A novel substituted thiophene derivatives represented by the formula (1) in the invention: ##STR1## wherein R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 3-12 carbon atoms, straight or branched halogenoalkyl group having 3-12 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl group having 3-10 carbon atoms, straight or branched halogenoalkenyl group having 3-10 carbon atoms, or cycloalkyl group having 3-10 carbon atoms, the cycloalkyl group being unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, R and --NHCOAr are adjacent to each other, and Ar is a heterocyclic group; have excellent control activity on various plant disease such as Gray mold, Powdery mildew, Blast and Rust, and are useful as a plant disease control agent due to outstanding residual effect on Botrytis cinerea and excellent effect on Gibberella zeae.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel substituted thiophene derivative and a plant disease control agent comprising the same as an active ingredient.
2. Description of the Related Art
The plant disease control agent which has been developed in recent years and has a selective activity differs from a conventionally used, nonselective plant disease control agent, and can exhibit steady effect at a low dosage. However, the new control agent has a problem of developing a resistant strain in repeated use and leading to reduction in efficacy.
For example, a benzimidazole-based fungicide has a wide fungicidal spectrum and also exhibits an excellent effect on Botrytis cinerea. However, such fungicide caused in 1970's a drastic reduction in efficacy due to appearance of a resistant fungus. A dicarboxyimide-based fungicide was focused attention as a replacement of the benzimidazole-based fungicide. Nevertheless a resistant fingus also appeared in the 1980's also against the dicarboxyimide-based fungicide. Consequently, the countermeasure for controlling the resistant Botryrtis cinerea has become a serious problem in the world.
On the other hand, an azole-based fungicide has a wide fungicidal spectrum and is an excellent pesticide which exhibits efficacy at a hitherto unexampledly low dosage particularly for powdery mildew and rust of various crops and also for scab of apple and pear. However, a resistant fungus against this pesticide has recently appeared and also led to a sharp reduction in the pesticide efficacy. The repeated use of the pesticide also tends to be restricted.
Thus, the appearance of the pesticide resistant fungus has become an inevitable problem for the selective plant disease control agent, and accordingly development of a new pesticide is now an urgent subject.
Many aromatic carboxylic acid anilide derivatives have been conventionally known to exert fungicidal activity. Recently, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent HEI 5-221994 and 6-199803 (European Patent A-545099 and A-58930 1) have described that various carboxylic acid anilide derivatives exhibit effect on Botrytis cinerea.
On the other hand, European Patent A-737682 has described fungicidal activity of a substituted thiophene derivative represented by the general formula: ##STR2## wherein Q is a hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, or a methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, methylthio, methylsulfoxy, methylsulfonyl, cyano, acetyl, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl or amino group; R is a straight or branched alkyl group having 1-12 carbon atoms, straight or branched halogenoalkyl group having 1-12 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl group having 2-10 carbon atoms, straight or branched halogenoalkenyl group having 2-10 carbon atoms, alkylthioalkyl group having 2-10 carbon atoms, alkyloxyalkyl group having 2-10 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl group having 3-10 carbon atoms, halogenocycloalkyl group having 3-10 carbon atoms, or phenyl group having 1-3 substituents; substituent of phenyl group is a hydrogen or halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, alkenyl group having 2-4 carbon atoms, alkynyl group having 2-4 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl group having 3-6 carbon atoms, alkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms, halogenoalkoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms, alkylthio group having 1-4 carbon atoms, alkylsulfoxy group having 1-4 carbon atoms, alkylsulfonyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, cyano group, acyl group having 2-4 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyl group having 2-4 carbon atoms, amino or amino group substituted with alkyl group having 1-3 carbon atoms; R and --NHCOAr are adjacent to each other; and Ar is a group represented by the general formulas (B1l)-(B8); ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 is a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, or a methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl or tifluoromethyl group; R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, or a methyl, trilluormethyl or amino group; and n is an integer of 0-2.
The present inventors have considered that the application field will be extended with a small lead on the environment if a pesticide having higher control activity and extended residual effect for a long period can be developed.
Consequently the object of the invention is to save labor and enhance safety for the environment by providing a plant disease control agent having a wide fungicidal spectrum and long residual effect.

Substituted thiophene derivative and plant disease control agent comprising the same as active ingredient


A semiconductor package comprising a semiconductor chip received in and attached to a cavity of a base made of a ceramic or aluminum, by means of an adhesive, a lid fixedly attached to the upper surface of the semiconductor chip, the lid having a plurality of solder bumps being in contact with bonding pads of the semiconductor chip and a plurality of metal contacts formed on the solder bumps of the lid. The lid comprises an insulating polyimide film or a rectangular plate made of a nonconductive ceramic material. The semiconductor package eliminates the use of a lead frame and metal wires, thereby enabling the manufacture thereof to be simplified. It also achieves a simplification, a lightness, a thinness, a compactness in construction. With the simplified construction, a reduction in manufacture cost and an improvement in productivity are achieved. In manufacturing semiconductor devices, the semiconductor package also provides an improvement in the degree of dense integration.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor package, and more particularly to a semiconductor package with a structure capable of eliminating the use of a lead frame and metal wires, thereby simplifying the manufacture and construction of semiconductor devices and achieving an application to multi-pin constructions of integrated circuits, a simplification, a lightness, a thinness, a compactness in construction and an improvement in the degree of dense integration.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is illustrated a general semiconductor package. As shown in the drawings, the semiconductor package comprises a lead frame having a paddle 1 to which a semiconductor chip 3 is fixedly attached by means of an adhesive 2. The lead frame also has a plurality of inner leads 4 which are electrically connected to a plurality of bonding pads 3a formed at opposite side edges of the semiconductor chip 3 by means of metal wires, respectively. The semiconductor chip 3 and the inner leads 4 of lead frame are molded with an epoxy molding compound 6, to form a sealed mold body. The lead frame also has a plurality of outer leads 7 which are protruded outwardly of the mold body and bent to have a certain shape.
According to the recent tendency of providing packages having more light, thin, simple and compact structures, there have been proposed semiconductor packages comprising a lead frame having no paddle. In such semiconductor packages, a semiconductor chip 3 is attached to inner leads 4 of the lead frame, by means of an insulating tape 8, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. These semiconductor packages are classified into semiconductor packages of a chip on lead (COL) type wherein the semiconductor chip 3 is laid on the inner leads 4 of lead frame as shown in FIG. 3 and semiconductor packages of a lead on chip (LOC) type wherein the inner leads 4 of lead frame are laid on the semiconductor chip 3 as shown in FIG. 4.
In FIGS. 3 and 4, the same constituting elements as those of the general package shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals and their detailed description is omitted.
However, all of the above-mentioned various semiconductor packages are manufactured by using a lead frame. That is, they should have inner leads and require a bonding work using metal wires 5. As a result, they have a disadvantage of an increase in size, namely, occupation area. Additional troubles may also occur due to the materials used for constructing the structure of semiconductor package. For example, a breakage of semiconductor package may occur due to the thermal expansion coefficient difference among constituting materials such as a silicon, an adhesive, a metal for lead frame and an epoxy molding compound. Due to the bonding work using metal wires, a degradation in electrical characteristic of the semiconductor chip and a difficulty in wire bonding may occur. Consequently, the above-mentioned conventional constructions have a difficulty in manufacture.


Techniques for reducing or eliminating effects of noise on a wireless communication system are provided. In one aspect of the invention, the technique comprises monitoring noise attributable to an interference source that may affect one or more components of the wireless communication system. The interference source being monitored is distant from the wireless communication system to the degree that noise arrives at the wireless communication system within a substantially point source-like angular range. For example, the noise may be attributable to the sun or tropospheric ducting. The technique then comprises initiating one or more operations, as a function of the monitored noise, to reduce or eliminate the effects of the noise attributable to the distant interference source at one or more of the components of the wireless communication system that are determined to be affected by such noise.

