An organic semiconductor material comprising a compound having a substructure represented by Formula (10):

Needs for flat panel display to be used for a display of a computer has been increased accompanied with spreading of information terminals. Moreover, chances of providing information by electronics media are increased, which have been provided hitherto by paper media, accompanied with progress of the information systems, and needs for electronic paper or digital paper to be used as thin and easily portable mobile displaying media have also been increased.
In the flat panel displays, the displaying media have been generally formed by using an element such as a liquid crystal, an organic EL or an element utilizing electrophoresis. In such a displaying media, technology using an active type driving element (TFT element) as the image driving element forms main stream for holding the brightness uniformity of the image and the image rewriting rate. For example, the TFT elements are formed on a glass substrate and sealed together with liquid crystals and organic EL elements in usual computer displays.
In such the case, semiconductors such as a-silicon (amorphous silicon) and p-Si (polysilicon) can be used. The TFT element can be produced by forming a source, drain and gate electrodes on a substrate by forming piled layers of such the silicon semiconductors and a metal layer according to necessity. A vacuum production process such as spattering apparatus is usually necessary for producing such the TFT element.
For producing such the TFT element, the vacuum production processing using a vacuum chamber should be repeated several times for forming each of the layers so that the costs for the equipment and running thereof become enormous. For example, repeating for several times of processes such as spattering, CVD, photo-lithographing, etching and washing is necessary in usual for producing the TFT element, and the element is formed on the substrate through several tens processes. In such the production method using the Si semiconductor, a considerable design change in the production equipment such as the vacuum chamber is necessary for responding to the requirement for large size display so that the change in the equipment can not be easily performed.
Moreover, the material of the substrate is limited to one capable of withstanding to the temperature in the process since a process to be carried out at high temperature is included in the usual TFT producing processes using the Si material. Therefore, glass should be actually used for the substrate. When the thin type display such as the electronic paper or the digital paper is constituted by such the usual TFT elements, the display becomes heavy and loses softness resulting in becoming breakable by the shock of falling. Such the properties caused by producing the TFT elements on the glass plate is not desirable for satisfying the needs of the easily portable thin display accompanied with the progress of the information system.
On the other hand, investigation on organic semiconductor materials having high electric charge transportat ability is aggressively progressed in recent years. Such the compound is expected to apply, for example, for organic laser oscillation element such as that discussed in Non-patent Document 1, and organic thin film transistor reported in Non-patent Document 2 and other reports, additionally to the electric charge transportation material for organic EL elements. When such the organic devices are realized, it is considered that the production process can be simplified by applying vapor deposition at relatively low temperature under vacuum or low pressure and a soluble semiconductor material can be produced by suitably modifying the molecular structure. Furthermore, production of the organic element by printing method including an ink-jet method becomes possible if the organic semiconductor solution can be prepared. Though it has been considered hitherto that such the production process at low temperature can not be applied for usual Si type semiconductor material, there is possibility of that the process can be applied to the device using the organic semiconductor material. Consequently, the limitation relating to the heat resistivity of the substrate is alleviated so that the TFT element can be formed on a transparent resin plate. If the TFT element can be formed on the transparent resin plate and a displaying material can be driven by the TFT element, a display having lighter weight and higher flexibility than those of the usual display and is hardly or very difficultly broken by falling may be obtained.
The organic semiconductor materials investigated for realizing such the TFT element have been limited to: an acene such as pentacene and tetracene (cf. Patent Document 1, for example); a phthalocyanine including lead phthalocyanine; a low molecular weight compound such as perylene and a tetracarboxylic acid derivative thereof (cf. Patent Document 2, for example); an aromatic oligomer typically a thiophene heximer such as α-thienyl and sexithiophene (cf. Patent Document 3, for example); and a conjugate polymer such as polythiophene, polythienylenevinylene and poly-p-phenylenevinylene (cf. Non-patent Documents 1 to 4). Therefore, development of a semiconductor composition using a new charge transfer material showing high carrier mobility has been desired.
In Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection (hereafter referred to as JP-A) No. 2003-292588, U. S. Patent Opened Application Nos. 2003/136,958, 2003/160,230 and 2003/164,495, described are that "When a polymer TFT is used as the logical element of integrated circuit to be used for microelectronics, the mechanical durability is largely improved and the life timed thereof is prolonged. However, it is considered that many semiconductive polythiophenes are instable when they are in contact with air since such the compounds are each oxidized by doping by atmospheric oxygen so that the electric conductivity is increased. As a result of that, the off-current in the device prepared from such the material is increased and the ON/OFF ration of the electric current is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary for many of these compounds to pay sever attention for preventing or minimizing the oxidation doping by removing oxygen in the environment in the course of the processing of the material and the device production. Attraction of the polymer TFT as the economical technology, specifically for large screen displays, for replacing the silicon TFT technology is reduced since such the preventing measure results in a higher cost. The above-mentioned and other shortcomings can be avoided or minimized in the embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, an electronic device having high resistivity against oxygen and relatively high ON/OFF current ratio is demanded." and proposed is a countermeasure for solving the problems. However, the level of the improvement has been insufficient and further improvement has been desired.
Furthermore, it has been disclosed that an electroconductive compound having repeating units each having a structure in which a 5-member ring including a sulfur atom is contained can be applied for the above objects (cf. Patent Document 4, for example). However, concrete example of the 5-member ring include sulfur atom other than thiophene ring is not disclosed and there is no description suggesting other structures. Consequently, the properties of the compounds of the present invention having a thiazole moiety when the compounds are applied for the above-described objects have been difficult. Though Patent Document 5 discloses organic semiconductor materials each having a thiazole ring, any compound having a partially connected thiazole structure is not described and the description regarding the molecular weight of the compound is unclear, and there is no description suggesting that the specific thiazole ring-containing structure disclosed in the present invention is necessary for improving the property as the organic semiconductor material.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection (hereafter referred to as JP-A) No. 5-55568
Patent Document 2: JP-A 5-190877
Patent Document 3: JP-A 8-264805
Patent Document 4: JP-A 2003-119255
Patent Document 5: JP-A 2004-282039
Non-patent Document 1: "Science" vol. 289, p. 599, 2000
Non-patent Document 2: "Nature" vol. 403, p. 521, 2000
Non-patent Document 3: "Advanced Material" No. 2, P. 99, 2002

Organic semiconductor material, organic transistor, field effect transistor, switching device and thiazole compound

Abstract: wherein B represents a unit having a thiazole ring, A1 and A2 each independently represent a unit having an alkyl group as a substituent, A3 represents a divalent linking group, nb represents an integer 1-20, n1 and n2 each independently represent an integer of 0-20, respectively, and n3 represents an integer of 0-10.


A method for detecting and identifying structures of interest such as colonic polyps or similar structures like lung nodules in volumetric (medical) images data is provided. The method includes obtaining a heat diffusion field (HDF) by applying a heat diffusion scheme to a volume of interest that includes structures. The obtained heat diffusion field is then used for identifying a structure of interest from the structures in the volume of interest using a geometrical analysis of the heat diffusion field. The heat diffusion scheme is, at least partly, governed by non-linear diffusion parameters. The identification includes two parts: (i) the computation of a spherical symmetry parameter, and (ii) the performance of a local analysis of the volume of interest and computation of a triangulization parameter.

Computed Tomographic Colonography (CTC) is a minimally invasive technique that employs X-Ray CT imaging of the abdomen and pelvis following cleansing and air insufflation of the colon. Originally proposed in the early 1980's, it became practical in the early 1990's following the introduction of helical CT and advances in computer graphics. Currently available multi-slice helical X-Ray CT scanners are capable of producing hundreds of high-resolution (<1 mm cubic voxel) images in a single breath hold. Conventional examination of these source images is rather time-consuming and the detection accuracy is unavoidably limited by human factors such as attention span and eye fatigue. Several visualization and navigation techniques have been proposed to help the radiologists. However, computer aided detection (CAD) tools are envisioned to improve the efficiency and the accuracy beyond what can be achieved by visualization techniques alone. Several studies have investigated CAD for CTC. Vining et al. used abnormal colon wall thickness to detect colonic polyps (See e.g. Vining et al. (1999) in a paper entitled "Virtual colonoscopy with computer-assisted polyp detection" and published in Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Medical Imaging pp. 445-452, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science B. V.). Summers et al. used the mean, gaussian and principal curvatures of the colon surface and showed good preliminary results for phantom and patient data (See e.g. Summers et al. (2000) in a paper entitled "Automated polyp detector for CT colonography: Feasibility study" and published in Radiology 216:284-290; Summers et al. (2001) in a paper entitled "Automated polyp detection at CT colonography: Feasibility assessment in a human population" and published in Radiology 219:51-59). Kiss et al. used surface normals along with sphere fitting (Kiss et al. (2002) in a paper entitled "Computer-aided diagnosis in virtual colonography via combination of surface normal and sphere fitting methods" and published in European Radiology 12:77-81), while Yoshida et al. used both the pre-segmented surface differential characteristics captured by a shape index, and the gradient vector field of the CT data (Yoshida et al. (2001) in a paper entitled "Three-dimensional computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of colonic polyps" and published in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 20:1261-1274- Yoshida et al. (2002) in a paper entitled "Computerized detection of colonic polyps at CT colonography on the basis of volumetric features: Pilot study" and published in Radiology 222:327-336). Paik et al. proposed the surface normal overlap algorithm based on the observation that for locally spherical and hemispherical structures, large numbers of surface normals intersect near the centers of these structures (See U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002-0164061 published on Nov. 7, 2002, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention). To improve specificity, Gokturk et al. used triples of randomly oriented orthogonal cross-sectional images of pre-detected suspicious structures which are then classified by support vector machines (See U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004-0165767 published on Aug. 26, 2004, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention), while Acar et al. modeled the way radiologists utilize 3D information as they are examining a stack of 2D images (See U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2004-0141638 published on Jul. 22, 2004, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention). Even though a lot of progress has been made in this art, there is still a need to develop new methods to detect and characterize polyps, especially in 3D.

