A data compensator includes first logic, second logic, third logic, fourth logic, and fifth logic. The first logic calculates block compensation coefficients for blocks in a first frame based on first pixel data of the first frame. The second logic generates first gamma applied pixel data based on the first pixel data of the first frame and to generate second gamma applied pixel data based on the first gamma applied pixel data and second pixel data of a second frame adjacent the first frame. The third logic selects a number of the block compensation coefficients based on a pixel coordinate. The fourth logic generates a pixel compensation coefficient corresponding to the second pixel data by interpolating the selected block compensation coefficients based on the pixel coordinate. The fifth logic generates output pixel data based on the second gamma applied pixel data and the pixel compensation coefficient.

1. Field
One or more embodiments described herein relate to a data compensator and a display device including a data compensator.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic light emitting display generates images using organic light emitting diodes. Because these diodes are self-emissive, a backlight unit is not used as is typically found in a liquid crystal display. An organic light emitting display offers many advantages over other types of flat panel displays. For example, organic light emitting displays are relatively thin and light and have low power consumption, improved luminance, and improved response speed compared to liquid crystal displays. As a result, organic light emitting displays are often used in portable electronic devices.
Some television channels broadcast information that is to be continuously displayed on a screen. Examples include network or channel logos (e.g. NBC, CBS). These logos are displayed with the same pattern, with high luminance, and at a same location on a screen. Consequently, the mobility of the driving transistors of pixels that display the logo may degrade over time. Once a pixel circuit degrades, image sticking may occur, e.g., the logo may be displayed on the screen for images which are not supposed to have the logo. As a result, display quality is degraded.

Data compensator and display device including the same


A method of deactivate a catalyst system is described. The method may include contacting a reactor effluent comprising a catalyst system, an oligomerized olefin, and diluent with a kill agent to at least partially deactivate the catalyst system, separating the reactor effluent into one or more first streams comprising oligomerized olefin and diluent, the one or more first streams being substantially devoid of the at least partially deactivated catalyst, and a second stream comprising the deactivated catalyst; and contacting the second stream with a quench agent.

The present techniques relate generally to oligomer production and, more specifically, to decreasing contamination in a product and/or diluent recovery of an oligomerization system.
This section is intended to introduce the reader to aspects of art that may be related to aspects of the present techniques, which are described and/or claimed herein. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present techniques. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
As chemical and petrochemical technologies have advanced, the products of these technologies have become increasingly prevalent in society. In particular, as techniques for bonding simple molecular building blocks into longer chains have advanced, the products (i.e., alpha olefins, oligomers, polymers, etc.) have been increasingly incorporated into or employed to produce various everyday items. In the production of these longer-chain molecules, upstream catalyst systems and compositions are utilized to oligomerize or polymerize monomers (e.g., ethylene, propylene, butene, etc.) into the longer-chain products. These catalyst systems, their preparation and subsequent deactivation can affect the efficiency of the oligomerization or polymerization.

System and method of deactivating and quenching an oligomerization catalyst


A magnet generator including a bowl-shaped flywheel which is formed of a cylindrical portion and a bottom portion on one end side of the cylindrical portion, a plurality of magnets which are arranged on the inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical portion of the flywheel, and a power generation coil which generates power under an electromagnetic induction action with the magnets and which is disposed in opposition to the magnets within the flywheel, wherein the flywheel has a plurality of vent holes in its bottom portion, and the hole base part of each of the vent holes is formed in a droop or curved shape. Owing to the droop or curved shape, a cooling efficiency is enhanced, and a job for treating burrs and laps after cutting working can be relieved to enhance a productivity.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a magnet generator which generates power under the electromagnetic induction action between magnets and an armature winding, on the basis of the rotation of a flywheel.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a prior-art magnet generator, on account of an alternating magnetic field generated by magnets during the rotation of a flywheel, a hysteresis loss and an eddy current loss occur in a laminated core, and a copper loss and various thermal losses exist in a winding coil contributing to power generation. The resistance of the power generation coil is increased by the various thermal losses, resulting in the problem of decrease in an output current. In the flywheel (rotor) of the magnet generator, therefore, a plurality of vent holes having a large area are provided in a bowl-shaped bottom surface in order to enhance a cool performance (ventilation efficiency) and a power generation efficiency. It has also been known that the bottom portion of the flywheel is provided with a plurality of fins, by which the forcible stream of air is generated with the rotation of the flywheel, thereby to promote the cooling of the power generation coil. (Refer to JP-A-2002-101630, JP-A-2003-324899 and JP-A-2003-333801.)
In the fabrication of such fins, however, the fins must be made integral with the flywheel by insert molding, and a job which requires a large number of man-hour with a dedicated resin forming mold is involved, resulting in the problem that a fabricating cost becomes high. With the intention of eliminating such a problem, it has been proposed that, instead of the provision of the fins, protuberances which protrude onto the side of the power generation coil are formed at the peripheral edge parts of the vent holes by plastic deformation process, whereby the turbulence of air streams is generated in the flywheel by the rotation of this flywheel. (Refer to JP-A-2005-318685.)
With that flywheel (rotor) of the prior-art magnet generator which is formed with the protuberances, a cooling performance is enhanced. However, burring working, etc. must be performed in order to form the protuberances at the peripheral edge parts of the vent holes, and complications are still existent in a fabricating process for the protuberances. Moreover, a large number of vent holes of large area are required in order to efficiently decrease the heat generation of the power generation coil by ventilation and to suppress the lowering of the output current, and a plurality of screw holes are required among the vent holes in order to assemble a flywheel mounting component (such as a one-way clutch), so that the rigidity of the flywheel (bottom surface) is apprehended.
Therefore, the plate thickness of the flywheel has increased in order to ensure the rigidity of the flywheel bottom surface. Besides, since the vent holes of the flywheel and the screw holes thereof are mostly formed by cutting working, a long time has expended on the working of a thick plate, and a high working cost has been required for treating burrs and laps after the cutting working.


A reconfigurable optical device for wavelength-division multiplexing networks, comprising two waveguides (A, B) parallel to each other, with two-dimensional confinement, coupled by a bi-directional coupler (C), suitable to selectively drop one and only one of the channels composing the Wavelength-Division multiplexing signal (WDM); the device is reconfigurable as, by appropriately varying the wavelength of the combined pumping beam inside a first waveguide (A), any channel forming the WDM signal can be dropped.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reconfigurable optical device for Wavelength-Division Multiplexing networks.
The increasingly vast diffusion of the Internet and consequent demand for an increasingly wide band in optical communications has led to the by now uncontested success of the Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) transmission system.
The advantage of this configuration is that, by modulating several carriers independently at different wavelengths, it is possible to make optimum use of the extremely wide band offered by optical fibres with technologies already available on the market.
Nonetheless, the bottleneck of these transmission systems currently lies in the specifications of the signal processing and routing devices, which are implemented with opto-electronic technologies, which limit the band that can actually be used in optical communications.
Scientific research aimed at producing these devices in a completely optical manner is thus understandably extremely active, both on the industrial and the scientific-university sides.
(2) Description of Related Art
One of the devices that arouses the most interest is undoubtedly the one that performs the functions of "add/drop"; as already mentioned, the WDM signal is formed of several carriers, modulated independently from one another and each at a different wavelength.
In dynamic management of a telecommunications network, it is frequently necessary to drop only one of the channels of the WDM signal ("drop" function), for example to route it to another communication line, or to add a channel to a WDM signal at a wavelength that has remained empty.
The devices proposed to date to produce these functions are based on linear optical effects and can be divided into two categories: the first uses the "arrayed waveguide gratings" with the addition of thermo-optical switches or phase shifters, while the second comprises all those configurations in which two waveguides are coupled by means of an extremely narrow band-pass filter.
These band-pass filters can be produced by a Bragg grating written in the coupling zone of two fibres, between two vertically coupled semiconductor waveguides, in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer or, lastly, by fitting micro-ring resonators at the cross-points of two waveguides.
In any case, the problems of these configurations are considerable and essentially lie in the high losses of the first type of devices and the lack of propensity, if not impossibility, to be reconfigured in devices of the second type.
Finally, when the number of channels contained in the WDM signal increases, there is an increase in the complexity and number of elements involved in architectures based on previous devices, with evident disadvantages as regards cost and technology.
The object of the present invention is thus to produce a reconfigurable optical device for wavelength-division multiplexing networks which obviates the problems mentioned above, or to indicate a reconfigurable optical device that avoids the problem of filtering with an extremely narrow band, moving the function from the coupler to the non-linear process for generating a sum frequency in a first waveguide.
Another object of the present invention is to indicate a reconfigurable optical device for wavelength-division multiplexing networks that allows only one channel of those forming the WDM signal to be selectively dropped without modifying the remaining channels.
A further object of the present invention is to produce a reconfigurable optical device for wavelength-division multiplexing networks that allows any channel forming the WDM signal to be dropped and, at the same time, is sufficiently simple to use, easy to rescale and transparent to the number of channels of the WDM signal, compared with known structures.
These objects can be attained with a reconfigurable optical device for wavelength-division multiplexing networks according to claim 1, which is referred to for brevity.

