An apparatus for editing image colors in a color display, comprising time signal generating circuitry for detecting time intervals in which a plurality of color signals are displayed on the screen during one horizontal interval in accordance with color difference signals and outputting a signal corresponding to the detected time intervals, switching circuitry for outputting a signal corresponding to a desired color instead of a target color during a time interval of the target color of one horizontal interval according to an external control means controller, and a controller which contains controlling the target color and desired color by selection of the user and substituting the desired color for the target color. Also, a method of editing the image colors in the color display in accordance with. Therefore, the user can edit variously the image colors in the color display and watch a picture in the desired image colors on a color display screen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to a color television system, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for editing image colors in the color television system which are capable of changing the image colors of a broadcasting signal transmitted from a broadcasting station into image colors required by a viewer so that the viewer can watch a picture of the desired image colors on the screen.
2. Description of the Related Art
With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram of a basic construction of a typical color television system. As shown in the drawing, the color television system basically comprises a video processing circuit 1, an audio processing circuit 2, a synchronization, deflection and high voltage circuit 3, a color regenerating circuit 4, a convergence circuit 5 and a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a cathode picture tube (CPT) 6.
The video processing circuit 1 includes a tuner circuit 8, a video intermediate frequency amplifying and video detecting circuit 9, a video amplifying circuit 10 and an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit 11.
The tuner circuit 8 has a circuitry similar to that in a black and white (B/W) television system, but with stricter requirements than those of the B/W television system with respect to frequency characteristic, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and variation of oscillating frequency for the purpose of precise regeneration of color.
The video intermediate frequency amplifying and video detecting circuit 9 includes several trap circuits, which are not present in the B/W television system, for preventing a beat interference of 920 KHz due to a frequency difference between a sound intermediate frequency and a chrominance signal.
The construction and operation of the video amplifying circuit 10 is typically as follows:
The single stage, video amplifying circuit converts impedance of a composite video signal inputted therein and then separates a chrominance signal and a luminance signal from the composite video signal of the converted impedance. The chrominance signal is then applied from the video amplifying circuit to a band pass amplifying circuit. At this time, transmission of the chrominance signal from the band pass amplifying circuit to a color output circuit is delayed more than that of the luminance signal due to the narrow band of the band pass amplifying circuit. As a result, there is a necessity for delaying the transmission of the luminance signal for the purpose of coincidence with the transmission of the chrominance signal. For this reason, in the video amplifying circuit, there is included a delay line for delaying the transmission of the luminance signal about 0.8-1.0 .mu.s. However, the delay line has difficulty in obtaining a gain without impedance matching. Therefore, the video amplifying circuit 10 generally may include a four-stage amplifying circuit with further consideration of signal polarity. Further in this circuit, there is included an automatic resolution control (ARC) circuit or a DC restorer, for the further purpose of attenuation of 3.58 MHz signal.
The AGC circuit 11 has circuitry similar to that in the B/W television system, but it must maintain an output voltage from the video intermediate frequency amplifying and video detecting circuit 9 more uniformly than that of the B/W television system in consideration of DC restoration.
The audio processing circuit 2 has the same circuitry as that in the B/W television system. As above-mentioned, the video intermediate frequency amplifying and video detecting circuit 9 includes several trap circuits, which are not present in the B/W television system, for attenuating a sound carrier to prevent a beat interference of 920 KHz due to a frequency difference between the sound intermediate frequency and the chrominance signal. There is little signal component of 4.5 MHz in the output of the video intermediate frequency amplifying and video detecting circuit 9. For this reason, a separate 4.5 MHz detecting circuit is included to obtain a second sound intermediate frequency.
The synchronization, deflection and high voltage circuit 3 includes a synchronization circuit 13, a vertical deflection circuit 14, a horizontal deflection circuit 15 and a high voltage circuit 16.
The synchronization circuit 13 separates a synchronizing signal from the composite video signal from the video amplifying circuit 10, amplifies the separated synchronizing signal and then transfers the amplified synchronizing signal to the vertical and horizontal deflection circuits 14 and 15. The synchronization circuit 13 has the same circuitry as that in the B/W television system.
In the color television system, convergence of luminous flux can come out well only by applying perfectly uniform magnetic force to the Braun tube, due to the large diameter of the Braun tube. For this reason, the deflection coil becomes large in volume and requires a large deflection power. Also, additional circuits are added to extract signals necessary to the convergence of the luminous flux. As a result, vertical and horizontal output transformers have complex constructions. Herein, the horizontal scanning frequency is 15734.263 Hz and the vertical scanning frequency is 59.93 Hz. As known, the frequency difference between the vertical and horizontal scanning frequencies is small and thus not very important.
On the other hand, focus of the color Braun tube is degraded as variation of voltage. As a result, the high voltage circuit 16 is utilized for stability of high voltage.
The color regenerating circuit 4 includes a band pass amplifying circuit 17, a color synchronizing circuit 18, a demodulating circuit 19, a difference signal amplifying circuit 20 and a color output circuit 21.
The band pass amplifying circuit 17 separates and amplifies the chrominance signal of 3.58 MHz .+-.500 KHz from the composite video signal and outputs the amplified chrominance signal to the demodulating circuit 19. In the band pass amplifying circuit 17, there are added a color killer circuit for stopping the band pass amplification in the B/W broadcasting and an automatic color control (ACC) circuit for controlling an amplification degree.
The broadcasting station transmits a horizontal synchronizing signal with a subcarrier (8-12 Hz) being inserted into a back porch of the horizontal synchronizing signal, which is required to demodulate the chrominance signal. As a result, there is a necessity for producing continuously a burst signal, or a color synchronizing signal, being synchronized with the chrominance signal of 3.58 MHz. The color synchronizing circuit 18 functions to produce continuously such color synchronizing signal.
The demodulating circuit 19 detects the chrominance signal synchronously with the subcarrier and extracts color difference signals E.sub.R -E.sub.Y, E.sub.G -E.sub.Y, E.sub.B -E.sub.Y. As a result, the output frequency of the demodulating circuit 19 is not 3.58 MHz, but 0-500 KHz.
The difference signal amplifying circuit 20 amplifies the output signal from the demodulating circuit 19 by a predetermined amplification degree.
The color output circuit 21 subtracts the luminance signal from the difference signals from the demodulating circuit 19 to produce the three primary colors E.sub.R, E.sub.G and E.sub.B.
In a shadow mask type Braun tube, three electron guns are used each of which is slightly inclined inwardly with respect to the center axis of the Braun tube. With this arrangement, a set of three electron beams simultaneously converges on the surface of a shadow mask and pass through apertures formed at the shadow mask to excite fluorescent materials of red, blue and green colors, thereby causing the fluorescent materials to emit light.
Since the distance from the deflection start point to the center of shadow mask is shorter than the radius of curvature of the shadow mask, however, three electron beams are converged on the place before the shadow mask surface, at the shadow mask portions except the center portion of shadow mask, thereby causing them to hardly pass the same aperture. As a result, the reproduced image on the screen may be unsightly, because the chromatic aberration of the image becomes more severe at the screen portions which become more distant from the center portion of screen. For avoiding this phenomenon and making electron beams pass well through apertures at the entire shadow mask portions, it is required to flow current of parabolic, each occurrences wave type having the frequency identical to horizontal and vertical scanning frequencies, through a convergence coil. The circuit forming the above-mentioned parabolic, each occurrences wave is the convergence circuit 5.
As shown in FIG. 2, the CRT 6 is provided with a heater H, a cathode K, a control grid G1, a screen grid G2, a focus electrode G3, an anode electrode G4, prefocus lens L1, a focus lens L2 and a phosphor screen 9. Thermions are emitted from the cathode K heated by the heater H. The emitted thermions are controlled by the control grid G1 and are then drawn by a voltage of the screen grid G2. The thermions passed through the screen grid G2 are focused and accelerated respectively at the focus electrode G3 and the anode electrode G4. Then, the thermions are radiated from the phosphor screen 9. At this time, if the thermions arrived at the phosphor screen 9 are large in amount, the brightness is more strong. As a result, the brightness can be adjusted as variation in amount of the thermions. The amount of the thermions is determined by a relative voltage among the cathode K, the control grid G1 and the screen grid G2. Namely, (control grid voltage)-(cathode voltage)=(bias voltage). Also, as the screen grid voltage is increased, the anode current is increased, thereby making the screen brighter.
The reference numeral 7 in FIG. 1 designates a portion of the color television system corresponding to the output of the chrominance signal.
With reference to FIG. 3, there is shown a detailed block diagram of the portion 7 of the color television system corresponding to the output of the chrominance signal in FIG. 1. As shown in this drawing, the demodulating circuit 19 detects from the output signal from the band pass amplifying circuit 17 in accordance with the output signal from the color synchronizing circuit 18, a red-luminance signal, referred hereinafter to as R-Y, a green-luminance signal, referred hereinafter to as G-Y, and a blue-luminance signal, referred hereinafter to as B-Y. Then, the demodulating circuit 19 outputs the detected R-Y, G-Y and B-Y signals to the difference signal amplifying circuit 20. The difference signal amplifying circuit 20 amplifies the inputted R-Y, G-Y and B-Y signals by a predetermined amplification degree and then outputs the amplified R-Y, G-Y and B-Y signals respectively to a R signal output circuit 21a, a G signal output circuit 21b and a B signal output circuit 21c, in the color output circuit 21. The color output circuit 21 eliminates the luminance signal Y from the inputted R-Y, G-Y and B-Y signals to obtain pure color signals, R, G and B, and then outputs the color signals R, G and B respectively to the corresponding cathode K in the CRT 6.
However, the conventional color television system has a disadvantage, in that it displays the image colors transmitted from the broadcasting station directly through the CRT 6 without any variation. There has recently been required an apparatus for editing the image colors in the color television system, which is capable of changing the image colors variously so that the color television system may be utilized for instance in juvenile education for educating the children how to make a distinction between colors.

