Interaction of Rel proteins and steroid receptors is known to result in repression of target genes. Here we describe the discovery of a new mechanism in which Rel proteins and steroid receptors act synergistically to activate a regulatory element. This mechanism is shown to influence the expression of the brain-specific 5HT1A receptor wherein the estrogen receptor acts synergistically with the Nuclear Factor kappa B to enhance the activity of the promoter for the 5HT1A receptor gene. In addition, synergistic effects of Rel proteins with the mineralocorticoid receptor were observed, showing that synergism with Rel proteins may be expected for other steroid receptors as well. The synergism between Rel proteins and estrogen receptor or mineralocorticoid receptor provides a tool for the development of compounds that interact with the estrogen or mineralocorticoid receptor in such a way that only the synergistic effect is modulated whereas other effects are left intact. Such compounds would be invaluable for the development of medicaments for the treatment of diseases of the central nervous or cardiovascular system and other disorders in which Rel proteins play a role.

Members of the Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB)/Rel family of transcription activator proteins are tightly associated with their inhibitory proteins (I-κB) and reside in the cytoplasm. They can be induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines and are important in immunological and inflammatory processes because they direct transcription of chemoattracants, cytokines (including the NF-κB induced cytokines themselves), cytokine receptors and cell adhesion molecules. Upon induction, rel proteins dimerize and migrate to the nucleus where they activate their target genes through an NF-κB binding motif in the promoter of these genes. Examination of DNA sequences recognized by different NF-κB dimers reveals that the prefered target sites are slightly different for the existing dimer combinations of rel proteins (Chen et al., —Nature Struct. Biol. 5: 67–73, 1998; Kunsch et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 12: 4412–4421, 1992; Parry and Mackman, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 20823–20825, '94), explaining the broad variation in NFκB responsive elements that have been identified in various promoters.
Dimerization and nuclear translocation of Rel proteins is induced by a large number of agents including bacterial and viral pathogens, immune and inflammatory cytokines and a variety of agents that damage cells. An even larger number of genes appear to be targets for the activation by Rel proteins, as this family of transcription factors has been found to interact with steroid receptors such as estrogen receptors and glucocorticoid receptors, resulting in repression of target genes.
Estrogen and other steroids have profound effects on the central nervous system (1). Particularly, the ability of estrogen to modulate the brain serotonin system suggests that estrogens may play a role in the mechanism associated with depression and its treatment (2, 3). However, as ER expression is widely distributed, it is not surprising that estrogens have several other benificial effects, including the protection against atherosclerosis, Alzheimer dementia and osteoporosis. In order to limit the risk on side effects, such as an enhanced risk on breast and endometrium cancer due to treatment with estrogens, a considerable amount of effort is invested in the search for tissue-selective ER-binding compounds.
Apart from estrogens, much interest exists in tissue-selective effects of other steroid receptors. Also for these steroid receptors the development of compounds that exclusively target one set of tissues or organs (e.g. brain for psychiatric illnesses) has been hampered by the wide tissue distribution of most types of steroid receptors. For this reason much interest exists in assays that would allow for screening of steroid receptor-mediated effects in a tissue selective fashion.
The effects of estrogen are known to be mediated by two estrogen receptors (ERα and β), that belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors (15–18). The two ERs share a well-conserved modular structure. While the DNA-binding domain is highly conserved between ERα and β (96% identity) and the ligand-binding domain is relatively well conserved (58% identity), the A/B region is poorly conserved between the two receptors (20% identity). Upon ligand binding, the activated receptor dimerizes and interacts with specific DNA sequences, termed estrogen response elements (EREs), located in the regulatory region of target genes. The DNA-bound receptor can then regulate transcription either positively or negatively. It is known for ERα that the regulation of transcription is mediated by two transactivation regions: AF-1 located in the A/B domain and AF-2 located in the ligand-binding domain. The two transactivation regions may function independently or cooperate, depending on cell and promoter context (19, 20). Recently some other mechanisms have been discovered by which estrogen regulates target genes. These include genes that utilize regulatory elements as the target sequence of ER action (21) or genes that are regulated by ER through interaction with other transcription factors bound to their respective DNA-binding sites, such as AP-1 and Sp 1 (22–23, 36–38).

Synergistic activation of regulatory elements by Rel proteins and a steroid receptor


The same person is automatically recognized in different images from his or her clothing. Color pixel values of a first and second image are captures and areas are selected for a determination whether they show the same person. First histograms of pixels area are computed, representing sums of contributions from pixels with color values in histogram bins. Each histogram bin corresponds to a combination of a range of color values and a range of heights in the areas. The ranges of color values are normalized relative to a distribution of color pixel values in areas. Furthermore, second histograms of pixels in the areas are computed, the second histograms representing sums of contributions from pixels with color values in further histogram bins. The further histogram bins are at least partly unnormalized. First and second histogram intersection scores of the first and second histograms are computed. A combined detection score is computed from the first and second histogram scores.

When a CCTV system is used to monitor a crowded location, using a large number of cameras, it can be a difficult task to find the current location of an individual person in different images given that the person has been spotted in one image. For example, when a person is seen to perform a crime in a CCTV image at one time, law enforcement officers may find it difficult to find that same person in CCTV images of a crowd minutes later without taking the time to trace the person through a series of images, possibly from different cameras.
Various automated methods have been proposed in the prior art to automate identification of the same person in different images. In images of crowds the identification also involves a comparison of image features of areas in different images to select areas that potentially show the clothing of the same person. An image feature that has been proposed for this type of comparison is a color histogram of an image area that may show a person. A histogram is a set of counts of occurrences of pixel values in the area that lie in respective "bins", or ranges, in color vector space. More generally, a histogram may be a set of sums of contributions from different pixels. The idea is that such a histogram will remain substantially the same independent of changes of posture and viewing angle, so that comparison of the histogram of an image area where a person has been spotted in one image with the histogram of an image area in another image can be used to detect the person robustly.
Such a method is described in JP 2000-30033. This document proposes to compute a histogram of hue values of pixels in an image area that shows clothing of a person. The use of hue values has the advantage that the histogram is fairly robust against variations of light intensity. By avoiding the use of pixel luminosity the effect of light intensity on the histogram is removed. JP 2000-30033 proposes to select the location of the image area with clothing on the basis of the detected position of another image area that contains a face. The image area that contains a face is detected with the same type of histogram of hue values.
The use of a hue and saturation histogram is mentioned in an article by N. Gheissari et al, titled "Person Reidentification Using Spatiotemporal Appearance", published in the Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'06). Gheissari et al emphasize the need for invariant signatures to characterize image areas that show clothing. The color values may be normalized to compensate for lighting effects. As an alternative to the use of hue and saturation the use of correction by calibrated image-position dependent brightness transfer functions is mentioned.
However, it has been found that the reliability of person identification by these techniques has limitations.

System and method for identifying image locations showing the same person in different images

Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO


A method by a user equipment (UE) includes receiving a radio resource control (RRC) configuration carrying a configuration for a first downlink (DL) channel and an uplink (UL) channel, receiving the first DL channel and a second DL channel, and canceling the UL channel when a timing condition between the first DL channel and the second DL channel is satisfied.

In the 3rd generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) Release-15 (Rel-15) New Radio (NR), only one SPS configuration can be configured in a cell group to support periodic traffic such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and the smallest periodicity of a SPS configuration is 10 ms. A HARQ-ACK for an SPS PDSCH may not be transmitted if a SPS PDSCH release is received, and there is no ambiguity with regard to whether the SPS configuration should be released and whether a HARQ-ACK for an SPS PDSCH should be transmitted on a PUCCH configured for the SPS PDSCH.
In the 3GPP Release-16 NR, time sensitive networking (TSN) use cases are to be supported. To support multiple TSN flows simultaneously, it is agreed that multiple SPS configurations are supported in a Band Width Part (BWP) for a user equipment (UE) to reduce PDCCH overhead. In addition, the smallest periodicity of an SPS configuration can be reduced to slot level to better support TSN flows with short periodicity. It is also agreed that multiple SPS configurations can be jointly released by using a single release DCI. The release DCI indicates a state which is mapped to a number of SPS configurations. The SPS configurations mapped to each state are determined by an RRC configuration.
When multiple SPS configurations are configured, however, for a HARQ-ACK feedback transmission on a PUCCH resource only for SPS PDSCHs without a corresponding PDCCH or for a HARQ-ACK feedback transmission multiplexed on a dynamically scheduled PUCCH with a Type 2 HARQ-ACK codebook, the HARQ-ACK codebook size for SPS PDSCHs without corresponding PDCCHs is dependent on the number of active SPS configurations with SPS PDSCH reception occasions located K1 slots from the PUCCH slot. In addition, the PUCCH resource is further determined based on the HARQ-ACK codebook size for a HARQ-ACK feedback transmission on a PUCCH resource only for SPS PDSCHs without a corresponding PDCCH. As such, it is important for the UE to have the same understanding of the number of active SPS configurations as the base station in case some of the SPS configurations are released.
Thus, there is a need in the art for substantially eliminating HARQ-ACK codebook size ambiguity.

