A method for testing a bumped semiconductor die (14) is accomplished without excessively deforming the conductive bumps (200). In one form, testing is accomplished using a test contactor (12) which includes a deformable layer (204), such as an elastomer, which is patterned to include a plurality of openings (202) corresponding in pattern to the conductive bumps (200). The die is positioned next to the test contactor and the two are compressed together. The walls of the openings in the elastomeric material constrain the deformation of the conductive bumps in the X-Y plane due to the lateral pressure exerted on the sides of the conductive bumps. In a second form, a mechanical standoff (216) limits the extent to which the die and the test contactor can approach, thereby limiting the deformation in the Z-axis. In a third form, both elastomeric material and mechanical standoff act to constrain the deformation in the X-, Y-, and Z- axes.

Flip-chip semiconductor devices continue to gain popularity in the semiconductor industry due to the reduced size or footprint of the device upon being mounted to a user's substrate. In flip-chip devices, a semiconductor die is flip-chip mounted (active side down) to the user substrate, and electrical connections are made between the user's substrate and the active circuitry of the die through a plurality of conductive bumps. Typically, the conductive bumps are pre-formed on the active surface of the semiconductor die. The conductive bumps can be made of solder, gold, a conductive epoxy, or the like, and can be formed by selective evaporation, plating, or using a lithographic patterning process.
Regardless of the bump material or the manner in which the bumps are formed, conductive bumps formed on the die have a tendency to become deformed prior to the time the user is ready to flip-chip mount the die to a substrate. A primary cause of bump deformation is that induced by testing the die. Testing the die, be it in the form of probe, functional test, or burn-in, involves physically contacting the conductive bumps of the die with some form of test contact, such as a probe needle, an array probe wire, a test pin, or the like. If the bump material is soft (e.g. in the case of gold or lead-tin solder bumps), deformation is more likely. Likewise, if testing is performed at an elevated temperature (e.g. above 70.degree. C.) or for extended periods of time (e.g. over several hours), deformation is more likely.
Examples of problems associated with deformed bumps include the following: if deformed too badly 1) a bump can electrically short-circuit to a neighboring bump; 2) it can be difficult to connect the bump through a solder mask opening on the user's substrate; 3) it can be difficult to make adequate contact to a pad on the user's substrate; 4) a vision system can reject the bump as defective or may not be able to recognize the bump; 5) the deformation can lead to the creation of voids in the bump; 6) there may be insufficient standoff height between the die and the user substrate once attached; and 7) the mere appearance of the bump will cause the die to be rejected by the customer or user.
Prior art solutions to overcome the problems associated with deformed bumps are not cost-effective solutions. One solution is to expose the die to an elevated temperature reflow operation. For example, if using a high-lead solder (e.g. greater than 90% lead and less than 10% tin), a reflow at or above 300.degree. C. (e.g. at 365.degree. C.) will cause the solder to melt and reform in an essentially spherical shape, without evidence of the prior deformation. However, such a reflow process is time consuming and requires a flux material to be applied and removed from the die. If performed at the die level, as opposed to the wafer level, the application and removal of the flux material is quite cumbersome. Furthermore, such a reflow process cannot be used with conductive solder bumps where the lead and tin (or other bump constituents) are not commingled, such as in the case of forming an Extended Evaporated Eutectic (E-3) bump as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,787 by Greer et al. and assigned to the assignee hereof.
Accordingly, there is a need in the semiconductor industry for a method for testing bumped semiconductor devices without excessively deforming or otherwise damaging the bumps. Furthermore, it is desirable that such a method be cost-effective, be performed with minimal or no additional processing steps, and be extendible as bump dimensions shrink.

Method for testing a bumped semiconductor die


A random data recording area and a serial data recording area are placed in a radial direction on the same surface of a zoned constant angular velocity disk. The random data recording area is located at an inner circumference of the disk, while the serial data recording area is located at an outer circumference of the disk. The random data recording area consists of a rewritable random data recording area and a read-only random data recording area, wherein the read-only random data recording area is placed at an inner circumference of the disk. The serial data recording area consists of a rewritable serial data recording area and a read-only serial data recording area, wherein the read-only serial data recording area is placed at an outer circumference of the disk.

Among the information recording media, there have been a recording medium suitable for recording serial data, for example a magnetic tape or a compact disk(CD), which is ideal for recording continuous data like sound, picture, etc., and a recording medium suitable for recording random data used for computer peripherals such as a floppy disk device and a magnetic hard disk device (hereinafter referred to as HDD); in both types of the media, the recording format is already set to be suitable for either one of the recording conditions, namely, recording of serial data or recording of random data.
In the mean time, as a result of progress in information processing capability of computers, sound and picture information are increasingly handled together with various other data. In such occasions, namely in an environment so called multimedia where sound and picture information and various other data are handled mixed, CD-ROMs and HDDs have been frequently used as information recording media.
However, when serial data like sound and picture are recorded on an HDD which is suitable for recording random data, the data that should be continuous are often splitted and placed scattered on a disk as a result of the error sector replacement or by an action of the operating system used, causing interrupted sound/picture during data reproduction, although the device has an advantage in executing recovery of data error or failure of a disk, or in information search capability.
On the other hand, in a CD-ROM, which is suitable for recording serial data, the continuity of data is assured because of the format structure, however the medium takes time in seaching of random data contained in the multimedia information.
The present invention intends to prevent the deterioration of performance that should arise when recording random data on an above mentioned conventional recording medium which is intrinsically suitable to record serial data or when recording serial data on a recording medium which is suitable to record random data, and to maintain the continuity of data by providing serial data with a recording format that is suitable to serial data, as well as to shorten the access time by providing random data with a recording format that is suitable to random data; thereby offering an information recording medium, an information recording method and an information recording apparatus that implements these two kinds of data simultaneously on one recording medium.

Optical recording medium having both serial data and random data recording areas

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A system comprising templates for entering and displaying information/data, such as in a Web page or browser, or in the interface for software or an operating system is disclosed. The screen is divided into an array of grids filling the entire area of the template. At least one, and preferably a majority of the grids are dimensioned based on the proportions of traditional Japanese tatami mats. The grids guide design decisions made by the interface designer or graphics designer in carving up and organizing a page, creating an underlying structure and framework for laying out and displaying the information/data. A primary application of the template is in interface and website design, in which the template automatically divides the screen into frames, each frame being used to enter, edit and/or display information on the computer screen or Web page. The system optionally allows an end-user to reposition the grids within the template, reorganizing the information/data to suit specific needs. The system also has application to the control of the directional flow of language, wherein repositionable grids are oriented to facilitate vertical or horizontal flow of text positioned within said grids.