Method and apparatus for editing image colors in color television system


A method of producing optical elements using a substrate having a recess, which is capable of easily removing a film in the recess, and optical elements formed. The optical element comprises a substrate 1, an optical waveguide structure layer 10 of resin disposed in a part of the region on the substrate 1, and a recess 21 formed in the region where the optical waveguide structure layer 10 is not disposed. The optical waveguide structure layer 10 includes an optical waveguide 4 and a clad layer. A coupler layer is disposed between the substrate 1 and the optical waveguide structure layer 10, and the film thickness distribution range of the coupler layer in the region below the optical waveguide 4 is such that the minimum film thickness is not more than 30 angstroms and the maximum film thickness is not less than 20 angstroms.

Polyimide type resins attract notice as materials with use of which optical elements such as optical waveguides having good optical characteristics can be produced by a simple production process. Polyimide type resins have a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and a superior heat resistance, and hence optical elements produced are expected to have a long-term reliability, and further, even though they are made of resins, can withstand soldering. In particular, a polyimide type resin containing fluorine has characteristic features such that it has higher light transmission properties and a lower refractive index than polyimide type resins containing no fluorine, and hence it is superior thereto as a material for optical elements.
Such a polyimide type resin containing fluorine, however, has low adherence to glass, quartz, silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, tantalum oxide, gallium arsenide and so forth which are used as materials for substrates of optical elements. Accordingly, an optical-device production method is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H7-174930 in which an organozirconium compound layer is formed on a substrate and a polyimide type resin film containing fluorine is formed thereon. Also disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-241640 is a structure in which a film of an organozirconium compound and a resin film containing no fluorine are superposingly formed and a polyimide type resin film containing fluorine is formed thereon.

Optical element, method of producing optical elements, coating device, and coating method


A spindle with an RFID function includes a disc support and an RFID tag. The disc support has a bottom seat, and a positioning axle connecting to the bottom seat. The disc support is used to support discs in a disc production process. The RFID tag is installed inside or attached onto the disc support for managing the disc production process. Whereby, the spindle with RFID tag can not only be used to accommodate the at least one disc, but also to manage or quickly integrate the disc production process and the disc material flow, prevent the disc production process from error-occurring, and to provide a burglarproof function.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a spindle with an RFID function, and particularly relates to a spindle including a disc support and an RFID tag. The RFID tag is attached on or installed inside the disc support.
2. Description of Related Art
A multi-disc box manufactured by a regular disc factory is used to carry discs, in order to have at least one disc transported to its destination inside the multi-disc box. However, the regular multi-disc box has only a carrying function; it lacks the function of information management.
In general, the management of the quantity of multi-disc boxes held by a store or warehouse for example, is conducted by manual counting, or by manually scanning the bar code on the DVD boxes with a scanning device. However, these methods not only allow mistakes to be made easily, but also require a lot of time to ascertain the quantity of discs held. Moreover, it is impossible to manage the disc production process and the disc material flow with a regular disc. Disc information can not be incorporated in a regular disc, so production costs will be raised and manpower will be wasted.


A hybrid drive system for vehicles. The system includes the connection of an engine and a motor, one as a combustion engine (1) and the other as a pneumatic motor (2), with this connection being made through a mechanical coupling (3) and, at once, through a pneumatic connection between the exhaust (8) of the pneumatic motor (2) and the input (9) of the combustion engine (1), including a control unit (19) which controls both the coupling (3) and the engine (1) and motor (2) and supplementary equipment associated to the latter. The pneumatic and mechanical coupling between both engine (1) and motor (2) provides comburent overfeeding to the combustion engine (1) and, at the same time, a sum of the drives provided by both engine and motor, with this sum of drives being applied to the pertinent clutch (6) of the system, in order to achieve a reduction in the consumption of the latter and greater power.

Combustion engine supercharging is a technique that has been used for many years, with the purpose of saving fuel and also providing the engine with greater power.
supercharging through mechanical operation based on a compressor which compresses the fluid in the combustion engine input are known, although, after years of experiments, this manner of supercharging has been rejected since consumption in the engine is penalised compared to a natural induction engine. The most widespread way is turbo-compression, in its different alternatives.
Another way of supercharging combustion engines is based on using the exhaust gases of a pneumatic motor soundly interlocked therewith, so that supercharging is external and it is necessary to store the compressed air in tanks and proportion it at a certain pressure so that a pneumatic motor gives an appropriate flow of air in its exhaust applicable to the actual combustion engine itself, even though the pneumatic motor's exhaust is not at atmospheric pressure but at that of the combustion engine's supercharging which diminishes performance.
European patent 965000441 describes a supercharging system based on an electric compressor acting on the combustion engine.
In any event, although many combustion engine supercharging systems are known, up to the present time, no optimum performance has been achieved since, in those cases where the performance is theoretically high, consumption does not diminish which is why the object of this invention is to design supercharging produced by the exhaust gases of a pneumatic motor, which is mechanically interlocked to the combustion engine through, for example, the joining of their crankshafts, which it defines as hybrid-drive.


An information storage medium according to an embodiment of this invention includes a wobble track whose wobble period is modulated by multi-frequency shift keying corresponding to playback control information, wherein the playback control information contains header data and address data, and the header data contains a VFO area formed from a predetermined frequency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information storage medium having grooves concentrically or spirally formed, and to an information recording/playback apparatus for recording/playing back information to/from the information storage medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
Research and development of high-capacity information storage media, such as optical disks, is recently advancing. Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-106549 discloses a technique for wobbling pre-grooves on an optical disk by frequency modulation corresponding to address data.
In the above prior art, however, the recording density of address data is low. For this reason, a large track length (groove) is required to record one address. For example, tracks corresponding to 16 sectors are required to record one address. In other words, tracks corresponding to 16 sectors must be played back to specify one address. A tracking error that may occur during a write is detected from a wobbled signal obtained by playing back tracks corresponding to 16 sectors. For this reason, an erase error due to the tracking error in the write mode ranges over 16 sectors at maximum. The erase error in 16 sectors means that all data in an error correction code block is destroyed. Data restoration is impossible, as a matter of course.

Information storage medium and information recording/playback apparatus


A sheet piece is folded along a first center line thereof to define a first half and a second half. End edges of these two halves are bonded to each other at their middles. The folded sheet piece is placed upon a crotch region of a basic structure, with the first center line being brought close to a second center line of the basic structure. Lateral edges of the first half are bonded to the crotch region. The basic structure is folded back along the second center line. The inner surface of the basic structure is bonded to the outer surface of the lateral edges of the second half. Regions of the first and second halves defined between the respective lateral edges are spaced from the crotch region. Front and rear waist regions of the basic structure are bonded along the lateral edges to obtain a pants-shape diaper.

The present invention relates generally to a method for making a disposable pants-type diaper and the pants-type diaper obtained by this method, and particularly to the method for making the pants-type diaper adapted to prevent feces from coming in contact with the wearer's skin and such pants-type diaper.
Disposable diapers adapted to prevent feces from coming in contact with and thereby soiling the wearer's skin is well known. For example, the pants-type diaper disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-11044 (Reference) has a skin contactable sheet provided on a topsheet and a crotch region of this skin contactable sheet is formed with an opening around which an elastic member is in its stretched state to the skin contactable sheet. This opening is exactly opposed to the wearer's anus so that feces discharged by the wearer may move through the opening into a space underlying the skin contactable sheet without an anxiety that feces might come in the wearer's skin.
The diaper disclosed in Reference is not free from the possibility that feces might move into a space between the wearer's skin and the skin contactable sheet and significantly soil the wearer's skin unless the opening formed in the skin contactable sheet is exactly opposed to the wearer's anus. Specifically, it is essential for this known diaper to bring the opening of the skin contactable sheet in line with the anus in the course of putting the diaper on the wearer. However, it can not be determined from the exterior whether the opening of the diaper having been put on the wearer is exactly opposed to the anus or not. Furthermore, the skin contactable sheet is formed with a notch through which urine can be directly absorbed by the absorbent core. However, urine has passed through the notch will be inevitably mixed with feces on the surface of the absorbent core. Liquidity of feces will increase when it is mixed with urine and consequentially a possibility that the wearer's skin might be soiled with feces will correspondingly increase.

