body. The catheter includes a flexible tube which defines at least inner and outer surfaces. A layer or coating of a first metal (a metallization), supported by one or both of the inner or outer surfaces of the catheter, extends from near the point of entry into the vas to the distal end of the catheter. A coating of a second metal, dissimilar from the first metal, is supported by the same one of the inner or outer surfaces that supports the coating of the first metal. The coating of the second metal is contiguous with, and in galvanic contact with the coating of the first metal, thereby forming an iontophoretic (ion-pumping) galvanic couple. The second metal coating extends proximally from about the point of entry of the catheter into the vas to a location outside the body. Thus, the two metals forming the couple are exposed in different regions, and the antithrombogenic and antimicrobial properties occur in different regions. In another embodiment of the DeLaurentis et al. invention, the inside of the catheter is coated with two galvanically connected dissimilar metals, and the junction therebetween is located at a point sufficiently remote from the distal end so that it is ordinarily not reached by blood. The two dissimilar metals may include an oligodynamic metal such as silver and a more noble metal such as platinum. Stents, valves and artificial blood vessels as described by DeLaurentis et al. similarly include a junction of dissimilar metals, one of which may be oligodynamic metal and the other a more noble metal. In particular, the less noble or oligodynamic metal is located on that surface or surfaces of the device which, when in use, are adjacent to solid body tissue, while in all cases the more noble metal is adjacent the principal path for blood flow for thereby reducing clot formation.


Techniques for controlling one or more audio amplifiers in or associated with a device coupled on a local area network are disclosed. The device receives at least one selected source from other devices also coupled on the network According to one aspect of the techniques, an automatic shutdown control module is provided in the device to power down the audio amplifiers when there is no audio data flow coming to the device or power up the audio amplifiers when there is audio data flow coming to the device. In one embodiment, the procedure to power down or power up the amplifiers is in accordance with a hysteresis, wherein the hysteresis, being lagging of an effect behind its cause, protects the amplifiers and makes the powering-down or powering-up procedure unnoticeable to a user.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is generally related to the area of audio technologies. In particular, the invention is related to controlling of audio amplifiers in devices based upon data traffic detection.
2. The Background of Related Art
Automatic power shutdown is an important feature in many electrical appliances. One of the appliances commonly seen is a stereo system that includes a powered subwoofer. The subwoofer is automatically shutdown when the stereo system is powered off or produces no sound (e.g., in CD mode with no CD is played). On the other end, the subwoofer is automatically tuned on when the stereo system is powered on, thus eliminating the need of turning on or off two devices manually or sequentially. Another example is an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) supporting a computer system. The UPS provides power in an event that regular power to the computer system is suddenly off. As an automated preventative measure, the computer system is configured to shut down itself when the UPS is running on a low battery level or beyond a predetermined time so as to avoid corrupting files, or damaging other parts in the computer system.
The implementation of the automatic power shutdown feature is largely based upon special circuitry or analog control circuits to detect a signal level against a predetermined level. In the stereo system example, if audio signals to the subwoofer are not detected or substantially lower than a fixed level for a period of time, the subwoofer is sent a signal to be powered off. Likewise, when audio signals to the subwoofer are detected, the subwoofer is sent a signal to be powered on. In the UPS example, the detection mechanism is similar. The battery in the UPS is constantly or periodically measured against a predetermined level or the operation time thereof is measured. When either one of the measurements is below a certain level, the computer system receives a signal or an instruction that triggers the automatic shutdown process.
The analog solution of automatic power shutdown is not effective when used in a distributed system comprising multiple devices that need to automatically shut down while not in use. For example, a plurality of networked audio devices each of which has or associated with one or more power amplifiers share audio sources. The detection of an analog signal to one of the audio devices on a data network would be difficult and ineffective. Additional hardware (i.e., circuitry), if needed, would increase the cost and complexity of such system. There is, therefore, a need for solutions of automatic shutdown suitable for such system without adding extra hardware.

