The present invention is an apparatus and method for assessing the condition of a subject by measuring and characterizing one or more oscillatory activities of the subject. The oscillatory activities are under the control of the autonomic nervous system and characterizing the activities provides information related to the status of the autonomic nervous system.

Overview of Time-Domain and Spectral-Domain Indices
Many biological systems have inherent oscillatory patterns. An example of such an inherent oscillatory pattern is heart rate (HR) variability which is the variation in the time interval between successive beats of the heart. This also may be referred to as respiratory arrhythmia because the periodic slowing and acceleration of HR is synchronous with respiration. A similar oscillatory pattern is seen in blood pressure (BP). Analysis of the oscillatory pattern in the time-domain results in characterizing the oscillatory signal in general statistical terms; for example, HR may be characterized as mean +/− standard deviation (SD). Of note, oftentimes instead of HR (beats/min), the interval between heart beats (R-R interval, in milliseconds) is reported and HR variability (HRV) is expressed as the variability between successive R-R intervals (i.e., as 'R-R variability'). Various prior art methods for assessing HRV are shown in FIG. 3. Unless otherwise stated, the variability in the ECG is expressed as R-R variability in the present disclosure (FIG. 1A).
In addition to the time-domain analysis, an oscillatory signal can be analyzed in the frequency-domain making use of a technique such as Fourier transformation or it can be analyzed according to chaos theory. The oscillatory signal is described as a sum of a series of sinusoidal and cosinusoidal functions of various amplitudes and frequencies to determine an instantaneous-amplitude spectrum. The spectrum, termed the autopower spectral density (APSD), describes the oscillatory signal in terms of the oscillatory power present in each frequency interval and the area under the APSD curve corresponds to the amount or amplitude of each specific fluctuation frequency in the original oscillatory signal. The APSD is calculated by determining the normalized power of a signal from the instantaneous amplitude-spectrum in accordance with the equation (1) below:Gaa=ave(SaSa*)/df  (1)
where Gaa=instantaneous amplitude spectral density of a sampling channel ("a"); Sa=instantaneous amplitude spectrum of channel a; Sa*=complex conjugate of Sa; df=frequency resolution. For a more detailed discussion of the use of Fourier transformation to describe oscillatory biological signals, the reader may consult Stout, et al., Anaesthetic Pharmacology and Physiology Review volume 4, issue 1 pages 96-110, 1996 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,361 issued to Gordon, et al. A typical APSD is shown in FIG. 1B.
To perform these analyses for the ECG, one must first determine the precise time of each beat (i.e., of each R-wave). Each R-wave of the ECG is typically identified by the combination of derivative plus threshold detection of the fiducial point of data sampled at 250 Hz (250 times/sec). The successive HR values or R-R intervals are used to generate the 'HR tachogram' or 'R-R tachogram,' respectively, with time on the x-axis and HR or R-R interval on the y-axis. Since the HR and R-R tachograms are not really continuous waveforms (they are generated by sampling the HR or R-R for each beat at 5 Hz), the tachogram is more aptly described as pseudocontinuous. It has discrete, variable-interval data that are converted to a waveform. Thus, the prior art also describes spectral-domain analysis of the ECG in terms of variable-interval, beat-to-beat data, wherein a single data point is plotted at the time of each beat (as opposed to at 5 Hz). This procedure has not been considered to be necessary for treatment of continuous waveforms such as continuous flow and continuous BP. Thus discrete, variable-interval data of these indices has not been utilized for spectral-domain analysis. This invention will include an explanation of the need for performing these steps and a methodology for utilizing discrete, variable-interval data to perform spectral analysis of continuous waveforms.
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system controls many key processes including the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscles and glands. It is divided into the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic, or adrenergic, nervous system innervates the major organs such as the heart (where it causes increased contractility and increased HR) and blood vessels (where it typically causes vasoconstriction by causing contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells). The parasympathetic, or cholinergic, nervous system also innervates the major organs, such as the heart, where it causes decreased contractility and decreased HR. Prior to the present invention, the parasympathetic nervous system was believed to have minimal effect on the peripheral vasculature.
Oscillatory activities controlled by the branches of the autonomic nervous system will have an inherent frequency that is dependent upon which branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activity. Oscillatory activity controlled by the sympathetic nervous system is characterized by low frequency (LF) oscillations of less than about 0.12 Hz. The present invention additionally recognizes that oscillatory activity controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system is characterized not only by this low frequency, but also by high frequency (HF) activity as fast as 0.5 Hz. Based on this, the present invention, as described below, is able to determine the presence or absence of sympathetic or parasympathetic activity in an oscillatory signal by analyzing the APSD of the oscillatory signal and determining its power in certain frequency ranges. (see, e.g., FIG. 6 discussed below).
HR variability has both a parasympathetic component and a sympathetic component and thus has characteristic frequency components (FIG. 1B). Analysis of the presence, absence, or quantity of each of these components, i. e., of power in a particular region of the APSD, has been correlated to prognosis in a variety of pathological conditions. A reduction in parasympathetic activity (reduction in high-frequency signal) has been correlated to arrhythmias and a poor prognosis in congestive heart failure (Frey, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 212:286A, 1993). A similar reduction in parasympathetic activity as evidenced by a reduction in power in the HF region of the APSDR-R has been correlated to a poor prognosis in autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes (Bernardi, et al., Acta Diabetol Lat. 23:141-54, 1986). In hypertensive subjects, a relatively decreased level of parasympathetic activity in HR variability as may be seen at rest or in response to a sympathomimetic challenge is seen (Furlan, et al., J Hypertens 5:S423-5, 1987). Moreover, declines in the effects of parasympathetic activity on the ECG may precede clinical evidence of hypertension (Markovitz J H, Matthews K A, Kannel W B, Cobb J L: Psychological predictors of hypertension in the Framingham study: is there tension in hypertension? JAMA 1993; 270(20): 2439-2494; Langewitz W, Ruddel H, Schachinger H: Reduced parasympathetic cardiac control in patients with hypertension at rest and under mental stress. Am Heart J 1994;127:1228-8) and diabetic autonomic neuropathy (Van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Kollée L A A, Hopman J C W, Stoelinga G B A, van Geijn P: Heart rate variability. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118:436-47; Hosking D J, Bennett T, Hampton J R: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1978;27: 1043-55; Ewing D J, Campbell I W, Clarke B F: Assessment of cardiovascular effects in diabetic autonomic neuropathy and prognostic implications. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92(part 2):308-11; Bellavere F, Bosello G, Cardone C, Girardello L, Ferri M, Fedele D: Evidence of early impairment of parasympathetic reflexes in insulin dependent diabetics without autonomic symptoms. Diabete Metab 1985; 11:152-6; Pfeifer M A, Cook D, Brodsky J, Tice D, Reenan A, Swedine S, et al.: Quantitative evaluation of cardiac parasympathetic activity in normal and diabetic man. Diabetes 1982;31:339-45; Eckberg D L, Harkins S W, Fritsch J M, Musgrave G E, Gardner D F: Baroreflex control of plasma norepinephrine and heart period in healthy subjects and diabetic patients. J Clin Invest 1986;78:366-374; Duchen L W, Anjorin A, Watkins P J, Mackay J D: Pathology of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:301-3; Kitney R I, Byrne S, Edmonds M E, Watkins P J, Roberts V C: Heart rate variability in the assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. Automedica 1982;4:155-67; Freeman R, Saul J P, Roberts M S, Berger R D, Broadbridge C, Cohen R J: Spectral analysis of heart rate in diabetic neuropathy. Arch Neurol 1991;48:185-190; Pagani M, Malfatto G, Pierini S, Casati R, Masu A M, Poli M, Guzzetti S, Lombardi F, Cerutti S, Malliani A: Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. J Auton Nerv Syst 1988;23:143-153; Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti S: Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circ 84:482-489, 1991) as well as associated organ injury. Loss of HF oscillatory activity was associated with poor wound healing in diabetic patients (van den Akker T J, Koeleman A S, Hogenhuis L A, Rompelman O: Heart rate variability and blood pressure oscillations in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Automedica 1983;4:201-8) and was the major resistive factor in hypertensive rats (Borders J L: Vasomotion patterns in skeletal muscle in normal and hypertensive rats. Abstract of Dissertation, 1980, Univ. of CA, Berger R D, Saul J P, Cohen R J: Transfer function analysis of autonomic regulation. I. Canine atrial rate response. Am J Physiol 256:H142-H152, 1989). Both conditions are associated with decreased parasympathetic activity (Ewing 1985, Kitney 1982, Paganai JANS 1988; Langewitz, 1994; Guzzetti S, Piccaluga E, Casati R, Cerutti S, Lombardi F, Pagani M, Malliani A: Sympathetic predominance in essential hypertension: a study employing spectral analysis of heart rate variability. J Hypertension 1988; 6:711-7), but this was not addressed by those investigators.
Assessment of Oscillations
There are multiple ways to assess oscillations in the peripheral vasculature, including laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). LDF is a technique for assessing arteriolar and capillary blood flow at the level of the microvasculature. In LDF, laser light at a wavelength absorbed and reflected by hemoglobin is directed onto a tissue such as the skin of the subject and penetrates the surface of the tissue. The light contacts red blood cells and is reflected by moving blood cells; this causes the laser light to undergo a Doppler shift. The flux of the red blood cells through the blood vessels (concentration times velocity) can be calculated by measuring the wavelength shift of the reflected light. Continuous monitoring of the LDF signal delineates the pulsatile changes throughout the course of each heart beat and the superimposed oscillations induced by autonomic activity.
Prior to the present invention, the parasympathetic nervous system was believed to have only a minor role in peripheral vasoregulation and "virtually no effect on peripheral resistance" (Guyton A C, Hall J E: Nervous regulation of the circulation, and rapid control of arterial pressure. In: Guyton A C, Hall J E: Textbook of Medical Physiology, Ninth Edition. WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia, 1996, pp. 209-220; ch. 18). Hence, no one sought to measure oscillations in the peripheral microvasculature as a means of monitoring microvascular cholinergic activity. Instead, HF oscillations in the microvasculature simply were attributed to transmission of atropine-sensitive HF oscillations at the heart (e.g., respiration-induced, cholinergically mediated variations in HR and BP (Pomeranz B, Macaulay R J B, Caudill M A, Kutz I, Adam D, Gordon D, Kilbom K M, Barger A C, Shannon D C, Cohen R J, Benson H: Assessment of autonomic function in humans by heart rate spectral analysis. Am J Physiol 248:H151-H153, 1985; Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Pizzinelli P, Sandrone G, Malfatto G, Dell'Orto S, Piccaluga E, Turiel M, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Malliani A: Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circ Res 59:178-193, 1986; Lossius K, Eriksen M: Spontaneous flow waves detected by laser Doppler in human skin. Microvasc Research 50:94-104, 1995; Akselrod S, Gordon D, Madwed J B, Snidman N C, Shannon D C, Cohen R J: Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral analysis. Am J Physiol 1985; 249:H867-H875; Bernardi L, Hayoz D, Wenzel R, Passino C, Calciati A, Weber R, Noll G: Synchronous and baroreceptor-sensitive oscillations in skin microcirculation: evidence for central autonomic control. Am J Physiol 273:H 1867-H1878, 1997) herein termed COCHR) to relatively passive vascular beds. (Hertzman A B, Roth L W: The absence of vasoconstrictor reflexes in the forehead circulation. Effects of cold. Am J Physiol 136:692-697, 1942; Lossius K, 1995; Bernardi L, 1997).