Methods and apparatuses for SPS HARQ-ACK transmission


In order to improve the angle detection accuracy, when an exciting order is 2, a double axial angle is 5, and the number of resolver teeth is 8, an inner diameter deformation order is one of 4, 6, 7, 8, or 9, when the exciting order is 5, the double axial angle is 4, and the number of resolver teeth is 10, the inner diameter deformation order is one of 3, 5, 7, 9 or 10, when the exciting order is 3, the double axial angle is 4, and the number of resolver teeth is 12, the inner diameter deformation order is one of the 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12, and the resolver stator is fixed to the resolver device mounting part by the number of fixing points corresponding to any one of the inner diameter deformation order.

For example, a conventional resolver device is provided with a fixing member that supports the outside part of the resolver stator, in order to ensure mounting accuracy, positioning is performed by the recess part of the stator and the protruding part of the retaining member, the fixing member are secured to the motor case with bolts. Further, in order to improve the detection accuracy, a shield member is configured around the perimeter of the resolver device, and the resolver device is fixed to the motor case via the shield member when attached.
[Patent Literature 1] JP 5728704 B2
[Patent Literature 2] JP 4558036 B2

Resolver device and rotating electrical machine with resolver device


A battery monitoring device of a battery pack configured for powering a cordless power tool may include an integrated circuit connected to a microprocessor of the pack that is external to the integrated circuit, and which is connected to each of N battery cells of the pack. The integrated circuit may be configured to take, singly or sequentially, a sampled reading comprising one of an individual cell voltage or a total pack voltage for all cells in the pack. The sampled reading is filtered in the integrated circuit prior to being read by the microprocessor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method and device for monitoring battery cells of a battery pack configured for powering a cordless power tool, and to a method and arrangement for balancing cell voltages during a charge.
2. Description of Related Art
Cordless products or devices which use rechargeable batteries are prevalent throughout the workplace and home. Rechargeable batteries may be used in numerous devices, from computer products and/or housewares to power tools. Nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride battery and/or lithium-ion cells may be used in these devices. Since the devices use a plurality of battery cells, the battery cells may be ordinarily packaged as battery packs. These battery packs may be coupled with the cordless devices so as to secure the pack to the device. The battery pack may be removed from the cordless device and charged in a battery charger or charged in the cordless device itself, for example.

Battery monitoring arrangement having an integrated circuit with logic controller in a battery pack


According to one embodiment, a semiconductor light emitting device includes: a foundation layer, a first semiconductor layer, a light emitting part, and a second semiconductor layer. The foundation layer includes a nitride semiconductor. The foundation layer has a dislocation density not more than 5×108 cm−2. The first semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type is provided on the foundation layer and includes a nitride semiconductor. The light emitting part is provided on the first semiconductor layer. The light emitting part includes: a plurality of barrier layers; and a well layer provided between the barrier layers. The well layer has a bandgap energy smaller than a bandgap energy of the barrier layers and has a thickness larger than a thickness of the barrier layers. The second semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type, is provided on the light emitting part and includes a nitride semiconductor.

A semiconductor light emitting device using a nitride semiconductor such as gallium nitride (GaN) or the like is applied to high luminance ultraviolet, blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or ultraviolet, blue and green laser diodes (LDs) and the like.
In such semiconductor light emitting device, an improvement in light emission efficiency has been desired.

Semiconductor light emitting device and wafer


A method and methodology are provided for classifying Internet Protocol (IP) data in a packet switch network. Data may be received at a first node and classified based on source routing information of said data. The source routing information may be provided within LSRR/SSRR of IPv4 data or may be provided within a routing header of Ipv6 data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to quality of service (QoS) for a stream of packets. More particularly, the present invention relates to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv 6) that uses both RSVP and routing headers and to Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) source routing.
2. Description of Related Art
In packet switched networks, packets may be transmitted between nodes coupled to the network to effect communication between the nodes. Information in the packets may include messages and commands such as a request for service, connection managements controls, or data. Large transmissions may be divided into packets instead of being transmitted as one long string.
The Internet is, for example, a packet switched network. Internet Protocol (IP) is an Internetwork protocol that defines how to format various information into packets and transmit those packets using the Internet. IP provides a near universal delivery system that can operate on almost any underlying network.
IP may be defined according to IPv4 with the "v4" indicating version 4 of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 serves what could be called the computer market. The focus of IPv4 is to couple computers together to permit communications over various networks where the computers range from personal computers (PC's) to supercomputers. Most of the computers are attached to local area networks (LAN's) and the vast majority are not mobile.
The next generation Internet Protocol is IPv6 with the "v6" indicating version 6 of the Internet Protocol. IPv6 is intended to be compatible with IPv4 while addressing the needs of high performance networks (e.g., ATM) and low bandwidth networks (e.g., wireless). IPv6 also provides a platform for new Internet functionality that may be required in the future (e.g., telephony, television, video on demand, equipment control).

Method and apparatus for classifying IP data


The invention relates to the use of specifically designed lipid component with optimal fatty acid profile, an enhanced portion of the palmitic acid residues in the sn-2 position and present as lipid globules with a phospholipid coating for an early in life diet for improving the development of a healthy body composition, in particular prevention of obesity, later in life.

Breast-feeding is the preferred method of feeding infants. Breast fed infants have a decreased chance of becoming obese later in life, compared to standard formula fed infants, but little is known about the effects of ingredients in the infant formulae on obesity later in life. Obesity is a major health problem in the Western world. It is a medical condition in which excess fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and it is associated with many diseases, particularly heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century.
Infant nutrition with a lipid component preventing obesity later in life are known. WO 2007/073192 relates to infant formulae comprising a low amount of linoleic acid and a low weight ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid and LC-PUFA for the prevention of obesity later in life. WO 2007/073193 relates to infant formulae with specific linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid ratio's, low linoleic acid content and comprising phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and/or choline plus uridine for the prevention of obesity later in life.
The lipid component in infant formulae typically is present in the form of small lipid globules, which are obtained after a severe homogenization step. Small lipid globules are desired because it results in a stable, non creaming, emulsion of lipid globules. The globules have a large surface area and because of the low amount of polar lipids, such as phospholipids, in the vegetable oils, the surface of the lipid globules is coated mainly with proteins, typically casein.
WO 2010/0027258 and WO 2010/0027259 relate to infant formulae with large lipid globules coated with phospholipids for the prevention of obesity later in life.
Infant formulae comprise predominantly vegetable oils as lipid source and in vegetable oils, unlike in human or bovine milk fat, the palmitic acid is mainly located at the sn-1 and sn-3 position of the triglyceride molecule. The pancreatic lipases specifically hydrolyse the palmitic acid and the liberated free palmitic acid easily forms calcium-fatty acid complexes in the intestine, thereby reducing the bioavailability of calcium and palmitic acid and increasing stool hardness.
Synthetic or structured lipids are known in the art which comprise more palmitic acid residues in the sn-2 position and their presence in infant formulae increases palmitic acid absorption, calcium absorption and softness of stools. Also an increase in bone mass is reported. Reduction of obesity later in life has never been disclosed.
WO 2005/051091 discloses a lipid preparation, to be included in infant formulae as a beneficial ingredient per se and for improving cognitive and vision development in particular, that is organised in a globular microstructure naturally occurring in human milk that is based on vegetal lipids and a combination of the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), and structured triglycerides such as Betapol® or InFat™ The lipid preparation further can be enriched with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, especially DHA and ARA. WO 2010/068105 discloses nutritional compositions for infants with a large lipid globule size.
The present invention aims to provide infant nutrition with a lipid component beneficially effecting health and/or the body composition later in life.

Metabolic imprinting effects of specifically designed lipid component


Provided is an interface for connecting a cable arranged in a shell to a receiving structure, the interface including: a connector including a connection area for fixing the connector to a cable support of the receiving structure and a transmission area for receiving the cable and the shell, a lower seal, an upper seal, a chamber element configured to coat the cable between the lower seal and the upper seal. Also provided is a hang-off system and a method for connecting a cable arranged in a shell to a receiving structure.