Reconfigurable optical device for wavelength division multiplexing networks


A method, and a reactor, for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed stream through multistage fixed catalyst beds contained within a single onstream reactor vessel, with a separate catalyst addition and a separate catalyst withdrawal system for the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed. The upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed functions as a guard catalyst bed for removing a major proportion of contaminants (e.g. organometallic constituents) from a hydrocarbon feed stream in order to extend the life of one or more fixed catalyst beds serially disposed underneath the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed. Catalyst particles are withdrawn from the essentially fixed catalyst bed by slurrying or liquifying the catalyst particles in a container disposed within the reactor. A method for retrofitting a reactor assembly having two or more fixed catalyst beds in order to place a guard catalyst bed in the upper or top portion of the reactor assembly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention broadly relates to a multistage fixed catalytic bed hydroprocessing reactor with separate catalyst addition and withdrawal systems for an upper or top stage having an essentially fixed catalyst bed.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for hydroprocessing where two or more distinct, fixed catalytic beds are employed in a single onstream reactor for any hydroprocessing application, and where in the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed, catalyst particles are added and withdrawn as desired while the single onstream reactor is hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed stream in a downflow fashion. The present invention provides a method and a reactor which combines the advantages of a moving-bed reactor with the advantages of a fixed bed reactor within a single reactor. The upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed functions as a guard catalyst bed for preferably removing organometallic matter in order that one or more subsequent fixed catalyst beds in communication with the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed (and in the same single onstream reactor containing the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed) may more efficiently perform their respective functions and have a longer catalyst life. The present invention also relates to a method for retrofitting an existing fixed bed reactor to produce a single reactor having the advantages of the present invention.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Hydroprocessing or hydrotreatment to remove undesirable components from hydrocarbon feed streams is a well known method of catalytically treating such heavy hydrocarbons to increase their commercial value. "Heavy" hydrocarbon liquid streams, and particularly reduced crude oils, petroleum residua, tar sand bitumen, shale oil or liquified coal or reclaimed oil, generally contain product contaminants, such as sulfur, and/or nitrogen, metals and organometallic compounds which tend to deactivate catalyst particles during contact by the feed stream and hydrogen under hydroprocessing conditions. Such hydroprocessing conditions are normally in the range of 212.degree. F. to 1200.degree. F. (100.degree. to 650.degree. C.) at pressures of from 20 to 300 atmospheres. Generally such hydroprocessing is in the presence of catalyst containing group VI or VIII metals such as platinum, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, etc., in combination with various other metallic element particles of alumina, silica, magnesia and so forth having a high surface to volume ratio. More specifically, catalyst utilized for hydrodemetallation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrification, hydrocracking etc., of heavy oils and the like are generally made up of a carrier or base material; such as alumina, silica, silica-alumina, or possibly, crystalline aluminosilicate, with one more promoter(s) or catalytically active metal(s) (or compound(s)) plus trace materials. Typical catalytically active metals utilized are cobalt, molybdenum, nickel and tungsten; however, other metals or compounds could be selected dependent on the application. Because these reactions must be carried out by contact of a hydrogen-containing gas with the hydrocarbon feed stream at elevated temperatures and pressures, the major costs of such processing are essentially investment in vessels and associated furnaces, heat exchangers, pumps, piping and valves capable of such service and the replacement cost of catalyst contaminated in such service. Commercial hydroprocessing of relatively low cost feed stocks such as reduced crude oils containing pollutant compounds, requires a flow rate on the order of a few thousand up to one hundred thousand barrels per day, with concurrent flow of hydrogen at up to 10,000 standard cubic feet per barrel of the liquid feed. Vessels capable of containing such a reaction process are accordingly cost-intensive both due to the need to contain and withstand corrosion and metal embrittlement by the hydrogen and sulfur compounds, while carrying out the desired reactions, such as demetallation, denitrification, desulfurization, and cracking at elevated pressure and temperatures. Pumps, piping and valves for handling fluid streams containing hydrogen at such pressures and temperatures are also costly, because at such pressures seals must remain hydrogen impervious over extended service periods of many months. It is also cost-intensive to insure that all additional reactor vessels (e.g. fixed bed reactors, etc.) are obtained in order to catalytically process hydrocarbon feed streams from an initial reactor vessel where certain catalytic hydroprocessing (e.g. hydrodemetallation) is/are to be performed to one or more other reactor vessel(s) where additional catalytic hydroprocessing (e.g. hydrodenitrification) is/are to be performed.
Further, hydroprocessing catalyst for such one or more reactor vessel(s), which typically contains catalytically active metals such as titanium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, etc., may involve a catalyst inventory of 500,000 pounds or more at a cost of $2 to $4/lb. Accordingly, for economic feasibility in commercial operations, the process must handle high flow rates and the one or more reactor vessel(s) should be filled with as much catalyst inventory as possible to maximize catalyst activity and run length. Additionally, the down-time for replacement or renewal of catalyst must be as short as possible. Further, the economics of the process will generally depend upon the versatility of the system to handle feed streams of varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, metals and/or organic-metallic compounds, such as those found in a wide variety of the more plentiful (and hence cheaper) reduced crude oils, residua, or liquified coal, tar sand bitumen or shale oils, as well as used oils, and the like.
The following three acceptable reactor technologies are currently available to the industry for hydrogen upgrading of "heavy" hydrocarbon liquid streams: (i) fixed bed reactor systems; (ii) ebullated or expanded type reactor systems which are capable of onstream catalyst replacement and are presently known to industry under the trademarks H-Oil.sup.R and LC-Fining.sup.R ; and (iii) the substantially packed-bed type reactor system having an onstream catalyst replacement system, as more particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,908 to Stangeland et al, having a common assignee with the current inventions and discoveries.
A fixed bed reactor system may be defined as a reactor system having one or more reaction zone(s) of stationary catalyst, through which feed streams of liquid hydrocarbon and hydrogen flow downwardly and concurrently with respect to each other.
An ebullated or expanded bed reactor system may be defined as a reactor system having an upflow type single reaction zone reactor containing catalyst in random motion in an expanded catalytic bed state, typically expanded from 10% by volume to about 35% or more by volume above a "slumped" catalyst bed condition (e.g. non-expanded or non-ebullated state).
As particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,908 to Stangeland et al, the substantially packed-bed type reactor system is an upflow type reactor system including multiple reaction zones of packed catalyst particles having little or no movement during normal operating conditions of no catalyst addition or withdrawal. In the substantially packed-bed type reactor system of Stangeland et al., when catalyst is withdrawn from the reactor during normal catalyst replacement, the catalyst flows in a downwardly direction under essentially plug flow or in an essentially plug flow fashion, with a minimum of mixing with catalyst in layers which are adjacent either above or below the catalyst layer under observation.
Of the three acceptable reactor systems, most hydroconversion reactor systems presently in operation on a worldwide basis are fixed bed reactors wherein a liquid hydrocarbon feed and a hydrogen stream flow concurrently through the catalyst beds in a downward flow path. While these fixed bed downflow type processes assure maximum density or volume of catalyst within a reaction zone without expansion of the bed, they are limited by the tendency of the catalyst to form local deposits of feed metals and other contaminates, particularly in the top catalyst bed (i.e. first reaction zone), affecting distribution and reaction rates. As a reactor average temperatures are progressively increased to maintain processing objectives under conditions of increasing local metal deposits, catalyst deactivation due to carbon deposition accelerates. When processing objectives can no longer be maintained due to catalyst deactivation (i.e. normally recognized as "End of Run" conditions), the reactor system must be taken offstream for catalyst regeneration or replacement.
It is known to use a series of individual reactor vessels stacked one above the other, with fluid flow either cocurrent or counterflow to catalyst. In such a process, catalyst moves by gravity from the upper vessel to a lower vessel by periodically shutting off, or closing, valves between the individual vessels. In a counterflow system, this permits removal of catalyst from the lowermost or first stage vessel, where the most contaminated, or raw, feed stock, originally contacts the catalyst. In this way, most of the major contaminating components in the hydrocarbon stream are removed before the hydrocarbon material reaches major conversion steps of the process performed in higher vessels of the stacked series. Thus, most of the deactivating components of the feed stream are removed before it reaches the least contaminated catalyst added to the topmost vessel. However, such systems require valves suitable for closing off catalyst flow against catalyst trapped in the line. Hence, valve life is relatively short and down-time for replacement or repair of the valves is relatively costly. Also, such series of individual reactor vessels are costly since each respective reactor vessel must be purchased separately.
It is also known that contaminants (e.g. metals, subterranean particulates, and organometallic components) are frequently removed from hydrotreater feeds, particularly those boiling above 800E F, by a layer of guard bed catalyst, added atop one or more layers of hydrotreating catalyst. The guard bed catalyst may be relatively inert, removing contaminant particles by trapping them. Alternatively, the guard material may have catalytic activity, removing contaminants such as organometallic feed components by causing them to deposit on the guard catalyst surfaces. Since guard bed catalysts are designed specifically to handle the contaminants, they help to prolong the life of the hydrotreating catalyst and require fewer total catalyst changeouts. However, even changing out the guard bed catalyst in a convention reactor requires a complete reactor system shutdown.
The following prior art does not disclose or suggest two or more distinct, fixed bed catalyst in a single onstream reactor, with the upper or top catalyst bed functioning as a guard bed catalyst that may be replaced without requiring a shutdown:
Jacquin et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,741, is directed toward a method of on-stream catalyst replacement in a hydroprocessing system by controlling the feed of hydrogen gas at one or more levels. Catalyst, as an ebullated bed counterflows through the reactor but is slowed at each of several levels by horizontally constricted areas which increase the hydrogen and hydrocarbon flow rates to sufficiently locally slow downward flow of catalyst. While local recycling thus occurs at each such stage, rapid through-flow of fresh catalyst, with resultant mixing with deactivated or contaminated catalyst, is suppressed. The ebullating bed aids simple gravity withdrawal of catalyst from the vessel. Improvement of the disclosed system over multiple vessels with valves between stages is suggested to avoid the risk of rapid wear and deterioration of valve seals by catalyst abrasion.
Kodera et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,716,478, discloses low linear velocity of a mixed feed of liquid and H.sub.2 gas to avoid expansion (or contraction) of catalyst bed. By low linear velocity of fluid upflow, gas bubbles are controlled by flow through the packed bed, but the bed is fluidized by forming the bottom with a small cross-sectional area adjacent the withdrawal tube. This assists discharge of catalyst without backmixing of contaminated catalyst with fresh catalyst at the top of the single vessel. The range of the bed level in the vessel is from 0.9 to 1.1 of the allowable bed volume ("10%") due to fluid flow through the bed. A particular limitation of the system is that flow of the fluids undergoing catalytic reaction is restricted to a rate that will not exceed such limits, but must be adequate to ebullate the bed adjacent the catalyst withdrawal tube. Alternatively, injection of auxiliary fluid from a slidable pipe section is required. The patentees particularly specify that the diameter of the lower end of the vessel is smaller to increase turbulence and ebullation of catalyst adjacent the inlet to the catalyst withdrawal line. Fluidization of catalyst is accordingly indicated to be essential to the process. However the disclosed gas flow rates are well below commercial flow rates and there is no suggestion of temperatures or pressures used in the tests or the size, density or shape of the catalyst.
Bischoff et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,326, is directed to apparatus for withdrawing catalyst through the center of a catalyst bed counterflowing to a liquid hydrocarbon and gas feed stream. The system is particularly directed to arrangements for assuring uniform distribution of hydrogen gas with the liquid feed across the cross-sectional area of the bed. Such uniform distribution appears to be created because the bed is ebullating under the disclosed conditions of flow. Accordingly, considerable reactor space is used to initially mix the gas and hydrocarbon liquid feeds in the lower end of the vessel before flowing to other bottom feed distributors. The feeds are further mixed at a higher level by such distributor means in the form of "Sulzer Plates" or a "honeycomb" of hexagonal tubes beneath a truncated, conical, or pyramidal-shaped funnel screen. The arrangement may include an open ramp area parallel to the underside of the screen between the tube or plate ends. Further, to maintain gas distribution along the length of the catalyst bed, quench gas is supplied through upflowing jets in star-shaped or annular headers extending across middle portions of the vessel. The arrangement for withdrawal of spent catalyst requires ebullation of at least the lower portion of the bed. As noted above, added vessel space for uniform mixing of hydrogen and feed before introducing the fluids into an ebullated bed, as well as an ebullating bed, increases the required size of the hydroprocessing vessel, increases catalyst attrition, increases catalyst bed mixing and substantially increases initial, and continuing operating costs of the system.
Bischoff et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,354, more fully describes a method of hydroprocessing, similar to U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,326, wherein similar apparatus obtains uniform ebullation through the vertical height of a catalyst bed, including a quench gas step.
Meaux U.S. Pat. No. 3,336,217, is particularly directed to a catalyst withdrawal method from an ebullating bed reactor. In the system, catalyst accumulating at the bottom of a vessel and supported on a flat bubble-tray may be withdrawn through an inverted J-tube having a particular ratio of the volume of the short leg of the J-tube to the longer leg. The diameter of the J-tube is suited only to flow of catalyst from a body of catalyst ebullated by the upflowing hydrocarbon feed and gas.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,653 and 4,392,943, both to Euzen, et al., disclose removal systems for catalyst replacement in an ebullating bed. In these patents, the fluid charge including hydrocarbon containing gas is introduced by various arrangements of downwardly directed jets acting laterally against or directly onto the conical upper surface of the bed support screen or screens. Alternatively, the feed is introduced through a conical screen after passing through a distributor arrangement of tortuous paths or a multiplicity of separate tubes to mix the gas and liquid feed over the conical screen. Such arrangements use a considerable volume of the pressure vessel to assure such mixing.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,730,880 and 3,880,569, both to Van der Toorn, et al., disclose a series of catalytic reactors wherein catalyst moves downwardly by gravity from vessel to vessel through check valves. As noted above, such valves require opening and closing to regulate the rate of flow, or to start and stop catalyst transfer, with catalyst in the valve flow path. Feed of process fluids is either cocurrent or countercurrent through the catalyst bed.
Van ZijllLanghaut et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,294, is directed to a system for on-stream catalyst replacement by entrainment of the catalyst in oil pumped as a slurry either to withdraw catalyst from or to supply fresh catalyst to, a reactor vessel. Reacting feed is suggested to be either cocurrent or countercurrent with catalyst flow through the reactor. Valves capable of closing with catalyst in the line, or after back-flow of slurry oil, are required to seal off the catalyst containing vessel at operating temperatures and pressures from the receiving reactor vessel, or isolate the catalyst receiving lock hopper from the withdrawal section of the vessel.
Carson U.S. Pat. No. 3,470,900, and Sikama U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,474, respectively illustrate multiple single bed reactors and multi-bed reactors in which catalyst is replaced either continuously or periodically. The feed and catalyst flow cocurrently and/or radially. Catalyst is regenerated and returned to the reactor, or disposed of. No catalyst withdrawal system is disclosed apart from either the configuration of the internal bed support or the shape of the vessel bottom to assist gravity discharge of catalyst.
U.S. Patent No. 3,966,420 to Pegels et al, describes a desulfurization reactor containing at least one tray and catalyst support for one or more catalyst beds, in which the conically shaped support is permeable to fluid and impermeable to catalyst particles. Catalyst may flow through an aperture in the support. A tray located beneath the support is also permeable to fluid and impermeable to catalyst particles. The disclosure allows for more than one tray and support assembly. The tray prevents catalyst particles during loading and unloading from plugging the underside of the support. The acute angle formed by the descriptive line of the conical support surface and the axis of the reactor is taught to be preferable between 35E and 45E. U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,946 to Pronk describes a process for the complete replacement of catalyst from a reactor vessel. The catalyst is removed through a valve which is preferably a rotary valve.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,045 to van der Wal, et al. describes a process for preventing catalyst fines from plugging the screen through which products pass within the reactor. U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,018 to Scheuerman describes an inverted J-tube for withdrawing spent catalyst from the bottom of a catalyst bed of a reactor vessel. To remove catalyst from the non-fluidized catalyst bed, the catalyst around the inlet of the J-tube is fluidized sufficiently to initiate and maintain direct transport of catalyst from the reactor vessel.
The method and reactor disclosed by Stangeland et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,908, as well as the method(s) and reactor(s) taught by the above-identified prior art patents relating to U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,908 to Stangeland et al, all suggest that additional reactor vessels are needed to further process hydrocarbon products produced by a reactor vessel containing a single catalyst bed and/or if a single reactor contains two or more fixed catalyst beds, then the single reactor would have to be regularly shut down to replace the fixed catalyst beds. If two or more catalyst beds are needed and they are not to be mixed together, then two or more separate reactors placed in series are required. Separate reactors for separate purposes are expensive. Therefore, what is needed and what has been invented is a method and a reactor that is capable of containing two or more separate and distinct fixed catalyst beds, wherein the upper or top essentially fixed catalyst bed functions as a demetallation guard catalyst bed to remove contaminants (e.g. organometallic components) from a hydrocarbon feed stream before the hydrocarbon feed stream is further hydroprocessed through at least one additional fixed catalyst bed.