Initially, the Internet was a private network for government and academia that facilitated the exchange of text-based research across electronically-linked phone lines. More recently, the World Wide Web ("the Web") has grown from the Internet to include a broader demographic reach by enabling the transmittal of multiple types of media in addition to plain text. However, despite the sophistication of contemporary browser technologies, the web remains an increasingly difficult environment in which to present complex information in a simple manner.
In the absence of compositional limitations, content developers try desperately to incorporate a wide variety of material types, including text and images, charts and research databases, stock tickers and transactional services, search engines and reference materials, plus personal files, linked files, and even linked applications. Additionally, this array of content and material types is being delivered and filtered through constantly changing technology and with ever evolving modes of presentation. While there are new and better delivery vehicles for this endless stream of content, what is missing is an underlaying visual structure for organizing and displaying this content.
Web-site authoring software assists content developers in creating the hyper-text mark-up language ("HTML") necessary to enable such material to be "published" on the Web, but the resulting material is often poorly presented, and difficult to access, to navigate, and to understand. Some Web-site authoring tools, such as Fusion™, available from NetObjects of Redwood City, Calif., offer a variety of page templates for the insertion and subsequent display of information including text and graphics. These page templates are professionally designed single pages or forms containing generic content which is used as a placeholder for the content developers to replace with their own content or information. As such, the templates help the web page designer carve up a page or screen and create a framework in which information may be entered and displayed. Fusion™, for example, offers a variety of combined column and row based layout templates, as well as a set of templates designed for specific subject matter such as archives, billing forms, calendar of events, employee profiles, etc.
Although generic templates offer an attempted solution to this "web" of confusion, a more harmonious system of templates is needed to make this solution more reliable and more adaptable for different user needs. Accordingly, a system that offers a reliable and flexible toolkit for information architecture and display, and that provides a series of harmonious and coordinated templates to help developers edit, organize, and display their content to the users who need them most, is needed.
Further, such a system for information architecture and management has numerous potential applications, including but not limited to a series of layout templates for site-authoring software; an interface structure for user-driven information arrangement within an Internet or Intranet browser (e.g., user-driven personalization in My Netscape™ or My Yahoo™); or an interface structure for organizing files at the level of a computer operating system (e.g. windows sizeable and moveable by a user, but constrained to a given grid, or that open in fixed sizes, or that "snap to" fixed positions on a pre-determined grid structure). In each instance, the proposed invention offers a system for creating order in the display of information.
Because information is often presented on a computer screen, the manner of presentation on such a screen is an important aspect of the above objects. Computer screens generally are in the form of a rectangular module. Although at first impression, the shape of a computer screen may be considered uninteresting, user perception of the screen, and the information thereby displayed, is in fact influenced by a host of cultural associations. Consequently, interpretations of something as simple as a rectangle can vary, suggesting different social, symbolic, metaphorical, aesthetic and even spiritual qualities that affect our understanding of, and relationship to, a computer interface through a computer screen.

Method and system for computer screen layout based on a recombinant geometric modular structure


Systems, methodologies, media and other embodiments associated with peak detectors are described. One exemplary system embodiment includes a voltage peak detector comprising a first detector logic configured to detect a peak voltage of an input signal. The first detector logic has a circuit behavior that produces a leakage current that may alter the peak voltage. The system can also include a second detector logic configured to replicate the circuit behavior of the first detector logic including being configured to produce a replica leakage current that is equivalent to the leakage current. The second detector logic can be operably connected to the first detector logic to cause the replica leakage current to negate the leakage current.

Peak detectors are electronic components that have been used in a variety of applications. A peak detector can be formed, for example, of an arrangement of diodes and operational amplifiers. A peak detector may be defined as a circuit that follows the voltage peaks of a given input signal and stores a maximum voltage value, for example, on a capacitor. During a selected time interval, if a maximum peak voltage comes along, the maximum voltage value is stored. It will be appreciated that the peak level is relative to a common mode level and hence could be the highest or lowest voltage. At the end of the time interval or at a desired event/condition, the input signal is disconnected from the storage capacitor and the capacitor is discharged to determine the stored peak voltage that was obtained during the time interval. The circuit can then be reset, the capacitor recharged to a predetermined level, and the sequence can be repeated to determine the next voltage peaks. However, complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices may leak current even in an off state that may alter or distort the actual peak voltage value of a given input signal.

Peak detector systems and methods with leakage compensation

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A multi-view autostereoscopic projection system using a single projection lens unit. The projection type autostereoscopic system includes: a source of graphic signals representing at least three perspective views of a 3-D object on at least three parts of a frame, the at least three perspective views being directly or reflectively projected vertically or horizontally in a predetermined order, an image projector connected to the source of graphic signals, an image screen disposed across from the image projector, and first and second parallel plane mirrors installed between a projection lens of the image projector and the image screen to be substantially parallel to a projection axis at the same distance from the projection axis such that the first and second parallel plane mirrors are separated from each other by a predetermined distance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present general inventive concept relates to an autostereoscopic projection system, and more particularly, to an autostereoscopic projection system which can display a multi-view stereoscopic image using a single projection lens unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
An autostereoscopic display having a single projection lens and a single projection cathode ray tube (CRT) is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,839. In the referenced patent, stereoscopic images are displayed sequentially by simultaneously changing a direction of a projection beam. A disadvantage of the autostereoscopic display disclosed in the referenced patent is an influence of persistent image in a high frame rate image projector, and a bulky projection lens. A system employing only one projection panel to display all perspective views is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,474. However, the system of the referenced patent requires usage of more than one projection lens and corresponding illumination systems.
A stereo attachment for projectors and cameras is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,314,174. A disadvantage of the stereo attachment disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,314,174, lies in a certain level of keystone distortion of images projected by the stereo attachment. Perspective images are not focused properly onto an entire screen area due to the keystone distortion. This disadvantage leads to more complicated problems if the same technique is applied in a compact stereoscopic or an autostereoscopic display employing a wide angle image projection.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional stereoscopic system employing a single projection lens in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 2,314,174. The conventional stereoscopic system is used for stereoscopic cinema projection. Referring to FIG. 1, two adjacent perspective images recorded on a transparency 11 are simultaneously projected through a common projection lens 12 onto a screen 13. A mirrored prism 14, which is mounted near the projection lens 12, dissects a projection beam received from the projection lens 12 into two equal parts as partial beams, each of which is then reflected by a corresponding mirror 15 toward a corresponding polarizing filter 16. An angle of inclination of the mirrors 15 can be adjusted to converge image halves onto the screen 13. The two partial beams are perpendicularly polarized by the two corresponding polarizing filters 16. The two partial beams may be projected to a region 19 outside the screen 13 according to the angles of inclination of the corresponding mirrors 15.
If the corresponding mirrors 15 are parallel to facets of the prism 14, the two perspective images arriving at the region outside the screen 19 are focused without any distortion. However, the two perspective images are also separated from each other in a vertical direction when the corresponding mirrors 15 are parallel to the facets of the prism 14. For comfortable stereoscopic viewing, the vertical separation between the two perspective images should be minimized, which can be achieved by converging the two perspective images on a central part of the screen 13. To converge the two perspective images on the central part of the screen 13, the corresponding mirrors 15 should be declined at a certain angle, that is, about one-fourth of a projection angle. The projection angle is the angle at which the projection beam is projected by the projection lens 12. As a result, two images 17, which arrive at the screen 13, are unequally distorted and defocused everywhere except for one horizontal line on the central part of the screen 13.
The distortion of the two images 17 may be characterized as keystone distortion of different signs that produces undesirable perspective distortion of stereoscopic images. The greater the projection angle, the more distortion and defocusing that occurs in the two images 17. That is, the distortion and defocusing that occurs in compact types of stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays like desktop, kiosk etc., which employ a wide projection angle is typically much greater than in cinema projection. Yet another disadvantage of the conventional stereoscopic system is that it cannot be used for a multi-view autostereoscopic application.
Additionally, stereoscopic images are typically viewed through polarizing eyeglasses 18. A similar beam splitting projection system that uses a special screen for the autostereoscopic projection may be employed instead of the polarizing eyeglasses 18. However, it is difficult to manufacture this beam splitting projection system used for the autostereoscopic projection.