The sun is the largest source on Earth of non-anthropogenic noise in the hundreds of megahertz, MHz, and the gigahertz, GHz, range. The usual measure of solar noise is in terms of solar flux units or sfu, where 1 sfu equals 10−22 watts per meter squared hertz or W/(m2 Hz).
Solar radio bursts have been studied for many years, and they are believed to be created by gyrosynchrotron emission by energetic electrons in the sun's magnetic field. Data collected during the 20th solar cycle in 1966–1978 suggests that large events occur perhaps a few times in a solar cycle, see, e.g., W. R. Barron et al., "Solar Radio Emission," Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment, A. S. Jursa, ed., Chapter 11, AFGL, USAF, 1985. Events of lesser magnitude are more numerous. A histogram of the distribution of the amplitude of events has been measured for the 20th solar cycle, see, e.g., the above-referenced W. R. Barron et al., "Solar Radio Emission," but there is no reason to believe that the distribution is typical of other solar cycles. There is some evidence to indicate that other cycles, such as the 18th when solar radio noise was discovered through its interference with radar in the Second World War, may have been worse. Statistics do not exist on the polarization of these bursts, and the changes with time of the polarization, if any.
Embedded within the radio bursts are often burst "spikes," see, e.g., A. O. Benz, "Millisecond Radio Spikes," Solar Physics, 104, 99–110, 1986; and H. Isliker et al., "Catalogue of 1–3 GHz Solar Flare Radio Emission," Astronomy and Astrophysics, 104, 145–160, 1994. Such spikes can reach amplitudes that are several orders of magnitude more intense than the broadband microwave continuum, see, e.g., the above-referenced H. Isliker et al., "Catalogue of 1–3 GHz Solar Flare Radio Emission." Spike bursts have durations of tens to hundreds of milliseconds, although detailed statistics do not yet exist. The physical processes producing the spikes are uncertain. One proposal, based on the intensity of the burst, is a maser-type process. The center frequencies of the spike bursts vary from spike to spike, and from large burst event to event. The bandwidth of the bursts is variable, ranging from a fraction of a percent to a few percent of the central frequency, see, e.g., A. Csillaghy et al., "The Bandwidth of Millisecond Radio Spikes in Solar Flares," Astronomy and Astrophysics, 274, 487–496, 1993. The bandwidth near a gigahertz may be, for example, a few megahertz to tens of megahertz.
However, while attempts have been made to study these solar bursts and embedded spikes over the years, numerous aspects relating to how they may affect various systems on earth and in space are not well characterized. This is the case with respect to wireless communication systems and how such a noise source may adversely affect communications in wireless systems.

Methods and apparatus for mitigating the effects of solar noise and the like on a wireless communication system


In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a method and apparatus for filtered wireless communications is provided. The method provides a filtered wireless zone. Signaling channels normally serving a geographic vicinity are scanned, with the channel identity and the system identity of each signaling channel recorded. A transmitter-receiver is commanded to such channel. A signaling channel marker is radiated. A new signaling channel assignment message is sent, sending handsets to a new capture channel. An appropriate signal is radiated to keep the handsets locked to the new capture channel. The transmitter-receiver then ceases radiating on the first channel, and proceeds to the second external signaling channel previously recorded. The transmitter-receiver repeats this process for all the external signaling channels previously located.

The present invention pertains in general to the planning and deployment of cells in a cellular telephone network, and more particularly, to filtering the operation of cellular telephones in well delineated geographical areas. While the embodiment described herein is directed to cellular phones, the principles of the present invention apply to all types of wireless communication devices such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants, beepers, pagers, portable computers, and other wireless communication devices.
Today mobile telephones are becoming more and more frequent. The use of mobile telephones has in many regards facilitated the daily life for many people. For instance, cellular phones offer convenience in personal relationships and business dealings, by allowing users to stay in communication with the world in practically any public location. However, one person's convenience can be another person's annoyance.
For example, in some places the use of mobile telephones is not appreciated and in some places even prohibited. Often, cellular phones ring and phone conversations occur, in some of the most inappropriate locations. For example, the peaceful enjoyment of a movie, play or musical performance can be destroyed by the "ringing" of cellular phones in the audience. The concentration of students taking an exam or listening to a lecture can be broken by a cellular phone's ringing, or by another student's engagement in a conversation on a cellular phone. Also, a cellular phone can be disturbing to the public, and embarrassing to the cellular phone's owner, during church services, dining at a restaurant or during quiet times observed in public, such as opening prayers, the Pledge of Allegiance, and the National Anthem. The same applies to other locations such as for example, courtrooms, libraries, theaters, meeting rooms, conference rooms or any other location that radio frequency transmissions might be disruptive to persons or equipment in the vicinity.
Often certain locations have restrictions, rules or laws forbidding the operation of cellular phones. For example, hospitals attempt to prohibit use of cellular telephones because of the risk that the transmissions from the cellular telephone could interfere with electronic medical equipment. Also, the use of cellular telephones is currently prohibited in an airplane while the airplane is preparing for take-off since transmissions from the cellular telephone could interfere with the operation of the airplane. Although cellular telephone network providers can attempt to locate cell sites away from prohibited locations such as airport runways, it is unlikely that cellular telephone service can be excluded from the geographical location of the airport runway while at the same time providing service to geographical areas adjacent to the runway. Also, some schools forbid students to use cellular phones or beepers on school grounds, in order to reduce the likelihood of drug trafficking and gang activity.
Therefore, there is a perceived need for a mobile telephone system that minimizes or completely removes the possibility to use a mobile telephone in certain restricted areas.
In order to solve this problem a number of different solutions have been proposed. In one approach, the goal is to eliminate the disturbance caused by a mobile station located in a certain area. One type of such approach simply eliminates or "blocks" signals in a given area by, for example, generating and radiating a magnetic field pattern, which includes a command signal, which commands a transmission interruption to a radio communication terminal. Another type of such system provides the mobile station with a control, which mutes the mobile station upon receiving a particular message transmitted from a transmitting station provided in the certain area.
In another approach, the goal is to notify the user of the restricted area. Thus, in one type of such approach a base station 151 in a mobile telecommunication network is provided with a message transmission function that is installed near the place where use of a mobile telephone is restricted. When a mobile unit enters the area managed by the base station 151 having the message transmission function, a message is transmitted from the base station 151 to the mobile unit instructing the mobile unit to turn off a power supply for the mobile unit.
While the use of these "blocking" systems has gained support in certain jurisdictions, such blocking systems cannot be utilized in the United States. This is because cell-phone jamming runs afoul of the Federal Communications Commission, whose approval is required for devices that send signals over the air. In particular, the operation of transmitters designed to jam or block wireless communications is a violation of the Communications Act of 1934 ("Act"). See 47 U.S.C. § 301, 302a, 333. The Act prohibits any person from willfully or maliciously interfering with the radio communications of any station licensed or authorized under the Act or operated by the U.S. government. 47 U.S.C. § 333. The manufacture, importation, sale or offer for sale, including advertising, of devices designed to block or jam wireless transmissions is prohibited. 47 U.S.C. § 302a(b). Parties in violation of these provisions may be subject to the penalties set out in 47 U.S.C. § 501–510. Fines for a first offense can range as high as $11,000 for each violation or imprisonment for up to one year, and the device used may also be seized and forfeited to the U.S. government. Likewise, certain jurisdictions outside the United State prohibit use of jamming systems.