Method and system for controlling amplifiers


The present invention provides a method and device for sanitizing a user's hands prior to the user being granted access to an area. A barrier restricts access to a particular area without sanitization of the user's hands. A locking finger of the present invention prevents opening of the barrier. The locking finger adjusts between an allow access position and a prevent access position to prevent a user from passing the barrier without adjusting the locking finger to the allow access position. To open the barrier, a user must adjust an access arm from a lock position to an unlock position to adjust the position of the locking finger. The user pivots the access arm towards the barrier if the barrier is opened by pushing the barrier. The user pivots the access arm away from a barrier that requires to be pulled upon. The pivoting of the access arm releases a cleaning substance to the user's hands pivoting the access arm requiring the user to sanitize his hands before accessing the area beyond the barrier.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to maintaining a sterile and sanitized environment by enforcing personal sanitization and hygiene. More particularly, the present invention relates to sanitization in public settings including but not limited to healthcare settings, restaurants, public restrooms, and other locations where disease and germs may be spread. The cost of fighting hospital acquired infections is estimated to be at least $30 billion per year. The drug-resistant forms of these infections, such as MRSA, can cost $30,000 per case to combat. Sadly, these infections kill more than 90,000 Americans every year. MRSA kills around 18,000 people every year. Most of these infections are transferred from patient to patient on surfaces that are not sanitized, particularly on the hands of people such as staff and visitors.
The present invention provides a simple method that mechanically ensures that a person sanitizes his/her hands. Unclean hands assist in the spread of infections. Thus, unclean hands cost patients, hospitals and insurance companies a large sum of money combating such infections. The present invention ensures sterilization of the user's hands and prevents the introduction and spread of infections from a user's hands. The present invention also creates an economic benefit by reducing the costs associated with combating such infections.
Restaurants and healthcare settings such as hospitals have hygiene requirements that require their staff and employees to clean their hands. Often, restaurants and hospitals rely on an honor type system to remind the employees and staff to wash their hands. Signs also remind users to clean their hands. Even with the mandatory requirements and signs, users continue to improperly wash their hands. Furthermore, many users only rinse their hands with water that does not properly sanitize the user's hands.
II. Description of the Known Art
Patents and patent applications disclosing information relevant to hygienic systems are disclosed below. These patents and patent applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,458,742 issued to Stropkay on Dec. 2, 2008 ("the '742 patent") teaches a door handle and liquid dispensing apparatus including a housing configured to attach to an associated door and a porous material. The housing taught by the '742 patent at least partially defines a reservoir configured to hold a liquid for cleaning a person's hand when the person opens the associated door. The porous material is disposed in and extends from the reservoir. A portion of the porous material is disposed adjacent a location typically touched by the person's hand when opening the associate door.
The invention taught by the '742 patent is configured to provide hand sanitizing and/or hand cleaning liquid, which includes lotion, to a person whether the person pushes against the assembly 10 to open the door or pulls the assembly 10 to open the door. The assembly 10 taught by the '742 patent is described as a "door handle" assembly; however, the term "door handle" or "handle" is not limited to simply a bar that is grasped and pulled to open the door to which the bar is attached. The term "door handle" or "handle" as used in the '742 patent refers to a portion of the assembly that is typically touched by the person's hand when opening the door, whether it be by pushing or pulling the door.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,044,904 issued to Heisig on Jun. 23, 1936 ("the '904 patent") teaches a means for automatically supplying to the hands of the user a restricted and minute amount of a liquid antiseptic as an instant of the user rotating the knob. The '904 patent teaches two liquid containing compartments filled with a watery solution of a suitable antiseptic, preferably by the use of a pressure syringe into discharge vents which in this case function as filling vents and the liquid as intruded raised in the compartment. The '904 patent teaches when a user passes his fingers across the outer face of the vent incidental to rotating the knob the operator withdraws through the vent, apparently by a frictional or perhaps by an adhesion action, a minute quantity of the antiseptic solution.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,029,600 issued to Davis on Feb. 29, 2000 ("the '600 patent") teaches a device for assuring that restroom users are effectively reminded to wash and cleanse their hands. The '600 patent teaches a spray pump attached adjacent to an exterior door-handle to a restroom and is activated either by the turning of the handle or by the opening of the door. The spray pump taught by the '600 patent includes a spray nozzle which sprays the user's front palm and/or back of the hand with a dye stain when the door-handle is opened. The '600 patent teaches that the dye stain is non-toxic fast drying and easily washable with cleanser such as soap and water. The dye stain taught by the '600 patent can be visible in natural light and include colors such as red, yellow, blue and the like. Alternatively, the dye stain taught by the '600 patent can be only visible to infrared light. The device taught by the '600 patent can be used with round circular door-handles and lever door-handles. The '600 patent teaches that a shield around the door handle can discourage attempts to defeat the staining.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,144 issued to Bogstad on Jan. 23, 1990 ("the '144 patent") teaches a warning system adapted to warn someone to wash their hands prior to leaving or entering a facility in which hand washing is important. The '144 patent teaches a system that includes a door activated system that can be either visible or audible or both and can include a door locking system and a remote signalling system. The warning system taught by the '144 patent is armed when the door is opened to permit entry into the facility and is de-activated upon the acutation of hand-washing facilities. In one embodiment, the system taught by the '144 patent is used in a bathroom and the warning system can be activated by the flushing of a toilet.
The '144 patent also teaches that the consequences of not washing one's hands after using the bathroom are so dire as to require extreme measures to ensure that hands are always washed after using the bathroom. In such extreme situations, the '144 patent teaches that the door 12 can be locked after entry and only unlocked after the hand washing facilities have been used. The control unit 36 and the ingress and egress signaling systems taught by the '144 patent can be used to carry out this function. For this, the system 10 taught by the '144 patent includes a door locking element 80 on the door frame and connected to the control unit 36 via a line connector 82 and adapted to co-operate with a locking mechanism 84 on the door to prevent opening of the door unless the hand washing facilities have been activated. The '144 patent teaches that upon activating a hand-washing facility, a signal can be sent to the control unit 36 to unlock the door via the just-described door locking system.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,478 issued to Guinn on Jul. 6, 1976 ("the '478 patent") teaches an apparatus for unlatching a door to a hygienic area actuated by sensor electrodes in contact with the electrolytic residue of a cleansing agent upon the hand or limb of a person desiring access to the hygienic area. The '478 patent teaches that the personnel desiring entry must have washed or cleansed his hands or arms or other limbs with the required germicidal cleansing agent, such as soap, which will normally leave a sufficient electrolytic residue on his hand to establish a current between the electrodes when the hand is placed in contact with both electrodes. The '478 patent teaches that the current established through the electrolytic residue and the electrodes will then actuate the switch device to close the circuit through the coil of the electromagnetic bolt mechanism for unlatching the door, thereby permitting entry to the hygienic area.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,390,817 issued to Heropoulus on Jul. 2, 1968 ("the '817 patent") teaches a holder body having inlet and outlet passages, means for detachably securing an aerosol container in communication with the inlet passage and means for securing fluid dispersing means to the outlet passage and actuator means in the body for engaging and opening the aerosol valve when a door is opened.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,273,756 issued to Levy et al. on Sep. 20, 1966 ("the '756 patent") teaches a device for the automatic treatment of the air in a room and, more particularly to a device for the automatic spraying of the air in a room, as with a sterilizing, de-odorizing or perfuming spray. The '756 patent teaches that when the frame containing a dispenser is in place and the door is opened, the top edge of the door will engage the projecting resilient strip and will move and offset it and the bar extension outwardly and upwardly to clear the door top without any difficulty and without any effect on the pressure dispenser. However, when the door is closed, its edge will engage against the outer face of the strip projection and press it inwardly towards the frame, causing the strip and the bar extension to which it is attached to be pushed towards the supporting frame and thereby lowering the bar section and its extension onto the nozzle head, to depress the same, causing a discharge of spray through the valve of the pressure dispenser that is opened by such nozzle head movement.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,553 issued to Cunningham on Sep. 15, 1998 ("the '553 patent") teaches an apparatus for unlocking the door to a hygienic area formed by a circuit having a pair of series connected, normally open push button switches disposed in spaced apart relation at lateral limits of a lavatory. The '553 patent teaches that when the switch buttons are simultaneously depressed for a predetermined time, as by the little finger of each hand of a worker, soap sprays from overhead spray heads on the worker's hands, and after the predetermined time delay, unlocks the door.
The '553 patent teaches that upon the entry, the door automatically locks behind the worker and will not open until a certain sequence of steps are performed by the worker using the facilities. The '553 patent teaches that the worker, using both little fingers of his hands, pushes dual buttons on opposite sides of a lavatory simultaneously which sprays a quantity of disinfectant soap on his hands and closes a circuit and unlocking the door.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,320,418 issued to Sassoon on Jan. 22, 2008 ("the '418 patent") teaches controlled sanitizing by dispensing a germicide, such as a disinfectant, antibacterial solution or cleansing agent at intervals. The system taught by the '418 patent can include a housing sized to seat an aerosol can and a control circuit that operates to momentarily open a valve on the aerosol can through action of a gear system upon an aerosol delivery tube. The '418 patent teaches a sensor that responds to displacement of the delivery tube to deliver state signals to the control circuit. The control circuit taught by the '418 patent prevents action of the gear system in the event that the state signals fail at least one prescribed condition. The '418 patent also teaches a method that registers at least the displacement of the delivery tube via the sensor and prevents subsequent displacements and hence subsequent sanitizing in the event that the sensor has not registered at least the displacement of the delivery tube. The method taught by the '418 patent ensures that a suitable aerosol can has been properly loaded in the dispenser. The '418 patent also teaches that the motor actuation cycle can be suppressed if certain external conditions are detected such as the presence of a hand of a person in the vicinity of the sanitizer unit 200.
Therefore, the present invention is needed to improve sanitization, hygiene, and cleanliness. The present invention is also needed to sterilize the user's hands to maintain a clean environment. The present invention is also needed to require a person to clean his hands before passing through a barrier to access a particular area.


A medical instrument has a switch for controlling the operation of an external device operatively connected to the switch by way of a control section. The control section is a light transmitting section extending between a light source and a light receiver, and includes two optical fibers extending within the instrument with their ends in opposed spaced relationship. A cover plate is movable by means of a switch button, between the opposed ends of the fibers to alter the transmission of light to the light receiver at least in order to switch the external device on and off.