Method for making disposable pants-type diaper


A steering system of an outboard motor is provided that is mounted on a stern of a boat and having an internal combustion engine at its upper portion and a propeller with a rudder at its lower portion that is powered by the engine to propel the boat. The steering system includes a cowl enclosing the engine and a hydraulic cylinder connected to the outboard motor at one end and to the boat at other end to swivel the outboard motor relative to the boat to steer the cowl, the propeller, and the engine about a vertical axis. The hydraulic cylinder is located inside a vertical plane of a profile of the outboard motor when viewed along the vertical axis such that the hydraulic cylinder never projects outside the profile in any steered position of the motor.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an outboard motor steering system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Almost all outboard motor steering systems have up to now been of types operated by human power, such as the tiller handle type used to turn the rudder by manually operating a tiller handle attached to the outboard motor and the remote control type used to remotely operate a steering mechanism through a push-pull cable. Further, an add-on mechanism constituted as a separate unit from the outboard motor and used to power-assist the turning of the tiller handle is known. As shown in FIG. 23, this mechanism typically includes a steering hydraulic cylinder 204 attached to the front (boat side) of an outboard motor 200 through stays 202, and a link mechanism 206 connected between the hydraulic cylinder 204 and a tiller handle 208.
Human-powered steering systems are disadvantageous because they tend to have an unpleasant steering "feel" owing to, for instance, heavy steering load. The add-on steering system using a hydraulic cylinder also has disadvantages, most notably that its structure is complicated, that it adds to the number and weight of the components, and that it takes up space between the front of the outboard motor and the rear of the boat.
Attempts have been made to overcome these drawbacks. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. Hei 2(1990)-279495 ('495), for example, teaches a steering system including a steering hydraulic cylinder attached to a swivel bracket. A piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder is extended and contracted to power-assist rudder turning through a tiller handle or the like. Since the steering system is integrated with the outboard motor, it minimizes increase in the number and weight of the constituent components and saves space.
In a hydraulic cylinder used for rudder turning, extension/contraction of the piston rod is generally controlled by on/off operating a control valve provided in an oil line of the hydraulic circuit and switching the rotation direction of the motor that drives the hydraulic pump.
There is also known a power tilt-trim system for regulating an outboard motor's tilt angle and trim angle. As set out in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. Hei 7(1995)-228296, for instance, this power tilt-trim system achieves light weight and compact size by utilizing the same hydraulic pump to supply hydraulic oil to both the hydraulic cylinder for regulating the tilt angle and the hydraulic cylinder for regulating the trim angle.
However, the steering system taught by '495 is disadvantageous from the aspect of saving space around the outboard motor because in some operating states of the hydraulic cylinder, the hydraulic cylinder projects from the outboard motor main unit. In addition, when two outboard motors are installed side by side in a dual motor configuration, the installation space must be enlarged by the amount of projection of the hydraulic cylinders so as to prevent interference between the outboard motors.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Continuous measurement indicia between casing collars of a pipe segment of a well bore casing is obtained from signals obtained by sensing innate, persistent and unaltered characteristics, e.g. magnetic permeability, of the pipe segment along its length, and using the signals to perform a downhole function, e.g. a gravity measurement, at an indicated location.

The depth of a downhole tool in the well bore is typically determined by measuring the length of a suspension cable attached to the tool that has been lowered into the well bore. This depth measurement is made by an encoder or odometer which measures the amount of cable that has been paid out from a winch into the well bore. Unfortunately, the odometer measurement does not accurately reflect the downhole location of the tools or whether the tool is actually moving within the well bore. The odometer measurement contains errors which result from stretching of the cable between the winch and the downhole tool. Cable stretch is affected by many factors including the type of cable used to suspend the tool, the tool weight, the tension in cable, cable friction, hole rugosity, deviation of the hole, temperature in the well, speed of movement and changes in speed of the cable, and variations in cable tension caused by the friction between the cable and the casing and between the tool and the casing, as well as other factors. Compensation for some of these factors can be made, but not for all of these factors. As a consequence, the measurement from the odometer is not a reliable indication of the depth of the tool within the well bore.
The traditional technique of augmenting the odometer measurement is using casing collar location information obtained from a casing collar locator carried by the downhole tool. The casing collar locator magnetically senses the position of casing collars where connected segments of pipe are threaded together to form the casing. A casing collar is an enlarged diameter end portion of one pipe segment which is internally threaded and which receives the external threats at the end of the adjoining connected pipe segment. The larger diameter of the casing collar and the possibility of a slight gap between the adjoining ends of the connected pipe segments creates a distinctive change in the magnetic permeability of the metal (typically steel) casing at each collar. The change in magnetic permeability is detected by signals from the casing collar locator when the downhole tool moves past the casing collar. The casing collar signals are communicated to the surface and coordinated with the odometer information to form a log or record of the odometer-measured depth of the casing collar locations.
Because the casing collar signals reliably identify the location of each casing collar, and because each pipe segment of the casing has a definite length, typically 30 or 40 feet, reasonably reliable indications of the depth of the downhole tool are established at intervals of 30 or 40 feet by the casing collar signals, despite inaccuracies of the odometer measurement. The locations of the casing collars are fixed relative to the surrounding earth formation as a result of cementing the casing into the borehole drilled into the earth formation.
The principal record of depth information for a well is called a "base cased hole log." All downhole functions are performed relative to the depth reference shown on the base cased hole log. The base cased hole log includes depth information derived from the casing collar signals, and information derived from two natural gamma ray surveys, one taken in the open borehole before the casing is inserted and the other taken after the casing has been cemented in place. The rocks and natural geological structures surrounding the borehole emit different intensities of natural radiation at different depths, and a gamma ray detector of a downhole tool detects the variation in gamma ray radiation relative to the odometer-measured depth. The resolution of a natural gamma ray survey is in the neighborhood of 0.5-1.0 feet. The open borehole natural gamma ray survey is sometimes accompanied by other types of surveys which log other formation parameters. The base cased hole log is created by correlating the natural gamma ray survey intensity information, the casing collar location information, the number and length of the pipe segments which form the casing, and any other open borehole survey information. The base cased hole log thereafter serves as the master depth reference log or base tie log for the well.
The depth information of the base cased hole log may not be precisely accurate, but that information nevertheless is used as the controlling reference for all subsequent depth measurements in the well bore. Certain downhole tools which are used for specialized purposes in a well bore are capable of providing high depth resolution. However, the use of such specialized downhole tools is an unusual event and the depth information from such tools is typically not used to create the base cased hole log or in subsequent downhole functions or activities.
Subsequent downhole functions or activities at predetermined depths require the depth information from the odometer to be correlated or tied in to the depth information of the base cased hole log. The most reliable interval depth information by which to correlate presently obtained odometer depth information to the depth information shown on the base cased hole log is casing collar location information. To obtain casing collar location information to achieve such correlation, a downhole tool that is used to perform the subsequent downhole function includes a casing collar locator. As the downhole tool moves past the casing collars, the casing collar locator sends casing collar signals to the earth surface where those signals are correlated to the odometer measured depth and to the base cased hole log.
If positioning is required between casing collar locations, the odometer must be relied upon to determine those intermediate positions. However, reliance on the odometer is prone to error even over intervals as short as 30 or 40 feet, particularly when the downhole tool must be stopped and started in its movement within the well bore. For example, the inventors are aware of the situation where the odometer indicated that approximately 15 feet of the suspension cable had been withdrawn from a 12,000 foot deep well bore, thereby presumably moving the downhole tool 15 feet, but in actuality the downhole tool had not moved from its previous position due to cable stretch and other anomalies. These types of errors are significant in well bore surveys that require exact placement of the downhole tool between casing collar locations.
For example, an accurate gravity survey requires positioning the gravity measurement instrument within the downhole tool at a position which is no more than about 1 or 2 cm different from the position of the gravity measurement instrument when an earlier reading of gravity was measured supposedly at that same location. Presently, the closest resolution available is within about 3 or 4 inches. A gravity survey is typically used to determine the extent of extraction of hydrocarbon products from an underground reservoir. As the reservoir is produced, the extracted gas or oil is displaced by water. A change in density of the reservoir occurs because the heavier density water has replaced the lighter density hydrocarbon products produced from the well bore. The change in density creates a change in gravity. Measuring the change in gravity requires two time-displaced or time-lapse gravity surveys. The difference of the earlier and later gravity measurements describes the extent of hydrocarbon production. The earlier and later gravity surveys may be separated by months or years; nevertheless it is very important to conduct the surveys at the same depth positions within the well bore to obtain reliable gravity information.
Using the casing collar signals to establish such a precise depth at the location between casing collars on a repeatable and time lapse basis is virtually impossible at the present time. The different types of suspension cables and odometers used in the later depth measurements contribute to the uncertainty. Starting and stopping the survey tool at positions between casing collars greatly multiplies the uncertainty. Consequently, many downhole functions, including well bore and gravity surveys, are not performed as accurately as desired, due to the practical inability to reliably and precisely measure the depth or distance between adjacent casing collars.