Techniques using one or more drugs and electrical stimulation for treating a neurological disorder, including epilepsy, by means of an implantable signal generator and electrode and an implantable pump and catheter. A sensor is used to detect a seizure or symptoms resulting from the onset of a seizure. A microprocessor algorithm analyzes the output from the sensor in order to regulate the stimulation and drug dosage delivered to the neural tissue.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to neutral-tissue stimulation and infusion techniques, and more particularly relates to such techniques for treating epilepsy.
2. Description of Related Art
Epileptic seizures are the outward manifestation of excessive and/or hypersynchronous abnormal activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex. Seizures are usually self limiting. Many types of seizures occur. The behavioral features of a seizure reflect function of the portion of the cortex where the hyper activity is occurring. Seizures can be generalized, appearing to involve the entire brain simultaneously. Generalized seizures can result in the loss of conscious awareness only and are then called absence seizures (previously referred to as "petit mal"). Alternatively, the generalized seizure may result in a convulsion with tonic-clonic contractions of the muscles ("grand mall" seizure). Some types of seizures, partial seizures, begin in one part of the brain and remain local. The person may remain conscious throughout the seizure. If the person loses consciousness the seizure is referred to as a complex partial seizure.
Researchers have developed several lines of evidence in studies with animals to demonstrate the existence of a system which can control the propagation and/or the generation of different kinds of seizures. The involvement of the substantia nigra, a particular portion of the brain considered to be part of neural circuitry referred to as the basal ganglia, was first suggested by Gale (Fed. Proc. 44, 2414-2424, 1985). Considerable evidence has been generated through research to support this observation and was reviewed by Depaulis, Vergnes and Marescaux (Progress in Neurobiology, 1994, 42: 33-52). Researchers have shown that the inhibition of the substantia nigra will increase the threshold for seizure occurrence in experimental animal models of epilepsy.
Neuroscientists now have a better understanding of the neural connections that make up the basal ganglia. These connections are reviewed by Alexander et. al. (Alexander, Crutcher, and DeLong, "Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, `prefrontal` and `limbic` functions." Prog. Brain Res. 85: 119-146.). The substantia nigra receives input from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which is excitatory and involves glutamate as the neurotransmitter conveying information at the synapse. Bergman et al. have shown that a lesion of the subthalamic nucleus will reduce the inhibitory output of the internal segment of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata (SN) (H. T. Bergman, T. Wichmann, and M. R. DeLong, 1990, Science, 249: 1436-1438). The subthalamic nucleus receives input from the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe). This input is inhibitory using GABA as a transmitter substance. Hence, increased activity of the neurons in GPe will increase inhibition of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus which will reduce the excitation of neurons in the substantia nigra.
Neurosurgeons have been able to diminish the symptoms of many neural disorders by lesioning certain brain areas. Lesions of the ventral lateral portion of the internal Globus Pallidus and Vim Thalamus can alleviate certain disorders of movement. In addition, it has been demonstrated that open-loop Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) at high frequencies (100 Hz. or higher) of certain brain structures can alleviate, diminish, or completely stop symptoms of tremor, rigidity, akinesia or hemiballism much like creating a lesion. Published targets of stimulation include the VIM (ventral intermediate thalamus), subthalamic nucleus, and internal globus pallidus.
Benabid et al. (The Lancet, Vol 337: Feb. 16, 1991, pp 403-406) have shown that stimulation of the Vim nucleus of the Thalamus will block tremor. In this instance, stimulation at frequencies around 100 to 185 pulses per second accomplishes the same physiological response as a lesion of this region. Benabid's research team has extended this work to stimulation of the subthalamus in order to help reduce symptoms of motion disorders ("Vim and STN Stimulation in Parkinson's disease", Movement Disorders, Vol 9, Supplement 1(1994); "Effect on Parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation", The Lancet, Vol 345, Jan. 14, 1995.) It has been known for some time that electrical stimulation of neurons at lower stimulus pulse frequencies will activate the neurons.
Electrical stimulation of the nervous system has been used to suppress seizures. Cooper et. al. have stimulated the cerebellum ["The Effect of Chronic Stimulation of Cerebellar Cortex on Epilepsy in Man", I. S. Cooper, I. Amin, S. Gilman an J. M. Waltz in The Cerebellum, Epilepsy and Behavior, Cooper Riklan and Snider ed. Plenum Press, NY, 1974] Velasco et. al. have stimulated Centre Median nucleus of the thalamus [Electrical Stimulation of the Centromedian Thalamic Nucleus in control of Seizures: Long-Term Studies, F. Velasco, M. Velasco, AL Velasco, F Jimenez, I Marquez, and M. Rise, Epilepsia, 36(1): 63-71, 1995] Sussman et. al. have stimulated the anterior nucleus of the thalamus to treat epilepsy [Sussman N M, Goldman H W, Jackel R A, "Anterior Thalamic Stimulation in Medically Intractable Epilepsy Part II: Preliminary Clinical Results", Epilepsia 1988; 29: 677]. Durand electrically stimulated the focus of seizure origin to inhibit synchronized neuronal activity in the hippocampal slice model [Durand, D. "Electrical Stimulation Can Inhibit Synchronized Neuronal Activity", Brain Research: 382: 139-144, 1986., Durand, D. and Warman E., Desynchronization of Epileptiform Activity by Extracellular Current Pulses in Rat hippocampal Slices, Journal of Physiology (1994), 480.3] More recently Schiff et. al. used chaos theory to apply stimulation to a seizure focus to abort the seizure[ S. Schiff, K. Jerger, D Duong, T. Chang, M. Spano & W Ditto, "Controlling Chaos in the Brain", Nature, Vol 370, Aug. 25, 1994].
Infusion of certain drugs into a region of the brain can affect the excitability of the neurons at the site of infusion. Smith et. al. infused lidocaine hydrochloride into the focus of rats with focally induced generalized seizures showing the seizure could be suppressed [Douglas Smith, Scott Krahl, Ronald Browning and Edwin Barea, "Rapid Cessation of Focally Induced Generalized Seizures in Rats Through Microinfusion of Lidocaine Hydrochloride into the Focus", Epilepsia, 34(1):43-53, 1993] Depaulis et. al. [Brain Research, 498 (1989) 64-72] have infused muscimol into the substantia nigra of rats suppressing the occurrence of spike-and-wave discharges in animal models of non-convulsive epilepsy. Mirski, McKeon, and Ferrendelli [Brain Research, 397 (1986) 377-380] showed that infusion of an inhibitor of GABA transaminase into the anterior thalamic nucleus protected rats against PTZ induced generalized seizures but not those caused by maximal electroshock while infusion of the agent into the substantia nigra had the opposite effect.
Researchers have devised algorithms to detect the onset of a seizure. Qu and Gotman report a system that recognizes patterns of electrical activity similar to a template developed from recording an actual seizure. [H. Qu and J. Gotman, "A Seizure Warning System for Long-term Epilepsy Monitoring", Neurology, 1995; 45: 2250-2254.] Osario et. al. have reported an algorithm applied to signals recorded from intracranial electrodes capable of 100% seizure detection rate with 0% false negatives and minimal false positives. [I. Osario, M. Frei, D. Lerner, S. Wilkinson, "A Method for Accurate Automated Real-time Seizure Detection", Epilepsia, Vol. 36, Suppl. 4, 1995].

Techniques of treating epilepsy by brain stimulation and drug infusion


The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 5-aryl tetrazoles of the formula: ##STR1## or a salt thereof comprising reacting an aryl nitrile with a trisubstituted silyl azide and a disubstituted tin oxide.

Typically, tetrazoles are prepared from the reaction of an hydrazoic acid source (e.g. sodium azide and ammonium chloride) and an acceptor group such as a cyanate or a nitrile (Organic Reactions, 3, 307 (1946)). For example, heating an aryl or alkyl nitrile with hydrazoic acid, generated from sodium azide and hydrochloric acid, in an inert solvent in a sealed tube for 96-120 hours at temperatures from 120.degree.-150.degree. C. affords the 5-aryl or 5-alkyltetrazole (Mihina, J. S., Herbst, R. M. J. Org. Chem. 15, 1082 (1950)). Alternatively, 5-aryl tetrazoles can be prepared by brominating the appropriately substituted tolyl compound, converting the resulting dibromo-compound to the diazido-compound with sodium azide and then cyclizing by heating in refluxing dimethylformamide to give the tetrazole (Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 59 98,023).
Hydrazoic acid itself is extremely poisonous, explosive, cannot readily be used in stainless steel reactors and has a low boiling point (37.degree. C.). An alternative source of azide anion is trialkyltin azide (European Patent Application Number 291969). Trialkyltin azide is prepared from a trialkyltin chloride, which is volatile and toxic, and sodium azide. This reagent must be used in stoichiometric amount. Trimethylsilyl azide has also been cited as an azide source reported to react with benzonitrile (Ettenhuber, E., Ruhlmann, K. Chem. Ber. 101,743 (1968)).
Most of the above-mentioned processes involve the use of hydrazoic acid or an azide source which forms hydrazoic acid in situ and, generally, elevated temperatures are required for reaction. These reaction conditions can be hazardous. Therefore, there is a continuing need for improved processes for the preparation of tetrazoles.

Process for the preparation of tetrazoles


Configurations provide rapid adjustment to an aircraft attitude in the water upon an emergency water landing. In one configuration, an aircraft fuselage has a forward compartment that includes a water intake and an air vent. The water intake is located below an expected waterline upon ditching the aircraft in water and transports a flow of water to the forward compartment at a designed flow rate. The air vent is positioned at a height in the forward compartment and allows a desired volume of water to fill the forward compartment and adjust an attitude of the aircraft within a time period.

Performing a controlled emergency landing of an aircraft in water is known as "ditching". Various governmental agencies provide regulations as to how an aircraft will perform immediately after ditching. For instance, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) provides regulations regarding the float time and trim of a ditched aircraft with the goal of allowing the passengers to exit the aircraft within 90 seconds. See, for example, FAA Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) 25.803
One problem experienced by passengers attempting to exit a ditched aircraft is caused by the trim or attitude of the aircraft as it floats in the water. In some configurations or loadings, the aircraft may float in an orientation that hinders the safe exit of the aircraft. For instance, the aircraft may float in a more tail-down attitude, which may place the waterline on the fuselage across the rear emergency doors. In a tail-down attitude, water at the rear emergency doors would prevent those doors for being used to exit the aircraft and increase the amount of time necessary for the passengers to exit. However, due to the short amount of time allotted for exiting the aircraft in such situations, little time exists to correct this problem.
In view of the above discussion, problems remain for controlling the attitude of an aircraft that has been ditched.

Attitude control of an aircraft in a ditching condition


Provided is a laminate having a gel layer on a substrate able to protect the substrate during various types of processing used in industrial production steps prior to curing. The gel layer has excellent heat resistance, softness and flexibility, a low modulus of elasticity, low stress, excellent stress buffering properties, and electronic component retention properties. The gel layer has higher shape retention before curing but changing after curing into a hard layer having excellent release properties. The laminate is easily and readily releasable from the substrate even when the cured layer is localized. Applications thereof are also provided (such as an electronic component manufacturing method). The laminate comprises a laminated reaction-curable silicone gel and a sheet-like member laminated via an adhesive layer on top of the reaction-curable silicone gel.

