A sensor terminal includes: a vibration sensor; an L-shaped attachment main body portion on which the vibration sensor is mounted and that is detachably attached to a truncated quadrangular pyramid structure portion of a valve cap attached to an opening/closing shaft portion of a water regulating valve provided in a water service pipe; side surface magnets that are provided in the attachment main body portion; and an upper surface magnet that is attached to a lower surface of a base on which the vibration sensor is mounted. Further, the truncated quadrangular pyramid structure portion includes a quadrangular upper surface and four side surfaces, and the attachment main body portion of the sensor terminal is fixed using magnet to each of the upper surface of the truncated quadrangular pyramid structure portion and at least one side surface among the four side surfaces.

Regarding water leakage of a water pipe constructed underground, various methods of detecting the water leakage using vibration or sound generated by the water leakage are used. As a representative example, a method of bringing a leak sound detection bar into contact with a water regulating valve, a gate valve, a water stop valve, or the like for a worker to detect water leakage using sound is widely used. However, a detection range of water leakage vibration of the leak sound detection bar is in a low frequency band of about 200 Hz to 1 kHz. In addition, a method of detecting water leakage using a vibration sensor such as a piezoelectric element instead of a worker is also known.
In order to detect a position at which water leakage occurs in the water pipe constructed underground, it is necessary to install plural sensors for respective water regulating valves, and it is desired that an installation method thereof is simple. In addition, in order to expect the time when water leakage occurs, it is necessary to install the sensors stably for a long period of time.
For example, JP-A-10-340062 (PTL 1) discloses a structure of a water leakage detector where a vibration sensor is fixed using a magnet to a region immediately above a gate valve of a water service pipe.
In addition, as a structure in which an acceleration sensor is fixed to a measurement target without scratches or marks of an adhesive on the measurement target, JP-A-2013-195173 (PTL 2) discloses a structure in which an acceleration sensor is installed in a state where a magnet is made to enter a non-contact state using an adsorption force of the magnet and both leg portions are brought into contact with a measurement target.

Fixing structure for electronic device and water leakage detector


A security briefcase is provided including an upper half and a lower half hingably coupled. Also included is a locking mechanism for unlocking the upper half and the lower half upon the receipt of an activation signal via free space. A portable unit is provided for transmitting the activation signal via free space upon the depression of a button.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to briefcase security devices and more particularly pertains to a new briefcase with remotely controlled locking mechanism for allowing a briefcase to be opened via a portable, hand-held unit and further indicating when the briefcase is being opened in an unauthorized manner.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of briefcase security devices is known in the prior art. More specifically, briefcase security devices heretofore devised and utilized are known to consist basically of familiar, expected and obvious structural configurations, notwithstanding the myriad of designs encompassed by the crowded prior art which have been developed for the fulfillment of countless objectives and requirements.
Known prior art briefcase security devices include U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,937; U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,111; U.S. Pat. No. Des. 339,232; U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,907; U.S. Pat. No. 4,719,777; and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 351,591.
In these respects, the briefcase with remotely controlled locking mechanism according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in so doing provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of allowing a briefcase to be opened via a portable, hand-held unit and further indicating when the briefcase is being opened in an unauthorized manner.

Briefcase with remotely controlled locking mechanism


A plasma generating device, has a plurality of cavities shaped like half-ellipsoids, a plasma cavity, and microwave sources. The present invention takes advantage of geometrical properties of the propagation of electromagnetic waves by enclosing an electromagnetic field in the microwave range in overlapping cavities that together are shaped like a plurality of half ellipsoids. Each of the cavities has a first focus and a second focus, with the first foci of the cavities place close to each other. Microwaves entering the cavities at the second foci propagate inside the cavity and are focused at the first foci. The area around the first foci of both half ellipsoids forms a plasma cavity, providing a large volume filled with a microwave field. Thereby an increased volume of an electromagnetic field and thus of a plasma is achieved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma generating apparatus, particularly to a plasma generating apparatus having a cavity that is shaped like a half ellipsoid, providing a large volume filled with plasma.
2. Description of Related Art
In the semiconductor industry, plasma is widely employed for various processes, e.g., for sputtering of membranes, PECVD and dry etching. Currently, generating plasma in extended volumes is a technology that is still at a beginning stage. Importing microwave components for use in the semiconductor industry in Taiwan is expensive, and maintenance is not easy. Generating plasmas in extended volumes is still fraught with many difficulties, like instabilities and insufficiently large volumes of plasma. Improving on theses shortcomings and permitting effective volumes of plasma that are large is therefore desirable.

Multiple elliptical ball plasma apparatus

Industrial Technology Research Institute


A reciprocating saw including a housing, a motor supported by the housing, a spindle mounted for reciprocation relative to the housing and having a front end for supporting a saw blade, the spindle being movable through a cutting stroke and a return stroke, the cutting stroke having a stroke length, and a pivot body interconnecting the spindle and the motor. The position of the pivot axis of the pivot body may be movable relative to the housing to change the stroke length of the spindle. A shock absorber may be operatively positioned between the motor and the front end of the spindle and may be at least partially mounted within the spindle.

Reciprocating saws are used to cut a variety of objects, such as metal pipes, wood and drywall. Such saws typically include a housing and a spindle mounted in the housing for reciprocating motion along an axis that is parallel to the longitudinal extent of the spindle. An electric motor provides power to the spindle through a mechanical reciprocating device that converts the rotary motion of a motor shaft to reciprocating motion of the spindle. Such mechanical reciprocating devices can, for example, include an eccentric drive, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,844, or a wobble plate drive, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,025,562 and 5,050,307.
In addition to various types of drive mechanisms, there are also various types of reciprocating motion. For example, the simplest type is straight linear motion, in which the spindle and blade are translated along a linear path parallel to the spindle and returned along the same path. Alternatively, rocking motion is motion in which the spindle and blade are translated and returned along a path oblique to the spindle axis. Such motion may be straight or curved, and may help to drive the saw blade into the workpiece on the cutting stroke and retract the blade on the return stroke. As another alternative, orbital motion is motion in which the spindle and saw blade are translated along a cutting path and returned along a different path. Typically, the paths form a loop-type movement that forces the saw blade into the workpiece on the cutting stroke and then lifts the saw blade off the workpiece on the return stroke. All of these types of movement involve some reciprocation of the saw blade and are therefore considered to be a form of reciprocating motion.


A self-powered gate drive circuit comprising a first capacitor electrically coupled to a power semiconductor collector node of the circuit; a first switch arranged between the first capacitor and a second capacitor, the first switch electrically coupling the first and second capacitors when switched on; the second capacitor; a first diode, the first diode anode electrically coupled to the first capacitor and the first diode cathode electrically coupled to the first switch; a second diode, the second diode cathode electrically coupled to the first capacitor and the second diode anode electrically coupled with a ground node of the circuit; and a second switch, wherein the second switch electrically couples the second capacitor with a power semiconductor gate node when switched on.

Availability of affordable, reliable power transistors (e.g., power MOSFETs and IGBTs) and modules may be important design goals for electric vehicles, hybrid cars, and other power applications. Typically, a gate driver may be provided to drive a power transistor gate. In the case of insulated-gate bipolar transistors "IGBTs", a dual power supply typically powers the gate driver for facilitating switching an IGBT on and off.

Self-powered gate drive circuit apparatus and method


The anti-siphon device prevents a hose or siphon tube from being inserted into the fuel inlet line for a fuel tank of a vehicle, such as a tractor-trailer. The anti-siphon device includes a tube with cams which are moveable from a retracted position to an extended position via a camming sleeve inserted into the tube. The cams are extended into contact with the inside surface of the fuel tank inlet line and preclude removal of the anti-siphon device from the inlet line. The device further includes flighting which prevents a siphon hose from being inserted through the tube into the fuel tank of the vehicle. Holes are provided in the tube of the device to allow fuel to flow freely into the tank during filling. The fuel also passes through the central opening of the camming sleeve, and through a central opening in the flighting for passage out of the bottom of the tube.

