In a notification system for communicating between a sender cellular phone possessed by a sending person and a receiver cellular phone possessed by a receiving person, the sender cellular phone, which is possessed by the sending person who wants to communicate with the receiving person, is allowed to transmit an ON state indication signal indicating to switch a main power source to be in an ON state through a radio wave to the receiver cellular phone being in an OFF state. Thus, a main power source of the receiver cellular phone can be remotely turned ON.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a cellular phone, and more particularly to the cellular phone in which a power of a receiver side being in a OFF state can be turned ON by a sender side when the sender side needs to send the receiver side urgent information, and a method for setting the cellular phone being in a power-OFF state to a power-ON state.
The present application claims priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-372940 filed on Dec. 7, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
2. Description of the Related art
If a conventional cellular phone at a receiver side is turned OFF or the conventional cellular phone is located in a non-communicable area of a radio wave, it may be impossible for a conventional cellular phone at a sender side to communicate smith the conventional cellular phone at the receiver side even if a sending person has the cellular phone to communicate with another person having the cellular phone at the receiver side.
An occurrence of being located in the non-communicable area is becoming less because recently, in some countries, for example, in Japan, the non-communicable areas are quite limited. Even if the conventional cellular phone of the receiving person is located in the non-communicable area, generally, it becomes communicable when the receiving person approaches near a vicinity of a communicable area.
However, in any case in which the conventional cellular phone at the receiver side is turned OFF, it is impossible to recognize a call or a notification for the receiving person unless the receiving person turns ON the conventional cellular phone.

Notification system, and method for remotely turning on cellular phone being in power-off state and cellular phone thereof


This document provides methods and materials related to detecting neurotransmitters and other biologically active small molecules. For example, methods for detecting and measuring hapten levels in a biological sample using antibodies specific for conjugated haptens are provided.

1. Technical Field
This document provides methods and materials related to detecting and quantifying biologically active small molecules. For example, this document provides methods for detecting and measuring biologically active small molecule levels in a biological sample.
2. Background Information
Neurotransmitters, biogenic amines, biogenic de-aminated neurotransmitters and their derivatives, metabolites, and precursors are biologically active small molecules which have a systemic influence on the body's nervous system and are the predominate actuators of the central nervous system. Numerous diseases, including cognitive, mood, and motor function disorders, are associated with imbalances in neurotransmitter levels. For example, impairment of the dopamine system is implicated in schizophrenia, a mental disease marked by disturbances in thinking and emotional reactions, while clinical depression is associated with an imbalance in serotonin levels. Parkinson's disease is correlated reduced levels of dopamine. Increased levels of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate are correlated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleeping disorders.
Typically, biologically active small molecules do not induce the formation of antibodies by themselves, but can in some circumstances induce antibodies when bound to a higher molecular weight molecule.

Preparing hapten-specific antibodies and their application for immunodiagnostics and research


A system and method relating to secure communications in a communication network is disclosed. The invention uses sessions having limited duration to enable parties to communicate securely in the communication network. The session of one party is independent from the session of another party. The sessions are linked at a server which confirms that the sessions are valid.. In a preferred embodiment, the secure communications occur in an electronic transfer system. In the electronic transfer system, a customer and a merchant can conduct a transaction wherein the customer can purchase a product from the merchant and pay for the product using electronic funds.

1. Field of Invention
Public key encryption with large key sizes (e.g., RSA) is usually required for creating acceptable levels of security for message processing over an insecure network, such as the Internet. The present invention relates to a system and method for increasing the efficiency of secure message processing over such insecure networks. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system and method for reducing the level of encryption required in a network for message exchanges. Even more specifically, the present invention relates to processing electronic cash transactions in a secure manner while substantially reducing the computational requirements for encryption.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various methods for increasing the security of communications over insecure networks, such as the Internet, have been disclosed. An insecure network does not protect messages from observation, interception, and manipulation. On the other hand, secure networks offer various means to reduce the opportunity for observation, interception, and/or manipulation of messages.
For example, channel message security schemes (such as secure HTTP ("S-HTTP") and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol) are intended to create confidence in two communicating parties that they are who they say they are and that their communications are private. SSL utilizes digitally signed certificates to provide authentication and security by heavily encrypting each message. S-HTTP relies on digitally signed messages using a heavy encryption key to ensure security and authentication.
A number of multi-party protocols have been proposed for credit transactions, most notably Secure Transport Technology (STT), Internet Keyed Payments (IKP), and Secure Electronic Payment Protocol (SEPP). All of these approaches are built around a credential issuing authority and require that both merchants and customers be authenticated by the credential issuing authority which in turn has been authenticated by a higher authority. In STT, merchants and customers each have two sets of RSA of keys, one to be used to sign messages and one used to encrypt and decrypt symmetrical keys. Thus, in this system, each party needs two certificates (one for each key). A merchant will have a pair of credentials for each credit card it accepts. SEPP and IKP use RSA encryption differently; but, like STT, utilize multiple public key signatures and encryptions per transaction.
Another system has been described under the name "NetBill." While the NetBill approach is less reliant on public key encryption than others, it still requires public key signatures throughout a transaction.
Another approach is that of DigiCash. In the DigiCash model, the user creates a random number, which acts like a serial number for a digital coin. Like the other proposed systems, DigiCash achieves its primary objective of a secure, anonymous cash payment system by requiring heavy reliance on modular exponentiation (which is the basis for other public key techniques such as RSA encryption). It also requires a bank or third party to create tokens that have intrinsic value. It is uncertain how such a system will be treated under banking, tax, and currency laws in the United States and other jurisdictions.
Other systems, such as Mondex, implement security through the use of hardware connected to the user's computer. For Internet transactions, a proprietary card reader must be added to the computers of all customers and merchants who will use a particular card.
The reliance on encryption, especially public key encryption, whether based in software or hardware comes at a price: the greater the use of encryption, the greater the processing effort required to decrypt messages. Where message processing costs are important, such as in commercial network payment transaction, processor and hardware costs can become a significant deterrent to using networks such as the Internet for secure communications.
The current art can only achieve acceptable security with the concomitant high cost of processor time, additional hardware, or both. What is needed to encourage the development of insecure networks such as the Internet for commercial use is a software-based system that offers reduced processing costs of encrypted messages while maintaining an acceptable level of security for the communications being transmitted.


Depsipeptides and congeners thereof are disclosed having structure (I), wherein m, n, p, q, X, R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein. These compounds, including FR901228, have activity as, for example, immunosuppressants, as well as for the prevention or treatment of patients suffering or at risk of suffering from inflammatory, autoimmune or immune system-related diseases including graft-versus-host disease and enhancement of graft/tissue survival following transplant. Also provided are methods for inhibiting lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and/or suppression of IL-2 secretion

FR901228 is a compound produced by culturing a strain belonging to Chromobacterium, e.g., Chromobacterium violaceum WB968 strain (FERM BP-1968) in a nutrient medium, and represented by the following formula (Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 7 (1995)-64872):
In addition to the fermentation method described above, it is known that FR901228 can also be prepared by semisynthesis or whole synthesis utilizing techniques known in the art (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 7237-7238 (1996)).
FR901228 is known to have a histone deacetylase inhibiting activity (Nakajima, H et al., Experimental Cell Research, 241, 126-133 (1998)), and it has been proposed to expand its utility as an antibacterial agent and an anticancer agent.
However, the fermentation method shows an unsatisfactory production titer of FR901228. Accordingly, it has been demanded a discovery of a strain excellent in FR901228 producing ability or development of a production method capable of increasing the yield of FR901228.


