A coating for conversion of formaldehyde to carbon dioxide includes an alcohol/aldehyde oxidase and a formate oxidase immobilized on a solid particulate support; and a latex binder.

This invention relates to the remediation of formaldehyde, in particular the remediation of formaldehyde using a combination of immobilized enzymes.
Immobilized bioreagents, in particular immobilized enzymes, have been used for a wide variety of applications, from removing organic compounds from waste water, in biosensors, biodiesel and antibiotic production, and in the food industry. Nonetheless, identification of appropriate enzymes, immobilization of those enzymes, and determining the particular conditions in which they will function is highly unpredictable. The use of immobilized enzymes to achieve a specific purpose therefore presents an ongoing challenge in the art. For example, there are no commercially available enzyme systems for the remediation of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be considered an environmental contaminant, particularly in building interiors. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is an area of emerging importance due to increased awareness among consumers for the need for comfort, health, and wellness of occupants in buildings. New methods for the remediation of formaldehyde from the environment, such as in building interiors, would accordingly be highly desirable.

Coating for aldehyde remediation and method of making

GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC.


An object of the present invention is to obtain a white curable composition that can yield a highly reflective cured coating film without requiring a complicated step and show good dispersion even without being subjected to an extended dispersion treatment. Provided is a white curable composition for a printed circuit board comprising: (A) a white pigment; (B) a (meth)acrylate compound having a hydroxyl group; (C) a photopolymerization initiator; and (D) a wetting dispersant. The above-described (A) white pigment is preferably titanium oxide. Further, it is also preferred that the above-described titanium oxide be a rutile-type titanium oxide and have a maximum particle size of 1 μm or smaller.

When forming an etching resist, a solder resist, a symbol marking or the like on a printed circuit board, a technique in which a high-viscosity composition is coated on a substrate by a printing method such as screen printing and an ink is then cured by irradiation with an active energy ray has been generally employed.
In addition, in order to obtain a highly reflective cured coating film such as an LED substrate, a white pigment or coloring agent is incorporated into a curable composition for a printed circuit board.

White curable composition for printed circuit board, cured coating film using the same, and printed circuit board


A gas-agitated multiphase reactor system with multiple reaction zones comprising gas-liquid or gas-liquid-solid mixtures that can maximize the production rate while allowing better control of the temperature distribution and better control of the liquid and solid phases in the reactors. Still more particularly, this invention relates to a method for operating a pair of linked gas-agitated slurry reaction zones such that the hydrodynamic behavior and reactor performance of such reactor system are improved compared to that of a conventional slurry bed reactor