Heat diffusion based detection of structures of interest in medical images

The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University


A method for executing a plurality of processing requests performed by a physical computing system that is programmed to execute the processing requests for clients includes, with the physical computing system, assigning an identification number to a new processing request; with the physical computing system, placing the new processing request into a process eligible group if the identification number of the new processing request meets a criterion; and with the physical computing system, placing the processing request into a queued group if the identification number of the processing request does not meet the criterion.

Aspects of the present invention relate in general to process management, and more particularly, to managing the processing of requests in a manner that provides high throughput without neglecting the processing of some processing requests.
A service oriented architecture is one in which a processing entity may outsource processing requests to a number of remote processing systems. These remote processing servers may further outsource a processing request to other remote processing systems. Service oriented architecture may organize applications as a hierarchy or even as a web of interacting services.
To provide efficient throughput of the system, a computing system which is processing requests should be able to continue to respond to its clients while waiting for responses from various servers over which it has little or no control. To do so, computing systems are often configured with the capability to process multiple requests in parallel. Thus, when some requests are held up for various reasons, there may be other requests which are able to be processed. The aim of such an approach is to typically maximize throughput in the service provider and not necessarily to minimize the response time of the server systems to which processing requests are sent.
However, this approach presents some challenges. For example, if the number of requests that are currently in progress becomes too large, the effort required to manage them can become significant and might actually degrade performance. Furthermore, there is also the possibility that the functions which decide the order in which processing requests are processed may neglect a particular request in favor of others. This may lead to unnecessarily long delays. For example, if the computing system is trying to work on several requests in parallel, it is possible that one request will be neglected while other requests receive a disproportionately large share of the available processing time.

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A method in a communication system processes incoming requests at a controller entity. The method comprises the steps of registering a plurality of contact addresses for a user in a controller entity, receiving a request at the controller entity for a communication link to the user, querying a user information storage for information regarding a manner regarding how to handle the request, and processing the request in accordance with the information from the user information storage.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to communication systems, and in particular to communication systems wherein a user may register an identity from multiple locations.
2. Description of the Related Art
A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication between two or more entities such as user equipment, communication network elements and other entities associated with the communication system. A communication system typically operates in accordance with a given standard or specification which sets out what the various entities associated with the communication system are permitted to do and how that should be achieved. For example, the standard or specification may define if the user, or more precisely, user equipment or terminal is provided with a circuit switched service and/or a packet switched service. Communication protocols and/or parameters which shall be used for the connection may also be defined. In other words, a specific set of "rules" on which the communication can be based on needs to be defined to enable communication by means of the system.
Communication systems proving wireless communication for user equipment are known. An example of the wireless systems is the public land mobile network (PLMN). The PLMNs are typically based on cellular technology. In cellular systems, a base transceiver station (BTS) or similar access entity serves mobile stations (MS) or other such wireless user equipment (UE) via a wireless interface between these entities. The communication between the user equipment and the elements of the communication network can be based on an appropriate communication protocol. The operation of the base station apparatus and other apparatus required for the communication can be controlled by one or several control entities. The various control entities may be interconnected. One or more gateway nodes may also be provided for connecting the cellular network to other networks. e.g. to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and/or other communication networks such as an IP (Internet Protocol) and/or other packet switched networks.
An example of the services that may be offered for user such as the subscribers to a communication systems is the so called multimedia services. Some of the communication systems enabled to offer multimedia services are known as Internet Protocol (IP) Multimedia networks. IP Multimedia (IM) functionalities can be provided by means of a IP Multimedia Core Network (CN) subsystem, or briefly IP Multimedia subsystem (IMS). The IMS includes various entities for the provision of the multimedia services.
The communication systems have developed in the direction wherein various service provision functions of the network are handled by network entities known as servers. For example, in the current third generation (3G) wireless multimedia network architectures it is assumed that several different servers are used for handling different functions. These include functions such as the call session control functions (CSCFs). The call session functions may be divided into various categories such as a proxy call session control function (P-CSCF), interrogating call session control function (I-CSCF), and serving call session control function (S-CSCF). It shall be appreciated that the CSCFs may be also referenced to as the call state control functions.
Communication systems may be arranged such that a user, typically a subscriber, has to initiate communications over the communication system. For example, a user may request for a session, transaction or other type of communications from an appropriate communications network entity. Such communications can be seen as being originated from the user. From the above discussed network entities the serving call session control function (S-CSCF) forms the entity the user needs to be registered at in order to be able to request for a service from the communication system.
In certain specifications, such as the 3GPP Release 6, which is currently the latest version of the 3GPP specifications, the IMS networks are configured so as to allow the user to register a single public user identity from multiple locations using more than one contact addresses The multiple contact addresses may even relate to different terminals having access to multiple access networks. For example, the user may access the IMS via GPRS and/or WLAN networks with appropriate user equipment.
When proxying incoming requests, the network has the choice to route the request to all the registered contact addresses or only some of them. In order to make the most appropriate routing decision, the network needs some sort of preference settings both from the user and the network on handling the multiple contacts. More specifically, the network needs to decide whether it should fork a request or not. Subsequently, if forking is to be used, a decision is needed if sequential search or parallel forking is preferred. If sequential search is preferred, then it needs to be decided in what order the different contact addresses associated with the registered user identity should be contacted.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) document RFC 3261 "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol" by J. Rosenberg, et al., June 2002, describes the concept of sequential search. The RFC 3261 document is incorporated herein by reference. In the sequential search a sequential trial is performed with multiple contacts based on the user's preference given by the so called q (preference) value. The q value is a parameter attached to the contact address, such as a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). If an attempt to contact the most preferred contact fails, then the next preferred is tried, until a final response is received from one of the contact addresses. The RFC 3261 also describes the concept of parallel forking. In the parallel forking the different addresses are contacted simultaneously at the same time. That is, the network forks the incoming request to all of the registered contacts at the same time. Using the q values according to RFC 3261, the called party is able to manipulate per registration basis the preferences on handling the registered multiple contacts.
A proposal is that the caller can also indicate her preferences on handling a certain request. The caller preferences may overrule the called party preferences. This may be performed by using of a specific header field, i.e. the 'Request-Disposition' header field. The field specifies caller preferences for how a server of the terminating network should process the request where this header field is included. This has been proposed to be performed by using the following directives. A fork-directive is proposed to indicate whether a proxy should fork a request ("fork"), or proxy to only a single address ("no-fork"). If the server is requested not to fork, the server should proxy the request to the "best" address. The best address would normally be the one with the highest q-value. In case the fork-directive is set to "fork", then a parallel-directive indicates whether the caller would like the proxy server to proxy the request to all known addresses at once ("parallel"), or go through them sequentially, contacting the next address only after it has not received a final response for the previous one ("sequential").
However, if neither the called party preferences nor caller preferences are defined, the network behavior might be ambiguous. The terminating proxy server may require some configuration how it should behave in this "default case".


The present invention provides safety confirmation or hazard warning to a technician in the field, e.g., by scanning an equipment identification label and comparing the identification to a schedule of equipment inactivation times. The systems and methods of the invention can optionally provide remote interactions to reschedule inactivations or to protect the technician by lock-out from a hazardous condition.

