A system and method for MR imaging is disclosed that includes an MRI system having a plurality of gradient coils positioned about a bore of a magnet to impress a polarizing magnetic field and an RF transceiver system and an RF switch controlled by a pulse module to transmit RF signals to an RF coil assembly to acquire MR images. A computer is included that is programed to generate a motion waveform from a physiological signal acquired from a subject to be imaged and compare a shape of the motion waveform to a shape of a reference motion waveform to identify points in the motion waveform corresponding to a periodic complex. The computer is also programed to trigger MR data acquisition from the subject upon identification of the periodic complex.

The present invention relates generally to a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and, more particularly, to a system and method for identifying periodic motion complexes for MR imaging triggering.
When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field (polarizing field B0), the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue attempt to align with this polarizing field, but precess about it in random order at their characteristic Larmor frequency. If the substance, or tissue, is subjected to a magnetic field (excitation field B1) which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, or "longitudinal magnetization", MZ, may be rotated, or "tipped", into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment Mt. A signal is emitted by the excited spins after the excitation signal B1 is terminated and this signal may be received and processed to form an image.
When utilizing these signals to produce images, magnetic field gradients (Gx, Gy, and Gz) are employed. Typically, the region to be imaged is scanned by a sequence of measurement cycles in which these gradients vary according to the particular localization method being used. The resulting set of received NMR signals are digitized and processed to reconstruct the image using one of many well known reconstruction techniques.
Magnetic resonance imaging is a diagnostic imaging technique commonly used to review, identify, and diagnose pathologies or abnormalities in a scan subject, e.g., medical patient. For example, MR images of the cardiac region are often used by health care professionals to diagnose medical conditions. Traditional MR evaluations of the cardiac region often rely on repeated cardiac-gated acquisition of MR data in order to reduce image degradation resulting from the continuous movement of the cardiac region due to respiratory and/or circulatory physiological functions.
To achieve a cardiac-gated acquisition of MR data, systems have been developed that rely on detection of a particular point in the motion cycle as a trigger to repeatedly acquire data at approximately the same phase of the motion cycle. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is generally utilized to monitor the cardiac cycle and identify a particular peak, often an R-peak, within the ECG waveform. By identifying an occurrence of the R-peak, these systems infer that a Q-peak and S-peak are associated with the R-peak and thereby identify an occurrence of a QRS complex. The identification of a QRS complex is then used as a point for triggering the acquisition of MR data from the subject to be imaged.
However, the R-peak can often be distorted or obscured by strong noise associated with MR environments. For example, spikes may be induced within the ECG waveform by RF pulses or gradient pulses and may be misidentified as an R-peak. Accordingly, such systems may infer the spike as an R-pulse of a QRS complex and mistrigger imaging. Furthermore, abnormal patient conditions such as premature ventricular contraction (PVC) may hinder detection of an R-peak. Accordingly, many identification systems may cause imaging to be triggered prematurely or fail to trigger entirely thereby degrading the image quality and extending scan durations.
Accordingly, systems have been designed to review multiple features of the ECG feedback or Vectorcardiogram (VCG) feedback to provide an accurate detection of an R-peak. Specifically, some systems monitor an amplitude and a first derivative of the ECG waveform and assume that the R-peak will be the highest magnitude in the ECG waveform. Within these systems, the assumption that the R-peak will have the largest amplitude provides the fundamental basis for detection of the R-peak. However, this assumption also provides a primary basis for inaccuracies in detecting the R-peak and may lead to mistriggering or trigger lapses during gated MR processes.
That is, systems relying on amplitude and first derivative of the ECG waveform for detection of an R-peak may misinterpret artifacts or noise that have an amplitude larger than a given R-peak as an R-peak. Specifically, when a spike, T-Swell, or PVC are present, which have similar amplitude to the amplitude of a QRS complex, such amplitude-based systems may fail to identify R-peaks or erroneously identify R-peaks. For example, magnetohydrodyamic spikes may have a larger amplitude than an R-peak. These spikes may cause an amplitude-based triggering system to detect the spike as an R-peak and mistrigger data acquisition. Additionally, noise associated with the MR imaging process may cause the first derivative of the ECG waveform to be higher than that of the QRS complex and cause a mistrigger or trigger failure. As a result, both amplitude and first derivative based algorithms may result in poor image quality and require re-scanning of the subject.
It would therefore be desirable to have a system and method capable of accurately detecting a cyclical physiological point to trigger imaging in the presence of noise and artifacts. Specifically, it would be desirable to have a robust, reliable, and complete system for evaluating information within ECG or VCG waveforms to improve accuracy of triggered data acquisitions.

System and method for identifying periodic motion complexes for MR imaging triggering


The present invention provide a sunlight collection device, it comprises a concentrator array composed by a plurality of concentrators and a light sensor electrically connected to the controller, the concentrator comprises a collecting cup and a collecting lens fixed to the collecting cup, a optical fiber runs through and is fixed at the bottom of the collecting cup, a plurality of light detection units which are electrically connected to the controller are provided around the optical fiber at the bottom of the collecting cup. The sunlight collection device and the method for tracking sunlight can not only locate the sunlight at second level, making the position quicker and more precise, but also making the light sensor and the collector of the sunlight collection device calibrate itself when mechanical deviation occurs, avoiding the phenomenon that although the sensor array precisely locating to sunlight and the light spot which is condensed by the collecting lens deviates the light-receiving of the optical fiber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the solar energy development automation field, and in particular to a sunlight collection device and a method for tracking sunlight.
2. The Related Arts
Sunlight is inexhaustible supply green energy, people have been constantly trying to utilize solar energy, such as the well-known solar water heater and the photovoltaic power generation. In recent years, there rises a way of utilizing directly sunlight to light up, namely, collecting sunlight effectively in outdoor and transmitting it to indoor through the optical fiber. It is great significance to the places where the safety is stringently required, such as ammunition depots, oil tanks, mines and other flammable and explosive places as well as the construction where cannot directly receive the sunlight. The core idea of such techniques is to utilize the collecting lens or the condenser mirror, focusing the sunlight on to the fiber, transmitting the sunlight to the place where requires the light through the optical fiber. This lighting technique saves energy and photoelectric isolation, which is a very safe way of lighting. The key of this technique is that highly precisely and automatically tracking the sun, ensuring that the sunlight is gathered on the light-receiving face of the optical fiber. The methods for tracking sun proposed by the current patent are divided into two main categories: one is to control the daylighting illumination device according to the rule of the Earth running around the sun; the other is to tracking the sun by utilizing the photoelectric sensor.
The sunlight collection device which utilizes the photoelectric sensor to track sunlight is to utilize multiple photoelectric sensors to consist of a sensor array, because of the angle between the sunlight and each photoelectric sensor is different, the sunlight signal intensities detected by the respective photoelectric sensors are different. Therefore, the position of the sun can be calculated according to the difference of the signal intensity, thereby, turning on the motor to make the sunlight collection device rotate toward the sun direction. After several probing, calculating, moving, it can make the sunlight collection device achieved better alignment accuracy. However, the mechanical structure of the traditional sunlight collection device is to make a sunlight tracking system, then fixing the collecting lens and the optical fiber on the sunlight tracking system, namely, the sunlight tracking system is separated with the collecting lens and the optical fiber. This separate assembly requires maintaining high mechanical precision during fixing, to ensure the light spot which is condensed by the collecting lens irradiated onto the light-receiving of the optical fiber. If the mechanical alignment is offset due to wind, shaking and other reasons when the system is running, there will occur a phenomenon that although the sensor array precisely locating to sunlight and the light spot which is condensed by the collecting lens deviates the light-receiving of the optical fiber. And the prior art cannot repair itself when this phenomenon occurs, thus it will reduce the lighting collection, thereby reducing the utilization rate of light.

Sunlight collection device and method for tracking sunlight

Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd


Disclosed is an electroconductive resin composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a polyphenylene ether, 1 to 50 parts by weight of a diamide compound and 5 to 35 parts by weight of a carbon black having a dibutyl phthalate absorption of 70 ml/100 mg or more. This composition is excellent in electroconductivity, processability and heat resistance.

Polyphenylene ether resins are thermoplastic resins excellent in various properties such as mechanical properties, heat resistance and dimensional stability.
However, polyphenylene ether resins alone are considerably inferior in impact strength and solvent resistance and are unsatisfactory in processability due to their high melt viscosity. Therefore, the processability is improved by blending polystyrene resins compatible with polyphenylene ether resins. Furthermore, many of polyphenylene ether resin compositions are nonelectroconductive and for electrostatic coating of the molded articles, the articles are undercoated with electroconductive primers or electroconductive particles, flakes or fibers, especially preferably electroconductive carbon black are incorporated into the compositions. 0n the other hand, demand for development of materials having high heat resistance and dimensional stability and besides having antistatic properties and electroconductivity has recently increased in the electric and electronic fields.