Fixed bed reactor assembly having a guard catalyst bed


An infantometer is made of low-friction styrene, has two telescoping halves, with each having half of the measuring indicia thereon. The first stationary half has a fixed handle against which the head of the infant is placed. The measuring indicia or scale on the first half is located along one side edge thereof. The second, sliding half telescopingly slides in the first fixed half, and has a fixed foot-handle attached at it distal, free end for abutment against the feet of the outstretched infant. The measuring indicia or scale on the second half is located along a side edge thereof laterally opposite to that corresponding to the first half. The measuring indicia on the second half is arranged in descending order of magnitude, so that the free end-edge of the first half serves as a indication-rule. The two halves have an upper surface that form a trough or concave central section on which the infant is supported, whereby the infant is prevented from falling out.

The present invention is directed to a mechanical device for measuring the height of infants up to thirty-seven inches, which is typically the height of a two-year old. It is, in some cases, extremely critical to be able to measure the height of an infant accurately, with very little margin of error tolerated, for those infants requiring the periodic administering of human growth hormone, or HGH. The amount of dosage of HGH, as well as the change in any dosage, is dependent upon the measured height of the infant initially, and the differential growth rates thereafter. By being able to obtain a substantially exact measurement of the height of the infant, the dosage to be administered may be more fine-tuned, thus preventing over-dosaging or under-dosaging, either of which may have potentially adverse effects on the infant. A measurement that is off by one-quarter inch can affect the determination of the amount of HGH to be administered.
There are presently used mechanical infantometers that are used to measure the infant's height. However, they suffer from a number of drawbacks and disadvantages. A first type sold by Seca Corp. is made of vinyl or rubber which is unfolded during use. There is a measuring scale imprinted on the face of the unit, with upstanding head and foot plates being used to provide the reading. The problem with this infantometer is that it requires two persons, one to hold the infant still, and the other to do the actual measuring. In addition, this type of infantometer must be unfolded and stretched out, and, since it is made of vinyl or rubber, any stretching thereof will distort the measurement, since the imprinted indicia lines of the scale on the face of the unit will be stretched greater or closer apart depending upon how much the unit is stretched. This will, therefore, invariably result in a less exact reading. Moreover, the stretching of the unit will sometimes cause the edges thereof to curl, also resulting in a skewed reading. Moreover, the infant often tends to stick to the rubber or vinyl, making it difficult to position and reposition the infant as necessary.
In a second type of infantometer also sold by Seca Corp., instead of rubber or vinyl being used, wood is used instead. In this type, the infantometer does not require unfolding, and has scales on the edges thereof, with one sliding foot-plate being moved to indicate the indicia indicative of the height of the infant. There is also provided a fixed head-plate against which the infant's head is placed. This type also suffers from the disadvantage of requiring two persons, one to hold the baby to ensure he or she does not fall off, and a second to do the actual measuring. Moreover, another drawback of this type of infantometer is that it is ofttimes difficult or cumbersome to slide the sliding foot-plate to indicate the measurement, since the part that mounts the foot-plate to the wooden base also serves as a support that helps to support the infantometer on a flat surface; thus, when sliding the foot-plate, both static and dynamic friction must be overcome, which, by itself, can lead to an errant measurement.