German Utility Model No. 1 840 499 discloses a switch built into the handle of a resectoscope for opening and closing the high-frequency circuit. The switch is operated with the thumb of the hand grasping the handle.
A disadvantage of such built-in switches is that their mechanisms can be impaired by the temperatures occurring during sterilisation of an instrument, and such mechanisms may be damaged by the ingress of water thereinto. Also, with such instruments with which a coagulator is used the electrical potential of the coagulator is applied to the input wires of the handle and to the switch contacts so long as the coagulator is switched on. Comprehensive means must, therefore, be provided for electrically insulating the switch and the switch housing, that is to say, basically the handle, in order to safeguard the patient and the operator.

Medical instrument having a switch for controlling an external device


An avalanche and hypothermia protective system for detecting emergency situations and instances when a user is severely compromised by adverse atmospheric and climactic extremes, e.g. entombment by an avalanche or high altitude mountaineering, and providing relief for the detected emergency situation. The system includes a sensor housing to be worn on the head of the user including sensors for sensing certain conditions and generating a signal indicative of the conditions sensed. A backpack including a microprocessor therein is connected to the sensors for analyzing the generated signal to determine if an emergency situation exists. A device for relieving the emergency condition is connected to the microprocessor for providing relief to the user upon detection of an emergency condition and to provide support for preexisting conditions such as cold induced asthma. The sensors may sense at least one of skin temperature of the user, respiratory rate of the user, an amount of oxygen in the atmosphere surrounding the user, snow weight impacting on the user and noise level. The backpack may store an oxygen supply tank and a chemical heat pack for use in automatically relieving the detected emergencies. The system also includes a signal transmitter for transmitting a distress signal upon detection of an emergency condition or upon manual activation by the user. A supply of drinking fluids may also be stored within the backpack for providing liquid refreshment to the user when desired.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to devices for protecting persons from emergency situations and, more specifically, to an avalanche and hypothermia protective system which is able to detect when an emergency situation exists and institute the proper protective measures upon determination of an emergency situation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Numerous types of clothing for protecting persons from the elements have been provided in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,911,913; 4,881,539; 5,027,807 and 5,109,215 all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described.

Avalanche and hyothermia protective system


A booting system for a crashed motherboard includes a BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip, and a south bridge chip. The BIOS chip stores a plurality of boot procedures. The south bridge chip is coupled to the BIOS chip and includes a cache module. The cache module loads the plurality of boot procedures from the BIOS chip when the motherboard is powered on. When the motherboard crashes, the south bridge chip can load the plurality of boot procedures from the cache module to power on or repower the motherboard.

A Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip is a program embedded by the manufacturer in a Read Only Memory (ROM) on a motherboard of a platform system such as a computer, a tablet or a smart phone. The BIOS is by definition a firmware on the motherboard and plays a role for communications between the hardware and an operating system. Operation of a platform system, including hardware adjustments, can be adjusted by means of the BIOS in which basic input/output programs related and essential to the platform, system information settings, Power On Self Test (POST), system bootstrap programs, etc. are stored. When a platform system is powered up, the BIOS performs a test on the platform system. After the test is completed, the operating system is loaded into a memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM). If the BIOS is damaged or fails in function due to, for example, a virus attack, the platform system will not boot successfully.

HONG FU JIN PRECISION INDUSTRY (ShenZhen) CO., LTD.


In a region extending along a terminal region located near a substrate end and included in a frame region defined around a rectangular display region, a peripheral circuit section is provided between the display region and a mount region defined in part of the terminal region. The peripheral circuit section includes unit circuit sections that are monolithically provided and are aligned along one side of the display region. The arrangement pitch of outer ones of the unit circuit sections is larger than that of inner ones of the unit circuit sections.

In recent years, display panels such as liquid crystal display panels are used for various types of electronic equipment. In particular, electronic equipment for mobile use, such as cellular phones, needs to narrow a frame region at the outer periphery of a display screen, i.e., needs to narrow the frame and, thereby, to reduce the size of the electronic equipment.
A liquid crystal display panel of an active matrix drive type includes an active matrix substrate and a counter substrate that are opposed to each other, and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the active matrix substrate and the counter substrate. The active matrix substrate includes, in a rectangular display region corresponding to the above-described display screen, a plurality of gate signal lines extending in parallel with one another and a plurality of source signal lines extending in parallel with one another in a direction orthogonal to the gate signal lines. The active matrix substrate has a terminal region on its surface projecting from the counter substrate.
In order to reduce the device size and the number of components, typical mobile electronic equipment including a display panel of an active matrix drive type has a so-called "three-side-free structure" in which a terminal region is disposed only on one of the four sides of an active matrix substrate and no terminal regions are disposed on the other three sides. On the active matrix substrate with the three-side-free structure, one gate control circuit is monolithically provided along each of the two opposed sides on which no terminal regions are disposed, one source control circuit is monolithically provided on one side on which the terminal region is disposed, and a driver integrated circuit (IC) connected to the gate control circuits and the source control circuit is mounted, for example. The gate control circuits are connected to gate signal lines. The source control circuit is connected to source signal lines. The source control circuit includes, for every three adjacent source signal lines, a demultiplexer circuit for splitting display source signals from video signal lines connected to the driver IC to color elements of RGB, an inspection circuit for inputting an inspection signal to the demultiplexer circuit, and a protection circuit for protecting the demultiplexer circuit, the inspection circuit, and thin film transistors (TFTs) provided in subpixels, which are minimum units of an image, for example.
For example, Patent Document 1 describes that a device substrate with a three-side-free structure can be designed such that an RGB switch circuit corresponding to the above-described demultiplexer circuit and a protection circuit for video signals are separated from each other and the pitch of arrangement in the protection circuit for video signals is smaller than that in the RGB switch circuit. This design is intended to reduce the size of the frame region of the substrate by creating a redundant region for disposing circuits, such as a protection circuit for general-purpose signals, and lines near both ends of components arranged in the protection circuit for video signal lines.

Active matrix substrate and display panel including the same


A method for reconstructing a three-dimension image includes receiving a plurality of two-dimensional images and projection information of the two-dimensional images, projecting a plurality of rays onto the plurality of two-dimensional images, determining correspondence information between pixels of different ones of the plurality of two-dimensional images, determining a value of each of the pixels, and reconstructing a three-dimension image by integrating the plurality of rays, wherein a position on each ray can be associated to one pixel of the plurality of two-dimensional images.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to image reconstruction, and more particularly to methods for 3D reconstruction using 2D images.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) scenes is a computationally expensive procedure. Therefore, real time-reconstruction techniques are limited by the speed of the reconstruction. For example, it may be difficult to reconstruct a 3D scene having fast moving objections.


This invention relates generally to a leg guard, an embodiment of which includes use in diamond sports. The leg guard contains an adjustable shin guard, thigh guard, and articulating knee allowing for movement mimicking the natural movement of the knee. The articulating knee opens and closes without gaps in protection, and locks into a standing position preventing the hyperextension of the knee.