A negative pressure flying head slider includes an air bearing surface of a substantially rectangular shape disposed in opposed relation to a rotating magnetic disk. One side rail of the slider is adapted to be located at an outer periphery-side of the magnetic disk when the slider is mounted on a magnetic disk device, and has an inflow-side side rail portion which is disposed at an air inflow end-side of the slider, extending generally parallel to the longitudinal direction of the slider, and an outflow-side side rail portion which is disposed at an air outflow end-side of the slider, extending in a direction of a yaw angle. The angle of the outflow-side side rail portion with respect to the inflow-side side rail portion is greater than the maximum value of an absolute value of the yaw angle. The slider further includes a recess defined by a cross rail and the side rails, and a slit formed in the cross rail to permit the recess to communicate with the air inflow end of the slider. A magnetic transducer is provided at that portion of the slider disposed adjacent to the air outflow end of the slider.

This invention relates to a flying head slider and a magnetic disk device using the same, and more particularly to a negative pressure flying head slider suitable for a magnetic disk device of a high recording density, and also to a magnetic disk device using the same.
Recently, there has been a demand for magnetic disk devices capable of achieving a higher recording density than before. In a magnetic disk device, there is used a flying head slider which flies while keeping a microscopic distance in relation to a rotating magnetic disk. The flying height can be kept constant at any position over the magnetic disk, and therefore negative pressure flying head sliders, proposed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,591 and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 7-169221, have been extensively used.
To attain a high recording density, it is sufficient to make the flying height small. Therefore, the inventors of the present invention have used negative pressure flying head sliders, such as those proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,591 and Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 7-169221, with a flying height of several tens of nm, and as a result the following problems have been encountered.
In the negative pressure flying head slider such as that proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,591, it is possible to make the flying height small, but air stagnation appears at that portion (where side rails are not provided) of the slider to the rear of the side rails, so that a lubricant is accumulated on this portion. In a contact.start.stop (CSS) type in which the flying head slider is brought into sliding contact with the magnetic disk when the device is activated (started) and stopped, the lubricant is coated uniformly thin over the entire surface of the magnetic disk in order to enhance the sliding properties. The lubricant has a high viscosity at first, but in accordance with the rotation of the magnetic disk, the lubricant is lowered in viscosity, and floats in a mist-like manner over the magnetic disk. This has not generated any problem when the flying height is as large as 200 nm as in the conventional construction. However, in the case where the flying height is several tens of nm in order to achieve a high recording density, the slider flies at a region where the mist of the lubricant is thick, and therefore it is thought that the lubricant is accumulated on that portion of the slider where the air is stagnant. When the slider, having the lubricant accumulated thereon, is left on the magnetic disk upon stop of the device, the lubricant intrudes between the slider and the magnetic disk, and forms a meniscus, thereby producing a large adhesion force. This adhesion force increases the force to firmly hold the slider on the magnetic disk, and therefore there is a possibility that the magnetic disk device cannot be activated again, and in the worst case a suspension supporting the slider is plastically deformed, thus making it difficult to obtain the optimum flying height, so that a trouble such as a clash of the slider may occur.
On the other hand, in the negative pressure flying head slider such as that disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 7-169221, there is no portion to the rear of the side rails where side rails are not provided, and therefore a lubricant will not accumulate on any portion of the slider. However, when the direction of flow of the air into an air bearing surface of the slider becomes out of agreement with the longitudinal axis of the slider (in other words, a yaw angle is formed) due to a seeking operation of the slider, the air obliquely traverses the rails, and therefore a sufficient pressure, produced by the compression of the air, is not obtained at the rail portions, so that the flying height is reduced. Particularly during the seeking operation, the angle at which the air obliquely traverses the rails, increases, so that the flying height is remarkably reduced. The reduction of the flying height upon formation of the yaw angle and during the seeking operation has not caused any problem when the flying height is as large as 200 nm as is conventional. However, in the case where the flying height is several tens of nm in order to achieve a high recording density, there is a possibility that the slider crashes with the magnetic disk upon formation of the yaw angle and during the seeking operation.

Negative pressure flying head slider having improved side rails construction


Disclosed herein is an ATD circuit of the present invention. In order to generate a stable ATD pulse, a pulse width amplifier circuit is provided between a first circuit means and a second circuit means. The first circuit means outputs a first output signal having a first pulse width in response to a change in external address signal and outputs, when the external address signal is brought to a first sawtooth signal, a second sawtooth output signal having a peak value smaller than that of the first sawtooth signal. The second circuit means inputs therein the signal outputted from the pulse width amplifier circuit and waveform-shapes the output signal so as to output an ATD signal therefrom. The pulse width amplifier circuit amplifies a pulse width of the signal outputted from the first circuit means. Further, the pulse width amplifier circuit outputs a third output signal having a second pulse width corresponding to the first pulse width when the first output signal is input thereto and outputs a fourth output signal having a third pulse width when the second output signal is input thereto.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an address transition detector circuit (which will hereinafter be called "ATD circuit").
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional ATD circuits have encountered difficulties in ensuring a predetermined pulse width of a signal generated therefrom, although the output signal will be described later in detail.


A process for preparing and/or extracting samples by heating them together with a solvent in a container under pressure, using a Soxhlet apparatus. The samples are dried by heating in a container; and the resultant vapors are drawn off to generate a vacuum in the container.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an improved process and apparatus from which a sample is extracted under conditions of high temperature and high pressure.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known that an extractor of the type known as 10 Soxhlet can be used for the multiple extraction of samples, whereby the solvent can be distilled off and the desired substance(s) can be extracted from the sample in a continuous cycle.
There are such devices in which the distillation and extraction take place at normal (ambient) pressure or at elevated pressure (high-pressure extraction).
A device of the above referred to type is familiar as a one-piece glass molded article, which consists of an upper glass flask for the samples and a lower glass flask for the solvent, and two separate external connection tubes that connect the lower and upper glass flasks together. One of the connection tubes is a vapor tube, which branches off from the lower glass flask and leads into the upper glass flask near the top thereof. The other connection tube is an overflow tube which starts from the lower part of the upper glass flask, extends upwards in it up to a certain level, and then leads down into the lower glass flask.
This known device is expensive, in relation both to its construction and to the procedures that can be carried out with it. Heating of both the solvent and the sample material is difficult, firstly because the heat from a heat source, for example a Bunsen burner, is not easy to transfer to the materials being heated, and then because glass, as a construction material, is a poor conductor of heat. As a rule, this known device is only made in relatively small sizes, so that only small extraction jobs can be carried out. A further disadvantage of the known device is that since it is made of glass, it is very sensitive and can break easily.
A high-pressure extraction device is described in USA 4 265 860 or in DE A1 4 114 525.9. In this known device the extractor is housed in a pressure-tight housing with a charging opening closed off by a cover. During operation of the device, distillation of the solvent increases the pressure in the pressure vessel, which causes the boiling point of the solvent to rise and so increases the working temperature. This substantially enhances the performance of the device, and in addition the elevated pressure favors the extraction of the samples because the solvent can penetrate better into the sample material.
In addition, in the device known from DE,A1, 4 114 525.9, two receptacles are provided in the pressure vessel, namely one solvent container made of plastic lining the inner wall of the metal pressure vessel, and inside and concentric with that, a glass sample container resting on a shoulder and fitted with an external overflow pipe connected in one piece with the sample container. The sample container is arranged a certain distance above the bottom of the solvent container, supported by a circular flange that rests against an interior shoulder of the solvent container. The solvent and sample materials are heated by microwave radiation admitted via an opening at the bottom of the pressure vessel covered by a material transparent to microwaves. When the solvent evaporates, the vapor passes upwards into the annular space between the solvent container and the sample container, and through holes in the circular flange into the vapor space over the sample container. In the area of the vapor space, the pressure vessel is surrounded by a cooling device formed by an annular water pipe in the peripheral wall of the pressure vessel and therefore in direct contact with the upright wall thereof. Over the sample container is a perforated screen over which the solvent condensed by the cooling device against the upright inner wall flows and falls into the sample container.
In WO 93 22650 devices for the vaporization or drying and extraction of samples are described in several design variants (see FIGS. 1 to 23). In these design examples, the inside of at least one container for receiving and treating the sample is connected to a suction device by means of one suction pipe, and by means of a common or two separate inlet pipes to a flushing gas supply device and/or a supply device for a reagent or solvent. During the vaporization treatment, the vapors given off when the sample is heated are continually extracted by the suction device, producing an underpressure in the container which lowers the boiling and evaporation points of the reagent, so that the sample can be treated at a lower temperature. This is especially advantageous when the sample material and/or the reagent medium must not be treated at higher temperatures, which they may not tolerate for example.
FIG. 24 of this specification shows a device for the preparation of samples under the action of heat and elevated pressure.

Process and device for preparing and/or extracting samples using a vaporizable agent at high temperature


A system for communicating information between a first controller and a second controller is presented. The system is designed to improve and increase the robustness data transferred between two controllers.