Fuel tanks on over-the-road tractor-trailers and other vehicles have a cap that is easily removed for filling the fuel tanks. Typically, the fuel tanks on such trucks hold 140-150 gallons each, and these trucks commonly having at least two tanks. Other types of motor vehicles, such a motor homes, RVs, and boats also have gas tanks with large capacity. With the increase in the price of gasoline and diesel fuel, fuel theft through siphoning is a common problem for such vehicles. For example, tractor-trailers parked in rest stops and parking lots are a target for thieves to steal fuel, because there is little to hinder the thief, unless someone is standing guard. Locking gas caps may be used to thwart fuel thieves, however, a knowledgeable thief can quickly remove the cap, after which fuel can be siphoned from the tanks easily using a hose or other suction device.
Accordingly, a primary objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphon device which prevents and discourages fuel theft from vehicles, including tractor-trailers.
Therefore, a primary objective of the present invention is the provision of a fuel anti-siphon device which is easy to install, difficult to remove, and prevents siphoning of gasoline and diesel from fuel tanks.
Another objective of the present invention is a fuel theft deterrent device that is permanently mounted in the fuel inlet line of a vehicle.
Yet another objective of the present invention is an anti-siphoning device that cannot be removed after it is installed in the fuel inlet line of a vehicle.
Still another objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device that does not interfere with filling the fuel tank of a vehicle.
Another objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device which does not require a different fuel cap.
Still another objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device that resides within the neck of the fuel inlet line of a vehicle, so that a standard or stock fuel cap can be utilized for the fuel inlet line.
Yet another objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device that is not visible when the fuel cap is in place.
A further objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device for a vehicle fuel tank which can withstand a blow from a hammer or other striking tool, and remain intact and functional.
Still another objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device which allows fuel to flow through the device at a substantially unrestricted rate.
A further objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device which precludes a siphon hose from being extended therethrough.
Still another objective of the present invention is the provision of an anti-siphoning device which is economical to manufacture, and durable and effective in use.
These and other objectives will become apparent from the following description of the invention.


Over a channel, a signal including a desired portion associated with a desired channel and an undesired portion mixed with said desired portion may be received. Based on prior knowledge and/or empirical estimation of the desired channel and an empirical estimate of the signal cross-covariance, the desired portion from the received signal may be recovered by adaptively equalizing the channel. In one embodiment, a receiver, such as a mobile device (e.g., a cellular phone) includes a processor operably coupled to a communication interface including at least two antennas to receive the signal. The receiver may further include a MODEM that may be operably coupled to the processor, that includes an adaptive equalizer capable of detecting the signal in the presence of co-channel interference from several independent sources, inter-symbol interference and fading, for recovering the desired portion in a cellular environment with time division multiple access (TDMA) to enable digital transmission of the signal. Thus, a blind adaptive space-time equalization on the signal based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) may be provided.

The present invention relates generally to signal processing systems, and more particularly to signal detection and estimation in wireless communication systems using space-time processing techniques.
A typical wireless communication system generally comprises three main components: the transmitter, the channel, and the receiver. For instance, in a wireless digital communication system, the transmitter may process digital data from a data source, pass it through a pulse-shaping filter, and then use it to modulate a carrier signal. Then for transmission, the modulated carrier is further passed to the channel. At the receiver, the output of the channel is demodulated with the same carrier signal thus forming the baseband signal. The baseband signal is passed through a matched filter and then sampled at the symbol rate. These samples are then forwarded to a decision logic to determine the received symbols, providing the original digital data.
While in the channel, the signal is distorted and corrupted due to various phenomena, and may have significantly degraded before arriving at the receiver. Among the main reasons for this are: inter-symbol interference (ISI), fading, co-channel interference (CCI), and thermal (white) noise. The inter-symbol interference results when the data symbols contained within a data stream interfere with one another, i.e. due to undesired interaction of a wireless channel with itself. This happens because of signal bandlimiting by the channel and/or the shaping filter, and/or because the wireless channels often become multipath channels for a variety of reasons such as the presence of obstacles in the line-of-sight. Multipath also causes fading.
The co-channel interference results when two or more users operate on one radio frequency. It is very common in cellular phone systems where the same frequencies are recycled from cell to cell. Unfortunately, the transmitted signals tend to undesirably travel to non-targeted proximate cells, causing interference with the signals within a non-targeted proximate cell. Thermal (white) noise is always present in electronic devices.
Several techniques may be used to cope with such undesired effects. Essentially, for compensating the inter-symbol interference, equalization is often performed in a variety of communication systems; for compensating fading, diversity techniques are generally employed; and white noise effect is minimized by use of matched filters. On the other hand, depending on the strength of each user's signal, the co-channel interference may potentially impede accurate reception of the concerned user's data. For a particular user, any number of interference-causing sources may be located at different locations, making it extremely difficult to provide a reasonable compensation through a simple combination of the above-mentioned techniques. In addition, inconsistent behavior of the interfering sources located at unknown origins with respect to the receiver, including on/off switching, may cause the various interferences to constantly change, as an example. A fixed compensation system may fail to adequately compensate for time-varying interference, since it may not be able to follow these time-variations and remove the varying interference.
Thus, in wireless communication systems, a more effective compensation mechanism is desirable to cope with above-mentioned undesired effects.

Robust low complexity multi-antenna adaptive minimum mean square error equalizer


The present invention provides recombinant DNA constructs, vectors and molecules useful for attenuating and/or refining the expression of a florigenic FT gene or transgene using targeting sequences of small RNA molecules. Transgenic plants, plant cells and tissues, and plant parts comprising the recombinant constructs, vectors, and molecules are also provided. Transgenic plants comprising a florigenic FT transgene may produce more bolls, siliques, fruits, nuts, or pods per node on the transgenic plant via suppression, relative to a control or wild type plant. Methods are further provided for introducing the recombinant DNA constructs, vectors, and molecules into a plant, and planting transgenic plants in the field including at higher densities. Transgenic plants of the present invention may provide greater yield potential than wild type or control plants.

The transition from vegetative growth to flowering is a crucial process during plant development that is necessary for the production of grain yield in crop plants. There are several major pathways controlling flowering time in land plants that respond to environmental or developmental cues, including photoperiodism (i.e., day length), vernalization (i.e., response to winter cold), and plant hormones (e.g., gibberellins or GA), in addition to the autonomous (environmentally independent) pathways. Molecular networks controlling flowering time in plants involve the vernalization and photoperiod pathways. Under inductive photoperiodic conditions, CONSTANS (CO) activity in source leaves increases expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which translocates to the meristem to trigger expression of downstream floral activating genes, including LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1). Other genes, such as FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), act to inhibit the expression or activity of these genes.
Except for day length neutral plants, most flowering plants respond to daily photoperiodic cycles and are classified as either short day (SD) or long day (LD) plants based on the photoperiod conditions required to induce flowering. The photoperiod refers to the relative length or duration of light and dark periods within a 24-hour cycle. In general, long day plants tend to flower when the day length exceeds a photoperiod threshold (e.g., as the days are getting longer in the spring), whereas short day plants tend to flower when the day length falls below a photoperiod threshold (e.g., as the days are getting shorter after the summer solstice). In other words, SD plants flower as the days are getting shorter, while LD plants flower as the days are getting longer. Soybean is an example of a short day (SD) plant in which flowering is induced when plants are exposed to shorter daylight conditions.
Plant growers are always looking for new methods to manipulate the yield of a plant, especially to enhance the seed yield of agronomically important crops. Thus, there is a continuing need in the art for improved compositions and methods for increasing yields of various crop plants. It is presently proposed that improved crop yields may be achieved by enhancing agronomic traits related to flowering and reproductive development.

Compositions and methods for altering flowering and plant architecture to improve yield potential


A combination shipping label and greeting card in which the entire printable surface of the greeting card is exposed and customizably printable by the shipper to include both shipping information as well as a customizable logo or photo and a personalized greeting selected by the sender if desired, all of which can be printed by the shipper utilizing a conventional laser printer for example. The back of the greeting card portion may be pre-printed with the shipper's or sender's general information or any other information the shipper/sender feels is desirable such as advertising or the like.