Many leg guards, both for use in diamond sports as well as other uses, exist that provide some protection to the knee, thigh, and shin areas. In the case of diamond sports, these leg guards are designed to protect the player from injury to knee and lower leg caused by the impact of thrown balls or bats and collision with other players. Leg guards attempt to provide as much natural movement with minimal restriction to the player as possible while simultaneously providing maximum protection possible.
Leg guards for diamond sports have become more sophisticated with time. Prior art typically consist of a triple kneecap design, wherein three separate protective paddings come together to cover and protect the knee. Additional protective padding is in place to protect the thigh and shin portions of the leg. This type of guard typically has a high-impact resistant plastic covering the soft foam padding and webbing connecting the pads together. Some existing leg guards have a flexible component that is attached to the stationary knee padding and the shin guard padding that allows for leg guard to bend with the player as they move from a standing to crouching position; however, the triple kneecap design leg guards do not provide any sort of protection from overextension of the knee.
Knee guards for use in motocross have an articulated knee design; however, problems exist with these designs for use in a diamond sport setting. Many of these knee guards have only a single articulation point, and function such that when the knee bends or articulates the articulating pieces move leaving large gaps between the articulating pieces. Furthermore, the articulating pieces of motocross knee guards have protruding plastic segments that in a diamond sport setting would function as a scoop or shovel for collecting dirt and debris. The collection of dirt and debris in these gaps and protruding areas would lead to build up in the articulating apparatus impairing the ability articulate properly and would ultimately minimize the range of motion. Additionally, articulating knee guards designed for use in motocross have a limited range of motion compared to the need for nearly full range of motion in diamond sports.
The balance between protection from injury and freedom of movement is the ultimate struggle in protective equipment for athletics. One key problem with existing leg guards for diamond sports is that while some contain flexible components, they still do not allow for natural movement of the knee joint and provide no protection for hyperextension of the knee. Furthermore, the flexing movement with the stationary position of the knee and shin padding allows for vulnerable areas of the body during certain positions. Problems with leg guards designed for motocross in the context of their use in diamond sports include: 1) the articulation apparatus is not designed to handle excess dirt and debris required of any protective gear used in baseball; and, 2) they do not provide for range of motion required for use in diamond sports. There exists a need in the art for a leg guard that has a hinged joint mimicking the natural movement and range of motion of the knee while preventing hyperextension, allowing for greater protection while in the standing or crouching positions, while being able to withstand the dirt and debris of diamond sports.


Systems and methods disclosed herein accept a user-selected adjustment position associated with a value-selection display screen widget. A non-linear calculation is performed on the user-selected adjustment position, a length of the screen widget, a smallest represented value associated with a range of values, a largest represented value associated with a range of values, and/or an adjustment granularity associated with the display screen widget. The non-linear calculation determines a selected value corresponding to the user-selected adjustment position. The selected value is then sent to a physical output device. Additional embodiments are disclosed and claimed.

So-called "screen widgets" are sometimes implemented by software applications to enable a user to interact with an application in an intuitive way. A screen widget typically includes one or more images to display information or choices to the user. The user typically interacts with a widget image by "gesturing" relative to the image. For example, the user may point, click, or drag with a mouse or other pointer device or via key presses. A computer code module associated with the widget detects the user gestures and interprets particular gestures relative to the images as pre-defined types of user inputs.
Some widgets are designed to view and/or select from a set of items or choices or to scroll within a range of a variable. Such widgets may include check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down lists, and sliders. A value-selection widget such as a slider may be particularly useful for quickly examining and choosing from a range of numbers. The numbers may represent a selectable or viewable range of a variable such as price in the field of commerce, population in the field of demographics, or focal length in the field of optics, for example.
Factors that may affect the ease of use of a slider widget may include the magnitude of the upper and lower limits of the range of values to be selected from, the granularity of the step-changes from one value to the next, the length of the slider bar in screen pixels, and the sensitivity of the mouse or other pointer device. So, for example, an eight centimeter-long slider used to select from among 40 variable values may be easier to use than a three-centimeter slider used to select from among 10,000 values. The latter slider design may result in awkward selection because the number of values per linear slider distance is greater than can be comfortably controlled with a mouse or other input device of a given sensitivity.


A method for positioning a wafer in semiconductor fabrication is provided. The method includes sending a wafer into a processing chamber by a transferring module. The method further includes producing a video image in relation to an edge of the wafer by a monitoring module. The method also includes performing an image analysis on the video image to determine if the edge of the wafer is in a correct position. If the edge of the wafer is not in a correct position a shifting value is calculated and the wafer is moved according to the shifting value.

Semiconductor devices are used in a variety of electronic applications, such as personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. Semiconductor devices are typically fabricated by sequentially depositing insulating or dielectric layers, conductive layers, and semiconductor layers of materials over a semiconductor substrate, and patterning the various material layers using lithography to form circuit components and elements thereon.
The semiconductor industry continues to improve the integration density of various electronic components (e.g., transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.) by continual reductions in minimum feature size, which allows more components to be integrated into a given area. These smaller electronic components also require smaller packages that utilize less area than the packages of the past, in some applications.
During the manufacturing of the semiconductor devices, various processing steps are used to fabricate integrated circuits on a semiconductor wafer. Generally, the processes include coating a photoresist on the semiconductor wafer. After a photoresist material is coated, exposed and developed on the semiconductor wafer surface, an edge bead rinse (EBR) process is frequently performed before the semiconductor wafer can be processed further.
Although existing methods and devices for operating the processing steps have generally been adequate for their intended purposes, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects. Consequently, it would be desirable to provide a solution for the process control for semiconductor manufacturing operations.

Method and system for positioning wafer in semiconductor manufacturing fabrication

TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.


The purpose of the present invention is to provide a urea solution injection nozzle in which deposition and growth of urea on the surface of the urea solution injection nozzle are minimized. A urea solution injection nozzle is provided with urea solution flow paths and gas flow paths. A mixture of urea solution and gas are injected from an injection port. A slit that is a side-surface discharge port is configured so that gas is discharged along a curved surface on the outer surface of the urea solution injection nozzle in the same direction as the injection direction of the urea solution. The slit and the flow path are connected by a branching flow path.

Conventionally, an exhaust purification apparatus is known in which a selective reducing type NOx catalyst (SCR catalyst) is disposed inside an exhaust pipe and NOx (nitrogen oxide) is reduced into nitrogen and water with ammonia as a reducing agent for decreasing the NOx in exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine. For example, it is like the Patent Literature 1.
In an exhaust purification apparatus described in the Patent Literature 1, a urea solution is supplied from a urea solution injection nozzle arranged inside an exhaust pipe to exhaust gas, and ammonia is generated from the urea solution by heat of the exhaust gas so as to reduce NOx into nitrogen and water. However, there is a problem in that water of the urea solution remaining in a surface of the urea solution injection nozzle evaporates with the heat of the exhaust gas so that urea deposits and grows, thereby closing the exhaust pipe.
On the other hand, a two-fluid mixing type nozzle such as the urea solution injection nozzle is known in that pressurized air for atomizing medicinal liquid (coating liquid) is mixed with the coating liquid while being discharged to a tip of the nozzle so as to prevent the coating liquid from adhering to the tip of the nozzle and becoming a lump. For example, it is like the Patent Literature 2.
However, the nozzle described in the Patent Literature 2 prevents the coating liquid from adhering to the tip of the nozzle. In the case of injecting the urea solution upward like a urea solution injection nozzle in an exhaust purification apparatus for a ship, the urea solution adheres to the whole nozzle. Accordingly, when the art disclosed in the Patent Literature 1 is used, it is disadvantageous that deposition and growth of the urea cannot be prevented effectively.