High resolution continuous depth positioning in a well bore using persistent casing properties


An electromagnetic wave absorber having an excellent electromagnetic wave absorption characteristic in 5 to 6 GHz band. The electromagnetic wave absorber has a matrix and powder filled in the matrix. The particles of the powder have electrical conductivity at least in surface regions thereof and have a particle diameter of 3 to 20 μm as expressed by D50 value. A volumetric ratio (V) in which the powder is filled in the matrix is set such that a standardized value expressed as a value obtained by dividing a complex relative permeability (μ″) of the electromagnetic wave absorber in a frequency band to be absorbed thereby by the volumetric ratio (V) is constant as far as the particle diameter of the powder used, as expressed by the D50 value, is within the range of 3 to 20 μm.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electromagnetic wave absorber and a process of producing same, and more particularly, to an electromagnetic wave absorber which is so designed as to exhibit a stable electromagnetic wave absorption characteristic in a selected high-frequency band of 5 to 6 GHz and a process of producing such an electromagnetic wave absorber.
2. Description of the Related Art
Sheetlike material obtained by kneading a matrix, which may be rubber or various resins, for example, with soft magnetic powder and rolling the kneaded mixture into a sheet has been put to practical use as an electromagnetic wave absorber. Such an electromagnetic wave absorber is incorporated into various electric/electronic devices so as to absorb noise attributable to electromagnetic waves generated by these devices or propagated from other devices and thereby prevent malfunction etc. of the devices.
Recently, there is a tendency to use higher-frequency signals for driving electric/electronic devices and systems constituted by such devices. For example, use of the 5 GHz band in indoor wireless LAN is under study, and in the ETC system and DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), the 5.8 GHz band is actually used.
Under the circumstances, the electromagnetic wave absorber incorporated into such systems is also required to have a good electromagnetic wave absorption characteristic in the high-frequency band.
To meet the requirements, Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. 2003-60383, for example, discloses an electromagnetic wave absorbing sheet as an electromagnetic wave absorber for use in high-frequency band, in which a matrix of polypropylene is filled with 25 to 40 volume % of soft magnetic powder having an average particle diameter of, for example, 3 μm or less.
Meanwhile, a very wide frequency range of electromagnetic waves is currently used in various applications. Accordingly, the electromagnetic wave absorbers need to exhibit excellent absorption characteristics in the frequency bands of their respective applications. Namely, it is not necessary that one electromagnetic wave absorber should have an excellent absorption characteristic over such a very wide frequency range. Instead, the electromagnetic wave absorber may have an excellent absorption characteristic in a particular selected frequency band, and then the absorber is sufficiently useful for systems using that frequency band.

Electromagnetic wave absorber and a process of producing same


A system and method of intelligent agent self-repair for an intelligent agent system in a vehicle is provided that includes a host system in communication with an intelligent agent via a communications network. An executable software program verifies if the agent work procedure list matches a corresponding work procedure list for the agent that is stored in the memory of the host system. Execution of the agent work procedure list by the agent is ceased and the agent is repaired by transmitting a new work procedure list to the agent from the host information database, if the agent work procedure list is not verified. The agent continues to execute the work instructions if the agent work procedure list is verified or the agent is repaired.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer-assisted vehicle diagnostics and, more specifically, to a system and method of agent self-repair within an intelligent agent system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Vehicles, and in particular motor vehicles, frequently incorporate monitoring systems that function to monitor the status of various vehicle components. An on-board diagnostic system (OBD) is frequently utilized in monitoring the engine, emissions, transmission or other key vehicle systems. The information obtained by such a monitoring system may be useful in detecting a vehicle condition, such as a malfunction, or other such abnormal operating condition. A key feature of the on-board diagnostic system is the ability to notify the vehicle operator of the detected vehicle condition. Early detection, diagnosis, or notification of a malfunction is important to the continued operation of the vehicle.
While the on-board diagnostic systems work well, they may not provide information regarding causation. Intelligent agent diagnostic systems are known to collect and transfer data within an electronic system that may be relevant to causation. An example of a multi-agent diagnostic system for a vehicle that can detect and isolate a fault is described in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/629,035, filed on Jul. 28, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,950,782, which is incorporated herein by reference. A further example of a system and method of intelligent agent identification for use in conjunction with a multi-agent diagnostic system is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/282,925, filed on Nov. 18, 2005.
The above-described systems and methodologies work well for fault isolation. It also works well in providing security concerning the ingress and egress of an agent to the system. However, it does not provide an agent with a self-repair function. Thus, there is a need in the art for a system and method of intelligent agent self-repair for an intelligent agent system that improves the integrity of the intelligent agent system by allowing for self-repair of agents within the electronic system and thus preventing the dissemination of information from a malicious agent.

System and method of agent self-repair within an intelligent agent system


Processes for producing butadiene from n-butane comprising: (a) providing a feed gas stream comprising n-butane; (b) non-oxidatively dehydrogenating the feed gas stream in the presence of a catalyst in a first dehydrogenation zone to form a first intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, 1-butene, 2-butene, butadiene and hydrogen; (c) oxidatively dehydrogenating the first intermediate gas stream in the presence of an oxygenous gas having an oxygen content of at least 75% by volume in a second dehydrogenation zone to form a second intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam; (d) compressing and cooling the second intermediate gas to form a first condensate stream comprising water and a third intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam; (e) compressing and cooling the third intermediate gas to form a second condensate stream comprising n-butane, butadiene and water and a fourth intermediate gas stream comprising n-butane, butadiene, hydrogen and carbon dioxide; (1) cooling the fourth intermediate gas stream to form a third condensate stream comprising n-butane and butadiene, and an offgas stream comprising carbon dioxide and hydrogen; (g) removing water from the second condensate stream and combining the second condensate stream and third condensate stream to form a C4 hydrocarbon stream comprising n-butane and butadiene; and (h) separating the C4 hydrocarbon stream to form a recylce stream comprising n-butane and a product stream comprising butadiene; wherein at least a portion of the recycle stream is fed to the first dehydrogenation zone.

The invention relates to a process for preparing butadiene from n-butane.
Butadiene is an important basic chemical and is used, for example, to prepare synthetic rubbers (butadiene homopolymers, styrene-butadiene-rubber or nitrile rubber) or for preparing thermoplastic terpolymers (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers). Butadiene is also converted to sulfolane, chloroprene and 1,4-hexamethylenediamine (via 1,4-dichlorobutene and adiponitrile). Dimerization of butadiene also allows vinylcyclohexene to be generated, which can be dehydrogenated to styrene.
Butadiene can be prepared by thermally cracking (steamcracking) saturated hydrocarbons, in which case naphtha is typically used as the raw material. In the steamcracking of naphtha, a hydrocarbon mixture of methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, propene, propyne, allene, butenes, butadiene, butynes, methylallene, C5 and higher hydrocarbons is obtained.
A disadvantage of the generation of butadiene in a cracking process is that larger amounts of undesired coproducts are inevitably obtained.

Method for producing butadiene from n-butane


Disclosed is a method of cancelling inter-subcarrier interferences in distributed antenna system. A method of cancelling interference performed in a transmitting station may include configuring a least one Alamouti pair by mapping subcarrier to each of input symbols, performing a 2N-point inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the at least one Alamouti pair, wherein the N is a natural number, and performing a frequency up converting on signals on which the 2N-point IFFT performed. Therefore, the inter-subcarrier interferences can be canceled efficiently.