This invention relates to systems of lock-out/tag-out (LOTO) to protect technicians providing maintenance and monitoring of equipment. Lock-out/tag-out systems can give notice to technicians of the status of equipment and/or prevent access to hazardous environments.
Before performing monitoring, maintenance or repair of electronic or mechanical equipment, a safe environment must be provided for the technician. Safety can be provided by hazard labels, status indicators, identity labels and locks. Safety can be enhanced by redundant lock-out and/or tag-out systems.
Hazard labels are a common form of reducing hazards to technicians. Many new products provide notice to users on ways to avoid harm to themselves and the appliance in the owners manual. Hazard warning labels are often present on access panels to warn technicians of voltage and mechanical danger. Such panels can be linked, as a safety feature, to the equipment power source to shut off power if the panel is opened.
Tag out systems can provide notice of danger and indicate requirements for access to work areas. A brightly colored tag can be attached to the latch of an access door to, e.g., warn of the internal hazards, indicate the proper procedure for safe entry, and/or to inform a technician of compliance documentation requirements for entry.
Lock out systems can prevent unauthorized individuals from gaining entry to hazardous areas. Access doors to hazardous work areas and equipment can be secured with a lock with the key or code available only to properly trained technicians. In this way, uninformed technicians can not casually enter a hazardous work environment. More sophisticated lock out systems can include safety confirmation by a computer or manager before technician entry is allowed. For example, a manager in a control room can remotely control the lock to a door in a hazard area. The manager can confirm the inactivation of hazards before allowing entry of the technician.
Another way to provide an element of safety to technicians in hazardous work environments is through scheduling systems. For example, a master schedule of equipment inactivation can be established so the technician and other workers at remote locations know what equipment is to be inactivated at what time and date. However, when the technician works over the scheduled inactivation time or if a remote worker fails to review the schedule, the equipment can be activated while the technician is still in danger.
Fail safe systems can be incorporated into technician safety systems. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,574, "Electrical and Pneumatic Lock-Out Device", to Edens, a lock out device is incorporated into access doors to hazardous areas whereby power can not be supplied to equipment when the door to the work area is opened. In another example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,198, "Securing System for Automatically Operated Valve Systems", to Kerin, a locking clip is provided for a technician to override any remote activation signal to equipment in a hazardous work area.
A need remains for additional ways to ensure the safety of technicians. For example, a way to evaluate equipment identification, technician identification, scheduling and equipment status before and during maintenance procedures can help prevent accidents. The present invention provides these and other features which will be apparent upon complete review of the following.


The present invention relates to an arrangement for handling of luggage of an aircraft container. The arrangement helps service stall transferring luggage Items from a conveyor belt into a container device, or transferring luggage items from a container device onto a conveyor belt. The arrangement comprises a frame structure having a vertical lever and a carrier mounted for slidable motion along said vertical lever, means for vertically adjusting the carrier along said vertical lever, aid a table oriented horizontally and telescopically mounted onto said carrier for enabling positioning of the table in the horizontal plane, where each luggage item can easily be transferred into the container device or transferred from said container device by vertically adjusting and horizontally position the table and sliding the luggage item on the table.

Transferring of luggage into and out of, respectively, an aircraft is associated with problems. Luggage is generally transported to an aircraft container or a Unit Loading Device, ULD, via a conveyor belt on which the luggage, for instance suitcases, bags and trolleys are carried.
The luggage shall then be moved from the conveyor belt into the aircraft container. The luggage is usually manually carried from the conveyor belt to the container device. This is in itself a cumbersome process since bags can weigh up to 100 kg.
In addition, there is a problem to achieve a sufficiently high filling level for each container, since manually lifting heavy suitcases high up is had job in the long run.
Since aircraft containers are designed with a ceiling, cranes with hanging suitcases have no access to upper levels of a luggage pile in the interior of containers.
Prior art techniques accordingly fail to provide a tool with which staff personnel can transfer luggage items into or out of an aircraft container without risking back injury or ergonomically dangerous situations.
There is a thus a need for an improved arrangement for handling of baggage with which airport service personnel can easily transfer to or from aircraft containers.


A system for encrypting and decrypting data is provided. The system includes a client for receiving a data packet, setting a value of a crypto bit, and transmitting the data packet over a system bus. A crypto module receives the data packet from the system bus and performs a cryptology function on the data packet based on a first value of the crypto bit. A memory controller receives the data packet from the system bus and performs non-cryptology functions on the data packet based on a second value of the crypto bit.

Data such as audiovisual content is typically encrypted in order to prevent unauthorized users from obtaining access to the data. For example, audiovisual content stored on a digital video disk (DVD) is often encrypted to prevent unauthorized users from being able to copy and distribute the audiovisual content. Nevertheless, it is still possible to access data after it has been decrypted, such as by accessing the data on a system bus or a storage device after it has been decrypted through existing system interfaces that provide external access to the system bus or storage device, or in other manners.

Encoded digital video content protection between transport demultiplexer and decoder


An inflatable portable seat cushion for use when seated at various sporting events, winter activities, summer activities, and or any other occasion that might involve being seated for an undetermined amount of time and where seating is a hard and uncomfortable surface. An inflatable portable seat cushion attached to a pouch that can be located around a persons waist use to store the seat portion when not in use. The seat cushion may have a slip cover that covers the inflatable portion of the cushion that may be used to place personalized messages or advertising. When left deflated the seat cushion may be used to protect clothing from wet seating arrangements such as ski lifts, boating, or any other seating area that might become wet or damp. Located inside the inflatable portion of the seat cushion may be flexible heating elements that are operated by the use of common batteries for use in cold weather conditions. Attached to the seat portion can be either a hand pump and valve or mouth piece and valve used to inflate and deflate the seat portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to portable seats, and more particularly pertains to inflatable seat cushions attached to the waist of the user by means of a storage pouch with belt with the seat cushion removably attached to the pouch using VELCRO. The inflatable seat cushion of this invention is designed to be used by people who would like the comfort of a padded cushion and the convenience of not having to carry this cushion with their hands. When desired by the user, manufacture, or retailer the seat cushion can have personalized messages applied to the cushion or to the slip cover which can be applied over the seat cushion. When the user is standing up, the cushion, hanging from the users waist, will display the message.
2. Description of the Prior Art
By way of example, the prior art discloses in U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,413 to Shumack a Portable Stadium Seat for use over existing bleachers or stadium seats that has a rigid frame on which an inflatable cushion is provided.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,589 to Hellwig discloses a inflatable seat cushion intended as a training or helping device mainly for sitting upright without a back rest.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,529 to Lippert discloses a stadium chair assembly with pivotal legs and at least one pivotal holder located to swing downwardly to return the chair to a stadium bench with the legs folded up under the seat.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,193 to Simpson discloses a portable stadium seat apparatus with a back rest used in spectator events where the seating is flat benches without backs.
In this respect, the inflatable portable seat cushion with pouch according to the present invention substantially departs over current products of it's type because current inflatable seating products are large and cumbersome and need to be carried in a persons hand. Other portable padded seating products are made with fillers that do not collapse small enough to fit into a pocket or pouch.

Inflatable portable seat cushion with slip cover and pouch


A power cord which prevents breakage of a plug or cord/conductors even when treated roughly, and thus has a longer life. The power cord includes a plurality of cores of a synthetic resin, each for covering a connection section of a single blade among a plurality of blades, and an outer skin of a synthetic resin, for covering the plurality of cores together such that the blades are held at a specified interval spacing so as to form a plug. The synthetic resin forming the outer skin is softer than the synthetic resin forming the cores. The outer skin includes a thicker part for covering a border part of each cord having an internal covering member between a part covered with the core and a part exposed from the core.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power cord including a plug at a leading end thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
One type of conventional power cord includes a plug as described below. Conductors projected (exposed) from leading ends of a plurality of cords are connected to blades. The plug includes an outer skin for covering trailing ends of the blades and the leading ends of the cords. The outer skin is formed of a synthetic resin.
Such a plug has a structure described in, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2003-178835. The plug includes an internal molded body (core), formed of a hard resin, including a plurality of covering and fixing sections. Each covering and fixing section covers a connection part at which the trailing end of each blade is connected to the conductors exposed from the leading end of each cord. The plug also includes an external molded body (outer skin), formed of a soft resin, for covering the covering and fixing sections of the core together.
Such a plug includes the core formed of a soft resin and the outer skin formed of a hard resin. Owing to such a structure, even when a user treats the plug roughly, for example, swings the plug strongly in a direction in which the blades are arranged, the connection parts of the trailing ends of the blades and the conductors are prevented from being broken. Thus, the blades can be displaced with a higher degree of freedom with certainty. In other words, the life of the power cord can be extended by providing the core and the outer skin in the plug.
In the power cord disclosed in the above-identified patent document, the core has a bridge for connecting the covering and fixing sections each for covering the connection part. According to the above-identified patent document, the plug has the following advantages. Even when a strong tensile force or bending stress is applied to the blade/cord connection parts, the bridge alleviates such a force. In addition, the stress applied to the covering and fixing sections by, for example, the bridge being bent is alleviated by the outer skin. As a result, the bending stress applied to the connection parts is reduced. Even when the plug is treated roughly, there is no possibility of breakage of the connection parts.
However, a power cord is occasionally treated more roughly than the plug being swung in the above-mentioned direction. For example, when the user carries an electric appliance including the power cord, the user may hang the power cord on his/her shoulder while holding the plug in his/her hand. In such a case, the blade/cord connection parts are subjected to a stronger tensile force or bending stress than in the case where the plug is swung in the above-mentioned direction.
In the case of a plug as described in the above-identified patent document including a core having a bridge, the applied tensile force or bending stress may exceed the bending limit of the bridge. As a result, the bridge may be broken.
The plug described in the above-identified patent document also has the following drawback. A border part of each cord between a part covered with the covering and fixing section of the core and a part exposed therefrom is not sufficiently reinforced. When the plug is treated excessively roughly, for example, when the user holds the plug in his/her hand while hanging the power cord on his/her shoulder to carry the electric appliance including the power cord as described above, the bending stress is concentrated on the border part due to a significant hardness difference between the core and the cord. This also results in breakage of the cord or conductors.
The present invention has an object of providing a power cord for preventing breakage of a plug or cord/conductors or conductors with certainty even when being treated roughly and thus having a longer life.