Natural gas, found in deposits in the earth, is an abundant energy resource. For example, natural gas commonly serves as a fuel for heating, cooking, and power generation, among other things. The process of obtaining natural gas from an earth formation typically includes drilling a well into the formation. Wells that provide natural gas are often remote from locations with a demand for the consumption of the natural gas.
Thus, natural gas is conventionally transported large distances from the wellhead to commercial destinations in pipelines. This transportation presents technological challenges due in part to the large volume occupied by a gas. Because the volume of an amount of gas is so much greater than the volume of the same number of gas molecules in a liquefied state, the process of transporting natural gas typically includes chilling and/or pressurizing the natural gas in order to liquefy it. However, this contributes to the final cost of the natural gas.
Further, naturally occurring sources of crude oil used for liquid fuels such as gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and diesel fuel have been decreasing and supplies are not expected to meet demand in the coming years. Fuels that are liquid under standard atmospheric conditions have the advantage that in addition to their value, they can be transported more easily in a pipeline than natural gas, since they do not require liquefaction.
Thus, for all of the above-described reasons, there has been interest in developing technologies for converting natural gas to more readily transportable liquid fuels, i.e. to fuels that are liquid at standard temperatures and pressures. One method for converting natural gas to liquid fuels involves two sequential chemical transformations. In the first transformation, natural gas or methane, the major chemical component of natural gas, is reacted with oxygen, or steam, or a combination of both to form synthesis gas, which is a combination of carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas. In the second transformation, known as the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, carbon monoxide is reacted with hydrogen to form organic molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. Those molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. Those molecules containing oxygen in addition to carbon and hydrogen are known as oxygenates. Hydrocarbons having carbons linked in a straight chain are known as aliphatic hydrocarbons and are particularly desirable as the basis of synthetic diesel fuel.
The Fischer-Tropsch process is commonly facilitated by a catalyst. Catalysts desirably have the function of increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Common catalysts for use in the Fischer-Tropsch process contain at least one metal from Groups 8, 9, or 10 of the Periodic Table (in the new IUPAC notation, which is used throughout the present specification). The molecules react to form hydrocarbons while confined on the surface of the catalyst. The hydrocarbon products then are desorbed from the catalyst and can be collected. H. Schulz (Applied Catalysis A: General 1999, 186, p. 3) gives an overview of trends in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis.
The catalyst may be contacted with synthesis gas in a variety of reaction zones that may include one or more reactors, either placed in series, in parallel or both. Common reactors include packed bed (also termed fixed bed) reactors and slurry bed reactors. Originally, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was carried out in packed bed reactors. These reactors have several drawbacks, such as temperature control, that can be overcome by gas-agitated slurry reactors or slurry bubble column reactors. Gas-agitated multiphase reactors comprising catalytic particles sometimes called "slurry reactors", "slurry bed reactors" or "slurry bubble column reactors," operate by suspending catalytic particles in liquid and feeding gas reactants into the bottom of the reactor through a gas distributor, which produces small gas bubbles. As the gas bubbles rise through the reactor, the reactants are absorbed into the liquid and diffuse to the catalyst where, depending on the catalyst system, they are typically converted to gaseous and liquid products. The gaseous products formed enter the gas bubbles and are collected at the top of the reactor. Liquid products are recovered from the suspending liquid by using different techniques like filtration, settling, hydrocyclones, magnetic techniques, etc. Some of the principal advantages of gas-agitated multiphase reactors or slurry bubble column reactors (SBCRS) for the exothermic Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are the very high heat transfer rates, and the ability to remove and add catalyst online. Sie and Krishna (Applied Catalysis A: General 1999, 186, p. 55) give a history of the development of various Fischer Tropsch reactors.
It is clear from the prior art that the performance of a SBCR is a combined result of reaction kinetics, heat and mass transfer, and multiphase hydrodynamics. Jackson, Torczynski, Shollenberger, O'Hern, and Adkins (Proc. Annual Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf. 1996, 13th (Vol 2), p. 1226) showed experimental evidence of the increase of gas hold up with increase in the inlet superficial velocity in a SBCR for Fischer Tropsch synthesis. Krishna, DeSwart, Ellenberger, Martina, and Maretto (AIChE J. 1997, 43(2), p. 311) measured experimentally the increase in gas holdup with an increase in the gas velocity and solids concentration in a slurry bubble column in churn turbulent regime. Letzel, Schouten, Krishna and van den Bleek (Chem. Eng. Sci 1999, 54, p. 2237) developed a simple model for gas holdup and mass transfer at high pressure in a slurry bubble column. Numerically, Sanyel, Vasquez, Roy, and Dudukovic (Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54, p. 5071) and Pan, Dudukovic, and Chang (Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999, 54, p. 2481) showed examples of computational fluid dynamic modeling and optimization of a slurry bubble column reactor irrespective of the chemistry. Wu and Gidaspow, (Chem. Eng. Sci 2000, 55, p. 573) show examples of computational fluid dynamics simulations of hydrodynamics of Slurry Bubble Column processes.