JAPAN SHIP MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION


A golf club iron employs an elongated connection member to connect the lower end of a golf club shaft directly to the rear face of the golf club head over an elongated region between the top surface and the sole of the head. The connection region includes a line which is directly behind the center of mass of the head to enhance the transfer of energy to a golf ball where little or reduced torque is produced by off-center hits.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a golf club of the iron type, and more particularly to such a club which produces improved distance upon striking the ball by more efficiently transferring the kinetic energy of the swing closer to the point of impact or center line of the ball than in a conventional iron.
Golf clubs are made in three distinct types or categories. The putter is designed to roll the ball on the ground without causing the ball to take flight. Irons and woods are designed to propel the ball through the air with various trajectories, and include the several woods (commonly now made with metal heads shaped like conventional woods), and the irons (1-9 irons, pitching wedge, and sand wedge).
The head of an iron comprises a hitting surface framed by a heel, a toe, a sole and a top surface. Between the heel and toe, the former is nearest the golfer when the club is in use and the latter is furthest from the golfer, with the striking face between the heel and toe. The club shaft defines a line center of force that propels the club. The shaft is ordinarily mounted at or attached to the heel of the club, and is accordingly mounted eccentrically with respect to the striking face.
When the iron is swung correctly and contact with the ball is made with a particular portion of the striking face (commonly referred to as "the sweet spot") the desired trajectory is produced. However, when the impact point is further out along the face of the iron or away from the golfer and closer to the toe, less energy is transmitted into the ball. Moreover, because there is a moment arm between the hosel and the sweet spot in conventional irons, the golfer must overcome an inherent torque induced even with proper contact and an increased torque with contact closer to the toe.


A method for displaying a video sequence depicting motion of at least one video object by sequential presentation of a plurality of frames includes storing a low resolution representation of the video object, generating and displaying a first frame of the sequence based on the low resolution representation, updating the low resolution representation, and generating and displaying a subsequent frame of the sequence based on the updated representation. The method may include calculating a quality metric to determine when updating is necessary.

Digital video technology is used in a growing number of applications such as cable television, direct broadcast satellite services, high-definition television, and the like. Digital representations of video signals often require a very large number of bits. As such, a number of systems and methods are currently being developed to accommodate transmission and storage of still images and video sequences using various types of compression technology implemented in both hardware and software.
The availability of economically feasible and increasingly more powerful microprocessors allows integration of natural and synthetic audio and video sequences. Information in the form of audio and video sequences may be integrated to present real-time and non-real-time information in a single sequence. To provide audio and video sequences having acceptable quality, using diverse communication channels having various bandwidths and associated communication rates, requires continuous improvement to obtain higher compression ratios and reduction of the delays or latencies due to encoding, transmission, decoding, and compositing.
In general, quality, in the form of resolution, is compromised to obtain an accessible latency for a particular limited bandwidth system. However, it is desirable to provide a method for reducing latency which does not result in such a quality reduction as perceived by the viewer.
An audio/visual (AV) object may be used to represent a physical (real) or virtual article. AV objects may be defined in terms of other AV objects which are referred to as sub-objects. An AV object which is not a composite or a compound AV object is referred to as a primitive. A sprite object is an AV object created within a block of pixels that can be manipulated as a unit using geometrical transformations. Rather than re-transmitting and re-displaying the sprite object, new transformation parameters are provided to generate subsequent video frames. This results in a significant reduction in the amount of data necessary to represent such frames.
Sprite objects have a number of applications in computer graphics, animation, and digital video. A small sprite object may represent a character in a video game whereas a large sprite object may represent an image which is larger than an individual frame. For example, a still image of a video layer of a scene, such as the background of a room, may be represented by a large sprite object. A particular video sequence which represents a camera panning across the room would have a number of frames to depict motion of the camera. Rather than transmitting a still image for each frame, only the transformation parameters are required to manipulate a portion of the sprite image which is reused multiple times as the video frames are generated.
A prior art method of displaying a digital video sequence using sprites requires the sprites to be encoded and transmitted at the beginning of the video sequence. Transformation parameters are then transmitted and applied to generate the various frames for the sequence. This results in a significant delay or high latency before beginning display of the video sequence because the sprite objects must be available to a decoder before any frames can be reconstructed and displayed using the transformation parameters. In addition, the spite object (basis object) is traditionally fixed after it has been transmitted and stored at the beginning of the encoded video sequence.

Hierarchical low latency video compression


A control method of an electrical thermostat that includes an operating heater heating wax so as to operate an operating valve that may be disposed to close a coolant passage according to an exemplary embodiment of may include detecting a coolant temperature of coolant circulating a coolant passage, determining whether the coolant temperature may be included in a predetermined heating temperature range, performing a coolant heating mode by supplying a predetermined level of power to the operating heater for a predetermined time, if the coolant temperature may be within the heating temperature range, and stopping the coolant heating mode in a condition that the operating valve may be closed.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control method of an electrical thermostat and the system thereof that changes a passage of a coolant depending on the temperature of the coolant and actively controls the coolant temperature to prevent overheating thereof.
Description of Related Art
A thermostat for a vehicle is disposed between an engine and a radiator, is automatically opened/closed by the temperature variation of coolant to adjust the flow rate of the coolant, and therefore the temperature of the coolant is controlled in a predetermined range.
A mechanical thermostat expands wax depending on the temperature of the coolant, and the expanding force of the wax makes a piston move the valve of the thermostat.
The mechanical thermostat is operated in a predetermined opening/closing temperature of the coolant to open/close the valve only in a predetermined temperature condition, and therefore the mechanical thermostat does not actively move against changes of the driving circumstances of the vehicle.
Accordingly, an electrical thermostat has been introduced to complements the drawback of the mechanical thermostat, and the electrical thermostat is operated to sustain the coolant temperature in an optimized range.
The electrical thermostat actively controls the coolant temperature of the engine according to the driving circumstances such as the load level of the vehicle to sustain the optimized coolant temperature, and the electrical thermostat can improve fuel consumption efficiency and reduce exhaust gas.
A drive portion that is a temperature sensitive type and is electrically controlled has been applied to open or close the valve of a thermostat, and the drive portion includes wax, semi-fluid, a rubber piston, a back-up plate, and a main piston.
Here, a coolant temperature is low before an engine is started, and therefore fuel consumption and harmful exhaust gas can be increased by the low temperature coolant. Accordingly, the arts for quickly raising the coolant temperature have been researched.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.

Control system of electrical thermostat and the system thereof


A height-adjustable desk includes a desk board and a base. Two first lifting arms and one second lifting arm are disposed between the desk board and the base. The two first lifting arms are disposed at both sides of the desk board respectively. The second lifting arm is located between the two first lifting arms and spatially intersected with the two first lifting arms to be distributed in an X shape. The upper ends of the two first lifting arms are rotatably connected to a first end of the desk board, and the lower ends of the two first lifting arms are slidably connected to a first end of the base. The upper end of the second lifting arm is slidably connected to a second end of the desk board, and and the lower end of the second lifting arm is hinged to a second end of the base.