Detection and characterization of cholinergic oscillatory control in peripheral microvasculature


Provided is a transistor. The transistor includes: a substrate; a semiconductor layer provided on the substrate and having one side vertical to the substrate and the other side facing the one side; a first electrode extending along the substrate and contacting the one side of the semiconductor layer; a second electrode extending along the substrate and contacting the other side of the semiconductor layer; a conductive wire disposed on the first electrode and spaced from the second electrode; a gate electrode provided on the semiconductor layer; and a gate insulating layer disposed between the semiconductor layer and the gate electrode, wherein the semiconductor layer, the first electrode, and the second electrode have a coplanar.

The present invention disclosed herein relates to a transistor, and more particularly, to a self-alignment transistor and a method of fabricating the same.
Transistors are widely used in various electronic device fields for a variety of purposes. For example, transistors are used as switching devices, driving devices, photo sensing devices, and other various components of electronic circuits. Transistors are classified into top gate structure transistors and bottom gate structure transistors. In the top gate structure, a source/drain electrode and a semiconductor layer is at the bottom and a gate insulating layer and a gate electrode are disposed thereon.
Transistors typically have a structure in which a source/drain overlaps a gate partially. In this case, parasitic capacitance occurs at a portion where the source/drain overlaps the gate, thereby slowing down operating speed.

Transistor and method of fabricating the same

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE


The present disclosure provides an electronic device comprising: a touch screen including a display region for outputting an image; a window arranged on the touch screen; and a control unit, wherein the touch screen includes a touch sensing layer which receives a touch input applied on the display region and receives a touch input with a first sensing resolution, and a fingerprint sensing unit, which overlaps a specific portion of the display region, is arranged between the window and the touch sensing layer, and senses a fingerprint with a second sensing resolution higher than the first sensing resolution when a finger touches the specific portion, and in order to receive a touch input on the basis of the touching of the finger with the specific portion, the control unit controls the fingerprint sensing unit on the basis of a specific control command such that the second sensing resolution of the specific portion is changed to the first sensing resolution.

Terminals may be divided into glass-type terminals (mobile/portable terminals) and stationary terminals according to mobility. Also, the glass-type terminals may be classified into handheld types and vehicle mount types according to whether or not a user can directly carry.
The terminal has various functions according to development of technologies. For example, a mobile terminal can be allowed to capture still images or moving images, play music or video files, play games, receive broadcast and the like, so as to be implemented as an integrated multimedia player. Efforts are ongoing to support and increase the functionality of terminals. Such efforts include software improvements, as well as changes and improvements in the structural components.
In recent years, biometric user authentication technologies have been developed. In particular, a fingerprint sensing device, which uses fingerprint data having unique biometric information of an individual as a user authentication method, has been applied to a mobile terminal. However, when a fingerprint sensor is disposed at one area of a touch sensor corresponding to a display unit, a touch input applied to the one area covered by the fingerprint sensor is not detected.


A cargo carrier having a U-shaped hitch sleeve on its bottom and legs with wheels on its sides. A hitch shaft is inserted into a trailer hitch on a vehicle and the U-shaped hitch sleeve fits over the hitch shaft. The legs have an internal screw type jack mechanism to raise and lower the cargo carrier to place the U-shaped hitch sleeve above and over the hitch shaft, and to raise the legs so that the vehicle can transport the cargo carrier on the hitch shaft without having to remove the legs. The wheels allow the cargo carrier to be portable when not connected to the vehicle. They also allow the U-shaped hitch sleeve to be aligned above the hitch shaft to permit lowering the U-shaped hitch sleeve down over the hitch shaft for the insertion of bolts through the U-shaped hitch sleeve and hitch shaft, thereby fastening the cargo carrier to the hitch shaft. The legs are positioned inside the cargo carrier, and a continuous loop chain engages all the legs so that adjustment of one leg adjusts all of the legs simultaneously to raise or lower the cargo carrier.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cargo carriers which can be reversibly hitched to the rear of a vehicle, and, more particularly to a cargo carrier with rotatably mounted legs with wheels that have an internal screw type jack to raise and lower the cargo carrier.
2. Technical Background
Cargo carriers are known which have a hitch sleeve on the bottom of the carrier and a trailer hitch shaft which can be inserted into a receiver style trailer hitch on a vehicle. The trailer hitch shaft can also be inserted into the hitch sleeve on the bottom of the carrier. These carriers have no convenient means for lifting or moving the carrier. Other cargo carriers are known which also have legs with wheels where the legs can be raised and lowered by hand. Although these types of cargo carriers can be transported on their wheels, they are difficult to raise and lower by hand if they are heavy. Still other cargo carriers are known which also have rotatable legs with wheels which can be rotated up off the ground when the cargo carrier is attached to a vehicle, but the legs are not height-adjustable. In order to overcome some of these limitations, cargo carriers have been constructed with jacks that have wheels so that a cargo carrier with a heavy load can be easily raised and lowered and also be moved from one location to another on its own wheels. However, the jacks with wheels have to be removed from the cargo carrier after it has been hitched to a vehicle. In addition, the jack mechanism in these jacks is exposed to the external environment which can promote fouling and/or corrosion of the jack mechanism.


Particular embodiments described herein provide for an electronic device, such as a notebook computer, laptop, or tablet that includes a circuit board coupled to a plurality of electronic components (which may include any type of components, elements, circuitry, etc.). One particular example implementation of an electronic device may include a housing, a first leg portion having a first hinge portion coupled to the housing, a second leg portion having a second hinge portion coupled to the housing, and a gear mechanism configured to couple the first hinge portion to the second hinge portion. Rotation of the first hinge portion about a first axis to move the first leg portion in a first arc causes a corresponding rotation of the second hinge portion about a second axis to move the second leg portion in a second arc.

End users have more electronic device choices than ever before. A number of prominent technological trends are currently afoot, and these trends are changing the electronic device landscape. One of the technological trends is an electronic device which may be used in a handheld configuration in which a user holds the electronic device in the user's hands, and a "desktop" configuration in which the user places the electronic device upon a stand upon a surface. Often a user must utilize a third-party accessory in order to support the electronic device in a desktop configuration. It may be desirable to integrate the support stand with the electronic device. However, current solutions tend to be complex, heavy, and add significant manufacturing cost to the electronic device. In addition, current solutions often have a negative impact upon the industrial design considerations of the electronic device. Existing designs are often plagued by fussy mechanical behaviors of the support during use by the user. Hence, there is a challenge in providing an integrated support for electronic devices which allow the electronic device to be changed from a handheld mode of operation to a desktop mode of operation.
The FIGURES of the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, as their dimensions can be varied considerably without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

Electronic device with retractable leg support


A rotor coil for a revolving armature includes a strand coil that includes a part arranged in a core slot of the rotor and is composed of a plurality of element wires; and a solid coil welded to an end of the strand coil wherein the end of the strand coil and an end of the solid coil are welded by friction stir welding. A manufacturing method of a rotor coil includes the step of performing friction stir welding wherein the friction stir welding is performed for the butt joint with the end of the strand coil arranged in an advancing side defined by a rotation direction of a tool and with the solid coil arranged in a retreating side.