One system to control an engine during a condition of valve actuator failure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,932. The system description presents a way to control different cylinder banks of an engine that has individual valve actuator control units if data transmission between the actuator units and an engine control unit fail. Specifically, the individual actuator control units contain independent performance characteristics for operating valves, fuel injectors, and the ignition. For this operating mode, the communication link between actuator units must be functional. The actuator units also appear to rely on information provided by engine sensors in this operating mode. And, the system deactivates an entire cylinder bank if a single valve actuator fails.
The above-mentioned method can also have several disadvantages. Specifically, engine torque is likely to decrease when the operation of a single electrically actuated valve degrades. Since the method deactivates an entire cylinder bank, engine torque can be reduced by half. Further, although deactivating a bank of a six cylinder engine can produce an even firing engine, deactivating a bank of cylinders on an eight cylinder will produce an uneven firing engine. This can increase engine noise and vibration. In addition, the system also requires that data transmission between two actuator controllers be functional if the valve controllers are to continue operating during a communication failure between the engine controller and the valve controllers.
The inventors herein have recognized the above-mentioned disadvantages and have developed a method that improves operation of an engine if communication between a valve controller and an engine controller degrades.

System and method for controlling valve actuators


There is provided according to the present invention a dry etching method for a laminated film, the laminated film being formed on a substrate and having a laminated structure in which silicon layers and insulating layers are laminated together with a hole or groove defined therein in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate, the dry etching method comprising etching, with an etching gas, parts of the silicon layers appearing on an inner surface of the hole or groove, characterized in that the etching gas comprises: at least one kind of gas selected from the group consisting of ClF3, BrF5, BrF3, IF7 and IF5; and F2. It is possible by such a dry etching method to prevent non-uniformity of etching depth between the silicon layers.

High integration of semiconductor devices has been progressed year after year. Heretofore, fine processing techniques for reduction of circuit line widths have been developed because there is a need to increase the number of semiconductor elements integrated per unit area for the purpose of increasing the integration of the semiconductor devices. It has however been pointed out that malfunctions increase when fine processing of semiconductor devices proceeds excessively.
Under such circumstances, there have recently been developed three-dimensional structural semiconductor devices in which structural elements are arranged in directions parallel and perpendicular to substrate surfaces (see Patent Document 1). In the three-dimensional structural semiconductor device, the structural elements are arranged on the substrate of e.g. single crystal silicon not only in the direction parallel to the substrate surface as in conventional techniques but also in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface by alternately laminating silicon electrode films and insulating films in plural layers on the substrate, subjecting the resulting laminated film to anisotropic etching such as reactive ion etching so as to form a plurality of fine holes or grooves of the order of 20 to 200 nm through the laminated film, and then, processing the shapes of parts of any specific layers (e.g. silicon electrode layers) appearing on inner surfaces of the holes or grooves For examples, it has been reported to manufacture large-capacity BiCS memories by plasma etching BiCS memory holes through Si electrode layers and silicon oxide insulating layers.
The specific layers appearing on the inner surfaces of the holes need to be processed by etching treat so as to impart the functionality of capacitors or transistors. There are known, as such etching treatment, a wet etching process using a liquid medicine having selective reaction characteristics against the specific layers and a dry etching process using a gas having selective reaction characteristics against the specific layers.
In the case of dry etching of silicon layers appearing on inner surfaces of fine holes in a three-dimensional structural element, the etching needs to be performed in a direction parallel to substrate surface. For such etching treatment, it is common practice to use ClF3 or XeF2 gas capable of isotropic etching (see Non-Patent Document 2).


A modular power supply that can be adapted to receive and charge practically any type or number of portable electronic devices includes a power converter that receives an AC wall voltage and converts the wall voltage to DC bus voltage. Each charging module has a pair of conductive rails and magnets positioned around the exterior of the module. The power converter has a connector that is physically and electrically coupled to a charging module through a pair of magnets and conductive rails such that the DC bus voltage is applied to the conductive rails of the module. Each charging module has a dock that physically couples to a portable electronic device and supplies a charging voltage produced from the DC bus voltage to the device. Additional charging modules can be physically and electrically coupled together by simply placing the modules adjacent one another through the interaction of the module's conductive rails and magnets. Adapters can be inserted into the docks of the charging modules to reconfigure the docks stations to mate with different types of devices. An FM transmitter can be included in one of the modules to transmit audio from the charging device to a remote FM receiver.

Portable electronic devices are increasingly common in modern society. Each of these portable devices has a rechargeable power supply that requires a corresponding power supply charger that conditions power received from a wall or car outlet to the voltage and current parameters required for the particular type of electronic device. As the number of devices increases, users have to maintain an increasing number of chargers to satisfy the requirements of their multiplying devices. Each home charger typically consists of a 100-240 volt plug attached to a transformer and an AC to DC voltage converter that produces the appropriate DC voltage for charging the particular type of electronic device and a device specific connector configured to couple to the device for which the charger is designed. The charger may also contain a physical mount or dock that supports or mounts the device while it is charging it. Since many of these types of chargers are similar in appearance, a user will often confuse the chargers and bring the wrong one or have to try various chargers before locating the appropriate one to charge a particular device. In addition, since a charger is typically designed for a particular device, a user will usually discard the charger when the device's useful life ends, even though the charger is perfectly capable of charging another device owned by the user.
The marketing and selling of power supplies also presents many obstacles. Consumers are typically ill informed about the details of chargers and don't want to have to locate a separate charger when purchasing a device. Thus, chargers are typically included with a device. When the device is no longer needed, the charger is discarded. However, due to the simplicity and overall durability of the basic components of power supplies, the power supply is typically still fully functional when the device is no longer usable and contains many of the same the basic components as the new charger that will be provided to the purchaser when they purchase a new device. Furthermore, since the manufacturers know that the chargers will be discarded before their components fail; there is little incentive to use high quality durable components in chargers.
In light of the problems discussed above, what is needed is an improved charger that can support and accept a large variety of different devices and accommodate new devices as they are developed.


A combination profile and burst-disc subassembly is provided for use in directional, horizontal or deviated or vertical wells during snubbing, bridge plug retrieval or zone separation operations in combination with packers and/or completion strings; the sub provides an plug for non-vertical situations which can be opened without wireline, while providing a landing for a wireline plug which may be required for vertical well sections during related operations.

In drilling, completion or service operations in a deviated well, it is sometimes important to be able to seal the tubing string mid-way to isolate production or other pressurized zones of the wellbore from surface.
In the past, tubing end-plugs have been used during injection of tubing into such a well, the plugs generally being a metallic or aluminum disc attached to the bottom of the tubing string prior to injection, and then the destruction of the metallic disc when the tubing string is located at bottom hole. This has the undesirable effect of leaving metal fragments at the bottom workface of the wellbore which is difficult or expensive to remove. These devices have only been run at the bottom of a tubing string, and cannot provide for dual sealing for tripping out of the wellbore.
Another mechanism sometimes seen is the use of an Otis® nipple, consisting of multiple profiles to receive a variety of plug devices via wireline delivery downhole. These mechanisms provide for a single plug, and while unpluggable and repluggable, are constrained by the plug delivery mechanism—that is, wireline plugs may be difficult to retrieve from deep deviated or horizontal wellbores, and may be impossible to inject and refit in non-vertical orientations. Additionally, if such a plug fitting fails during injection, the wireline plug may become a projectile, and two wireline plugs cannot or cannot easily be installed for the injection operations. Similarly, multi-profile landing nipples to receive a variety of plugs are manufactured under the Baker® trade name.
Frangible pressure seals such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,696 are also known, but have not been deployed providing dual barriers during injection, nor do these devices themselves provide plug fittings, and have required the use of additional nipples or landings.
Thus, there is a need for a device to overcome the limitations of the prior art, in particular for use in deviated or non-vertical or horizontal wellbore situations.

Combination burst-disc subassembly for horizontal and vertical well completions


A filament assembly for a twinkling bulb has first and second magnesium-plated filaments, a glass bead, a fuse and a tungsten filament. The second magnesium-plated filament is parallel to the first magnesium-plated filament and has a stop section and a flexible metal tongue. The stop section is formed on the second magnesium-plated filament. The flexible metal tongue is mounted on the second magnesium-plated filament above the stop section. When the twinkling bulb is electrified, the flexible metal tongue touches the first magnesium-plated filament intermittently and causes the twinkling bulb to twinkle.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a filament assembly, and more particularly to a filament assembly for a twinkling bulb.
2. Description of Related Art
The electric light bulb has illuminated the world for a century, bringing unimagined advances to our lives. The bulbs may also be used as a decoration for special occasions such as a birthday party or a Christmas party.
With reference to FIG. 3, a conventional twinkling bulb in accordance with the prior art comprises a bulb seat (not shown), a glass shell (90) and a filament assembly. The glass shell is transparent and mounted on the bulb seat. The filament assembly is mounted inside the glass shell on the bulb seat and has two magnesium-plated filaments (91), a glass bead (92), a fuse (93), a tungsten filament (94) and a flexible tongue (95). The magnesium-plated filaments (91) are mounted inside the glass shell (90) on the bulb seat, spaced apart a certain distance and respectively having a top end. The glass bead (92) is mounted to the magnesium-plated filaments (91) and both keeps the magnesium-plated filaments (91) upright and separate form each other. The fuse (93) is mounted around the magnesium-plated filaments (91). The tungsten filament (94) is mounted between the top ends of the magnesium-plated filaments (91). The flexible tongue (95) is mounted on one of the magnesium-plated filaments (91) and has two metal strips, a fixed end and a distal end. The metal strips are joined longitudinally and have different coefficient of thermal expansion. The fixed end is attached to one of the magnesium-plated filaments (91) and the distal end is separate from the other.
When the twinkling bulb is electrified, the current passes through the magnesium-plated filament (91), the fuse (93), the tungsten filament (94) and the flexible tongue (95). The tungsten filament (94) radiates heat and light and causes temperatures of all components inside the glass shell (90) to rise. As the temperature rises, the electrified flexible tongue (95) bends to touch the opposite magnesium-plated filament (91) to cause a short circuit. The tungsten filament (94) fails to radiate heat and light. Then, the temperature of the flexible tongue (95) accordingly falls and the distal end of the flexible tongue (95) separates from the opposite magnesium-plated filament (91) to make the tungsten filament (94) radiate heat and light up again.
The conventional twinkling bulbs can be assembled in series connection or in parallel connection to become a twinkling bulb assembly to be use as a decoration for a Christmas tree or celebratory items. When the bulb assembly is electrified, the bulbs light irregularly. However, the distal end of flexible tongue (95) does not not bend precisely back to the same position every time when the temperature thereof decreases. The distal end might bend to a position lower than a critical position resulting in that the distal end cannot bend again to the touch the opposite magnesium-plated filament and the twinkling function of the twinkling bulb fails. Furthermore, metal fatigue also causes the flexible tongue (95) to fail to bend properly and the twinkling function of the twinkling bulb again fails.
To overcome the shortcomings, the present invention provides a filament assembly for a bulb to mitigate or obviate the aforementioned problems.