Infantometer for measuring height of infants


Matrix metalloprotease inhibiting compounds, pharmaceutical compositions thereof and a method of disease treatment using such compounds are presented. The compounds of the invention have the generalized formulas:

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to enzyme inhibitors, and more particularly, to novel substituted biaryl oxobutyric acid compounds or derivatives thereof useful for inhibiting matrix metalloproteases.
2. Description of the Related Art
The matrix metalloproteases (a.k.a. matrix metalloendo-proteinases or MMPs) are a family of zinc endoproteinases which include, but are not limited to, interstitial collagenase (a.k.a.. MMP-1), stromelysin (a.k.a.. proteoglycanase, transin, or MMP-3), gelatinase A (a.k.a.. 72 kDa-gelatinase or MMP-2) and gelatinase B (a.k.a. 95 kDa-gelatinase or MMP-9). These MMPs are secreted by a variety of cells including fibroblasts and chondrocytes, along with natural proteinaceous inhibitors known as TIMPs (Tissue Inhibitor of MetalloProteinase).
All of these MMPs are capable of destroying a variety of connective tissue components of articular cartilage or basement membranes. Each MMP is secreted as an inactive proenzyme which must be cleaved in a subsequent step before it is able to exert its own proteolytic activity. In addition to the matrix destroying effect, certain of these MMPs such as MMP-3 have been implemented as the in vivo activator for other MMPs such as MMP-1 and MMP-9 (Ito, et al., Arch Biochem Biophys. 267, 211 (1988); Ogata, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 3581 (1992)). Thus, a cascade of proteolytic activity can be initiated by an excess of MMP-3. It follows that specific MMP-3 inhibitors should limit the activity of other MMPs that are not directly inhibited by such inhibitors.
It has also been reported that MMP-3 can cleave and thereby inactivate the endogenous inhibitors of other proteinases such as elastase (Winyard, et al., FEBS Letts. 279, 1, 91 (1991)). Inhibitors of MMP-3 could thus influence the activity of other destructive proteinases by modifying the level of their endogenous inhibitors.
A number of diseases are thought to be mediated by excess or undesired matrix-destroying metalloprotease activity or by an imbalance in the ratio of the MMPs to the TIMPs. These include: a) osteoarthritis (Woessner, et al., J. Biol.Chem., 259(6), 3633 (1984); Phadke, et al., J. Rheumatol. 10, 852 1983)), b) rheumatoid arthritis (Mullins, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 695, 117 (1983)); Woolley, et al., Arthritis Rheum. 20, 1231 (1977); Gravallese, et al., Arthritis Rheum. 34, 1076 (1991)), c) septic arthritis (Williams, et al., Arthritis Rheum. 33, 533 (1990)), d) tumor metastasis (Reich, et al., Cancer Res., 48, 3307 (1988), and Matrisian, et al., Proc. Nat""l. Acad. Sci., USA 83, 9413, (1986)), e) periodontal diseases (Overall, et al., J. Periodontal Res. 22, 81 (1987)), f) corneal ulceration (Burns, et al., Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30, 1569 (1989)), g) proteinuria (Baricos, et al., Biochem. J. 254, 609 (1988)), h) coronary thrombosis from atherosclerotic plaque rupture (Henney, et al., Proc. Nat""l. Acad. Sci., USA 88, 8154 (1991)), I) aneurysmal aortic disease (Vine, et al., Clin. Sci. 81, 233 (1991)), j) birth control (Woessner, et al., Steroids 54, 491 (1989)), k) dystrophobic epidermolysis bullosa (Kronberger, et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 79, 208 (1982)), and I) degenerative cartilage loss following traumatic joint injury, m) conditions leading to inflammatory responses, osteopenias mediated by MMP activity, n) tempero mandibular joint disease, o) demyelating diseases of the nervous system (Chantry, et al., J. Neurochem. 50, 688 (1988)).
The need for new therapies is especially important in the case of arthritic diseases. The primary disabling effect of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and septic arthritis is the progressive loss of articular cartilage and thereby normal joint function. No marketed pharmaceutical agent is able to prevent or slow this cartilage loss, although nonsteroidal anti-inflamnmatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been given to control pain and swelling. The end result of these diseases is total loss of joint function which is only treatable by joint replacement surgery. MMP inhibitors are expected to halt or reverse the progression of cartilage loss and obviate or delay surgical intervention.
Proteases are critical elements at several stages in the progression of metastatic cancer. In this process, the proteolytic degradation of structural protein in the basal membrane allows for expansion of a tumor in the primary site, evasion from this site as well as homing and invasion in distant, secondary sites. Also, tumor induced angiogenesis is required for tumor growth and is dependent on proteolytic tissue remodeling. Transfection experiments with various types of proteases have shown that the matrix metalloproteases play a dominant role in these processes in particular gelatinases A and B (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively). For an overview of this field see Mullins, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 695, 177 (1983); Ray, et al., Eur. Respir. J. 7, 2062 (1994); Birkedal-Hansen, et al., Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 4, 197 (1993).
Furthermore, it was demonstrated that inhibition of degradation of extracellular matrix by the native matrix metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP-2 (a protein) arrests cancer growth (DeClerck, et al., Cancer Res. 52, 701 (1992)) and that TIMP-2 inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis in experimental systems (Moses, et al. Science 248, 1408 (1990)). For a review, see DeClerck, et al., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 732, 222 (1994). It was further demonstrated that the synthetic matrix metalloprotease inhibitor batimastat when given intraperitoneally inhibits human colon tumor growth and spread in an orthotopic model in nude mice (Wang, et al. Cancer Res. 54, 4726 (1994)) and prolongs the survival of mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma xenografts (Davies, et. al., Cancer Res. 53, 2087 (1993)). The use of this and related compounds has been described in Brown, et al., WO-9321942 A2 (931111).
There are several patents and patent applications claiming the use of metalloproteinase inhibitors for the retardation of metastatic cancer, promoting tumor regression, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, slowing or preventing cartilage loss associated with osteoarthritis or for treatment of other diseases as noted above (e.g. Levy, et al., WO-9519965 A1; Beckett, et al., WO-9519956 A1; Beckett, et al., WO-9519957 A1; Beckett, et al., WO-9519961 A1; Brown, et al., WO-9321942 A2; Crimmin, et al., WO-9421625 A1; Dickens, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,361; Hughes, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,937; Broadhurst, et al., EP 574758 A1; Broadhurst, et al,. EP 276436; and Myers, et al., EP 520573 A1. The preferred compounds of these patents have peptide backbones with a zinc complexing group (hydroxamic acid, thiol, carboxylic acid or phosphinic acid) at one end and a variety of sidechains, both those found in the natural amino acids as well as those with more novel functional groups. Such small peptides are often poorly absorbed, exhibiting low oral bioavailability. They are also subject to rapid proteolytic metabolism, thus having short half lives. As an example, batimastat, the compound described in Brown, et al., WO-9321942 A2, can only be given intra peritoneally.
Certain 3-biphenoylpropanoic and 4-biaryloylbutanoic acids are described in the literature as anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-phlogistic, anti-proliferative, hypolipidemic, antirheumatic, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agents. In none of these examples is a reference made to MMP inhibition as a mechanism for the claimed therapeutic effect. Certain related compounds are also used as intermediates in the preparation of liquid crystals.
Specifically, Tomcufcik, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,784,701 claims certain substituted benzoylpropionic acids to treat inflammation and pain. These compounds include 3-biphenoylpropanoic acid (a.k.a fenbufen) shown below.
Child, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 466 (1977) describes structure-activity relationships of several analogs of fenbufen. These include several compounds in which the biphenyl ring system is substituted or the propanoic acid portion is substituted with phenyl, halogen, hydroxyl or methyl, or the carboxylic acid or carbonyl functions are converted to a variety of derivatives. No compounds are described which contain a 4xe2x80x2-substituted biphenyl and a substituted propanoic acid portion combined in one molecule. The phenyl (compounds XLIX and LXXVII) and methyl (compound XLVII) substituted compounds shown below were described as inactive.
Kameo, et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 36, 2050 (1988) and Tomizawa, et al., JP patent 62132825 A2 describe certain substituted 3-biphenoylpropionic acid derivatives and analogs thereof including the following. Various compounds with other substituents on the propionic acid portion are described, but they do not contain biphenyl residues.
wherein Xxe2x95x90H, 4xe2x80x2-Br, 4xe2x80x2-Cl, 4xe2x80x2-CH3, or 2xe2x80x2-Br.
Cousse, et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem., 22, 45 (1987) describe the following methyl and methylene substituted 3-biphenoyl-propanoic and -propenoic acids. The corresponding compounds in which the carbonyl is replaced with either CH2OH or CH2 are also described.
wherein Xxe2x95x90H, Cl, Br, CH3O, F, or NH2.
Nichl, et al. DE patent 1957750 also describes certain of the above methylene substituted biphenoylpropanoic acids.
El-Hashash, et al., Revue Roum. Chim. 23, 1581 (1978) describe products derived from xcex2-aroyl-acrylic acid epoxides including the following biphenyl compound. No compounds substituted on the biphenyl portion are described.
Kitamura, et al., JP patent 60209539 describes certain biphenyl compounds used as intermediates for the production of liquid crystals including the following. The biphenyl is not substituted in these intermediates.
wherein R1 is an allyl of 1-10 carbons.
Thyes, et al., DE patent 2854475 uses the following compound as an intermediate. The biphenyl group is not substituted.
Sammour, et al., Egypt J. Chem. 15, 311 (1972) and Couquelet, et al., Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 9, 3196 (1971) describe certain dialkylamino substituted biphenoylpropanoic acids including the following. In no case is the biphenyl group substituted.
wherein R1, R2=alkyl, benzyl, H, or, together with the nitrogen, morpholinyl.
Others have disclosed a series of biphenyl-containing carboxylic acids, illustrated by the compound shown below, which inhibit neural endopeptidase (NEP 24.11), a membrane-bound zinc metalloprotease (Stanton, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 539 (1994); Lombaert, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 2715 (1994); Lombaert, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5, 145 (1995); Lombaert, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5, 151 (1995)).