Provided are methods and systems for generating a binarized representation of a document using a mobile device configured to provide a Flashed and No-flashed image of the document. According to an exemplary method, the Flash and No-flash images are aligned and blended, where the resulting image includes the No-flash image where any hot spots are included in the Flash image. After blending, the blended image is binarized.

This disclosure relates to methods and systems to generate a binarized representation of a document using a Flashed image of the document and a No-flashed image of the document.
There are many techniques for binarization of an image where the image is scanned and/or photographed. However, known techniques for binarization are not sufficient for low quality images obtained with many mobile device cameras, such as cell phones, smart phones, etc. In order to produce a better quality photograph/image using a mobile device such as a cell phone, the cell phone may be provided with a flash. However, the use of a flash to photograph a document often produces "hot spots" where the image is washed out or specular reflections from inked areas of the document produce strange results.
This disclosure provides techniques and associated exemplary embodiments thereof to produce a relatively higher quality binarization processing of a low quality image generated with a mobile device including a camera with a flash, where Flashed and No-flashed photographs of a subject are taken sequentially.


A method for manufacturing a liquid ejection head having a substrate including an electro-thermal transducer for ejecting a liquid from an ejection opening, an electrode wiring section electrically connecting the electro-thermal transducer and driver element thereof, and a liquid supply port therethrough includes the steps of forming a sacrificial layer by using the same material as the electrode wiring section at a position at which the liquid supply port is to be formed during forming the electrode wiring section, forming an anti-etching layer covering the sacrificial layer, removing the sacrificial layer by etching the substrate from a surface thereof opposite to the surface on which the electro-thermal transducer is formed to expose the anti-etching layer of a portion to be the liquid supply port, and removing the exposed anti-etching layer to form the liquid supply port in the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a liquid ejection head capable of simplifying the manufacturing process and excellent in reliability.
In this Specification, a word "print" refers to not only forming a significant information, such as characters and figures, but also forming images, designs or patterns on a printing medium and processing such as etching and so forth in the printing medium, whether the information is significant or insignificant or whether it is visible so as to be perceived by humans. The term "printing medium" includes not only paper used in common printing apparatus, but also sheet materials such as cloths, plastic films, metal sheets, glass plates, ceramic sheets, wood panels and leathers or three-dimensional materials such as spheres, round pipes and so forth which can receive the ink. The word "ink" should be interpreted in its wide sense as with the word "print", refers to liquid that is applied to the printing medium for forming images, designs or patterns, processing such as etching in the printing medium or processing such as coagulating or insolubilizing a colorant in the ink and includes any liquids used for printing.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a conventional art, an ink-jet printing method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 54-51835(1979) is characterized in that a driving force for ejecting a liquid droplet is obtained by applying a thermal energy to the liquid, which is different from other ink-jet printing methods. That is, according to this ink-jet printing method, the liquid subjected to the operation of the thermal energy is vaporized to generate air bubbles. The expansion force accompanied with the growth of the bubbles makes liquid droplets to be ejected from an orifice of a printing head to a printing medium so that a predetermined image information such as characters or images is printed on the printing medium. The printing head used for this ink-jet printing method generally includes an nozzle orifice for ejecting the liquid, a liquid chamber communicating with the nozzle orifice, for storing the liquid to be ejected, an ejection energy generator disposed in the liquid chamber, for generating the thermal energy for ejecting the liquid droplet from the nozzle orifice, a protecting layer for protecting the ejection energy generator from the liquid, and a heat storage layer for storing the thermal energy generated from the ejection energy generator.
Also, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-13849(1998), a method is disclosed, for forming, by an anisotropic etching, a liquid supply port communicating with the above-mentioned liquid chamber to supply the liquid to this liquid chamber. In Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-181032(1998), a method is disclosed, for forming the liquid supplying port more precisely by further using a sacrificial layer. In this Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-181032(1998), a concrete process performed by the sacrificial layer during the high-precision etching is described in the explanation of a first embodiment with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3.
One example of a process for manufacturing the liquid supply port in the conventional printing head described above will be described with reference to FIGS. 27 to 34 based on the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 10-181032(1998) as follows. A SiO2 layer 2 is formed by oxidizing the surface of a silicon substrate 1 and deposits a Si3N4 layer 3 thereon by a reduced pressure CVD method (see FIG. 27). Then, a patterning is carried out to leave the Si3N4 layer 3 solely in the vicinity of a region in which a sacrificial layer 4 described later is formed. At this time, all of the Si3N4 layer 3 deposited on the rear surface of the silicon substrate is removed by the etching during the patterning (see FIG. 28). Next, the silicon substrate 1 is further heat-oxidized to grow the SiO2 layer 2. At this time, a portion disposed directly beneath the patterned Si3N4 layer 3 is not oxidized but solely the SiO2 layer 2 disposed on the opposite sides thereof is selectively oxidized, whereby a thickness of the SiO2 layer 2 not covered with the Si3N4 layer 3 increases. Thereafter, the Si3N4 layer 3 is removed by the etching (see FIG. 29). Then, to form a sacrificial layer 4 of polysilicon, a portion of the SiO2 layer 2 having a thin film thickness because this portion has been covered with the Si3N4 layer 3 is removed by the etching, and instead, the sacrificial layer 4 of polysilicon is formed in this portion (see FIG. 30). Next, an etching-stop layer 5 encircling this sacrificial layer 4 is formed of Si3N4 which stress is adjusted by the reduced pressure CVD method, and a whole surface thereof is covered with a phospho-silicate glass (PSG) layer 6 (see FIG. 31). Further, a second SiO2 layer 7 is formed on the PSG layer 6 by a plasma CVD method (see FIG. 32), and the SiO2 layer 7 and the PSG layer 6 are patterned, after which a second Si3N4 layer 8 reaching the etching-stop layer 5 is formed all over a surface thereof by the plasma CVD method (see FIG. 33). Thereafter, a liquid supply port 9 extending from the rear surface side of the silicon substrate 1 to the sacrificial layer 4 is formed by the anisotropic etching (see FIG. 34).
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2003-136492 discloses that if the sacrificial layer is formed of polysilicon by the same process as a film-forming process or an etching process for a gate electrode of a MOS transistor in a drive circuit or others, an exclusive mask for the sacrificial layer becomes unnecessary.
However, since a resistivity of polysilicon is generally high, it is necessary to lower the resistivity when used as the gate electrode of the transistor, for example, by doping impurity. On the other hand, since an etching speed of polysilicon doped with impurity is liable to lower, it is unsuitable for using polysilicon as a material for the sacrificial layer which needs the etching speed higher than that of a material to be etched. Accordingly, when the electrode and the sacrificial layer are formed of the same material; polysilicon; for the purpose of saving the manufacturing process, one or both of the electrode and the sacrificial layer may be lower in performance, whereby it is impossible to merely use the polysilicon as it is.
Further, since the PSG layer may be dissolved by an etching liquid when the PSG layer is provided on a wiring layer such as a gate electrode, there is a case that it is unsuitable as an anti-etching layer. For example, when a predetermined portion of the PSG layer 6 is etched as one of processes shown in FIGS. 32 to 33 for supplying the liquid fed from a lower part of the substrate via the liquid supply port 9 to an upper part of the substrate, the sacrificial layer 4 is directly exposed to the etching liquid unless the etching-stop layer 5 covering the sacrificial layer 4 is separately provided.
In the prior art, to avoid such a problem, the etching-stop layer 5 formed of Si3N4 is provided between the sacrificial layer 4 and the PSG layer 6. Accordingly, in a case wherein the PSG layer is provided on the wiring electrode, an anti-etching layer of silicon nitride used as the etching-stop layer is formed in a structure around the liquid supply port before the PSG layer is provided, so that the etching of the PSG layer is possible without affecting the sacrificial layer of polysilicon.
Also, since the anti-etching layer of silicon nitride must be heated at a predetermined temperature when formed by the reduced pressure CVD method, polysilicon is used for the sacrificial layer formed together with the wiring layer in the same process.
Accordingly, in the conventional structure, there has been no method for manufacturing a liquid ejection head capable of reducing the manufacturing processes while maintaining the uniformity of sacrificial layers in the respective substrates taken from the same wafer.

Method for manufacturing liquid ejection head


In a video processing method, a video reverse playback instruction is received. A total video duration of the video and a played duration of the video are obtained in response to the video reverse playback instruction. The video reverse playback instruction indicates that the video is to be played in reverse order. A first reverse playback time point corresponding to the video is determined according to the total video duration and the played duration. Subdata from video data of the video is determined based on a time range indicated by the first reverse playback time point and a pre-loading time threshold. The subdata corresponds to the time range of the video. The subdata is pre-loaded to obtain pre-loaded video data. Further, a first reverse playback video frame corresponding to the first reverse playback time point is obtained from the pre-loaded video data for playback in the reverse order.

When making a reverse playback video, video editing software needs to recode an original video to generate a new video file. In an application (APP) that provides this video reverse playback function, a user selects a local video, and after the user selects the reverse playback function, the APP needs to decode the entire original video first, store the original video into a new video where frames are displayed in the reverse order, and then play the new video, thereby implementing the video reverse playback function.