Multi-view autostereoscopic projection system using single projection lens unit


A retractable plug of power supply is comprised of a slide seat and a plug body. The slide seat is snap-fastened in a housing and metal pieces are arranged on sides of the plug body. An elastic lamella is disposed above the plug body, and a wedge block is located on the elastic lamella. The housing has a slot and a positioning hook part is provided on an inner wall face of the housing. A pushbutton is combined to the elastic lamella through the slot. The plug body is slidable in the slide seat by pushing the pushbutton in order to stretch metal pieces out of the housing. The metal pieces are prevented from being withdrawn into the housing by way of mutual retaining of the wedge and the positioning hook part, and such retaining could be released by pressing down the pushbutton to allow the withdrawal of the metal pieces into the housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to retractable plugs, particularly to a retractable plug of power supply, which is located at the housing of an electronic product for being stretched out or withdrawn back whenever desired.
2. The Prior Arts
Electric power is conventionally supplied to an electric product through an extension cord that connects a plug on the product with a jack that supplies electric power, or power is supplied directly by inserting a plug on the product into a jack Both ways are defective either in a liable falling off of the extension cord by a careless kick, or an unnatural appearance of the product.
Therefore, a novel thinking of this invention is aroused for dissolving the mentioned defects.


An electrical plug device is configured for the connection of a magnet coil and/or of a sensor element to a contact partner of a counterpiece cooperating with the electrical plug device. The electrical plug device has at least one first portion, which comprises the magnet coil and/or the sensor element and at least one electrical contact element. The magnet coil and/or the sensor element and the at least one electrical contact element of the first portion are non-detachably interconnected. The electrical plug device also has a second portion, which is produced separately from the first portion and is type-specific in relation to the counterpiece. The second portion is joined to the first portion and surrounds the electrical contact element, at least in part.

The disclosure relates to an electrical plug device and to a volume control valve and a method.
An electrical plug device arranged on an electrical module is known in general from the market, whereby the module can be separably connected for example to a supply voltage and/or a control voltage or the like. Such a module may be, for example, a volume control valve of a high-pressure fuel pump for a fuel system of a motor vehicle. Here, it is generally necessary to form the entire electrical plug device in a type-specific manner depending on an embodiment of an electrical contact partner. This may concern both an embodiment of a housing of the electrical plug device and an embodiment of one or more contact elements.

Electrical plug device for connection of a magnet coil and/or of a sensor element


A synchronization arrangement provides writer and reader entities access to an information resource, such as a trace buffer, located in a registry of a computer. The arrangement comprises a counter upon which atomic increments are performed to allocate entries of the trace buffer for temporarily storing trace message fragments provided by the writer entities. The arrangement also comprises reassembly queues for temporarily storing the message fragments sequentially retrieved from the trace buffer by the reader entities.

Software instrumentation generally includes software entities used for collecting, storing and retrieving performance metrics of a computer system. These software entities typically include writer entities for collecting the performance information and storing that information in a designated area of main memory, called a repository. The repository preferably holds the performance information for retrieval by reader entities, which may include application programs executing on the computer.
Namespace services impose a uniform structure on the information stored in repositories. A namespace is a collection of information managed by an operating system of the computer and a namespace service, or registry, is the entity that stores and organizes that information. The registry generally provides an application programming interface (API), which is a mechanism for an application program to obtain services from the operating system. APIs typically include a collection of system calls to the operating system requesting, for example, establishment of network connections on behalf of an application. Specifically, the application may, via system calls to the registry API, create, modify, request, add and delete information in the registry.
The performance information collected at the registry typically includes metrics relating to components of the computer system, such as a central processor unit (CPU), main memory, the operating system and input/output (I/O) system. Examples of the collected information include loading metrics of the CPU and bandwidth parameters of the memory, along with timing latencies for execution of a particular request involving the I/O system, e.g., how long it takes to complete the (entire or portions of the) request.
By collecting and retrieving performance information, the software instrumentation provides access to the internal state and behavior, i.e., "views", of the operating system and application software executing on the computer. Operating systems are complex pieces of software configured to, e.g., handle asynchronous events within a computer (such as interrupts from I/O devices), provide interprocess communication capabilities and implement complex network protocols. Operating systems also control execution of application programs; instances of those programs in execution are called processes.
Knowledge of the internal characteristics of an operating system and application processes is useful for debugging, optimization and design verification of a computer. The internal views provided by software instrumentation fall into two general categories: (i) tracing, which provides a view into the behavior of a software program by recording the time and details of its state at interesting points in a running system, and (ii) statistics, which record when and how resources, such as device drivers of the operating system, are used.
Tracing is a broadcast form of interprocess communication with many source processes (e.g., writer entities) and sink processes (e.g., reader entities) capable of observing each other's execution; a trace, therefore, consists of a display that chronicles the actions and results of program execution. Specifically, the trace provides a detailed record of the program's execution path by, e.g., taking an application program and placing it under observation by a special routine that monitors the progress of the program.
Performance information obtained by writer entities engaged in tracing operations are typically provided to the registry as trace messages. Each trace message has a variable length and is stored in portions of the registry configured to accomodate such variable-length messages. Specifically, each message is stored in a trace buffer having a circular structure consisting of a fixed number of equally-sized entries; each entry generally has a capacity sufficient to store a portion or fragment of the variable-length trace message.
A plurality of messages and corresponding fragments are generally interleaved within the trace buffer, which is typically shared among the software entities. As a result, the trace buffer may be accessed by multiple writer entities attempting to load messages into the buffer and multiple reader entities attempting to retrieve those messages. The broadcast nature of tracing indicates that all reader entities may observe successful retrieval of each trace message. Typically, the reader entities determine whether there are any new messages to retrieve by constantly polling the trace buffer; depending on the quantity of readers continually accessing the buffer, such activity could completely exhaust system resources.
Each writer entity, on the other hand, merely "posts" messages in the buffer independent of reader activity. Prior to posting those messages, the writer must typically process the messages to determine their lengths so that it can allocate a sufficient number of entries of the buffer. However, coordinating and managing such allocation may be difficult, particularly when attempting to recover from a writer entity that "dies", i.e., stops functioning, in the midst of processing a message. If such recovery is not swift and efficient, other writers may be "blocked" from placing messages in the buffer, thereby disrupting operation of the system.
Therefore, it is among the objects of the invention to provide a mechanism for limiting the quantity of reader entities constantly accessing a trace buffer of a registry so as to conserve system resources.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a mechanism for ensuring that a writer entity does not block other writer entities from posting messages in a trace buffer of a registry.

Synchronization mechanism for providing multiple readers and writers access to performance information of an extensible computer system


A massaging device particularly for a chair is provided. Owing to the provision of the rotative arms, the relative distance between the upper and lower massaging element pairs in the massaging device can be adjusted, and thus a massaging action imitating a human-made massaging action can be generated by the massaging device. Further, a relative protruding extent between the upper and lower massaging element pairs may be selected, and thus the foul-wheel or dual-wheel based pressing, rubbing and tapping actions can be provided when these massaging elements are operated with cooperation of a displacement mechanism and a control device. In addition, the provided massaging force can be adjusted to achieve a good massaging effect on the acupuncture points and strained muscles of the user.