It has been reported that N-carboxyalkyl derivatives containing a biphenylethylglycine, illustrated by the compound shown below, are inhibitors of stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), 72 kDA gelatinase (MMP-2) and collagenase (Durette, et al., WO-9529689).
It would be desirable to have effective MMP inhibitors which possess improved bioavailability and biological stability relative to the peptide-based compounds of the prior art, and which can be optimized for use against particular target MMPs. Such compounds are the subject of the present application.
The development of efficacious MMP inhibitors would afford new therapies for diseases mediated by the presence of, or an excess of MMP activity, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, tumor metastasis, periodontal diseases, corneal ulcerations, and proteinuria. Several inhibitors of MMPs have been described in the literature, including thiols (Beszant, et al., J. Med. Chem. 36, 4030 (1993), hydroxamic acids (Wahl, et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5, 349 (1995) Conway, et al. J. Exp. Med. 182, 449 (1995); Porter, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 2741 (1994); Tomczuk, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5, 343 (1995); Castelhano, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5, 1415 (1995)), phosphorous-based acids (Bird, et al. J. Med. Chem. 37, 158 (1994); Morphy, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 2747 (1994); Kortylewicz, et al., J. Med. Chem. 33, 263 (1990)), and carboxylic acids (Chapman, et al. J. Med. Chem. 36, 4293 (1993); Brown, et al. J. Med. Chem. 37, 674 (1994); Morphy, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 2747 (1994); Stack, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 287, 240 (1991); Ye, et al., J. Med. Chem. 37, 206 (1994); Grobelny, et al., Biochemistry 24, 6145 (1985); Mookhtiar, et al., Biochemistry 27, 4299 (1988)). However, these inhibitors generally contain peptidic backbones, and thus usually exhibit low oral bioactivity due to poor absorption and short half lives due to rapid proteolysis. Therefore, there remains a need for improved MMP inhibitors.
This invention provides compounds having matrix metalloprotease inhibitory activity. These compounds are useful for inhibiting matrix metalloproteases and, therefore, combating conditions to which MMP""s contribute. Accordingly, the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating such conditions.
The compounds described relate to a method of treating a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a matrix metalloprotease inhibiting amount of a compound according to the invention sufficient to:
(a) alleviate the effects of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, periodontal disease, corneal ulceration, proteinuria, aneurysmal aortic disease, dystrophobic epidermolysis, bullosa, conditions leading to inflammatory responses, osteopenias mediated by MMP activity, tempero mandibular joint disease, demyelating diseases of the nervous system;
(b) retard tumor metastasis or degenerative cartilage loss following traumatic joint injury;
(c) reduce coronary thrombosis from athrosclerotic plaque rupture; or
(d) temporarily reduce fertility (i.e., act as effective birth control agents).
The compounds of the present invention are also useful scientific research tools for studying functions and mechanisms of action of matrix metalloproteases in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Because of their MMP-inhibiting activity, the present compounds can be used to modulate MSP action, thereby allowing the researcher to observe the effects of reduced MMP activity in the experimental biological system under study.
This invention relates to compounds having matrix metalloprotease inhibitory activity and the generalized formula:
(T)xA-B-D-E-Gxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(L)
In the above generalized formula (L), (T)xA represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic 6-membered ring or heteroaromatic 5-6 membered ring containing 1-2 atoms of N, O, or S. T represents one or more substituent groups, the subscript x represents the number of such substuent groups, and A represents the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring.
In the above generalized formula (L), TxA represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic 6-membered ring or heteroaromatic 5-6 membered ring containing 1-2 atoms independently selected from the group of N, O, or S. T represents a substituted acetylenic moiety.
In the generalized formula (L), B represents an aromatic 6-membered ring or a heteroaromatic 5-6 membered ring containing 1-2 atoms independently selected from the group of N, O, or S. It is referred to as the B ring or B unit. When N is employed in conjunction with either S or O in the B ring, these heteroatoms are separated by at least one carbon atom.
In the generalized formula (L), D represents
In the generalized formula (L), E represents a chain of n carbon atoms bearing m substituents R6 in which the R6 groups are independent substituents, or constitute spiro or nonspiro rings. Rings may be formed in two ways: a) two groups R6 are joined, and taken together with the chain atom(s) to which the two R6 group(s) are attached, and any intervening chain atoms, constitute a 3-7 membered ring, or b) one group R6 is joined to the chain on which this one group R6 resides, and taken together with the chain atom(s) to which the R6 group is attached, and any intervening chain atoms, constitutes a 3-7 membered ring. The number n of carbon atoms in the chain is 2 or 3, and the number m of R6 substituents is an integer of 1-3. The number of carbons in the totality of R6 groups is at least two.
Each group R6 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, non-aromatic cyclic, and combinations thereof optionally substituted with one or more heteroatoms
In the generalized formula (L), E preferably represents a linear or cyclic alkyl moiety substituted with a mono- or -biheterocyclic ring structure.
In the generalized formula (L), G represents xe2x80x94PO3H2, xe2x80x94M,
in which M represents xe2x80x94CO2H, xe2x80x94CON(R11)2 wherein R11 is H or simple alkyl, or xe2x80x94CO2R12 wherein R12 is lower alkyl, and R13 represents any of the side chains of the 19 noncyclic naturally occurring amino acids.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds are also within the scope of the invention.
In most related reference compounds of the prior art, the biphenyl portion of the molecule is unsubstituted, and the propanoic or butanoic acid portion is either unsubstituted or has a single methyl or phenyl group. Presence of the larger phenyl group has been reported to cause prior art compounds to be inactive as anti-inflammatory analgesic agents. See, for example, Child, et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 66, 466(1977). By contrast, it has now been found that compounds which exhibit potent MMP inhibitory activity contain a substituent of significant size on the propanoic or butanoic portion of the molecule. The biphenyl portions of the best MMP inhibitors also preferably contain a substituent on the 4xe2x80x2-position, although when the propanoic or butanoic portions are optimally substituted, the unsubstituted biphenyl compounds of the invention have sufficient activity to be considered realistic drug candidates.
The foregoing merely summarizes certain aspects of the present invention and is not intended, nor should it be construed, to limit the invention in any way. All of the patents and other publications recited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are materials having matrix metalloprotease inhibitory activity and the generalized formula:
(T)xA-B-D-E-Gxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(L)
in which (T)xA represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety selected from the group consisting of:
in which R1 represents H or alkyl of 1-3 carbons.
Throughout this application, in the displayed chemical structures, an open bond indicates the point at which the structure joins to another group. For example,
In the above structures for (T)xA, the aromatic ring is referred to as the A ring or A unit, and T represents a substituent group, referred to as a T group or T unit. x is preferably 1.
The B ring of generalized formula (L) is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, in which any substituents are groups which do not cause the molecule to fail to fit the active site of the target enzyme, or disrupt the relative conformations of the A and B rings, such that they would be detrimental. Such substituents may be moieties such as lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, CN, NO2, halogen, etc., but are not to be limited to such groups.
In the generalized formula (L), B represents an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of: portion comprises 4-9 carbons and at least one N, O, or S heteroatom and the alkyl portion contains 1-4 carbons.
R4 represents H; alkyl of 1-12 carbons; aryl of 6-10 carbons; heteroaryl comprising 4-9 carbons and at least one N, O, or S heteroatom; arylalkyl in which the aryl portion contains 6-10 carbons and the alkyl portion contains 1-4 carbons; heteroaryl-alkyl in which the heteroaryl portion comprises 4-9 carbons and at least one N, O, or S heteroatom and the alkyl portion contains 1-4 carbons; alkenyl of 2-12 carbons; alkynyl of 2-12 carbons; xe2x80x94(CqH2qO)rR5 in which q is 1-3, r is 1-3, and R5 is H provided q is greater than 1, or R5 is alkyl of 1-4 carbons, or phenyl; xe2x80x94(CH2)sX in which s is 2-3 and X is halogen; or xe2x80x94C(O)R2.
Any unsaturation in a moiety which is attached to Q or which is part of Q is separated from any N, O, or S of Q by at least one carbon atom, and the number of substituents, designated x, is 0, 1, or 2.
The substituent group T can be an acetylene containing moiety with the general formula:
R30(CH2)nxe2x80x2Cxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94
where n is 1-4 and R30 is selected from the group consisting of: HOxe2x80x94, MeOxe2x80x94, N(n-Pr)2xe2x80x94, CH3CO2xe2x80x94, CH3CH2OCO2xe2x80x94, HO2Cxe2x80x94, OHCxe2x80x94, Phxe2x80x94, 3-HOxe2x80x94Phxe2x80x94, and PhCH2Oxe2x80x94, provided that when R30 is Ph or 3-HOxe2x80x94Ph, n=0.
The B ring of generalized formula (L) is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, in which any substituents are groups which do not cause the molecule to fail to fit the active site of the target enzyme, or disrupt the relative conformations of the A and B rings, such that they would be detrimental. Such substituents may be moieties such as lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, CN, NO2 , halogen, etc., but are not to be limited to such groups.
In the generalized formula (L), B represents an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring selected from the group consisting of:
in which R1 is defined as above. These rings are referred to as the B ring or B unit.
In an alternative embodiment, compounds of the general formula (L) include those in which the combination (T)xxe2x80x94Axe2x80x94B has the structure:
where Z may be (CH2)exe2x80x94C6H4xe2x80x94(CH2)f or (CH2)g, e=0-8, f=0-5 and g=0-14, rxe2x80x2 is 0-6. R15 may be a straight, or cyclic alkyl group of 6-12 carbons atoms, preferably of 7-11 carbon atoms, and optionally may bear one or more pharmaceutically acceptable substituents which are discussed more fully below.
R15 may also be a polyether of the formula R32O(C2H4O)h in which the subscript xe2x80x9chxe2x80x9d is 1 or 2, and the group R32 is a straight, branched or cyclic alkyl group of 1-5 carbon atoms, preferably of 1-3 carbon atoms and straight, or phenyl, or benzyl. R32 optionally may bear one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable substituents.