Silicone gel is commonly used to protect damping materials for optical applications, automotive electronic components, and consumer electronic components because a silicone gel with excellent heat resistance, weather resistance, oil resistance, cold resistance, and electrical insulation properties can be obtained by curing the organopolysiloxane having a reactive functional group at a low crosslinking density, and because, unlike ordinary elastomer products, silicone gel has a low modulus of elasticity, low stress, and excellent stress buffering properties while in gelatinous form (see, for example, Patent Documents 1-7). In particular, because silicone gel is soft, easily deformable, and able to conform to the uneven surface of a substrate, it follows the contours of an uneven substrate without leaving gaps or separation, unlike silicone elastomers and hard cured products.
However, silicone gel is gelatinous and thus weak against deformation and susceptible to destruction by external stresses such as vibrations and internal stresses from expansion and contraction due to temperature changes. When silicone gel is to be separated from an electronic component requiring protection, adhesion, and stress buffering from the gel or is cut (in, for example, a dicing operation), sticky deposits or disrupted but cohesive gel may remain on the electronic component, and this gel may not be easily removed from the base material or electronic component. These gel deposits may cause electronic components to become defective, for example, by impairing mounting on semiconductors, and may cause the final product to become defective. However, when the crosslinking density of organopolysiloxane is increased to facilitate complete curing of the gel, the advantageous properties of silicone gel, such as low elasticity, low stress, and excellent stress buffering properties, are lost, the gel layer conforms poorly to an uneven substrate, and gaps and separation from the substrate occurs. For these reasons, the problems with cured silicone gel materials and silicone elastomers of the prior art remain unresolved.
In the fields of adhesive films and semiconductor sealants, curable compositions have been proposed in which curing reactions occur in multiple stages under different curing reaction conditions. For example, in Patent Document 8, a two-step curing reaction is performed in which the curing in the first stage provides tackiness required in the dicing process, and the curing in the second stage provides strong adhesiveness. A thermosetting composition suitable for use in dicing/die bonding adhesive sheet has also been disclosed. In Patent Document 9, the present applicant proposed a curable silicone composition with excellent initial curability that maintains high physical strength even when exposed to high temperatures of 250° C. or higher.
However, in curable compositions of the prior art using a multi-step curing process, the formation of a silicone gel and the technical advantages of changing from a soft gel to a hard completely cured product have neither been described nor suggested.
The present applicant has proposed reaction-curable silicone gels capable of solving these problems, laminates using these silicone gels, and methods for manufacturing electronic components using these laminates (Patent Document 10, Patent Document 11). Laminates using these reaction-curable silicone gels are extremely useful for solving the problems described above.

Layered body and method for manufacturing electronic component


A new and distinct variety of pecan tree, denominated ‘Zuni’, having large nuts in medium-sized clusters, well-filled cream-colored kernels, medium precocity, and high resistance to scab fungus (Venturia effusa).

'Zuni', tested as 1996-01-0295, is a progeny of a 1996 cross between the 'Pawnee' (seed parent) and 'Waco' (unpatented), (pollen parent) pecan cultivars in Burleson County, Tex. The seedling was grown in Somerville, Tex. and was selected for further testing due to its high nut quality and early nut maturity. 'Zuni' has been evaluated most extensively in orchards in Brownwood, Tex. in a test that comprised 49 selections with 3 control varieties ('Wichita', 'Pawnee', and 'Kanza') (all unpatented). All trees in this block had between 5 to 6 replicate grafted clones.

The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture


Methods and apparatus for forming and maintaining an ad hoc mesh network suitable for reliable voice and data communications in underground, industrial and other hazardous environments. This invention includes support for cooperative negotiation of dedicated transmission bandwidth for all fixed network nodes, determination of network time synchronization without a pre-determined time master, discovery and merging of adjacent ad hoc mesh networks, and routing techniques for voice, data and network status packets which react instantaneously to network topology changes. Furthermore this invention provides a reliable communication network for mobile nodes carried by personnel and sensor nodes that are fixed or mobile that supports voice, data and tracking/situation awareness. A current application for this technology is a coal mine communication system with an operations center to dispatch, monitor and control coal mine operation including communication and location of mine personnel, and environmental conditions in the mine.

Recent events have indicated the need for reliable communication systems during emergencies in underground and hazardous work areas such as coal mines. During a mine disaster the current voice and data communication systems fail or shutdown so the conditions of personnel, environment and equipment is unknown which complicate recovery efforts. Past mining accidents have demonstrated that current communication systems are not sufficient to provide the support required to effectively handle evacuation and rescue operations. The 2006 MINER Act amends the Federal Mine safety and Health Act of 1977 stating underground coal mine operators must provide for post accident communication between underground and surface personnel via a wireless two-way medium within three years. Robust and reliable mine communications are critical for both mining operations and in the event of a mine emergency. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) released a solicitation in late 2006 for an underground communication system that is highly reliable and provides in-mine and mine-to-surface voice and data communications to evaluate wireless mesh network technology as part of an underground communications system.
Prior art mesh communications systems for use in hazardous environments have used the standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 wireless protocol to transfer status and multimedia information as well as centrally generated and controlled routing tables to control packet latency in a multi-cast application with a changing network topography. The IEEE802.11 wireless protocol supports an infrastructure mode in which mobile nodes are connected to a coordinating master referred to as the Access Point (AP) and an ad hoc mode in which mobile nodes form peer-to-peer connections with no preconfigured network topology. The original 802.11 protocol had very limited Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms. A Point Coordination Function (PCF) was specified in which each AP sends a poll to each client one at a time to provide a contention-free transmission opportunity. This media access control (MAC) method has not been implemented in many APs and is bandwidth inefficient since it always requires a poll packet be sent to the client for each high priority packet to be sent to the AP. The 802.11e amendment was incorporated into the 802.11 standard in 2007. It specifies two additional mandatory QoS MAC methods. The first method is the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) method which specifies traffic priority levels and assigned transmission opportunities for each priority level. This method does protect against collisions (and subsequent loss) of high-priority packets due to low-priority packets, however it does not protect against collisions of packets with the same priority from multiple clients. The second QoS method introduced by 802.11e is an infrastructure-only method referred to as Hybrid Coordinator Function Controlled Channel Access (HCCA). This QoS method is similar to the PCF method with the exceptions of the timing of the contention-free transmission opportunities is not limited to certain inter-beacon time slots and the AP is able to poll a client for a particular Traffic Class (TC) to enable session-aware QoS. This HCCA method suffers from the same bandwidth inefficiency as PCF. In addition to the lack of an efficient method to guarantee transmission opportunities for high priority packets between a client and an AP (infrastructure mode) or between two clients (ad hoc mode), the 802.11 solutions do not provide the additional necessary capability to forward said packet to the next destination in the network in an efficient and contention-free manner. Therefore, what is needed is a method and apparatus for establishing dedicated transmission opportunities for each fixed node in a given cluster to forward packets to the next node in the cluster as well as contention-based transmission opportunities for fixed nodes and mobile nodes to join the cluster.
Furthermore, the efficient routing of packets across a mesh network is a vital component in determining the packet latency through the network. Prior art mesh network communication systems for hazardous environments have utilized routing tables generated from a centralized location and periodically propagated across the network using high priority MAC message mechanisms, resulting in a delay in routes being modified as conditions change. There is also a need in the art for an intelligent de-centralized flood routing technique to ensure mobile units can seamlessly roam throughout the network.

Distributed ad hoc mesh network protocol for underground mine and hazardous area communications


A test apparatus includes a test section that executes testing of each cell of the memory under test, a fail information storage section that stores fail information in a fail memory; a counting section that counts the number of defective cells in each block, a reading request receiving section that receives a request to read the fail information of each cell, a comparing section that compares the number of defective cells in a block to a predetermined reference number, a converting section that, in a case where the number of defective cells exceeds the predetermined reference value, converts a plurality of consecutive pieces of fail information in a response data string into a value indicating defectiveness, and a compressing section that compresses the response data string and returns a compressed response data string.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a test apparatus that tests a memory. More particularly, the present invention relates to a test apparatus that stores information concerning defective cells acquired as a result of a test.
2. Related Art
In manufacturing of a semiconductor device, it is essential to use a design (DFM: Design for Manufacturing) that optimizes the efficiency of the manufacturing process in order to enhance yield and decrease cost. For example, when a new semiconductor device manufacturing process is implemented, there are cases where sufficient yield cannot be achieved at a preliminary stage. In such a case, the cause of the insufficient yield is investigated and then a design of a mask pattern of an exposure apparatus is changed or an arrangement of the semiconductor device on a wafer is changed. Such improvements may be required more than once, which can result in the process of investigating the cause of the problem and solving the problem being repeated several times.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 1998-125092 is cited as an example of technology that involves testing a flash memory serving as the semiconductor device.
To increase the efficiency of the aforementioned process and begin efficient manufacturing quickly, it is desirable that the investigation of the cause of the problem be made more efficient. To facilitate the investigation of the cause of the problem, conventional test apparatuses for semiconductor devices record the problem arising in the semiconductor device for every memory cell and provide this information to a designer. In a preliminary stage of implementing the manufacturing process, however, there are cases where a block in which the problem arises in only some of the cells and a block in which the problem arises in many of the cells are mixed together in the same semiconductor device. In the block in which the problem arises in only some of the cells, knowing the position of the cells in which the problem arises is helpful in the investigation of the cause of the problem. On the other hand, in the block in which the problem arises in many of the cells, knowing the position of the defective cells is not helpful in investigating the cause of the problem because there are cases where a phenomenon affecting the entire block is the cause of the problem.
Furthermore, because the information concerning the problem of every cell is a large amount of data, it is desirable that the information be compressed and saved. When the cells in which the problem arises are recorded in order of the addresses, however, it is common for the compression ratio of the data compression to decrease when the locations at which the problem arises are many and spread out. In other words, not only is a block with too many problems unhelpful in the investigation of the cause of the problem, but there is also a concern that the storage capacity will be needlessly filled when the information concerning the problem is stored. Therefore, recording the problem of every cell for all the blocks in a uniform manner as described above is not efficient.