Hybrid linear predictive speech coding system with phase alignment predictive quantization zero phase alignment of speech prior to waveform coding aligns synthesized speech frames of a waveform coder with frames synthesized with a parametric coder. Inter-frame interpolation of LP coefficients suppresses artifacts in resultant synthesized speech frames.

The present invention relates to electronic communications, and more particularly to digital speech coding methods and circuitry.
The performance of digital speech systems using low bit rates has become increasingly important with current and foreseeable digital communications. One digital speech method, linear prediction (LP), models the vocal track as a filter with an excitation to mimic human speech. In this approach only the parameters of the filter and the excitation of the filter are transmitted across the communication channel (or stored), and a synthesizer regenerates the speech with the same perceptual characteristics as the input speech. Periodic updating of the parameters requires fewer bits than direct representation of the speech signal, so a reasonable LP vocoder can operate at bits rates as low as 2-3 Kb/s (kilobits per second), whereas the public telephone system uses 64 Kb/s (8-bit PCM codewords at 8,000 samples per second).
A speech signal can be roughly divided into voiced and unvoiced regions. The voiced speech is periodic with a varying level of periodicity, but the unvoiced speech does not display any apparent periodicity and has a noisy character. Transitions between voiced and unvoiced regions as well as temporary sound outbursts (e.g., plosives like "p" or "t") are neither periodic nor clearly noise-like. In low-bit rate speech coding, applying different techniques to various speech regions can result in increased efficiency and perceptually more accurate signal representation. In coders which use linear prediction, the linear LP-synthesis filter is used to generate output speech. The excitation for the LP-synthesis filter models the LP-analysis residual to maintain speech characteristics: it is periodic for voiced speech, noise-like for unvoiced segments, and neither for transitions or plosives.
In a Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) coder, the LP excitation is generated as a sum of a pitch synthesis-filter output (sometimes implemented as an entry in an adaptive codebook) and a innovation sequence. The pitch-filter (adaptive codebook) models the periodicity of voiced speech. Sparse codebooks can efficiently encode pulses in tracks for excitation synthesis; see Peng et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,236,960. The unvoiced segments are generated from a fixed codebook which contains stochastic vectors. The codebook entries are selected based on the error between input (target) signal and synthesized speech making CELP a waveform coder. T. Moriya and M. Honda, Speech Coder Using Phase Equalization and Vector Quantization, Proc. IEEE ICASSP 1701 (1986) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,850,022, describe a phase equalization filtering to take advantage of perceptual redundancy in slowly varying phase characteristics and thereby reduce the number of bits required for coding.
In Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP) coder, the LP excitation is encoded as a superposition of periodic and non-periodic components. The periodic part is generated from waveforms, each representing a pitch period, encoded in the frequency domain. The non-periodic part consists of noise generated based on signal correlations in individual frequency bands. The MELP-generated voiced excitation contains both (periodic and non-periodic) components while the unvoiced excitation is limited to the non-periodic component. The coder parameters are encoded based on an error between parameters extracted from input speech and parameters used to synthesize output speech making MELP a parametric coder. The MELP coder, like other parametric coders, is very good at reconstructing the strong periodicity of steady voiced regions. It is able to arrive at a good representation of a strongly periodic signal quickly and adjusts well to small variations present in the signal. It is, however, less effective at modeling non-periodic speech segments like transitions, plosive sounds, and unvoiced regions. The CELP coder, on the other hand, by matching the target waveform directly, seems to do better than MELP at representing irregular features of speech. CELP is capable of maintaining strong signal periodicity but, at low bit-rates it takes longer to "build up" a good representation of periodic speech. A CELP coder is also less effective at matching small variations of strongly periodic signals.
Combining a parametric coder with a waveform coder generates problems of making the two work together. In known methods, the initial phase (time-shift) of the parametric coder is estimated based on past samples of the synthesized signal. When the waveform coder is to be used, its target-vector is shifted based on the drift between synthesized and input speech. The solution works well for some types of input but it is not robust: it may easily break when the system attempts to switch frequently between coders, particularly in voiced regions.
Gersho et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,233,550, provide a hybrid coder with three speech classifications and coding models: steady-state voiced (harmonic), stationary unvoiced (noise-like), and "transitory" or "transition" speech.
However, the speech output from such hybrid coders at about 4 kb/s is not yet an acceptable substitute for toll-quality speech in many applications

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A shoe manufactured from a moldable foam material having a heel strap formed of a flexible and elastic material. The heel strap has a first end which is fixedly attached to an interior outer side of an upper portion of shoe. The heel strap also has a second end which is removeably attachable to an exterior outer side of the upper portion of the shoe though use of a Velcro loop arrangement and a cooperating Velcro hook arrangement which are attached each to one of the exterior outer side of the upper portion of the shoe and the second end of the heel strap.

Shoes, particularly shoes molded from a lofted or foam material, are known in the art. By way of example, U.S. Pat. Nos. D543,341, D525,419, D517,790, D517,789, D517788, 7,146,751, and 6,993,858 as well as US Published Application No. 2006/0048407 illustrate and describe shoes that are representative of the current state of the art. Each of these references is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Shoe with detachable and flexible heel strap


An electrically amplified percussive instrument has at least one tone bar having a bottom side and fundamental nodes each of the fundamental nodes defined by a channel. A permanent magnet on the bottom side of the tone bar is proximal to one of the fundamental nodes and not aligned with a location of maximum tone bar vibration. A pickup coil positioned underneath the tone bar is aligned with the first permanent magnet and in electrical communication with an amplifier.

The Marimba is one of several types of mallet keyboard percussion instruments. Like the xylophone, it consists of a series of tone bars of different lengths which are struck with a mallet or hammer, resulting in musical tones generated by the vibration of the tone bars. The Marimba typically includes resonating tubes for amplification that extend downward below the tone bars.
With the advent of electrical instruments, attempts have been made to electrically amplify marimbas and similar instruments. Typically, microphones have been placed near the tone bars or within a resonator tube. Generally, microphones are positioned near the center of the tone bar because it is generally accepted that this is the primary source of the sound generated by the instrument. However, using a separate microphone for each tone bar becomes unwieldy and impractical as well as expensive. It is also generally accepted that these designs do not offer a significant advantage over ambient microphones placed about a musical instrument.
An alternative attempt to electrify percussive instruments such as marimbas and xylophones has consisted of replacing the classic wooden tone bars with metal tone bars capable of producing an electronic signal in a magnetic reluctance transducer similar to pickups used in electrical guitars and other stringed instruments. Optionally, wooden tone bars may also have a small sheet of metal attached to them to allow a guitar type pickup transducer to generate an electric signal. However, ferromagnetic tone bars or metal attachments to wooden tone bars have so far been incapable of generating the rich series of overtones characteristic of the preferred, wooden tone bars.
Adding metal plates to tone bars also have failed to produce high quality electrical signals that faithfully replicate the sounds of a typical Marimba with wooden tone bars. Thus, both attempts to electrify marimbas and xylophones, using a microphone or a magnetic reluctance transducer, have thus far failed to adequately amplify a Marimba and a manner that captures the subtle resonances, harmonics and timbre in the array of frequencies that are characteristic of a Marimba. The traditional pick up has physical limitations to pick up over a large area unlike a guitar which is concentrated in a few square inches.
The primary nodes of the tone bar are found at the attachment points connecting the tone bars to the frame of the instrument. During play, the nodes remain substantially and theoretically stationary. Generally, it would be counterintuitive to place microphones or other transducers near the nodes of a tone bar because they would be ineffective at converting the sounds of the Marimba into electric signals. Tone bars are typically made of wood or other solid material whose amplitudes of vibration are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the relatively large vibrations produced by the strings of a stringed instrument. Thus, it is generally accepted that it's microphones and/or transducers must be placed within the resonant tubes or directly underneath the middle of the tone bar in order to detect vibrations. Unfortunately, this positioning results in the loss of the characteristic sounds of the instrument.
FIG. 1 shows an exaggerated example of the three lowest vibrational modes, 10, 12 and 14, of a tone bar 16 of a marimba having fundamental nodes 18. In each of these modes, the position of the node 18 does not oscillate. Different regions of the tone bar 16 oscillate in varying amounts depending upon the particular mode. Except for the first mode 10, also referred to as the fundamental frequency, every mode of a tone bar has at least additional node where the amplitude is zero. It can be seen that in the first mode 10 and the third mode 14, the center 20 of the tone bar 16 has a maximum amplitude. However, the center 20 of the tone bar 16 is the location of a node of the second mode 12 and therefore exhibits an amplitude of zero for that mode.
When a tone bar 16 is struck, it does not vibrate in only a single mode. Instead, the tone bar has a vibration pattern formed by a superposition of all of the modes as shown in FIG. 2. For simplicity, FIG. 2 only illustrates the superposition of the first three modes 10, 12 and 14. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are in fact several more modes that contribute to the overall vibration of a tone bar. The one common feature of these multiple modes is that every one of them remain stationary at their fundamental nodes 18. A sensor located at the middle of a tone bar 16 should detect no signal at all from the even-numbered modes. However, as shown in FIG. 2, the vibrational amplitudes and frequencies overlap at locations 22 near the nodes 18. Therefore, a sensor placed at the position 22 will exhibit a vibration pattern formed from contributions from all of the bar's modes.
The above-described deficiencies of today's systems are merely intended to provide an overview of some of the problems of conventional systems, and are not intended to be exhaustive. Other problems with the state of the art and corresponding benefits of some of the various non-limiting embodiments may become further apparent upon review of the following detailed description.
In view of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide an electrically amplified Marimba using transducers capable of capturing the unique sound qualities and characteristics of a Marimba, idiophone or mallet keyboard percussion instrument with tone bars.