1. Technical Field
Example embodiments of the present invention relate in general to a technology for cancelling interference in a wireless communication system, and more specifically, to a method of cancelling inter-subcarrier interference in distributed antenna system, which can efficiently cancel inter-subcarrier interference in distributed antenna system using Alamouti coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).
2. Related Art
According to rapid advances of wireless communication system, demands on transmitting and receiving a high-speed large amount of data are increasing. For this, a method of installing a plurality of distributed antennas additionally in the conventional cell coverage, and performing cooperative communications between a plurality of transmitters and a plurality of receivers, which are geographically distributed, is being used.
Such the distributed antenna system has an effect of resolving a problem of coverage hole, decreasing transmission power, and enhancing transmission efficiency per bandwidth, and especially a system which makes use of relay nodes connected to a base station through optic cables as distributed antenna has a strong point in high-efficient resource allocation and a cooperative signal transmission between distributed antennas, since the system does not require additional radio resources for relaying and transmission/reception of control signals.
Meanwhile, since circuits processing a large number of subcarriers may be implemented on a single integrated circuit according to advances of semi-conductor technology, it has become possible to convert high-speed data into low-speed parallel data and transmit the converted low-speed parallel data. In addition, since computation has become more simplified according to adopting a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) signal processing, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is being applied to various commercial wireless or mobile telecommunication systems.
Also, recently, an Alamouti coded OFDM, which obtains transmit antenna gains by using Alamouti codes in distributed antenna system, is being used. In the distributed antenna system, in order to maximize diversity gain, interferences due to frequency errors are required to be reduced.
In a wireless communication system using a time-space code based Alamouti coded OFDM, in order to cancel interferences due to frequency errors between transmit antennas, a conventional method of transferring information on drifts generated due to the frequency error from a receiving part to a transmitting part has been used. Thus, the conventional method has shortcoming of increasing signaling overhead.
Also, since N-point Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)/Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computations have been used conventionally, there has been a problem that effects of residual interference components are large even after cancelling inter-subcarrier interferences, and a method of transmitting null data for resolving the problem has been used. However, the method of transmitting null data has a shortcoming in decreasing a data transmission rate.

Method of cancelling inter-subcarrier interference in distributed antenna system

INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION, YEUNGNAM UNIVERSITY


A dual-type organic EL device and a method of manufacturing the same. The dual-type organic electroluminescent display (EL) device includes a main organic EL display panel having a main substrate and a main organic EL portion formed on the main substrate, a sub organic EL display panel having a sub substrate and a sub organic EL portion formed on the sub substrate, and a sealing member sealing the main substrate and the sub substrate to each other, wherein the main organic EL portion and the sub organic EL portion are hermetically sealed facing each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent (EL) display device, and, more particularly, to a dual-type organic electroluminescent display device having two organic EL display panels.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, electroluminescent display devices, which are spontaneous emission display devices for emitting light by exciting fluorescent organic compounds, have advantageous features such as a low driving voltage, and being thin and light. Also, much attention has been paid to electroluminescent display devices because they have advantageous features suitable for the next generation of display devices that can overcome several problems with LCDs, such as a wide viewing angle and a high response speed.
An organic electroluminescent display device (to be abbreviated as an organic EL device, hereinafter) basically operates as follows. When power is supplied, current flows while electrons migrate. At a negative electrode, the electrons move to an emitting layer through an electron transport layer. At a positive electrode, holes move to the emitting layer through a hole transport layer. The electrons and holes combine at the emitting layer, made of an organic material, to generate excitons having a high energy. The organic material constituting the emitting layer is capable of achieving a display of various colors, according to the organic electroluminescent material used.
In recent years, dual-type display devices have been increasingly demanded by users because they are capable of simultaneously displaying two picture screens in a folder-type electronic device such as a cellular phone.
For instance, referring to FIG. 1, a dual-type organic EL device includes a main organic EL display panel 10 and a sub organic EL display panel 20 coupled to each other so as to be viewed through the front and rear surfaces of the device.
In the dual-type organic EL device, the main organic EL display panel 10 includes a substrate 11, an organic EL portion 12 formed on the substrate 11, a cap 14 for protectively surrounding the organic EL portion 12, an absorbent 15 arranged in the cap 14, and a polarization plate 16 installed on one plane of the substrate 11. The sub organic EL display panel 20 coupled to the main organic EL display panel 10 has substantially the same configuration as that of the main organic EL display panel 10, and includes a substrate 21, an organic EL portion 22, a cap 23, an absorbent 24 and a polarization plate 25.
In the dual-type organic EL device, a user can selectively use information displayed on either the front panel or the rear panel, that is, either the main organic EL display panel 10 or the sub organic EL display panel 20. The dual-type organic EL device can be applied to, for example, a folder-type electronic device.
Another example of the dual-type organic EL device is shown in FIG. 2. Referring thereto, the dual-type organic EL device includes projections 32 and 42, of caps 31 and 41 of a main organic EL display panel 30 and a relatively smaller sub organic EL display panel 40, that are alternately disposed so that the overall thickness of the dual-type organic EL device is reduced.
In the dual-type organic EL device, when the cap 31 of the main organic EL display panel 30 contacts the cap 41 of the sub organic EL display panel 40, the organic EL device becomes bulky due to the heights of the cap 31 and 41 of the respective panels 30 and 40. Thus, there is still a limitation in thinning the dual-type organic EL device.
FIG. 3 shows still another example of a dual-type organic EL device, in which an organic EL display panel 50 and a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel 60 are coupled to each other.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-58260 discloses a bilateral emission type EL device, which is configured such that a cathode electrode, made of a metal having a low work function, is interposed between two EL material layers, and respective transparent electrodes are installed on each of the upper and lower surfaces of the EL material layers. The disclosed device, however, has a problem in that arrangement of an absorbent for protecting the EL material layers against moisture is very difficult work.
Japanese Patent Publication No. Hei 10-255974 discloses a bi-directionally driven organic EL device. The disclosed organic EL device includes a pair of electrodes, at least one of which is transparent or semi-transparent, a host emission layer, which emits light by recombination of holes and electrons injected from both electrodes and made of an organic fluorescent material, and a pair of carrier transport layers disposed between the host emission layer and each of the electrodes, capable of transporting the holes and electrons injected from the respective electrodes and effectively confining the holes and electrons in the host emission layer, and which transmits light at the maximum area of the emitted light.
Also, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2001-332392 discloses a bilateral emission type EL device. The disclosed device includes organic layers having an electron transport layer, an organic emitting layer and a hole transport layer stacked between an opaque cathode and a transparent anode, and a transparent member provided at least at one portion of the opaque cathode as a light guide portion.
As described above, in the bilateral emission type organic EL device having the above-described configuration, an image is formed by a cathode and anode with organic layers interposed therebetween. Thus, a dual image display cannot be achieved.

Dual-type organic electroluminescent display device and method for manufacturing the same


A device for applying a topical anesthetic includes a body to be wrapped around a part of the patient to provide a conformed fit. When wrapped, the body has an inside surface facing the part where a holder for holding a topical anesthetic against the patient's skin is provided and covered with a removable seal. The device can take a number of forms, such as a glove, a sock, or a tube. When wrapped, the device provides a comfortable and snug fit. The device has integral hook and loop regions for easy attachment and removal.

Medical practitioners insert intravenous (IV) catheters through a patient's skin to provide access for medications, fluids, and blood drawing. Insertion of an IV catheter can cause pain, which can reduce the level of cooperation by the patient, and can cause anxiety and other negative effects on the physical and mental well-being of the patient. The problems are particularly acute when the patient is a child.
To prepare the patient's skin for inserting a catheter, a practitioner cleans the skin and then anesthetizes it to reduce the pain. A topical anesthetic with 40% lidocaine has been used, but its use has been inconsistent because of concerns about irritation to the skin, systemic toxicity, and inadequate analgesia. Lidocaine-based anesthetics have also been injected, but this method of anesthetizing requires a needle stick. Attempts have been made, therefore, to produce a more desirable local anesthetic for IV insertions.
A promising topical anesthetic is sold under the name EMLA.RTM. (a registered trademark, and an acronym for "eutectic mixture of local anesthetics"). This anesthetic, which is typically applied as a cream, produces anesthesia equivalent to that achieved with a lidocaine injection, but without the needle stick. Even though EMLA anesthetic has been approved by the FDA, it is used to varying degrees because of difficulties in its application and use, and resulting non-compliance by patients.
To apply this anesthetic, a practitioner applies about 1-2 grams of cream per 10 cm.sup.2 of skin and leaves it on the skin for about an hour. An adhesive dressing, such as a TEGADERM.RTM. dressing (a registered trademark of 3M, located in St. Paul, Minn.), is often used to cover the cream and to keep it in contact with the skin. This dressing can be difficult to apply, however, and has some documented risks. The dressing has an adhesive that has a tendency to stick to itself, making it difficult to apply to skin surfaces. Moreover, it can lose its adhesion if the adhesive comes into contact with the cream. Secondary dressings, such as household plastic wrap and gauze, have been used to compensate for these problems.
Several other problems, particularly involving children, have been reported when applying the anesthetic in this manner. Children have rubbed the cream into their eyes when an inadequate covering has been applied to the hands, have ingested the cream and therefore caused upper airway anesthesia, and have chewed on the dressing.
Another way to apply this anesthetic has been with a patch impregnated with the anesthetic. To apply the patch, a seal is peeled away, so that the anesthetic can contact the patient's skin, and so that a stiff foam tape around the anesthetic holds the patch on the patient. This tape can become loose with flexion and movement, however, causing it to lose its adhesion, and thereby raising the risks to children as noted above. Patients may also have sensitivity to the tape on the patch and to its painful removal.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve the application of a topical anesthetic for injections, while reducing the drawbacks and risks that have been associated with the application of anesthetics.