The present invention relates to a rotor coil for a revolving armature and the manufacturing method thereof.
In the rotor coil of a variable speed generator motor used in a pumped storage system, the strand coils extending from each of a plurality of core slots (Roebel-transposed (coil braided) coil conductors) are welded to the solid coils that form the coil end. A plurality of solid coils, provided at the coil end around the axis of the rotor, is supported and secured by tightly fastening with the binding wires that are wound around the solid coils (for example, see Japanese Patent No. 2529953).
In such a rotor coil, to prevent the coil end from being displaced in the centrifuge direction by the centrifugal force generated during the operation of a power generator, the coil end is made of solid coils of high mechanical strength and is supported and secured strongly by binding wires. On the other hand, Roebel-transposed strand coils are used in a core slot to reduce a circulating current loss. The rotor coil having this configuration therefore increases durability.

Rotor coil for armature of rotating machine and production method thereof


A cyclone expansion seal joint assembly for use in interfacing components having differing thermal properties and conditions such as that in power plant, said joint formed of connecting sections (12), each having a series of corrugated plates (4, 8), interspersed between substantially "U"-shaped expansion joints (5, 9), mounted perpendicularly to an inner edge (19, 21) and outer edge (20, 22) of each corrugated plate. The inner and outer perimeters of the assembly may have flanges (6, 10) for attachment to components (3, 7) of the power plant. The sections (12) may be combined to form any predetermined shape and size depending on the particular application.

This invention relates to seal expansion joints, more particularly, to a cyclone seal expansion joint to interface between components or sections of differing temperatures and expansion/contraction properties.
At power plants it is often necessary to interface various components or sections having different temperatures, such as between or around a boiler and a connecting pipe. In such cases, the interface must be sealed so that liquid or steam from one section or pipe does not leak. A problem arises in maintaining a seal around and between such components due to different temperatures between the sections. The seal joint contracts and expands differently on each side, and even in a radial direction, thereby causing an imperfect seal, resulting in leaks from the component and resultant loss of output from the power plant. Thus, a need exist for a seal expansion joint that solves the above problems.
The prior patented art does include some prior expansion seals, but none has the same structure as the present invention. For instance, the closest patent in the prior art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,938 by Seshamani, et al., issued Dec. 15, 1987, which does disclose an expansion seal assembly using a corrugated plate between two members to accommodate thermal expansion. However, such device does not provide for radial expansion, nor does it have the same structure as the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 3,694,882 by Desmond, issued Oct. 3, 1972, teaches the use of corrugated seals in multiple layers to form a liquid seal on a turbine. U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,077 by Crow, et al., issued Jul. 24, 1979 teaches a channel seal formed of a honeycomb cylindrical surface. U.S. Pat. No. 4,103,905 by Desmond, et al., issued Aug. 1, 1978, teaches a wavy seal arrangement for a steal turbine using corrugated uprights. U.S. Pat. No. 2,946,609 by Comery, issued Jul. 26, 1960, also teaches use of a wavy corrugated seal. Another patent by Comery, U.S. Pat. No. 2,871,038, issued Jan. 27, 1959, teaches other labyrinth seals used in steam turbine engines. U.S. Pat. No. 3,008,740 by Hinkle, Jr., issued Nov. 14, 1961, teaches a kiln seal between cylindrical members in a communicating chamber. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 2,709,629 by Ledinegg, issued May 31, 1955, teaches use of labyrinth packing for machinery.
Although prior patents may teach the use of corrugated wavy expansion seals, none anticipates or suggests an expansion seal joint consisting of a series of corrugated pieces dispersed between expansion joints to from any size or shape expansion joint.


A method of forming an apparatus for probing die electricity, which determines a reinforcement structure according to features of a converting plate, and combines the converting plate, reinforcement structure and a substrate for forming the apparatus for probing die electricity. In an embodiment, the apparatus for probing die electricity further comprises a substrate, a converting plate, a needle module and a reinforcement structure. The converting plate comprises two opposite surfaces respectively having a plurality of first and second conductive elements. The needle module comprises a plurality of needles respectively and electrically connected to the plurality second conductive elements. The reinforcement structure is disposed between the converting plate and the substrate.

Forming a plurality of integrated circuit chips in a semiconductor wafer generally involves a plurality of processing steps. Because of the complex manufacturing process, defects are inevitably found on some chips. Therefore, before the steps of wafer dicing and separation of the integrated circuit chips from the semiconductor wafer, it is necessary to test the integrated circuit chips to determine whether the integrated circuit chips are defective or not.
Generally speaking, to test an integrated circuit (IC) chip, the IC chip is engaged and probed by a probe needle assembly, where electric signals relating to the electric properties of the IC chip is transmitted to a tester for analysis so as to determine whether the integrated circuit chip is defective or not. Conventionally, the probe needle assembly is composed of a plurality probe needles that are arranged in an array for allowing the plural probe needles to engage respectively to their corresponding electric pads of the IC chip and thus enabling testing signals from the tester to be transmitted precisely to the IC chip.
Please refer to FIG. 1, which is a schematic diagram showing a conventional electrical property test device. As shown in FIG. 1, the electrical property test device 1 includes a circuit board 10, a converting plate 11, and a probe assembly 12. The circuit board 10 has a plurality of first conductors 100 disposed thereon for allowing the plural first conductors 100 to connect electrically to a plurality of second conductors 110 that are disposed on a top surface of the converting plate 11. In addition, there are a plurality of third conductors 111 disposed on a bottom surface of the converting plate 11 at positions connected electrically and respectively to a plurality of probe needles 120 of the probe assembly 12. Thereby, through the electrical connection between the probe needles 120 of the probe assembly 12 and the electric pads 131 formed in a IC chip 130 of a wafer 13, electrical signals relating to the electrical properties of the IC chip 130 can be transmitted to the circuit board 10 through the converting plate 11, whereas the signals are further being transmitted through the conductive lines 101 formed on the circuit board 10 to a tester for subsequent analysis.
In the current market, the converting plate 11 is generally manufactured and assembled by a semiconductor package process, and due to cost considerations, there is a growing trend of providing thinner converting plate 11. Moreover, when the electrical property test device 1 is used for conducting a probing test, the probes 120 of the probe assembly 12 should be engaged with the electric pads 131 of the device under test 130 (herein referred to as the DUT thereafter), so that it is required to have a great amount probes 120 to be arranged and distributed within an area capable of enclosing the electric pads 131 of the DUT 130. Nevertheless, at the time when the probes 120 are enabled to engage electrically to the converting plate 11, the DUT 130 will exert a reaction force to the probes 120, so as to make the probes 120 apply the force on the converting plate 11. Consequently, since the converting plate 11 is a thin plate and all the probes 12 are distributed in a small area on the converting plate 11 that is conforming to the distribution of the electric pads 131 of the DUT 130, the converting plate 11 can easily be deformed or even cracked by the force, causing a severe adverse affect upon the subsequent analysis.

Apparatus for probing die electricity and method for forming the same


A method and system are described for completing and submitting an electronic voter registration form and an electronic ballot over a network. In accordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a blank registration form is transmitted, upon request at a first computer, via a transaction mediator, to the first computer. Registration information is transmitted from the first computer, via a transaction mediator, to a computer database that resides on a transaction repository server, all of which are networked together, to establish a registered voter. Upon request by a registered voter at a second computer, a blank electronic ballot is transmitted from the computer database that resides on the transaction repository server, via a transaction mediator, to the second computer. A voted electronic ballot is transmitted from the second computer, via the transaction mediator, to the computer database that resides on the transaction repository server.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to voting systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to voting systems in which voter registration and voting are conducted electronically over a network.
2. Description of the Related Art
Traditionally, elections are conducted utilizing paper ballots that are issued to registered voters at particular polling places. Before being allowed to vote, individuals must register to vote with their local voter registration offices. This is usually accomplished by either completing the necessary forms at the office itself or by requesting the forms and sending the completed paperwork to the office through the mail. Voting requires the physical attendance of the voter at a particular polling place to allow voting, or requires a mailing of an absentee ballot.
There is tremendous expense associated with conducting elections in a manner that renders the election results substantially free from corruption and error. However, there is no guarantee that traditional voting systems will render error-free election results. In recent years, a renewed interest has been sparked to develop voting systems that are more reliable and accurate.
Electronic communication networks can reduce the inconvenience and expense of traditional voting systems. However, concerns about security and privacy have precluded electronic communication networks from being used for voting.
To address the security issues associated with voting over an electronic communication network, U.S. Pat. No. 6,081,793 (Challener et al.) (the '793 patent), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses a method and system for secure computer moderated voting that uses a plurality of cryptographic functions to ensure the security of the votes and the privacy of the voters. According to the '793 patent, voters register in a conventional manner and receive authorization to vote in a single election.
It would be desirable to provide an electronic voting system that allows voters to register and vote over a network with minimal security risks.

Method and system for electronic voter registration and electronic voting over a network


An LED lamp assembly includes an LED lamp and a driving circuit module mounted on the LED lamp. The LED lamp includes an airproof chamber. A plurality of LED modules is received in the airproof chamber. A gasbag is located at the driving circuit module and communicates with the airproof chamber of the LED lamp. The gasbag receives air from the airproof chamber when the LED modules are activated to lighten and heat the airproof chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an LED lamp assembly, and more particularly to an LED lamp assembly having a gasbag to adjust pressure in an airproof chamber of the LED lamp assembly via expanding and shrinking of the gasbag.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional LED lamp comprises a heat sink, a plurality of LED modules having LEDs attached to an outer surface of the heat sink and an envelope engaging with the outer surface of the heat sink. The envelope and the heat sink forms a chamber to receive the LED modules therein. When the LED lamp works, heat is generated by the LED modules; air in chamber of the LED lamp is heated to expand. Therefore a pressure in the chamber of the LED lamp is higher than that outside the chamber. When the LED lamp is cooled, an airflow of the ambient air with impurity is drawn into the chamber of the LED lamp. Therefore, the LED modules and other components inside the LED lamp are contaminated by the impurity.
What is needed, therefore, is an LED lamp assembly having a gasbag to adjust pressure in an airproof chamber of the LED lamp assembly.