As the population pyramid indicates, the population aging problem has become more and more serious and thus old people are significantly increasing. Correspondingly, the old people care problem has to be concerned in a planned manner. To improve the chronic diseases and degeneration issues involved generally with the old people, massaging is widely suggested in both traditional Chinese and modern medical science since it may benefit blood circulation and metabolism, help remove some waste material in the body and fatigue and ache, and enhance resistance to diseases and natural cure ability. Consequently, many kinds of sport tools and massaging devices have been developed and hit the market. Chair back massaging device is one of such devices. Generally, the chair back massaging device has the massaging effects of robbing, rolling, tapping, pressing, kneading and vibrating and is thus popular for ordinary families.
Kneading with a massaging ball is a general feature in the chair back massaging device. However, one motor set can only drive a massaging ball set to operate. Although multiple motor sets may be used to drive a multiple of massaging balls to operate, the cost of the massaging device and the power therefore have to be increased. Further, since such massaging ball cannot provide the rubbing and kneading effects exercised from different angles and in an eccentric manner, it cannot be adjusted in the angles of depression and elevation according to actual needs. Even the multiple massaging balls may be concurrently driven by a motor set with two such balls exercising the kneading and robbing operations alternatively in a particular direction scheme, the massaging range provided thereby with respect to the user is still limited. Thus, such massaging device still has something to be improved.
For the current chair back massaging device, a vertically movable massaging element is disposed, with which the massaging effect is provided. In operation, the massaging device is contacted with a massaged portion, typically the back portion, of a user and supports the weight of the massaged portion of the user, enabling an inversely corresponding force to be generated. Thus, a massaging force is acted upon the user. Specifically, the massaging balls of the massaging device are driven to operate and thus provide the massaging effect to the back of the user. For conventional massaging balls in such massaging device, they are arranged vertically and the range acted by the massaging balls on the user's back is limited within a thickness range of the massaging balls. Hence, the overall massaged range on the user's back is also limited. Further, when the massaging device operates, the massaging balls roll and thus upward and downward forces are respectively generated on the user's back. Since only a few directions of rubbing effects are generated, the massaging effect is limited.
The current chair back massaging device may be categorized into a dual-wheel type, a four-wheel type and a multi-wheel type. In the dual-wheel type chair back massaging device, two massaging balls are used to support the weight of the to-be-massaged portion of the user. Since the weight is only supported by the two massaging balls, a larger massaging force is correspondingly generated and an improved massaging effect is acted upon the acupuncture points of the user. Further, since only the two massaging balls are involved in the massaging operation, this massaging operation is simple.
In the four-wheel type chair back massaging device, four massaging balls are used to support the weight of the to-be-massaged portion of the user. Referring to FIG. 1, one example, the Taiwanese patent TW508237, of such type of chair back massaging device is shown therein. As shown, the massaging device 102 has four massaging balls 101, an upper position changing device 103 and a lower position changing device 104. The upper and lower position changing devices 103, 104 are used to change the respective swing angles of the swinging arms 105, 106, so that the massaging device 102 may swing to provide a corresponding massaging effect. However, since the four massaging balls 101 are pinned down with each another, each of them merely has a narrow operative range.
In the multi-wheel type chair back massaging device, a multitude of massaging elements in different shapes are used to provide a diverse force arrangement on the user's back. However, since the massaging force is relatively smaller, the massaging effect on the acupuncture points of the user is relatively poorer. Further, since the multiple massaging balls are pinned down with each other, each of them only has a narrow operative range as well.
The chair back massaging device may also be categorized into a screw and connecting rod type, a pneumatic type and a gear and gear rack type in terms of the used displacement mechanism.
In the screw and connecting rod type massaging device, a drive source is used to drive the screw to rotate and thus the guide body to move laterally, causing the support arm mounted on the guide body to have a displacement with guidance by the connecting rod.
In the pneumatic type massaging device, a pushing force is generated by an air cushion when the air cushion inflates and the pushing force is used to push the swinging arm mounted on the connecting rod, enabling the upper and lower massaging elements to have a displacement with assistance of the connecting rod and the guide rail.
For the gear and gear rack type massaging device, it may be categorized into a straight-line displacement based type and an arc displacement based type. To see the straight-line displacement based type massaging device, refer to FIG. 2 in which the massaging device according to the Taiwanese Patent No. 576195 is shown. As shown, a drive source 6 is used to drive the gear to rotate under guidance of the fixed gear rack 52 on the frame 51. A motion transmission mechanism 65 is mounted between the displacement shaft 64 and the frame 51 for cooperation with the fixed gear rack 52. As such, the massaging device 76 on the moving shaft 67 is driven to move forward and backward along a straight line.
For the arc displacement based type massaging device, a drive source is used to drive the gear to rotate, with which the massaging element mounted on the fixed pivot is driven to have a rotative displacement with guidance of the arc gear rack on the frame.
For the currently existing chair back massaging device, the chair back generally has a rail in an S shape at the side contacted with the user, and does not provide a motion along a direction from the massaging device to the user and an inverse direction as compared thereto but only the motion along a length direction of the user so that the rail of the massaging device can be contacted with the back curve of the user. However, the S-shaped rail can not well contact with all back curves of different users, reducing the massaging effect provided by itself. In addition, such S-shaped massaging device without a displacement mechanism can not provide a pressing action and thus can not serve as a high-end product in the market.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a massaging device, particularly used for a chair back, which is free from the above-mentioned disadvantages. After a long intensive series of experiments and researches, the inventors finally set forth such a massaging device, particularly used for the chair back, which may effectively overcome the demerits existing in the prior art.

Industrial Technology Research Institute


In a read/write head for a magneto-optical storage system, a optical wave plate is positioned between the partial polarization beam splitter to which the radiation from the source is applied and the analyzing beam splitter which directs the two components of the radiation beam to the differential detection system. Using the techniques herein described, equations are developed which identify the optimal parameters for the optical wave plate. The equations are derived for the retardation of the optical wave plate and for the angle of the slow axis of the optical wave plate relative to the read/write head optical coordinates. These two equations are given in terms of the phase between the s and the p polarization components. The equations are applied to the specific example wherein TbFeCo is the magneto-optical material. The inclusion of a liquid crystal element having a voltage controlled retardance permits the read/write head to be used with "write once" optical storage media as well as magneto-optical storage media.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates generally to optical systems for the storage and retrieval of information and, more particularly, to the read/write head of the magneto-optical information storage system which directs radiation to the storage medium and then directs radiation resulting from the interaction with the medium to the radiation detectors.
2. Description of the Related Art
The optical storage systems, at present can generally be placed into one of two categories, the categories determined by the optical property used to identify different logical states on the storage medium. The first optical storage system can be referred to a differential absorption (or reflection) of a radiation beam impinging on the storage medium surface. In the differential absorption optical systems, each logical states are associated with changes in the intensity of a beam of radiation interacting with the storage medium. In the second category of optical storage systems, changes in the rotation of plane polarized beam of radiation are used to identify optical states. The present invention is directed to the second or the magneto-optical storage and retrieval systems and provides a technique for determining selected parameters in the optical path to enhance the identification of the two orientations of magnetic regions, orientations which encode the data stored on the disk.
Referring to FIG. 1, the implementation of the read/write head in a magneto-optical information storage system, the system relying on differential rotation of the planar polarization of a optical radiation caused by the interaction of the optical radiation with the storage surface, is shown. This type of storage system relies on the Kerr effect wherein the rotation of a plane of polarization is different when a magnetic material has a magnetic orientation parallel to or a magnetic orientation anti-parallel to the direction of the radiation interacting with the magnetic material, i.e., the differential change in polarization of a reflected beam depends upon the orientation of the magnetization of the local domain with which the radiation interacts. As with the implementation for detecting a change in reflected light amplitude, the radiation from a light source 10 is collimated by lens 11 and one plane of polarization is selected by passing the collimated beam through the partial beam splitter 12'. Because linearly polarized radiation can be considered to be comprised of two circularly polarized radiation components, the interaction with the magnetic layer forming a portion of storage medium 15 effects the two circularly polarized components differently. As a result, after interaction with the storage material, the reflected radiation is not linearly polarized parallel to the applied radiation, but an elliptical polarization of the reflected radiation results in a rotation of the reflected linear polarization due to the circular dichroism and the circular birefringence of the storage media. The reflected radiation is recollimated by objective lens 14. The recollimated beam is applied to beam splitter 12 and the components of the radiation beam orthogonal to the plane of polarization of the radiation impinging on storage medium, i.e., the components induced by the interaction, are reflected by the beam splitter 12. Some of the light with polarization parallel to the impinging radiation can also be reflected from the magneto-optic region. The radiation reflected by the beam splitter 12 is transmitted through a quarter wave plate 16A and a half wave plate 16B to correct for ellipticity introduced into the radiation beam. The polarization beam splitter 17 divides the radiation reflected from beam splitter 12 into radiation components which have been rotated by the interaction with the storage material. Each detector 18 and 19 receives a component resulting from one orientation of the magnetic regions of the storage medium interacting with the impinging radiation beam. The differential amplifier 20 is used to enhance the detectability of the small signals, the rotation due to the Kerr effect typically being less than 2.degree. relative to reflected radiation which had not been subjected to differential interaction of the circularly polarized components with the optical storage material and to cancel the large DC component of the two radiation components.
In the optical storage systems using a magneto-optical storage medium, a need has been felt for a technique of determining how to optimize the parameters of the system in order to achieve the most detectable signal. In the article by W. A. Challener and T. A. Rinehart, "Jones Matrix Analysis of Magnetooptical Media and Read-Back Systems", Appl. Opt. 26, 3974 (1987), part of the problem of a differential detection system was addressed. In that article, the substrate birefringence and the wave plate tolerances were studied. However, the DC offset in the differential signal was not considered and a range of "ideal" wave plates was found, each with a sensitivity to the optical path birefringence. Therefore, the need has remained for generally applicable technique for identifying the parameters which would permit optimization of the detection of the state of the region of the storage system to which radiation was being applied.