Offshore installations, such as electricity producing installations and in particular wind turbines, can be connected to onshore and/or to neighboring offshore installations using multiple but separate electrical subsea cables. For offshore wind turbines, normally three electrical cables are used for such a connection, i.e. one single core cable for each electrical phase.
However, today it is very common to use cable types that are based on single cables comprising multiple electrical power cables which are individually isolated from one another. This cable type is advantageous, as an installation time can be reduced by e.g. laying only one cable on a sea bed and/or pulling only a single cable from seabed to an offshore installation. Cables of this cable type are referred to as multicore cables or umbilical cables, with multiple cables or tubes placed within an outer layer for protection and for holding the cable together. Umbilical cables include not just power conductor cables but also cables or tubes for communication and data transfer purposes, such as optical cables, low voltage cables or components for fluid or gas transport.
According to ISO-standard 13628-5:2009, the term 'umbilical' is defined as a "group of functional components, such as electrical cables, optical fiber cables, hoses and tubes, laid up or bundled together or in combination with each other, that generally provides hydraulics, fluid injection, power and/or communication services". Either type, such cables may be armored cables, as is also known from single core cables, as to protect the cable when laying in or at a seabed, using a metal mesh or steel wires surrounding the inner cables/tubes and/or provide ballast to the cable and prevent it from floating.
A problem with electrical sub-sea cables placed in a water environment, especially a salty water environment, is the presence and migration of water and gas along their electrical cable conductor. Water and gas can permeate through polymer shells and insulation layers and then migrate along the cable conductor to end terminations or cable junction boxes, where they potentially lead to cable failure. Gas, e.g. hydrogen can also migrate to the cable termination points, potentially creating hazards if not vented away. Possible sources of hydrogen are polymer degradation and metallic outgassing as well as corrosion; in this last case, hydrogen can be generated by self-corrosion of the metallic components in contact with sea water, for example outer armor wires.
GB 2560798 A describes a subsea power cable hang-off which uses a combination of gaskets, flanges and sealing systems that are based on an interaction with steel wires of an armor of a cable, in order to avoid the use of a marine grade resin to provide an airtight seal.

Interface, method and system for connecting electrical elements


A device for capturing commentary, rationale, and other explanatory information pertaining to a document in parallel with the authoring of the document itself. The document content is entered through a primary input device (100), typically but not restricted to keyboard and mouse, and the commentary is entered through a secondary input device (200) of a different medium, such as speech captured by a microphone. The comments are linked to the corresponding locations in the main document by a memory controller (300), which stores the linked structure in the computer memory (400) and sends it to an output device (500), typically but not restricted to a computer monitor display, for presentation of the annotated document to the operator.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to rationale capture, specifically rationales for decisions, recommendations, plans, or specifications described in a document.
2. Background of the Invention
The problem that this invention addresses is the loss of contextual knowledge when decisions or recommendations are made and documented. The problem spans a wide range of activities, including                engineering design        software development        business, organizational, and other forms of planning        training and instruction
Any time that a document is created in order to record and communicate a set of decisions or recommendations, there is also a need to record the rationale for the recommendations, explanations of the meaning and consequences of the recommendations, and commentary about the context in which they are made. This need applies both to decisions that have already been implemented, as in documenting software code, and to recommendations for future activity, as in designs, plans, and instructional documents.
The costs of not capturing rationale and related commentary are well known. When software must be maintained, if the rationales for its current design and code are missing, changes are likely to introduce errors that are costly to discover and fix. Insufficient documentation of alternatives that were considered and rejected can lead to maintainers "reinventing the wheel" by going down the already considered paths. When training manuals lack sufficient context, operators learning from them are likely to draw incorrect generalizations or conclusions, which in the case of safety- or life-critical systems can have catastrophic results. Budgets defined in a spreadsheet without comments providing the rationale for various estimates of income and expense can lead to poor management decisions if the conditions on which the estimates were based change.
Despite the known costs of not capturing rationale, it is frequently not done at all, or done as an afterthought. Knowledge workers tend to resist the requirement to document their rationale. This phenomenon can be understood in terms of the perceived cost of, and motivation for, the rationale capture activity. The cost of rationale capture can be measured in terms of the additional effort, or overhead, required of the document author. This perceived cost is correlated with the time required to document the additional information. Time is consumed in two ways, (1) the formulation of cogent rationales and (2) the recording process itself. The time required to perform these activities is a function of the cognitive, sensory, and motor demands that the activities place upon the author. The first activity, formulation of rationales, primarily imposes cognitive demand on the author. The second activity, recording the rationale, imposes not just cognitive but also sensory and motor demand. For example, the author must decide on the location, form, and style of the rationale documentation—relating it, for example, to other recorded rationales; this imposes cognitive demands. Sensory and motor demands are imposed by the tools, such as word processors or other computer-based tools, that are used to record the rationales.
Previous attempts to foster documentation of rationale and commentary include tools specifically intended for rationale capture, such as WinWin (Horowitz, E., Lee, J. H., and Lee, J. S., "WinWin: a System for Negotiating Requirements", Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Software Engineering, Los Angeles, Calif., May 16-22, 1999, IEEE Computer Society Press, pages: 646-649); argument documentation systems such as Issue-Based Information System (Conklin, J. and Begeman, M. L., "gIBIS: A Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy Discussion", ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 6(4):303-331, October 1988), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,286; software program comment authoring and display tools such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,305, and my own system entitled Better Elicitation and Communication of Arguments Underlying Software Engineering, or BECAUSE (NASA Tech Briefs, September 2002, KSC-12339); and general document authoring tools that provide for comments and annotations to a main text, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,806,079 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,434.
Experiences with such tools have demonstrated that even the slightest additional overhead, including the need to interact with a special rationale capture tool, can dissuade the author from recording rationales. Authors frequently intend merely to postpone the process, fully intending to return to the document later in order to record rationales and commentary. However, under time and task pressures, these intentions are often left unrealized.
The overhead disincentive has proven to be a problem with all of the tools identified above. Tools intended specifically for rationale capture, such as WinWin, gIBIS, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,286, provide ways of structuring and organizing rationale, but they operate separately from the authoring tools in which the product being explained is actually documented, e.g., the software code, planning spreadsheet, design specification, or instructional text whose rationale is being captured. The need to use a separate tool introduces enough overhead in the rationale capture process to dissuade most knowledge workers from bothering.
Some word processors and other document authoring tools, such as Microsoft Word, provide a comment or annotation mechanism whereby comments can be associated with particular locations in the main document text. The comments appear as separate items, for example as pop-up post-in notes, attached to the corresponding locations of the main text.
Even if a special comment-attachment or annotation feature is not available, ordinary text editors can be used to document rationale and provide comments on a main text. Various formatting conventions may be applied to distinguish commentary from the main text. For example, in software code, comments are explicitly marked by a sequence of characters that are reserved for this purpose by the programming language.
All of these authoring tools, however, suffer from the problem that commentary and main text are input through the same devices, usually keyboard and mouse, using the same motor skills of the operator. This means that the two activities, (1) authoring the main content of the document, and (2) providing comments, compete against each other for the attention of the operator. For example, typing numerical budget estimates into a spreadsheet competes with typing in explanations of the estimates. Under time pressure, it is the explanations that will most likely be omitted.
The BECAUSE system attempted to solve this problem by using two distinct input streams, one for the principal content of the document, which in that case was computer program source code, and one for the commentary. Specifically, BECAUSE captured spoken comments through a microphone, so that the software developer could type code and concurrently speak an explanation of what he was typing, and both inputs would appear in the resulting code, with the spoken words converted into program comments.
Despite the advance of capturing spoken comments, BECAUSE was limited in several respects that caused it to fall short of truly non-intrusive comment capture. BECAUSE makes essential use of a comment capture panel, which is a separate window in which the spoken comments are displayed after being converted from voice to text. This capture window is distinct from the window in which the source code is being created or edited. Its presence draws the user's attention away from the primary task of programming. Furthermore, comments are moved from the capture window to the program code only upon an explicit user command. This reduces the naturalness of the speech process and further shifts the user's attention away from the primary task of programming.
BECAUSE relies on the comment capture window and the explicit user command to begin insertion because it lacks any logic for maintaining and managing the links between comments and program code. Instead, it relies on the insertion of comments near the corresponding program code to establish the linkage visually. Visual proximity is a valid method for displaying the connection between a comment and the code to which it refers, but the lack of any additional link management forces BECAUSE to rely on explicit user insert commands to indicate when insertion should occur. This, in turn, forces the use of the separate comment capture window.
To see why this is so, consider what would happen if BECAUSE were to insert comments immediately into the program code, without waiting for a user command to do so. The result would be a display of the program code that was continually moving and changing visual shape. For example, the location at which the user was typing would suddenly shift down the screen when a comment was automatically inserted. This would constitute an unacceptably unstable user interface. It was to mitigate this problem that BECAUSE resorted to the explicit user command to insert the comment. This reliance on user commands, in turn, forces BECAUSE to present the captured comments in a separate window prior to insertion.
The limitations of BECAUSE in achieving truly non-intrusive comment capture stem from the absence of logic for maintaining and managing the links between comments and code. To improve upon this situation, the Commentary Capture Machine described in this application includes a memory controller whose job is precisely to maintain and manage the linkage between comments and primary content. This management is performed "behind the scenes" and is transparent to the user. The existence of the memory controller allows the machine to decouple the creation of comment-to-content links from the display of the comments. This, in turn, enables the machine to choose appropriate times to insert the comments, if insertion is the desired method for display. In addition, the machine provides alternative display mechanisms, including icons representing the presence of a comment, pop-up display of comments, and hyperlinks. The memory controller, in combination with the variety of display mechanisms, enables the machine to avoid the unstable display problem in a less intrusive, more transparent manner than BECAUSE.
The Commentary Capture Machine is distinguished by several advantages, for purposes of document commentary capture, over the invention described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,665,490. That invention provides a way to annotate recordings either during the recording process itself or while the recording is being played. The annotations in that invention, however, are manual, i.e., performed through handwriting or typing at a keyboard. In addition, that invention applies only to "recordings," which are defined as "information that is stored over time and can be replayed over time." By contrast, the Commentary Capture Machine described in this application facilitates comment capture by voice or other input means, for any form of computerized document. This includes documents where there is no direct correlation between elements of the document and their time-of-creation or time-of-display, and which therefore cannot be treated as recordings in the sense of U.S. Pat. No. 6,665,490.
The inventions described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,675,352 provides for voice annotations, but does not automatically attach the annotation to the document in an appropriate location, relying instead on explicit manually created "annotation commands." It therefore does not achieve the level of non-intrusiveness achieved by the Commentary Capture Machine. The invention described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,684 provides for simultaneous physical and electronic highlighting of portions of a document, where the electronic highlighting is achieved by electronically scanning the manual highlighting. This too requires manual input of the highlighting, thus falling short of the level of non-intrusiveness achieved by the Commentary Capture Machine. In addition, the Commentary Capture Machine captures comments and annotations in general, i.e., verbal statements explaining the primary content of the document, rather than just highlights, which may be considered a specific form of annotation.