Fu Zhun Precision Industry (Shen Zhen) Co., Ltd.


A moving walkway with a pallet return mechanism is disclosed. The moving walkway generally includes a pallet track having a passenger portion connected to a return portion through an end portion, a plurality of pallets coupled to the pallet track with each pallet extending between front and back ends, and a pallet return apparatus adapted to sequentially lower the front and back ends of the pallet to transition each pallet from the passenger portion to the return portion of the pallet track. Methods for returning the pallet on the pallet track are also disclosed.

Moving walkways are typically constructed in one of two basic styles, either pallet type or moving belt type. A moving belt type moving walkway typically includes a metal mesh or rubber belt disposed over a series of rollers. A pallet type moving walkway typically includes a continuous series of pallets joined together to form a walkway.
Pallet-type moving walkways generally include a truss assembly, which houses a drive mechanism that drives the pallets. Specifically, the pallets are fixed to a drive chain that includes a plurality of interconnected rollers. The drive chain is engaged with a chain track and is operatively connected to the drive mechanism, such as one or more drive sprockets. As the drive mechanism drives the drive chain, the pallets moves along the chain track from a passenger carrying side to a return side, which is typically located below the passenger carrying side. The walkway assembly including the truss assembly, drive mechanism and the return side of the walkway is typically located in a pit constructed for that purpose.
In moving walkways with pit construction, the height difference between the surrounding floor level and the passenger carrying portion of the pallets (i.e. pallet height) may sometimes require relatively steep and/or lengthy ramps at the ends of the moving walkway for passenger comfort and handicapped access. In addition, parallel moving walkways, operating in opposite directions, would require two pits, two drive mechanisms and two pallet bands, thereby further adding expense and space requirements for installation of the moving walkways.
Thus, there is a need for a moving walkway that may not need a pit in the floor and therefore may be mounted either on finished, existing floors or in foreseen openings of the floating screed but doesn't have any impact on the structure of floors (concrete ceilings, beams, etc.). Moreover, there is a need for a pallet return mechanism that accommodates the aforementioned pit-free moving walkway. Finally, there is a need for pit-free moving walkways with pallet return mechanisms that do not adversely affect the functionality, simplicity, and reliability of the moving walkways.


Crop yields are improved by treatment of the plant seeds in a low temperature plasma discharge generated between spaced apart electrodes connected to a source of high frequency electrical power.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of agriculture, and in particular relates to the treatment of crop seeds, prior to planting, in a low temperature plasma in order to improve the yield of grain, bean and vegetable crops.
2. State of the Prior Art
Known treatments of plant seeds prior to planting include exposure to electric and magnetic fields, electric corona discharge and ultra-violet radiation, to increase germinating power, sprouting rate and yield of the crop.
The effect of static magnetic fields on various crop plants is described in Dayal Sarveshwar, Singh R.P., Effect of the Seed Exposure of Magnetic Field on the Height of Tomato Plants (Indian J. Agr. Sci., 1986, v. 56, #6, pp. 483-486). Seregina M. T. Pavlova N.A., Alymova Z.I., Biological Effect of Magnetic Field on Growth, Development and Productivity of Plants of Winter-crop Grain Cultures (Electronic Treatment of Materials, 1991, #1, pp. 67-71) describes stimulation of metabolic processes and changes in cell membrane permeability, which in turn lead to intensified growth processes and enhanced plant productivity.
Pretreatment of seeds in an electric corona discharge, described in Seregina M.T., Effectiveness of Utilization of Physical Factors during Pre-Plantation Treatment of Potato Tubers/Electronic Treatment of Materials, 1988, #1, pp. 67-74, subjects the seeds to an array of stimuli, including wide-band electromagnetic radiation, ionization, ozone and nitrogen oxides. This particular treatment, however, offers a relatively small zone where a uniform activation effect of the subject seeds is obtainable.
USSR patent No. 211931, class A 01G, 07/04/67, describes exposure of seeds to an ionizing electric field by placing seeds in an inter-electrode space. With a field intensity of 4.5 KW/cm, the yield of rice crops is increased by 8.5%. This method is considered to be insufficiently effective.
According to USSR patent No. 880286 (class A 01C 1/100, A01C 7/04, 11/15/81), seeds are exposed to an electric static field with an intensity of 3-4.5 KW/cm for 5 seconds, 10 days before planting. Then, 5 days before planting, the seeds are again exposed to an alternating current electric field having an intensity of 3-4.5 KW/cm for 5 seconds, resulting in an 18% increase in rice crop productivity.
In USSR patent No. 880287 (class A 01C 1/10, 11/15/81), seeds are treated in a corona discharge field with a field intensity of 4 KW/cm for 3 seconds. The seeds are then treated with 30-40% chlorine choline chloride solution (10-15 liters of solution per 1 ton of seeds). A crop yield increase of 14.6% is obtained, and spoilage resistance is 5 points, compared to 2 points for untreated control samples.
In USSR patent No. 191928 (class A 01C 1/00, 11/26/64), seeds are exposed to electromagnetic oscillations in a solution of microelements, yielding an average 10% increase yield. This improvement is considered low.
In USSR patent No. 660612 (class A 01 1/100, 12/27/77) seeds are heat treated, treated in an electric corona field discharge and soaked in a solution of micro- and macro-elements consecutively. This treatment yields a 26.6% increase in crop yield, but the treatment is complex and multi-staged, and requires use of sophisticated equipment.
Prior methods which attempt activation of plant seeds by exposure to electric corona discharge share a common drawback, namely the non-uniformity of the activation effect obtained on the treated seeds. What is needed therefore is a method for treatment of crop plant seeds which results in large gains in crop yield and uniform results among substantial quantities of treated seed volumes. These shortcomings can be overcome by treatment of crop plant seeds in a low pressure gas electric glow discharge.
A known method of treating wheat seeds in a glow discharge is described by Zahrov V. A., Kresny Y.P. Shchurev A.N., "Effect of Glow Discharge Treatment of Wheat Seeds on Their Water Absorption and Plantation Qualities", Electronic Treatment of Materials 1989, #1, pp. 54-56. According to this reference, seeds are placed on a grid cathode, and the body of the treatment chamber serves as the anode. A glow discharge is generated in residual atmospheric air at between 3-4 Torr pressure and 350-400 V voltage. At a current density of 3 mA/cm2 the treatment time is 30 seconds. Under these conditions, the temperature of the seeds does not rise above 55 degrees Centigrade. The moisture capacity of wheat grains following this treatment is 12%, compared to 10.5% for untreated control grains. Drawbacks of this prior art method include difficulty in maintaining stable conditions so that the temperature of the seeds does not reach 60 degrees centigrade, low efficacy of the process because seed activation occurs only when ions bombard the cathode, and the impossibility of using this apparatus for continuous treatment processes.


An improved motor mount adjustably tensions the chain in a chain and sprocket driven vehicle. The vehicle has a frame, at least one driven wheel rotating from a wheel rotation point on the frame, a driven sprocket driving the driven wheel. A motor is mounted to the frame and has a driving sprocket at a motor sprocket rotation point on the motor. The driving sprocket is disposed in a plane including the driven sprocket, and powers a chain. An improved mount for mounting the motor from the frame relative to the driven sprocket includes a motor mount for fastening to the engine for disposing the driving sprocket from the engine overlying the driven sprocket powering the driven wheel. A motor mount pivot is provided on the motor mount for pivoting the driving sprocket along the plane including the chain and driven sprocket. A keeper slot is configured within the motor mount, the keeper slot being coaxial about the pivot to enable a keeper to slide relative to the keeper slot during pivot of the motor mount.