Apparatus and method for optimizing performance in read/write head of an optical storage system with a magneto-optical storage medium


Solar trackers that may be advantageously employed on sloped and/or variable terrain to rotate solar panels to track motion of the sun across the sky include bearing assemblies and other mechanical features configured to address mechanical challenges posed by the sloped and/or variable terrain that might otherwise prevent or complicate use of solar trackers on such terrain.

Two types of mounting systems are widely used for mounting solar panels. Fixed tilt mounting structures support solar panels in a fixed position. The efficiency with which panels supported in this manner generate electricity can vary significantly during the course of a day, as the sun moves across the sky and illuminates the fixed panels more or less effectively. However, fixed tilt solar panel mounting structures may be mechanically simple and inexpensive, and in ground-mounted installations may be arranged relatively easily on sloped and/or uneven terrain.
Single axis tracker solar panel mounting structures allow rotation of the panels about an axis to partially track the motion of the sun across the sky. For example, a single axis tracker may be arranged with its rotation axis oriented generally North-South, so that rotation of the panels around the axis can track the East-West component of the sun's daily motion. Alternatively, a single axis tracker may be arranged with its rotation axis oriented generally East-West, so that rotation of the panels around the axis can track the North-South component of the sun's daily (and seasonal) motion. Solar panels supported by single axis trackers can generate significantly more power than comparable panels arranged in a fixed position.
A difficulty with conventional single-axis trackers is that ground mount installations may require significant grading and a relatively flat parcel of land for the trackers to be easily arranged and operated. For example, the distance between a single rotation axis extending over uneven terrain and the ground below would vary along the length of the rotation axis, mechanically complicating installation and operation of the tracker. Further, for a conventional single axis tracker arranged on sloping land with its rotation axis oriented at an angle to the horizontal, a single supporting structure (e.g., support post) may be required to support a force (slope load) that has accumulated along the length of the rotation axis from the weight of the tracker. For example, the slope load may be entirely born by the post at the lowest end of the axis, or by the post at the highest end of the axis, or by a centrally located slew drive support post. These difficulties with conventional single-axis trackers are particularly disadvantageous in view of the increased power generation for a single-axis tracker installed on a sun-facing slope such as a South-facing slope.
Another difficulty with conventional single-axis trackers is that forces from wind loading can accumulate along the length of the row resulting in high loads within the row structure. Drive systems such as slewing drives, linear actuators, and other devices can provide a rigid structure within the row to resist wind loads. However, deploying these components on tracker rows is expensive, and there is a desire to limit the deployment of these components to the bare minimum. Therefore, as single-axis tracker rows increase in length, the wind loads that may accumulate along them can become quite high necessitating much stronger steel components to resist the loads.
Another difficulty with conventional single-axis trackers is that they often comprise long lengths of steel that must be connected to form the strongback that the solar modules are mounted on. This connection often happens between bearing assemblies that are themselves mounted on top of support foundations, as well as to the faces of drive assemblies such as slewing drives. The connection point is managed by bringing the ends of successive torque tubes together after passing them through the bearings on top of foundations, and then aligning them and clamping them together with some type of coupler mechanism, or by bolting one end to the face of a drive assembly. This process of aligning the torque tubes in the bearings, passing them through, and then connecting them takes multiple steps that are time consuming, dangerous, and which can require heavy lifting equipment.
Another difficulty with conventional single-axis trackers is that they are designed to accommodate flat sites with little variation along the length of the torque tube from foundation to foundation.
Another difficulty with conventional single-axis trackers is that they are designed for finite numbers of modules to be mounted between foundations. This can result in extra superstructure being required to add as little as one more module if the maximum number of modules is exceeded on the existing structure.
Another difficulty with conventional single-axis trackers is that their natural harmonics can be excited by wind. The long torque tubes used in conventional single-axis trackers easily transmit natural harmonics driven by wind forces and create difficulty in dampening those forces. Without a method to dampen the natural harmonics, it is possible that the trackers may experience runaway conditions as the amplitude of the oscillations at the natural harmonics increase and result in significant damage to the tracker structure.
A further challenge with many single-axis solar trackers is that they are very long, comprising many solar modules to spread out the cost of the expensive actuators and controls used to rotate each row. This creates challenges on non-sun-facing slopes such as a north-facing slope in the northern hemisphere. On a north-facing slope in the northern hemisphere, a single-axis tracker is at a disadvantage because the modules along its length will be tilted to the north away from the sun for some, much, or all of the year, which may reduce power generation.
Consequently, there is a need for an improved solar panel mounting structure that can be installed on flat, sloped and/or uneven terrain and provide for single axis rotation of solar panels.


A method of processing a semiconductor assembly is presented. The method includes fabricating a photovoltaic module including a semiconductor assembly. The fabrication step includes performing an efficiency enhancement treatment on the semiconductor assembly, wherein the efficiency enhancement treatment includes light soaking the semiconductor assembly, and heating the semiconductor assembly. The semiconductor assembly includes a window layer having an average thickness less than about 80 nanometers, wherein the window layer includes cadmium and sulfur. A related system is also presented.

The invention generally relates to methods of fabricating photovoltaic modules. More particularly, the invention relates to methods of fabricating photovoltaic modules using a light-soaking step.
Thin film solar cells or photovoltaic (PV) devices typically include a plurality of semiconductor layers disposed on a transparent substrate, wherein one layer serves as a window layer and a second layer serves as an absorber layer. The window layer allows the penetration of solar radiation to the absorber layer, where the optical energy is converted to usable electrical energy. The window layer further functions to form a heterojunction (p-n junction) in combination with an absorber layer. Cadmium telluride/cadmium sulfide (CdTe/CdS) heterojunction-based photovoltaic cells are one such example of thin film solar cells, where CdS functions as the window layer.
However, thin film solar cells may have low conversion efficiencies. Thus, one of the main focuses in the field of photovoltaic devices is the improvement of conversion efficiency. Absorption of light by the window layer may be one of the phenomena limiting the conversion efficiency of a PV device. Thus, it is desirable to keep the window layer as thin as possible to help reduce optical losses by absorption. However, for most of the thin-film PV devices, if the window layer is too thin, a loss in performance can be observed due to low open circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF).
Thus, there is a need for improved methods of fabricating photovoltaic modules. Further, there is a need for improved methods of fabricating photovoltaic modules employing a thin window layer.