R15 may also be a substituted alkynyl group of the formula:
R33(CH2)bxe2x80x94Cxe2x89xa1Cxe2x80x94
in which the subscript xe2x80x9cbxe2x80x9d is 1-10 and the group R33 is Hxe2x80x94, HOxe2x80x94 or R34Oxe2x80x94 and the group is preferably the HOxe2x80x94 group. R34 may be an alkyl group of 1-3 carbon atoms, or phenyl or benzyl. R33 optionally may bear one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable substituents.
R15 may also be H, Cl, MeO or
wherein n is 0-4, R17 is C2H5, allyl, or benzyl.
In the generalized formula (L), D represents the moieties:
In the generalized formula (L), E represents a moiety having between D and G shown by the following formula:
wherein r is 0-2 and R40 is a mono- or bi- heterocyclic structure. When r=0 the above structure takes the form
When r is 1 or 2, a cyclobutyl or cyclopentyl ring is formed, respectively. Each ring of the mono- or bi- heterocylic structures comprise 5-7 membered rings substituted with 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O; one or two carbons of the ring are optionally carbonyl carbons; any sulfur of the ring is optionally xe2x80x94S(O)xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94; one or more ring members are optionally substituted with one or two methyl groups.
In addition, aryl or heteroaryl portions of any of the T or R6 groups optionally may bear up to two substituents such as xe2x80x94(CH2)yC(R11)(R12)OH, xe2x80x94(CH2)yOR11, xe2x80x94(CH2)ySR11, xe2x80x94(CH2)yS(O)R11, xe2x80x94(CH2)yS(O)2R11, xe2x80x94(CH2)ySO2N(R11)2, xe2x80x94(CH2)yN(R11)2, xe2x80x94(CH2)yN(R11)COR12, xe2x80x94OC(R11)2Oxe2x80x94 in which both oxygen atoms are connected to the aryl ring.
The B ring is preferably a 1,4-phenylene or 2,5-thiophene ring, most preferably 1,4-phenylene.
The D unit is most preferably a carbonyl group.
In the E unit, r is preferably 0 or 2 and R40 is preferably one of the following:
or PhCH2OCH2OCH2xe2x80x94.
The G unit is most preferably a carboxylic acid group and is attached to the E unit at the 2 position, i.e., the carbon atom of the E unit beta to the D unit.
It is to be understood that as used herein, the term xe2x80x9calkylxe2x80x9d means straight, branched cyclic, and polycyclic materials. The term xe2x80x9chaloalkylxe2x80x9d means partially or fully halogenated alkyl groups such as xe2x80x94(CH2)2Cl, xe2x80x94CF3 and xe2x80x94C6F13, for example.
In the generalized formula (L), the A and B rings are preferably phenyl and phenylene, respectively, the A ring preferably bears at least one substiuent group T preferably located on the position furthest from the position of the A ring which is connected to the B ring, the D unit is preferably a carbonyl group, and the G unit is preferably a carboxyl group.
Certain alternative embodiments include compounds having matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity and the following generalized formula:
where Z=(CH2)exe2x80x94C6H4xe2x80x94(CH2)f or (CH2)g, e=0-8, f=0-5, g=0-14, rxe2x80x2 is 0-6 and where y is 0, 2, or 3.
R15 may be H, Cl, MeO or
wherein nxe2x80x3 is 0-4, R17 is C2H5, allyl or benzyl, and R40 is one of:
and xe2x80x94CH2OCH2OCH2Ph.
The most preferred compounds of generalized formula (L) are
wherein T is selected from a group consisting of:
r is 0-2, and R40 is selected from the group consisting of:
and xe2x80x94CH2OCH2OCH2Ph.
The invention also relates to certain intermediates useful in the synthesis of some of the claimed inhibitors. These intermediates are compounds having the generalized formula
where Bn is benzyl, TMSE is trimethylsilyl ethyl and R40 is as defined above.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many of the compounds of the invention exist in enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms, and that it is understood by the art that such stereoisomers generally exhibit different activities in biological systems. This invention encompasses all possible stereoisomers which possess inhibitory activity against an MMP, regardless of their stereoisomeric designations, as well as mixtures of stereoisomers in which at least one member possesses inhibitory activity.
The most preferred compounds of the present invention are as indicated and named in the list below:
I) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro [1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
II) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[phenoxymethoxymethyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
III) 2-[4xe2x80x2-chloro [1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[[(1-pyrrolidinylthioxomethyl)thio]methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
IV) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-choro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazol-2(3H)-yl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
V) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
VI) 2-[4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(2-oxo-3(2H)-benzoxazolyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
VII) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[5,5-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3-oxazolidinyl-methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
VIII) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(2,4-dioxo-3-thiazolidinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
IX) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[2,4,5-trioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxyl acid
X) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(3,6-dihydro-2,6-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
XI) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[3,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
XII) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(1,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
XIII) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[3,4-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2(1H)-isoquinolinyl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
XIV) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl)methyl]-clopentanecarboxylic acid,
XV) 2-[4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(1,3-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-indazol-2-yl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
XVI) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid,
XVII) 2-[(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-[(3,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxo-2(1H)-phthalazinyl)methyl]-clopentanecarboxylic acid,
XVIII) R/S xcex1-[2-(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinebutanoic acid,
XIX) R-xcex1-[2-(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinebutanoic acid,
XX) S-xcex1-[2-(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-1-oxo-2(1H)-phthalazinebutanoic acid,
XXI) xcex1-[2-(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-4-oxo-1,2,3,-Benzotriazine-3(4H)-butanoic acid, and
XXII) xcex1-[2-(4xe2x80x2-chloro[1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-oxoethyl]-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-1-butanoic acid.
General Preparative Methods:
The compounds of the invention may be prepared readily by use of known chemical reactions and procedures. Nevertheless, the following general preparative methods are presented to aid the reader in synthesizing the inhibitors, with more detailed particular examples being presented below in the experimental section describing the working examples. All variable groups of these methods are as described in the generic description if they are not specifically defined below. The variable subscript n is independently defined for each method. When a variable group with a given symbol (i.e R9) is used more than once in a given structure, it is to be understood that each of these groups may be independently varied within the range of definitions for that symbol.
General Method Axe2x80x94The compounds of this invention in which the rings A and B are substituted phenyl and phenylene respectively are conveniently prepared by use of a Friedel-Crafts reaction of a substituted biphenyl MII with an activated acyl-containing intermediate such as the succinic or glutaric anhydride derivative MIII or acid chloride MIV in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum trichloride in an aprotic solvent such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. The well known Friedel-Crafts reaction can be accomplished with use of many alternative solvents and acid catalysts as described by Berliner, Org. React, 5, 229, 1949 and Heaney, Comp. Org. Synth. 2, 733, 1991.
If the anhydride MIII is monosubstituted or multiply-substituted in an unsymmetrical way, the raw product MI-A often exists as a mixture of isomers via attack of the anhydride from either of the two carbonyls. The resultant isomers can be separated into pure forms by crystallization or chromatography using standard methods known to those skilled in the art.
When they are not commercially available, the succinic anhydrides MIII can be prepared via a Stobbe Condensation of a dialkyl succinate with an aldehyde or ketone (resulting in side chain R6), followed by catalytic hydrogenation, hydrolysis of a hemiester intermediate to a diacid, and then conversion to the anhydride MIII by reaction with acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride. Alternatively, the hemiester intermediate is converted by treatment with thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride to the acid chloride MIV. For a review of the Stobbe condensation, including lists of suitable solvents and bases see Johnson and Daub, Org. React., 6, 1, 1951.
This method, as applied to the preparation of MIII (R6xe2x95x90H, isobutyl and H, n-pentyl), has been described Wolanin, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,038.
Method A is especially useful for the preparation of cyclic compounds such as MI-A-3, in which two R6 groups are connected in a methylene chain to form a 3-7 member ring. Small ring (3-5 member) anhydrides are readily available only as cis isomers which yield cis invention compounds MI-A-3. The trans compounds MI-A-4 are then prepared by treatment of MI-A-3 with a base such as DBU in THF. The substituted four member ring starting material anhydrides such as MIII-A-1 are formed in a photochemical 2+2 reaction as shown below. This method is especially useful for the preparation of compounds in which R40 is acetoxy or acetoxymethylene. After the subsequent Friedel-Crafts reaction the acetate can be removed by basic hydrolysis and the carboxyl protected by conversion to 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl ester. The resultant intermediate with R40=CH2OH can be converted to invention compounds with other R40 groups by using procedures described in General Method G.
The Friedel-Crafts method is also useful when double bonds are found either between C-2 and C-3 of a succinoyl chain (from maleic anhydride or 1-cyclopentene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, for example) or when a double bond is found in a side chain, such as in the use of itaconic anhydride as stating material to yield products in which two R6 groups are found on one chain carbon together to form an exo-methylene (xe2x95x90CH2) group. Subsequent uses of these compounds are described in Methods D.