Video processing method and apparatus, terminal, and storage medium

TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED


In embodiments, a user equipment (UE) may include an applications module and a communications module. The applications module may run an application and facilitate communications between the application and a remote server over a wireless communication network. The communications between the application and the remote server may initially be over a first interface selected based on a route table. The communications module may identify a second interface that is preferred to the first interface. The communications module may modify the route table to prioritize the second interface over the first interface. Additionally, the communications module may instruct the applications module to execute a reset operation to re-establish communications between the application and the remote server using the second interface.

Wireless communication devices may be capable of communicating with a remote server over a wireless communication network using a plurality of interfaces. For example, the wireless communication device may be capable of using interfaces that follow with different protocols, such as a cellular interface and a wireless local area network (WLAN) interface, to communicate with the remote server. The wireless communication device may run one or more applications that establish network flows with the remote server over the wireless communication network. However, the most optimal interface may not be used for the network flows. Further, once a network flow is established on one interface, it may be unable to transition to a more optimal interface as one becomes available.

Application continuity with reroute and reset in a wireless communication network


A system for controlling the flow of a fluid from a source to a load includes a source. An on/off type of control valve communicates with the source. A micro-electric mechanical system communicates with the on/off type of control valve. A consuming device communicates with the micro-electric mechanical system. An electronic controller that communicates with the consuming device and the source. The electronic controller measures a change in a parameter of the micro-electric mechanical system that results from the flow of fluid through the micro-electric mechanical system to sense a flow of fluid through a micro-electric mechanical system.

This invention relates in general to microvalves of the general type described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,210,502, 7,803,281, 8,011,388, 8,113,482, and 8,156,962 and in U.S. Published Patent Application Nos. 2007/0172362, 2007/0251586, 2008/0042084, 2009/0123300, 2010/0012195, 2010/0084031, 2011/0127455, 2012/0000550, 2012/0145252, 2012/0140416, 2012/0295371, and 2012/0299129. The disclosures of all of these patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference.
In particular, this invention relates to an improved system for a microvalve that is provided with an integrated capability of sensing the flow of fluid therethrough for controlling the operation of the microvalve in response thereto.
A typical refrigerant cooling system for a device to be cooled includes a source, such as a compressor, that selectively provides a fluid, such as a liquid refrigerant, to a consuming device, such as an evaporator coil. To accomplish this, the source communicates through a temperature-responsive solenoid or other on/off type of control valve and through a microvalve or other micro-electric mechanical system to the consuming device. The solenoid valve can be selectively actuated to operate in either (1) an opened condition that permits liquid refrigerant to flow from the source to the microvalve or (2) a closed condition to prevent liquid refrigerant from flowing from the source to the microvalve. The microvalve, on the other hand, can be operated to modulate or otherwise control the amount of liquid refrigerant flowing therethrough to the consuming device. Thereafter, liquid refrigerant flows from the consuming device through a superheat or similar electronic controller back to the source of liquid refrigerant.
In normal operation of the refrigerant cooling system, when the sensed temperature of the device to be cooled (as determined by a temperature sensor) increases above a predetermined target temperature, the solenoid valve is caused to be opened. As a result, liquid refrigerant is allowed to flow through the solenoid valve from the source to the microvalve. The microvalve is, in turn, operated by the superheat or similar electronic controller to modulate or otherwise control the flow of liquid refrigerant therethrough to the consuming device as needed.
Subsequently, when the sensed temperature of the device to be cooled decreases below the predetermined target temperature, it is desirable to cease the flow of liquid refrigerant from the source to the consuming device. To accomplish this, the solenoid valve is initially closed. When this occurs, all of the remaining fluid contained within the microvalve is drawn out of the microvalve into the consuming device. As a result, the pressure of the fluid contained in the line downstream of the solenoid valve (as measured by a fluid pressure sensor that is typically provided as part of the superheat or similar electronic controller) drops to near zero. When this close-to-zero pressure situation occurs, the microvalve is then operated by the superheat or similar electronic controller to a fully closed condition.
Thereafter, when the sensed temperature of the case of the device to be cooled increases above the predetermined target temperature, the solenoid valve is caused to be re-opened to permit the flow of the liquid refrigerant from the source into the microvalve. However, because the fluid pressure sensor is located downstream of the microvalve as part of the superheat or similar electronic controller, the rise in the fluid pressure at the microvalve cannot be detected instantaneously by the superheat or similar electronic controller, which would preferably respond by opening or modulating the operation of the microvalve very quickly after the solenoid valve is re-opened. Rather, initially after the solenoid valve is re-opened, only a small amount of the liquid refrigerant passes through the microvalve and the consuming device to the superheat or similar electronic controller. That small amount of the liquid refrigerant eventually is sensed by the fluid pressure sensor provided as part of the superheat or similar electronic controller, which causes the microvalve to be re-opened.
Thus, it can be seen that there is an undesirably long period of time during which the pressure sensor continues to sense the close-to-zero pressure situation and maintain the microvalve in a closed condition, even after the solenoid valve has been re-opened to permit flow of the liquid refrigerant from the source into the microvalve. As a result, an undesirably long period of time occurs before the pressurized fluid is supplied in a sufficient quantity through the microvalve to the consuming device, thereby allowing cooling of the device to be cooled. Thus, it would be desirable to provide an improved system that avoids this problem.

Microvalve with integrated flow sensing capability


A door leaf includes a stiff, light structural part that maintains fed-in vibrational energy and, by flexural waves, propagates this energy in at least one active surface perpendicular to its thickness to distribute resonance mode vibration components over at least one surface, which has specified, preferred locations or sites within it for transducer devices, which are affixed on the structural part at one of the locations or sites to set the structural part into vibration and to allow it to resonate, thus creating an acoustic radiator that delivers an acoustic output signal when it vibrates in resonance, the front and/or the rear cover panel of the door leaf being part of the stiff, light structural component. The transducer(s) is/are situated between the cover panels. This arrangement provides a door with a loudspeaker function, which needs no extra volume compared to an ordinary door, and which is able to provide sound reliably and comprehensively to one or more rooms, which adjoin this door acting as a loudspeaker. Advantageously, additional loudspeakers or loudspeaker boxes are not required in a room that receives sound by this door with loudspeakers.

The present invention relates to the field of loudspeakers, and in particular to a door that acts as a radiant acoustical structure.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,247,925 discloses a flat panel loudspeaker, which has a multimodal resonance radiator element formed by two films between which is arranged a core consisting of high resistance foam or a core with a honeycomb structure. This radiator is driven by electrodynamic transducers that excite the radiator to multimodal resonance in accordance with a fed-in electrical audio signal to yield a corresponding acoustic audio signal.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,247,925 describes a woofer having an electromagnet disposed on the floor of its cubical housing. A flat, first diaphragm fastened on the housing like an intermediate ceiling is seated on this electromagnet. The housing ceiling is formed by a second flat diaphragm, which is mechanically connected to the flat first diaphragm by a column that includes several honeycomb-shaped columns to transmit soundwaves.
A motor-vehicle door capable of housing electrical equipment is disclosed in the published German application DE 196 54 956 A 1. The motor-vehicle door accommodates an electrical drive to move the outside mirror, an electrical drive to raise and lower the window, and a relatively large loudspeaker to radiate sound. To supply the electrical equipment with electrical current and to control this equipment by electrical control signals, electric contacts are situated at the door lock of the motor vehicle door. When the door is closed, these are connected to electric contacts that are situated on a closure element, which is disposed on the car body and positively engages the door lock. One disadvantage of this motor vehicle door is that a relatively large loudspeaker must be built into the door to radiate sound.
Therefore, there is a need for a door that includes structural components configured to radiate acoustical energy.

Door with structural components configured to radiate acoustic Energy


A priming pump valve for use in conjunction with a fuel system, such as a diesel engine, that does not result in a lag in the fuel flow during normal system operation. The priming pump valve has a control valve movable between a first position for normal operation and a second position for priming that allows for efficient priming of the fuel system when in the priming mode and unrestricted flow of fuel during normal operation of the engine.

Priming a fuel system is the act of forcing fuel through the system's lines to assure uniform pressure as well as to purge any air pockets that may exist in the system. A priming device can be critical to a system when components depend on a constant flow of fuel from the time of the system start-up. An example of such a system is the fuel system for a diesel powered combustion engine.
In a diesel engine it is important to the proper operation of the engine that the fuel transfer system be sealed against the intrusion of air. Air in the system can cause failure of the injection mechanism or improper operation of the fuel system.
In addition, a diesel engine start-up requires fuel to be in constant supply from the first crank of the engine. Otherwise, excessive wear will occur in the engine and starting system as a result of continued cranking of the high compression engine while waiting for the fuel to reach the engine's combustion chamber. Priming the diesel system is particularly important when the fuel lines are empty as a result of running out the fuel supply or changing the fuel filter. Priming methods for diesel engines and the like have been widely practiced and many types of priming devices are available to address problems such as those confronted by the aforementioned fuel system.
Priming devices for a fuel system generally follow one basic form, that being a pair of check valves in series in the fuel line with a fluid pump located thereinbetween. Both check valves normally permit fluid to flow only in the direction from the fluid source to the engine. In normal operation, the fuel is permitted to flow from the fuel source through the check valves and to the engine. When the system is in priming mode, the pump draws fluid through the check valve on the fuel source side of the line, the check valve closest to the fuel source permitting fluid to flow into the pump from its drawing action while the other check valve remains closed and not permitting the pump to draw fuel from the engine. When the pump forces the fluid between the two check valves, fluid is forced only in the direction of the engine, the check valve closest to the fluid source not permitting the fuel to be pumped toward the fuel source while the other check valve allows fuel to be pumped toward the engine. Basically, the pump draws fuel from the fuel source and pumps it toward the engine without permitting back flow to the fuel source or from the engine. This device, and other variations of it, successfully performs the priming function; however, they have serious drawbacks.
The main drawback in the aforementioned system is a lag in the fuel flow which occurs as a result of the fuel having to flow pass the two check valves. This can cause a shortage of fuel to the system. The defect is more profound when the system is cold and the resulting thick fuel is less viscous. Consequently, a need exists for a priming system that does not cause a lag in the fuel system in normal operation.