Described herein is a smart presentation system and method. Information identifying participant(s) associated with an electronic presentation document and information regarding a topic of the presentation is received. Participant profile information associated with at the participant(s) is retrieved using the received identification information. An audience profile relative to the topic of the presentation is determined using the retrieved participant profile information and received information regarding the topic of the presentation. A suggestion for the presentation is identified using an algorithm employing stored historical data, the determined audience profile and received information regarding the topic of the presentation.

Presentations provide a focal point that allows a presenter to provide narrative information regarding a topic. For example, a presentation can include a plurality of slides prepared using an application such as PowerPoint® of Microsoft Corporation.
When it is time for the presenter to give the presentation, the slides can be displayed (e.g., sequentially) while the presenter narrates and/or discusses the content of the slides. For example, the slides can be displayed on a single screen within a physical location viewable by participants and/or displayed on a plurality of screens with each screen viewable by one or more participants (e.g., in physically disparate locations and/or displays of computers in a same or different physical location).

System and method for smart presentation system

Abstract: Further described herein is a presentation adaptation system and method. While presenting a presentation to participant(s), a cognitive expression of participant(s) is detected. Using an algorithm, an engagement level of the participant(s) is determined based upon the detected cognitive expression. A suggestion is provided based upon the determined engagement level.


A paper machine belt that includes at least one layer having parallel yarns. Additionally, a ratio of a volume of the parallel yarns in the at least one layer to a void volume in the at least layer is greater than 1:1.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to paper machine belts and particularly, but not exclusively, to paper machine process belts such as belts for transferring and/or smoothing the paper web within, to and/or from the press section of a paper machine.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Transfer belts are used for carrying a paper web through a portion of a paper machine so as to eliminate open draws in which the paper web is unsupported and is thus likely to break. When the web breaks, the paper machine must be shut down and consequently this constitutes a serious problem to the papermaker. Such transfer belts tend to have a smooth surface which can aid smoothing of the paper sheet and provide an extremely uniform pressure distribution in the nip with no basecloth mark.
The belt surface should also provide for release of the paper web from the belt. In the paper machine, the paper web tends to remain adhered to smooth belt surfaces via a film of water, which forms between the web and the belt. For web release to be achieved, this continuous film of water needs to be broken. Prior art belts, which facilitate ready sheet release, have utilized polymeric coating layers impregnated with a fibrous or particulate material such that the fibers or the particles are exposed on the web-receiving surface of the belt to modify the belt's surface characteristics.
One transfer belt of this type is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,124. Here, the sheet release post transfer is assisted by incorporating particles, which under pressure are compressed into the belt matrix, but on release of pressure at the web release point, stand proud of the belt surface and thus create a temporary roughening of the surface which aids sheet release. The transfer belt includes a woven base structure, which results in pronounced marking of the paper sheet.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,588 relates to a conveyor felt including one or more fibrous batt layers needled on a woven support fabric as well as a filling material filling the support fabric and the fiber batt layers with the exception of the surface facing the web. The surface of the felt is calendered. The woven base fabric results in marking of the paper web.
In EP 1127976 a transfer belt includes a base support having a layer of thermoplastic material formed thereon. A batt of fibrous material is located on top of this thermoplastic material. The whole structure is then heated in order to allow the thermoplastic material to migrate to the surface. This produces a polymeric surface with embedded fibers, which can assist with the controlled separation of the paper sheet and the belt. The woven base fabric results in marking of the paper sheet.
In EP 1085124 a transfer belt includes a polymeric resin matrix mixed with a fibrous or particulate material. One of the matrix or the fibrous/particulate materials is hydrophobic. The paper web-receiving face of the transfer belt is polished to expose the fibers/particles. This arrangement suffers from the drawback that the fibers/particles are unlikely to be uniformly mixed with the resin or uniformly orientated within the resin. Thus, on polishing, the degree of exposure of the fibrous/particles at the web-receiving surface will be non-uniform. Again, the woven base fabric results in marking of the paper sheet.


A ventilation device includes an outside air heat exchanger disposed between a total heat exchanger and an outside air port, a return air heat exchanger disposed between the total heat exchanger and a return air port, and a supply air heat exchanger disposed between the total heat exchanger and a supply air port. A compressor, a flow switching device, the outside air heat exchanger, an outside air expansion device, and the return air heat exchanger are sequentially connected by pipes, the supply air heat exchanger and a supply air expansion device which are connected in series by pipes are connected in parallel to the outside air heat exchanger and the outside air expansion device by pipes, thereby forming a refrigerant circuit in which refrigerant is circulated.

Heretofore, a ventilation device with an improved humidity exchange efficiency has been proposed (e.g., see Patent Literature 1).
In Patent Literature 1, a condenser is disposed at a downstream side of a supply air path of a total heat exchanger and an evaporator is disposed at an upstream side of an exhaust air path, and return air whose relative humidity is increased to about 90% by cooling of the evaporator is caused to flow into the total heat exchanger, thereby improving the humidity exchange efficiency in the total heat exchanger.


A deck mounted fitting provides for extraction and retraction of a mooring line for a vessel. A container below deck may be used to store the mooring line. Extraction of the mooring line may be manually carried out and retraction of the mooring line may be carried out manually or by a selectively actuatable electric motor or wound spring rotating a wheel in engagement with the mooring line. A collar is disposed within the fitting to maintain the mooring line available for manual extraction during mooring of the vessel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to mooring lines and, more particularly, to a fitting for accommodating extraction and retraction of a mooring line.
2. Description of Related Prior Art
Mooring lines for boats, and ships and other vessels are traditionally stored in bags below decks during non use. Sometimes, the mooring lines are coiled on the deck usually in proximity to the attendant cleat to which they may be attached when in use. To store the mooring line in a bag is a nuisance as the mooring line must be placed within the bag and the bag must be stored in a suitable space within the cabin, in a locker or the like. Coiled mooring lines on deck tend to slide and may be an impediment to movement on the deck. Under severe weather conditions, the coiled mooring line may become uncoiled and cause a potential safety hazard or impediment to the crew. It would therefore be beneficial to have the mooring line readily accessible when required and yet be storable proximate the cleat to which it will be attached when in use.

Mooring line retracting/extracting fitting


A pressure roll used in a fusing step of an electrophotographic system is provided with a higher abrasion material at the ends of the roll. This higher abrasion material extends the useful life of the roll and reduces debris caused by deterioration of the pressure roll.