Once the drilling of an oil or gas well is finished the bore must be cased and cemented. It is important that the cement lining be complete, and to ensure this it is necessary to sweep out the mud in the annulus ahead of the rising cement. Unfortunately, this often proves difficult, and various procedures and mechanisms have been devised in the past to improve the chances of achieving efficient mud-removal and forming a complete cement lining, though none have been truly successful. One of the techniques presently employed involves the utilization of a wash, but it has been noted that such a wash, even when turbulent, has very little component of its movement in the annulus in a direction other than up along the annulus, and that as a result it has very little effect on gelled mud deposits, especially those in the small casing/bore inter-distance of a severely eccentric casing. It has now been discovered that a considerably increased amount of lateral motion, and thus a very significantly enhanced degree of mud removal capability, is provided if the liquid be a multiphase liquid in which one of the phases is a gas--in other words, if the liquid be full of bubbles--and the invention provides a cleaning method particularly suitable for the cleaning of gelled mud deposits off the casing and bore walls of an oil/gas well prior to cementing the casing in place, in which there is caused to flow over and in contact with the dirty surface a "burbulent" liquid.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to cleaning methods, and concerns in particular the removal of drilling fluid or "mud" from the annular space between the casing and the sides of the bore of an oil/gas well prior to cementing in.
The construction of a well, such as an oil well, involves the drilling of a borehole into the ground through the geological formations of interest. Drilling mud is used to lubricate and cool the drill bit, to assist in bringing the drill cuttings up to the surface, and to provide sufficient hydrostatic pressure within the well to prevent the bore collapsing under the forces experienced deep underground and to prevent the influx of fluids from the formation while drilling is taking place. A typical present-day water-based mud is an aqueous mixture of bentonite clays, carboxymethyl-cellulose, xanthan gum, barite and other constituents such as polymers etc.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Once the drilling is finished the bore must be cased and cemented, a procedure in which first the casing, having an external diameter a little smaller than the bore diameter, is placed in the mud-filled bore and then cement (as a fine slurry having a typical "generic" composition of cement and water, with small amounts of accelerator, retarder, fluid loss additive, dispersant, extender, weighting agent and various additives to control properties such as thixotropy, gel strength and foaming) is fed into the annulus between the casing and the borehole wall, and allowed to set to form a lining therefor. It is common procedure to supply this cement to the top of the casing, and then to pump it down the inside of the casing to the bottom and then up the outside of the casing, between the casing and the bore walls, until it fills and lines the annulus. In practice a loose-fitting "rubber"-like bung (with a frangible/rupturable centre section) is placed in the casing on top of the mud already therein, cement is then pumped in on top to provide a "plug"-like volume of cement calculated to be enough to fill the annulus, a second bung is placed on top of the cement, and then more mud is pumped in to force the bung-bounded plug of cement down to the bottom of the casing. When the lower plug reaches a restriction at the bottom of the casing an increase in applied pressure ruptures the bottom bung, and the cement is pumped out of the bottom of the casing and then back up to the top, but now on the outside, in the annulus. As it progresses up the annulus, so it fills up the space, seeping into all the cracks and fissures in the bore wall, and then setting to provide the desired sealing of the sides of the bore.
It is important that the cement lining be complete--that there be no places where the volume between casing and bore wall be empty of cement, and that the cement be well bonded both to the casing exterior and to the bore walls--and to ensure this it is of course necessary to sweep out the mud in the annulus ahead of the rising cement. Unfortunately, this often proves extremely difficult, and various procedures and mechanisms have been devised in the past to improve the chances of achieving efficient mud-removal and forming a complete cement lining. Indeed, mud removal is especially difficult in situations where the casing is not properly co-axial with the bore (where the eccentricity, or offset, of the casing in the bore is high, and conversely where on one side the "stand-off" of the casing from the bore is low), and where, as is increasingly the case these days, the mud is or includes one or more of the various polymeric ingredients which give it many desirable properties but which also can cause it to gel, and thus make it much more difficult to remove. Some of the techniques and equipment employed to assist in mud removal are: "mud conditioning", in which mud is circulated around the system for some time prior to pumping in the cement, in an effort to make more mobile any "congealed" mud already existing; "casing movement", in which the entire string of pipe constituting the casing is physically moved, by lifting/dropping and rotation, to break up any mud deposits; "casing centralisers", used when running in the casing in an attempt to prevent it being placed eccentrically; and "scratchers", which travel up and down with the casing, rotating as it is rotated, to scratch away gelled mud.
It is also possible, and indeed desirable, to employ, ahead of the cement, liquids that will literally wash the mud off the casing and bore walls. These can be pumped into the casing on top of the mud and before the cement, and may be of the type known as "chemical washes", usually low-viscosity liquids containing surfactants and mud thinners, or "spacers", rather more viscous, gel-like liquids that are primarily to form a buffer between the cement and the mud.
Unfortunately, although all these mud removal schemes do work, they cannot be guaranteed, especially where the casing eccentricity is high (so that the casing is in parts of its length touching, or almost touching, the side of the bore), and it is very common for the cement to fail properly to fill the annular space because of mud trapped immovably between casing and bore wall, so that there results a cement void. So common, indeed, is this that not only do around 50% of all bores fail in this way, and have to be rectified by an expensive operation known as "squeezing" (after locating the failure area, a hole is explosively blown in the casing at the appropriate spot, and cement is then pumped directly through the hole into the void), but as many as 30% fail in more than one place.
It will be evident that there is a considerable need for an effective way of removing the mud, especially gelled mud, from the annulus ahead of the cement, and the invention proposes a novel technique which is intended for this purpose.

Method of cleaning a well bore prior to a cementing operation


A faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner in the present invention relates to a faceplate juxtaposed with at least one wind outlet and at least one wind inlet, wherein each of the wind outlets and each of the wind inlets are respectively disposed with a wind-out windpipe base and a wind-in windpipe base for being connected with windpipes; each of the wind outlets is provided with a swing member for adjusting blowing direction; each of the wind inlets is provided with a detachable filter net and a detachable grille, by which a combination of said components described above provides said faceplate with functions of wind-blowing, wind-suction and blowing-direction adjustment to achieve an optimum effect in air circulation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner, particularly to one juxtaposed with at least one wind outlet and at least one wind inlet, wherein each of the wind outlets is pivoted with a swing member, by which a combination of the components described above provides the faceplate with functions of wind-blowing, wind-suction and blowing-direction adjustment.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A known conventional air conditioning system, as shown in FIG. 1, has many wind-out faceplates 11 and wind-in faceplates 12 respectively installed on the ceiling formed with steel frames 10 and uses windpipes to connect the wind-out faceplates 11 with a main machine to blow air out. Each of the wind-in faceplates 12 is installed around each of the wind-out faceplates 11 and adhesived with a filter net. This kind of design is very inconvenient in repairing or cleaning work because the whole wind-in faceplate 12 and the whole wind-out faceplate 11 are required to be disassembled for checking or repairing components in the interior of the known air conditioning system. Moreover, it is a very heavy work for repairmen to disassemble so many wind-in faceplates 12 and wind-out faceplates 11 in repairing or cleaning work, which is also very troublesome and time-consuming.
It is one primary object of the present invention to offer a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner capable of blowing air out and sucking air in at the same time.
It is another object of the present invention to offer a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner provided with a function of blowing-direction adjustment.
It is one further object of the present invention to offer a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner provided with a filter net and a grille that are convenient for assembling and disassembling, and being rapid in repairing or cleaning work.
One primary feature of the invention is to provide a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner juxtaposed with at least one wind outlet and at least one wind inlet, wherein each of the wind outlets is disposed with a wind-out windpipe base provided with at least one wind-out hole for being covered with a windpipe to blow air out.
One another feature of the invention is to provide a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner juxtaposed with at least one wind outlet and at least one wind inlet, wherein each of the wind outlets is disposed with a wind-out windpipe base provided with at least one wind-out hole for being covered with a windpipe to blow air out; each of the wind inlets is disposed with a wind-in windpipe base provided with at least one wind-in hole for being engaged with a windpipe to suck air in.
One further feature of the invention is to provide a faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner juxtaposed with at least one wind outlet and at least one wind inlet, wherein the faceplate is combined with an integral windpipe base assembly provided with at least one wind-out hole and at least one wind-in hole for being connected with windpipes to blow air out and suck air in.