Motor driven scooters have had drives direct from a motor driven rotating shaft onto a driven wheel. Such drives give the driven wheel two points of wear. First, the driven wheel wears at its area of contact with the ground. Secondly, the driven wheel wears at the driving shaft. More importantly, the interaction between the driven wheel and the driving shaft is not positive. Slippage with accompanying friction losses make such transmissions less than optimal. For that reason, motor driven scooters and other small vehicles for the most part now rely upon sprocket and chain drives.
Unfortunately, chain drives for small all-terrain vehicles, such as scooters and go carts, are replete with problems. First, such vehicles operate in a dirt and mud environment. The resultant ambient grit produces high chain wear with resultant chain lengthening.
Second, chain lengthening due to chain wear can be easily understood. In the case of a chain having 94 links, chain wear for each link will occur at three separate places. First, each link is held together by a link pin. As the pin diameter decreases due to wear, the overall length of the link will increase in each chain direction by the amount of the wear. Second, each chain link includes forward-extending links and rearward-extending links. Each of these respective forward-extending and rearward-extending links fastens to the link pin at an aperture. Each of these apertures is subject to wear, especially in the grit environment. Each aperture as it is subject to wear becomes an individual contributor to chain lengthening. Because there are two apertures for each pin at each link, the chain wear at each aperture will contribute to chain lengthening. Thus, in the chain having 94 links, there are additively 94 pins and 188 apertures all subject to wear. Each wear point, being a pin or an aperture, lengthens the chain. Presuming that the small all-terrain vehicles are continually operated in a grit environment, adjustment for chain length change becomes an ongoing proposition.
A rapidly lengthening chain on a small all-terrain vehicle increases the probability of chain and sprocket derailment. Generally speaking, the smaller the chain, the more rapid the wear. The operator of the small all-terrain vehicle has an interest in maintaining proper chain tension.
It is known to use mechanical tensioning devices in such environments. However, such conventional mechanical tensioners require pivot points, spring bias, and chain idlers. They impose a considerable complication on a chain and sprocket drive. In the case of a small all-terrain vehicle, further complication of mechanical tensioning devices is disadvantageous, especially in the limited space available between the driving low-horsepower, high-speed motor and the sprocket-driven small-diameter ground-engaging wheel.
Small all-terrain vehicles typically use low-horsepower, high-speed motors. For example, in the scooter which forms a preferred example of this invention, a 2-½ horsepower 8000 rpm motor is used. This motor is used to drive wheels in the order of eight to nine inches. Rotation reduction is a key transmission system issue.
At the same time, small all-terrain vehicles place high dynamic loading on their transmissions. For example, where the wheels of such vehicles temporarily leave the ground and become airborne, return of the powered wheel to the ground normally produces high dynamic shock loads on the transmission system. As a result, many chain transmission systems have tried using chain sizes that can withstand the high dynamic shock loads. Unfortunately, with increased chain size, sprocket size and sprocket inertia increases. Increased sprocket size necessitates the use of a larger transmission system, requires the use of intermediate so-called idler or "jack" shafts, and increases transmission inertia, inhibiting acceleration and deceleration.
Intermediate idler or "jack" shafts present an especially undesired complication to chain and sprocket transmission systems for small all-terrain vehicles. In such idler or jack shafts systems, a first chain loops the high-speed drive sprocket at the low-horsepower motor to a second driven sprocket on the idler or jack shaft. A second chain loops the third drive sprocket on the idler or jack shaft and extends to a fourth driven sprocket at the small ground-engaging wheel. The additional mechanical parts of the idler or jack shaft and two sprockets, the additional second chain, the complexity of mounting the idler or jack shaft and the two sprockets, and the space required for such idler or jack shaft and two sprockets are generally unsuitable for small all-terrain vehicle chain transmissions.
Presuming that one wishes to use a small-size chain and sprocket drive for an all-terrain vehicle, the load limits of such small chains also become a problem. For example, a No. 25 chain has a tensile load limit in the order of 900 pounds (compared to the 2500-pound tensile load limit of the No. 35 chain). With normally available chain and sprocket transmissions, a lighter chain realizes greater probability of chain failure.
Finally, and presuming that one is going to use a small chain for such an all-terrain vehicle high-reduction chain and sprocket transmission, the transmission of power from a small high-speed sprocket to the small chain presents a power transmission issue. By definition, a small-diameter sprocket contacts the chain at a small number of lugs. In the typical chain and lug scooter drive, the total power of the engine is delivered to a small chain at a reduced number of lugs. The probability of lug failure and/or chain link failure increases directly proportional to the increased power transfer at each sprocket lug to each chain link.
We have utilized a chain keeper pivoting over a small driving sprocket as a chain tensioning apparatus. This chain keeper has a chain-contacting tongue elastically biased with respect to the keeper toward the inside of the chain loop. The chain-contacting tongue contacts and tensions the chain at the idle chain linkage between the small driving sprocket and the large driven sprocket. The chain keeper is a one-piece construction, preferably molded from a high-impact, wear-resistant, low-chain-slide-friction plastic material. This molded chain keeper has a chain-contacting tongue elastically biased to the slack side of the chain.
Vehicles driven by chain and sprocket drives typically have their motors rigidly mounted to the vehicle. The driven wheel and driven sprocket are typically adjustably mounted relative to the vehicle and thus adjustably mounted relative to the motor and driving sprocket. When chain elongation occurs, it is the wheel which is moved relative to the motor to provide the adjustment. Thus, the entire support of the wheel at the frame is changed as the chain elongates. And when the chain is replaced, movement of the wheel is repeated as the new chain wears. Typically, such mounts must be of the "fork type." That is to say, the wheel is supported at both sides on its adjustable support. This double sided support of the wheel enables secure mounting of the wheel for supporting the weight of the scooter and rider when its position on the frame is changed.
Unfortunately, such adjustment of the wheel is incompatible with the modem tendency to provide single sided cantilever mounts for such driven wheels. Since the wheel is mounted on one side only, and not on both opposite sides, changing the position of the wheel relative to the motor is mechanically more complex.
Moreover, it will be understood that a driven wheel not only transmits the force required for the driving of the vehicle but additionally is loaded with the static and dynamic weight of the vehicle as it bears and impacts upon the ground. The adjustment of such a cantilevered wheel requires fastening of the wheel in its new position with sufficient support to resist both the dynamic forces occurring during driving of the scooter as well as the forces necessary to support of the vehicle. This firm type of mounting is at best difficult with a cantilever mount of the wheel.
Further, for such adjustment to occur, the vehicle must be supported free of the ground while the driving wheel is repositioned. This requires that the vehicle be held off the ground while repositioning of the wheel occurs. Simple, in the field adjustment, cannot occur. The scooter must be taken to a repair platform where the adjustment can occur.

Mount for chain driven sprocket and chain powered scooter


Modified release pharmaceutical compositions of epalrestat are provided. Methods of manufacturing the tablets and treating various diseases and conditions, including diabetes and diabetic complications, by administering the modified release compositions to patients in need thereof are also provided.

Epalrestat, (5-[(1Z,2E)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropenylidene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3-thiazolidineacetic acid), shown below, is an aldose reductase inhibitor. The preparation and pharmacologic activity of epalrestat is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,045. Epalrestat has previously been described as useful for treating various conditions, including diabetes and diabetic complications, as well as affording cardioprotection in non-diabetic patients.

Epalrestat has a positive indication for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy, and has been reported as useful for the treatment of other diabetic complications including, for example, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic gastroparesis, diabetic microangiopathy, and diabetic macroangiopathy in mammals.
Epalrestat is also useful in affording cardioprotection to subjects who may not be suffering from diabetes, and as a neuroprotectant or treatment for neurological or neurodegenerative disorders. Therapeutic activity of epalrestat in various conditions has been demonstrated in the clinical literature. For example, see Machii H. et al. (1996). Gendai Iryo, v. 28, p. 1273; Miyamoto S. et al. (1986). Gendai Iryo, v. 18 (Extra Issue HI), p. 82; Goto Y. et al. (1990). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, v. 152, p. 405; Nakano K. et al. (1990). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, v. 152, p. 137; Okamoto H. et al. (2003). Internal Medicine, v. 42, pp. 655-664; Hamada Y. et al. (2000). Diabetes Care, v. 23, pp. 1539-44.; Goto Y. et al. (1993). Diabet Med, v. 10(suppl 2), pp. S39-43; Goto Y. et al. (1995). Biomed Pharmacother, v. 49, pp. 269-277; Uchida K. et al. (1995). Clin Ther, v. 17, pp. 460-466; Hotta N. et al. (1996). J Diabetes Complications, v. 10, pp. 168-172; Hotta N. et al. (2006). Diabetes Care, v. 29, pp. 1538-1544; Matsuoka K. et al. (2007). Diabetes Res Clin Pract, v. 77(suppl 1), pp. S263-268; Nakayama M. et al. (2001). Diabetes Care, v. 24, pp. 1093-1098; Baba M. (2003). Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, v. 8, p. 170; Yasuda H. et al. (2000). Diabetes Care, v. 23, p. 705; IkedaT et al. (1999). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, v. 43, pp. 193-198; Katayama M. et al. (1995). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromyography and Motor Control, v. 97, p. 81; and Misawa S. et al. (1996). Neurology, v. 66, pp. 1545-1549.

Modified release compositions of epalrestat or a derivative thereof and methods for using the same


A workpiece is gripped by a robot hand and an image of the workpiece is captured by a camera. An image processing device detects the position and posture of a characteristic portion of the workpiece. On the basis of the present position of the robot, the relative position and posture between a flange of the robot and the workpiece characteristic portion is detected. The relative position and posture is compared with that observed when the workpiece is gripped correctly, to determine a gripping error. If the gripping error exceeds a permissible error, the robot is stopped. If the gripping error is equal to or less than the permissible error, a taught position where the workpiece is to be released is corrected so as to cancel the adverse effect of the gripping error.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a conveying apparatus that uses a hand of a robot for gripping and conveying a workpiece.
2. Description of the Related Art
For a system gripping a workpiece with a robot hand and conveying it to the next process, it is very important to check whether the workpiece is accurately gripped or not. If the hand of the robot has a gripping error, it is necessary to give corresponding redundancy to the system for the next process. In some cases, expansion of the system, such as addition of space or peripheral equipments, is required. For these reasons, attempts have hitherto been made to use a visual sensor to check the state where a workpiece is gripped. In this case, generally, the movement of the robot is interrupted at a position where a characteristic portion of the workpiece is within the visual field of a camera so as to allow the camera to capture an image at a definite time, and then an image is captured by the camera and the gripped state is measured.
Furthermore, a visual sensor is used for measuring the position of a workpiece without stopping a conveying apparatus. This system is called a visual tracking system. With this system, the visual sensor detects a workpiece placed on a belt conveyor acting as a conveying apparatus, the position of the robot is corrected on the basis of the positional deviation of the workpiece on the conveyor, and then the workpiece is taken out by the robot. An example of this visual tracking system is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-63214.
If the robot is stopped to observe the gripped state, tact time increases correspondingly, in some cases, to a level unacceptable to users. Furthermore, visual tracking will allow only small-sized workpieces to be processed owing to condition of conveyor size. For example, for large-sized workpieces such as floor panels of automobiles, it is unpractical to incorporate a tracking system using a conveyor, in view of the cost of and the space for the exclusive conveyor.