An optical sensor apparatus includes a package having a window; a sensor chip having an array of light receiving devices and a pixel electrode connected to each light receiving device, the sensor chip having an incidence surface that faces the window of the package; and a read-out circuit disposed under the sensor chip, the read-out circuit having a read-out electrode electrically connected to each pixel electrode of the sensor chip. The sensor chip and the read-out circuit are housed in the package. In plan view from the sensor chip, the read-out circuit is overlapped by the sensor chip, and the read-out circuit has no portion extending off the sensor chip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical sensor apparatus, and specifically relates to an optical sensor apparatus capable of obtaining high-quality images.
2. Description of the Related Art
The optical sensor apparatus has been used for solid-state image sensing devices which have a sensitivity for visible light. Recently, Life science-related field is increasingly attracting attention. Life science-related objects, such as drugs, foods, and living bodies, absorb light of an infrared wavelength range of approximately 1 μm to 3 μm. As the technology in the life science field is developed, the use of an infrared optical sensor apparatus has become widespread. The infrared optical sensor apparatus is usually cooled to, for example, liquid-nitrogen temperature during operation. With improvements in semiconductor technology, the infrared optical sensor apparatus has sufficiently high image quality, even if the infrared optical sensor apparatus is cooled by using thermoelectric device such as a Peltier device. In addition, the infrared optical sensor apparatus has become smaller in size. For example, "Two-Dimensional Near Infrared Sensor with Low Noise and Wide Wavelength Range", SEI TECHNICAL REVIEW, NUMBER 76, pp. 98-101, APRIL (2013) by Yasuhiro IGUCHI et al. discloses an infrared image sensor that combines an infrared light receiving device (sensor chip) having a two-dimensional array of pixels with a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS device) device forming a read-out circuit (read-out integrated circuit (ROIC)). In this infrared image sensor, the sensor chip is flip-chip connected through indium bumps to the CMOS device. This sensor chip is mounted on a ceramic package together with a Peltier device. A photocurrent generated in each pixel of the sensor chip is output as a voltage through a capacitive trans-impedance amplifier (CTIA) in the read-out circuit, processed by an external field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and then output as a digital signal.
Optical sensor apparatuses, including those for the visible range, have been developed for better image quality. For example, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 6-302845) proposes an anti-reflection coating that absorbs reflected light to suppress noise light produced in the light receiving regions (pixels) of a solid-state image sensing device for visible light. Specifically, the proposed anti-reflection coating has a textured surface. Also, Patent Document 2 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-163938) proposes a structure that provides a partition for each pixel unit to suppress crosstalk caused by scattered light.
Furthermore, Patent Document 3 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2013-41922) describes a problem related to image quality of an infrared image sensor. In this problem, alight receiving device malfunctions due to infrared light entering through through-holes formed in a wiring board. As a solution to this, a light receiving apparatus is proposed, in which the through-holes are filled with resin that transmits visible light and blocks infrared light.


The present invention relates to the use di-, tri- and tetrapeptide fragments of oxytocin or mesotocin for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition in order to create eustasis. The invention also relates to di-, tri- and tetrapeptide fragments of oxytocin or mesotocin for medical use, as well as a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one di-, tri- or tetrapeptide fragment of oxytocin or mesotocin in order to create eustasis.

Oxytocin was one of the first peptide hormones to be isolated and sequenced. It is a nonapeptide with two cysteine residues that form a disulfide bridge between positions 1 and 6 and corresponds to the formula

A similar nonapetide is mesotocin having the formula

For a long time the only effects attributed to oxytocin were its stimulating effects on milk ejection and uterine contractions, but in the past decades it has been shown that oxytocin exerts a wide spectrum of effects within the central nervous system, CNS. It has been suggested that oxytocin participates in the control of memory and learning processes and of various types of behaviour such as feeding, locomotion, as well as maternal and sexual behavior. Oxytocin is also suggested to participate in the control of cardiovascular functions, thermoregulation, and pain threshold and fluid balance. There is also evidence that oxytocin is involved in the control of various immunological processes. It has recently been demonstrated that oxytocin injections cause a lowering of blood pressure and increased weight gain—long lasting effects after repetitive administration. As a central stimulating substance oxytocin plays an important role in the interaction between mother and progeny in mammals. The products may also be used prophylactic in young human beings e.g. already in new born babies or young children to prevent the development of diseases later on in life which diseases are dependent on stress conditions during the fetal life. Such conditions may be heart/vessel diseases such as stroke, heart infarct, hypertension, and diabetes.
In the human body oxytocin is produced in the paraventricular nucleus, PVN, and the supraoptic nucleus, SON, of the hypothalamus. It differs by only two amino acids from vasopressin, which is also produced in these nuclei. The magnocellular oxytocinergic neurones of the SON and PVN send oxons to the posterior pituitary from which oxytocin is released into the circulation. Parvocellular neurones that originate in the PVN project into multiple areas within CNS. The oxytocin-producing cells are innervated by cholinergic, catecholaminergic as well as peptidergic neurones. The presence of oxytocin in different tissues outside the brain, such as the uterus, ovaries, testis, thymus, adrenal medulla and pancreas has been demonstrated and oxytocin is suggested to exert local effects in these organs.
A parallel secretion of oxytocin into the brain regions and into the circulation occurs in response to some stimuli such as suckling, but other stimuli can cause separate activation of oxytocinergic neurones, terminating in the brain or the pituitary.
Mesotocin, which has been isolated from frogs, has similar effects as oxytocin.
The oxytocin and mesotocin molecule may be digested into smaller fragments. Of special interest are fragments containing 2-4 peptides obtained by cleavage amino acids from the amino terminal and/or the carboxyl terminal. As used in the context of the present invention, the term "di-, tri- and tetrapeptide fragments of oxytocin or mesotocin" correspond to such fragments. Such fragments may either be amidated or not at the C-terminal. It has now been shown that di-, tri- and tetrapeptide fragments of oxytocin or mesotocin may be used in order to create eustasis.
By the expression "eustasis" we understand a psychophysiological state, i e a combination of a psychological and physiological state. The psychological state is characterised by calm and positive social interactions such as trust and breast-feeding. The physiological state is characterised by muscle relaxation, lowered cardiovascular activity and enhanced gastrointestinal activity. Besides, pulse rate and blood pressure are kept at a low, healthy and balanced level, and the vagally controlled gastrointestinal tract is activated, promoting digestion and storage of nutrients.
Eustasis should not be confused with euphoria, which is more an intense feeling of joy and reward. Furthermore, the creation of eustasis should not be confused with the treatment of depression or any other disease states. For example, the treatment of depression refers to a conversion from a disease state to a healthy state, whereas the creation of eustasis refers to a conversion from one healthy state to another healthy state.
In the Examples, some compounds according to the invention are administered to rats. A decrease in locomotor activity, blood pressure and hormone levels was noticed, suggested that the compounds have a eustasis creating effect.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,083 (D1) discloses the use of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 8)and Pro-Ile-Gly-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 9). The first-mentioned oligopeptide is called melanocyte stimulating inhibitory factor, abbreviated MIF, and is used against depression. Furthermore, D1 describes the combination of such oligopeptides known antidepressants such as amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and sertraline.
EP 146 113 (D2) discloses that Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) may be used against disease states caused by elevated melanotropine levels, such as high blood pressure. D2 also discloses the dipeptide Leu-Gly-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 17).
Regulatory Peptides From Molecular Biology to Function, Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, Vol. 33, Ed. E. Costa and M. Trabucchi, Raven Press, New York (1982) (D3) discloses the effect of Leu-Gly-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 17), acetic acid salt in the treatment of neuropsychiatric illness.
No documents disclose tetrapeptide fragments of oxytocin and mesotocin. As mentioned above, some di- and tripeptide fragments of oxytocin and mesotocin are previously known in the art. However, it is not previously known to use di- and tripeptide fragments of oxytocin and mesotocin in order to create eustasis. Besides, no pharmaceutical compositions comprising the di- and tripeptides and oxytocin or mesotocin are known in the art.