Companies and individuals that ship packages must include a shipping label on the outside of the package to indicate to whom the package is going. However, the same companies and/or individuals or customers of these companies and/or individuals often want to include some sort of greeting or gift indication to the intended recipient. This is especially true of companies and individuals sending gift packages or gift baskets through third parties.
Currently, shipping labels either do not include any capability of adding a greeting or message card or alternatively, such a greeting or message card is greatly limited either in size or printing orientation. In some situations, a greeting card/element may be provided however, the printing surface of this greeting card/element is limited to one side of the shipping label stock due to technical requirements to provide the shipping label with sufficient adhesive and a silicone coated removable shipping label adhesive protector on which no printing can be provided on one entire surface of a multi-fold label for example.
Accordingly, what is needed is a combination shipping label/greeting card that can be easily generated/printed with a shipping label and customized greeting utilizing standard printer technology currently owned by most companies and/or individuals. Moreover, such a combination shipping label/greeting card should include the ability to print on both sides of the greeting card portion of the combination shipping label/greeting card.

Combination greeting card and shipping label


A method and device for detecting and halting specified peer-to-peer (“P2P”) and/or Internet Relay Chat (“IRC” communication sessions based on a priori defined templates is described. Network packets are intercepted and inspected for patterns (defined by the templates) that identify them as definitely, likely or not being associated with one of the specified P2P and/or IRC protocols. Those packets identified as definitely belonging to one of the specified protocols are prevented from reaching their target destination. Those packets identified as only likely belonging to one of the specified protocols are permitted to continue toward their target destination after select information about the particular session/packet is recorded for later use. Those packets identified as not belonging to one of the specified protocols are permitted to continue to their target destination.

The invention relates generally to network monitoring devices and methods for the protection of intellectual property and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to the detection and halting of peer-to-peer communications between computer systems.
A peer-to-peer ("P2P") computer network is a network that relies primarily on the collective computing power and bandwidth of the network's individual nodes rather than concentrating it's computational power in a relatively few dedicated systems or servers. P2P networks are typically used for connecting nodes via largely ad hoc connections for sharing files (e.g., audio and video data files) and realtime data (e.g., Internet telephony traffic).
Because of its decentralized nature, ease of use and wide-spread distribution, P2P technology has become one of the principal means by which Internet users share and distribute information. Organizations (e.g., businesses and academic institutions) have recognized the danger unregulated use of P2P operations pose to the function of their networks. These dangers include, but are not limited to, exposing the organization's network to the introduction of viruses (programs that are loaded onto a user's computer without their knowledge and that usually perform malicious actions), spyware (software that covertly gathers user information and transmits that information to an unknown third party) and malware (software that is intentionally included or inserted in a system for a harmful purpose), the excessive use of network storage facilities, the loss of proprietary data (e.g., trade secrets) and the liability associated with their users (e.g., employees and students) sharing and distributing copyrighted material without the owners consent.
Current attempts to limit or prevent use of P2P technology (and related technologies such as, for example, "IRC" or Internet Relay Chat) rely on published "rules" that users must agree to for the privilege of using an organization's network and/or network administrator-based monitoring. In the former, one's agreement to forgo use of P2P technology does not in itself prevent such use. In the latter, it is incumbent upon the network's administrator (and their staff) to police, detect and enforce the organization's P2P policies. The rapid and acknowledged use of P2P technology for the widespread distribution of copyrighted and other proprietary material attests to the limited ability of these approaches to satisfactorily deal with the use of P2P networks. Thus, it would be beneficial to provide a mechanism to automatically detect and halt peer-to-peer communications to, or from, an organization's network.

Network monitoring and intellectual property protection device, system and method


An electrophoretic light switch is provided for controlling light in a light pipe having a transparent inner conductor, an outer conductor and a solution containing charged particles. Light is absorbed by the solution when the particles are attracted to the inner conductor causing the light intensity in the light pipe to be reduced.

The present invention relates generally to a switch for a light pipe, and more specifically to a coaxial electrophoretic device for modulating the intensity of light travelling through a light pipe.
In the operation of light pipes it is often desirable to control the intensity of the light discharge lamps as the light source for light distribution, it is desirable to control the light in the light pipe without modulating the light source. Several methods have been used in the past to control the modulation of the light through the light pipe.
One such method known in the art is controlling a mechanical shutter placed in a gap between two portions of a light pipe. In one position, the shutter blocks the transfer of light from one light pipe to the next; and in another position light is free to pass from one light pipe to the next. One difficulty has been that, due to index of refraction changes as the light travels from the light pipe to air and back into the light pipe, reflections at the light pipe/air interface cause a reduction light intensity. Furthermore the moving mechanical shutter has reliability problems.
Another method used for modulating light is known as the Kerr effect as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,568, The apparatus has a center electrode which has a cladding of high refractive index glass covered in turn by a Kerr effect material. When the electrode is charged the refractive index of the Kerr effect material changes, causing light to be absorbed into the material and reducing the light transmitted through the glass. One problem with such an apparatus is that having an electrode in the center of the light pipe is not practical in many application.


A lighting device includes a step-down circuit configured to convert an input voltage into a DC voltage by no insulation, and a control circuit configured to control the step-down circuit. The step-down circuit has an input end, and the step-down circuit is provided on a side of the input end with an overcurrent protector. The overcurrent protector is configured to be fused by flowing of an overcurrent. The step-down circuit has an output end, a side of which is connected in parallel with a switching circuit. The switching circuit includes a switching element. The control circuit is configured to turn on the switching element according to an output voltage of the step-down circuit.

Conventionally, there has been proposed an LED lighting control device that relates to a lighting circuit of an LED luminaire with an LED element as a light source (e.g., JP 2011-171238 A (hereinafter, referred to as a "document 1")). In the document 1, the LED luminaire using the above mentioned LED lighting control device is described.
The LED luminaire in the document 1, as shown in FIG. 17, includes an LED light emitting portion 51, as a light source, which is provided with LED elements, and a lighting circuit portion 52 which is configured to turn on the LED light emitting portion 51.
The lighting circuit portion 52 includes a filter circuit 53, a full-wave rectifier 56, a boosting chopper circuit 54 and a non-insulated type step-down chopper circuit 55. Note that, the document 1 discloses that the filter circuit 53 is provided with a fuse (not shown).
The boosting chopper circuit 54 includes a capacitor C51, a choke coil L52, a switching element Q52, a resistor R51, a diode D52 and a capacitor C53.
The step-down chopper circuit 55 includes a control circuit IC3, a diode D51, a switching element Q51, a choke coil L51 and a capacitor C52. The capacitor C52 is connected in parallel with the LED light emitting portion 51.
The lighting circuit portion 52 of the above-mentioned LED luminaire includes, as a step-down circuit, the non-insulated type step-down chopper circuit 55. Accordingly, in the above-mentioned lighting circuit portion 52, if for example a short-circuit failure occurs at the switching element Q51 in a lighting state of the LED light emitting portion 51, a voltage boosted by the boosting chopper circuit 54 is applied to the LED light emitting portion 51. For this reason, in the lighting circuit portion 52, an overcurrent Is may flow along a path indicated by a broken line with an arrow in FIG. 17. Furthermore, in the lighting circuit portion 52, when the overcurrent Is flows through the LED light emitting portion 51, the LED light emitting portion 51 may fall into an overloaded state.

Lighting device and luminaire using same

Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.