A transparent display provides eye protection from lasers and other high intensity light sources. The transparent display allows users to view objects clearly through the display while also presenting text, graphics or video on the display surface. Simultaneously, the display assembly comprises a component that provides eye protection against high power radiation sources. The transparent display with eye protection provides both protection from high power light sources and an additional cockpit display surface for presentation of information including graphical images, symbology, video, text, and other data.

Increasing occurrences of laser attacks against aircraft cockpits have created a need for pilot and air crew laser eye protection. Additionally, there is a desire to increase the available display area in cockpits to support applications that improve situational awareness and reduce pilot workload.
Laser illumination of commercial airline or other aircraft cockpits is an operational safety threat. Flight crew exposure to lasers can incapacitate, cause temporary flash blindness or afterimages, and may result in injury to pilots or other air crew members. Reported laser incidents have grown tenfold since 2006.
There have been various approaches proposed for laser eye protection. Examples of such approaches involve cumbersome extendable/retractable devices or devices which must be worn by a user for eye protection. Other approaches include materials and/or filters for providing laser protection. None of the known approaches for providing laser eye protection address the increasing desire to display additional information in the aircraft cockpit.


A printhead including one or more fluid vias in fluid communication with a fluid supply, each of the one or more fluid vias being associated with a first number of heating elements, the heating elements being divided into groups of a second number of heating elements so as to form a number of primitive groups, and an electrical interface having at least one shift register that receives primitive address data to allow for selective application of electrical signals to the heating elements so that fluid is ejected from the printhead in accordance with image data, the number of primitive groups being dependent on the print resolution of the printhead so that a number of bits required for the at least one shift register to address each heater is independent of the print resolution of the printhead.

In typical inkjet heater chip designs one of the first variables to be fixed is the vertical resolution of drop placement. From this starting point other properties such as the heater addressing matrix, input data register length, chip clock speeds etc. can be defined. Using this method, chips with similar properties except for vertical resolution often have incompatible electrical interfaces which require a unique ASIC, driver card and carrier for each design. While this may provide a cost effective bill of materials for a specific design, the savings can be offset by increased development resources and time to market. Therefore, this design approach is best suited for high volume designs with long product life cycles.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Address architecture for fluid ejection chip


An image forming apparatus of the type transferring a toner image from a photoconductive element to a recording medium by way of an intermediate transfer belt is disclosed. Toner images of different colors are sequentially transferred from the photoconductive element to the intermediate transfer belt one above the other, forming a full-color image. When the full-color image is to be transferred from the intermediate transfer belt to a paper or similar recording medium, a secondary transfer belt is brought into contact with the portion of the intermediate transfer belt contacting a secondary transfer roller. As a result, the secondary transfer belt deforms complementarily to the shape of the secondary transfer roller, forming a nip between it and the intermediate transfer belt. In this condition, the secondary transfer belt contacts the intermediate transfer belt evenly and prevents an excessive pressure from acting locally on the toner image existing on the intermediate transfer belt.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus of the type transferring a toner image from a photoconductive element to a recording medium by way of an intermediate transfer belt. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with a full-color image forming apparatus capable of forming attractive images free from defects including local or vermicular omission.
2. Discussion of the Background
It is a common practice with a full-color image forming apparatus to sequentially transfer toner images of different colors from a photoconductive element to an intermediate transfer belt one above the other, and then transfer the resulting composite or full-color image from the belt to a paper or similar recording medium, as taught in, e.g., Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2-282491 or 5-210316. In this type of apparatus, a secondary transfer roller is held in contact with the inner periphery of the belt. A paper transfer roller faces the secondary transfer roller with the intermediary of the belt. The belt carries a toner image thereon. While a bias for image transfer is applied to the sheet transfer roller, the transfer roller is pressed against the portion of the belt contacting the secondary transfer roller. As a result, the toner image is transferred from the belt to a paper or similar recording medium being passed between the belt and the roller. The image transfer from the belt to the paper is referred to as secondary transfer, as distinguished from primary transfer from the photoconductive element to the belt.
However, the conventional apparatus having the above construction has the following problems. When the paper transfer roller is pressed against the intermediate transfer belt for the secondary transfer, the transfer roller locally presses the toner image deposited on the belt in the form of a layer and thereby compresses it. As a result, the parting ability of the toner and the surface of the belt from each other is lowered. This causes the toner to locally remain on the belt after the secondary transfer. Therefore, the image transferred to the paper is partly lost in a vermicular configuration.
Further, an air gap exists around the inlet of the nip between the secondary transfer roller and the paper transfer roller. Electric lines of force (electric field) are formed in the air gap due to a transfer bias. Consequently, the toner is scattered around at the position upstream of the nip and caused to deposit on the paper, resulting in a blurred or otherwise defective image.


The present invention pertains to packaging cell lines useful for the production of viral vectors, particularly packaging cell lines for continuous production of Sindbis viral vectors at high efficiency. The packaging cell line comprises an insect cell having DNA that encodes alphavirus structural proteins, replicase and a replicon.

Cancer gene therapy would benefit greatly from the availability of a vector that has a high efficiency of gene expression and the ability to target tumors. A number of transfection systems have been developed to deliver heterologous genes into tumors in vivo to investigate cancer gene therapy, but all have limitations. For example, retroviral vectors have been used for gene delivery because they mediate stable gene transfer with a low potential for immunogenicity; however, transfer efficiencies are relatively low (1-4) and germ line modification is a potential problem (5). In addition, retroviral vectors, with few exceptions, are susceptible to lysis by serum components in human blood (6-8). This greatly limits their in vivo applications. Adenoviral vectors appear to be more efficient for gene transfer in vivo, but these vectors may cause toxicity to patients due to the highly immunogenic properties of adenoviral proteins (9, 10). Additionally, they are commonly used in a localized manner because they generally lack the ability to be delivered via the bloodstream (11-13). In fact, they may cause severe toxicity if administered intravenously (77).
An alternative viral vector system that has numerous advantages is based on Sindbis virus. Sindbis virus has been studied extensively since its discovery in Egypt in 1953 (14-16, 69). Gene transduction based on Sindbis virus, a member of the alphavirus genus, has been well-studied (17-27). Sindbis vectors show extremely high efficiency of gene transfer. They are plus-strand RNA viruses, which through a process of amplification in the cytoplasm of infected cells can express 105 active RNA species per cell within a few hours after infection. This level of RNA amplification allows for very high levels of expression of the transferred gene product, which would allow for prolonged expression were it not for the apoptotic nature of the virus (28-31).
Based on recommendations for the handling of alphaviruses and other arboviruses in the laboratory (32), Sindbis virus is considered fairly safe. Sindbis virus is endemic to many parts of the world where it is associated with minimal, transient disease (17, 33, and 34). Whereas the majority of alphaviruses require Level 3 practice and containment and/or vaccination, Sindbis requires only Level 2. Level 2 practice and containment is assigned to viruses whose infection results either in no disease or in disease that is self-limited (32, 33, 34). Replication incompetent Sindbis vectors derived from Sindbis viruses, such as those referred to herein, can be considered even safer as their capacity to infect and replicate to cause viremia or disease is virtually non-existent. It has been stated that they can be considered safe enough for level 1 use (ACGM Compendium Of Guidance. Guidance From The Health And Safety Commission's Advisory Committee On Genetic Modification. Part 2—Annex III—Guidance On Commonly Used Viral Vectors, issued March 2000. Available on the Worldwide Web at hse.gov.uk. The capacity to infect and replicate to cause viremia can only be reacquired through recombination, which can be minimized and monitored.
Sindbis vectors also avoid potential complications associated with chromosomal integration (27). Recent methods have added substantial ease to engineering new Sindbis vector constructs capable of nonreplicative infection and further enhanced safety aspects of the vector (17). Because Sindbis virus is a blood-borne virus (33) and can cross the blood brain barrier (18), vectors based on this virus are among the few available ones that are capable of migrating through the bloodstream to reach all cells of the body. In this respect they hold an important advantage over many other vectors. Table 1 contrasts a number of gene delivery agents with Sindbis and shows some of the distinctive advantages of vectors made from this virus.
TABLE 1
Copending, commonly assigned application Ser. No. 60/279,051, filed Mar. 27, 2001 discloses in vivo studies showing that Sindbis vectors can be used to treat experimental tumors growing in animals and that such treatments can cause substantial necrosis and, in at least one model system, complete elimination of rapidly growing tumors. In addition, it has been shown that Sindbis vectors can be made to target specific cells in vivo and in vitro. Such targeting can be extremely efficient, achieving expression in vitro of a delivered gene in greater than 90% of the targeted cells (35). A number of other laboratories have shown utility for these vectors for the treatment of various conditions (24-27).
Application of viral-based vectors for gene therapy requires efficient processes for their large-scale manufacture. A major obstacle preventing widespread use of Sindbis vectors for gene therapy has been the inability to produce these vectors easily from packaging cell lines. To understand the issues involved in the case of Sindbis vectors, it is important to analyze how these vectors are produced.
Generally, recombinant Sindbis virus is currently produced by the electroporation of two RNA genomes that are synthesized in vitro. One genome, the replicon, directs the synthesis of the gene of interest along with the Sindbis RNA replicase (FIG. 1). This genome also contains a packaging signal allowing it to be incorporated into virion particles by the Sindbis structural proteins. The second, a helper genome (or for greater safety two split structural helper genes; FIG. 2), direct(s) the synthesis of viral structural proteins but lack(s) a packaging signal so that recombinant viral particles will undergo only one round of infection.
FIG. 1 shows the packaging of replication defective replicons by cotransfection of defective-helper RNAs (DHRNAs) expressing the alphavirus structural proteins and the replicon. DHRNAs are designed to contain the cis-acting sequences required for replication as well as the subgenomic RNA promoter driving expression of the structural genes. Packaging of SIN replicons is achieved by efficient cotransfection of cells with both RNAs by electroporation. Replicase/transcriptase functions supplied by the vector RNA lead not only to its own amplification but also act in trans to allow replication and transcription of helper RNA. This results in synthesis of structural proteins that can package the replicon with greater than 107 infectious particles per ml being produced after only 48 h.
In addition to the need to prepare RNA in vitro and electroporate this RNA into cells, the lethality of Sindbis virus requires that this procedure be done anew each time virus is to be produced. In mammalian cells, apoptosis caused by Sindbis virus results in lethality to the infected cells, making it impossible to propagate Sindbis virus infected cells for long periods. To overcome the lethality issue one could construct an inducible system, which would allow propagation of the cells into high numbers before virus production is induced. While the producing cells would still die within days after induction, with an inducible system it would be possible to make large amounts of virus (such as would be needed for clinical applications). By simply preparing large amounts of uninduced cells and freezing aliquots, one could generate a master cell bank from which aliquots could be defrosted as needed, grown to large numbers, and induced to produce virus.
FIG. 2 shows the cotransfection of two DHRNAs along with the expression replicon. One DHRNA (helper 1) expresses the capsid protein and a second DHRNA (helper 2) is designed for high level expression of the virion glycoproteins. Helper 2 uses a deleted version of the capsid-protein that is still able to function as a translational enhancer and an autoprotease but is defective for packaging. This approach is favored because it greatly reduces the possibility that replication competent viruses will arise by recombination. Figure shown is adapted from reference 36.
Polo et al. (37) have developed a "stable" alphavirus packaging cell line using a modification of the two helper system that partially but not fully resolves the need to transfect RNA for vector production. Polo et al. (37) describe the use of an inducible cell system which stably encodes DNA for production of the viral structural proteins, but not the replicon and gene of interest. In this system, translation of the structural proteins (from helpers 1 and 2) is obtained only after synthesis of an authentic subgenomic mRNA by the vector-encoded replicase proteins (which are not encoded by the cells and must be electroporated).
Because the replicon is not present in the packaging cells, to obtain vector production, the Polo et al. (37) system requires electroporation of all the cells with RNA encoding the Sindbis replicon and desired gene. To a large extent this requirement imposes an unnecessary burden in the production of recombinant Sindbis vector for therapeutic application. In particular, given the instability of RNA molecules, large-scale production of in vitro Sindbis RNA genomes is difficult and costly. Further, a complete master cell bank cannot be generated. As Polo et al. (37) must have been aware of this drawback, it is assumed that Polo et al. (37) were not able to design their system in such a way that they could prevent the expression of replicon genes. A reason for not being able to stably integrate the DNA encoding the Sindbis replicon is that production of genes encoded in the replicon, such as nsP2, may be very toxic to mammalian cells.
Therefore, what is needed in the art are packaging cell lines for the production is Sindbis viral vectors which overcome the deficiencies.