Non-intrusive commentary capture for document authors


Certain embodiments of the present invention concern an implantable electrode line having a proximal and a distal end, an outer electrode line surface and an electrode line longitudinal axis. The implantable electrode line is characterized in that the electrode line in the region of the distal end has a surface region with a microstructure, the surface region being provided for lateral contact with a vessel wall and being arranged at a spacing relative to the distal end which measures a plurality of electrode line diameters. The microstructure is formed by a plurality of microstructure elements which are arranged on the electrode line surface and which are distributed over the surface region both in the longitudinal direction and also in the peripheral direction and which have a component extending radially, wherein the microstructure elements are of a radial extent which is a fraction of the electrode line diameter. The microstructure elements are adapted, upon contact with a vessel wall, to counteract displacement of the electrode line along the electrode line longitudinal axis.

Electrode lines, for example for cardiac pacemakers, suffer from the problem of electrode dislocations. Previous solutions for fixing an electrode line in the heart and in vessels are for example pre-shaped electrode lines which brace the electrode in vessels. Also known are helixes or screws which are disposed at the distal end of the electrode line on the electrode and which are adapted to fix the electrode to a myocardium by screwing therein. Also known are openings in the distal region of an electrode line, which are adapted to anchor the electrode line in the trabecula arrangement of a cardiac chamber.
The state of the art also includes hooks which are disposed at the distal end or on the electrode line and which are adapted to fix the electrode line to the myocardium.
The applicants' patent application WO97/31678 describes an electrode arrangement having a ventricular electrode which has hook-shaped fixing means at the distal end of the electrode.
DE 69430417 T2 discloses an electrode system in which the electrode line is of a flexible nature in order to form a loop between the atrial electrode and the ventricular electrode. In the proximity of the atrial electrodes that electrode line has a first passive fixing device in the form of hooks and in the proximity of the ventricular electrodes at the distal end it has a fixing device with two hooks.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional, traditional, and proposed approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.


An electronic countermeasures system wherein part of the system is contained within the aircraft to be protected and part in an expendable decoy. Signals from enemy radars are received on-board the aircraft to be protected, processed and transmitted to the expendable decoy where the received signals are further processed and transmitted to the enemy radar to cause the enemy radar to track the decoy target.

This invention relates to countermeasure techniques for protecting aircraft from enemy attack and, more particularly, to a means of protecting an aircraft by deceiving an enemy into tracking a decoy target.
Various systems are being employed and have been proposed for protecting aircraft from enemy attack, including the use of radar jamming equipment on the aircraft. When the threat is from tracking or missile seeker radars employing monopulse or pseudo-monopulse angular error sensing mechanisms, the difficulty of countermeasuring increases since few effective electronic countermeasure techniques against them exist. One of the well-known techniques is that of producing false targets at a physical distance from the aircraft under attack.
One means of producing such false targets is to employ expendable, active decoys. These devices are ejected from an aircraft when under attack and usually contain active electronic components for transmitting signals which confuse and deceive an enemy radar or missile into tracking the decoy rather than the aircraft itself.
One type of such expendable, active decoy includes a single port, keyed primed oscillator which is primed with the low level signal received at its antenna from an enemy""s tracking radar. The priming signal is injected directly into the tank circuit of the oscillator which is being rapidly turned on and off (keyed), producing a rapidly pulsed signal which tracks the frequency of the priming signal. The resultant signal from the oscillator is transmitted back to the receiving section of the enemy radar, keyed at such a high PRF that the receiver cannot distinguish the individual pulses of returned energy. Thus, the signal from the decoy is detected as a replica of the original radar transmission, even if it is a CW signal. This type of decoy has worked very well, but is limited in its ability to make full use of the average power capability of the components used for transmission. This limitation is due to the fact that the primed oscillator is keyed such that it has a duty factor very much less than 100% and, accordingly, the average power which can be transmitted from components which are peak power limited is restricted.
An alternative approach for expendable, active decoys is to employ a two-port device, having both an input and an output antenna wherein a signal from the enemy radar, which is received at a first antenna, is amplified in the expendable decoy, and then transmitted back to the radar from a second antenna. While this technique apparently permits generation of larger average power from the components than using the keyed, primed oscillator, it also has severe gain limitations since it is extremely difficult to isolate the receiving and transmitting antennas adequately from each other, particularly in an expendable device of relatively small size. If such a device is operated at a high duty factor, the coupling from the transmitter to the receiver would cause interfering feedback. Therefore, it is required that such a device be operated at reduced duty factor which reduces the effective power output and, thus, at a corresponding reduction in effectiveness.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide improved electronic countermeasures.
It is another object of this invention to provide improved expendable decoy countermeasures.
It is a further object of this invention to provide improved electronic countermeasures in which the electronics is, in part, located in the aircraft to be protected and in part, in expendable decoys.
Briefly, in one embodiment of the invention, improved electronic countermeasures is provided by greatly increasing the separation between the decoy""s receiving and transmitting antennas by placing the radar signal sensing receiver and its antenna on the aircraft and the countermeasures transmitter and its antenna on the expendable decoy. This provides ample isolation between the transmitter and receiver such that the transmitter can be operated continuously at maximum effectiveness. The incoming signal from, for example, an enemy tracking radar is applied to a receiver in the aircraft to be protected and mixed with a signal generated by a local oscillator in the receiver. The signal from the mixer, at a frequency which is the difference between that of the received radar signal and the local oscillator, is transmitted to the expendable decoy along with the signal from the local oscillator as a reference. As the decoy is only a short distance from the aircraft and trailing behind, a rearward facing antenna and very low power transmissions can be used by the aircraft, minimizing the probability of detection of its transmissions by the enemy.
These two signals are received from the aircraft at the decoy, amplified and mixed to generate a signal at a frequency which is the sum of that of the local oscillator and difference signal and, thus, at the same frequency as that of the tracking radar. The signal is then transmitted by the decoy to the tracking radar. The signal is a duplicate of the original radar signal and due to the nature of the decoy trailing behind and falling away from the aircraft, the enemy radar is given false bearing, range and doppler information.
The signal transmitted by the expendable decoy is at a completely different frequency band from that of the two signals it receives from the aircraft. Therefore, both the transmitter and receiver in the expendable decoy can be made to share a common antenna without any problem of mutual interference.

Electronic countermeasures system and method


Free-radically polymerizable release coating compositions containing conductivity enhancers, which are capable of being electrosprayed onto a substrate. The compositions comprise (a) about 100 parts by weight of one or more free-radically polymerizable vinyl monomer(s), (b) from about 0.05 to about 250 parts by weight of one or more polydiorganosiloxane polymer(s) copolymerizable with the vinyl monomer(s), and (c) from about 0.10 to about 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of (a) and (b), of one or more non-volatile conductivity enhancer(s), which are soluble in the monomer(s) and which do not interfere with polymerization, wherein the composition may be electrosprayed.. The composition may further comprise from about 0.1 to about 5 parts by weight of one or more initiator(s) based on 100 parts by weight of monomer(s) and polydiorganosiloxane polymer(s).. Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises at least 0.1 part by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of monomer(s) and polydiorganosiloxane polymer(s), of one or more dissociation enhancing agent(s) soluble in the monomer(s).