Faceplate of a blower for an air conditioner

No. 45, Lane 738, Chung-Cheng Road, Kuan-Miao Hsiang


A method and apparatus for assigning processing requests is disclosed. The method is typically used in a processing system comprising a first processing center and one or more second processing centers remote from the first processing center, a. A method of assigning a processing request may comprise the steps of: determining at a traffic distribution controller a capacity of each of the processing centers to process the processing request, accepting a processing request in the first processing center, and assigning the processing request to at least one of the second processing centers according to the determined current capacity of each of the processing centers. The processing request is initially addressed to a first global address of the first processing center, then the processing request is readdressed to a second global address of one of the second processing centers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates generally to data processing services, and more specifically, to data traffic distribution among independent processing centers.
2. Technical Background
The electronic information service industry can be described in terms of client entities and server entities (though these roles are not mutually exclusive) joined by a computer network. Typically, the server entity (or "service provider") offers processing services, such as data management/storage/retrieval, data configuration/manipulation, assessment/analysis, publication/distribution, monitoring/reporting/control, etc. To access the processing services of a server entity, client entities transmit processing requests (which may or may not include data) over the network for receipt and handling by a service entity. The service entity will typically be a business organization with its own primary processing center (sometimes referred to as a data center or data service center) including computing resources (e.g., servers, processors, memory, databases, software applications, etc.) configured to provide the given service(s). The client entity may be, for example, a private individual or another business organization with local computing resources (e.g., a smartphone, mobile device, personal computer, set top box, server, etc.) with application software configured to transmit processing requests as a client.
Consider the example of an organization operating as a service provider in a subscriber-based media distribution business. The number of incoming processing requests to such an organization's primary processing center can vary widely during the day. Such processing requests can come from client entities such as existing customers, potential new customers, employees, and business partners. To assure that incoming processing requests are serviced without bothersome delay (e.g., to avoid angering current customers and deterring potential customers), the primary processing center may be expanded to handle the increased data traffic and processing load requirements that are presented at peak hours. However, designing the organization's primary processing center to meet such requirements is often prohibitively expensive and inefficient, since the capacity is not needed most of the time.
Instead, many such service provider organizations now employ third party (3P) point-of-presence (POP) processing center solutions. The 3P-POP processing centers replicate the functions of the organization's primary processing center in a virtualized environment, in which the data platform and infrastructure is delivered to the organization as a service for a fee. Such 3P-POP processing center solutions typically involve a vendor that is commercially distinct from the customer-facing organization, and under contract or agreement to provide the required processing service for the organization as directed, typically when incoming processing requests exceed the capacity of the organization's primary processing center.
One problem with the use of such 3P-POP processing centers is that the 3P-POP processing centers themselves can be overwhelmed with client requests for data or information, and as a consequence, customers, employees and business partners may still experience significant delays in processing service. The organization may contract with multiple 3P-POP processing centers to provide support, but that is of little help unless the organization's primary processing center can allocate processing requests to 3P-POP processing centers that can handle the increased load. Further, since 3P-POP processing centers often support overflow processing requests from more than one organization, the ability of the 3P-POP processing centers to handle the additional load depends on factors that are not within the control of the organization.
Additionally, 3P-POP processing centers are designed, owned, and controlled by third parties, and as such, often cannot easily communicate with the organization's primary processing center because of incompatible vendors or the equipment that is used to build the processing center itself. This lack of compatibility prevents feedback or other communication between the organization's primary processing center and the 3P-POP processing centers, which limits the ability to manage the traffic being directed between the organization's primary processing center and the 3P-POP processing centers. What is needed is a traffic distribution system that operates well within disparate environments such as those including 3P-POP processing centers, where there is no feedback provided from the 3P-POP processing center to the organization's processing center.

Method and apparatus for data traffic distribution among independent processing centers


A folding collapsible rocking chair includes a chair, two side frame sets at two opposite lateral sides of the chair, and two rockers at the bottom side of the side frame sets, the chair, the side frame sets and the rockers being pivoted to one another so that the rocking chair can be folded up and collapsed when not in use.

The present invention relates to rocking chairs, and more particularly to a folding collapsible rocking chair.
A rocking chair is a chair on rockers that can be moved backwards and forwards. Regular rocking chairs are commonly made of wooden material, and the related parts are fixedly connected to one another by fastening means or joints. These rocking chairs occupy much space.


A dual clutch for coupling an engine drive shaft with a transmission shaft and/or an auxiliary power take-off. A first friction clutch presses a first clutch plate that is couplable with the transmission shaft between a first contact plate, displaceable in an axial direction to engage the first friction clutch and a first counter plate. A second friction clutch presses a second clutch plate that is couplable with the auxiliary power take-off between a second contact plate, displaceable in the axial direction to engage the second friction clutch and a second counter plate. First and second actuating elements move the first and second contact plates; respectively. The second contact plate is connected to a thrust ring connected to the second actuating element to transfer displacing movement. The second actuating element has a spring element, situated between the second actuating element and the thrust ring, for pre-stressing so that a reduction of contact force is avoided in case of wear and tolerance dependency of the contact force and/or actuating force is decreased.

The invention relates to a dual clutch for coupling a drive shaft of a motor vehicle engine with a transmission shaft of a motor vehicle transmission and/or an auxiliary drive of the motor vehicle. Clutch units of this sort are used, for example, in tractors or other utility machines for agriculture. In such cases, a first friction clutch is used for driving operation, and a second friction clutch for independent engagement and disengagement of an additional auxiliary power take-off by means of which its additional units are drivable. The second friction clutch is usually open in a non-engaged state, for example when starting the motor vehicle engine, and in an engaged state can draw the required power directly from the drive shaft. Because of the independent actuation of the friction clutch, the auxiliary drive may be employed while standing still or also when the motor vehicle is moving. Using the second friction clutch, for example mowing machines and other agricultural attachments, such as mechanical or hydraulic winches, hydraulic pumps or compressors may be driven, which in contrast to electrical equipment offer significantly more power and do not burden an on-board electrical system of the motor vehicle. However, these dual clutches usually have a great tolerance dependency of the contact force and the engaging forces, as well as tension-critical loading of the actuating system, in particular of the second friction clutch when being engaged.


A vehicle headlamp including a projector-type lamp unit and a reflection-type lamp unit. The projector-type lamp unit includes a first light source, a first reflector, and a projection lens disposed in a forward direction of the first light source. The reflection-type lamp unit includes a second light source, and a second reflector. The reflection-type lamp unit is disposed beneath the projector-type lamp unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vehicle headlamp used as a lamp for a vehicle and, in particular, relates to a vehicle headlamp which employs a semiconductor light emitting element as a light source.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a lamp for a vehicle such as a headlamp, for example, there are a projector-type and a paraboloidal reflector-type. The projector-type vehicle lamp is configured in a manner that a light emitted from a light source disposed on an optical axis is reflected toward the forward direction by a reflector and is converged close to the optical axis. The reflected light is irradiated in the forward direction of the lamp via a projection lens disposed on the forward side of the reflector. On the other hand, the paraboloidal reflector-type vehicle lamp is configured to include a light source disposed on an optical axis and a reflector, which is formed so as to have, as a reference surface, a rotating paraboloidal surface having a focal point near the light source. A light emitted from the light source is reflected toward the forward direction by the reflector as a parallel light so that the reflected light is irradiated in the forward direction of the lamp.
The projector-type vehicle lamp is smaller in the diameter of the reflector as compared with that of the paraboloidal reflector-type vehicle lamp. Therefore, the projector-type vehicle lamp can be miniaturized in its size. However, in the case where the discharge light emitting portion of a discharge bulb or the filament of a halogen lamp is used as the light source, in order to control the reflection of light from the light source suitably or to secure a space for attaching the light source, the reflector is required to have a certain size even for the projector-type vehicle lamp. Further, since a heat value of the light source is large, the size of the reflector is required to be set in view of the influence of the heat. Thus, it is difficult to further miniaturize the lamp.
In view of above, there is proposed a lamp which employs an LED (light emitting diode), for example, as a semiconductor light emitting element for a light source (for example, see Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication JP-A-2004-95480, pages 3 to 9, FIGS. 1, 3, 6 and 10).
When the light source is configured by an LED, since the light source can be treated as an almost point light source, the diameter of the reflector can be made small. Further, since it is not required for the reflector to secure a large attachment space nor to take the influence of the heat from the LED into consideration, the lamp can be made smaller as compared with the case where the discharge light emitting portion of the discharge bulb or the filament of the halogen lamp is used as the light source.
The related art is arranged to selectively use two kinds of lamp units among a plurality of lamp units, that is, a projector-type lamp unit, a direct-projection-type lamp unit and a reflection-type lamp unit, so that light distribution patterns with different light distribution characteristics can be formed easily.
However, in the related art, since the respective lamp units are configured separately, the entire volume of the lamp becomes large and so the miniaturization of the lamp can not be realized sufficiently.