Generally, in a commercial electrostatographic reproduction apparatus (such as copier/duplicators, printers, or the like), a latent image charge pattern is formed on a uniformly charged photoconductive or dielectric member. Pigmented marking particles (toner) are attracted to the latent image charge pattern to develop such image on the dielectric member. A receiver member, such as paper, is then brought into contact with the dielectric member and an electric field applied to transfer the marking particle developed image to the receiver member from the dielectric member. After transfer, the receiver member bearing the transferred image is transported away from the dielectric member and the image is fixed or fused to the receiver member by heat and/or pressure to form a permanent reproduction thereon. In a typical fusing process where the toner is fused to the paper or receiving member, two rolls are used through which the paper travels during the toner fusing. One roll, usually the harder roll, is a fuser roll, the second roll is the pressure roll or the softer roll.
Typical pressure rolls ("Softer Roll") that are used in a fusing system have an elastomeric coating like silicone which may or may not have a thin layer of another material over the surface of the roll. A functional nip is formed when the softer roll is pressed into the fuser roll ("Harder Roll"). If the softer roll is shorter than the harder roll, a support plate at the end of the roll is needed to help contain the pressure roll elastomer (silicone) material as it is pushed out during the transition through the nip. The action of the elastomer rubbing on the support plate causes the elastomer to wear and create debris in the system and excessive wear on the roll.
The pressure rolls or softer rolls are typically constructed of a cylindrical steel core or rod having positioned over it an elastomer material cylindrical roll. At the ends of the elastomer roll, generally, are positioned endplates or steel washers. In any system when a hard roll is pressed against and contacts a softer roll, high pressure zones are formed at the ends of the softer roll. These pressure zones ultimately cause the softer material to contact the support plates and create wear, shortening roll life and causing debris in the system. Also, once excessive wear takes place, improper fusing of the toner can result causing imperfect copies on the paper or receiving member. In addition, because of this wear problem, frequent changes requiring new softer rolls are required. Generally, the elastomeric rolls have typically been manufactured from a single elastomeric material such as silicon rubber, of a uniform hardness as determined by a durometer. From both a cost standpoint and performance standpoint, any improvement in the softer roll construction that would extend roll life and improve performance at the fuser station would be very desirable. Thus, eliminating material deterioration of the pressure roll would extend pressure roll life and improve fusing performance.


This invention provides an antibody capable of specifically inhibiting the fusion of an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein+ cell with an appropriate CD4+ cell without cross reacting with the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein or CD4 and capable of inhibiting infection by one or more strains of HIV-1. This antibody is then used to identify a molecule which is important for HIV infection. Different uses of the antibody and the molecule are described.

Throughout this application, various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citation for these references may be found at the end of this application, preceding the claims.
This invention comprises a series of new therapeutics and targets for therapeutic intervention in HIV-1 infection. Monoclonal antibodies have been identified that inhibit HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion and thereby inhibit virus infection. The antibodies were discovered by screening panels of monoclonal antibodies generated by immunizing mice with human cells. The screening was initially performed using a resonance energy transfer (RET) assay of HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion. Antibodies which inhibited in this assay were further screened for inhibitory activity in a HIV-1 infection assay.
These inhibitory antibodies act by binding to molecules on the surface of cells, which are required for HIV-1 to fuse with and infect target cells. The molecules are either previously unidentified or their role in HIV-1 entry was previously unrecognized. The cell surface molecules are known as accessory molecules, since they are required for virus entry in addition to the HIV-1 receptor, CD4. While CD4 is required for HIV-1 attachment, the accessory molecules are required for the membrane fusion step of entry. These accessory molecules are generally expressed only on human cells, so HIV-1 does not infect non-human cells that have been engineered to express human CD4 (1, 3, 8, 9). Moreover, several groups have shown that it is possible to complement these non-human CD4+ cells by fusing them (using polyethylene glycol) with CD4− human cells, resulting in a heterokaryon which is a competent target for HIV-1 envelope-mediated membrane fusion (2,5).
As discussed above, it is generally accepted that accessory molecules are required for HIV-1 fusion. However, the precise nature of these co-receptors or accessory molecules has not yet been discerned. While some cell surface molecules have previously been implicated as fusion accessory molecules (7, 10, 11), their role has not been confirmed (4).
In some cases, the fusion accessory molecules are found on a subset of human CD4+ cells and are required for infection by HIV-1 isolates with particular tropisms. For example, macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1 such as HIV-1JR-FL may have different requirements for accessory molecules compared with T lymphotropic strains such as HIV-1LAI. This phenomenon is, in part, responsible for differences in tropism between HIV-1 strains.
The current invention includes the monoclonal antibodies and the hybridomas which secret them; also their humanized equivalents, single chain antibodies or antigen binding fragments of the antibodies. These antibodies, single chain antibodies or antibody fragments have value as immunotherapeutics or immunoprophylactics for HIV-1 infection. The invention also includes the genes encoding these antibodies, single chain antibodies and antibody fragments. Moreover, the invention includes the accessory molecules recognized by these monoclonal antibodies, or components of these accessory molecules and region(s) of HIV-1 gp120/gp41 that interact with these accessory molecule(s). In addition the invention includes the genes encoding the accessory molecules. The accessory molecules or their fragments have value as therapeutic or prophylactic agents to inhibit HIV-1 infection. They are also valuable as a basis for rationale drug design to identify inhibitors of HIV-1 infection. This invention provides transgenic animals comprising DNA encoding these accessory molecules or fragments thereof. These transgenic animals are useful as animal models of HIV-1 infection. The invention also includes the use of the antibodies and/or accessory molecules in drug screening assays to identify inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion. Finally, the invention includes the inhibitors identified using these drug screens.


A solder-ball supplying apparatus for a ball-grid array (BGA) IC packaging process is provided, which can supply solder balls of diameters from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm at a preset amount to a solder-ball implanting machine. The solder-ball supplying apparatus is fully automated, in which vacuum means is used to suck out a preset amount of solder balls from a storage tank that are to be supplied. Rotary pneumatic cylinder means in conjunction with valve means are used to control the conveyance of the solder balls to the container. This solder-ball supplying apparatus can supply solder balls fast and in a non-contact manner that can prevent damage to the solder balls being supplied. It is fully automated so that manual labor is reduced and the quality of the solder balls being supplied can be assured.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to integrated circuit packaging technologies, and more particularly, to a solder-ball supply apparatus used in ball-grid array (BGA) IC packaging processes for supplying solder balls for bonding of wires on the IC packages.
2. Description of Related Art
In conventional BGA IC packaging processes, the solder balls that are used for bonding of wires on the IC packages are supplied manually by human labors or in a semi-automatic way. One drawback to the semi-automatic way of supplying the solder balls, however, is that it will not allow the overall packaging process to be carried out in an integral manner. A conventional solder-ball supplying apparatus is disclosed in Republic of China Patent Publication No. 261,558, by which the solder balls are supplied in an array through a feeder. This patent, however, is not able to supply the solder balls in an automatic manner.
There exists, therefore, a need for a new solder-ball supplying apparatus which can supply solder for the bonding of wires on IC packages in preset volumes fast in an automatic manner, and which will not cause damage to the solder balls during the supplying process.

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A portable seat including a receptacle attached below the textile material that comprises a seat plane. The receptacle is a larger storage space than previously offered due to a set of the protrusions located on the leg assemblies that enable the foldable backrest to achieve an operative position for sitting without encroaching upon receptacle space. The zippers extending to three sides of the receptacle also provides greater access to the inside of the receptacle.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to portable chairs. More specifically, the present invention relates to a collapsible chair which includes a storage compartment or pouch attached to the underside of the seat.
2. Description of Related Art
The prior art has combined portable chairs and storage compartments, such as, U.S. Pat. No. 3,122,397, which describes a fishing and convenience stool of the type that is provided with a support that includes a pair of U-shaped frames that are pivotally connected together, whereby the frames may be collapsed with respect to each other to facilitate carrying or storing. The seat embodies a removable receptacle for supporting fishing or various accessories. Although the stool is foldable and has a removable receptacle with minimal space, the stool, absent a backrest may be uncomfortable. Moreover, the removable receptacle, constructed of textile material and lacking insulation, does not function as a cooler.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,245, discusses a folding chair that includes a hollow box like housing forming a seat support structure and an insulated compartment. The insulated compartment, having a front access opening, provides access for a person seated on the seat support. A backrest is pivotally secured to the housing for extending upward in a support position and foldable onto the seat platform for a collapsed position. A pair of U-shaped leg members pivotally secured to the housing for supporting the housing in an elevated position with the leg members connected by linkage means to the backrest and foldable therewith to the collapsed position. The front access opening for the insulated compartment, designed to provide access by a person seated on the seat, is unlikely to provide access comfortably.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,722,717, discloses a golfer's portable chair equipped with a cleat tool attached to a frame that includes a storage compartment located beneath a seat cover. The seat cover can be removed via a releasable fastener to expose an access opening into the storage compartment. A separate cooler formed of an insulating material can be inserted into the storage compartment. A golfer must remove the seat cover before he can access the storage compartment. The backrest frame requires contact between a cross member and the leg members into order to keep the frame from pivoting back further, thereby inhibiting storage compartment/cooler space.
Whatever the precise merits, features and advantages of the above cited references, none of them achieves or fulfills the purpose of the present invention in providing a foldable chair with unobstructed access to a cooler having ample room, all within a slim and efficient design that folds into a compact transportable form.


A method for presenting drilling information includes presenting a display including a graph having a first axis and a second axis. The first axis represents a rate of penetration (ROP) of a drill bit into a borehole and the second axis representing a mechanical specific energy (MSE) of a drilling system that includes the drill bit. The method also includes plotting time based or foot based data with a computing device for one or more drilling runs on the graph and overlaying the graph with lines of constant power.