Packaging cell lines for the continuous production of alphavirus vectors


Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for enriching web resources In one aspect, a method includes: sending a request for a web resource to a web server, receiving the requested document from the web server, sending an identifier of the received web resource to a search engine server, retrieving from a cached storage of the search engine server one or more trigger terms associated with the web resource, extracting the parametric values of each trigger term associated with the web resource, modifying the web resource by embedding an answer box gadget for each trigger term in the web resource using the parametric values of the each trigger term, and rendering the modified web resource in the requesting client device.

The present specification relates to presenting enriched web pages and, in one particular example, to presenting information relevant to particular terms that occur in a web page.
Web pages may either be static HTML web pages, or dynamic web pages that are created at the server side when they are requested. Examples of dynamic web pages include web pages written in ASP, ASPX, or JSP.
Regardless of how the web pages are created, the content of these web pages will be either predetermined at the time of creation, such as in the case of static HTML web pages, or extracted dynamically from a database that may be updated frequently, such as in the case of ASP, ASPX or JSP server-side web pages. If the user wants to know additional details about particular terms that are included on the web page, these details are, in the typical case, not readily available. For example, when the user views a web page, comes across a place name "London" on the web page, and desires to know what time it is or what the current weather is in "London," the user has no other choice but resort to a search engine or a specialized service provider for such detailed information.
A search engine provider, Google Inc. of Mountain View, Calif., has developed an "answer box" technology, known as OneBox, that has been available for several years. Using this technology, a set of web search features are offered that provide a quick and easy way for a search engine to provide users with information that is relevant to, or that answers, their search query. For example, a search engine may respond to a search query regarding everyday essential information, reference tools, trip planning information, or other information by returning, as the first search result, information responsive to the search query, instead of providing a link and a snippet for each of a number of relevant web pages that may contain information.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional answer box in a search result. The first item 101 in the list of search results is the information presented in an answer box for the search query "time London," where the answer box is triggered by the term "time." The search engine has inferred that the user may want to know the current local time in "London" and has therefore retrieved local time information for places that are called "London."


Single and multiphase regenerative voltage doubler rectifiers, sag/swell corrector apparatus, and operating methods are presented in which rectifier switching devices are selectively pulse width modulated for regenerative load conditions and for regenerating power during input voltage swell circumstances.

Industrial equipment such as motor drives and the like operate using power from single or multiphase AC power sources. These devices, in turn, may drive regenerative loads, such as electric motors which may regenerate power back into the industrial equipment. Dynamic braking and other apparatus are sometimes provided to dissipate such regenerated power. Motor drives and other equipment may also be equipped with active front end (AFE) rectifier circuits with switches that are pulse width modulated at high frequency to perform rectification of input power to provide DC power to a bus. Some active front end rectifiers are also operable to regenerate excess power back to the power source, but such AFE rectifiers generate high frequency switching noise and thus require installation of filter circuits, such as inductance-capacitance-inductance (LCL) filters to control the harmonic content of the power grid. In addition to regeneration issues, industrial equipment is often subject to sags or swells in the AC voltage received from a power grid. Voltage sag correctors can be used to counteract the effects of input voltage sag conditions, but are unable to address voltage swells or regenerating modes.

Regenerative voltage doubler rectifier, voltage sag/swell correction apparatus and operating methods


A permanent magnet for a motor, a rotor assembly having the permanent magnet, a motor, and a compressor are disclosed. The permanent magnet has a Nd—Fe—B-based main phase. The main phase has a grain size of smaller than or equal to 4 micrometers. The mass ratio of dysprosium and/or terbium in the permanent magnet is less than or equal to 0.5%. The intrinsic coercivity Hcj of the permanent magnet at 25° C. satisfies Hcj≥1500 kA/m. The permanent magnet according to embodiments of the present disclosure can have fewer or no heavy rare-earth elements, and meanwhile exhibit excellent performance, which improves the cost performance.

In the field of compressors, high energy efficiency is a subject of long-term research and application, and hence the high performance of a permanent magnet of a permanent magnet-driven motor of an inverter compressor is a long-term research topic. In order to achieve high reliability, rare earth permanent magnets with heavy rare earth elements have long been the first choice of permanent magnets for permanent magnet motors of high-performance compressors. The heavy rare earth material is a strategic national resource on the one hand, and is expensive on the other hand, which makes the compressor equipped with such a permanent magnet have low cost performance.
To ensure the reliable operation of the compressor at high temperature without demagnetization, the intrinsic coercivity of the rare earth permanent magnet is required to be Hcj≥1500 kA/m or higher. In order to meet the aforementioned requirement for the intrinsic coercivity, heavy rare earth elements, such as dysprosium or/and terbium, of more than 3% or even more than 5% of the permanent magnet are added into the permanent magnet, according to the related art.
In recent years, the surface diffusion technique of heavy rare earth has been studied and applied, and on the premise of achieving the same performance, the proportion of heavy rare earth elements added to the permanent magnet has been greatly reduced, which improves the cost performance of the compressor to a certain extent. However, the proportion of heavy rare earth elements in the permanent magnets employing the surface diffusion technique still reaches 1% to 3%, and the cost performance of the permanent magnets is still low.

Permanent magnet for motor, rotor assembly having same, motor, and compressor

ANHUI MEIZHI PRECISION MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.


A medical needle is made of a synthetic resin which is reinforced, including the point part of the needle, to reduce deformation during puncture, even when the needle is produced by injection molding. The needle is made of a synthetic resin composition which includes synthetic resin and reinforcing fiber having a length of 80 μm or below and reinforcing fiber having a length exceeding 80 μm. The number ratio of the former fiber to the whole fiber component is 40% to 90%. A synthetic resin composition for needles includes a synthetic resin and a reinforcing fiber component, wherein the composition is prepared by adding at least two kinds of fibers, namely a fiber having a mean length of 1 mm to 10 mm and a fiber having a mean length of 10 μm to 100 μm to the synthetic resin and kneading the obtained mixture.