An encryption device encrypts a message, and includes a function value output unit that calculates a function value of the message using a one-way converting function. The encryption device also includes a numerical array output unit having an initial array decision unit that generates an initial decision array V1 having n1 elements of 1, n2 elements of −1, and (n−n1−n2) elements of 0. Further, the numerical array output unit includes an array element replacement unit that changes the array element of the initial array V1 generated by the initial array decision unit according to an input integer X, and outputs the array V. The encryption device also includes a text generation unit that generates encrypted text, based on the message, according to a polynomial which corresponds to the array V.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a numerical array output device that converts an integer to an array, especially relates to the numerical array output device used for an encryption technique, an error correction technique and a digital signature technique as an information security technique.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
A private communication method is a method to have communication with a specific communication partner without leaking any communication content to anyone else. A digital signature method is a communication method that verifies communication content to the partner and proves a communication originator to be the person himself/herself. In this signature method, an encryption method called a public key encryption is used. The public key encryption is a method to easily manage an encryption key varied from each communication partner when there is more than one partner. This digital signature method is a mandatory and fundamental technology to communicate with multiple communication partners. To briefly explain the digital signature method, the encryption key in this method is different from the decryption key, and the decryption key is treated as private whereas the encryption key is in public. The public key encryption is described in detail in "Modern Encryption", Industry Book 1997 written by Tatsuaki Okamoto and Hiroshi Yamamoto (hereinafter referred to as "Literature 1").
One of the types of public key encryption is NTRU encryption. In this NTRU encryption, a code of the encryption is small in size compared with one of an elliptic curve encryption. The NTRU encryption code can be installed on a low-performance CPU such as one used for domestic appliances. Therefore, this encryption method has great future potential.
This NTRU encryption is described in detail in Jeffrey Hoffstein, Jill Pipher and Joseph H. Silverman, "NTRU: A ring based public key cryptosystem", Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1423, pp. 267-288, Springer-Verlag, 1998 (referred to as "Literature 2").
Here is the explanation for the NTRU encryption.
In general, all of polynomials for f(X) are expressed as:f(X)=f0+f1X+f2X2+ . . . +fN−1XN−1mod(XN−1)
Below polynomial f(X) is to be expressed in relation with an n-dimensional vector (f0, f1, f2 . . . , fN−1). Also, among this n-dimensional vector, the vector showing n 1 piece(s) of 1, n 2 piece(s) of −1, and other (n−n1−n2) piece(s) of 0 is expressed as L (n, n1, n2).
In this NTRU encryption, the decryption key is treated as a private key (hereinafter referred to as a private key), f (v) and Fp (v) are expressed with the following formula. A code attached with (v) such as f (v) and Fp (v) indicates a polynomial.Private key f(v)εa set of polynomials Lf, a set of polynomials Lf=L(263, 51, 50)Private key Fp(v)=private key f(v)−1mod p
In short, a set of polynomials Lf is a set of polynomials having 51 pieces of 1, 50 pieces of −1, and 162 pieces of 0 in its factor f0, f1, f2 . . . , fN−1. The private key f is a polynomial that belongs to the set of polynomials Lf. Also, p is an integer such as 3.
On the other hand, the encryption key that is in public (hereinafter referred to as a public key), h (v) is expressed in a following formula.Public key h(v)=private key f(v)−1×polynomial g(v)(mod q)Polynomial g(v)εa set of polynomials Lg=L(263, 24, 24)
The public key h (v) here is a polynomial. Also, q is, for example, an integer of 27.
In the NTRU encryption, encryption is executed based on the following formula by using this public key h (v). In this encryption, an encryption text e1 (v) is output for an input of a message m1 (v).Encryption text e1(v)=p polynomial φ(v)×public key h(v)+m1(v)(mod q)polynomial φ(v)εa set of polynomials Lφ=L(263, 16, 16)
Here, the polynomial φ(v) is selected at random from a set of polynomials Lφ.
In the meantime, the encryption text e1 (v) is decrypted through following two steps using above private keys f (v) and Fp (v), and a message m1′(v) is acquired.a(v)=private key f(v)×encryption text e1(v)(mod q)  (1)m1′(v)=private key Fp(v)×a(v)(mod p)  (2)
By the way, for breaking the code, there are two types of attacks: passive attacks and active attacks. Encryption such as RSA encryption, EIGamal encryption and NTRU encryption is created based on the assumption against the passive attacks only. The passive attacks, the active attacks, RSA encryption and EIGamal encryption are described in detail in the Literature 1.
Recently, a security proof scheming technology, which converts a general encryption method to a security proof scheme, is suggested as an encryption algorithm improvement technology that enhances a security level against any kind of attacks.
There is a method of using a hash function called as FOSRT in the security proof scheming technique.
FOSRT and the application of FOSRT to the NTRU encryption are described in detail in Jeffrey Hoffstein and Joseph H. Silverman, "Protecting NTRU Against Chosen Ciphertext and Reaction Attacks", NTRU Cryptosystems Technical Report #016, 2000 (referred to as "Literature 3"). The hash function is described in detail in the Literature 1.
The following is to explain a concrete method of FOSRT.
Encryption with FOSRT is executed through following three steps, and the encryption text E is output for an input of the message M.
(The First Step) A random number R1 is concatenated to the message M, and the concatenated message M∥R1 is acquired.
(The Second Step) A hash function value ha for the message M∥R1 is acquired based on the hash function.Ha=H(M∥R1)(The Third Step) The message M∥R1 and the hash function value ha are encrypted based on the encryption algorithm, and an encryption text E is acquired.E=Enc(M|R1, ha)
Next, the decryption by FOSRT is explained.
(The First Step) The encryption text E is decrypted and a message M∥R1′ is acquired.Dec(E)=M∥R1′(The Second Step) A hash function value ha′ of the message M∥R1′ is acquired based on the hash function.ha′=H(M∥R1′)(The Third Step) Encryption is executed based on the message M∥R1′, the hash function value ha′, and the same algorithm as one used for the above encryption, and an encryption text E′ is acquired.E′=Enc(M∥R1′, ha′)(The Fourth Step) If the encryption text E and the encryption text E′ are inconsistent, there is no output. If consistent, the message M∥R1′ is divided into the message M′ and the random number R1′, and the required message M′ is acquired.
A method for encryption and decryption when this FOSRT is applied to the NTRU encryption is explained as follows.
The encryption is executed through three steps, and the encryption text e (v) is output for the input of the message M (v).
(The First Step) A random vector R (v) is concatenated to the message M (v), and the message m (v) is acquired, wherein m(v)=M(v)∥R(v)
(The Second Step) A hash function value H (m (v)) of the message m (v) is calculated based on the hash function.
(The Third Step) The encryption text e (v) is acquired based on a formula, encryption text e (v)=pH(m(v))×public key h(v)+m(v)(mod q).
On the other hand, the decryption of the encryption text e (v) is executed through following five steps.
(The First Step) Get a polynomial a(v) based on a(v)=private key f(v)×encryption text e(v)(mod q).
(The Second Step) Get a message m′(v) based on m′(v)=private key Fp(v)×a(v)(mod p).
(The Third Step) Calculate a hash function value H (m′(v)) of the message m′ (v), and get an encryption text e′ (v) based on the encryption text e′ (v)=pH (m′ (v))×public key h(v)+m′ (v)(mod q).
(The Fourth Step) Check if the encryption text e′ (v) is consistent with the encryption text e (v).
(The Fifth Step) If the encryption text e′(v) is consistent with the encryption text e(v), divide m′(v)=M′(v)∥R′(v) (M′(v) is a decrypted message, and R′(v) is a random vector), and output the message M′ (v).
As explained above, in the encryption and decryption processes when FOSRT is applied to the NTRU encryption, the hash function values, H (M(v)) and H (m′(v)) are required to belong to a set of polynomials Lφ, for example expressed as L (263, 16, 16).
The set of polynomials, Lφ is associated with a set of vectors having 16 pieces of 1, 16 pieces of −1 and 231 pieces of 0 among its factor f0, f1, f2 . . . , fN−1.
Therefore, in association with the hash function value, it needs to get the n-dimensional array consisting of three values, i.e. 16 pieces of 1, 16 pieces of −1, and 231 pieces of 0.
However, in the encryption and decryption processes when FOSRT is applied to the NTRU encryption, these hash function values, H (m (v) and H (m′ (v)) are integers.
Therefore, in order to apply FOSRT to the NTRU encryption, the n-dimensional array, which has n 1 piece(s) of 1, n2 piece(s) of −1, and other element(s) being −1 based on the hash function values, H (m (v)) and H (m′ (v)) must be obtained. Here, n, n1 and n2 are positive integers.
Here, the following conditions need to be met in the method to obtain the n-dimensional array based on the hash function values, H (m(v)) and H (m′(v)).
(1) Always getting the same output for the same input.
(2) Well-balanced distribution of inputs and outputs
(1) means that a different value is not output for the same input. (2) means that there is no case wherein only a specific output value is frequently output for inputs. When FOSRT is applied to the NTRU encryption, decryption would not be possible if both the sender and recipient are not capable of creating the n-dimensional array for output. If (1) is not satisfied, the encryption method itself would not be realized. Also, if (2) is not satisfied, the balance of output distribution for the hash function input would not be retained since the array is not evenly output based on the output value of the hash function value. Therefore, the security level of the hash function is declined. Hence, the security level of the NTRU encryption when FOSRT is applied is declined.
Here, a self-explanatory method to get the n-dimensional array having 1 piece(s) of 1, n 2 piece(s) of −1, and the number of other elements being 0.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart to show the method to get the n-dimensional array.
This conversion method inputs n1, n2 and an integer X as a hash function value, and outputs the n-dimensional array VJ having n1 piece(s) of 1, n2 piece(s) of −1, and the other (n−n1−n2) piece(s) of 0. Below supposes the i th element (from left) of the array VJ is VJ [i] ("i" is an integer from 1 to n).
Initially, consider when all of the elements of the array VJ are an array of 0 (Step S901).
Next, let a count value c1 of a counter c1′ equal 1 (Step S902).
Next, let VJ [c1]=1 (Step S903).
Next, increment the count value c1 of the counter c1′ (Step 904).
Next, verify that the count value c1 is >n1 (Step S905). If the count value c1 is not >n1 (No in Step S905), execute the process where VJ [c1]=1 again (Step S903).
If the count value c1 is >n1 (Yes in Step S905), set VJ [c1]=−1 (Step S906).
Next, increment the count value c1 (c1←c1+1) (Step S907).
Next, validate if the count value c1 is >n1+n2 (Step S908). If the count value c1 is not >n1+n2 (No in Step S908), execute the process where VJ [c1]=−1 (Step S906) once again.
If the count value c1 is >n1+n2 (Yes in Step S908), output the array VJ and terminate the process.
In this method, the array VJ output, regardless of the input integer X, has the original array having n1 piece(s) of 1, subsequently, n2 piece(s) of −1, and other elements being 0.
On the other hand, a common key encryption method, which encrypts a sending message with a key and decrypts it with the same key, is available as a private communication method. In the common key encryption method, there is a way to create an encryption text through a data replacement operation. For example, it is done as below.
This replacement method uses an array m[1], m[2], . . . , m[n] and a key Ke (a positive integer) as an input, and outputs an encryption text e[1], e[2], . . . , e[n]. The following example supposes to have two dimensional table tabs [j][i] (1≦j≦n!, 1≦i≦n) in advance.
At first, set 1 in the count value c of the counter c′.
Next, substitute m [c] for e [Tab [K][c]]. This process is executed until the count value c of the counter c′ becomes n.
Then, when the count value c of the counter c′ becomes n, the encryption text e is output and the process is terminated.
Although it is possible to consider such a replacement method is applied to the aforementioned method for obtaining the n-dimensional array based on the hash function value, it requires having n*n piece(s) of tables.
However, the aforementioned self-explanatory method to get the n-dimensional array, its output result inclines towards one type and does not satisfy the above condition (2) (Well-balanced distribution of inputs and outputs). In this case, it looses the effect of applying FOSRT and its security level becomes vulnerable against passive attacks. Therefore, there is a problem wherein the security level of the NTRU encryption declines when FOSRT is applied to the NTRU encryption according to this method.
Also, even if the replacement method used as the above mentioned common key encryption is applied to get the n-dimensional array, it uses a memory table requiring a vast amount of memory, which is regarded as a problem.