The release of chemicals into the atmosphere, often polluting the air is of substantial concern. Thus, in the chemical industry as new products and processes are developed, a key factor is the environmental effect. One means of reducing chemical emissions is to develop solvent-free processes, and to require that chemicals do not evaporate during processing or from the final product.
Traditionally, release coatings have been solvent-borne thin coatings, i.e., dry thickness below about 5 micrometers. For continuous liquid coating techniques, the composition typically has been diluted with a large amount of a solvent that is later removed by evaporation, leaving behind the composition at the desired thickness. The uniformity and thickness of the dried final layer may be difficult to control especially on rough surfaces. The added solvent leads to higher material costs, preparation costs, and solvent removal costs. In addition, the solvents typically used may be hazardous to the environment.
Solvent-borne thin coatings may also be applied by spray processes. Although spray coating may be used to apply a composition to a smooth substrate, it is particularly useful as a method of coating a rough or three-dimensional substrate. A problem associated with conventional spray processes is poor coating efficiency where a substantial amount of the coating composition does not land on the substrate. However, electrostatic spray processes provide a more controlled means of spraying, and thus reduce material loss. Electrospray, a distinct subclass within electrostatic spraying, may be used to apply a thin coating even without a solvent. Typically, electrospray can be used to apply a coating with a thickness from about 0.005 micrometers to about 10 micrometers.
Although the electrospray process is an effective means of applying a thin coating, not every composition can be electrosprayed. The composition must meet certain processing requirements. Among the requirements for electrospray are that the composition be essentially a single phase solution and not a dispersion (solids-in-liquid) or emulsion (liquid-in-liquid), that the composition have sufficient conductivity, and that the composition have a relatively low viscosity.
Although a composition with a conductivity between 10.sup.-7 siemens per meter (S/m) and 10.sup.-1 S/m can be electrosprayed, for thin coatings the droplets preferably are relatively small which requires a conductivity greater than 10.sup.-6 S/m or 1 microsiemens per meter (.mu.S/m). Likewise, because the range of flow rates where a solution can be electrosprayed decreases with increasing conductivity, to obtain flow rates desirable in production the conductivity preferably is held below about 10.sup.-3 S/m (1000 .mu.S/m).
Compositions can be electrosprayed with or without a solvent, provided the composition is either a single phase solution or a non-ionically-stabilized emulsion or dispersion. If the composition is not essentially a single phase solution, the composition may become unstable during the electrospray process. In a single phase solution ("true solution"), each component is completely soluble. Often a solvent must also be added to the composition in order to obtain the requisite solubility. This added solvent, particularly if organic, may present environmental problems if it evaporates during or after processing and is not captured.
When a composition is truly solvent-free, substantially all of the initial components are present in some form in the final cured product. Thin coatings exist which are solvent-cast, but do not fit this definition because the solvent evaporates during processing. For example, although ethanol or methanol can be added to electrosprayable compositions to enhance solubility and conductivity, they evaporate during processing. For some free-radical curing systems, such solvents may interfere with polymerization by serving as chain transfer agents or as inhibitors, and preferably they are removed prior to curing.
Water-based compositions, although sometimes termed solvent-free, typically require large drying ovens, which occupy a sizable portion of manufacturing space and add to the product cost. In addition, often compositions to be electrosprayed are organic, and thus tend to be immiscible with water.
During electrospraying, the sprayhead places charge onto droplets by the principle of electrostatic induction. For inductive charging to work, the conductivity of the spraying composition must be within a specific range.
A solvent can be added to a composition to enhance conductivity. To achieve the desired conductivity range, in addition to containing a conductivity enhancer, i.e., salt, compositions often contain a polar solvent typically considered to be a volatile organic compound (VOC). These volatile organic compounds can be hazardous to the environment.
For electrospray, solvents have been used to increase solution conductivity. For example, EPO Appln No. 92.907947.3 (Mazurek et al.) discloses adding methanol in small quantities to enhance the conductivity of an electrosprayable release coating. However, methanol evaporates during processing, otherwise it may adversely interfere with free-radical polymerization.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,444 discloses adding quaternary ammonium salts, which have inorganic anions with relatively low molecular weights, as conductivity enhancers such as sulfate, borate, and iodide, to ink. These conductivity control agents are added at levels of 0.05 to about 1 weight percent to increase the conductivity of electrostatically applied inks.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,726 discloses a liquid developer comprising a colorant and a curable liquid vehicle, solid particles containing an initiator which is substantially insoluble, and optionally conductivity enhancing agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,444.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,924 discloses adding an oil-soluble salt, such as the mineral acid and organic acid quaternary salts of the Group Va elements, to a curable printing ink containing 0 to 30% of a polar organic solvent. All examples include a polar organic solvent.
To electrospray a thin layer having uniform thickness, each droplet from the electrospray mist preferably has a sufficiently low viscosity to allow for reasonable spreading on the substrate. However, for some applications, it may be desirable to cure individual droplets on the substrate, e.g., slip sheets.
Many release coatings known in the art contain silicones such as polydimethylsiloxane for release properties. Generally, the viscosity of these compositions tends not to be low enough for electrospraying. Thus, solvents have been added to control viscosity. Alternatively, reactive diluents have been added to control viscosity. For example see WO95/23694 (Kidon et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,201,808 (Cully et al.).
Regardless of the method of applying a thin release coating to a substrate, the release coating components preferably do not detrimentally interfere with the final performance of the product. A component preferably does not evaporate or interfere with polymerization or becomes physically trapped in the coating during processing otherwise the component may migrate into the substrate and detrimentally affect the product's performance. Alternatively, an uncured component may later evaporate polluting the environment, or may later contact another surface, rub off, and contaminate that surface. Thus, the need exists for a release coating composition capable of being electrosprayed where substantially all of the components are present in the final product and either co-polymerize with the other components or otherwise become a permanent part of the coating.

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


A sampling phase of digital data is converted with having a phase stabilization and a phase alignment. In a converting circuit for converting first digital data synchronized with a fist clock into second digital data synchronized with a second clock not synchronized with the first clock, there are provided; a dividing circuit for dividing 1 (one) time period of the first clock into N time periods ("N" being larger than, or equal to 2); a coefficient setting circuit for setting first and second interpolation coefficients with respect to each of the divided time periods; a data producing circuit for producing the second digital data from data within a certain clock period and data within another clock period subsequent to the certain clock period among the first digital data by using the first and second interpolation coefficients in the divided period where the second clock is located, among the first and second interpolation coefficients set for each of the divided periods.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a converting circuit for a sampling phase of digital data.
2. Description of the Related Art
In home-use VTRs, for instance, an 8-mm video recorder, a luminance signal is converted into an FM signal SY during a recording operation (see FIG. 6). Further, a carrier color signal SC is frequency-converted into a lower band side of the FM luminance signal, and an audio signal is converted into an FM signal SA in a band between the signal SC and the signal SY. Then, a frequency multiplexed signal SF produced from these signals SY, SC, SA and a tracking servo pilot signal SP is recorded on a magnetic tape by way of a rotary magnetic head in such a manner that a 1-field signal SF becomes one inclined magnetic track on this magnetic tape.
As a consequence, this signal reproducing system may be arranged as shown in, for example, FIG. 7. That is, the frequency multiplexed signal SF is continuously reproduced from the magnetic tape 1 by the rotary magnetic heads 11A and 11B. The reproduced signal SF is supplied via the reproducing amplifier 12 to the servo circuit 41, so that the tracking servo control for the heads 11A and 11B with respect to the tracks of the magnetic tape 1 is carried out in response to the pilot signal SP contained in the signal SF.
Also, the signal SF derived from the amplifier 12 is supplied to the bandpass filter 13 so as to derive the FM luminance signal SY. This FM luminance signal SY is supplied to the A/D converter 14 in order to be A/D-converted into, for instance, an 8-bit digital signal for 1 sample, whose sampling frequency is eight times higher than the color subcarrier frequency fSC (approximately 3.58 MHz). Then, this 8-bit digital signal SY is supplied to the processing circuit 15 in which such process operations as FM demodulation and deemphasis are carried out. Then, the processed signal SY is supplied to the D/A converter 16 so as to be D/A-converted into the original baseband luminance signal Y which will then be derived from the terminal 17.
Furthermore, the signal SF derived from the amplifier 12 is supplied to the bandpass filter 21, thereby deriving the color carrier signal SC. This color carrier signal SC is supplied to the A/D converter 22 so as to be A/D-converted into, for instance, an 8-bit digital signal SC for 1 sample, having a sampling frequency four times higher than the color subcarrier frequency.
Then, this 8-bit digital signal SC is supplied to the processing circuit 23 so that such processing operations as APC and eliminations of track crosstalk components are carried out, and this digital signal SC is color-demodulated into the baseband red and blue color difference signals (R-Y) and (B-Y). These color difference signal (R-Y) and (B-Y) are supplied via the converting circuit (will be discussed later) 24 to the NTSC encoder 25 in which the color subcarrier frequency is encoded into the color carrier signal SS having the frequency fSC. This color carrier signal SS is supplied into the D/A-converter 26 so as to be D/A-converted into the original color carrier signal SS, which will then be derived from the terminal 27.
At this time, both of the luminance signal Y derived from the D/A converter 16 and the color carrier signal SS derived from the D/A converter 26 are supplied to the adding circuit 18, so that the NTSC composite signal is synthesized which will then be derived from the terminal 19.
Moreover, the signal SF from the amplifier 12 is furnished to the audio processing circuit 31, so that the original audio signals "L" and "R" are demodulated from the FM audio signal SA contained in this signal SF. These original audio signals are derived from the terminal 32.
In the above-described signal reproducing system, both of the reproduced FM luminance signal SY and color carrier signal SC contain variations in a time axis such as "jitter". Also, the time axis is changed when the VTR signal is reproduced at varied speeds. As a consequence, when the various signal processing operations are carried out in the processing circuits 15 and 23, the clock thereof is produced from the horizontal sync signal contained in the reproduced FM luminance signal SY. Then, as a result, various variations are produced in the sampling phases (namely, phase at time instant when data is obtained) among the luminance signals Y outputted from the processing circuits 15, 23, and the color difference signals (R-Y), (B-Y) outputted from the processing circuit 23.
Therefore, the circuit for stabilizing the sampling phases and for aligning the sampling phases of the color difference signals (R-Y) and (B-Y) derived from the processing circuit 23 is the converting circuit 24. That is to say, the converting circuit 24 is to convert the sampling phases of the color difference signals (digital data) derived from the processing circuit 23 into the clock phases of the encoder 25 even when the processing circuit 23 is operated in a synchronism with the encoder 25.
In the signal reproducing system of FIG. 7, the signal recording system similarly requires such a converting circuit for stabilizing and aligning the sampling phases in the digital processing circuit for the color carrier signal due to the same jitter reason.
The present invention has an object to provide a novel converting circuit for converting such a sampling phase of digital data. More specifically, the present invention has another object to provide a converting circuit with a simple structure, whose characteristic is better than that of the conventional converting circuit.