A bileaflet mechanical cardiovascular valve having a generally annular valve body and two occluder leaflets mounted within the valve body such that the occluder leaflets will move back and forth between an open configuration wherein blood is permitted to flow through the annular valve body and a closed configuration wherein blood is prevented from flowing in at least one direction through the annular valve body. Slots formed in opposite ends of the occluder leaflets are mounted upon raised mounting members formed on the inner surface of the annular valve body to facilitate the opening and closing movement of the occluder leaflets.

Many prosthetic mechanical heart valves have previously been used as surgically implantable replacements for malfunctioning endogenous anatomical heart valves.
One particular type of prosthetic mechanical heart valve is known as a "bileaflet" mechanical valve. Bileaflet type mechanical valves typically comprise a pair of flat occluder leaflets pivotally mounted within a ring-like annular valve body. The annular valve body is sutured into the heart (typically at the mitral or aortic position), as a replacement for a surgically removed endogenous valve. The occluder leaflets are pivotally mounted within the annular valve body such that the leaflets will move back and forth, in response to hemodynamic forces of the blood, between an "open" position whereby blood is permitted to flow through the annular valve body in a first direction, and a "closed" position whereby blood is prevented from backflowing in a second direction opposite said first direction.
In any prosthetic mechanical valve of the bileaflet type, it is desirable that the components of the valve be designed, configured and constructed so as to minimize or prevent stagnation or lodging of blood within the valve, as such stagnation or lodging of blood may give rise to thrombus formation and resultant thromboembolic complications. In bileaflet-type mechanical valves, one specific region where blood has been known to lodge or stagnate in crevices or notches formed as part of the hinge or pivot mechanism whereby the occluder leaflets are pivotally mounted within the annular valve body. In efforts to minimize such lodging or stagnation of blood, some of the bileaflet mechanical valves of the prior art have incorporated pivot/hinge mechanisms which are purportedly designed to perform a self-clearing or self-wiping function to dislodge blood which may tend to stagnate or lodge within the pivot/hinge mechanism of the valve.
Additionally, it is desirable that bileaflet mechanical prosthetic valves be designed so that the leaflets will open and close softly, without slamming or unnecessary surface-to-surface contact of a type likely to cause hemolysis (i.e., the breaking or rupture of blood cells).
Furthermore, it is desirable that heart valves of the bileaflet type be configured and constructed to withstand long term usage and wear, without fatigue, breakage or fracture of the valve components.
Examples of prosthetic mechanical heart valves of the prior art include those described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,178,639 (Bokros), 4,272,854 (Bokros), 4,276,658 (Hanson, et al.), 4,328,592 (Klawitter), 4,363,142 (Meyer), 4,373,216 (Klawitter), 4,443,894 (Klawitter), 4,451,937 (Klawitter), 4,605,408 (Carpentier), 4,446,577 (Meyer, et al.), 4,676,789 (Sorensen, et al.), 4,692,165 (Bokros), 4,822,353 (Bokros), 4,863,458 (Bokros), 4,863,459 (Olin), 4,872,875 (Hwang), 4,888,010 (Bokros), 4,892,540 (Vallana), 4,923,465 (Knoch, et al.), 4,935,030 (Alonso), 4,995,881 (Knoch, et al.), 5,002,567 (Bona, et al.), 5,061,278 (Bicer), 5,078,738 (Couetil), 5,108,425 (Hwang), 5,116,366 (Hwang), 5,116,367 (Hwang, et al.), 5,123,920 (Bokros), 5,137,532 (Bokros, et al), 5,147,390 (Campbell), 5,152,785 (Bokros, et al.), 5,171,263 (Boyer, et al.), 5,178,632 (Hanson), 5,192,309 (Stupka, et al.), 5,192,313 (Budd, et al.), 5,197,980 (Gorshkov, et al.), as well as the following foreign patents and foreign patent publications: EP238181A, WO 86/05383, WO 91/11973, 0091746, 0465383A1, 0541215A1, WO 92/21305, 0023797, GB2055,452A, 0050439, GB2018396A, 0515324A1, WO92/02197, 0327790, EP289494, EP133608A, WO93/01767, EP89104A, EP256047A, EP436420A, EP 403649A, WO90/04367, EP176237A, and WO91/05524.
Although the prior art has included numerous surgically implantable bileaflet mechanical heart valves, there remains a need in the art for the development of new or improved bileaflet mechanical valves capable of long term, cardiac functioning with minimal likelihood of thromboembolic complications or other untoward side effects.

Bileaflet mechanical heart valve having arrowhead slot hinge configuration


A dish antenna kit has at least one reflector, one feed horn, and an alignment tool. The alignment tool has a light source and a base. The base has at least one inner cylindrical surface having a diameter slightly exceeding the outer diameter of a rim of the feed horn. The alignment tool base positions the light source axis with respect to the feed horn axis. A method of aligning the feed horn with respect to the reflector includes: placing the alignment tool on the feed horn; activating the light source; rotating the alignment tool so that a light beam advances in an arcuate path on the surface of the reflector; determining from the arcuate path the offset of the feed horn with respect to a focus point on the reflector surface; and, if the offset is not within the predetermined tolerance, adjusting the feed horn attitude.

An antenna arrangement presently employed in communication technology includes a feed horn and one or mor associated reflectors. The term "feed horn," as used herein, denotes an antenna capable of transmitting and/or receiving electromagnetic signals, for example, radio or microwave signals. The associated reflector(s) has a surface(s) typically described by rotating a conic sction, for example, a parabola, one full revolution to produce a dish-like surface.
FIG. 1 illustrates an antenna arrangement 100 in which a feed horn 104 is held in front of a reflector 108 by a plurality of spars 112. Feed horn 104 transmits and receives signals along an axis 116. Signals transmitted by feed horn 104 along axis 116 reflect against the surface 120 of reflector 108 en route to their destination. Signals arriving to antenna arrangement 100 reflect against surface 120 of reflector 108 and proceed along axis 116 to feed horn 104. In some usages, an antenna arrangement may be configured so that the feed horn only transmits or only receives signals.
FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate antenna arrangement 124 with two reflectors; a main reflector 128 and a sub-reflector 132. Signals transmitted by a feed horn 136 reflect first against a surface 140 or sub-reflector 132 and then against a surface 144 or main reflector 128 en route to their destination. Signals arriving to antenna arrangement 124 reflect first against surface 124 of main reflector 123 and then against surface 140 of sub-reflector 132 to feed horn 136.
Antenna arrangements 100 and 124 each individually forms "kits," herein referred to as "dish antenna kits." A dish antenna kit may include additional elements. For example, a dish antenna kit may have two feed horns: one feed horn for C-band operation (5.8 to 6.5 GHz.), and one feed horn for Ku-band operation (14 to 14.5 GHz.). The particular feed horn used depends on the needs of the user.
In some dish antenna kits, a relatively large reflector (or main reflector) may be formed as an assembly of a plurality of constituent panels. FIG. 3 illustrates a reflector 148 comprising four panels 152 joined at the edges to form seams 156. (Note that, although four panels are shown in this example, reflectors can have a different number of constituent panels.) Such a configuration permits convenient disassembly of the reflector and subsequent re-assembly of the reflector in the field. Sometimes, the term "fly-away kit" is used in reference to such a kit, due to the ease of disassembly and packaging as airline baggage to accompany the deployment personnel to a remote location to assemble the disk antenna kit.
Another type of dish antenna kit 160 adapted for mobility incorporates a trailer. As illustrated in FIG. 4, an antenna arrangement 162 including a feed horn 164 and a reflector 168 are mounted on a trailer 172. Also in this arrangement, a router 176 is housed inside an air-conditioned enclosure 180. Both the router 176 and the air conditioner of air-conditioned enclosure 180 are powered by a generator 184. To protect the router 176 from the vibrations caused by generator 184, shock attenuators 188 may be mounted between trailer 172 and enclosure 180. Accordingly, the dish antenna kit 160 may be conveniently towed to a remote location for use.
Whether in the field, the manufacturing facility, or elsewhere, the feed horn must be properly aligned with respect to the reflector(s) to optimize gain. The feed horn axis 116 (FIG. 1) desirably intersects with the reflector surface as close as possible to the surface's focus point. (The "focus point" is the point on the surface of the reflector for which the antenna gain is maximized if the feed horn axis intersects therewith.) The focus point of a reflector is often the center of the reflector's surface, although off-center focus points are sometimes desired.
Antenna arrangements in the field may also occasionally require realignment of the feed horns relative to the reflectors. Severe weather conditions or intrusive wildlife, such as spider monkeys, can misalign the antenna arrangements. Also, vibrations from generators, if part of the dish antenna kits, may require periodic realignment of the feed horns relative to the reflectors.
With limited success, various alignment tools have been proposed to facilitate the alignment procedure. For example, Burditt (U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,481) and Paullin (U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,573) disclose alignment tools that attach to a feed horn. "Telescoping" rods are extended to the reflector surface to indicate whether the feed horn axis intersects with the reflector surface at or near the focus point. These alignment tools require high precision manufacturing to ensure that the extended rods properly indicate where the feed horn axis intersects with the reflector surface.
Ehrenberg et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,175) discloses a dish antenna kit, and its FIGS. 24 and 25, with the corresponding text in the specification, illustrate a light source, sized and shaped for mounting in an antenna arrangement in place of the feed horn. A light beam projects upon the reflector surface to indicate whether the feed horn axis, after the feed horn later replaces the light source, will intersect with the reflector surface at the focus point. Such light source requires high precision manufacturing to ensure that its beam projects collinearly with the later position of the feed horn axis after the feed horn replaces the light source.
Ehrenberg et al. also provides a cursory statement (col. 18, lines 55–58) that a light source may be fashioned for attachment directly to the feed horn. However, no development of this idea accompanies the Ehrenberg et al. statement, so there is no guidance of how such an alignment tool can be created in such a way that it would not also require such high precision manufacturing in order to effect, correspondingly, high precision alignment.
To the present inventor's knowledge and belief, this aspect of Ehrenberg et al. has not been produced commercially and is not on the market.
Other procedures for aligning a feed horn relative to the reflector of an antenna arrangement are tedious and require multiple personnel using a variety of tools or implements (for example, tape measures, and mechanical gap gauges). An example of such a procedure is described in the Andrew installation guide. After following such procedures, uncertainty in proper alignment often remains due to the lack of a simple way to verify alignment.
Despite widespread use of lasers for alignment purposes (for example, installing dropped ceilings) no one, prior to the present inventor, has successfully adapted laser-alignment devices to the to the peculiar problems encountered in feed horn alignment for satellite antennas on the commercial market.
Accordingly, to the best knowledge of the present inventor, there remains a need for a dish antenna kit that includes an alignment tool, which is both easy to use and achieves highly precise alignment of the feed horn with respect to the reflector of the kit. Also, it is desirable that such an alignment tool provide the highly precise alignment without requiring manufacturing of as high precision and cost as that for the prior art discussed above.