Use of fragments of oxytocin for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition in order to create eustasis


The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for the synthesis of thin multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and a method for manufacturing a catalyst composition. More particularly, this invention relates to a multi-component metal catalyst composition comprising i) main catalyst of Fe and Al, ii) inactive support of Mg and iii) optional co-catalyst at least one selected from Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, V, Sn, or Cu. Further, the present invention affords thin multi-walled carbon nanotube having 5˜20 nm of diameter and 100˜10,000 of aspect ratio in a high yield.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for the synthesis of thin multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and a method for manufacturing a catalyst composition. More particularly, this invention relates to a multi-component metal catalyst composition comprising i) main catalyst of Fe and Al, ii) inactive support of Mg and iii) optional co-catalyst at least one selected from Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, V, Sn, or Cu. Further, the present invention affords thin multi-walled carbon nanotube having 5˜20 nm of diameter and 100˜10,000 of aspect ratio in a high yield.
2. Description of Prior Art
Carbon nanotube has a hexagonal honey comb shape in which one carbon atom is bonded with 3 adjacent carbon atoms. Further, the graphite plane is rolled in a round shape having nano size diameter. Specific physical properties are shown according to the size and shape of carbon nanotube. The weight of carbon nanotube is comparatively light due to its hollow structure. Further, the electrical conductivity is as good as that of copper, as well as the thermal conductivity is as good as that of diamond. Of course, the tensile strength is not less than that of iron. Carbon nonotube can be classified as single walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube and rope carbon nanotube depending on its rolled shape.
Such carbon nanotube can be generally manufactured by an arc-discharge method, a laser vaporization method, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method, a thermal chemical vapor deposition method, a vapor phase growth method or a electrolysis method. Among them, a thermal chemical vapor deposition method has been preferably used, because the growth of carbon nanotube can be made by the direct reaction between hydrocarbon gas and metal catalyst without using the substrate. Further, high purity of carbon nanotube can be economically manufactured in a large amount according to a thermal chemical vapor deposition method.
In a thermal chemical vapor deposition method, the metal catalyst is necessarily required. Among the metals, Ni, Co, or Fe has been commonly used. Each particle of metal catalysts can act as seed for the formation of carbon nanotube. Therefore, the metal catalyst has been required to be formed as nano size particle. Of course, many researches for developing metal catalyst have been tried.
As a preparation method of metal catalyst reported until now, following preparation methods have been disclosed. First, the method comprising i) preparing the solution containing catalytic metals and support, ii) co-precipitating the catalyst composition by adjusting pH, temperature and/or amount of ingredients, and iii) heat treating the precipitates under air or other gas atmosphere has been disclosed. Second, the method by drying or evaporating the suspension containing catalytic metal and fine grain support has been disclosed. Third, the method comprising i) ionizing the metal by mixing catalytic metal salt with cation particle support such as zeolite, and ii) reducing the ionized metal into metal particle by hydrogen or other reducing agent at high temperature has been disclosed. Fourth, the method by calcinating catalytic metal with solid oxide support material, such as, magnesia, alumina and/or silica has been disclosed. Finally, the method of calcination for a metal composition has been disclosed where spray drying of the catalytic metal precursor solution has been performed before calcination.
According to a catalytic chemical vapor deposition method, the metal catalytic components are slowly consumed in the process of synthesizing carbon nanotube. This consumption of metal catalytic components is caused by the inactivation of metal components by encapping, where carbon atoms encapsulate metal catalytic particle. Generally, re-activation of inactivated catalytic metal is neither possible, nor economical. In some cases, only few grams of carbon nanotube can be obtained using 1 gram of a metal catalyst composition including metal catalyst and support material. Therefore, the development of a high yield metal catalyst composition and of synthetic conditions has been required in order to produce the carbon nanotube in a commercially available scale
Following technologies have been reported in patent disclosures or references until now.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,165,909 by Hyperion Catalysis International Inc., a method for producing carbon fibrils which comprises i) calcinating a catalyst composition at about 500° C. under air atmosphere after Fe catalyst is supported by Al2O3, ii) reducing the catalyst composition using hydrogen gas at about 900° C., and iii) preparing carbon fibrils by reacting benzene as a carbon source under hydrogen atmosphere at about 1,000° C. has been disclosed. However, the catalytic yield for preparing carbon fibril is not so good. Further, the process for preparing metal catalyst requires complicate steps of calcination and reduction as well as more than 800° C. of high reaction temperature.
To overcome such drawbacks of above patent disclosure, U.S. Pat. No. 6,696,387 disclosed the catalyst composition comprising i) Fe as main catalyst, ii) alumina and/or magnesia particle as catalyst support and iii) at least one optional co-catalyst selected from V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt or the lanthanides. However, it is hard to obtain a precise multi-walled carbon nanotube with a high catalytic yield using this catalyst composition, because the uniformed dispersion between metal catalyst and support material cannot be accomplished due to the use of alumina and/or magnesia support material.
In PCT publication No. WO 2007/33438, a catalyst system for multi-walled carbon nanotube production has been disclosed. In this disclosure, a catalyst system for the selective conversion of hydrocarbons into multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydrogen comprising a compound of the formula: (Ni, Co)FeyOz(Al2O3)w has been disclosed. Further, as preferred catalyst compositions, CoFe2O4(Al2O3)4.5, CoFe2O4(Al2O3)16, and CoFe2O4(Al2O3)32 have been disclosed. Therefore, the catalyst composition comprising i) (Ni, Co) and Fe as main catalyst and ii) alumina as catalyst support has been disclosed. However, it is also hard to obtain a precise multi-walled carbon nanotube with a high catalytic yield using this catalyst composition, because the uniformed dispersion between metal catalyst and support material cannot be accomplished due to the use of alumina support material.
To overcome the low catalytic yield caused by non-uniformed dispersion of a catalyst composition when using Al(OH)3, alumina and/or magnesia as support material, the inventors of present invention have been trying to develop a novel catalyst composition. As a result, the inventors of present invention have developed a more uniformly dispersed catalyst composition to enhance catalytic yield by preparing all catalyst components using co-precipitation process in the aqueous solution.
Therefore, some drawbacks, such as, a low catalytic yield, pre-reduction of catalyst by using a hydrogen gas and non-uniformed dispersion of a catalyst composition have been solved by a novel catalyst composition and a preparation method of carbon nanotube using the same. In the present invention, the catalyst composition containing support material has been prepared using co-precipitation process in order to obtain a uniformly dispersed catalyst composition. Further, in the course of preparing a catalyst composition, a hydrogen reduction step has not been introduced. Finally, the inventors of present application have developed a multi-component metal catalyst composition comprising i) main catalyst of Fe and Al, ii) inactive support of Mg and iii) optional co-catalyst at least one selected from Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Mo, W, V, Sn, or Cu. Further, the present invention affords thin multi-walled carbon nanotube having 5˜20 nm of diameter and 100˜10,000 of aspect ratio in a high yield.

Catalyst composition for the synthesis of thin multi-walled carbon nanotube and its manufacturing method


An upper section is formed of a base film. A developing media member is formed of a micro-porous film to be positioned correspondingly to the upper section such that the developing media member is joined with the upper section. A time control section is formed by engraving a movement path of developing media on the developing media member by means of a printer, cutter or the like. At least one or more cutaway sections and a plurality of transparent members are positioned on the time control section, wherein the cutaway sections are positioned at both side surfaces of the time control section corresponding to the movement path so as to temporarily store the developing media, and the transparent members have linear-shaped first display windows so as to display the arrival of the developing media, which indicates the end of the movement of the developing media.