Therefore, according to the present invention, one or more bond pads of a memory device are connected to a corresponding address buffer or address buffers by a selection circuit which selectively allows the address buffer to ignore a signal on the bond pad. In order to define a smaller density memory device, the signal on the bond pad is ignored, and the selection circuit internally forces a logic state on the address buffer which points to the desired smaller density memory device. The memory devices and the smaller density memory devices are packaged and bonded identically and then sorted and branded such that it is not necessary to use the double inking technique. The present invention may be applied to a plurality of bond pads and corresponding address buffers. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the selection circuit has of a plurality of fuses which may be selectively blown to cause the address buffer to ignore a signal on the bond pad. Nonvolatile devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, Flash EPROM, or PROM devices may also be used instead of fuses. The present invention can make use of ESD transistors, or nonvolatile devices, and fuses.

The present invention relates generally to integrated circuit memories, and more specifically to a method and structure for recovering smaller densities memories from larger density memories.
Often, smaller density memory devices are packaged in the same package type, having the same number of pins and other physical dimensions, as larger density memory devices. This is true for many memory devices, including SRAMs (Static Random Access Memories), FIFO (First In First Out) memories, and tagRAMs, etc. For example, a 64K (8K.times.8) SRAM is typically packaged in the same package as a 256K (32K.times.8) SRAM. Also, the 1 Meg Burst RAM (64K.times.18), a data cache SRAM memory produced by SGS-Thomson Microelectronics, Inc., is packaged in the same package as the 512K Burst RAM (32K.times.18).
Currently manufacturers of integrated circuit memory devices do not have a satisfactory method for recovering the yield fallout of memory devices as smaller density memory devices in the same package. For, although a larger density memory device and a smaller density memory device may be housed in an identical package, bonding for the two memory devices is typically quite different. As an example, consider a 256K SRAM and a 64K SRAM. Typically, both the 256K and 64K SRAM are packaged in a 28 pin DIP or SOJ package as illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 2a, respectively. The pin names of the 28 pin package of FIGS. 1a and 2a are shown in FIGS. 1b and 2b, respectively. The 64K SRAM of FIGS. 2a and 2b has 13 address pins, or two less than the 15 address pins of the 256K SRAM of FIGS. 1a and 1b. According to FIGS. 2a and 2b, the 64K SRAM differs from the 256K SRAM because pin 1 is a No Connection (NC) pin rather than an address pin and pin 26 is a Chip Enable (E2) pin rather than an address pin. Because pins 1 and 26 of the 64K and 256K SRAMs are used for different purposes, they have different bonding connections. Otherwise, all other pins of the two devices have identical functions and thus have the same bonding connections.
Partially due to the fact that the 64K and the 256K SRAMs have different bonding connections, to date, the yield fallout of 256K SRAMs are not easily recoverable as fully functional 64K SRAMs in spite of the fact the two devices are housed in identical packaging. Additionally, even if it is possible to salvage yield fallout, sorting problems encountered with sorting the memory devices as either 256K SRAMs or 64K SRAMs may make it not practical to do so. As a result, yield fallout from larger density memory devices such as the 256K SRAM is typically scrapped rather than recovered as a fully recoverable smaller density device.
One possible solution that has been examined as a way to recover yield fallout of a larger density memory device as a small density memory device involves a double inking technique. According to the double inking technique, typically, those devices which could be recoverable as a larger density memory device are not marked, those devices which are not recoverable are marked with one ink spot, and those devices which could be recoverable as a smaller density device are marked with two ink spots during wafer testing. Thus, those devices of a 256K SRAM wafer which would be recoverable as a 64K SRAM device might be differentiated from other devices by two ink marks, rather than one or no ink marks. Then at the device assembly step, these double inked devices would be separated from the 256K devices of the wafer and bonded differently according to the bonding requirements of a smaller density 64K SRAM.
A concern with the double inking technique is that it involves many backend steps, is more expensive, and is more time consuming than traditional device handling and is subject to errors. The double inking technique is complicated further when a semiconductor manufacturer uses multiple assembly subcontractors and this, of course, complicates the manufacturing process and drives up the cost of the device.

Method and structure for recovering smaller density memories from larger density memories


A method for protecting consumer personal data by giving the consumer a choice of privacy preferences linked to their financial payment instruments such as credit cards, checks and the like. The privacy preference data is stored electronically in a database and on the payment instrument.

This invention relates generally to the field of consumer privacy, and in particular to techniques and systems to protect consumer personal data.
Consumers have long sought to protect their personal data while companies have sought to use such data for marketing and other purposes. For example, credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, and the like often include stored information about the owner of the card. This information can include, for example, the owner's name, address, telephone number, and the like. Each time the card is used for a purchase, this information can be extracted from the card by the merchant. This information may then be used to target marketing material to the consumer. Further, the issuing bank also keeps a record of such information. As such, this information may be used by the bank to direct marketing materials to their customers.
Consumers have often objected to such use of their personal information. As such, the Gramm Leach Bliley Act was enacted to regulate the use of such information. Hence, it is hoped that companies and banks will become more conscience and consumer friendly with respect to how customer information is used.
This invention is related to ways to permit companies and banks to use such personal data, while also giving the consumer the option of limiting such use.

Customer privacy protection systems and methods


A process for operating a motor vehicle air conditioner, which contains a refrigerant circulating system with a compressor and an evaporator. The compressor is deactivated to protect against an insufficient amount of refrigerant being supplied to the compressor when the refrigerant pressure on the high-pressure side of the refrigerant circulating system falls below a definable value. The deactivation to protect against inadequate refrigerant levels is suppressed as long as the temperature of the motor vehicle engine coolant (which is utilized to heat an air flow blown by the air conditioner into the vehicle interior), is below a definable coolant temperature deactivation threshold value and the evaporator temperature is above a definable first evaporator temperature deactivation threshold value. The process can also be used to reduce the tendency of the vehicle's windows to fog up.