Dish antenna kit including alignment tool and method of use thereof


A method for managing information from an operating system based environment includes determining whether the information is to be communicated to a chassis management module. The information is transmitted to a service processor upon determining that the information is to be communicated with the chassis management module.

A blade server system packages servers onto single boards (server blades) that are housed in a chassis that provides access to shared resources such as power. A chassis management module operates to manage the shared resources among the server blades. Currently, when the server blade is booted to an operating system, it is unable to communicate with the chassis management module to exchange information about power events such as Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) (published 1996) power states.
ACPI is an open industry specification that establishes industry-standard interfaces for operating system directed power management on laptops, desktops, and servers. ACPI enables an operating system to control an amount of power given to an entire computer system or specific devices attached to the computer system. To conserve energy while remaining quickly available, ACPI defines a number of sleep states known as S-states. An ACPI-compliant computer system may implement some or all of the defined S-states.
Commonly supported S-states include the S0, S1, S4, and S5 sleep states. The S0 sleep state is a state where all the devices on the computer system are on and no sleep is enabled. The S1 sleep state is a low wake-up latency sleep state. In the S1 sleep state, the computer system context in the processor and/or chip set is maintained. The S4 sleep state (non-volatile sleep state) is a special global system state that allows system context to be saved and restored relatively slowly when power is lost to the baseboard. The operating system writes system context to a non-volatile storage file and leaves appropriate context markers. The S5 sleep state is similar to the S4 sleep state except the operating system does not save any context nor enable any devices to wake up the system. The system is in the "soft" off state and requires a complete boot when awakened.
Currently, a server blade's operating system is unable to communicate ACPI sleep states to an off-board chassis management module responsible for power management. Thus, what is needed is a method and apparatus for communicating information from an operating system based environment of a server blade to the chassis management module.

Method and apparatus for communicating information from an operating system based environment of a server blade to the chassis management module


An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for data error checking and recovery in a data storage device. A redundancy check module creates a redundancy check for data on a data storage device in a SCSI End-to-End Checking Standard environment and a redundancy check storage module stores the redundancy check in a guard associated with the data.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to data error checking and recovery and more particularly relates to data error checking and recovery in a data storage device in a Small Computer System Interface ("SCSI") End-to-End Checking system.
2. Description of the Related Art
For current data systems, data is typically transmitted in a SCSI environment without any redundancy checking information such as parity. Currently, individual devices have internal error checking. For example, a SCSI bus may have a parity bit added to each byte. The parity is tracked from where data is sent to the target along the bus, but once the data reaches the target device, the parity information is not retained. In recognition of this problem, a new SCSI standard is emerging called the SCSI T10 End-to-End Checking Standard which addresses the problem of errors introduced somewhere in the data stream between a source and a target that may not be detected by individual devices between the source, target, and storage device.
One element of the standard is to include information along with the data in the form of a 2-byte guard, a 2-byte application tag, and a 4-byte reference tag. This allows a redundancy check to be created and stored in the guard. The application tag is used by an application and the reference tag is a logical block address. Since the redundancy check can now be done at the source and transmitted to the target and stored on disk, it can be used to endure data consistency from end to end.
A problem is created, however, in that the standard calls for the redundancy check to be a cyclic redundancy check ("CRC") using a particular polynomial. This creates a problem for a data storage device, such as a RAID 5 configured device, in that the CRC is not transitive. (RAID is an acronym for Redundant Array of Independent (or Inexpensive) Disks.) The problem is manifest when the RAID 5 data storage device performs a redundancy check on the parity drive, which is done by performing an exclusive OR ("XOR") operation on a row of data blocks. In this case, even though the data may be valid, the value returned will not match the XOR of the guard and a parity error will be flagged. The same problem occurs if the redundancy check is created using Reed Solomon Codes. The problem exists because the redundancy check chosen for the standard is not a type that is transitive such as a Longitudinal Redundancy Check ("LRC"). A transitive redundancy check type would allow a redundancy check of the parity drive to equal an XOR of the guard.
From the foregoing discussion, it should be apparent that a need exists for an apparatus, system, and method for data error checking and recovery that overcome the redundancy check problem associated with the CRC required by the SCSI End-to-End Checking Standard when storing data. Beneficially, such an apparatus, system, and method would allow data error checking and recovery in a SCSI environment and especially an End-to-End Checking Standard environment.

Apparatus, system, and method for error checking and recovery of transmitted data in a SCSI environment

International Business Machines Corporation


Methods and apparatus for performing proxy registration on behalf of a node with a Home Agent supporting Mobile IP are disclosed. A first registration request is composed on behalf of the node and transmitted to the Home Agent via a first Local Mobility Anchor, wherein the first Local Mobility Anchor is a regional controller via which registration is performed when the node moves within a region associated with the first Local Mobility Anchor. When the node moves within a region or between regions, the node is re-registered. Specifically, a second registration request is composed and transmitted to the first Local Mobility Anchor when the node moves within the region associated with the first Local Mobility Anchor. When the node moves into a second region associated with a second Local Mobility Anchor and outside the first region associated with the first Local Mobility Anchor, a second registration request is composed and transmitted to the Home Agent via the second Local Mobility Anchor, wherein the second Local Mobility Anchor is a regional controller via which registration is performed when the node moves within a region associated with second first Local Mobility Anchor.