General Method Bxe2x80x94Alternatively the compounds MI can be prepared via a reaction sequence involving mono-alkylation of a dialkyl malonate MVI with an alkyl halide to form intermediate MVII, followed by alkylation with a halomethyl biphenyl ketone MVIII to yield intermediate MIX. Compounds of structure MIX are then hydrolyzed with aqueous base and heated to decarboxylate the malonic acid intermediate and yield MI-B-2 (Method B-1). By using one equivalent of aqueous base the esters MI-B-2 with R12 as alkyl are obtained, and using more than two equivalents of base the acid compounds (R12=H) are obtained. Optionally, heat is not used and the diacid or acid-ester MI-B-1 is obtained.
Alternatively, the diester intermediate MIX can be heated with a strong acids such as concentrated hydrochloric acid in acetic acid in a sealed tube at about 110xc2x0 C. for about 24 hr to yield MI-B-1 (R12=H). Alternatively, the reaction of MVI with MVIII can be conducted before that with the alkyl halide to yield the same MIX (Method B-2).
Alternatively, a diester intermediate MXIX, which contains R12=allyl, can be exposed to Pd catalysts in the presence of pyrrolidine to yield MI-B-2 (R12=H) (Dezeil, Tetrahedron Lett. 28, 4371, 1990.
Intermediates MVII are formed from biphenyis MII in a Friedel-Craft reaction with haloacetyl halides such as bromoacetyl bromide or chloroacetyl chloride. Alternatively, the biphenyl can be reacted with acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride and the resultant product halogenated with, for example, bromine to yield intermediates MVIII (X=Br).
Method B has the advantage of yielding single region isomers when Method A yields mixtures. Method B is especially useful when the side chains R6 contain aromatic or heteroaromatic rings that may participate in intramolecular acylation reactions to give side products if Method A were to be used. This method is also very useful when the R6 group adjacent to the carboxyl of the final compound contains heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, or more complex functions such as imide rings.
When R6 contains selected functional groups Z, malonate MVII can be prepared by alkylating a commercially available unsubstituted malonate with prenyl or allyl halide, subject this product to ozonalysis with reductive work-up, and the desired z group can be coupled via a Mitsunobu reaction (Mitsunobu, Synthesis 1, 1981). Alternatively, the intermediate alcohol can be subjected to alkylation conditions to provide malonate MVII containing the desired Z group.
General Method Cxe2x80x94Especially useful is the use of chiral HPLC to separate the enantiomers of racemic product mixtures (see, for example, Arit, et al., Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 12, 30 (1991)). The compounds of this invention can be prepared as pure enantiomers by use of a chial auxiliary route. See, for example, Evans, Aldrichimica Acta, 15(2), 23, 1982 and other similar references known to one skilled in the art.
General Method Dxe2x80x94Compounds in which R6 are alkyl- or aryl- or heteroaryl- or acyl- or heteroarylcarbonyl-thiomethylene are prepared by methods analogous to those described in the patent WO 90/05719. Thus substituted itaconic anhydride MXVI (n=1) is reacted under Friedel-Crafts conditions to yield acid MI-D-1 which can be separated by chromatography or crystallization from small amounts of isomeric MI-D-5. Alteratively, MI-D-5s are obtained by reaction of invention compounds MI-D4 (from any of Methods A through C) with formaldehyde in the presence of base.
Compounds MI-D-1 or MI-D-5 are then reacted with a mercapto derivative MXVII or MXVIII in the presence of catalyst such as potassium carbonate, ethyldiisobutylamine, tetrabutylammonium fluoride or free radical initiators such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in a solvent such as diethylformamide or tetrahydrofuiran to yield invention compounds MI-D-2, MI-D-3, MI-D-6, or MI-D-7.
General Method Exe2x80x94Biaryl compounds such as those of this application may also be prepared by Suzuki or Stille cross-coupling reactions of aryl or heteroaryl metallic compounds in which the metal is zinc, tin, magnesium, lithium, boron, silicon, copper, cadmium or the like with an and or heteroaryl halide or triflate (trifluoromethane-sulfonate) or the like. In the equation below either Met or X is the metal and the other is the halide or triflate (OTf). Pd(com) is a soluble complex of palladium such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(O) or bis- (triphenylphosphine)-palladium(III) chloride. These methods are well known to those skilied in the art. See, for example, Suzuki, Pure Appl. Chem.63, 213 (1994); Suzuki, Pure Appl. Chem. 63, 419 (1991); and Farina and Roth, xe2x80x9cMetal-Organic Chemistryxe2x80x9d Volume 5 (Chapter 1), 1994.
The starting materials MXXIII (B=1,4-phenylene) are readily formed using methods analogous to those of methods A, B, C, or D but using a halobenzene rather than a biphenyl as starting material. When desired, the materials in which X is halo can be converted to those in which X is metal by reactions well known to those skilled in the art, such as treatment of a bromo intermediate with hexamethylditin and palladium tetrakistriphenylphosphine in toluene at reflux to yield the trimethyltin intermediate. The starting materials MXXIII (B=heteroaryl) are most conveniently prepared by method C but using readily available heteroaryl rather than biphenyl starting materials. The intermediates MXXII are either commercial or easily prepared from commercial materials by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
T, x, A, B, E and G as in Structure (L)
Met=Metal and X=Halide or Triflate or
Met=Halide or Triflate arid X=Metal
These general methods are useful for the preparation of compounds for which Friedel-Crafts reactions such as those of Methods A, B, C, or D would lead to mixtures with various biaryl acylation patterns. Method E is also especially useful for the preparation of products in which the aryl groups, A or B, contain one or more heteroatoms (heteroaryls) such as those compounds that contain thiophene, fuiran, pyridine, pyrrole, oxazole, thiazole, pyriridine or pyrazine rings or the like instead of phenyls.
General Method Fxe2x80x94When the R6 groups of method F form together a 4-7 member carbocyclic ring as in Intermediate MXXV below, the double bond can be moved out of conjugation with the ketone group by treatment with two equivalents of a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide or lithium hexamethylsilylamide or the like followed by acid quench to yield compounds with the structure MXXVI. Reaction of MXXVI with mercapto derivatives using methods analogous to those of General Method D then leads to cyclic compounds MI-F-I or MI-F-2.
General Method Gxe2x80x94The compounds of this invention in which two R6 groups are joined to form a substituted 5-member ring are most conveniently prepared by method G. In this method acid CLII (R=H) is prepared using the protocols described in Tetrahedron 37, Suppl., 411 (1981). The acid is protected as an ester [eg. R=benzyl (Bn) or 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl TMSE)] by use of coupling agents such as 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and procedures well known to those skilled in the art. Substituted bromobiphenyl CIII is converted to its Grignard reagent by treatment with magnesium and reacted with CLII to yield alcohol CVI. Alcohol CVI is eliminated via base treatment of its mesylate by using conditions well known to those skilled in the art to yield olefin CVII. Alternatively CIII is converted to a trimethyltin intermediate via initial metallation of the bromide with n-butyllithium at low temperature (xe2x88x9278xc2x0 C.) followed by treatment with chlorotrimethyltin and CI is converted to an enoltriflate (CII) by reaction with 2-[N,N-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amino]-5-chloropyridine in the presence of a strong aprotic base. The tin and enoltriflate intermediates are then coupled in the presence of a Pd0 catalyst, CuI and AsPh3 to yield directly intermediate CVII. Ozonolysis of CVII (workup with methylsufide) yields aldehyde CVIII. Alternatively treatment with OsO4 followed by HIO4 converts CVII to CVIII.
Conversion of key intermediate CVIII to the targeted patent compounds is accomplished in several ways depending on the identity of side chain function Z. Reaction of CVIII with Wittig reagents followed by hydrogenation yields products in which Z is alkyl and or arylalkyl. Selective reduction of aldehyde CVIII with a reducing agent such as lithium tris [(3-ethyl-3pentyl)oxy]aluminum hydride (LTEPA) yields alcohol CIX. The alcohol is converted to phenyl ethers or a variety of heteroatom substituted derivatives used to generate sidechain Z via the Mitsunobu reaction using conditions well known to those skilled in the art (see Mitsunobu, Synthesis, 1 (1981)). Alternatively the alcohol of CIX is converted to a leaving group such as tosylate (CX) or bromide by conditions well known to those skilled in the art and then the leaving group is displaced by an appropriate nucleophile. Several examples of this type of reaction can be found in Norman, et al., J. Med. Chem. 37, 2552 (1994). Direct acylation of the alcohol CIX yields invention compounds in which Z=OAcyl and reaction of the alcohol with various alkyl halides in the presence of base yields alkyl ethers. In each case a final step is removal of acid blocking group R to yield acids (R=H) by using conditions which depend on the stability of R and Z, but in all cases well known to those skilled in the art such as removal of benzyl by base hydrolysis or of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl by treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
General Method Hxe2x80x94Amides of the acids of the invention compounds can be prepared from the acids by treatment in an appropriate solvent such as dichloromethane or dimethylformamide with a primary or secondary amine and a coupling agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. These reactions are well known to those skilled in the art. The amine component can be simple alkyl or arylalkyl substituted or can be amino acid derivatives in which the carboxyl is blocked and the amino group is free.
General Method Ixe2x80x94The compounds of this invention in which (T)x is an alkynyl or substituted alkynyl are prepared according to general method I (Austin, J. Org. Chem. 46, 2280 (1981)). Intermediate MX is prepared according to methods A, B, C, D or G by starting with commercial MIII (T=Br). Reaction of MX with substituted acetylene MXI in the presence of Cu(I)/palladate reagent gives invention compound MI-I-1. In certain cases, R3 may be an alcohol blocked as trialkylsilyl. In such cases the silyl group can be removed by treatment with acids such as trifluoroacetic acid or HFxe2x80x94pyridine reagent.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention include addition salts formed with organic or inorganic bases. The salt forming ion derived from such bases can be metal ions, e.g., aluminum, alkali metal ions, such as sodium of potassium, alkaline earth metal ions such as calcium or magnesium, or an amine salt ion, of which a number are known for this purpose. Examples include ammonium salts, arylalkylamines such as dibenzylamine and N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, lower alkylamines such as methylamine, t-butylamine, procaine, lower alkylpiperidines such as N-ethylpiperidine, cycloalkylamines such as cyclohexylamine or dicyclohexylamine, 1-adamantylamine, benzathine, or salts derived from amino acids like arginine, lysine or the like. The physiologically acceptable salts such as the sodium or potassium salts and the amino acid salts can be used medicinally as described below and are preferred.