Numerical array output device, a numerical array output method, an encryption device, and a decryption device

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A measuring tape has a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding. The check device is installed within the casing and positioned between a winding wheel and a ruler body. The check device comprises a rotary wheel formed by an elastic wheel and two ratchets; a guide block having stop blocks; a stop claw; a driven element installed between the press button and the stop claw; and a press. By above components, the ruler body can be installed between the elastic wheel and the guide block. As the ruler body is pulled out, it can be stopped automatically. Only after pressing the press button, the ruler body rewinds. Thereby, the user may operate it by only one hand not to worry about that the hand will be hurt due to the rewinding of the ruler body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a measuring tape, and particularly to a measuring tape having a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding. As a ruler body is pulled out, it can be stopped automatically. After pressing a press button, the ruler body rewinds by the elastic force of the reed. Thereby, the user operates it by only one hand not to worry about that the hand will be hurt due to rewinding of the ruler body.
2. Description of Related Art
The prior measuring tape is installed with a check device. When the ruler body is pulled out, the ruler body will rewind due to the winding spring in the winding wheel. Therefore, a check device is used to fix the ruler body and prevent the ruler body from rewinding. There are two kinds of check devices. One is a positioning switch which is a press button having two operation stages. As the press button is pressed backwards, the ruler body will be positioned and the winding wheel stops to rotate, while as the press button is pressed forwards, the ruler body will be released and the winding wheel rotates to rewind the ruler body. The second kind is an intermittent operation switch. In this switch, a button is pressed by a finger. When the button is pressed continuously, the winding wheel will be stopped so as not to rotate, while if the button is released, the ruler body will rewind.
In general, only one hand is used to pull the ruler body. In pulling the ruler body, it is necessary to prevent the ruler body from rewinding, otherwise, the measurement work can not be executed. Therefore, the thumb and first finger must pinch the casing of the ruler body tightly, and another hand serves to pull the ruler body continuously. However, it is often that the hand is hurt since the finger and thumb release the ruler body carelessly. This is dangerous to the users, especially, children.
Accordingly, the primary object of the present invention is to provide a measuring tape having a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding, wherein only after pressing a press button, the ruler body rewinds. Thereby, the user may operate it by only one hand not to worry about that the hand will be hurt due to the rewinding force of the ruler body.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a measuring tape having a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding, wherein when a user presses a press button by a thumb, a block will push the press plate downwards. Then the press plate presses the resisting plate of the stop claw. Thereby, claw pieces will curl upwards and then separates from the ratchets. Therefore, the rotary wheel will separate from the claw pieces to be in a free condition.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a measuring tape having a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding, wherein the rewinding of the ruler body is by pressing a button, and thus the operation is simple and safe. Moreover, in rewinding the ruler body, the button can be pressed properly so that the ruler body rewinds slowly.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a measuring tape having a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding, wherein the user may pull the ruler body rapidly, thereby, the operation time is reduced.
To achieve above objects, the present invention provides measuring tape having a check device for automatically preventing a ruler from rewinding. The check device is installed within the casing and positioned between a winding wheel and a ruler body. The check device comprises a rotary wheel formed by an elastic wheel at a center portion and two ratchets at two sides of the elastic wheel; a guide block formed at a lower end of the rotary wheel and having stop blocks; a stop claw; a driven element installed between the press button and the stop claw; and a press. By above components, the ruler body can be installed between the elastic wheel and the guide block. As the ruler body is pulled out, it can be stopped automatically.
The various objects and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the appended drawing.

Measuring tape having check device for automatically preventing ruler from rewinding


A method and system controls transmit power by combining the advantages of digital attenuation and analog baseband step attenuators by calibration to overcome the limitations of analog step attenuators. The calibration technique uses highly accurate digital attenuators to determine the actual sizes of the analog steps as analog step attenuator is stepped through a range of attenuation levels. A method of calibration accurately measures attenuation steps comparison to a digital attenuator so that the attenuation actually realized by the analog step attenuator is accurately known. Therefore, the difference between the attenuation realized by the analog step attenuator and the desired attenuation is accurately known. The difference is realized in the digital attenuator and the attenuation resulting from the composite of the digital and analog step attenuator can very accurately realize the requested attenuation.