The present invention relates to Mobile IP network technology. More specifically, this invention relates to mechanisms for achieving route optimization in a Mobile IP environment while maintaining location privacy.
Mobile IP is a protocol which allows laptop computers or other mobile computer units (referred to as "Mobile Nodes" herein) to roam between various sub-networks at various locations—while maintaining internet and/or WAN connectivity. Without Mobile IP or a related protocol, a Mobile Node would be unable to stay connected while roaming through various sub-networks. This is because the IP address required for any node to communicate over the internet is location specific. Each IP address has a field that specifies the particular sub-network on which the node resides. If a user desires to take a computer which is normally attached to one node and roam with it so that it passes through different sub-networks, it cannot use its home base IP address. As a result, a business person traveling across the country cannot merely roam with his or her computer across geographically disparate network segments or wireless nodes while remaining connected over the internet. This is not an acceptable state-of-affairs in the age of portable computational devices.
To address this problem, the Mobile IP protocol has been developed and implemented. One implementation of Mobile IP is described in RFC 2002 of the Network Working Group, C. Perkins, Ed., October 1996. Mobile IP is also described in the text "Mobile IP Unplugged" by J. Solomon, Prentice Hall. Both of these references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and for all purposes.
The Mobile IP process and environment as implemented in Mobile Ipv4 are illustrated in FIG. 1. As shown there, a Mobile IP environment 2 includes the internet (or a WAN) 4 over which a Mobile Node 6 can communicate remotely via mediation by a Home Agent 8 and a Foreign Agent 10. Typically, the Home Agent and Foreign Agent are routers or other network connection devices performing appropriate Mobile IP functions as implemented by software, hardware, and/or firmware. A particular Mobile Node (e.g., a laptop computer) plugged into its home network segment connects with the internet through its designated Home Agent. When the Mobile Node roams, it communicates via the internet through an available Foreign Agent. Presumably, there are many Foreign Agents available at geographically disparate locations to allow wide spread internet connection via the Mobile IP protocol. Note that it is also possible for the Mobile Node to register directly with its Home Agent.
As shown in FIG. 1, Mobile Node 6 normally resides on (or is "based at") a network segment 12 which allows its network entities to communicate over the internet 4 through Home Agent 8 (an appropriately configured router denoted R2). Note that Home Agent 8 need not directly connect to the internet. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, it may be connected through another router (a router R1 in this case). Router R1 may, in turn, connect one or more other routers (e.g., a router R3) with the internet.
Now, suppose that Mobile Node 6 is removed from its home base network segment 12 and roams to a remote network segment 14. Network segment 14 may include various other nodes such as a PC 16. The nodes on network segment 14 communicate with the internet through a router which doubles as Foreign Agent 10. Mobile Node 6 may identify Foreign Agent 10 through various solicitations and advertisements which form part of the Mobile IP protocol. When Mobile Node 6 engages with network segment 14, Foreign Agent 10 relays a registration request to Home Agent 8 (as indicated by the dotted line "Registration"). The Home and Foreign Agents may then negotiate the conditions of the Mobile Node's attachment to Foreign Agent 10. For example, the attachment may be limited to a period of time, such as two hours. When the negotiation is successfully completed, Home Agent 8 updates an internal "mobility binding table" which specifies the care-of address (e.g., a collocated care-of address or the Foreign Agent's IP address) in association with the identity of Mobile Node 6. Further, the Foreign Agent 10 updates an internal "visitor table" which specifies the Mobile Node address, Home Agent address, etc. In effect, the Mobile Node's home base IP address (associated with segment 12) has been shifted to the Foreign Agent's IP address (associated with segment 14).
Now, suppose that Mobile Node 6 wishes to send a message to a corresponding node 18 from its new location. A message from the Mobile Node is then packetized and forwarded through Foreign Agent 10 over the internet 4 and to Corresponding Node 18 (as indicated by the dotted line "packet from MN") according to a standard internet protocol. If Corresponding Node 18 wishes to send a message to Mobile Node—whether in reply to a message from the Mobile Node or for any other reason—it addresses that message to the IP address of Mobile Node 6 on sub-network 12. The packets of that message are then forwarded over the internet 4 and to router R1 and ultimately to Home Agent 8 as indicated by the dotted line ("packet to MN(1)"). From its mobility binding table, Home Agent 8 recognizes that Mobile Node 6 is no longer attached to network segment 12. It then encapsulates the packets from Corresponding Node 18 (which are addressed to Mobile Node 6 on network segment 12) according to a Mobile IP protocol and forwards these encapsulated packets to a "care of" address for Mobile Node 6 as shown by the dotted line ("packet to MN(2)"). The care-of address may be, for example, the IP address of Foreign Agent 10. Foreign Agent 10 then strips the encapsulation and forwards the message to Mobile Node 6 on sub-network 14. The packet forwarding mechanism implemented by the Home and Foreign Agents is often referred to as "tunneling."
RFC 3775, entitled "Mobility Support in IPv6," published in June, 2004, by D. Johnson et al discloses a protocol which allows nodes to remain reachable while roaming in IPv6. This RFC defines the entities of Home Agent (HA), Mobile Node (MN) and Correspondent Node (CN), and describes the Mobile IP registration process with reference to an IPv6 environment. This draft is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
In order to optimize the route via which packets are routed from the Correspondent to the Mobile Node, it is desirable to enable the Corresponding Node to communicate directly with the Mobile Node. This is generally accomplished in two different ways, as set forth in RFC3775 "Mobility Support in IPv6." First, a tunnel between the Corresponding Node and the Mobile Node may be established by the Corresponding Node. Second, the Mobile Node may send a Binding Update message to the Corresponding Node to enable the Corresponding Node to send packets directly to the Mobile Node.
As described above, RFC3775 "Mobility Support in IPv6," specifies a method for performing route optimization between a Mobile Node and a Correspondent Node. During the disclosed route optimization process, the Mobile Node provides its care-of address (i.e., location on the foreign network) to the Correspondent Node via a Binding Update message. In contrast to the registration process that is performed via a Foreign Agent in Mobile Ipv4, registration is performed via a co-located care-of address of the Mobile Node in Mobile IPv6. In other words, the care-of address is associated with the Mobile Node rather than a separate entity. This enables the Correspondent Node to send data packets directly to the Mobile Node without routing traffic to the Home Agent. While this is desirable for route optimization, this method does not preserve location privacy of the Mobile Node.
Generally, a Service Provider attempts to provide optimum service to its customers. As a result, route optimization is a desirable feature, enabling data traffic to be transmitted in an efficient manner. Thus, eliminating the Home Agent from the traffic route between a Mobile Node and Correspondent Node is desirable. However, disclosing the location of the Mobile Node to the Correspondent Node is considered an unacceptable loss of privacy to their customers.
In view of the above, it would be beneficial if route optimization could be accomplished without sacrificing location privacy. Moreover, it would be beneficial if such an optimization scheme could be applied in a Mobile IPv6 environment, as well as be compatible with other versions of Mobile IP.

Methods and apparatus for achieving route optimization and location privacy in an IPv6 network


Apparatus and methods for winding wire coils on a plurality of poles to be assembled to form a dynamo-electric machine component are provided. A plurality of holding members that each hold a respective pole while the wire coils are wound may be provided. Each holding member may be configured to rotate its respective pole about a central axis of the holding member. A plurality of wire dispensing members may be provided that each dispense wire onto a respective pole as each pole rotates about the central axis of its respective holding member. A support structure configured to support the plurality of wire dispensing members may be provided. The wire may be stratified on each pole by the simultaneous radial movement of the plurality of wire dispensers with respect to a central axis of the support structure.

The present invention relates to the formation of dynamo-electric machine components and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for winding wire coils on support pockets or poles to be assembled to form a dynamo-electric machine component.
Apparatus and methods of this general nature are described, for example, in commonly-assigned Becherucci et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,645 and Becherucci et al. U.S. patent publication No. US 2004/0046476, published on Mar. 11, 2004, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
It would be desirable to provide improved apparatus and methods for winding wire coils on support pockets or poles to be assembled to form a dynamo-electric machine component.

Apparatus and methods for winding wire coils for dynamo-electric machine components


Various improvements in the fabrication of an antifuse having silicon-amorphous silicon-metal layer structure are presented. Included are improved deposition techniques for the amorphous silicon layer. The improvements include steps for the fabrication of such an antifuse without the use of platinum and the resulting antifuse and contact structures.

The present invention relates generally to the fabrication of integrated circuit devices and, more particularly, to the fabrication of antifuses in integrated circuits.
Antifuses are elements which are located between two conducting lines in an integrated circuit. The antifuse has a very high resistance (to form essentially an open circuit) in an unprogrammed ("off") state to keep the two conducting lines electrically separated. In a programmed ("on") state, the antifuse has a low resistance (to form essentially a closed circuit) to electrically connect the two conducting lines.
Ideally antifuses should have a low parasitic capacitance in the unprogrammed state and should occupy minimal layout area, with very short programming times, and should require programming voltages which are not so high as to require additional process complexity to accommodate the high programming voltages. In the programmed state the antifuse should, of course, have as low a resistance as possible.
One antifuse which has many of these advantages is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,507 and 4,796,074, issued to B. Roesner on Apr. 10, 1984 and Jun. 3, 1989 respectively. This antifuse is formed between a silicon layer, either a doped region in the semiconductor substrate of an integrated circuit or a doped polysilicon layer, and a metal conducting layer above.
The present invention substantially improves many of the processing steps or solves many of the deficiencies in the steps used in fabricating the disclosed present antifuse.

Improved method of fabricating antifuses in an integrated circuit device and resulting structure


A network connection system for connecting computer network components, the network connection system including a twisted pair cable having multiple conductors in twisted pairs a cable termination connector affixable at an end of the cable. The cable termination connector includes a slender elongate connector housing; and termination contacts located within the connector housing. The termination contacts include a conductor engaging portion, optionally, an RJ connector engaging portion and a male contact portion releasably engageable to a female gripping contact. The network connection system also includes connecting hardware as well as a dust cover, a pull ring cover and a feeder strip. The present invention can be used on a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN).