Methods of fabricating a photovoltaic module, and related system


A motor control device includes a feed-forward control unit configured to detect a change amount of any one of the target voltage, the applied voltage peak value, and the revolution number difference, which are a monitoring target. The control unit is also configured to manipulate an operation amount of a predetermined operation target on the basis of a magnitude of the change amount to correct the number of revolutions of the motor recognized by a controller.

As a motor having high efficiency and a wide variable speed range, a permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM), in particular, an interior permanent magnetic synchronous motor (IPMSM) in which a permanent magnet is embedded in a rotor has found extensive applications such as a compressor driving motor of an air conditioner for vehicle and a drive motor for electric automobile. Demand for the motor is expected.
A motor control device that controls driving of the motor of this type is composed of a motor, an inverter, a direct-current power supply, and a controller incorporating a microcomputer. In the motor, it is a common practice to use so-called sensorless control, which includes detecting an induced voltage of the motor from, for example, information concerning an electric current and a voltage detected by a controller and effectively detecting a rotor position θm to control the motor without using a physical sensor.
Concerning the sensorless control, there is disclosed a technique for periodically detecting a rotor position change amount Δθm using the detected rotor position θm, applying a predetermined filter to a value obtained by time-differentiating the rotor position change amount Δθm to calculate the number of revolutions ω of the rotor, i.e., the motor, setting a target voltage phase using the calculated number of revolutions ω, and calculating an inverter output frequency ω (the number of revolutions) using the rotor position change amount Δθm (see, for example, Patent Literature 1).


In a system and method for flexibly offering on-line promotions to visitors of a website hosted by a server, when a user signs up with the website, the server collects a plurality of user data from the visitor. If a user's data matches predetermined criteria from an advertiser, then on-line promotions from this advertiser are included in an opt-in window displayed to the user. The server dynamically generates pricing information for each advertiser according to a flexible algorithm. The flexible algorithm depends on the type and quality of user requested by the advertiser.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to on-line advertising and, more specifically, to targeted on-line promotions offered through a computer network.
2. Description of the Related Art
As technology advances and computers become a staple item in every household, the volume of the e-commerce increases significantly. More merchants are moving their businesses to Internet based e-commerce. Consequently, the competition for consumers' attention has become fierce on the Internet and consumers are flooded with advertisements and not-so-welcome pop-up windows that have nothing but advertisements.
The return of these advertisements is generally low, because it is difficult for a merchant to direct an ad to a specific group of consumers. Often the ad is displayed to all consumers who visit a particular website, and these consumers may or may not fit the demographic group in which the merchant is interested. A similar situation happens with an opt-in window with a list of products, where a consumer can select a product about which he would like to receive more information. Generally, an opt-in window with a list of similar products are shown to every consumer who visits a website, whether or not the consumer belongs to a group to which the merchant of a product is targeting.
Besides the advertisements having a low return, merchants are charged at a flat fee that may be dependent on the popularity of a particular website. The fee does not reflect the quality of user data the website collects.
Therefore, there is a need for an option in the advertising system that targets consumers selectively and that charges advertisers based on a measure of success.

Method for opting into online promotions


A system and method for blending tasks received from a plurality of media switches. The method comprises receiving a plurality of task data indicating a plurality of tasks and a plurality of agent data indicating a plurality of agents. The task data and the agent data are stored in a database system. Tasks are assigned to the agents according to workflows. The system comprises a blending engine coupled to a plurality of media switches and a plurality of agent workstations coupled to the blending engine. The blending engine receives a plurality of task data from the media switches. The agent workstations provide a plurality of agent data to the blending engine. The blending engine provides a plurality of task assignments to the agent workstations according to workflows.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of customer service and the handling and processing of customer service requests. More specifically, the invention relates to handling and processing customer service requests received over a plurality of heterogeneous media.
2. Background
Customer service is an important part of any business. Many companies provide customer service via call centers in which incoming customer telephone calls are received and answered by customer service agents. Typically, each call center is staffed by agents with various skills. Calls are routed to an agent having an appropriate level of expertise for handling the particular kind of call. For example, an agent may have a language skill such as fluency in Spanish (in addition to English) or have expert knowledge of a particular product line.
As the internet has expanded, many companies are taking advantage of this communications medium to provide added methods of customer service. Many companies receive customer requests and comments sent by email either directly or through a web site. Such companies employ customer service agents to respond to these email messages. Responses may be in the form of an email reply or a telephone call.
In addition, the internet provides the ability to interactively service customers while the customer is accessing the company's web site. Such interactive customer service may take the form of interactive text, sometimes known as chat, or interactive voice over the internet. In the interactive voice scenario, a customer speaks into a microphone attached to the customer's computer while viewing the company's web site. The company must also employ persons to handle such internet text and internet voice customer service requests.

System and method for automated and customizable agent availability and task assignment management


A process for producing an alkali metal hydrogencarbonate by reacting an aqueous solution containing alkali metal ions with carbon dioxide in a prescribed crystallizer to precipitate crystals of an alkali metal hydrogencarbonate, and in this process a part of a slurry containing the alkali metal hydrogencarbonate crystals in the aqueous solution is withdrawn from the crystallizer and, after dissolution of a part of the crystals, it is returned to the crystallizer.

An alkali metal hydrogencarbonate such as sodium hydrogencarbonate is produced by crystallization from an aqueous solution. For example, carbon dioxide is blown into an aqueous solution containing sodium ions to obtain sodium hydrogencarbonate crystals formed by a reaction. As the solution containing sodium ions, an aqueous solution containing sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, or so-called ammonia brine obtained by blowing ammonia into a sodium chloride solution, is employed.
For example, sodium hydrogencarbonate is usually difficult to grow to large particles and tends to have a small average particle size, since nuclei tend to be formed in a large amount during crystallization, whereby the proportion of fine particulate crystals will increase, and the total number of crystals will increase. Formation of nuclei is likely to be remarkable if it is attempted to obtain large particles and is considered to be caused by peeling of seed crystals from the surface of crystals by a rapid flow of the mother liquor at the surface of the particles.
And, if such fine particulate or small crystals increase, it is likely that the yield of large crystals will decrease, and further the subsequent operation such as separation, washing, drying or classification of the solid tends to be difficult. Further, large size crystals are desired, for example, in an application where flowability as a powder product is required, and it is an object for a crystallization process how to obtain large crystals.
In a conventional crystallization process, in order to increase the size of crystals to be precipitated, a method of using a crystal habit modifier has been, for example, employed. However, if a crystal habit modifier is used, the crystal habit is likely to be changed, whereby the crystal state may be changed, and since the effects will be obtained under specific conditions, it has been difficult to use such a method in combination with other methods. Further, the crystal habit modifier may remain in crystals thereby to lower the purity of the crystals, whereby the application of the product tends to be limited.
Further, a method is also known wherein the crystallization load i.e. the amount of crystals formed per unit time and unit volume is substantially reduced to lower the super saturation degree of the crystal component precipitated in the mother liquor thereby to minimize formation of nuclei. However, in this method, the crystallization load per unit time and unit volume of the crystallization equipment is required to be low, whereby the productivity of the equipment used to be low in many cases.
Further, in order to lower the super saturation degree of the crystal component precipitated in the mother liquor, there is a method of adding a third component (such as sodium chloride or ethyl alcohol) to lower the solubility of the alkali metal hydrogencarbonate. However, for its separation from the mother liquor, a cake is required to be sufficiently washed, and the above third component may still remain in the crystals. Further, in a case where sodium chloride is to be added, there will be a limitation to the material for the equipment to prevent corrosion, and in a case where an inflammable organic solvent such as ethanol is to be added, an operational limitation will be involved taking the inflammability into consideration, whereby the operation tends to be complex.
Further, the particle size of crystals may be made large also by a method of removing formed fine particulate crystals out of the system. However, if this method is carried out as a continuous operation, it will be difficult from the viewpoint of the equipment to selectively remove fine particles in such a large amount sufficient to increase the crystal size, whereby there is a problem such that it is difficult to carry out treatment of fine particulate crystals sufficiently. Further, an equipment to treat removed fine particles will be required, and the yield tends to be low. Thus, it was not possible to industrially produce large crystals in good yield solely by this method.
Further, a process for producing an alkali metal hydrogencarbonate is disclosed which comprises reacting an aqueous solution containing alkali metal ions with carbon dioxide to precipitate crystals, wherein an operation to dissolve and remove fine particles of an alkali metal hydrogencarbonate by bringing the concentration of the alkali metal hydrogencarbonate dissolved in a liquid to a level of at most the saturation solubility with respect to the entire crystallization liquid in the crystallization equipment, is intermittently repeated (Patent Document 1). However, blowing of carbon dioxide gas is required to be intermittently switched to air, whereby the operation efficiency is poor and an investment is required to control the equipment.
Patent Document 1: WO01/14254 (Claims)