Cellular communications systems often require that the radiated power from the transmitter be tightly controlled. Controlling the transmit power levels has several advantages. First, control allows minimizing the transmitted power which allows the overall power consumed by the cellular radio can be reduced. This reduction extends battery life which is an important metric in design of cellular handsets. Power control is also required for closed loop power control between the base station and the mobile device for system functionality in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, as necessitated by the protocol used.
Controlling the transmitted power also has the affect of reducing the interference level in a cellular system. Often the total number of users in a cellular system is interference limited. In an interference-limited system the performance of any given communications link is limited by the interference generated by the transmitted signals of the many other communications links in use in the cellular system. If all transmitted signals in the cellular system are controlled to more accurately transmit at appropriate levels necessary to establish a given quality of service, then the total interference will also be minimized. By minimizing the total interference level generated by each communications link, the total number of communications links can be increased. However, increased accuracy typically cannot occur without increased cost.
In general, tightly controlling the transmitted power level is not trivial. One technique commonly used to control the transmit power is to use a digital multiplier to adjust the transmit power level while the signal is still represented digitally. The digital multiplier allows very precise control of transmit power and is very economical in both silicon area and power consumption. However, because the digital signal must be converted to an analog signal before transmission, attenuation occurs before a digital to analog conversion. Digital to analog converters usually have a limited dynamic range and extending the dynamic range of the converters is expensive. By placing a digital multiplier before the digital to analog converter, the dynamic range of the converter must be increased by at least the amount of the desired control range of the transmit signal. The increase in dynamic range of the digital to analog converter is, therefore, usually expensive and increases the power consumption of the digital to analog converter to a prohibitive extent.
A second method commonly used to vary transmit power levels is the use of voltage controlled amplifiers (VCA) in the RF portion of the radio. VCAs are placed after the digital to analog converters and therefore do not affect the required dynamic range of these devices. However, VCA's require a great deal of power to operate at high frequencies and occupy a large area.
A third method employed to control transmit power involves analog step attenuators. Analog "baseband" step attenuators have low power drain and can be realized in a small area. However, analog step attenuators tend to be inaccurate and do not allow the small steps or fine granularity in attenuation required by current cellular standards to meet transient adjacent channel leakage specifications.
Therefore, a need exists for a transmit power control system which simultaneously realizes small steps in attenuation, achieve great accuracy, consume little power, and occupies a small area.

Method and apparatus for a high performance and high dynamic range baseband power control system


A method of preparing (+)-calanolide A, 1, a potent HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, from chromene 4 is provided. According to the disclosed method, chromene 4 intermediate was subjected to a chlorotitanium-mediated aldol reaction with acetaldehyde to selectively produce (.+-.)-8a. Separation and enzyme-mediated resolution of (.+-.)-8a produced (+)-8a. Cyclization of (+)-8a under neutral Mitsunobu conditions followed by Luche reduction of (+)-7 produced (+)-calanolide A in high yield and enantiomeric purity. The method of the invention has been extended to produce potent antiviral calanolide A analogues.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is also called human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) or AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV), was first isolated in 1982 and has been identified as the etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and related diseases. Since then, chemotherapy of AIDS has been one of the most challenging scientific endeavors. So far, AZT, ddC, ddI, 3TC and D4T have been approved by FDA and are being clinically used as drugs for the treatment of AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Although these FDA-approved drugs can extend the life of AIDS patients and improve their quality of life, none of these drugs are capable of curing the disease. Bone-marrow toxicity and other side effects as well as the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains limit the long-term use of these agents..sup.1 On the other hand, the number of AIDS patients worldwide has increased dramatically within the past decade and estimates of the reported cases in the very near future also continue to rise dramatically. It is therefore apparent that there is a great need for other promising drugs having improved selectivity and activity to combat AIDS..sup.1 Several approaches including chemical synthesis, natural products screening, and biotechnology have been utilized to identify compounds targeting different stages of HIV replication for therapeutic intervention..sup.2
Very recently, the screening program at the National Cancer Institute has discovered a class of remarkably effective anti-HIV natural products, named calanolides, from the rain forest tree Calophyllum lanigerum, with calanolide A, 1, being the most potent compound in the reported series..sup.3 For example, calanolide A demonstrated 100% protection against the cytopathic effects of HIV-1, one of two distinct types of HIV, down to a concentration of 0.1 .mu.M. This agent also halted HIV-1 replication in human T-lymphoblastic cells (CEM-SS)(EC.sub.50 =0.1 .mu.M/IC.sub.50 =20 .mu.M)..sup.3 More interestingly and importantly, calanolide A was found to be active against both the AZT-resistant G-9106 strain of HIV as well as the pyridinone-resistant A17 virus..sup.3 Thus, the calanolides, known as HIV-1 specific reverse transcriptase inhibitors, represent novel anti-HIV chemotherapeutic agents for drug development.
A natural source of calanolide A is limited..sup.4 Consequently, a practical synthesis of the natural product must be developed for further study and development to be carried out on this active and promising series of compounds. Herein, we describe, a method for the synthesis of (.+-.)-calanolide A, (+)-calanolide A and calanolide A analogues. ##STR1##

Method for the preparation of (+)-calanolide A and analogues thereof


A system (10) for simulating an operating environment, such as aircraft cockpit for use in training. The system (10) includes a video storage device (46) for storing and transmitting an image of the operating environment. The video storage device (46) is coupled to a video monitor (58) for displaying the stored image. A graphics generator (54) generates an overlay image simulating the appearance of displays and manipulable controls in the operating environment in a plurality of its manipulative states. The graphics overlays may be manipulated by means of a touch sensitive screen (64) to simulate the operation of the manipulable controls. The system also includes an interactive system (12) for authoring and editing the overlays as well as the simulation process.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to training systems, and more particularly to an interactive reconfigurable simulator and training system.
2. Discussion
Complex human operated systems often place great demands on their operators. Consequently, the training these operators require can demand a significant investment to achieve the desired level of skill and proficiency. Examples of such systems having high training costs include sophisticated stationary process control systems, as well as ground and airborne vehicles.
In most of these types of systems, the expense of using actual hardware for the bulk of the training process is prohibitive. Consequently, simulators have been developed to simulate the operating environment in many of these systems to permit low cost extensive training experience for prospective operators. For example, in pilot training, it is common to use hardware mockups of an aircraft cockpit coupled with a computer generated simulated view of the exterior terrain to give new pilots an experience with the myriad controls and situations with which they must be familiar with to operate the actual aircraft.
While such simulators are much less expensive than using an actual system for training, hardware mockups are still relatively expensive to construct. Moreover, in many systems design changes are ongoing and frequent. As a result, a hardware mockup may quickly become obsolete and must then be modified or reconstructed at considerable cost.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide a training simulator which is relatively inexpensive. Further it would be desirable to provide a training simulator which provides a realistic simulation of an actual operating environment at a minimal cost. In addition, it would be desirable to provide such a training system which can be easily modified in response to changes in the design or appearance of the system.

Trainer using video photographs and overlays for reconfigurable hardware simulation


The present invention provides an insertion device and method for implanting a biosensor into a patient subject. In one embodiment, a biosensor is stored in the instrument's hydration chamber which enables the biosensor to maintain proper hydration and sterilization prior to insertion. The instrument further includes a plunger that travels along a channel within the support device. After the biosensor is placed into the channel, the user pushes the plunger causing the biosensor to move through the channel and a hollow tube and into the patient subject. The present invention also provides for packaging and storing a biosensor and insertion device so that the biosensor is hydrated and sterile prior to insertion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the insertion of subcutaneous biosensors and, more specifically, to a device and method for implanting a biosensor at a selected site within the body of a patient.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Biosensors have been increasingly used to monitor physical characteristics of human and animal subjects. Such biosensors can be placed underneath the skin of a subject and used to measure, for example, blood glucose levels. An example of such a biosensor can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,464, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. There, an optical-based biosensor is disclosed which is capable of detecting the presence or amount of analyte in blood. Of course, such biosensors must be compatible with human and animal tissue and must maintain their integrity within moisture-rich environments. Oftentimes, the exterior of the biosensors are made of materials sensitive to the drying effects of air and must be constantly hydrated in order to maintain device integrity. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,330,464 discloses optical based sensors with fluorescent indicator molecules distributed throughout a matrix layer coated on the exterior surface of the sensor body. Of course, the biosensors must also be kept sterilized prior to insertion into the subject in order to avoid infection.
Certain insertion devices are known in the art for implanting sensors subcutaneously into subjects. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,787,384 discloses a system and device for implanting a solid identification marker underneath the animal's skin that allows scientists to mark a given animal for tracking or testing purposes. However, this system has several disadvantages. First, the system contains at least one projection extending into the hollow tube that is configured to trap the marker in place by friction fitting. Such a projection could damage the coating of a biosensor, especially in the case where the exterior surface of the biosensor is coated with an indicator chemistry and the like. Also, the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,787,384 does not teach or suggest providing for consistent hydration of the marker for the period prior to insertion. Accordingly, the disclosure provides no means of hydrating a biosensor.
Insertion devices for implanting sensors are also described in, among others, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,936,006, 5,074,318 and 5,002,548.
What is desired, therefore, is a system and method to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art and to effectively store and insert sterilized biosensors into subjects while preserving biosensor integrity.