As a material for syringe needles used for injection of a liquid drug or sampling of blood, metals such as stainless steel are generally used. The metal-made syringe needles are advantageous in that they can be formed with a thin material thickness, which makes it possible to secure a large flow rate even with a small outside diameter, and that the cutting edge can be polished to be sharp, which permits smooth puncture. The metallic syringe needles, however, cannot be incinerated at the time of disposal thereof, so that they are handed over to a waste collector as they are in their original needle form, to be disposed of by the waste collector. Therefore, there is a request for development of a syringe needle that can be incinerated at the time of disposal, and use of a synthetic resin as a material for such a syringe needle is being investigated. As a material for the synthetic resin-made syringe needles, there is known a material prepared by blending polyphenylene sulfide with wiskers or long fibers to be oriented along the extrusion direction, so as to secure a high strength and an enhanced flexural elastic modulus (refer to, for example, Patent Document 1). Besides, there is known a synthetic resin-made needle in which fibers are present continuously over the whole length of the needle and which is high in strength and is insusceptible to breaking (refer to, for example, Patent Document 2).
In addition, bottle needles used in infusion kits, transfusion kits and the like are used in the state of piercing a rubber stopper or a synthetic resin diaphragm so as to permit flow of a liquid, and they are mostly formed from a synthetic resin which contains reinforcing fibers. In the case of the synthetic resin-made bottle needles, also, it is known that addition of glass fibers is effective in enhancing strength. In relation to the synthetic resin-made bottle needle for piercing a rubber stopper, it is known to use glass fibers or the like so as to reduce the piercing resistance and to enhance the breaking strength (refer to, for example, Patent Documents 3 and 4).
However, in the case of molding a needle while orienting the above-mentioned long fibers along the axial direction, the molding is normally carried out by extrusion, and the sharp needle point part needs secondary working such as cutting and polishing. Besides, when it is attempted to make the needle point sharper for the purpose of making it easier for the bottle needle formed by injection molding to pierce the rubber stopper, the needle part near the point would not readily be loaded with the reinforcing fiber component such as glass fibers. Thus, it has been difficult to reinforce the point part assuredly.    Patent Document 1:
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 6-327772    Patent Document 2:
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 7-303700    Patent Document 3:
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Sho 61-62468    Patent Document 4:
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Sho 62-57565

Synthetic resin needles and synthetic resin composition for needles


This invention discloses a type of radial circuit for use in driving LCD monitors. The radial circuit includes an odd-even column data generator. The odd-even column data generator receives data from a modulation counter and divides the data into two groups of data having opposite levels: odd column modulation data and even column modulation data. The odd-even column data generator then sends the two sets of data to a comparator comparing the display data and modulation data of the LCD. The comparator is used to control the odd and even columns of the LCD. This utility model divides all the columns in the same row into odd and even columns. An opposite driver voltage waveform is output from between the odd and even columns of the neighboring columns. While the odd columns discharge, the even column recharges. This type of simultaneous discharge and recharge process creates just the right mutual electric charge compensation; and it results in minimizing the electric charge dissipation which saves energy.

In the current increasingly competitive LCD domain, the IC manufacturers are under tremendous pressure to figure out how to lower power consumption and cost. For the ones who are able to lower chip power consumption, they are viewed as having an advantage with the backend DEMO system manufacturers and thus it would be the winners in the fierce competitive market.
Currently, in the LCD, OLED or other color flat panel technology, using the LCD CSTN display technology as an example, its display relies on a voltage that is applied to the row electrodes and column electrodes in the LCD panel. The differences between the voltages at the electrodes are used to turn on the liquid crystals and hence lighting up the crystals for them to illuminate. During the entire liquid crystals display process, the capacitance created between the row electrodes and column electrodes is turned on sometimes and it is turned off at other times. At the moment of the capacitance being turned on and off, it results in a charge and discharge process that occurs continuously. Being able to control the charge and discharge relationship is extremely crucial to the reduction of power consumption in the system. Considering the liquid crystals response speed and system power consumption issues, the conventional method uses the radial voltage technology to process the driver voltage waveforms outputted from the two neighboring rows of the same column. In other words, in the same column, when the previous row PWM and FRC data changes from 0˜31 (5 PWM and 1 FRC, the same reasoning results in other data embedding the PWM modulation method to vary the PWM power from 0 to 2, 6 FRC as 64 frames, and the first to the last frames are 0 to 63 respectively), the PWM and FRC comparative data for the next immediate row is 31˜0. The voltage waveforms outputted from comparing the two neighboring rows in the same column can achieve a mutual balance and it is a type of technology that can minimize the flip-flop frequency between voltages. Due to the LCD panel response speed problem, this type of technology can create an excellent display contrast. Meanwhile because the voltage flip-flop frequency is lower, likewise, the IC power consumption is also lower.
A typical display driver circuit is shown in FIG. 1. In the column direction, after an address generator generates the scanning addresses for the SRAM, the system sends the SRAM data to the display data latch. Then the data is compared with the comparator and the compared results are processed through the column driver circuit before outputting the desired driver voltage waveforms to the LCD panel. In the row direction, likewise, after the address generator generates the COM (row) scanning addresses, the row driver circuit produces the desired output driver voltage COM waveforms to the LCD panel. A level selecting circuit is in each of the row driver circuit and column driver circuit.
The comparator is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, it includes the following parts: a modulation counter generating circuit, a radial circuit, a frame modulation circuit, and a comparator. The processing sequence with respect to the radial circuit and the frame modulation circuit is interchangeable. Part of the working procedure for the entire comparator is as follows: after the modulation counter generating circuit generates a part of the data used in PWM modulation, the data variation is 0˜31 sequentially (use 5 PWM as an example); the PWM data is altered through the radial circuit part based on the radial direction method; (processing through the radial circuit before the frame modulation circuit as an example); the data is then processed through the frame modulation circuit where the low position of the PWM data is inserted differently into different FRC data symbols according to the FRC methods; lastly, through the comparator of the displayed data and modulation data, the PWM and FRC modulated data is compared with the displayed data read from SRAM and the corresponding compared results are outputted. Its working principle is: after inputting the data from the modulation counter, part of the radial circuit processes the data based on the odd and even state of the current scanning row. When the scanning row is an odd row, this part of the circuit modulates the data from the modulation counter sequentially from 0˜31 to 31˜0. When the current scanning row is an even row, this part of the circuit directly sends out the data from the modulation counter as 0˜31 sequentially. This type of condition where the neighboring odd and even rows modulation counter output data is opposite can result in an opposite output of the driver voltage waveforms in the odd and even rows of this same column. After the driver voltage waveform of an odd row in any one column changes from high to low, the driver voltage waveform of the next immediate even row changes from low to high, resulting in a radial voltage effect in the row direction.
In the original technology for the LCD column driving methods, since it is only in the column direction where the comparative data from the modulation counter is modulated making it opposite, therefore, only a row direction radial exists. Its waveform is shown in FIG. 7. The output driver voltages in different columns are the same. If at any time the voltage inversion control signal (M) is unchanged, the voltage for the COM direction is V5, the column selecting voltage is V6, the un-selecting voltage is V4. When any one column voltage changes from V6 to V4, the capacitance created at the intersection of the COM (row) and SEG (column) electrodes must discharge. (capacitance second level voltage changes from V5, V6 to V5, V4) The discharge relationship is V5 discharges to V4. Under the condition when the neighboring data is similar, the same change occurs to the neighboring columns of the same row where V5 discharges to V4. This results in the odd columns and even columns to discharge in a uniform direction V4. The V4 then discharges completely and thus part of the discharge electric charge is a complete waste and in the meantime, the current passing through V5 is 2 I (for example); conversely, when any one column voltage changes from V4 to V6, the same thing happens to the neighboring column of the same row where the voltages change from V4 to V6. Then the odd columns and even columns charge V5 in a uniform direction while the current passing through V5 is 2 I. As seen, since the charge and discharge process is absolutely uniform, it is either charging or discharging at a given moment and there is no overlap between the charge and discharge processes; therefore, the electric charge cannot mutually compensate. It eventually causes the voltage flip-flop process to incur significant dissipation of electric charge. This leads to substantial power consumption by the panel and thus inherently high system cost.

Type of radial circuit used as LCD drivers


A method to generate compilable code from uncompilable code. The method includes receiving uncompilable code. The method further includes generating compilable code by one or more of (1) identifying and correcting syntax errors in the uncompilable code and (2) using an n-gram based token prediction model. The method further includes extracting features from the compilable code. The method further includes generating a machine learning model that recognizes patterns from extracted features in the compilable code.

The specification relates to a feedback application that generates compilable code from uncompilable code.
When a programmer is learning how to code, it is more important that the programmer show an ability to solve a programming problem using the correct logic, which is also known as an algorithmic approach, as opposed to the ability to follow and reproduce the syntax of a language. Syntax can be learned quickly for a new programming language, but it is more difficult to develop an ability to code with the correct logic.
Several automated systems for testing coding skills and providing feedback have been developed. One method for evaluation of the code uses test cases, which neither provides good judgment to the evaluator nor proper actionable feedback to the candidate. Another method provides a grade on the logical correctness of a program according to a rubric. However, none of these methods handle code that does not compile. As a result, a programmer will not receive feedback on how to improve the code. Even worse, a programmer may miss out on grades or job opportunities.
The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.

Generating compilable code from uncompilable code

Aspiring Minds Assessment Private Limited