In the prior art, office desks always have fixed heights. However, different users or different use conditions may require that desktop should be at different heights for ease of use. For example, users may have different requirements for the desktop heights of office desks due to different heights of user body and computer chairs.
In the prior art, a patent document discloses a desktop placement type height-adjustable desk, comprising a working platform, an upper support seat and a lower support seat. A first lifting arm and a second lifting arm are disposed between the upper support seats and the lower support seats and intersected in an X shape and hinged at an intersection, an upper end of the first lifting arm is hinged with the upper support seat and a lower end of the first lifting arm is slidably mated with the lower support seat, a lower end of the second lifting arm is hinged with the lower support seat and an upper end of the second lifting arm is slidably mated with the upper support seat. A gas spring is disposed between the upper support seat and the lower support seat to provide a drive force for lifting the upper support seat.
In the above patent document, the gas spring, as a lifting power source is mounted between the upper support seat and the lower support seat. The upper support seat is a component additionally mounted at a bottom surface of the working platform, an upper end of the gas spring is connected with the upper support seat, and a lower end of the gas spring is actually mounted on the first lifting arm or the second lifting arm. Further, a dual X-shaped lifting supporting structure is formed by using two first lifting arms and two second lifting arms, leading to complex overall structure and large weight. In addition, due to existence of the upper support seats, it is difficult to achieve an optimal overall height when the height-adjustable desk is in a storage state, thereby consuming more consumable materials in product packaging and bringing high costs.


Disclosed is a four-line nylon cutter assembly for a mower, including: an upper case having an insert groove at a central portion thereof; an elastic body in which one surface portion is in close contact with an inner surface of the central portion of the upper case; a spool having a surface on which a nylon cutter is wound and one surface which is in close contact with the other surface portion of the elastic body by pressing; an operating wheel of which one surface portion is coupled to the other surface portion of the spool; and a lower case in which a mounting groove into which the other side portion of the operating wheel is inserted is formed at the center portion and an edge portion is coupled to an edge portion of the upper case.

The present invention relates to a nylon cutter assembly for a mower and more particularly, to a nylon cutter assembly for a mower capable of easily winding a nylon cutter without disassembling an apparatus and very efficiently removing weeds and the like by appropriately withdrawing four-line nylon cutters perpendicular to each other from a working body.
A mower is an apparatus that removes weeds and scrub by transmitting a rotational force of an engine driven by the fuel to a cutter. As a cutter means for directly removing weeds and the like in the mower, a cutter made of a metal blade or a nylon material is known, but recently, the use of a nylon cutter is gradually increasing due to the risk of a safety accident.
As shown in FIG. 26, the nylon cutter is embedded in an assembly 100 rotatably provided at an end of a mower 1, and when the power generated by the engine of the mower 1 is transmitted to the assembly 100 through a rotary shaft 2, the nylon cutter rotates together with the assembly at a high speed in a state where both end portions are exposed to the outside with a predetermined length through a withdrawing groove 270 of the assembly 100 to remove weeds and the like around the assembly.
The nylon cutter is wound around a spool in the assembly by a predetermined length and is loosened according to the use state. Most of the conventional nylon cutter assemblies have a structure in which the rotary shaft of the mower is connected through the center of the spool 22 as shown in FIG. 27. Thus, when the nylon cutter wound around the spool 22 is exhausted, there is an inconvenience that the spool is separated from the assembly, and then the nylon cutter is wound around the spool and reused.
As a method for solving such problems, there are provided methods in which as show in FIG. 28, a through passage 360 is formed in the spool 300 and the spool is rotated repeatedly while the nylon cutter is inserted through the through passage 360 to wind the nylon cutter on the spool. Although these methods are convenient in that nylon cutters may be replenished without separating the spool from the assembly, since the through passages 360 needs to be formed in such a manner as to bypass the rotary shaft of the mower as shown in the drawing, there was a disadvantage that the manufacturing itself was difficult.

Four-line nylon cutter assembly for mower


A three-dimensional printing apparatus includes a tank that stores a liquid photo-curable resin; a base on which the tank is placed and which includes a light passage portion through which light passes; an optical device that is disposed below the base, includes a light source, and irradiates the resin with light emitted from the light source through the light passage portion; and a holder provided above the tank so that when lowered, the holder is immersed in the resin, and when raised, the holder lifts the cured resin. A front-rear length of the tank is longer than a front-rear length of the holder. A front-rear center of the holder is located rearward relative to a front-rear center of the tank, and a front-rear length between a front end of the tank and a front end of the holder is equal to or longer than the front-rear length of the holder.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to three-dimensional printing apparatuses.
2. Description of the Related Art
A three-dimensional printing apparatus is conventionally known in which a liquid photo-curable resin stored inside a tank is irradiated with light so as to cure the photo-curable resin, thus forming a three-dimensional object (see, for example, JP 2003-39564 A).
A three-dimensional printing apparatus of this type includes a base provided with an opening, a tank placed on the base, and a raisable and lowerable holder disposed above the tank. An optical system is disposed below the tank. For example, the optical system includes a light source that emits light and a mirror. The light emitted from the light source is reflected by the mirror. The photo-curable resin inside the tank is irradiated with the reflected light through the opening of the base. A portion of the photo-curable resin inside the tank which has been irradiated with the light is cured. By controlling a light irradiation position, a position at which the resin is to be cured is appropriately changed. Hence, the cured resin can form a desired cross-sectional shape. A desired cross-sectional shape is continuously formed downward by sequentially raising the holder. As a result, a desired three-dimensional object is formed by the cured photo-curable resin.
In performing printing of a three-dimensional object (hereinafter simply referred to as "three-dimensional printing"), a cover that covers the tank and the holder is disposed above the base so as to prevent leakage of light to outside. In the three-dimensional printing apparatus disclosed in JP 2003-39564, the tank (which is referred to as a "trough" in JP 2003-39564) is reduced in area in a plan view, and therefore, the cover is reduced in size. As a result, the apparatus is reduced in size.
In the above-described three-dimensional printing apparatus, an object is formed layer by layer by sequentially raising the holder. When the holder is raised, it is important to rapidly and stably supply a liquid photo-curable resin, which is to form a next layer, to a region under a cured photo-curable resin lifted by the holder. In the three-dimensional printing apparatus disclosed in JP 2003-39564, the tank is only slightly larger than the holder (which is referred to as a "carrier platform" in JP 2003-39564) in the plan view. Hence, the area of the tank in the plan view is small. Thus, in this case, it is more difficult for a liquid photo-curable resin to flow inside the tank than when the area of the tank in the plan view is large. Therefore, when the holder is raised, a liquid photo-curable resin that has already slightly been irradiated with light and has thus been somewhat degraded is likely to remain in a region under a cured photo-curable resin. Thus, it is difficult to supply a fresh photo-curable resin that is not yet irradiated with light. Consequently, a resulting three-dimensional object might be degraded in quality, thus making it difficult to form the three-dimensional object as desired.


A computerized method of analyzing measurements obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of subject comprising the steps of providing an ingestible capsule (20) having a sensor (22, 23, 24) for measuring a parameter of the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, having a subject ingest (118) the capsule, recording (130) measurements from the sensor as the capsule passes through the gastrointestinal tract of the subject, transmitting (131, 122) the measurements to a processor (31), conditioning (132) the measurements to provide data as a function of a time interval, plotting (133) the data on a display (32), providing a query (205, 216, 234), on the display, receiving input (207a or 207b, 218a or 218b, 237a or 237b) from a user in response to the query, setting a marker (50-53) on the plot (40) at a location as a function of the input, and determining (238) a capsule transit time for a selected portion of the gastrointestinal tract as a function of the location of the marker.