Circuit for converting sampling phase of digital data


A motor driving inverter comprises a first printed circuit board provided with electronic components, a heat conduction plate made of a metal with high heat conductivity and adhered at one surface to the printed circuit board, thereby supporting the printed circuit board, a heat conduction member made of a material with high heat conductivity and connected to the heat conduction plate, thereby supporting the heat conduction plate, and a box made of a metal with high heat conductivity, accommodating the printed circuit board, the heat conduction plate and the heat conduction member, and connected to the heat conduction member, thereby supporting the heat conduction member.

The present invention mainly relates to a motor driving inverter for converting DC current from a DC power supply to AC current and supplying a motor-driven compressor of an air conditioner mounted on a motorcar with ac power.
Such type of motor driving inverter has a printed circuit board provided with a plurality of electronic components such as semiconductor switching devices with high current capacity, a microcontroller including an integrated circuit that is equipped with a central processing unit and on-off controls the semiconductor switching devices to produce three phase current, etc. The semiconductor switching devices generate a large quantity of heat because the motor driving inverter supplies a motor-driven compressor with heavy current. Therefore, each semiconductor switching device and each of the other electronic components such as integrated circuit devices that generate heat are provided with a radiator independently or, otherwise, the semiconductor switching devices and other electronic components such as integrated circuit devices that generate heat are cooled by a fan.
The motor driving inverter is provided with a metal box for accommodating the printed circuit board to shield the electronic components from electromagnetic noise from a number of noise sources in the motorcar and to shield electronic components in the motorcar from electromagnetic noise generated by the electronic components of the motor driving inverter.
In addition to the radiators or the fan, the motor driving inverter is provided with electromagnetic shields for shielding the microcontroller from electromagnetic noise generated by the semiconductor switching devices through which heavy currents are passed. Such shielding is required to prevent operation errors in the microcontroller.
The radiators or the fan, and the electromagnetic shields increase the size and the manufacturing cost of the motor driving inverter.
Therefore an object of the present invention is to provide a motor driving inverter for converting DC current from a DC power supply to AC current and supplying a motor-driven compressor of an air conditioner mounted on a motorcar with ac power which is compact and has high heat radiating capability.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a motor driving inverter for converting DC current from a DC power supply to AC current and supplying a motor-driven compressor of an air conditioner mounted on a motorcar with ac power which is compact and has high heat radiating capability, and whose microcontroller is shielded from electromagnetic noise from semiconductor switching devices thereof.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a motor driving inverter comprising a first printed circuit board provided with electronic components, a heat conduction plate made of a metal with high heat conductivity and adhered at one surface to the printed circuit board, thereby supporting the printed circuit board, a heat conduction member made of a material with high heat conductivity and connected to the heat conduction plate, thereby supporting the heat conduction plate, and a box made of a metal with high heat conductivity, accommodating the printed circuit board, the heat conduction plate and the heat conduction member, and connected to the heat conduction member, thereby supporting the heat conduction member.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heat conduction plate is adhered at the other surface to a second printed circuit board provided with an electronic component liable to be affected by electromagnetic noise, and the electronic components on the first printed circuit board are little affected by electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heat conduction plate is adhered at the other surface to a second printed circuit board provided with an electronic component liable to be affected by electromagnetic noise, and at least one of the electronic components on the first printed circuit board is liable to generate electromagnetic noise.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a motor driving inverter comprising a printed circuit board provided with electronic components, a heat conduction plate made of a metal with high heat conductivity and adhered at one surface to the printed circuit board, and a box made of a metal with high heat conductivity and accommodating the printed circuit board and the heat conduction plate, wherein the heat conduction plate is fixed to the box with its the other surface abutting against the box.


A vehicular coolant control valve configured so that the opened state thereof can be switched between a state allowing a normal amount of fluid to pass and a state allowing a lesser amount of fluid to pass. The control valve includes a valve body having a magnetic body and controlling fluid flow, a valve seat constituting a fluid flow channel and coming into contact with the valve body to close the flow channel, a solenoid magnetically maintaining a contact state between the valve body and valve seat, and an urging mechanism urging the valve body opposite to a flow direction of the fluid. The valve body includes a first valve body maintaining a contact state with the valve seat when the solenoid is excited and a second valve body allowing passage of a small amount of the fluid when the first valve body is in contact with the valve seat.

For the purpose of e.g. improvement of fuel consumption efficiency, a vehicular engine is subject to a control for effecting a warm-up operation when the temperature of the engine is low and maintaining the temperature constant after the engine temperature has risen. To this end, as a cooling system for an engine, there is generally known a system configured as follows. With opening/closing of a thermostat valve, when the temperature of cooling water is low, this valve is closed to cause the cooling water to circulate via a bypass flow channel, bypassing a radiator; whereas, when the cooling water temperature has risen, the valve is opened to cause the cooling water to flow through the radiator, thus maintaining the cooling water temperature constant. Further, under a low temperature condition of the cooling water, via a warm-up operation, the engine temperature is raised speedily to the optimal temperature. Thereafter, the engine temperature is maintained approximately constant to stabilize combustion for improvement of fuel efficiency.
Patent Document 1 discloses a thermostat wherein a channel to a radiator exit channel is provided in a thermo element temperature-sensitive chamber provided independently on the exit side of an engine, for enabling operations with taking the radiator exit side liquid temperature into consideration. Within the thermo element of this thermostat, a thermo wax capable of heat expansion is charged, so that the valve body is opened/closed according to the cooling water temperature. Further, the thermo element is combined with a heat generating element such as a nichrome heater to open/close the valve body for electronically controlling the cooling water temperature.
Patent Document 2 discloses a solenoid valve having a movable portion urged to a closing direction by a spring. This solenoid valve is configured to be closed at the time of non-excited state of the coil and opened at the time of the excited state of the coil; thus, switchover between the opened state and the closed state can be effected in a speedy manner. With this, in case the solenoid valve is provided on the engine exit side in the above-described engine cooling system, the switchover between the valve closed state for causing cooling water to circulate via the bypass channel bypassing the radiator and the valve opened state for causing the cooling water to flow through the radiator when the cooling water temperature becomes high, can be effected speedily, thus achieving good valve responsiveness.