The present invention generally relates to drilling boreholes and, particularly, to a graph that can be used to analyze drilling performance.
2. Description of the Related Art
Boreholes are drilled into the earth for many applications such as hydrocarbon production, geothermal production and carbon dioxide sequestration. A borehole is drilled with a drill bit or other cutting tool disposed at the distal end of a drill string. A drilling rig turns the drill string and the drill bit to cut through formation rock and, thus, drill the borehole.
An ideal drilling situation would involve perfect power transfer from the surface to the drill bit. Of course, this is not possible. However, variation of different parameters can affect how well power is transferred. At present, however, there is not a simple way to determine the effects of parameter variation on energy transfer efficiency. The power delivered to the drill bit is directly proportional to the rate of penetration and the key parameter influencing the cost and overall economics of drilling a bore hole.


A work cubicle cover is described, designed to be positioned between one or more light fixtures providing room lighting in a human work space defined by a cubicle in the room. The cover is made up of a pliable sheet of mesh screen held in position over the work cubicle by the interaction of a spring wire construction which provides its support with the partitions defining individual cubicles in the room. The spring wire construction enables the work cubicle cover to be coiled when not in use.

This invention relates to a work cubicle cover to reduce interference of room lighting with the work space in the cubicle and, more particularly, to such a work cubicle work cover which is simple and yet effective and collapsible.
Many rooms providing work spaces for humans are divided by partitions into work cubicles, the partitions for which do not extend fully to the room ceiling. Each of these individual cubicles often includes both a built-in desk providing a horizontal work space and a door.
As mentioned above, the partitions do not extend fully to the ceiling. Moreover, a multiple number of cubicles are provided in each work room. The result is that the room lighting, typically provided by fluorescent light fixtures, provides lighting for a multiple number of work cubicles. This lighting often is found by the workers themselves to be glaring in their work space, particularly if the work space includes a computer and accompanying computer screen.


The invention provides an operating microscope for observing an operating field and also for producing a three-dimensional visualization of image data of the operating field or also of a vicinity of the operating field. The user of the operating microscope, for example a surgeon, can observe a three-dimensional visualization of image data during use of the operating microscope, said image data having been acquired by computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and being stored in an image memory. Preferably, an image processing unit derives a stereoscopic image of the operating field from the stored image data, which stereoscopic image is coupled into the binocular of the operating microscope. The user can then optionally observe the actual operating field or a perspective image formed by means of the registered image data. The operating microscope comprises a system of position sensors for determining the setting of the operating microscope and for applying the setting to the image processing unit so that a stereoscopic image is formed with settings, such as viewing angle and magnification, corresponding to the setting of the operating microscope.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an operating microscope for observing an operating field, which includes an image display device for displaying an image derived from registered image data, and an optical system for combining the derived image with the observation of the operating field.
2. Description of the Related Art
An operating microscope of this kind is known from the article "A frameless stereotaxic integration of computerized tomographic imaging and the operating microscope" in Journal of Neurosurgery 65 (1986), pp. 545-549.
The known operating microscope comprises an imaging device which includes a miniature black and white display screen on which a contour of a relevant part of the operating field is displayed. The imaging device also comprises a beam splitter whereby the contour displayed on the miniature display screen and the actual operating field are simultaneously visualized for the user of the operating microscope. Using an arithmetic device, the contour of the relevant part, for example a tumor to be removed, in the operating field is derived from image data (CT data) previously registered by means of an X-ray computerized tomography device. A drawback of the known operating microscope consists in that during observation of the actual operating field only a limited image data visualization, containing two-dimensional information, is available to the user.
For projection of the contour derived from the CT data it is necessary to register the CT data and the optical axis of the microscope in a common coordinate system. From the cited article it is known to provide fiducial markers on the patient to be examined for this purpose. The markers are non-transparent to X-rays and are taken up in the CT data. The position of the operating microscope is determined by means of a three-dimensional acoustic referencing system which utilizes an acoustic localizer which generates ultrasonic pulses in a spark gap of a spark plug attached to the operating microscope. The ultrasonic pulses are picked up by three microphones which are mounted on a stand and which determine the coordinate system in the operating room. At the beginning of an operation the operating microscope is successively directed to the markers and the successive positions of the operating microscope are registered in the coordinate system by the acoustic localizer. For a new setting of the operating microscope, involving selection of a new focal plane, the position of the operating microscope should again be determined by means of the acoustic referencing system. From the CT data there are subsequently derived image data which correspond to a slice of the patient in the focal plane whereto the operating microscope is adjusted, and from these image data a contour of relevant structures, for example a tumor, is derived.


There is provided an information processing system to increase a speed of returning identification information in response to a received command in the case where an identification information requesting command is received, the information processing system including: a plurality of processing devices each of which includes a storage unit configured to store an identification information piece; a management device configured to acquire the identification information piece from each of the plurality of the processing devices; and a communication device configured to communicate with an external device. The management device writes the identification information piece acquired from each of the plurality of the processing devices into the communication device. The communication device outputs a command received from the external device to one of the plurality of the processing devices on the basis of write orders of the identification information pieces written into the communication device by the management device.

In recent years, there are technologies for causing an information processing device and another device to communicate with each other (see Patent Literature 1). In such a technology, the information processing device includes a communication unit and a plurality of processing units, and the another information processing device specifies a processing unit of a communication partner from among the plurality of processing units. In this case, when the communication unit receives an identification information requesting command from the another information processing device, the communication unit returns respective identification information pieces acquired from the plurality of processing units to the another information processing device.

Information processing system, information processing method, management device, management method, communication device, communication method, and program


A production apparatus is provided which can produce an alloy which can produce a rare-earth magnet having high coercive force. The apparatus for producing an alloy is a device that includes at least a casting device for casting a molten alloy by a strip casting method, a crushing device for crushing cast alloy after casting, a heat-retaining device for maintaining temperature of cast alloy flakes N supplied from the crushing device, and a storage container for storing the cast alloy flakes N after maintaining the temperature. The heat-retaining device includes a heat-retaining container for storing the cast alloy flakes N supplied from the crushing device, a temperature retaining heater for maintaining the temperature of the cast alloy flakes N in the heat-retaining container, an inclination device for sending the cast alloy flakes N in the heat-retaining container to the storage container by inclining the heat-retaining container.

R-T-B-based magnets, which have the maximum magnetic energy product in permanent magnets, are used for HD (hard disks), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging methods), various motors, etc. because they have high characteristics. In recent years, since saving energy has been increasingly demanded, in addition to an improvement of heat resistance of the R-T-B-based magnets, the use of R-T-B magnets as motors including a motor for vehicles has increased.
Since the main components of the R-T-B-based magnets are Nd, Fe, and B, the R-T-B magnets are also collectively called Nd—Fe—B magnets.
In the R-T-B magnets, R means Nd, a part of which is replaced with at least one rare-earth element, such as Pr, Dy, and Tb, in particular, often Nd, a part of which is replaced with at least one of rare-earth elements including Y. T means an alloy of Fe as an essential component, and Co, Ni, etc. B is boron, and may be partially substituted with C or N.
Other elements such as Cu, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Ga, Mn, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ca, Sn, Zr, and Hf may be added to the R-T-B-based alloys, singly or in combination of two or more species.
R-T-B-based alloys, which are R-T-B magnets, contain a ferromagnetic phase, R2T14B crystals, which contribute to magnetization, as the main phase, and a nonmagnetic R-rich phase having a low melting point and containing a non-magnetic rare-earth element at high concentration.
Since the R-T-B-based alloy is an active metallic material, the alloy is generally melted and cast in a vacuum or under an inert gas. When a sintered magnet is obtained from casting a R-T-B-based alloy ingot by a powder metallurgy method, in general, an alloy ingot is crushed to obtain alloy powder having a particle size of about 3 μm (as measured by means of FSSS (Fisher Sub-Sieve Sizer)), the powder is subjected to pressing in a magnetic field, the obtained compact is sintered in a sintering furnace at about 1,000 to 1,100° C., the sintered product is heated, mechanically processed, and plated for corrosion prevention, and a sintered magnet is obtained.
The R-rich phase plays the following important roles in the R-T-B-based sintered magnet.
(1) Since the R-rich phase has a low melting point, the phase liquefies during sintering, thereby contributing to achievement of high remanence, leading to improved magnetization.
(2) The R-rich phase functions to smoothen grain boundaries, thereby reducing the number of nucleation sites of reversed magnetic domains, thereby enhancing the coercive force.
(3) The R-rich phase magnetically insulates the main phase, thereby enhancing the coercive force.
When the distribution of the R-rich phase in a cast magnet is inferior, sintering may be partially defective, and magnetic properties may be decreased. Therefore, it is important to disperse uniformly the R-rich phase into the cast magnet. The distribution of the R-rich phase depends greatly on the microstructure of raw material, an R-T-B-based alloy.
Another problem involved in casting of the R-T-B-based alloy is that α-Fe is formed in the cast alloy. The α-Fe has deformability, and remains in a crusher, without being crushed. Due to this, α-Fe not only deteriorates crushing efficiency during the crushing of the alloy, but also changes the composition before and after crushing, and greatly affects the particle distribution. In addition, if α-Fe remains even after sintering, magnetic characteristics of the sintered product are deteriorated.
In order to solve the above problems caused by formation of α-Fe in the R-T-B-based alloy, a strip casting method (abbreviated as SC method), in which an alloy ingot is cast with a higher cooling rate has been developed, and employed in actual production steps.
In the SC method, an alloy is rapidly solidified by pouring a molten alloy onto a rotating copper roller, the inside of which is cooled by water, to cast a strip having a thickness of about 0.1 to about 1 mm. During casting, the molten alloy is supercooled to the formation temperature of R2T14B or less, which is the main phase. Therefore, it is possible to form directly R2T14B from the molten alloy. Due to this, it is possible to prevent the formation of α-Fe.
In addition, since the crystalline structure of the alloy is minutely dispersed, it is possible to form an alloy having a structure in which an R-rich phase is finely dispersed. The R-rich phase reacts with hydrogen in a hydrogen atmosphere, expands, and forms brittle hydride (hydrogen decrepitation step). It is possible to generate fine cracks using the R-rich phase. When an alloy is finely crushed after the hydrogen decrepitation step, since the alloy is broken due to a lot of fine cracks, which are formed by the hydrogenation, crushability of the alloy is excellent.
As explained above, since the R-rich phase is minutely dispersed in the alloy ingot produced through the SC method, dispersion of R-rich phase in the product obtained by crushing and sintering the alloy also becomes satisfactory. Thereby, it is possible to improve magnetic properties of the obtained magnet (For example, Patent Document No. 1)
In addition, the alloy flakes, which are cast by the SC method, have superior uniformity of microstructure. The uniformity in microstructure can be evaluated based on a crystal grain size and the dispersion state of the R-rich phase. In alloy flakes formed by the SC method, chill crystals sometimes generate on a side which contacts with a cast roller (abbreviated as "cast surface side" below). Therefore, it is possible to obtain a reasonably fine and uniform microstructure by rapid solidification.
As explained above, the R-T-B-based alloy obtained by the SC method has a finely dispersed R-rich phase, and the formation of α-Fe is also prevented. Therefore, when a sintered magnet is obtained, uniformity of the R-rich phase in the final magnet product is improved, and crushing and adverse effects due to α-Fe can be prevented. In this way, the R-T-B-based alloy ingot obtained by the SC method has superior microstructure for producing sintered magnets.    Patent Document No. 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. H5-222488