According to recent enhancement of a cold storage industry, frozen and chilled foods should be observed, and in particular, foods such as milk products, fishes and fruits in dietary life should be always maintained in a fresh state throughout the entire distribution process from producers to consumers. However, consumer in a last consumer distribution phase cannot discriminate whether foods are appropriately stored throughout the entire distribution process but can merely determine whether the foods are in a chilled state during a purchase step.
In addition, a manager who professionally manages distribution of foods could not easily recognize frequently whether the corresponding foods are distributed in a safe cold storage stage. While a plurality of methods and apparatuses for recognizing the frozen and chilled state are disclosed, such conventional methods and apparatuses cannot determine whether the safe cold storage state is maintained throughout the entire distribution process.
Reviewing the conventional art, there is a food container having a display section showing a proper storage state corresponding to a frozen or chilled state. The food container uses a film type thermometer attached to an upper surface of a cover of the food container, in which foods are contained and chilled in a refrigerator, and configured to change its color according to a variation in temperature, enabling discrimination of a proper cold storage state of contents through a mark.
In addition, as a similar technique, a temperature display device including a "label" structure having a temperature display function and configured to visually and noticeably display various colors according to a temperature change is disclosed.
That is, as can be seen from an exploded perspective view of a conventional temperature indicator of FIG. 1, the temperature indicator is a product named "Monitor Mark" of 3M, which is commercially available. A temperature indicator 10 includes a developing material layer 11 configured to enable diffusion through reaction at a set temperature or more, and a developing medium layer 12 configured to absorb a solvent from the developing material layer 11. The developing material layer 11 is a temperature sensor layer formed of ink, fatty acid, paraffin, or the like, and the developing medium layer 12 is formed of a blotting paper or non-woven fabric. A blocking layer 13 is disposed between the developing material layer 11 and the developing medium layer 12. A support layer 14 and a double-sided adhesive tape 15 are disposed under the developing material layer 11. A display layer 16 having a display window is formed on the developing medium layer 12. The display layer 16 has a slightly large display window 16′ and slightly small several display windows 16″ formed at a position of the developing medium layer 12 in a longitudinal direction thereof. A transparent coating layer 17 is disposed on the display layer 16.
Meanwhile, the developing medium layer 12, the display layer 16 and the transparent coating layer 17 have cutting sections 18 disposed at the same position of one sides thereof and having the same size. The cutting sections 18 are attached to each other by applying an adhesive agent to lower sections thereof. The display layer 16 is disposed on the blocking layer 13 in a state in which the display windows 16′ and 16″ are disposed on the developing medium layer 13, and the transparent coating layer 17 is disposed on the display layer 16, assembling the temperature indicator.
Accordingly, the temperature indicator 10 is connected to the chilled product by applying an adhesive agent to a bottom surface of the double-sided adhesive tape 15 to attach the tape to the chilled product, removing the cutting section 18 and extracting the blocking layer 13, and attaching the developing material layer 11 to the developing medium layer 12. Next, in the temperature indicator, the developing material layer 11 is actuated due to an increase in ambient temperature so that the ink, fatty acid or paraffin having pigment is melted to permeate the developing medium layer 12, and a storage state of the product is displayed through the display windows 16′ and 16″.
However, the developing material the temperature indicator 10 is actuated on the developing medium layer in the longitudinal direction, the product size is increased, the blocking layer between the developing medium layer and the developing material layer should be carefully removed upon use, and automation for mass production cannot be easily realized.
In addition, since the developing material of the temperature indicator 10 is not sealed but exposed, the developing material should be cooled for 1 to 2 hours before use. If the developing material is used in a state carelessly exposed to a normal temperature, the developing material may be melted to be stuck to the blocking paper upon removal thereof.
In particular, since a developing speed of such a strip type is reduced as it goes away from a starting point when the developing material develops in one direction, a mechanical error range with respect to confirmation of a critical temperature exposure time may be increased.
In addition, as another typical example in a conventional art, a time indicator and a manufacturing method thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,253 (Jun. 19, 2007). The time indicator includes a first storage room, and an actuation unit configured to come a moving medium in contact with a liquid to convey them to the first storage room such that the liquid after actuation moves via the moving medium in which a color change occurs. The actuation unit includes a second storage room connected between the first storage room and the moving medium. Accordingly, the liquid after actuation is moved from the first storage room to the second storage room at a relatively high speed, and then, moved in a length of the moving medium at a relatively low speed.
While the time indicator of US Patent visually displays the product lifespan, since the liquid, which becomes the developing material upon actuation, is moved to a liquid conduit and then come in contact with the moving medium to be actuated in the longitudinal direction, a moving path of the liquid is bifurcated to make it impossible to accurately measure the time lapse. In addition, since a liquid sealing section is installed to block the liquid conduit to actuate and destruct an actuation unit (a dish-shaped section), which becomes the first storage section, with a certain force, the liquid sealing section may be destructed frequently due to carelessness when the moving medium is actuated to the first storage room by the actuation unit, and the liquid is leaked to the outside. It is also difficult for the time indicator to accurately recognize an exposure time to a cooling environment.
In consideration of the above-mentioned circumstances, it is preferable that the critical temperature indicator has an actuation mechanism capable of checking accuracy of actuation from a use time to a termination time to recognize a management status of a storage state according to a time lapse and a critical temperature from a release time of the product.
In addition, it is preferable to provide a simple structure that can be easily used and applied to small frozen and chilled products, and enables mass production.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a strip indicator used in validation of an injection sterilization process is further advances to enable mass production and commercialization to be applied to foods safety management.

Critical temperature indicator and manufacturing method thereof


The invention relates to a multi-axle running carriage for rail vehicles having two longitudinally, extending cast side walls (1, 2) and a transverse connecting assembly which are disposed axisparallel between two axles (3, 4) and are connected to the side walls, the side walls (1, 2) and the transverse connecting assembly forming a substantially H-shaped running carriage frame bearing a spring-mounted vehicle frame which can be fitted on, the load transmitting transverse connecting assembly provided being a transverse leaf spring (9) which consists of a number of spring leaves (14-19) and which bears in its central zone the lower part (10) of a bogie pivot at the connection of the vehicle frame and which is retained by its ends in the side walls (1, 2).

The invention relates to a multi-axle running carriage for rail vehicles, having two longitudinally extending cast side walls in which the axles are mounted and transverse connecting means which are disposed axis-parallel between two axles and are connected to the side walls, the side walls and the transverse connecting means forming a running carriage frame bearing a spring-mounted vehicle frame which can be fitted on.
The invention starts from a multi-axle running carriage taking the form of a double-axle running carriage which is known from European Patent 0009726 and in which the transverse connecting means are transverse rods attached to the side walls between and also in front of the axles to form a closed running carriage frame. The running mechanism is also suspended from leaf supporting springs and chain link hangers, the load being transmitted in the planes determined by the two rigid side walls as a rule produced in cast steel construction in which the axle bearings lie. The transverse connecting means do not take part in load transmission but merely ensure the rigid connection of the side walls in the axial direction.
In the rail vehicle bogie disclosed in European Patent 0031008, which is not in the same category, the forces resulting from the load are introduced similarly, namely between the two bearings on each side, although in this case the imposed load is directly borne by a central axis-parallel transverse support integrated in the running carriage frame. Side walls of the kind according to the present invention are not used, but the transverse support of fibre-reinforced plastics merges into four spring arms which spring the axles. This is an H-shaped running carriage frame and as a whole represents a construction which dispenses with the established cast side walls and requires a number of additional secondary steps to achieve a running carriage of lightweight construction.
Lightweight constructions are not very suitable for long heavy railway wagons, to which the invention in the first place relates, nor are they robust enough to satisfy the operating conditions over rough--i.e., uneven tracks.
It is an object of the invention to provide a multi-axle running carriage which is suitable for long heavy wagons used for transporting goods, including bulk goods, and which is robust in structure and simple to manufacture and assemble, but flexible enough to be able to follow unevenesses of the track.