An electrical connector (100) provides an interface for storage device. The electrical connector (100) includes an insulated housing (10) and a number of electrical contacts (S1-S7, P1-P9) disposed in the insulated housing (10). The insulated housing (10) defines a slot (16) for receiving a integral tongue portion (26) of a mating electrical connector (200). The number of electrical contacts (S1-S7, P1-P9) are lined along an inner side face (167) of the slot (16) for mating with the mating electrical connector (200). The first inner side face (167) of said slot (16) defines two grooves (166, 168) for polarizing the mating electrical connector (200) and the internal micro Serial ATA plug connector from other Serial ATA cables.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an electrical connector, and more particularly to an electrical connector providing an interface for a storage device.
2. Description of Related Art
The Serial ATA International Organization published a proposed Serial ATA draft specification of revision 0.70 on 21 Sep. 2006. The Serial ATA draft specification disclosed an internal micro Serial ATA plug connector (hereinafter the Micro SATA plug) and an internal micro Serial ATA backplane connector (hereinafter the Micro SATA backplane) for mating with the Micro SATA plug in Pages 101-109.
The micro SATA plug has a signal segment and a power segment sharing a common base. The signal segment has a tongue portion extending from the common base for mating into the micro SATA backplane and seven signal contacts disposed in one side face of the tongue portion for delivering signals. The power segment has a tongue portion extending from the common base for mating into the micro SATA backplane and nine power contacts disposed in one side face of the tongue portion for delivering powers. The tongue portions of the signal segment and the power segment are coplanar and the contacts of the signal segment and the power segment are disposed on the same side of the tongue portions.
The micro SATA backplane has a signal segment and a power segment for mating with the signal segment and the power segment of the micro SATA plug. The signal segment and the power segment share a common insulated housing. The signal segment defines a slot in the housing for receiving the tongue portion of the signal segment of the micro SATA plug. The signal segment has seven signal contacts disposed in one inner side face of the slot for delivering signals. The power segment defines another slot in the housing besides the slot of the power segment for receiving the tongue portion of the power segment of the micro SATA plug. The power segment has nine power contacts (two of them are optional MFG pins) disposed in one inner side face of the slot for delivering powers.
However, the market demands new interfaces to increase the transfer speed of the micro SATA specification and compatible with the micro SATA plug and incompatible with micro SATA backplane.

Electrical connectors for storage device


Apparatus and methods for coupling a payload to a support track are disclosed. In one embodiment, an interface assembly includes a base, a support arm, and a lug member. The base has a pair of clamp arms projecting outwardly therefrom. Each clamp arm is adapted to be disposed through an associated coupling aperture disposed in the engagement member. The clamp arms are moveable relative to the engagement member between an unsecured position in which the clamp arms are extractable from the coupling apertures, and a secured position wherein the clamp arms are not extractable from the coupling apertures. The support arm is coupled to the base and to a component (e.g. a payload). The lug member that locks the assembly in the secured position is moveable between a first position wherein the clamp arms are positioned in the unsecured position, and a second position wherein the clamp arms are positioned in the secured position.

Many aspects of modem commercial aircraft are manufactured in accordance with the particular requirements of the aircraft owner. One such aspect is the arrangement of the passenger seats within the cabin of the aircraft.
For example, FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a seat assembly 100 in accordance with the prior art. The seat assembly 100 includes one or more seat members 102 coupled to a pair of support members 104. A floor assembly 108 that supports the seat members 102 includes a pair of seat tracks 106 and a plurality of floor panels 112 disposed on opposing sides of the seat tracks 106. Attachment assemblies 110 attach the support members 104 to the seat tracks 106 of the floor assembly 108. As best shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 2, the upper surfaces of the floor panels 112 are approximately flush with an engagement member 114 of the seat track 106, thereby providing a suitable floor surface for the passengers. Seat assemblies of the type shown in FIG. 1 are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,619,588 B2 issued to Lambiaso, U.S. Pat. No. 6,601,798 B2 issued to Cawley, U.S. Pat. No. 6,260,813 B1 issued to Whitcomb, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,337,979 issued to Bales et al.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the seat track 106 of FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 3, the engagement member 114 of the seat track 106 is coupled to a pair of "C"-shaped seat track members 116. Upper surfaces 118 of the seat track members 116 engage and support the floor panels 112 (FIG. 2) adjacent the engagement member 114. A plurality of attachment devices 119 (FIG. 2) couple the floor panels 112 to the seat track members 116. As further shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a slot (or recess) 120 is disposed within the engagement member 114. The slot 120 forms a plurality of alternating holes 122 and lands 124 adapted and coupled to the attachment assembly 110.
The attachment assembly 110 typically includes an interface assembly that performs the actual secure engagement between the seat track 106 and the support member 104. For example, FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of an interface assembly 130 in accordance with the prior art. The interface assembly 130 includes a base 132 that engages against the engagement member 114 of the seat track 106, and an upwardly-projecting housing 134 coupled to the base 132. A support arm 136 is coupled between the base 132 and the support member 104 of the seat member 102. A seat fitting bolt 138 projects downwardly through the housing 134 and through the slot 120 of the engagement member 114. A lug member 139 (FIG. 4) is located inside the slot 120.
In operation, the lug member 139 is inserted through one or more of the hole portions 122 of the slot 120 of the engagement member 114, and is then moved longitudinally along the slot 120 to a desired position of pair(s) of lands 124. The seat fitting bolt 138, depending on particular operation, may then be torqued into engagement with the lands 124, drawing the lug member 139 toward the base 132 into contact with the engagement member 114 and clampably securing the interface assembly 130 to the engagement member 114. Thus, the slot 120 and the interface assembly 130 permit the seat member 102 to be selectively positioned at any desired interval along the seat track 106, including, for example, to permit the aircraft owner to control the spacing of the seat members 102 within the aircraft.
Although desirable results have been achieved using the prior art seat assembly 100, there is room for improvement. For example, because the seat fitting bolt 138 of the interface assembly 130 must be precisely torqued during installation, and then inspected each time a seat 102 is installed or moved, the interface assembly 130 is not as economical as desired. Also, the interface assembly 130 may be sensitive, and may require different torque settings for different types of seats. Furthermore, the engagement member 114 of the seat track 106 is expensive to manufacture, particularly alternating holes 122 and lands 124 of the slot 120. Therefore, novel interface apparatus and methods which at least partially mitigate these characteristics would be useful.

Payload to support track interface and fitting apparatus and methods


A system and a method for facilitating communication between a remote station and a service network are disclosed. A remote station is associated with a first communicator configured to communicate over a first communication network and a second communicator configured to communicate over a second communication network. A communication controller associated with the remote station and coupled with the first communicator and the second communicator is operable to transmit a first set of signals using the first communicator a second set of signals using the second communicator. A mobile network access point is directable to within a communication range of the second communicator of the remote station when the remote station is outside of an existing communication range of the second communication network and the first set of signals includes a resource request for the second communication network.

Wireless communication grows in importance daily. Cellular telephones have become standard accessories for adults and children. Coffee shops and other public venues are equipped with "wi-fi" connections allowing visitors to access the Internet with wireless-enabled notebook computers, handheld computers, and portable digital assistants. Even automobiles are equipped with wireless communication devices that allow drivers to call for roadside assistance or, if an owner should lock himself or herself out of the car, to telephone a service operator to remotely unlock the car's doors.
Not surprisingly, the proliferation of wireless communication inspires both increased capabilities and commensurate increased demands for wireless communication bandwidths. To name one example, recently cellular telephone vendors have begun to market wireless interfaces that allow for capture of still photographs, short movies, and voice narration. If the popularity of these devices grows as the cellular telephone companies expect them to grow, just as the proliferation of cellular telephones has consumed available telephone exchanges and area codes, proliferation of multifunctional devices will consume available cellular bandwidth.
Unfortunately, just as cellular telephone companies have devised products such as "picture phones," other technologies doubtlessly will be devised which will require even more wireless bandwidth. This is a costly problem. Once capacity within allocated frequency ranges has been exhausted, additional parallel networks will have to be created in existing frequency ranges. Wireless network base station transceivers provide coverage across a limited geographic area. Thus, coverage is extendable only by deploying additional base station transceivers, antennas, and other facilities in the same way that such infrastructure has been built to create the geographical coverage of existing wireless networks. Without expansion of wireless network infrastructure, wireless communication device users may not be able to fully benefit from wireless communication devices they use.
For example, FIG. 1 depicts a situation 100 concerning an automobile 110 that has suffered mechanical failure. The automobile 110 is equipped with two different wireless communication transceivers. A first transceiver is a conventional wireless telephone configured to communicate with a first communication network 120. The automobile 110 is within a communication range 130 of the first communication network 120, thus an operator of the automobile 110 is able to telephone for assistance.
The automobile 110 also is equipped with a second transceiver using a proprietary communication system which allows the automobile 110 itself and/or its operator to communicate with an automobile service facility through a second communication network 140. Potentially, data communication between a computer system associated with the automobile 110 might even allow for some faults to be corrected remotely. Alternatively, the fault might be able to be remotely diagnosable through the second communication network 140 or, at a minimum, the operators of the second communication network 140 network likely would be better prepared to arrange to dispatch a tow truck or other service vehicles. Unfortunately, as can be seen in the situation 100 depicted in FIG. 1, the automobile 110 is outside of the communication range 150 of the second communication network 140. As a result, any assistance that might be offered through the second communication network 140 is not available to the operator of the automobile 110. Thus, the operator of the automobile 110 is left to determine his or her location and to try to find the telephone number of a towing service. This can be a troubling ordeal, particularly if the operator has driven the automobile 110 to an unfamiliar location.
Thus, there is an unmet need in the art for expanding wireless communication coverage capabilities to support the bandwidth and/or geographical coverage needed to support desired wireless functionality.