Process for producing alkali metal hydrogencarbonate


A memory controller portion of a DRAM is synchronized to a system clock, while an array portion of the DRAM is allowed to process signals at the array""s natural frequencyxe2x80x94independent of fixed timing parameters. By allowing the array portion to function at its natural frequency, the array""s performance is not limited to xe2x80x9cworst casexe2x80x9d parameters; instead the DRAM can achieve maximize array performance at all voltage and temperature corners. The controller portion of the DRAM initiates an array access cycle, then waits until the array portion returns a data-valid signal. Since the array portion of the DRAM operates at its own natural frequency the data-valid signal can be completely asynchronous to the controller portion of the DRAM, which is operating in synchronization with a system clock. In order to ensure that the data-valid signal is latched properly, the controller sends an early version of the system clock to the data valid circuitry in the array portion of the DRAM. This early version of the system clock, known as the clock lockout signal, is used to effectively synchronize the output of the array portion to the controller portion, and thereby to the system clock.

The present disclosure relates generally to dynamic random access memories (DRAM), and more particularly to DRAM controller-array configurations.
A primary consideration in designing random access memory (RAM) is the speed at which the RAM can respond to access requests. If the RAM is used in a computing system and the RAM is too slow in responding to either read or write access requests, then the overall performance of the system can be degraded. The speed of the RAM becomes even more important when used with today""s faster processors.
Some types of conventional RAM, such as static random access memory (SRAM), have faster access times and provide generally superior performance to other types of RAM, but are physically large and expensive. Other types of conventional RAM, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), are physically smaller and less expensive than SRAM, but generally have slower access times. In attempting to gain the benefits of both SRAM and DRAM in systems requiring fast memory access, designers often use DRAM for xe2x80x9cbulkxe2x80x9d storage, and SRAM to cache data traveling between a processor and the DRAM. Using SRAM to cache data in this manner provides a performance improvement over the use of conventional DRAM alone, by reducing the number of DRAM accesses required, and yet still allowing the largest portion of RAM to be relatively inexpensive.
In part because of the success of the SRAM/DRAM combination in which data is normally read from sequential addresses within a DRAM and cached in an SRAM for later random access, traditional DRAM designs have focused on improving the sequential output speed of the DRAM. This improvement in sequential access speed often comes at the expense of the DRAM""s random access speed. Unfortunately, this sacrifice of random access speed for improved sequential access speed is not acceptable in all situations. For example, when a DRAM is used without an SRAM cache, the DRAM will need to make many more random accesses. As a result of the increased number of random accesses required by a DRAM operating without an SRAM cache, a DRAM optimized for sequential access, will not provide optimum overall performance in this situation.
Additionally, traditional DRAM designs require the array portion of a DRAM to operate according to fixed timing parameters. For example, in extended-data-out-DRAMs (EDO) a memory controller governs the timing within the DRAM""s memory array by asserting and de-asserting separate timing signals. Similarly, in synchronous DRAMs (SDRAM), a memory controller governs the internal timing of the DRAM""s memory array activity based on a number of clock cycles.
Designers wishing to obtain optimum performance using fixed timing parameters such as those used in conventional EDO or SDRAM, must design the DRAM to operate at a particular frequency. Consider the case where the DRAM is designed for use in a system that is being developed to operate at 100 MHz, but in fact the system operates at only 98.9 MHz when completed. This slight change in operating frequency could be enough to reduce the access time of the DRAM by a full clock cycle, and therefore require re-engineering of the DRAM, software, or an interrelated system.
It should be apparent from the above discussion that conventional DRAM technology is less than perfect, and it would be advantageous to have a memory that overcame at least some of the limitations disclosed above.

Memory having a synchronous controller and asynchronous array and method thereof


A parking brake apparatus may include: a motor unit; a driving unit operated by the motor unit; a nut screw rotated by the driving unit; a bolt screw coupled to the nut screw so as to pass through the nut screw, and moved in a longitudinal direction inside the nut screw in connection with the rotation of the nut screw; a cable having one side connected to the bolt screw; a hook part connected to the other side of the cable; and a boot part having an internal space in which the cable and the hook part are moved in the longitudinal direction, and including a stopper arranged on a moving path of the hook part so as to restrict the movement of the hook part.

The present disclosure relates to a parking brake apparatus and a control method thereof, and more particular, to a parking brake apparatus which is capable of preventing a bolt screw and a nut screw from being excessively tightened to each other, and a control method thereof.
In general, a parking brake apparatus is used in order to prevent the movement of a parked vehicle. An electronic parking brake (EPB) converts a rotational motion of a motor unit into a linear motion and transmits a braking force to a wheel.
The related art of the present invention is disclosed in Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2009-0039056 published on Apr. 22, 2009 and entitled "Electronic parking brake system in vehicle".

Parking brake apparatus and control method thereof


The present invention discloses a correction equipment for an end face of an aluminum alloy wheel, including a correction device and a transport device, which is configured to transport the aluminum alloy wheel to the correction device. The correction device comprises a rack body, which is provided with an oil cylinder on an upper part, a lower pressing plate on a middle part and a jacking air cylinder on a bottom part, with an output end of the oil cylinder fixedly connected downward to an upper pressing disc and an output end of jacking air cylinder fixedly connected upward to a lifting frame, on which a displacement roller way is provided. The present invention satisfies the need for an end face correction for an aluminum alloy wheel while having significant, stable and reliable characteristics.

An aluminum alloy wheel is manufactured according to the process flow of smelting-casting-heat treating-machining-spraying and packaging. During heat treatment of an aluminum alloy wheel, deformation of an aluminum alloy wheel blank will happen due to changes in its internal microstructure, resulting in the release of internal and external stresses. Patterns of deformation are varied, such as wave deformation at the end face, roundness deformation as a whole, local distortion, and so forth. Whichever pattern of deformation will have an impact on the subsequent machining. As an example of deformation an end face, excessive deformation of the end face will lead to misalignment and misclamping phenomena during clamping, resulting in quality defects such as "misalignment", "dynamic balance hyper-difference", "non-uniform appearance", "non-machining" during machining, because the positioning and clamping of machining of the aluminum alloy wheel depends on the end face of the blank.