Break and optional hold preserves a state of a computing environment on which a software program has failed. Being able to examine the status of the environment existing upon the occurrence of the failure, including the condition of various processes and values facilitates resolution of the cause of the failure. Upon occurrence of a failure during the execution of a first software program in a first computing environment, execution of the first software program breaks. A first state of the first computing environment existing upon the breaking in execution of the first software program is then held. A failure notification is generated to signal the failure to a monitoring system. The monitoring system accesses hold information to determine whether the first computing environment should hold its current state and whether one or more other computing environments interacting with the first computing environment should also hold their states.

In developing software, it is typical that errors or "bugs" in the code will be discovered. Hopefully, the errors are discovered during software testing before the software is released to avoid user frustration or the need to create and apply patches, fixes, or corrected versions. Software testing may involve simulated user or multi-user interaction with the software being developed, during which a script of test data is applied to the software to simulate actual use and, hopefully, identify errors in the software.
In testing software, a test script including a number of simulated user instructions is applied to the software. At the conclusion of the test script, it is determined if an error occurred. The results of the test generally are recorded to inform the developers of the software whether the software includes any bugs. At the conclusion of the test, the computer or computing environment used to perform the test may be reallocated to run another test of the same software or to run a test on a different software program.
Unfortunately, when software fails during a test, even if the test script included relatively few instructions, once the complete test script has been executed, it may prove difficult to determine what were the circumstances or causes of the failure. Even knowing what type of failure occurred during execution of the test still may result in a great number of possible problems that may have to be investigated and addressed in order to resolve the failure.
The difficulty in resolving errors or bugs may be particularly acute in the case of intermittent failures. Intermittent failures, by definition, do not occur each time that a software program is run, each time it is tested, or even each time the same software program is subjected to the same test. Such failures may be caused by a series of events that sometimes cause processes within a computing environment to conflict or by a coincidence of events that sometimes occur in a computing environment that result in an occurrence of failure in another computing environment. Because it may be difficult to identify the circumstances that result in the occurrence of such an intermittent failure, it may be more difficult to resolve than a failure that occurs regularly.


A control system for a vehicle system includes a mechanically-adjustable valve having a plurality of positions, a position sensor, and a controller. The mechanically-adjustable valve is configured to be disposed onboard a rail vehicle that is coupled to at least one other rail vehicle in a consist. The position sensor is configured to be disposed in the rail vehicle to monitor a current position of the mechanically-adjustable valve. The position sensor is configured to generate an output signal that represents the current position of the mechanically-adjustable valve. The controller is configured to be communicatively coupled to the position sensor and to receive the output signal of the position sensor. The controller is configured to set an operational status of the rail vehicle in the consist based on the output signal and to adjust automatic engine shutdown and restart operations of the rail vehicle based on the operational status.

A train consist can include one or more locomotives (or other powered rail vehicles) and one or more cars. A consist may include a lead locomotive and one or more trail locomotives. The locomotives may be operated with idle reduction strategies, such as using automatic engine shutdown and restart operations, sometimes referred to as automatic engine start/stop (AESS) operations. The AESS operations are designed to reduce the amount of time a locomotive engine is kept idling by shutting down the engine when parameters indicate that stopping the engine is safe and restarting the engine when the parameters indicate otherwise. Reducing the amount of time a locomotive engine is kept idling cuts emissions, reduces noise, and saves fuel to increase the efficiency of the vehicle system.
Newer locomotives may include integrated electronic air brake systems in communication with an integrated function computer (IFC). The integrated electronic braking system is capable of determining and relaying an operational status of the locomotive (e.g., status for distributed power operations, and/or positional status), as set by an operator through the IFC, to a locomotive controller. The locomotive controller adjusts locomotive engine operations, such as locomotive AESS operations, based on the relayed operational status of the locomotive. Older locomotives lacking such integrated electronic braking systems, however, are unable to determine and relay the operational status of a locomotive automatically to a locomotive controller. Consequently, the increased efficiency and other benefits of AESS operations that are based on the operational status of the locomotive may not be available to older locomotives that lack integrated electronic air brake systems.