Much previous work has been aimed at optimization of the slurry bubble column system for Fischer Tropsch and other chemistries. Stem et al. (Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev.1985, 25, p. 1214) developed an axial dispersion model for describing the performance of gas agitated multiphase reactor used for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Saxena (Cat. Rev. -Sci. Eng. 1995, 37, p. 227) gives a review of the detailed experimental findings and theoretical models for the design of a Fischer Tropsch SBCR.
Considerable patent literature examines optimization of Fischer Tropsch Slurry Bubble Column reactors (SBCRs). U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,613 presents a method for improving catalyst particle distribution by introducing a secondary suspending fluid. U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,982 discloses one mode of operation for an SBCR. U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,748 shows the use of a vertical downcomer to promote the uniform catalyst distribution. U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,933 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,524 disclose that optimal operation can be obtained by introduction of liquid recirculation. Despite the significant level of research, there remains a need for an optimized Fischer Tropsch reactor and reactor configuration.
It is noted by Deckwer (Chem. Eng. Sci. 1976, 31, p. 39) that the gas dispersion is important in bubble columns of diameters greater than 0.5 m, as it may have a strong influence on conversion. It is found that the gas dispersion is a function of the gas holdup, superficial gas velocity, and reactor diameter. In the gas-liquid-solid three-phase reactor, the gas holdup depends on many factors such as gas and liquid velocities, gas distributor design, column geometry, physical properties of the gas and liquid, particle concentration, and reactor internals. Therefore, the gas dispersion coefficient is also a complicated function of these design and operating parameters. Usually, it is necessary to perform an in situ measurement to determine the dispersion coefficient at a given condition.
It is known that the flow patterns of individual phases can affect the reactor performance. Plug flow and well-mixed flow are two extreme flow patterns for reactor systems. In plug flow, there is no backmixing within the reactor, and the composition of the reactants varies with the position within the reactor. By contrast, in a well-mixed system, the composition of the slurry is similar at every point within the reactor. The dimensionless Peclet number, Pe, can be used to represent the degree of backmixing in plug flow. In general, it can be said that higher Peclet numbers indicate less backmixing, i.e. approaching plug flow, while better-mixed flow regimes are associated with lower Peclet numbers. Hence, the highest Peclet numbers will occur when flow in the reactor approximates plug flow.
A Peclet number can be calculated for each phase in a slurry bubble column reactor. Thus, the type of flow of the gas phase in the reactor can be described by the gas Peclet number, which has the form PeG=UGL/DG, where UG is the superficial gas velocity, L is the expanded slurry bed height, and DG is the gas dispersion coefficient. Superficial gas velocity is defined herein as the total inlet gas volumetric flow rate at reactor inlet temperature and pressure divided by the cross sectional area of the reactor vessel excluding the area occupied by any internals and is sometimes referred to as "inlet superficial gas velocity." The gas dispersion coefficient, DG, is a function of the superficial gas velocity, gas holdup, and the reactor diameter. For large scale industrial bubble columns, the axial dispersion coefficients of gas and liquid phases can be calculated using correlations proposed by Field and Davidson (Trans. I. Chem. E 1980, 58, p. 228). The change of the gas Peclet number with the superficial gas velocity at three reactor aspect ratios is shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, the gas Peclet number decreases with the increase of the superficial gas velocity for a given reactor aspect ratio, defined by the ratio of reactor height over reactor diameter (L/D). Field and Davidson's article also presents the correlation for the liquid Peclet number in bubble columns with liquid circulation. The liquid Peclet numbers for the conjoined reactor system of this invention are calculated using these correlations, and the results are presented in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows the liquid Peclet number changes with the superficial gas velocity at two liquid circulation velocities. The liquid circulation velocity is defined as the liquid linear velocity in a reaction zone. In the figure, solid lines show the results with positive liquid velocity which corresponds to the upward liquid flow while dash lines show the results with negative liquid velocity which corresponds to the downward liquid flow.
It has been found that Fischer-Tropsch fluidized bed reactors operating at conditions approaching plug flow regime typically provide higher productivity for a given gas superficial velocity than reactors operating with a higher degree of backmixing. However the FT slurry bed reactors operating at conditions approaching plug flow regime typically are at low superficial gas velocities and tend to suffer from uneven distribution of the gas, liquid and solid phases and difficulty of temperature control. In particular, one characteristic of many conventional slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactors is that the flow through the reactor tends to have core-annular characteristics in that an outer, annular region of the reactor will have a much lower gas content than that in the inner region. This core-annular flow reduces the effective volume of the reactor because the entire reactor is not operating at the most efficient reaction conditions. The existence of a core-annular flow also causes an accumulation of water in annular regions of the reactor. Further details relating to Peclet number can be found in co-pending and commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/023,258 filed Dec. 14, 2001, and entitled "Slurry Bed Reactor Operated in Well-Mixed Gas Flow Regime," which is incorporated herein by reference.
Hence, despite significant research in the field of fluidized bed reactors, a need persists for a reactor system that will provide high productivity while also providing more even distribution of its gas, solid and liquid phases and allowing a high degree of temperature and reaction control.