Ingestible capsules are well-known in the prior art. Such capsules are generally small pill-like devices that can be ingested or swallowed by a patient. It is known that such capsules may include one or more sensors for determining physiological parameters of the gastrointestinal tract, such as sensors for detecting temperature, pH and pressure.
A number of methods of determining location of an ingestible capsule are known in the prior art. For example, it is known that signal strength or signal triangulation may be used to attempt to determine the location of an ingested capsule. However, the use of an RF signal has a number of disadvantages, including that it generally requires multiple antennas, various tissues may impact the signal differently, and patient movement may skew the results. It is also known that accelerometers may be used to attempt to determine location, but such methods also have disadvantages, such as drift, non-linear progression and rotational inaccuracy.
It is also known that certain physiological parameters may be associated with regions of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, a 1988 article entitled "Measurement of Gastrointestinal pH Profiles in Normal Ambulant Human Subjects" discloses pH measurements recorded by a capsule passing through the gastrointestinal tract. It is known that pH has been correlated with transitions from the stomach to the small bowel (gastric emptying) and from the distal small bowel to the colon (ileo-caecal junction).
U.S. Patent Publication No. US2006/0149140 discloses a software program configured to interpret patient input data, diagnose the patient's condition, and recommend treatment options. U.S. Patent Publication No. US2002/0181680 discloses a data collection and management system for patient-worn medical devices in which data modems are used to provide for remote data collection and management of a wearable cardiac defibrillator monitor.

System and method of evaluating a subject with an ingestible capsule


Disclosed are methods for building colloidal solids by precipitation from a liquid bridge using a needle through which a colloidal particle suspension is dispensed onto a substrate in a temperature-controlled environment. The substrate can rest on a motion-controlled stage, and freeform shapes can be built by coordinating the motion of the stage with the rate of dispense of colloidal particle suspension. Aspects include a scaling law that governs the rate of assembly and a direct-write colloidal assembly process that combines self-assembly with direct-write 3D printing, and can be used to build exemplary freestanding structures using a diverse materials, such as polystyrene, silica and gold particles. Additionally, disclosed are methods for predicting and eliminating cracking by a geometric relationship between particle size and structure dimensions, enabling the production of macroscale, crack-free colloidal crystals.

Structural hierarchy—which involves the control of composition and form across length scales—is a powerful strategy for creating functional natural and synthetic materials. In natural materials, examples of hierarchical morphology can be found in, for instance: butterfly wings, which display intricate photonic effects, the xylem architecture of plants, which feature optimized mass transport, and the skeletal structure of sea sponges, which possess outstanding mechanical properties. Ordered assemblies of colloidal particles are attractive for technological applications because of their emergent properties, which arise from the size, composition, and ordering of the particles. Assemblies of colloidal particles exhibit unique optical, chemical, and mechanical properties based on, at least in part, particle geometry, composition, and arrangement, which enables tailored design of novel materials for diverse applications. However, typical evaporative particle assembly methods are limited to thin-film and thick-film crystal geometries. Furthermore, the formation of cracks during evaporation has impeded studies of macroscopic properties of colloidal crystals.
Methods to deposit and self-assemble ordered particle solids from suspension are typically limited to fabrication of films and patterns, and commonly utilize surface tension to confine particles against substrates. In contrast, direct-write methods to build 3D structures rely on cohesion between particles in high-density suspensions, which inhibits particle ordering. As a result, the fabrication of ordered colloidal solids as three dimensional macroscale shapes remains a challenge, which limits their bulk property characterization and their utility for applications.
Accordingly, there is a need for systems, devices, and methods that allow for colloidal solids to be produced in a more robust and reliable manner such that the colloidal solids have desirable configurations and structural integrity.

Systems, devices, and methods for fabricating colloidal solids


Superelastic and/or shape memory nickel-titanium alloys having an increased fatigue life that is superior to known nickel-titanium alloys are disclosed. The nickel-titanium alloys have a minimum fatigue life that may be at least about 10 million strain cycles at a strain greater than about 0.75%. The minimum fatigue life may be due, at least in part, to the nickel-titanium alloy having at least one of an oxygen concentration of less than about 200 ppm, a carbon concentration of less than about 200 ppm, the absence of oxide-based and/or carbide-based inclusions having a size greater than about 5 microns (μm), the presence of an R-phase, or combinations of the foregoing. Articles manufactured from such fatigue-resistant nickel-titanium alloys can be more durable because they are more resistant to repetitive strain and crack propagation.

Medical devices may be subject to multiple stresses and strains, such as after insertion into a body lumen. Due to the constant stresses and strains placed upon a medical device, microcracks may eventually form on a surface of or within a medical device leading to structural failure and/or patient injury. Increasing the overall strength of a medical device can lead to overrigidity and/or inflexibility, which can unintentionally injure a patient and/or cause further medical complications.
One type of material commonly used for medical devices to attempt to alleviate some of these difficulties is a shape memory alloy. A shape memory alloy has superelastic material characteristics above a transformation temperature and shape memory characteristics below a transformation temperature. Superelastic materials possess unique characteristics that are particularly useful in medical applications. If a piece of a shape memory alloy, such as nitinol, is mechanically stretched, compressed, bent, or twisted in its martensitic phase, it will return to its original configuration upon heating.
The malleable martensitic form of the alloy can be easily deformed and if not constrained, will freely recover upon heating to its original, much stronger austenite phase. In theory, this cycle can be repeated indefinitely. However, microcracks may begin to form through environmental stresses to which the shape memory alloy is subjected. These microcracks can eventually lead to a traumatic structural failure within the shape memory alloy.
Various medical devices incorporating the use of shape memory elements have been known for a number of years. Medical devices adopting the use of shape memory elements rely on the unique structural properties of shape memory alloys in order to achieve their desired effects. The shape memory alloys that are used in stents, for example, retain their new shape when cooled to the martensitic state and are thereafter deformed. However, these same shape memory alloys will recover their original shape when warmed to the austenitic state.

Fatigue-resistant nickel-titanium alloys and medical devices using same


A radio frequency (RF) module and a multi RF module including the same include a base substrate, a first element capable of processing RF signals formed on the base substrate, a second element capable of processing RF signals separated from and disposed over the first element, a cap substrate coupled with the base substrate to encapsulate the first and second elements including a plurality of through electrodes that electrically connect the first and second elements to the outside, and a bonding pad that encapsulates and joins the base substrate and the cap substrate and electrically connects the first and second elements to the through electrodes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radio frequency (RF) module, a multi RF module including the RF module, and a method of fabricating the RF module, and more particularly, to an RF module with a multi stack structure which can be manufactured on a wafer, a multi RF module including the RF module, and a method of fabricating the RF module.
2. Description of the Related Art
Radio frequency (RF) refers to frequency used for wireless communication. An RF module processes RF signals, that is, it generates and receives wireless signals. Examples of RF modules are a filter bank constituted of a filter and a phase shifter or the like, a duplexer, a dual duplexer, etc. The filter bank includes a plurality of modulation filters transmitting wireless signals formed by a plurality of RF modules in a predetermined frequency band. Also, the duplexer uses several filters in various ways to properly divide RF signals sent and received through an antenna.
Many wireless communication devices such as cell phones are required to be small and light. However, since RF elements of such communication devices are manufactured separately and then integrated on a substrate, the manufacturing process is complicated and it is difficult to reduce the size of the devices.