System and method for vehicle engine control


A compact, low profile splicing system for joining optical fibers produces durable, low transmission loss fusion splices. The system employs active optical techniques such as profile alignment or local injection and detection to achieve optimized alignment of the fibers prior to fusion. Light injected into one fiber is propagated across the interface to a second fiber. A detector senses the intensity of the injected light in the second fiber. After the relative position of the fibers is manipulated to maximize the transmitted intensity, the fibers are fusion spliced using an electric arc discharge. The accurate alignment achievable using the local injection and detection system to drive adaptive fiber positioning affords a method for reliably producing low loss splices. The present system is compact and low in profile, making it operable in cramped quarters with limited clearance to adjacent equipment and structures and with only a minimal amount of free fiber slack available. Simplicity of design and operation make the system rugged and enable accurate alignment and low loss fusion of fibers under adverse working conditions.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus for joining optical fiber waveguides; and more particularly, to a low profile system that adaptively positions the fibers being joined prior to fusion splicing, so that the transmission loss of the joined fiber is minimized.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Transmission of data by optical fiber waveguides, also called fiber optics or optical fibers, has become ubiquitous in the telecommunications and computer industries. Digital information in an electronic system is converted into a series of pulses of light generated by lasers or light emitting diodes (LED's), which are injected into long fibers of glass or polymeric materials. The fibers are capable of propagating the light with extremely low losses and acceptably low dispersion, whereby information embodied in the modulation pattern may be conveyed. The light that emerges from the other end of the fiber can be detected and reconverted into electronic signals that faithfully reproduce the original signal.
Fiber optic communication has a number of advantages over traditional transmission means such as hard-wired coaxial and twisted pair cable and lower frequency electromagnetic broadcasting such as radio and microwave. Foremost is the much larger bandwidth available. In addition, existing infrastructure such as cable ducts, utility poles, and the like presently used by telecommunications companies can be upgraded with relatively little disruption and moderate cost by substituting optical fiber cable for existing copper wire. Thus, dramatic increases in bandwidth needed to accommodate the needs of an information-based, Internet-driven society and commerce can be obtained with comparatively little disruption.
Fiber optic communications have additional advantages for certain specialized requirements. Fiber optic connections are far less vulnerable to electromagnetic disruptions and nuclear radiation, whether of natural origin or the result of the use of certain military weapons. Fiber optics are now widely used in aerospace and shipboard applications for many of these reasons.
Implementation of fiber optic systems requires both the equipment for actual transmission and processing of the data, and the equipment needed to install and maintain the fiber optic system and its infrastructure. The transmission and processing equipment, such as the fiber itself and the corresponding components needed to generate, detect, and process optically-borne information, have been developed to an ever increasing level of sophistication. While certain systems for joining and splicing fiber optic cables have been developed, there remains a need in the art for improved equipment and methods for splicing that are reliable, economical, and which result in minimal loss of signal integrity and strength. Such systems, equipment, and methods are essential if the full inherent advantages of optical transmission are to be more widely implemented.
The need for improved methods is especially acute for field installation and repair, which are frequently carried out under adverse conditions. Among the most significant needs is for effective means of splicing fiber optic cables both during initial installation and when repairs or modifications are needed. In the telecommunications industry, repairs frequently must be made to overhead lines by a technician operating from a ladder, lift bucket, sometimes during darkness and with adverse weather conditions such as precipitation, cold, and wind. Other repairs must be made in cramped conditions in underground vaults and cable lockers.
Fiber optic communication systems are also commonly used for process control, data, and voice communications in industrial and manufacturing facilities. In these venues, the immunity of optical systems to electronic and electromagnetically-induced noise and the elimination of electrical hazards are particularly beneficial. Cables in these locations are often routed through tight quarters, some in hazardous locations, making access for repair difficult. Communication systems on ships and in airplanes and spacecraft likewise advantageously employ fiber optic transmission; cable routing and access are often comparably problematic in these applications. In most of the aforementioned situations repair is further hampered because of the limited length of slack in the fiber that may be accessible for the technician to manipulate into a splicing device. The need for a system usable for making emergency repairs on fiber optic systems aboard military aircraft, ships, and submarines under operational or battle conditions is especially acute.
Together, these considerations call for splicing systems that are compact, portable, and able to be operated rapidly and reliably under adverse working conditions and with minimal slack cable. Moreover, it is desired that such a splicing system be capable of joining two fibers in a way that (i) causes minimal disruption or discontinuity in the optical transmission, (ii) does not adversely increase the diameter and volume of the cable, and (iii) has a durability as close as possible to that of an original fiber. Systems are also desired that are simple and reliable enough to be used by technicians who lack extensive training. There remains an urgent need for optical splicing systems that satisfy these requirements.
Optical fiber waveguides in common use share a number of structural features. The waveguide almost invariably comprises a thin, elongated fiber core responsible for conducting the light and at least one additional layer. Most often the fiber core is highly pure glass surrounded by a first and intimately-bonded layer termed a cladding and an outer layer called a buffer. The cladding, usually also glass, has an index of refraction lower than that of the core to insure that light is constrained for transmission within the core by total internal reflection. Typically the buffer is composed of plastic or polymer and serves to protect the inner layers mechanically and to prevent attack by moisture or other substances present in the fiber's environment. Commonly a plurality of individual fibers (in some cases as many as a thousand) constructed in this fashion are bundled together and enclosed in a protective jacket to form a cable.
Commonly used fibers may further be classified as multimode or single mode. Multimode fibers typically comprise cores having diameters of 50-62.5 μm but in some cases up to 100 μm. Single mode fibers generally have a much smaller core that may be 9 μm or less in diameter. The glass-cladding diameter is most commonly 125 μm but sometimes is 140 μm (with a 100 μm core). The exterior diameter is largely a function of the buffer coating, with 250 μm most common, although some fiber coatings may be as much as 900 μm in diameter. Alignment of fibers is a crucial part of the preparation for any splicing operation, but is especially challenging for single mode fibers that have small core diameter. In order to produce a high quality, low-loss splice, the two opposing ends to be joined must be aligned laterally to within a small fraction of the core diameter. Of course, the smaller the fiber diameter, the smaller the allowed deviation from perfect abutting alignment that may be tolerated.
Most fiber optic data transmission systems transmit information using electromagnetic radiation in the infrared band, including wavelengths such as 850 nm for multimode fibers and 1310 and 1550 nm for single mode fibers. The nomenclature "light" is invariably employed for this radiation, even though the cited wavelengths fall outside the range visible to humans.
Two general approaches for splicing optical fibers are in widespread use, viz. mechanical and fusion splicing. Mechanical splicing is accomplished by securing the ends of two fibers in intimate proximity with an aligning and holding structure. Often the fibers are inserted into the opposing ends of a precision ferrule, capillary tube, or comparable alignment structure. The fibers are then secured mechanically by crimping, clamping, or similar fastening. An adhesive is also commonly used. In some cases a transparent material such as a gel having an index of refraction similar to that of the fiber cores is used to bridge the gap between the fibers to minimize reflection losses associated with the splice. Mechanical splicing is conceptually simple, and minimal apparatus is required to effect splicing. However, even in the best case, a mechanical splice has relatively high and undesirable insertion loss, typically 0.20 dB. In addition, mechanical splices are generally weaker than the underlying fiber and are notoriously vulnerable to degradation of the optical quality of the splice over time, especially under adverse environmental conditions such as varying temperatures and high humidity. Mechanical splices are generally regarded as being temporary expedients at best and are not useful for high bandwidth systems or permanent joints.
Fusion splicing entails the welding of the two fiber ends to each other. That is, the ends are softened and brought into intimate contact. The softening is typically induced by a small electric arc struck between miniature pointed electrodes mounted in opposition and substantially perpendicular to the common axis of the fibers. Upon cooling, a strong, low-loss joint is formed. When properly carried out, fusion splices exhibit very low losses along with high stability and durability rivaling those of the uncut fiber. Mechanical protection is often provided by a heat-shrinkable tube applied over the completed joint. The tube replaces the buffer coating that generally must be removed prior to splicing. In many cases the heat-shrinkable tube is reinforced by incorporation therein of a length of metallic wire for stiffness.
One essential requirement for a low insertion loss splice is careful preparation and precise alignment of the ends of the fibers being joined. The axes of the fibers must be collinear within about 0.1 degree and aligned laterally within a small fraction of the core diameter to achieve the desired loss of less than about 0.03 dB. This required precision of alignment presents a substantial technical challenge, especially with single-mode fibers having cores approximately 9 μm diameter. Three general approaches have been proposed in the prior art. The simplest expedient is the use of mechanical fixturing, such as the alignment ferrules described above and other forms of pre-aligned V-grooves and the like. These purely mechanical approaches do not reliably produce splices that maintain less than 0.10 dB loss and so are ill suited for the demands of advanced, high-bandwidth communications systems. More sophisticated approaches employ some form of optically assisted fiber positioning. One such method is termed a profile alignment system (PAS). In this approach, the splicing apparatus incorporates an optical system that acquires images of the two fibers taken in two lateral directions, allowing the fibers to be positioned in two directions orthogonal to the mutual fiber axes. PAS systems may incorporate either manual positioning or may employ computerized image processing to optimize the alignment. However, the diffraction limit and pixel size of available electro-optic detectors restricts the precision achievable with PAS, even in systems based on visible light with wavelengths of about 400-700 nm. This particularly compromises the effectiveness of PAS in aligning small diameter, single mode fibers.
Still more advanced positioning methods have been proposed that employ measurement of actual light transmission between the fibers being joined. The positioning of the fibers is adaptively adjusted to maximize light transmission prior to the fusion operation. It is found that under carefully controlled laboratory conditions this approach may permit alignment better than that achievable with PAS systems.
However, the methods and apparatus for carrying out splicing aided either by the PAS or by transmission-based alignment techniques have heretofore not been well suited for use outside the laboratory or other similarly controlled workplace. The required equipment lacks the flexibility, versatility, and ruggedness needed for field use. Moreover, present equipment is cumbersome and not operable in the confined spaces frequently encountered during field service.
Notwithstanding numerous advances in the field of fiber optic joining, there remains a need in the art for an economical, efficient process for forming low-loss, durable, and reliable splices in fiber optic cables. Also needed is portable splicing equipment that can be operated by technicians without extensive training to accurately and efficiently join fiber optic cables in tightly confined spaces and under adverse environmental conditions.