Twisted pair cables are commonly used for the wiring of computer and telephone networks. Twisted pair wire orientation is governed by EIA/TIA Standard 568B and industry connection methods
Conventional twisted pair cable includes four twisted pair conductors inside an outer insulation jacket. In some cables a plastic cross shaped extrusion resides inside the cable jacket along with the wires to separate the four pairs from each other and maintain each pair within its own quadrant within the cable jacket.
The four twisted pairs are color coded as a blue pair, a green pair, an orange pair, and a brown pair. Each pair includes two conductors a first conductor covered by solid color insulation colored to match that pair designation and a second conductor covered by white insulation with colored stripes that are the same color as the solid colored insulation twisted together. For example, the blue pair includes one wire solid blue in color and a second wire white with blue stripes. The same is true for the green, orange, and brown pairs. In the 568B standard, the color coding standardizes the position each conductor occupies when assembled into an RJ45 modular connector or modular jack.
There are 8 positions in a modular connector, one for each conductor. A prior art RJ45 plug includes a front where it mates with a jack and a rear where the cable enters as well as a locking tab. Viewing the front of the RJ45 plug, with the locking tab at the top, the eight positions are designated one through eight from left to right. Under the standard, the blue pair typically is designated Pair #1 and occupies position 4 and 5 with the solid blue conductor in position 4 and the white/blue conductor occupies position 5. The Orange pair is designated Pair #2 and occupies positions 1 and 2 with the white/orange conductor in position 1 and the Orange conductor in position 2. The green pair is designated Pair #3 and is also known as the split pair in the RJ45 assembly because it occupies positions 3 and 6 with the solid green conductor in position 6 and the white/green color conductor occupying position 3. The brown pair is designated Pair #4 and occupies positions 7 and 8. The white/brown conductor is located at position 7 and the solid brown conductor in position 8. The importance of these standardized positions will become apparent in the description of the sub components and assembly of the new connector of the present invention.
The most dominant interface for connecting 4 pair twisted pair cable in the market at the time of this application is the RJ45 connector interface as described by the FCC in 47 CFR 68 Subpart F. The FCC standard describes dimensional tolerances for the plug, port and features to assure operable compatibility between plugs and jacks made by various manufacturers.
Typically an industry standard modular jack has one port for mating with an RJ45 plug, that meets the requirements of FCC under 47 CFR 68 Subpart F and a second port that is adapted to attach twisted pair cable conductors to the jack. Generally, jacks are terminated to twisted pair cable in the field by stripping back the outer jacket, exposing the conductor pairs, and terminating these pairs to terminals on the jack. Patch cords in predetermined lengths, with RJ45 plugs assembled to each end, are available to connect hardware such as computer work stations and printers to the modular jacks and thus to the network.
In many cases, the modular connector is installed by craft personnel in the field. Problems are associated with installing jacks and plugs in the field related to inconsistency of method that occur from one installer to the next. These result is failures in data transmission and the expenditure of large amounts of time and effort to troubleshoot and repair inadequate field made connections.
One possible solution to this problem would be to pre-terminate the connection in a controlled environment and to test the connections prior to installation in the field. The obstacle to pre-terminating all connections lies in the need to feed and pull cable with plugs installed through conduit and around obstacles common in buildings being wired for networks. The design profile of the prior art RJ45 modular plug is too large to be pulled through smaller conduit channels and the features, such as the locking tab, and shape of the plugs make them prone to catch on obstacles. This leads to damage to the connectors and cable.
Thus the network wiring industry would benefit from a network wiring termination system that that would allow for pre-termination of conductors, testing of the network wiring components prior to release to field personnel and ease of pulling network wiring through conduit and past obstacles that are commonly encountered in the installation of network cabling.


A method of displaying wallpaper and an apparatus for displaying wallpaper includes displaying an input image to be displayed on wallpaper as a background image and a wallpaper displaying frame containing the entire image or a part of the input image on a wallpaper setting window, modifying a wallpaper displaying frame area according to a user's instruction, and displaying the modified frame area on the wallpaper. The apparatus for displaying wallpaper includes an application unit that displays an input image to be inputted as a background image for wallpaper and a wallpaper displaying frame containing the entire input image or a part of the input image on a wallpaper setting window, a modification unit that modifies a wallpaper displaying frame area specified by the application unit according to a user's instruction, and a wallpaper displaying unit that displays the frame area modified by the modification unit on the wallpaper.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the present invention relate to a method of displaying wallpaper and an apparatus for displaying wallpaper, and more particularly, to a method of displaying wallpaper and an apparatus for displaying an image that a user wants as a wallpaper by regulating the size and location of the image and the ratio of width to height of the image.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, methods for displaying a wallpaper are exemplified by a "center setting," a "checkerboard setting," or a "stretch setting," and depending on the degree of resolution of an image and a wallpaper, two different cases should be considered. In the first case, an image for the wallpaper is larger than a wallpaper area, and in the other an image for the wallpaper is smaller than the wallpaper area.
FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are diagrams illustrating the cases in which an input image is smaller than a wallpaper in a method of displaying a wallpaper according to the conventional art. FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating the display of the image by center setting, FIG. 1B is a diagram illustrating the display of the image by stretch setting, and FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating the display of the image by checkerboard setting. According to the center setting, the image is displayed exactly in the center of a wallpaper area while keeping the resolution of the original image, as illustrated in FIG. 1A. According to the stretch setting, the image is displayed after it is enlarged to fit the resolution of the whole wallpaper area regardless of the size and the ratio of width to height of the original image, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. According to the checkerboard setting, the same image is repeated in a checkerboard pattern while keeping the resolution of the original image, as illustrated in FIG. 1C.
FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C are diagrams illustrating the cases in which the input image is larger than the wallpaper area in a method of displaying wallpaper according to the conventional art. FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating the display of the image by center setting, FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating the display of the image by stretch setting, and FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating the display of the image by checkerboard setting. According to the center setting, only the center part of the image is displayed on the wallpaper area while keeping the resolution of the original image, as illustrated in FIG. 2A. According to the stretch setting, the image displayed after it is reduced to fit the resolution of the wallpaper area regardless of the size and the ratio of width to height of the original image, as illustrated in FIG. 2B. According to the checkerboard setting, a left upper part of the image is displayed on the wallpaper area while keeping the resolution of the original image, as illustrated in FIG. 2C.
However, the conventional art for displaying a wallpaper has the problem that the image becomes distorted from the difference in the width to height ratios between the image and an apparatus for displaying the wallpaper. In FIGS. 1A and 1C, the images are displayed in the center of the wallpaper area without distortion. However, in FIG. 1B, the image is enlarged to fit the resolution of the wallpaper, resulting in distortion of the image.
In FIG. 2A, although the image is not distorted, a large part of the image is cut out and not displayed, and in FIG. 2B, the image can be seen but is compressed. In FIG. 2C, only an upper left part of the image is displayed.
Accordingly, the conventional art has a problem in that only part of an image selected by a user is displayed or the selected image is distorted.

Method of displaying wallpaper and apparatus for displaying wallpaper


Systems and techniques are disclosed relating to communications. The systems and techniques involve spread-spectrum communications using a scheduler, or similar component, configured to maintain a plurality of spreading sequence assignments and a plurality of available spreading sequences each being orthogonal to the assigned spreading sequences. The scheduler may also be configured to select a spreading sequence from a group of the available spreading sequences having the same length, the selected spreading sequence being generated from a block of codes and being selected based on the number of the available spreading sequences that can be generated using the same block of codes.

1. Field
The present invention relates generally to communications, and more specifically, to systems and techniques for managing code channel assignments in a wireless communications system.
2. Background
Modern communications systems are designed to allow multiple users to share a common communications medium. One such communications system is a code division multiple access (CDMA) system. The CDMA communications system is a modulation and multiple access scheme based on spread-spectrum communications. In a CDMA communications system, a large number of signals share the same frequency spectrum and, as a result, provide an increase in user capacity. This is achieved by transmitting each signal with a different code that modulates a carrier, and thereby, spreads the signal over the entire spectrum. The transmitted signals may be separated in the receiver by a correlator using a corresponding code to de-spread the desired signal. The undesired signals, whose codes do not match, contribute only to noise.
In spread-spectrum communications, a base station controller (BSC) is often used to interface a wireless network to a communications infrastructure such as a wide area network (WAN) or a local area network (LAN). The wireless network includes multiple base stations each configured to serve all users within a geographic region known as a cell. In this configuration, orthogonal sequences known as Walsh codes may be used in the forward link to separate multiple users operating within the same cellular region. The forward link refers to signal transmissions from a base station to a user.
With the tremendous increase in wireless communications over the past years, there has been a demand for higher data rate services to support web browsing, video applications, and the like. Often the demand is met by using multiple forward channels to carry traffic from the base station to a user with each forward channel having a distinct Walsh code. Unfortunately, this approach tends to introduce additional complexities in the user equipment requiring multiple Walsh code demodulation.
An alternative method for providing high data rate services that avoids the complexities of demodulating multiple Walsh channels, involves the use of spreading sequences derived from one or more Walsh codes. However, once a Walsh code is used, it cannot be used again to generate a subsequent spreading sequence for lack of orthogonality. Accordingly, an efficient methodology or algorithm is needed for spreading sequence assignments to avoid the loss of Walsh codes needed to construct higher speed channels.

Code channel allocations in a wireless communications system