An actuator driving method and an actuator driving device for PWM-driving an actuator of a storage disk device are disclosed. This method and device prevent a servo signal from being overlapped with switching noises. The storage disk device includes a head for reading information from a storage disk, a PWM driver for generating a drive current having a pulse width corresponding to a current indication value, a linear driver for generating a drive current of which a magnitude corresponds to the current indication value, an actuator, driven by the drive current, for moving the head, and a control circuit for generating the current indication value for positioning the head from the servo information read by the head from the storage disk. The driving method includes a step of PWM-driving the actuator by the PWM driver, and a step of effecting a switchover from the PWM drive to a linear drive by the linear driver during a period for which the control circuit reads the servo information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an actuator driving method and an actuator driving apparatus for driving an actuator for moving a head and, more particularly, to an actuator driving method and an actuator driving appatatus for PWM-driving the actuator in a storage disk device for reading or reading/writing information from a storage disk by the head.
2. Description of the Related Art
A storage disk device such as a magnetic disk device etc has been widely utilized as a storage device of a computer etc. A high-density record and a decrease in the electric power consumed are demanded of this type of storage disk device. For reducing the electric power consumed by this magnetic disk device, a PWM driving system is applied to a driving stage of the actuator (VCM).
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a construction of the prior art. FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram of the prior art.
As illustrated in FIG. 5, the magnetic disk device includes a magnetic disk 101 and a magnetic head 90. A servo signal is recorded per sector on the magnetic disk 101. The magnetic head 90 reads and writes the information from and to the magnetic disk 101. The head IC 91 amplifies the signal read by the magnetic head 90.
A read channel IC 92 selects a read signal transmitted from the head IC. A servo signal demodulator 93 demodulates a servo signal from the read channel IC 92 into a position signal. A servo gate generation circuit 94 generates, synchronizing with rotations of the magnetic disk 101, a servo gate signal indicating that the magnetic head 90 is located in a servo region recorded with the servo signal of the magnetic disk 101.
A control circuit 95 detects a present position of the head in accordance with the position signal, and generates a current indication value corresponding to a distance from a position to be sought. A digital/analog converter 96 converts the current indication value given from the control circuit 95 into an analog quantity. A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) driver 97 generates a drive current having a pulse width corresponding to the current indication value.
A linear driver 98 generates a drive current of which a magnitude corresponds to the current indication value. A coil driving circuit 99 has four power transistors Q1-Q4. A coil VCM of the actuator is connected to the four power transistors Q1-Q4. A current detection resistor RS detects an electric current flowing to the coil VCM.
A differential amplifier 100 generates an inter-terminal voltage of the current detection resistor RS, and feeds back this voltage to the PWM driver 97 and the linear driver 98. An inverting circuit 102 inverts a PWM enable signal and outputs the inverted signal to the linear driver 98.
In the construction described above, the control circuit 95 detects the present position from the servo information during seek control (coarse control), and generates the current indication value corresponding to a distance at which a seek movement is made. Further, the control circuit 95 obtains a deviation from the center of the tracks from the servo information and generates the current indication value for the duration of an on-track (fine control) operation.
Then, as shown in FIG. 6, during the coarse control, the PWM enable signal is set high, and the PWM driver 97 is operated. The PWM driver 97 thereby generates the drive current having the pulse width corresponding to the current indication value. Therefore, the coil VCM of the actuator is PWM-driven.
Thus, the PWM drive makes the driving pulse width change, and hence the electric power consumed can be largely reduced.
On the other hand, if the PWM drive is executed during the on-track operation, the switching noises due to the VCM drive current are superposed on a regenerated signal of the head 90. For preventing this noise superposition, during the on-track control under which the read/write processes are executed, the PWM enable signal is set low, while the operation of the PWM driver 97 is inhibited. With this inhibition, the linear driver 98 is operated by an inverted signal of the PWM enable signal.
The linear driver 98 thereby generates the drive current of which a magnitude corresponds to the current indication value. Therefore, the coil VCM of the actuator is linearly driven. During this on-track operation, the current indication value defined as a control quantity is small, and hence, even when linearly driven, the electric power consumed is small.
Thus, according to the prior art, the PWM drive with the small amount of electric power consumed is carried out during the seek operation, thereby restraining the consumption of the electric power of the disk device.
There arise, however, the following problems inherent in the prior art.
It is required that the servo information be read during also the seek control. If switching of the drive current of the actuator VCM is effected during the read operation of the servo information, the servo signal is overlapped with the switching noises thereof. Hence, this leads to such a problem that the precise servo signal can not be obtained.
In particular, when enhancing the recording density, the servo signal might become weak against the noises, and the precise servo signal is hard to obtain.
It is a primary object of the present invention to provide an actuator driving method and an actuator driving apparatus in a storage disk device, which are capable of preventing a servo signal from being overlapped with switching noises.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an actuator driving method and an actuator driving apparatus in a storage disk device, which are capable of obtaining a precise servo signal even when executing a PWM drive during seek control.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide an actuator driving method and an actuator driving device in a storage disk device, which are capable of maintaining a seek velocity even when halting the PWM drive during the seek control.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a storage disk apparatus comprises a storage disk, a head for reading information from the storage disk, a PWM driver for generating a drive current having a pulse width corresponding to a current indication value, a linear driver for generating a drive current of which a magnitude corresponds to the current indication value, an actuator, driven by the drive current, for moving the head, and a control circuit for generating the current indication value for positioning the head from the servo information read from the storage disk by the head.
An actuator driving method thereof comprises a step of PWM-driving the actuator by the PWM driver, and a step of effecting a switchover from the PWM drive to a linear drive by the linear driver during a period for which the control circuit reads the servo information during the PWM drive.
According to the present invention, first, the PWM drive is halted during the period for which the control circuit reads the servo information. It is therefore feasible to prevent the servo information from being overlapped with switching noises due to the PWM drive.
Second, during the halt period of the PWM drive, the linear drive is conducted. Hence, the seek velocity can be prevented from decreasing even when stopping the PWM drive.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the PWM drive step comprises a step of applying the current indication value and selecting the PWM drive. According to still another aspect of the present invention, the actuator driving method further comprises a step of detecting from the servo information that the head arrives at the vicinity of a target position, and executing the switchover from the PWM drive to the linear drive.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, the switchover step comprises a step of selecting the linear drive in accordance with a servo gate signal indicating that the head is located in a servo information write region on the storage disk.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the switchover step comprises a step of selecting an output of the linear driver in accordance with AND of the servo gate signal and a PWM enable signal for operating the PWM driver.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Method and apparatus for driving actuator of storage disk device


An information processing device includes a plurality of memories, and a processor coupled to the plurality of memories and configured to carry out a first test to determine whether a first error is detected when first and second memories of the plurality of memories are concurrently operated, and when the first error is detected from the first test, carry out a second test to determine whether a second error is detected when the first and second memories are separately operated.

There has been known an error detection and correction technique using error check and correction (ECC) as measures against errors in data stored in a dual inline memory module (DIMM). An example of such an error detection and correction technique is the single error correction/double error detection (SEC-DED) coding technique in which 8-bit ECC is added to 64-bit data to correct 1-bit error and detect two-bit error.
Moreover, there has been known a technique of increasing the number of bits of detectable errors without reducing the encoding ratio by concurrently operating a plurality of DIMMs using the memory lock step technology and by storing data and ECC in the DIMMs operated concurrently. For example, two DIMMs of a 72-bit width are concurrently operated and 128-bit data and 16-bit ECC are stored separately in the two DIMMs so that an S8EC (144, 128) code for detecting continuous 8-bit error is constructed. Related techniques are disclosed in Japanese National Publication of International Patent Application No. 2010-537311 and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2012-177964.

Information processing device, computer-readable recording medium, and method


A travel backpack comprises a main portion for storing items, a mat portion, and a main pad. The main pad is supported by the main portion and the mat portion such that the travel backpack may be arranged in a first configuration in which the mat portion is folded to facilitate carrying of the travel backpack and a second configuration in which the mat portion is unfolded to allow the travel backpack to be used as sleep surface, where the main pad extends along the length of the sleep surface when the travel backpack is in the second configuration.

Travelers typically carry travel items such as clothing, shoes, documents, computers, and the like. Bags, luggage, backpacks, and the like are typically used to facilitate the movement of such travel items. The present invention is of particular significance when applied to backpacks designed for airplane travel, and that application of the present invention will be described herein in detail. However, the principles of the present invention may be applied to other types of backpacks, such as backpacks designed for camping.
Travel backpacks are typically designed to be slung over one shoulder or both shoulders of the traveler to allow the traveler to carry travel items in a hands free fashion. Travel backpacks also are designed with handles to allow the backpack to be carried like a suitcase.
The need exists for improved travel backpacks that provide the traveler with additional flexibility and comfort when confronted by travel delays, long layovers, and the like.

Backpack that converts to a sleeping mat