Low profile system for joining optical fiber waveguides


A camera for image pickup on a film and also for electronic image-sensing comprises an electronic image-sensing apparatus having an image sensing device for transforming a subject image into an electric signal, a monitor for displaying the subject image on the basis of an picture signal outputted from this electronic image-sensing apparatus, an apparatus for taking a picture on a film for exposing a silver halide film to the subject image, an image pickup lens for forming the subject image on the image sensing device and the silver halide film, a reflection type of movable mirror for guiding to an optical finder a subject light beam passing through the image pickup lens, and an optical guide, located between the image pickup lens and movable mirror, for guiding to the image sensing device a part of image pickup light beam.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a camera for image pickup on a film and also for electronic image-sensing, and in particular, a camera for image pickup on a film and also for electronic image-sensing, functioning both as an apparatus for taking a picture on a film that takes an image of a subject on a silver halide film and an electronic image-sensing apparatus that has an image sensing device transforming the image of the subject into an electric signal.
2. Related Background Art
Conventionally, an apparatus for taking a picture on a film (hereinafter called a film camera) that uses a silver halide film is common as an apparatus for recording a subject as a still picture. In addition, as electronic technology has developed, a large number of apparatuses for electronic image-sensing such as digital cameras (hereinafter called digital cameras simply) have been commercialized. Here, the digital cameras each transform an electric signal, photoelectrically transformed from a sensed image of a subject (hereinafter called a subject image) by an image sensing device such as CCD, into a picture signal that is a digital signal. Further, the digital cameras each convert this signal into an image, display this as an image on a display unit such as an electronic view finder comprising an LCD, and record this on a recording medium like a memory device, etc.
These two apparatuses have merits and demerits respectively. Regarding high definition of a recorded image, the film camera is superior to the digital camera. However, the digital camera is superior in the fact that it can be confirmed at the time of image pickup what images were sensed or what their picture quality is. Thus, generally, the film camera can not determine at the time of image pickup whether the image taken on a film is taken in accordance with its photographer's intention.
Then, there are many proposals of cameras mutually supplementing respective demerits, that is, single-lens reflex types of cameras for image pickup on films and for electronic image-sensing. Thus, the cameras each expose a subject image on a silver halide film, and at the same time, guide a part of an image pickup light beam to an image sensing device using a half mirror or the like when this silver halide film is exposed by the light beam. Further, the cameras each fetch a picture signal of the subject, photoelectrically transformed by this image sensing device, as image data, record the image data in a memory medium like memory etc., and display the picture signal of the subject as an image on an electronic view finder or a display screen of a display unit after completion of exposure operation.
For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication. No. 1-114169 discloses the technology of adding to a normal single-lens reflex type of film camera an image confirmation function for confirming a taken picture. Here, the function is added by changing the direction of a light beam of a subject (hereinafter called a subject light beam) with using a mirror interlocking with a shutter, forming the subject image on an image sensing device with an optical system, and sending to a display unit a picture signal generated by the image sensing device.
However, according to the means disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-114169, it is possible to confirm the composition at the time of image pickup beforehand. Still, operation of the mirror is extremely complicated, and hence, it is very difficult to actually design it.
In addition, since an embodiment of the above-mentioned Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-114169 adopts a transparent type of movable mirror, the light passing through an image pickup lens directly irradiates a shutter shade of a focal-plane shutter. Owing to this, light leakage from the shutter shade may occur, and exposure to a film may occur due to this. In addition, if the light passing through the image pickup lens is intense, shutter strips and the like may burn out. Further, since the above-mentioned Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-114169 does not describe components for achieving auto-focusing such as a sensor for the auto-focusing, this invention can not apply to auto-focusing cameras as it is.
Incidentally, regarding a camera for image pickup on a film and for electronic image-sensing that is disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-114169 and the like, it is necessary to execute exposure operation to a silver halide film and image-sensing operation to an image sensing device approximately at the same time. Thus, it is necessary to execute steps of the exposure operation to a film and steps of the image-sensing operation to an image sensing device in parallel. The steps of the exposure operation to a film are mirror-up, diaphragm aperture setting, shutter driving, diaphragm aperture opening, mirror-down, shutter charging, and winding of a frame of the film. On the other hand, the steps of the image-sensing operation to an image sensing device are image-sensing with CCD, fetching of analog data, A/D conversion, recording in a memory device, and displaying on a display unit.
However, if the two different operations described above are simply executed in parallel, various malfunctions may occur that are caused by fluctuation of the power supply voltage, motor noises, vibration of movable members, and the like. In particular, if the mirror-up operation or mirror-down operation is performed during integrating operation of the image sensing device, the vibration may cause moving of the taken image, and the motor noise superimposed upon the electronically recorded picture signal may have a bad influence upon the picture signal.
Further, when a memorial picture including a person is taken with a film camera, the person who becomes a subject can not know the exposure timing of the film camera, and hence, the person may accidentally close his (or her) eyes at the time of exposure operation. Consequently, it is frequent that the image is regarded as a failed one. In this case, if the above-mentioned picture confirmation function is added to the camera, the photographer can confirm this failure with using this function, and hence, the photographer can relieve the failure by taking another picture.
However, in this case, if the time lag occurs between the image obtained by the electronic image sensing apparatus and the latent image on the film, the above-mentioned effect can not be obtained, and hence, relief of the failed picture can not be achieved.

Camera for image pickup on film and also for electronic image-sensing


The present invention is a method in which a base station transmits a control channel signal in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system, wherein the method configures a physical resource block (PRB) from multiple resource elements (REs) for a control channel signal for scheduling, allocates at least one RE to a response channel signal, the at least one RE occupying the time domain the same as that of the RE used in a resource signal transmission in a data channel region of the PRB and occupying the frequency domain nearest to the RE used in the reference signal transmission, and transmits the control channel signal for scheduling and the response channel signal.

In general, a mobile communication system was developed to provide voice services while guaranteeing activity of users. However, the mobile communication systems have extended their fields to a data providing service beyond the voice communication providing service and have now developed up to a level at which they can provide a high speed data service. In spite of such a development, current mobile communication systems are undergoing a deficiency of resources and users of current mobile communication systems require a service of a higher speed.
In order to satisfy such a request, a standard work with respect to a long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) has been progressed in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) as one of the next generation mobile communication systems being developed. The LTE-A is a technique implementing communication based on a high speed packet having a transmission speed of a maximum of about 1 Gbps. To this end, various methods are discussed, for example, there are a method in which multiple base stations simultaneously provide a service to a specific area by multiplexing a structure of a network, and a method of increasing a number of a frequency bandwidth supported by one base station. In this case, interference between the base stations is increased, and in a case of an LTE control channel which currently uses all frequency bandwidths, it is difficult to avoid such interference.
Thus, a method of transmitting a control channel signal through a data channel by dividing a frequency resource between cells has been researched, and a technique enabling a terminal to the control channel signal in various channel circumstances and a technique supporting a multiplexing with another control channel signal are required.

Method and apparatus for transmitting control channel signal in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system


A method is demonstrated to form an SOI substrate having a silicon layer with reduced surface roughness in a high yield. The method includes the step of bonding a base substrate such as a glass substrate and a bond substrate such as a single crystal semiconductor substrate to each other, where a region in which bonding of the base substrate with the bond substrate cannot be performed is provided at the interface therebetween. Specifically, the method is exemplified by the combination of: irradiating the bond substrate with accelerated ions; forming an insulating layer over the bond substrate; forming a region in which bonding cannot be performed in part of the surface of the bond substrate; bonding the bond substrate and the base substrate to each other with the insulating layer therebetween; and separating the bond substrate from the base substrate, leaving a semiconductor layer over the base substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, the SOI substrate, and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device using the SOI substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, the use of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate where a thin single crystal semiconductor layer is provided over an insulating surface instead of a bulk silicon wafer has been investigated. Because parasitic capacitance generated by a drain of a transistor and a substrate can be reduced by use of an SOI substrate, SOI substrates are attracting attention as substrates which improve performance of semiconductor integrated circuits.
One of known methods for manufacturing SOI substrates is a Smart Cut (registered trademark) method (for example, see Reference 1). A summary of a method for manufacturing an SOI substrate with a Smart Cut method is described below. First, hydrogen ions are implanted into a silicon wafer with an ion implantation method; thus, a microbubble layer is formed at a predetermined depth from the surface. Next, the silicon wafer into which hydrogen ions are implanted is bonded to another silicon wafer with a silicon oxide film interposed therebetween. After that, through heat treatment, part of the silicon wafer into which hydrogen ions are implanted is separated as a thin film along the microbubble layer. Accordingly, a single crystal silicon film is formed over the other silicon wafer.
A method for forming a single crystal silicon layer over a base substrate made of glass by using such a Smart Cut method has been proposed (for example, see Reference 2). Glass substrates may have larger sizes and are less expensive than silicon wafers; thus, glass substrates are mainly used in manufacturing liquid crystal display devices or the like. By using a glass substrate as a base substrate, a large-sized inexpensive SOI substrate can be manufactured.