A method for preventing overheating of a microwave oven including a controller for controlling an output level of a magnetron is disclosed. The method includes: a) receiving information of cooking conditions and a cooking start command input by a user, the cooking conditions including an output level of the magnetron for subsequent cooking, b) detecting a pausing period of time from a time of finishing preceding cooking to a time of starting the subsequent cooking if it is determined that the output level of the magnetron is greater than a preset output level thereof, and c) operating the microwave oven at the preset output level after changing the output level to the preset output level according to the detected pausing period. According to this method, components of the microwave oven are effectively prevented from being overheated while maintaining cooking efficiency.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for preventing overheating of a microwave oven.
2. Description of the Related Art
A microwave oven is a kitchen appliance based on a principle that generates heat via molecular motion of the food itself by passing microwave radiation at a frequency of about 2,450 MHz through the food within a metallic case.
In the microwave oven, when microwave radiation at the frequency of about 2,450 MHz is oscillated from a magnetron, and passes through the food in a cooking chamber, molecules constituting the food are charged to have a positive charge and a negative charge arranged at opposite sides thereof by the microwave radiation. At this time, the molecules have the positive charge at one side near a negative polarity of electric field created by the microwave beam, and the negative charge at the other side near a positive polarity of the electric field.
In this regard, polarity of electric field is changed two thousand four hundred and fifty million times per second, and causes severe collisions between the molecules, so that the food is cooked by heat created by the collision of the molecules of the food.
FIG. 1 is a constructional view illustrating a conventional microwave oven.
As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional microwave oven comprises a power terminal through which commercial alternating current power is supplied, a fan motor 50 connected with the power terminal to drive a cooling fan for cooling various electric components, a tray motor 60 connected in parallel with the fan motor 50 to rotate a tray of a cooling chamber, a high voltage transformer 70 connected with the power source to supply high voltage power to a magnetron.
In addition, a fuse 80 and a door switch 90 are connected in series between the power terminal and the fan motor 50 in which the door switch 90 is switched on and off according to opening and closing of a door of the microwave oven. A sub relay 30 is connected between the power terminal and the fan motor 50, and a main relay 40 is connected between the fan motor 50 and a primary coil of the high voltage transformer 70.
The microwave oven further comprises a controller 20 which outputs a control signal in order to control the main relay 40 and the sub relay 30 to be switched on/off according to a key signal input from a key input part 10. The sub relay 30 is switched on/off according to the control signal from the controller 20, and serves to supply or cut off the commercial AC power through the power terminal to or from the fan motor 50, the tray motor 60, and the high voltage transformer 70. The main relay 40 is switched on or off according to the control signal from the controller 20, and serves to supply or cut off the commercial AC power through the power terminal to or from the high voltage transformer 70.
In the conventional microwave oven, when the magnetron is continuously operated for a long period of time by supplying power to the high voltage transformer 70, various electric components of the microwave oven including the high voltage transformer 70 are liable to be overheated, and thus it is necessary to control an output level according to a cooking period of time.
However, the conventional microwave oven has a problem in that, since the output level is determined depending on the cooking period of time, the electric components can be damaged due to overheating of the microwave oven which can occur when an internal temperature of the microwave oven before or after cooking is not considered in the case where the microwave oven is continuously operated without a pause or with intervals of short pauses.

Method for preventing overheating of microwave oven


A method for initial downlink transmit power adjustment for non-real time services in a wireless communications network begins by estimating an initial downlink transmit power level for non-real-time services. The estimated power level is then compared with a threshold. A determination is made whether an increase in the estimated power level would affect neighboring cells. If an increase would not affect neighboring cells, then the initial downlink transmit power level is adjusted by a predetermined amount.

Due to the bursty nature of non-real-time (NRT) services, the allocation of physical resources for NRT services is also bursty and short. For each allocation, the accuracy of initial downlink transmit power is important to the experienced quality of service, such as the block error rate (BLER), of the allocation. Currently, the initial downlink transmit power is estimated by the controlling radio network controller (C-RNC) using two different schemes according to the availability of measurements.
Due to factors such as fading, mobility, measurement reporting delay, and errors, the initial downlink transmit power can be significantly different from the actual required power to support the signal to interference ratio (SIR). If the initial downlink transmit power is significantly lower than the actual required power, the actual SIR in the beginning of the allocation will be much lower than the required SIR, which will cause many transmission errors. Since the allocation for NRT services is usually short, errors encountered in the beginning of the allocation may not be averaged out through the short allocation duration to meet the required BLER.

Initial downlink transmit power adjustment for non-real-time services using dedicated or shared channel


This invention has an objective to improve durability at elevated temperature in organic electroluminescent devices using coumarin derivatives as dopant in a luminescent layer. This invention attains the above objective by providing in the organic electroluminescent devices formed by laminating an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transportation layer, a luminescent layer, an electron transportation layer and a cathode in this order, the luminescent layer which comprises as dopant the green light-emitting coumarin derivative and hole- and electron-transporting substances as host; said coumarin derivative consisting of a plurality of coumarin groups bound to an aromatic ring, heterocycle, or any combination thereof, and exhibiting a glass transition point of 150° C. or higher or a melting point of 297° C. or higher.