Aluminum alloy wheel end face correcting equipment


A method and apparatus provide an Internet service in a mobile communication terminal. The method includes determining a user interest subject from user data existing within the mobile communication terminal, collecting service items through network access, determining a subject for each of the collected service items, determining relevance between the user interest subject and each of the service items, and recommending a service item according to the relevance.

With the rapid development of mobile communication technologies, various services using mobile communication terminals are being provided. Particularly, in recent years, a service of providing information on a user interest field considering the user interest field in a mobile communication terminal, i.e., a personalized information service of an on-demand scheme is being provided.
FIG. 1 illustrates a method of providing a personalized information service of an on-demand scheme according to the conventional art.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the conventional personalized information service is of a scheme in which, if a mobile communication terminal 100 registers a user interest field to a user information storage server 102 (operation 110), the user information storage server 102 provides the registered user interest field to a personalized information provision server 104, and the personalized information provision server 104 searches service information associated with the user interest field and then provides the searched service information to the mobile communication terminal 100 (operation 112).
In the conventional personalized information service, a mobile communication terminal should previously register a user interest field to a server as above. That is, the conventional personalized information service has a disadvantage that, unless the mobile communication terminal previously registers the user interest field to the server, the mobile communication terminal cannot be provided with desired information. Further, in the conventional personalized information service, whenever a user's own interest field changes, a user has to register the changed interest field to the server himself/herself, so there is a problem of causing troublesomeness and inconvenience at user side.

Method and apparatus for providing internet service in mobile communication terminal

Korea University Research and Business Foundation


Systems and methods for managing imaging of multiple computing devices are provided. A device image manager determines a number of device images which may be loaded by the computing devices. The device image manager transmits a set of device images to the computing devices, which then store the device images. When provisioning of one or more of the computing devices is desired, the device image manager selects a device image or receives selection of a device image. The device image manager then sends a provisioning command device to the appropriate computing devices identifying the selected device image. If the computing devices have stored the selected device image, the computing devices may load the selected device image without requiring retransmission of the device image.

Generally described, computing devices utilize a communication network, or a series of communication networks, to exchange data. Companies and organizations operate computer networks that interconnect a number of computing devices to support operations or provide services to third parties. The computing systems can be located in a single geographic location or located in multiple, distinct geographic locations (e.g., interconnected via private or public communication networks). Specifically, data centers or data processing centers, herein generally referred to as a "data center," may include a number of interconnected computing systems to provide computing resources to users of the data center. The data centers may be private data centers operated on behalf of an organization or public data centers operated on behalf, or for the benefit of the general public.
To facilitate increased utilization of data center resources, individual computing devices within a data center may be configured to provide specific functionality according to the requirements of the data center. For example, various computing devices may be associated with different operating systems or operating system configurations to enable a computing device to provide different desired functionalities, or to provide similar functionalities more efficiently. These operating systems or operating system configurations are often contained within a device image, which a computing device may process in order implement the desired software configuration. This implementation of a desired software configuration is generally referred to as provisioning.

Managing imaging of multiple computing devices


The collating device sucks up the topmost sheet of the paper stack on the paper table by the suction head and feeds forward the sheet one after another. The paper table is being given an upward force by a spring. This paper table moves up to the position where the topmost sheet of the paper stack on the paper table contacts with a stopper. This stopper moves up during the period when the suction head feeds forward the topmost sheet. At this time, an electromagnetic brake is set at the on-state and fixes the position of the paper table. The suction head, stopper, electromagnetic brake and the like rotate at the predetermined timing based on the rotation of cams. Thus, according to this invention it is possible not only to save the cost of the device but also to operate the device at high speed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a collating device which feeds sheets of paper one after another in a printing machine, book-binding machine and the like, more particularly to a suction type sheet feeder which feeds a sheet continuously one after another from the topmost of a stack of papers on a paper table in said printing machine, book-binding machine and the like by sucking a sheet of paper using a suction head.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The sheet feeder of this type in collating device of prior art is constructed so that the topmost sheet of a stack of papers on a paper table is sucked up by a suction head and then the sheet of paper sucked thereby is fed forward by getting nipped between a pair of feed rollers, for example.
In this type of collating device, the top level of the stack of paper must be maintained always at the same height by gradually raising the paper table during the feeding of paper in order to assure the sucking up of the topmost sheet from the paper stack by the suction head. For this purpose, in the ordinary collating device generally the paper table is allowed to drive upwards and downwards by a motor and a sensor is provided to the device to monitor the topmost level of the paper stack so that the drive of said motor is controlled by a control unit based on the output of this sensor to maintain the topmost level of the paper stack at the predetermined position.
However, in case of the prior collating device having a multiple paper tables, each paper table must be provided with each sensor, motor and the like, resulting in increase of cost for the device.
To solve this problem, a collating device provided with a mechanism having springs biasing the paper table upwards, a stopper contacting with the topmost sheet of the paper stack as well as a latch and a ratchet claw and the like inhibiting sliding of said paper table to maintain the topmost level of the paper stack at the predetermined position has been proposed (U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,763).
However, the device disclosed in the prior art has a disadvantage that it can not be operated in high speed because the sliding of paper table is controlled through a ring mechanism which is not suitable for such high speed operation and because the ratchet claw can not follow such high speed operation.
Another device provided with a mechanism to maintain the topmost level of the paper stack at the predetermined position by a detection bar contacting on the topmost sheet of the paper stack, a cam, an one-way clutch and the like has been also proposed as a paper feeding device without using a sensor and a motor for raising the level of the paper table U.S. Pat. No. 4,480,826). However, such device disclosed in this patent is not sufficient in effect to reduce the cost of device.
While, in the book-binding operation any papers having a special quality such as coated papers, art papers and thick papers particularly with a bigger sheet sizes and weights (gsm) must be fed forward accurately a paper one after another, therefore the suction type collating device is suitable for this type of use.
However, the suction type collating device used for the book-binding operation has a narrower space between the paper tables allowing to load only a limited volume of papers on one table because it is generally consisted with multi-layer paper tables. Moreover, the bigger the size of paper (gsm), the fewer the number of sheets to be loaded. Therefore, in case bigger size (gsm) of sheets is fed, because feeding is completed within a short time, an operator must add new sheets continuously to the empty table.
In the prior art ordinary collating device, the device itself is programmed to stop its operation to prevent any missing page when the paper table is emptied. Therefore, even though only one table is emptied, the whole machine has to be stopped during which new sheets have to be placed on the paper table, resulting in a longer loading work than the actual operation of the device.


An electronic device, including: a first body, a second body, a first coupling member and a second coupling member; in the case where the first body and the second body are located in a first relative position, the first body and the second body are coupled together by cooperation between the first coupling member and the second coupling member; and in the case where the first body and the second body are located in a second relative position different from the first relative position, the first body and the second body are decoupled from each other by cooperation between the first coupling member and the second coupling member.

With the development of computer technology, more and more electronic devices come into people's lives, work and other aspects, bringing a lot of convenience for people. Such as, tablet computers, smart phones, smart TV.
At present, taking the notebook computer as an example, in order to improve the usage experience of user, notebook computer manufacturer launches an ultrabook with both the notebook computer form and the tablet computer form, the ultrabook includes a tablet computer and an auxiliary input device. User may realize the notebook computer form of the ultrabook by coupling the tablet computer with the auxiliary device. When the user wants to go out, the tablet computer may be separated from the auxiliary device, so merely the tablet computer is carried, thereby realizing the tablet computer form of the ultrabook.
But in the process of realizing the technical solution of the embodiment of the present application, the inventor of the present application observed that it is difficult for the user to couple the electronic device and the auxiliary device or separate the electronic device from the auxiliary device, and resulting a poor user experience.