In some converter architectures, unary digital-to-analog (DAC) converter elements generate an analog output which represents the digital input signal. Thermometer codes trigger an appropriate number of DAC elements to generate the analog output. The DAC elements are not all perfectly weighted, and mismatch shaping is often used to dynamically equalize the usage of each DAC element during data conversion to average out the mismatches. Unfortunately, mismatch shaping adds additional switching and can worsen the effect of switching errors. Switching errors which are non-linearly dependent on the input causes a second order distortion if the sum of the switching errors corresponding to a set of DAC elements is not zero. Prior to data conversion, calibration can select a subset of DAC elements having a lesser sum of switching errors for data conversion. Other (redundant) DAC elements are not used at all or shut off permanently.

Real-world analog signals such as temperature, pressure, sound, or images are routinely converted, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), to digital information that can be easily processed in modern digital systems. In many systems, this digital information must be converted back to an analog form to perform some real-world function. The circuits that perform this step are digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and their outputs can drive a variety of devices, e.g., loudspeakers, video displays, motors, mechanical servos, radio frequency (RF) transmitters, etc. Due to various factors, circuits that make up a DAC are not perfect, and these circuits do not always perform ideally. These issues degrade the performance of DACs, e.g., resulting in a noisy or undesirable output spectrum. In many cases, a DAC is just one component of an overall system, and such degradation in performance would negatively affect the performance of the overall system.

Reducing switching error in data converters


The invention relates to a main-burner arrangement of a combustion chamber (5), in particular for a gas turbine, at least two main-burner groups (13.1, 13.2), each comprising at least one burner (13) of the same size and geometry being provided for the purpose of equipping the combustion chamber (5), and at least one main-burner group representing the normal main burner(s) (13.1), the normal main burner(s) (13.1) producing a homogeneous flame front in the combustion chamber (5), and the other main-burner group interfering as an interference burner or burners (13.2) with the homogeneity of the flame front in the combustion chamber (5). In this burner arrangement, the interference burner(s) (13.2) is/are arranged in the combustion chamber (5) so as to be inclined or axially displaced in relation to the normal main burner(s) (13.1). This interferes with the symmetry and homogeneity of the flame front. The power of the combustion chamber is increased and pressure pulsations can be avoided.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the area of combustion technology. It relates to a main-burner arrangement of a combustion chamber, in particular a gas-turbine combustion chamber, which can be used both for premix burners and for partial-premix burners and for diffusion burners.
2. Discussion of Background
To broaden the operating range of a combustion chamber, a pilot burner is used in low load ranges, and the actual burner group, the main burners, are used under high load conditions. The present invention relates to the arrangement of the main burners of a combustion chamber.
Main-burner arrangements of gas-turbine combustion chambers in which the burners all have the same orientation and are arranged in a symmetrically distributed manner around the combustion-chamber axis are known. Here, the burner axis is generally arranged parallel to the combustion-chamber axis or the central sectional plane in the case of annular combustion chambers, but also known are arrangements in which the burner axis and the combustion-chamber axis are inclined relative to one another. In general, the direction of flow of the burners is axial with a slightly radial component.
To produce an additional swirl in the combustion chamber, tangentially inclined burner arrangements are also known.
Common to all the embodiments is a regular arrangement of the burners or, in the case of annular combustion chambers, a regular arrangement of at least all the burners of a ring.
This arrangement is chosen in order to achieve as homogeneous a distribution of the combustion gases as possible even in the primary combustion zone, this leading to homogeneous exit distribution of the combustion-chamber exhaust gases. However, this results in inevitable disadvantages.
Particularly in the case of premix burners, a homogeneous reaction zone, i.e. a homogeneous "flame front" tends towards unwanted pressure pulsations. Since the distance between the burners and the combustion zone is the same, all the burners have the same time constant. If a slight disturbance, which is always present due to turbulence, now occurs, all the burners respond with conversion fluctuations. If, in turn, these fluctuations take place at a suitable point in time, a pulsation with amplitudes that are deleterious to the machine can build up.
The excitation of the pressure pulsations can also be effected by other mechanisms, for example periodic separations and entropy waves among many other factors.
A further disadvantage of such a regular arrangement of the burners consists in that transverse ignition from burner to burner is made more difficult since the transverse ignition is in this case brought about purely by swirl-induced transverse flow.
EP 0 655 581 A1has disclosed a burner with at least one first hollow member, in which gaseous oxidizing agent flows along, and at least one second hollow member for the introduction of fuel into the flow of oxidizing agent, and, in this burner, the mouths of the second hollow members are arranged asymmetrically in relation to the first hollow member, such that the mixing zone upstream of the flame contains a region in which the ratio of fuel to oxidizing agent is substoichiometric. Various members, for example tubes, of different cross-sections can also be arranged asymmetrically in the first hollow member. With this arrangement, the power of the combustion chamber is increased, on the one hand, and the intention is, on the other hand, to reduce the NO.sub.x emissions. The solution proposed is based on the fact that mixing at the burner outlet is not homogeneous, there being regions with higher or lower concentrations of fuel than the average. However, if significantly lower NO.sub.x emissions are to be achieved, the air/fuel mixture must have been completely mixed, i.e. the solution presented in EP 0 655 581 A1 is not useable.
The Applicant is also aware of a method for operating a combustion chamber equipped with premix burners, the combustion chamber being fitted with burners of the same geometry and size which are misaligned relative to one another. These burners are operated with different air ratios .lambda. and therefore have different flame temperatures. This leads to a widening of the operating range of the combustion chamber by making possible stable operation of the combustion chamber even in the low load range without staggering the burners. The disadvantage is that a certain increase in the NO.sub.x emissions has to be accepted.
Another possibility for misaligning the burners is known from EP 0 686 812 A1. This discloses a method for operating a burner for a gas turbine, in which the fuel is introduced at different axial locations along the burner, e.g. even before the swirl blading, and the flow of the fuel to a downstream combustion zone is controlled in order to achieve asymmetrical flow of the fuel via the burner. This likewise leads to a widening of the operating range of the burner since, in the low load range, severe acoustic noise and resonance (pressure pulsations) are avoided and a reduction in the dynamic pressure loss without an increase in the NO.sub.x emissions is achieved. Here, however, the introduction of gas ahead of the swirl blading generates a combustible mixture ahead of the swirl generators. Experience has shown that such arrangements tend toward flashback with the risk that the blades will be burned away. The very complex construction of the fuel feed system is also disadvantageous.

Burner arrangement with interference burners for preventing pressure pulsations


A machine-tool operating device includes at least one operating unit and at least one electronics unit. The at least one operating unit has at least one operating element that is configured to be actuated by an operator and at least one further operating element that is configured to be actuated by an operator. The at least one electronics unit is configured at least for switching at least one energy supply of a drive unit in accordance with actuation of the operating element and of the further operating element. One or more of the operating element and the further operating element are configured as a touch-sensitive electronic operating element.

A power-tool operating device, comprising an operating unit, which has an operating element that can be actuated by an operator, and a further operating element that can be actuated by an operator, is already known from EP 1 563 962 B1. The already known power-tool operating device additionally comprises an electronic unit that is designed to switch at least one energy supply of a drive unit in dependence on an actuation of the operating element and of the further operating element.