In this age of the growing importance of information, organic EL devices have been highlighted as displaying device of the next generation. Hitherto, cathode-ray tubes have been predominantly used in information displaying equipments in larger sizes. Cathode-ray tubes are however large in both volume and weight and high in operation voltage, thus they may be unsuitable in compact equipments.
More required are information displaying equipments which are in a thinner and lighter panel form and operable with a lower voltage and less power consumption. Liquid crystal devices have been extensively used in various fields because of the merit that they are operable with a lower voltage and less power consumption.
Liquid crystal devices however have the demerits that one can hardly receive a clear information therefrom when he or she views them at an angle outside the specific ranges, as well as that their power consumption is not so low as expected because they usually require backlight. Organic EL devices have been proposed as information displaying means which may overcome the above demerits.
Organic EL devices are classified into light-emitting devices which utilize a luminescence such as fluorescence or phosphorescence: They usually comprise a luminescent layer incorporated with a luminescent compound and inserted between a cathode and anode to which dc voltage is energized to inject holes and electrons in the luminescent layer so that a pair of hole and electron recouple each other to make in the luminescent compound an excited state which subsequently returns to the ground state to emit such a luminescence.
Organic EL devices are characterized in that their luminescent color tint can be controlled to a desired level by selecting an appropriate organic compound to be used as host compound in forming a luminescent layer, and screening a guest compound (or dopant) which may most suit to the host compound. Further, luminescence brightness and life expectancy may be remarkably improved, depending upon the combination of host-and guest-compounds.
Organic EL devices have been deemed to be excellent in principle because of the fact that they emit light in an autonomous manner, and this removes the dependency of visual field angle from information displaying equipments. Also, that they require no backlight and this would advantageously save power consumption.
Many of organic EL devices proposed hitherto however have a problem of durability: Their brightness may decay within a short period of time when used under severe conditions, for example, in case of equipping them to cars and automobiles where mechanical vibrations and high temperatures are unavoidable.
In display panels which are driven in dot matrix mode and required for elevated brightness, any brightness decay would be a serious problem. Such decay is most remarkable in green light-emitting devices which usually exhibit the highest brightness in full color panels. This may be due to the fact that there have been available no green dopant materials with a high efficiency and satisfactorily high thermal resistance.
As to green dopant materials, coumarin derivatives have been employed in usual cases. They may be useful as functional organic materials in the field of organic electronics, particularly, as luminescent materials in organic EL devices because they have absorption and luminescent maxima in the visible region, as well as having a property of emitting a visible light when excited.
3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-7-(diethylamino) coumarin, a typical high efficient green dopant material commercialized under the trade name of "COUMARIN 6" for use in conventional organic EL devices, has been proved to be insufficient for durability at elevated temperature because its glass transition point is not so high (99° C.). Because of this, it is hard to apply it to organic EL devices directed to use in cars and automobiles which causes elevated temperature, for example, 100° C. or higher.
In order to realize an enhanced durability which may render coumarin derivatives useful as dopant in organic EL devices, there have been proposed a series of coumarin derivatives which bear at the C-3 position in coumarin skeleton a benzothiazolyl group as substituent and form a julolidine ring including carbons at the C-6 to C-8 positions in coumarin skeleton, in addition to another series of coumarin derivatives where a hydrocarbon group is bound to the C-4 position in coumarin skeleton and a julolidine- and a benzothiazole-groups are placed at any positions other than the C-4 position in coumarin skeleton: Such a coumarin derivative may exhibit an enhanced durability at elevated temperature while retaining the high efficient green luminescence of COUMARIN 6 (see Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 2001-76,876 and 2002-226,484).
Although coumarin derivatives as disclosed in Japanese Patent Kokai Nos. 2001-76,876 and 2002-226,484 have been proved to be capable of emitting a remarkable luminescence in the green region and this may render them very useful as luminescent agent in organic EL devices, as well as of much more enhancing durability at elevated temperature than COUMARIN 6, the improvement is not enough to apply them to organic EL devices directed to use in cars and automobiles where ambient temperature for organic EL devices becomes 100° C. or higher because the glass transition point of such a coumarin derivative is still 150° C. or lower.
In view of the above described problems, the objective of the present invention is to improve the durability at elevated temperature in organic EL devices where coumarin derivatives are used as dopant in luminescent layer.

Kabushiki Kaisha Hayashibara Seibutsu Kagaku Kenkyujo


A solid scintillator in an embodiment includes a polycrystal body of an oxide having a garnet structure. In the solid scintillator, a linear transmittance at a wavelength of 680 nm is 10% or more. The oxide constituting the solid scintillator has a composition represented by, for Example, General formula: (Gd1−α−β−γTbαLuβCeγ)3(Al1−xGax)aOb, wherein 0<α≦0.55, 0<β≦0.55, 0.0001≦γ≦0.1, α+β+γ<1, 0<x<1, 4.8≦a≦5.2, 11.6≦b≦12.4.

In the fields of medical diagnosis and industrial nondestructive inspection, an X-ray examination device such as an X-ray computed tomographic photographing device (X-ray CT device) is used. The X-ray CT device has a structure in which an X-ray tube (X-ray source) to emit fan beam X-rays in a fan shape and an X-ray detector having many X-ray detecting elements arranged in parallel are arranged opposite each other with a tomographic surface of a specimen as a center. In the X-ray CT device, the fan beam X-rays are emitted from the X-ray tube to the X-ray detector, and, for Example, an angle is changed by one degree at a time with respect to the tomographic surface every time the emission is performed, and thereby collection of X-ray absorption data is performed. The X-ray absorption data are analyzed in a computer to calculate an X-ray absorptance at each position of the tomographic surface, and thereby an image according to the X-ray absorptances is constituted.
In the X-ray detector of the X-ray CT device, a solid scintillator to emit visible light by stimulation with X-rays is used. The solid scintillator is a single crystal scintillator or a polycrystalline ceramic scintillator. The development of an X-ray detector combined with such a solid scintillator and a photodiode is promoted. By using the X-ray detector using the solid scintillator, it is easy to increase the number of channels by downsizing the detecting element, and therefore high resolution of the X-ray CT device can be achieved.
As the solid scintillator to be used for the X-ray detector, there are known single crystal bodies such as cadmium tungstate (CdWO4), sodium iodide (NaI), and cesium iodide (CsI), and polycrystalline ceramics such as europium-activated barium fluoride chloride (BaFCl:Eu), terbium-activated lanthanum oxybromide (LaOBr:Tb), thallium-activated cesium iodide (CsI:Tl), calcium tungstate (CaWO4), cadmium tungstate (CdWO4), europium-activated gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3:Eu), and praseodymium-activated gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2O2S:Pr).
Rare earth oxysulfide ceramics such as (Gd1−xRrx)2O2S (0.0001≦x≦0.01) and (Gd1−x−yPrxCey)2O2S (0.0001≦x≦0.01, 0≦y≦0.005) have properties of a large X-ray absorption coefficient and a short afterglow time of light emission. Apart from this, rare earth oxide ceramics having a garnet structure are also known as a solid scintillator. The rare earth oxide ceramics having a garnet structure have a property of excellent light output. However, in the X-ray CT device, an exposure dose of a subject is desirably further decreased. Therefore, the solid scintillator is required to achieve higher sensitivity and to decrease an afterglow time in order to shorten a scanning time.
On the other hand, in the security fields of a baggage inspection device and the like at an airport as antiterrorism measures attracting attention recently, a solid scintillator made of a single crystal body of cadmium tungstate is frequently used. The single crystal body of cadmium tungstate is inferior in properties to rare earth oxysulfide ceramics and rare earth oxide ceramics having a garnet structure, but is superior in cost to them because it is low in cost. However, the single crystal body of cadmium tungstate has a risk of worsening the environment because cadmium is a noxious substance. With regard to the rare earth oxide ceramics having a garnet structure, improvement in light output is achieved by improvement of an oxide composition or the like, but further improvement in properties is required.

Solid scintillator, radiation detector, and radiation examination device


A system for reinforcement learning based controlled natural language generation is disclosed. The system includes a token generator subsystem to generate an initial output phrase including a sequence of output tokens. The system includes trained models associated with corresponding predefined tasks. Each trained model includes an attention layer to compute attention-based weights for each output token. The trained models include a scoring layer to generate a phrase sequence level score for the output phrase. The trained models include a reward generation layer to generate dense rewards for each output token based on the attention-based weights and the phrase sequence level score. The trained models include a feedback score generation layer to generate a feedback score based on the dense rewards and reward weights assigned to the dense rewards of the corresponding trained models. The feedback score generation layer provides the feedback score iteratively to the token generator subsystem.

Embodiment of the present disclosure relates to reinforcement learning and, more particularly to, a system and a method for reinforcement learning based controlled natural language generation.
Controlled Natural language generation in artificial intelligence is a process to generate natural language conditioned on the input data such as text style transfer, machine translation and summarization. Reinforcement learning based methods have been used to train such systems as carefully designed training can help to improve controlled natural language generation system by making it generalize well on unseen data. Various reinforcement learning-based controlled natural language generation systems are currently available in market with numerous features. One example of the controlled natural language generation is text style transfer which is the task of re-writing text of a given style into a target style without using a parallel corpus of source style and target style sentences for training. The text style transfer is an important natural language generation problem since the text style transfer has wide applications across different domains. The text style transfer has been used to adapt texts to specific artistic writing styles, make texts formal or informal, alter sentiment or the like.
One such system involves a challenge of 'sparse rewards' which contains the rewards which are only available at the output sentence level. However, the generative models need rewards at the output token level. In order to overcome such problem, the aforementioned systems utilize potential-based reward shaping techniques to get token level rewards. The most popular technique among such technique is the 'rollout' strategy. However, the rollout strategy does not allow for precise reward assignment that penalizes a poorly generated token or encourages a well generated token of the output. As a result, such technique performs poorly as judged by human evaluations.
Hence, there is a need for an improved system and method for reinforcement learning-based text style transfer to address the aforementioned issue(s).

System and method for reinforcement learning based controlled natural language generation