This application claims the priority of German patent document 197 17 998.3, filed Apr. 28, 1997, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a process for the operation of a motor vehicle air conditioner which contains a refrigerant circulating system having a compressor and an evaporator. In this process, the compressor is deactivated to protect against being inadequately filled with refrigerant, due to the refrigerant pressure on the high-pressure side of the refrigerant circulating system falling below a definable limit.
In a process of this type (which is used in motor vehicles produced by the applicant), the protective deactivation of the compressor is accomplished by automatically deactivating the compressor when the refrigerant pressure falls below a definable deactivation threshold value of, for example, 1.75 bar. Here, the reactivation of the compressor is only permitted when the refrigerant pressure exceeds an activation threshold value of, for example, 2.25 bar (which is higher than the 1.75 bar value)
In parallel thereto, the compressor is protected from icing-up by automatically deactivating the compressor when the evaporator temperature falls below a definable deactivation threshold value of, for example, 1.degree. C. Here, as before, the compressor can only be reactivated when the evaporator temperature exceeds a turn on threshold value of, for example, 3.degree. C. (which is higher than the 1.degree. C. value). Together, the two protective deactivation functions prevent damage to the air conditioner (particularly the compressor) when quantity of refrigerant in the refrigerant circulating system is too low or the evaporator becomes iced up.
A common control method for the compressor is the so-called reheat operation. This method entails cooling the air flow blown into the vehicle by the evaporator and subsequently heating the blown air with the heater of the air conditioner. This method is particularly expedient at low outside temperatures and in humid weather when seeking to prevent the vehicle's windows from fogging-up. The windows of the vehicle have an increased tendency to fog up when the air conditioner is restarted after parking for a short time. This is because, once the air conditioner is switched off (that is, when the vehicle is parked), the evaporator normally housed in an air-conditioning compartment will be moist on its surface. Furthermore, the air situated in the air-conditioning compartment will be heated up by the warmer surroundings of the air-conditioning compartment (e.g., the engine compartment) and therefore absorbs water vapor from the evaporator surface. If the air conditioner is then restarted shortly thereafter, this moistened air will enter the vehicle interior, whereby under corresponding conditions, the water vapor absorbed by the air conditioner condenses on the windows.
German Patent Document DE 195 12 356 Cl and the literature cited therein, discloses a process for motor vehicle air conditioners (within the scope of reheating operations) that seeks to remedy this tendency of a vehicle's windows to fog up by, for example, delaying a fan activation with respect to the activation of the compressor when the air conditioner is restarted. In this process of deactivating the compressor to protect against the vehicle's windows icing-up, deactivation of the compressor will (as a rule), however, no longer be activated at outside temperatures below approximately 0.degree. C. As a result, it is no longer possible to counteract the tendency of the windows to fog-up.
An additional disadvantage of this process is that when the protective compressor is deactivated, due to being inadequately filled with refrigerant, activation of the compressor does not take place in additional special operating conditions (even though the windows have a tendency to fog up). The reason for this is, since the refrigerant pressure also depends on the temperature conditions, a refrigerant pressure which is equal to or slightly higher than the pertaining deactivation or activation value (in the event of a lower outside temperature of, for example, approximately -2.degree. C.), still corresponds to a normal refrigerant quantity. On the other hand, at higher outside temperatures of, for example, 0.degree. C. of an insufficient refrigerant quantity, the pertaining deactivation or activation value corresponds to the compressor being inadequately filled with refrigerant. Therefore, when the vehicle is parked at an outside temperature that is slightly above 0.degree. C. (during which time the air conditioner with an activated compressor operating to the cool the vehicle interior), in the event of a subsequent new start, the compressor is not switched on if the outside temperature has fallen in the interim, even if the windows have begun to fog up. This phenomenon is due to the compressor being deactivated to protect against the effects of inadequately filling the compressor with refrigerant.
The object of the present invention is to provide a process whereby, despite implementation of the protective shut-off function when the compressor is inadequately filled with refrigerant, the tendency of the windows to fog up can be counteracted in a comparatively reliable manner.
This and other objects and advantages of the invention are achieved by the process according to the invention, in which the compressor is deactivated to protect against the compressor being inadequately filled with refrigerant, due to the refrigerant pressure (p.sub.k) on the high-pressure side of the refrigerant circulating system falling below a definable refrigerant pressure switch-off threshold value (p.sub.k1).
In this process according to the present invention, the protective deactivation (when the compressor is inadequately filled with refrigerant) is suppressed in the special case where the engine coolant temperature is below a definable coolant deactivation threshold value and the evaporator temperature is above a definable first evaporator temperature deactivation threshold value. As a result of this measure, compressor activation is ensured when the vehicle is parked at a higher outside temperature of, for example, slightly above 0.degree. C., and where the compressor was operating during a drop in the outside temperature (prior to the interim that the vehicle is restarted). In this scenario, the protective deactivation function (when the compressor is inadequately filled with refrigerant) is suppressed as long as, on the one hand, the evaporator temperature is still above the first evaporator deactivation threshold value (which may be set, for example, at approximately 2.degree. C.) and, on the other hand, the engine coolant temperature has not yet reached its defined deactivation threshold value. The automatic deactivation of the compressor for preventing the tendency of the windows to fog up (which can be triggered after any of the conventional approaches) is therefore undisturbed in this operating situation due to the protective deactivation of the compressor when it is inadequately filled with refrigerant.
In contrast, if the evaporator temperature falls under the first evaporator temperature deactivation threshold value, the deactivation of the compressor can be triggered so that damage due to ice on the evaporator is prevented. A compressor deactivation can also (for example) take place because the protective deactivation when the compressor is inadequately filled with refrigerant is permitted. This is because the engine coolant temperature has reached or exceeded its deactivation threshold value. Since the engine coolant is utilized for heating the air flow which can be blown into the vehicle interior, the engine coolant (which was brought to its threshold value temperature) can sufficiently heat the air current such that warm air is blown against the vehicle's windows. Therefore, without any air drying, due to reheating the air, the windows will no longer fog up.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the function to protect deactivation against icing-up (where the compressor is automatically deactivated or activated) does not take place if the evaporator temperature is under a definable second evaporator temperature deactivation threshold value (which is higher than the first evaporator temperature deactivation threshold value) and is set, for example, to approximately 1.degree. C.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Process for operating a motor vehicle air conditioner having a protective compressor switch-off function


An injection molding machine includes a machine base; a stationary platen fixed to the base for holding a stationary mold section; a moving platen slidably supported by the base for holding a moving mold section; a rotary apparatus slidably supported by the base axially intermediate the stationary and moving platens for supporting a plurality of center mold sections and moving the center mold sections among axial positions directed toward the stationary and moving mold sections and lateral positions directed toward the operator and non-operator side of the machine; and a part-handling apparatus mounted to the stationary platen. The part-handling apparatus includes an end-of-arm tooling disposed laterally outboard of the rotary apparatus. The end-of-arm tooling is movable laterally between an engaged position for interacting with molded articles in one of the center mold sections in the lateral positions, and a disengaged position spaced laterally outwardly from the engaged position.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,025,828 (Armbruster) discloses an injection molding device with a first mold half and a second mold half, arranged movably with respect to said first half, and a central mold half arranged between said first and second halves and rotatable about an axis of rotation. Arranged to the side of the central mold half is a further processing device.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,672,668 (Armbruster) discloses a device for producing hinged closures out of plastic. The device has a prismatic central block which can be rotated about a rotational axis, said block being arranged between a first and a second molding plate. The first and the second molding plates are movable in relation to the central block in a first direction, and in a closed position, form a plurality of cavities in the area of a first and a second parting plane. The device has a handling system used to remove and transport the hinged closures onto a capping device in accordance with their layout.
U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2013/0302457 (Zahoransky) discloses an injection-molding machine having a stack mold for producing injection-molded parts, first and second external mold parts and a rotatably mounted central block, the external mold parts each having a distribution plate having a hot runner for the injection material, and mold cavities being formed between molding regions on inner sides of the mold plates of the external mold parts and molding regions being formed on mold plates on opposite outer sides of the central block. At least one gripper is provided. The mold plates of the external mold parts and the central block are held detachably in place. The mold plates of the external mold parts are positionable on the distribution plates to correspond to respective feed channels, and the mold plates of the central block are positionable on the central block to correspond to respective positions of the mold plates of the external mold parts.

Injection molding machine with part-handling apparatus


GLP-2 analogs are disclosed which comprise one of more substitutions as compared to [hGly2]GLP-2 and which improved biological activity in vivo and/or improved chemical stability, e.g., as assessed in in vitro stability assays. More particularly, preferred GLP-2 analogs disclosed herein comprise substitutions at one or more of positions 8, 16, 24 and/or 28 of the wild-type GLP-2 sequence, optionally in combination with further substitutions at position 2 (as mentioned in the introduction) and one or more of positions 3, 5, 7, 10 and 11, and/or a deletion of one or more of amino acids 31 to 33 and/or the addition of a N-terminal or C-terminal stabilizing peptide sequence. The analogs are particularly useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of stomach and bowel-related disorders and for ameliorating side effects of chemotherapy. Also disclosed are methods and kits for selecting a patient from populations suited for treatment with GLP-2 analogs.

GLP-2 is a 33-amino-acid peptide released from the posttranslational processing of proglucagon in the enteroendocrine L cells of the intestine and in specific regions of the brainstem. It is co-secreted together with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin and glicentin, in response to nutrient ingestion.
GLP-2 induces significant growth of the small intestinal mucosal epithelium via the stimulation of stem cell proliferation in the crypts and inhibition of apoptosis on the villi (Drucker et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93:7911-6). GLP-2 also inhibits gastric emptying and gastric acid secretion (Wojdemann et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999, 84:2513-7), enhances intestinal barrier function (Benjamin et al. Gut. 2000, 47:112-9), stimulates intestinal hexose transport via the upregulation of glucose transporters (Cheeseman, Am J Physiol. 1997, R1965-71), and increases intestinal blood flow (Guan et al. Gastroenterology. 2003, 125, 136-47).
GLP-2 binds to a single G protein-coupled receptor belonging to the class II glucagon secretin family (1). The GLP-2 receptor has only been localized in the small intestine, colon and stomach, sites that are known to be responsive to GLP-2 (Yusta et al. Gastroenterology. 2000, 119: 744-55). However, the target cell for GLP-2 receptor stimulation in the gastrointestinal tract remains unclear and the downstream intracellular mediators coupled to the GLP-2 receptor are poorly understood.
The demonstrated specific and beneficial effects of GLP-2 in the small intestine has raised much interest as to the use of GLP-2 in the treatment of intestinal disease or injury (Sinclair and Drucker, Physiology 2005: 357-65). Furthermore GLP-2 has been shown to prevent or reduce mucosal epithelial damage in a wide number of preclinical models of gut injury, including chemotherapy-induced mucositis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, dextran sulfate-induced colitis and genetic models of inflammatory bowel disease (Sinclair and Drucker, Physiology 2005:357-65).
GLP-2 is secreted as a 33 amino acid peptide with the following sequence H-His-Ala-Asp-Gly-Ser-Phe-Ser-Asp-Glu-Met-Asn-Thr-Ile-Leu-Asp-Asn-Leu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Asp-Phe-Ile-Asn-Trp-Leu-Ile-Gln-Thr-Lys-Ile-Thr-Asp-OH (SEQ ID NO:50). It is rapidly cleaved at the Alanine (A) in position 2 of the NH2 terminus to the inactive human GLP-2 (3-33) by the enzyme DPP IV. This rapid enzymatic degradation of GLP-2 (1-33), in addition to renal clearance result in a half life of about 7 minutes for the peptide (Tavares et al., Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 278:E134-E139, 2000).
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,500 (Drucker et al.) describes antagonists of the GLP-2 and their effects on the growth of gastrointestinal tissue. It is suggested that the antagonists are formulated as pharmaceuticals to be used in the treatment of hyperplasia or to induce hypoplasia. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,500 the structure of mammalian GLP-2 has been altered by mutations, such as substitutions and deletions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,184,208, U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,379, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,184,201 disclose GLP-2 analogues and their medical uses. The analogues are all obtained by substitutions and/or deletions of the human GLP-2.
DaCambra et al. (Biochemistry 2000, 39, 8888-8894) describe the structural determinants for activity of GLP-2. Examples of such determinants are Phe6 and Thr5, which are referred to as crucial for GLP-2 receptor binding and activation.
In WO 97/39031 the GLP-2 analogue, [Gly2]GLP-2 (SEQ ID NO:54) is disclosed. Here the alanine in position 2 has been replaced with glycine to make the peptide resistant to DPP IV cleavage. The replacement of alanine is shown to increase the stability and potency of the peptide. The patent application describes how the GLP-2 analogue may be used against diseases associated with inflammation and destruction of the intestinal epithelial mucosa. These include massive small intestine resection, inflammatory bowel disease, chemotherapy induced mucositis and ischemic injury.
WO 02/066511 describes GLP-2 analogues having an extended half-life in vivo and their use as medicaments in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases.
WO 01/41779 describes the use of h[Gly2]GLP-2 (SEQ ID NO:54) as a pretreatment for inhibiting chemotherapy induced apoptosis and promoting cell survival.
All references cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The use of GLP-2 or analogues of GLP-2 in the treatment of various diseases has been proposed by many scientists. However, there is still a need for improved and stable GLP-2 analogues.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method of treating stomach or bowel-related disorders by administering glucagon-like-peptide-2 (GLP-2) analogues