Airbag protection shields are disclosed that comprise an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the shield is configured to attach to a vehicle headliner assembly and cover a portion of at least one vehicle component in the headliner assembly, the at least one vehicle component being positioned such that a nearby airbag may contact the at least one vehicle component upon deployment. The protection shields may be configured to protect a headliner assembling containing air ducts and air vents.

The present disclosure relates generally to protective shields for use in vehicles and, more particularly, to protective shields for vehicle headliners near side curtain airbags.
Airbag modules have become common in modern vehicles. An airbag module typically includes an inflatable airbag and an inflator. Side curtain airbags may be incorporated in the sides of the interior of vehicles and may deploy from an area near the headliner of a vehicle. In response to an activation event, a sensor activates the inflator to generate an inflation gas that rapidly inflates the inflatable airbag to facilitate protection of an occupant. Headliners routinely include sensitive components that may be damaged or come apart if impacted during an airbag deployment.


A system for controlling luminance of an LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamp includes an MCU (3), an LED circuit (4), an LED lamp (5), and a display (6). The MCU controls the LED circuit to adjust a luminance value of the LED lamp. The MCU includes: a CPU (31) for monitoring a status of the associated display, generating a corresponding PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) pulse when the system operates in different working phases, and transmitting the corresponding PWM pulse to the LED circuit via a PWM pin (32); a timer (33) for recording a duration of a user operating a control button (61); and a memory (34) for storing control programs. The LED circuit sets a luminance value of the LED lamp according to the PWM pulses. A related method is also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electronic systems and methods for controlling luminance of light sources, and particularly to a system and method for controlling luminance of an LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamp as an indicator.
2. Related Art
Recently indicators that use LEDs have been introduced in various electronic apparatuses. The electronic apparatuses employ the LED lamp as an indicator for indicating a particular working state. For example, when the LED lamp is lighted on, that means the electronic apparatus is powered on; alternatively, when the LED is black out, that means the electronic apparatus is shut down. The brightness of the LED lamp depends on the current flow through it. That is, the luminance value of the LED lamp is proportional to LED current. Therefore, correspondingly to a particular working state, it is necessary to provide a corresponding current control circuit to obtain a particular luminance value of the LED lamp. In other words, in order to indicate various working states, there are provided many LED lamps and the corresponding current control circuits as well as the working states. As result, the cost and complexity of manufacture associated with the electronic apparatuses are increased. Therefore, there is a need for a system and a method for effectively controlling a LED lamp to indicate different working states.
In a typical lighting system such as a backlight module used for a liquid crystal display (LCD), to control brightness thereof, a driver circuit increases or decreases a drive current supplied to an indicator lamp. Generally, the drive current is adjusted in relation to the ambient light environment and according to user preferences. A poorly lit environment usually requires less brightness, and thus a lower drive current, than a brightly lit environment. Different users may have different desired brightness levels. The brightness may be changed automatically in response to the environment and/or changed manually. However, such changes may rapidly reduce the useful operating lifetime of the lamp. Many control schemes like PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) duty cycle controls have been implemented in order to control lamp lighting. PWM duty cycle control of the lamp luminance is accomplished by duty cycle control of the lamp on a time basis relative to a total time period. During the "on" time of the PWM signal, a higher frequency current supply is provided to the lamp.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,388 published on Dec. 27, 2000 provides a "Brightness control system and method for a backlight display device using backlight efficiency." The brightness control system uses the efficiency of the backlight in order to achieve a desired brightness or luminance for the backlight display device. At each lamp temperature, the luminance is linearly proportional to a desired drive current for the backlight. By using the measured lamp temperature and known backlight efficiency to derive a desired lamp current and then generating the desired lamp current, the brightness control system can maintain the desired brightness throughout the dynamic range of operation of the backlight display device. The desired lamp current may be computed in a digital micro controller in response to a digitized lamp temperature measurement. This lamp current value is converted to an analog signal having a magnitude that creates the desired average lamp current. The analog signal is coupled to an IC (integrated circuit) inverter as a brightness command. Although the lamp current necessary to create the desired illumination is known, however, the lamp current is adjusted based on the temperature thereof which may be affected by the ambient, so that the lamp current may be inaccurate. Thus, there is a need for a system and method for effectively controlling luminance of an LED lamp.

System and method for controlling luminance of an LED lamp


A method for determining a three-dimensional position of an RFID tag includes moving a mobile object carrying an RFID antenna in a workplace to a first position where the RFID antenna receives a radio signal from the RFID tag. A horizontal angle and a vertical angle are determined from the RFID antenna to the RFID tag based on the feasibility of communication between the RFID antenna and the RFID tag as the RFID antenna is turned or moved in a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, respectively, at the first position. A distance from the RFID antenna to the RFID tag is determined based on the power of the signal received from the RFID tag. A three-dimensional position of the RFID tag is determined by vector calculation using the horizontal angle, the vertical angle, and the distance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a scheme for determining a three-dimensional position of a radio transmitter. More specifically, the present invention relates to a scheme for accurately estimating a three-dimensional position of an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tag by using RFID tag system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the RFID tag system, an RFID tag with an unique identification (ID) recorded therein is attached to an object. The object is identified by ID information (tag ID) included in the RFID tag and is received by an RFID antenna.
Some types of RFID tag receives electric power from radio waves received from the RFID antenna. This type of RFID needs not individual power sources. Thus, the device may be downsized by the size of the power source. This type of the RFID tag system may be applied to a small and lightweight object to be detected. That widens the usage of that kind of RFID tag system.
The RFID tag system has a problem of low accuracy in estimating a position, when a tag is placed relatively far away because of the characteristics of the system. A conventional method for estimating a position of the RFID tag is to provide a plurality of RFID antennae in a workspace to roughly detect the presence of the RFID tag near the RFID antenna that receives radio waves from the RFID tag.
In the method for estimating a position of the RFID tag proposed Intel Corporation, a two-dimensional position of the RFID tag is determined using probability scheme such as the Bayes' rule as can be seen in; "Mapping and Localization with RFID Technology", Matthal Philipose et al., Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE International Conference on Robotic and Automation. In the method, an RFID antenna carried by a robot detects an RFID tag at a measurement point in a workspace. Probability (likelihood) of presence of an RFID tag near the measurement point is determined. The process is repeated as the robot moves in the workspace to obtain a distribution of the likelihood values in the workspace. The measurement point with the highest likelihood determined to be the point at which an RFID tag is present.
When roughly detecting a position of an RFID tag from a position coordinate of an RFID antenna that receives radio wave transmitted from the RFID tag as in the conventional method, however, the larger the communication distance is, the bigger is the region where the RFID tag that has transmitted the radio wave may be present. Accordingly, it is difficult to determine the position as a coordinate.
The method of Philipose et. al. performs position estimation on a two-dimensional plane only. If the method is expanded to three-dimensional position estimation, it requires a great number of samples as well as time in position estimation of the RFID tag.
The present invention provides a method for estimating a three-dimensional position of a radio transmitter (RFID tag) more accurately and quicker than the conventional techniques.

System for determining three dimensional position of radio transmitter