Solid ascorbic acid particles of less than 38 microns in size are shown to be effective antioxidants for substrates in which ascorbic acid is insoluble, such as animal and vegetable oils, essential oils, carotenoids, and the like, at weight concentrations of 0.02% and even at 0.005% or below. These particles are preferably prepared by wet milling ascorbic acid in a medium in which it is insoluble, until the size is less than 38 microns, and preferably less. Employment of such particles in a medium in which they are insoluble, as well as employment in the stabilization of fats, oils, and foods, is demonstrated.

Oxidation of fats, vegetable oils, carotenoids and their biologically active derivatives, Vitamin A, and of essential oils and other flavorings results in degradation of their quality, and is deleterious to foodstuffs containing the oxidized products.
The art shows many methods of inhibiting lipid oxidation by adding fat-soluble antioxidants to the substrate. The art does not show the stabilization of fats by the use of undissolved ascorbic acid particles of any size. The lipid-soluble antioxidants include synthetics, such as BHA and BHT, or natural antioxidants, such as Labiatae extracts, and particularly rosemary and sage extracts. Fat-soluble esters of ascorbic acid are also used. The synthetic antioxidants are normally dissolved in the fat at levels not to exceed their permitted limits of 0.02%, whereas the natural antioxidants may be used at higher levels if their flavor level is not objectionable in the particular food or fat. Tocopherols, being naturally present in vegetable oils, may be added to animal fats to increase stability. In vegetable oils, they act as pro-oxidants at levels above about 2000 ppm.
Ascorbic acid, which is water soluble and fat insoluble, is a common additive to foods, where it serves to increase the Vitamin C content. In citrus beverages, it has been claimed to improve the flavor, and in pickle brines to improve the freshness. An important use is in curing brines in combination with nitrates and nitrites. In the curing of themeta, it reacts to form nitrous oxides, which in turn react with heme pigments to form the stable red colors of cured metals. It has been suggested that it reduces the formation of nitrosamines during the cooking of such meats.
Ascorbic acid has been used as an antioxidant from time immemorial. However, a search in U.S. Patent Office classes and subclasses, namely, Class 426, Subclasses 96, 98, 250, 534, 536, 540, 541, 547, 638, and 654; Class 260, Subclass 398.5; Class 252, Subclasses 314 and 363.5; Class 585, Subclass 351; and Class 514, Subclass 772, revealed no suggestion of the present invention. An update of the search in the U.S. Patent Office Class 426, Subclasses 72, 541, 544, 545, 546, 653, and 654; Class 424, Subclass 441; and Class 106, Subclass 263, and I.P.C. B 29C 49/00, extending over approximately the past year, and references cited in related applications, revealed only the following developments:
Ascorbic acid has been dissolved in an aqueous algae solution prior to spray drying, where it may reduce degradation due to the stresses of that operation.
It has been dissolved in aqueous solutions of tea extract, to extend the antioxidant power of the tea.
It is used as an acidulant, either in beverages per se, or incorporated into a gum matrix including polyvinyl acetate which releases it slowly upon chewing of the gum.
It is less preferred than glucose-glucose oxidase/catalase as an oxygen scavenger in aqueous phases of emulsions, and it is used in aqueous solutions of cosmetics.
Solid ascorbic acid is used in vitamin tablets. In some applications, it may be coated with a fatty acid, to permit adhesion of the particles to the surface of a dried food. It may be a component in a fat plug in baker's margarine, wherein the plug is designed to keep the components included in it from undesirably affecting the flavor of the margarine, but assisting the baker when incorporated in a dough.
Encapsulation of carotenoids in gelatin is an accepted method of reducing the rate at which they degrade. Similar retardation of oxidation is achieved by encapsulating fats or other substances in capsules, or coating the particles with an oxygen and light barrier such as an opaque sugar layer.
It has been dissolved in ethanol, which in turn is added to a mixture of lecithin and tocopherols, to form a transparent liquid upon removal of the ethanol. This ternary composition of ascorbic acid is suggested for use in highly unsaturated fats, in which it exhibits greater effectiveness than mixtures of tocopherol and lecithin alone.
In my copending U.S. application, 07/544,248, U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,293 ascorbic acid has been dissolved in a volatile solvent, such as methanol and water, and thence transferred into solution in a non-ionic emulsifier, with the solvent subsequently being removed. This forms an "activated ascorbic acid," which has powerful antioxidant properties in oleogenous media or with carotenoids and the like. Other of my copending applications show synergistic mixtures of natural antioxidants and certain emulsifiers as stabilizers for carotenoids.
Solid ascorbic acid has not been used or suggested for use as an antioxidant or stabilizer for fats or carotenoids, so far as can be ascertained, because it is insoluble in lipid media.