These and other salts which are not necessarily physiologically acceptable are useful in isolating or purifying a product acceptable for the purposes described below. For example, the use of commercially available enantiomerically pure amines such as (+)-cinchonine in suitable solvents can yield salt crystals of a single enatiomer of the invention compounds, leaving the opposite enantiomer in solution in a process often referred to as xe2x80x9cclassical resolution.xe2x80x9d As one enantiomer of a given invention compound is usually substantially greater in physiological effect than its antipode, this active isomer can thus be found purified in either the crystals or the liquid phase. The salts are produced by reacting the acid form of the invention compound with an equivalent of the base supplying the desired basic ion in a medium in which the salt precipitates or in aqueous medium and then lyophilizing. The free acid form can be obtained from the salt by conventional neutralization techniques, e.g., with potassium bisulfate, hydrochloric acid, etc.
The compounds of the present invention have been found to inhibit the matrix metalloproteases MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-2. and to a lesser extent MMP-1, and are therefore useful for treating or preventing the conditions referred to in the background section. As other MMPs not listed above share a high degree of homology with those listed above, especially in the catalytic site, it is deemed that compounds of the invention should also inhibit such other MMPs to varying degrees. Varying the substituents on the biaryl portions of the molecules, as well as those of the propanoic or butanoic acid chains of the claimed compounds, has been demonstrated to affect the relative inhibition of the listed MMPs. Thus compounds of this general class can be xe2x80x9ctunedxe2x80x9d by selecting specific substituents such that inhibition of specific MMP(s) associated with specific pathological conditions can be enhanced while leaving non-involved MMPs less affected.
The method of treating matrix metalloprotease-mediated conditions may be practiced in mammals, including humans, which exhibit such conditions.
The inhibitors of the present invention are contemplated for use in veterinary and human applications. For such purposes, they will be employed in pharmaceutical compositions containing active ingredient(s) plus one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, fillers, binders, and other excipients, depending on the administration mode and dosage form contemplated.
Administration of the inhibitors may be by any suitable mode known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarticular, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes. Intravenous administration can be used to obtain acute regulation of peak plasma concentrations of the drug. Improved half-life and targeting of the drug to the joint cavities may be aided by entrapment of the drug in liposomes. It may be possible to improve the selectivity of liposomal targeting to the joint cavities by incorporation of ligands into the outside of the liposomes that bind to synovial-specific macromolecules. Alternatively intramuscular, intraarticular or subcutaneous depot injection with or without encapsulation of the drug into degradable microspheres e.g., comprising poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) may be used to obtain prolonged sustained drug release. For improved convenience of the dosage form it may be possible to use an i.p. implanted reservoir and septum such as the Percuseal system available from Pharmacia. Improved convenience and patient compliance may also be achieved by the use of either injector pens (e.g. the Novo Pin or Q-pen) or needle-free jet injectors (e.g. from Bioject, Mediject or Becton Dickinson). Prolonged zero-order or other precisely controlled release such as pulsatile release can also be achieved as needed using implantable pumps with delivery of the drug through a cannula into the synovial spaces. Examples include the subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps available from ALZA, such as the ALZET osmotic pump.
Nasal delivery may be achieved by incorporation of the drug into bioadhesive particulate carriers ( less than 200 xcexcm) such as those comprising cellulose, polyacrylate or polycarbophil, in conjunction with suitable absorption enhancers such as phospholipids or acylcarnitines. Available systems include those developed by DanBiosys and Scios Nova.
A noteworthy attribute of the compounds of the present invention in contrast to those of various peptidic compounds referenced in the background section of this application is the demonstrated oral activity of the present compounds. Certain compounds have shown oral bioavailability in various animal models of up to 90-98%. Oral delivery may be achieved by incorporation of the drug into tablets, coated tablets, dragxc3xa9es, hard and soft gelatine capsules, solutions, emulsions or suspensions. Oral delivery may also be achieved by incorporation of the drug into enteric coated capsules designed to release the drug into the colon where digestive protease activity is low. Examples include the OROS-CT/Osmet(trademark) and PULSINCAP(trademark) systems from ALZA and Scherer Drug Delivery Systems respectively. Other systems use azo-crosslinked polymers that are degraded by colon specific bacterial azoreductases, or pH sensitive polyacrylate polymers that are activated by the rise in pH at the colon. The above systems may be used in conjunction with a wide range of available absorption enhancers.
Rectal delivery may be achieved by incorporation of the drug into suppositories.
The compounds of this invention can be manufactured into the above listed formulations by the addition of various therapeutically inert inorganic or organic carriers well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of these include, but are not limited to, lactose, corn starch or derivatives thereof, talc, vegetable oils, waxes, fats, polyols such as polyethylene glycol, water, saccharose, alcohols, glycerin and the like. Various preservatives, emulsifiers, dispersants, flavorants, wetting agents, antioxidants, sweeteners, colorants, stabilizers, salts, buffers and the like are also added, as required to assist in the stabilization of the formulation or to assist in increasing bioavailability of the active ingredient(s) or to yield a formulation of acceptable flavor or odor in the case of oral dosing.
The amount of the pharmaceutical composition to be employed will depend on the recipient and the condition being treated. The requisite amount may be determined without undue experimentation by protocols known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, the requisite amount may be calculated, based on a determination of the amount of target enzyme which must be inhibited in order to treat the condition.
The matrix metalloprotease inhibitors of the invention are useful not only for treatment of the physiological conditions discussed above, but are also useful in such activities as purification of metalloproteases and testing for matrix metalloprotease activity. Such activity testing can be both in vitro using natural or synthetic enzyme preparations or in vivo using, for example, animal models in which abnormal destructive enzyme levels are found spontaneously (use of genetically mutated or transgenic animals) or are induced by administration of exogenous agents or by surgery which disrupts joint stability.
Experimental:
General Procedures:
All reactions were performed in flame-dried or oven-dried glassware under a positive pressure of argon and were stirred magnetically unless otherwise indicated. Sensitive liquids and solutions were transferred via syringe or cannula and were introduced into reaction vessels through rubber septa. Reaction product solutions were concentrated using a Buchi evaporator unless otherwise indicated.
Materials:
Commercial grade reagents and solvents were used without further purification except that diethyl ether and tetrahydrofiran were usually distilled under argon from benzophenone ketyl, and methylene chloride was distilled under argon from calcium hydride. Many of the specialty organic or organometallic starting materials and reagents were obtained from Aldrich, 1001 West Saint Paul Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis. 53233. Solvents are often obtained from EM Science as distributed by VWR Scientific.
Chromatography:
Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on Whatman(copyright) precoated glass-backed silica gel 60 A F-254 250 xcexcm plates. Visualization of spots was effected by one of the following techniques: (a) ultraviolet illumination, (b) exposure to iodine vapor, (c) immersion of the plate in a 10% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol followed by heating, and (d) immersion of the plate in a 3% solution of p-anisaldehyde in ethanol containing 0.5% concentrated sulfuric acid followed by heating, and e) immersion of the plate in a 5% solution of potassium permanganate in water containing 5% sodium carbonate followed by heating.
Column chromatography was performed using 230-400 mesh EM Science(copyright) silica gel.
Analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed at 1 mL minxe2x88x921 on a 4.6xc3x97250 mm Microsorb(copyright) column monitored at 288 nm, and semi-preparative HPLC-was performed at 24 mL minxe2x88x921 on a 21.4xc3x97250 mm Microsorb(copyright) column monitored at 288 nm.
Instrumentation:
Melting points (mp) were determined with a Thomas-Hoover melting point apparatus and are uncorrected.
Proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were measured with a General Electric GN-OMEGA 300 (300 MHz) spectrometer, and carbon thirteen (13C) NMR spectra were measured with a General Electric GN-OMEGA 300 (75 MHz) spectrometer. Most of the compounds synthesized in the experiments below were analyzed by NMR, and the spectra were consistent with the proposed structures in each case.
Mass spectral (MS) data were obtained on a Kratos Concept 1-H spectrometer by liquid-cesium secondary ion (LCIMS), an updated version of fast atom bombardment (FAB). Most of the compounds synthesized in the experiments below were analyzed by mass spectroscopy, and the spectra were consistent with the proposed structures in each case.
General Comments:
For multi-step procedures, sequential steps are noted by numbers. Variations within steps are noted by letters. Dashed lines in tabular data indicates point of attachment.

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteases by substitued biaryl oxobutyric acids

Abstract: wherein r is 0-2, T is selected from

Abstract: and R40 is a mono- or bi-heterocyclic structure.

Abstract: These compounds are useful for inhibiting matrix metalloproteases and, therefore, combating conditions to which MMP""s contribute, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, periodontal disease, corneal ulceration, proteinuria, aneurysmal aortic disease, dystrophobic epidermolysis, bullosa, conditions leading to inflammatory responses, osteopenias mediated by MMP activity, tempero mandibular joint disease, demyelating diseases of the nervous system, tumor metastasis or degenerative cartilage loss following traumatic joint injury, and coronary thrombosis from athrosclerotic plaque rupture. The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating such conditions.