System and method for dynamically configuring wireless network geographic coverage or service levels


An operating method of a video display device is provided. The method includes: obtaining at least one of user's bio information and pattern input; upon the receipt of a user input for a function key input of the video display device within a predetermined time, performing an operation personalized to the user on the basis of at least one of the obtained user's bio information and pattern input and the function key input; and upon the receipt of the user input for the function key input after the predetermined time elapses, performing an operation corresponding to the function key.

The present disclosure relates to a video display device and an operating method thereof, and particularly, to a video display device recognizing user's bio information and pattern input and providing a personalized function for a user corresponding to the recognized bio information and pattern input and an operating method thereof.
Recently, a digital TV service using a wired or wireless communication network becomes generalized. The digital TV service may provide various services that cannot be provided from an existing analog broadcast service.
For example, in the case of internet protocol television service (IPTV), one type of the digital TV service, it provides an interaction that allows a user to actively select the type of viewing program and viewing time. The IPTV service may provide various enhanced services on the basis of such an interaction, for example, internet search, home shopping, and online game.
Moreover, compared to that recent smart TVs provide various functions and contents, users may not receive proper menus and functions. Accordingly, although smart TVs provide various functions and services, they are not properly used.
Additionally, recent smart TVs provide the execution or setting of detailed functions through a layered menu structure. However, as functions of smart TVs become more diversified and complex, the menu structures of the smart TVs may need to be configured with more layers. Then, as the menu structures of the smart TVs are configured with more layers, a user may need to undergo several steps of a complex layer structure in order to execute or set a function that the user wants. Additionally, it is difficult for a user to remember a structure that is required for executing complex menus and detailed functions of smart TVs.
Therefore, required is a method for executing or setting a desired function without going through complex layered structures of smart TVs. Moreover, required is an operating method that does not require a user to memorize or learn manipulations for functions of smart TVs.
Furthermore, required are functions and contents fit for a user of a TV and also required is a method for easily executing a personalized function and a personalized menu fit for a user.

Video display device and operating method thereof


The disclosure discloses a method for preprocessing an image and a related electronic device. A current data frame captured through a camera is obtained by a pre-created drawing surface window called by a central processing unit (CPU) in response to a preview activating instruction of the camera. The current data frame is converted into a preview texture corresponding to the current data frame by the pre-created drawing surface window. The preview texture corresponding to the current data frame is sent to a graphics processing unit (GPU). The preview texture corresponding to the current data frame is processed by the GPU. The preview texture processed is sent by the CPU to an advanced driving assistance system (ADAS).

Augmented reality (AR) is also called mixed reality. Through an electronic technology, the AR applies virtual information to a real world, and a real environment and a virtual object are superimposed on a same picture or space in real time. The AR provides a kind of information which is different from human perception. The AR not only shows information of the real world, but also shows the virtual information at the same time, and the two kinds of information complement and overlap each other. In a visual augmented reality, a user may view a scene combining the real world with virtual graphics by utilizing a display. The AR is a technology that utilizes the virtual object to "enhance" the real scene. Comparing with the virtual reality, the AR has advantages of strong realism and less modeling workload.

Method for preprocessing image in augmented reality and related electronic device

APOLLO INTELLIGENT CONNECTIVITY (BEIJING) TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A personal check amount stamping device for printing the exact amount of a check to be written on the face of the check form, in at least three locations. This printing of the exact amount by the writer of the check insures that the bank will not mis-interpret the amount of the check, and also obviates the job of printing the check amount on the bottom of the check by the bank employees.

This invention relates to an apparatus and method of printing on a check, personal, or commercial, the exact face amount for which a check is written, and the printing being in magnetic ink, of the type required by the bank, for reading by the computers in the individuals bank. This exact amount is printed in the "amount" space, in the face area of the check, and, on the right hand bottom space, reserved for the banks personnel to stamp this check face amount, for purposes of the computers in the bank to electronically read the amount, and record the transaction on all of the banks accounts involved.
It has been customary for a customer of a bank to write a check in longhand, write the face value amount in longhand, and also print the amount in numbers in a box at the right side of the check. Now when the check is received by the bank, it is not ready for the computers in the bank to handle the check electronically. A department of employees in the bank are charged with comparing the written face amount on the check with the written digits in the amount box on the check, and make a determination as to the correctness of the face value amount of the check, and, when this determination has been made, and any anomalies eliminated, the bank employee sets the amount on a special machine, containing magnetic types of ink, inserts the check in the machine, and the machine stamps the amount in the bottom right hand space on the check. After this amount has been stamped on the check, in the space allotted, the check can now be inputted into the computer, and the transaction recorded, and proper adjustments made to all accounts involved in the transaction.
The person who originally wrote the check has no knowledge of the actual transactions until receiving their monthly bank statement, and, sometimes, the amount has been misread, or, mis-stamped, and, much time, and effort is required by all concerned, to correct the mistake.
Several approaches have been provided for aiding the writer of the check to insure that the correct amount is deducted from their account during these transactions. Wing, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,965 teaches a microprocessor for writing a check, and this device having a printer included in its casing. The device of Wing has several drawbacks, in that it must receive a certain size check, the printer may, or may not be capable of using the required magnetic ink, the numbers may, or may not be readable by the computers in the bank, and, the printing device is not adaptable to changes in number preparation, required by different banks. Also, the check preparer would be charged with remembering any bank coding required to be associated with the check face amount being printed on the bottom right hand space on the check.
Another approach is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,066, wherein a check is pre-printed with various information, and some of the information being covered by removable opaque material, only readable when the Writers code has been revealed, by removing the opaque material from the desired code numbers. This approach is more concerned with ATM type transactions, and, having no printer, is not adaptable to check writing transactions.
Still another approach is taught in the art of Bauer, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,100, wherein an elaborate printing device is taught, and, upon setting up the body of the check, and the checks being stored on a roll, in the innards of the device, and, after meticulously setting up the body of the check, the device is closed by force, thereby printing a check, in a mosaic letter, and number design, The problem with this approach is again, the unadaptability of the device for the different number designs required in the different banks, and, the different types of ink required, this difference stemming from the different type readers being used by different banks.


A verification support apparatus for an integrated circuit. The apparatus includes; a combination acquisition unit configured to acquire different combinations of a variable value regarding variation in an integrated circuit manufacturing process and a performance value obtained from a simulation of a circuit; a function acquisition unit configured to acquire a functional relationship from which a performance value of a circuit is obtained by giving a parameter value; a difference calculation unit configured to calculate a difference between the performance value obtained by the functional relationship and the performance value included in the combination; an expected value calculation unit configured to determine a probability based on random numbers and execute a calculation process in which an expected value of the difference is calculated based on the determined probability and the difference calculated by the difference calculation unit a predetermined number of times; and a goodness of fit calculation unit configured to calculate a goodness of fit (GF) between the simulation and the functional relationship.

A technology has been known in which simulation is performed using a circuit model representing an analog integrated circuit to verify the analog integrated circuit thereby evaluating the performance of the analog integrated circuit. See, for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 11-306230 and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2004-94402.
Further, another technology has been known in which a functional relationship is generated by giving the value of a variable regarding the variation of an integrated circuit manufacturing process to the functional relationship to obtain a performance value of the analog integrated circuit in the verification of the analog integrated circuit, in order to analyze the performance variation of the analog integrated circuit out of the variations in a semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing process which manufactures the analog integrated circuit. See, for example, the non-patent literature 1 entitled "Statistical Regression for Efficient High-Dimensional Modeling of Analog and Mixed-Signal Performance Variations", appeared in Design Automation Conference, 2008, p. 38-43 Xin Li et al, and another non-patent literature 2 entitled "Finding Deterministic Solution from Underdetermined Equation: Large-Scale Performance Modeling by Least Angle Regression", appeared in Design Automation Conference, 2009, p. 364-369, Xin Li.
The simulation for analyzing the variations on the performance of the analog integrated circuit, especially for the variations on the performance of the post-layout circuit, is known to be very heavy and thus, a sufficient accuracy of analysis may not be obtained within a scheduled completion date for verification, which is problematic. In the non-patent literature 2, the performance variation model may be created using only parameters that sufficiently influence on the variations on the performance to run a simulation having a good balance between the accuracy of the analysis and time. However, when the number of times to run simulation (hereinafter, referred to as "the number of simulation runs") is extremely low, it is hard to evaluate whether the functional relationship is suitable for the simulation with a high accuracy due to the difference between respective performance values obtained by the functional relationship and the simulation. In the meantime, it takes time to increase the number of simulation runs. Accordingly, there is a problem that it is hard to efficiently evaluate whether the functional relationship is suitable for the simulation.

Verification support method, recording medium having stored verification support program therein, and verification support apparatus