In a television receiver having a function of picture-in-picture, a character caption on a sub-screen is displayed at an easy-to-see position to enable the content of the sub-screen to be easily understood while looking at the main screen, wherein when either one or multiple sub-screens are displayed in the main screen, the character caption corresponding to the displayed sub-screen is displayed at a proper position to the main screen or on a position displaced from the main screen, it may also be displayed with a character having a shade or displayed with a blanched character or the like, thereby even while watching the main screen, the content of the sub-screen projected may easily be understand through the character caption.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a television receiver, and more particularly to PIP (Picture In Picture) type and POP (Picture Out of Picture) type television receivers in which a plurality of images are displayed in one screen.
2. Description of Related Art
In general, it is well. known in the art to provide a television receiver having a so-called PIP or POP function in which a plurality of screens are overlapped on a single screen and displayed there. In these television receivers, it is possible to see various kinds of different images in a simultaneous manner. For example, it becomes possible to see a news program while enjoying a movie program.
Such a television receiver as described above having a PIP or POP function is provided with a memory in it, wherein writing-in and reading-out operations for the image signal are alternatively repeated in respect to the memory to produce a reduced image.
In the television receiver having the PIP function, displaying is carried out by overlapping a produced reduced image onto a part of not-reduced image. In addition, normally, sound corresponding to this non-reduced image is outputted through a speaker. In turn, in the television receiver having a POP function, a plurality of image signals are processed to be reduced in size and displayed in matrix on the screen. Additionally, sound corresponding to the image selected from a plurality of reduced images is outputted through the speaker (in the following description, the image from which sound is outputted is called a main screen, and an image through which no sound is outputted is called as a sub-screen.)
However, in the television receiver having PIP function or POP function, there is a problem that a viewer can acknowledge the content of program as regards the main screen where sound is outputted, although the content of program as regards the sub-screen having no sound outputted is hardly understood.
In turn, it is well known in the art to provide a television receiver having a closed caption function for displaying a character caption to assist a physically handicapped viewer.

Television receiver with picture-in-picture function displays titles of reduced screen programs


A laser emitter projects a planer light beam to form an optical guideline on a work piece extending in a cutting direction of saw blade. The laser emitter is arranged behind, in the cutting direction, a tangential line of the circumference of the saw blade at an intersection of a bottom surface of the base and the circumference at a front side of the base in the cutting direction. The laser emitter forms the optical guideline behind the intersection in the cutting direction. The laser emitter is supported in respect of the saw blade slidingly in a direction defined by a rotation axis of the saw blade. The saw cover may have a window to transmit the laser beam toward the cutting point. A shutter selectively shutting the window may be provided.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a portable circular power saw with optical alignment.
2. Description of the Prior Art
When an operator cuts a work piece with a portable circular power saw, the operator draws a cutting line on the work piece and then cuts the work piece with aligning either side surface of the saw blade (edges) with the cutting line.
FIGS. 11 and 12 show a prior art portable circular power saw. When cutting a work piece 316 with this prior art power saw, the operator aligns an edge of a guide piece 312 with the cutting line 15 on the work piece 316 as shown in FIG. 12. Next, the operator rotates the saw blade 301 and pushes the housing forwardly (in the cutting direction) with keeping this alignment condition.
DE3922849 discloses a prior art power saw with optical alignment, wherein the optical guideline is generated on a work piece by a laser emitter. However, the optical guideline is only generated beyond the edge of the base. In other words, this prior art power saw cannot form the optical guideline near the saw blade. The optical guideline system in the power saw requires initial alignment between the saw blade and the optical guideline because the operator selects either of side surfaces of saw blade to be aligned with the cutting line on the work piece. However, in this prior art power saw, it is difficult to conduct the initial alignment between the saw blade and the optical guideline and impossible to align the cutting line with the optical guideline near the saw blade.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,375,495 discloses a portable circular power saw with optical alignment system capable of aligning the optical guideline with the saw blade and with a cutting line near the cutting point.
FIG. 13 shows a side elevation view of this prior art circular power saw with optical alignment system. The laser emitter 404 is arranged, in the cutting direction, in front of the tangential line H at an intersection G of the circumference of the saw blade 402 and the bottom surface of the base 401. The laser emitter 404 emits laser light beam 405 such that a light path of the laser beam 405 contacts the saw blade 402. Moreover, the laser emitter 404 can shift in the direction parallel to the rotation axis of the saw blade 402 to emit the laser beam 405 to align the optical guideline 411 on the work piece 406 generated by the laser beam 405 with either of the side surface 412a or 412b of the saw blade 402.
FIGS. 14A and 14B show alignment conditions in this prior art power saw.
The operator adjusts the position of the laser emitter 404 in either of condition shown in FIG. 14 or 14B in accordance with that the operator intends to cut the work piece 406 on either side of the saw blade 402.
FIGS. 15A to 15E illustrate sectional views shown in the direction E in FIG. 13. FIG. 15A shows an alignment condition of the laser emitter 404, wherein one side surface 412a of the edge portion 402a of the saw blade 402 is aligned with the optical guideline 411. FIG. 15E shows an opposite alignment condition of the laser emitter 404, wherein the other side surface 412b of the edge portion 402a of the saw blade 402 is aligned with the optical guideline 411. FIGS. 15B to 15D show the intermediate alignment conditions between those in FIG. 15A and FIG. 15E. In these alignment conditions, all guideline images have no shadow image of edges of the saw blade on the work piece 406 because the laser emitter 404 is arranged in front of the tangential line H in the cutting direction CD.
This alignment operation is done with the edge of the work piece 406 contacting the edge portion 402a of the saw blade 402 to obtain either of alignment condition shown in FIG. 16A or FIG. 16E.
In this prior art power saw, because the laser emitter 404 is arranged in front of the tangential line H, in order to align the laser beam 405 with either of side surface 412a or 412b, the operator should visually observe the positional relation between the edge portion 402a and the guideline 411 on the work piece 406 with shifting the laser emitter 404 in the direction of the rotation axis of the saw blade 402.
FIGS. 16 and 17 show a portion of the saw blade 402, wherein FIG. 17 shows a side elevation view of the saw blade 402 shown in the direction F in FIG. 16. In FIGS. 16 and 17, each pair of successive edges on the saw blade have different forms and protrudes in opposite directions, and are alternately arranged around the circumference of the saw blade 402. Thus, the resultant cutting width becomes D that is a distance between the both sides of the edges 412a and 412b. In the above-mentioned alignment condition, the optical guideline 411 can be aligned with one side surface 412a of an edge 402a of the saw blade 402 contacting the edge of the work piece 406. On the other hand, the guideline 411 cannot be aligned with the other side surface 412b of edge 402b at the same rotary position of the saw blade 402 because the edge 402b protrudes in the opposite direction to the edge 402a and the edge 402b cannot contact the edge of the work piece 406 in that condition. This was inconvenient.
Moreover, the operator can easily observe the side sight of the saw blade 402 opposite to the motor because of no obstacle structure. On the other hand, the operator cannot easily observe the other side (the side of housing) of the saw blade 402 because the structure blocks the sight.

Portable circular power saw with optical alignment