Method for manufacturing SOI substrate and SOI substrate

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A PTFE stud for an ultrahigh-value resistor includes a first portion to be mounted on a substrate and a second portion attached to the first portion so as to not be in contact with the surface of the substrate. The first portion is formed of insulating material and the second portion has a mounting hole that penetrates the second portion so as to be parallel to the surface of the substrate. The mounting hole is adapted such that the lead of the ultrahigh-value resistor is inserted thereinto. The ultrahigh-value resistor can be mounted without soldering.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stud for mounting an ultrahigh-value resistor whose characteristics may change due to soldering-induced heat.
2. Description of the Related Art
Ultrahigh-value resistors typically have a resistance of several giga-ohms to several tera-ohms. Known examples include what is disclosed in http://www.hydrazine.co.jp/e_c/pdf/j-pdf/j-rh-u.pdf and http://www.hydrazine.co.jp/e_c/pdf/j-pdf/j-ru.pdf found at http://www.hydrazine.co.jp/e_c/jpn/j_teiko.html.
Those ultrahigh-value resistors are used for, for example, a measuring instrument to detect a micro current. Resistance errors have a large influence on the measurement accuracy. Resistance errors may be caused by, for example, temperature changes. Those ultrahigh-value resistors have an internal structure that is susceptible to thermal stress. Thus, when the ultrahigh-value resistors are mounted by soldering, a shock due to the soldering-induced heat, i.e., thermal stress applied in a short period of time, may render the resistance unstable.
Accordingly, even when a user performs inspection and/or adjusts the value after the manufacture of the measuring instrument, he or she needs to fully allow for the error which otherwise may affect the measurement accuracy of the instrument. Thus, measures, such as mitigating thermal shock or thermal stress by temporarily attaching a heat-dissipating jig to the lead of the ultrahigh-value resistor, have been taken during the soldering of the resistor.
Examples of related art include a stud product, using PTFE (e.g., Teflon®) material, for a printed circuit board and for surface-mounting a PTFE terminal manufactured by Mac Eight Co., Ltd. (2004a159.pdf (http://www.mac8sdk.co.jp/item/teflon_smt/fh.html) and 2004a220.pdf (http://www.mac8sdk.co.jp/item/teflon/fx.html)). In addition, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-8759 (Document 1) discloses a PTFE terminal having a plurality of grooves.
However, the method for mitigating thermal shock by attaching the above-noted heat-dissipating jig has problems in that, for example, the process and procedure for mounting a component become complicated and subsequent maintenance work does not allow soldering. The above-noted stud product using PTFE material requires high insulation between the substrate and the terminal and is not adapted to reduce thermal transmission. Document 1 discloses a technique using PTFE for a highly-insulating stud, and the technique is intended to reduce the area occupied on the substrate and to improve the work efficiency. Document 1, however, does not disclose a technique for reducing thermal transmission.
In a micro-current measurement apparatus, an ultrahigh-value resistor is often air-wired, i.e., wired away from the substrate, with a supporting member interposed therebetween, and application of soldering-induced thermal shock to the ultrahigh-value resistor causes a variation in resistance.

PTFE stud for ultrahigh-value resistor and method therefor


The invention relates to a drilling device for producing a drilling column in the soil comprising a mast, a drill drive arranged on a carriage, which is movably supported along the mast, a drilling tube which can be driven in a rotating manner by the drill drive and is movable along the mast in order to produce a drill hole, and a tube hopper that is connected to the drilling tube and comprises a storage space for filling material to fill the drill hole during the extraction of the drilling tube. In accordance with the invention provision is made for the tube hopper to be arranged in the drilling direction above the drill drive and to be connected to the drilling tube. The invention further relates to a method for producing a drilling column in the soil.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a drilling device for producing a drilling column in the soil, comprising a mast, a drill drive arranged on a carriage, which is movably supported along the mast, a drilling tube, which can be driven in a rotating manner by the drill drive and is movable along the mast in order to produce a drill hole, and a tube hopper, which is connected to the drilling tube and comprises a storage space for filling material to fill the drill hole during the extraction of the drilling tube.
The invention further relates to a method for producing a drilling column in the soil, in which a drilling tube is introduced in a rotating manner into the soil by means of a drill drive arranged on a carriage, which can be moved along a mast in a drilling direction, and on reaching a desired depth the drilling tube is extracted and the drill hole is filled with filling material from a tube hopper via the drilling tube.
2. Related Art
A generic device and a generic method are known from EP 1 580 325 A1. This printed publication discloses a construction apparatus having a mast, on which a rotary drive is movable in the longitudinal direction. On the underside of the rotary drive a multi-part drill tubing is arranged. In an upper portion of the drill tubing a tube hopper is provided, which serves to receive filling material, which can be introduced via the tubing into the hollow space developed during the extraction of the drill tubing.
According to EP 1 580 325 A1 provision is made for the multi-part drill tubing to be extracted in several steps. Through an upward movement of the carriage on the mast a tubing section is extracted from the soil and removed thereafter, while the carriage is moved downwards again and connected to the tube section lying below. The length of the tube section extracted in each step and consequently the working speed are restricted by the stroke of the carriage and therefore by the length of the mast.
A further drilling device with a tube hopper is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,690.

Drilling device and method for producing a drilling column in the soil


An input motion acquiring unit acquires a motion trajectory of an object from an image recognizing unit. A dynamic modelling processor models a plurality of robot motion patterns stored in a robot motion pattern storage unit in a dynamic system form, and stores the modelled robot motion patterns into a robot-motion-pattern-model storage unit. A motion converting unit linearly transforms the plurality of robot motion dynamic models stored in the robot-motion-pattern-model storage unit into prediction motion trajectories. A motion comparing unit compares the input motion trajectory acquired by the motion acquiring unit with the prediction motion trajectories transformed by the motion converting unit. A robot motion selecting unit selects a robot motion pattern having the highest similarity from the robot motion pattern storage unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus and method, a program storage medium, and a program. More specifically, the present invention relates to an information processing apparatus and method capable of generating a robot motion pattern corresponding to an input motion pattern, a program storage medium, and a program.
2. Description of the Related Art
Studies on neural-networks as one model of human or animal brain have been made. In neural networks, it can be determined whether or not input data corresponds to a motion pattern that is pre-learned.
In one neural network technology, for example, pairs of associated motion patterns are stored in advance using a neural network in a robot that generates its own motion pattern based on a motion pattern of an object photographed with a camera. A motion pattern having the highest similarity to an input motion pattern is generated from the stored robot motion patterns (see, for example, Yasuaki Yorozu and Yasuo Kuniyoshi, "shikaku-undo yugo ni motoduku udedousa no genshi mohou model (visual-motor-based primitive imitation models of arm motions)," Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Robotics Society of Japan, 2001).
In the method disclosed in the above-noted publication, however, an input motion pattern and a robot motion pattern must be associated with each other in advance.
Another problem is that the generalized performance for recognizing an input motion pattern depends upon the generalized performance of a learning model to be associated with the input motion pattern, which are stored.
Still another problem is that a generated robot motion pattern corresponding to an input motion pattern does not always meet geometric or physical constraints of robot motion control.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Information processing apparatus and method, program storage medium, and program