Low micron-sized ascorbic acid particles, especially a suspension thereof in a medium in which they are insoluble, and the use thereof as an antioxidant for mediums in which the particles remain insoluble


A flame-retardant coating composition, which includes a cross-linked thermosetting polymer and a metal hydroxide. A precursor composition for use in preparing the flame retardant-coating is also presented, wherein the precursor composition includes a cross-linked thermosetting polymer varnish, a metal hydroxide, an alcohol, and water. A method for coating an article with a flame-retardant coating layer and articles incorporating the flame-retardant coating are also presented.

In the past, fire proofing plastic involved embedding flame-retardant particles directly into the resin matrix. The technique is fine for materials which are not meant to bear load. However, the amount of flame-retardant particles needed to be effective in higher mass objects, for example plastic lumber, is too high. Disruption of the networks within a plastic significantly affects the strength and elastic modulus. Therefore, embedded particles are suitable for thinner products, for example casings for electronics and dash boards for cars. However, for structural applications of plastic a different approach must be considered to reduce the threat of fire.
Because fire is a surface phenomenon, coatings that sufficiently adjust a surface's characteristics in favor of fire resistance are important. Because the coating represents the only barrier between the plastic fuel and a possible fire source, it must remain effective throughout the fire; delaying ignition of the plastic; and hindering propagation.

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey


A compensation method for cold junction of temperature controlling console is used to compensate the temperature difference of cold junctions when a plurality of temperature controlling consoles are connected in series, where one temperature controlling console is master temperature controlling console and others are slave temperature controlling consoles. Each of the consoles has a serial input end, a serial output end and a master/slave communication end, where the serial output end of one slave console is connected to the serial input end of next slave console to form serial connection. The master/slave communication ends of all consoles are connected parallel. When the master temperature controlling console at end of the series sends a communication protocol data to all slave consoles, the slave consoles set their communication protocol to judge the positions thereof and then set the temperature compensation according to their position and their built-in program for cold junctions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a linking of a plurality of consoles, especially to a linking method of consoles, which judges the arrangement order of consoles for the reference of temperature control.
2. Description of Prior Art
In current automatic control system, heat is inevitably generated and excessive heat will influence normal operation of equipment. Therefore, temperature-controlling console is provided for those equipments, which monitors the operation status of equipments to ensure normal operation of the equipments.
As to the temperature-controlling apparatus, it generally measures temperature by thermal couple. However, cold junction compensation is necessary for the measurement of the thermal couple, because the measurement of the thermal couple has deviation in actual environment. Afterward, a DC output will be generated. In general, the temperature for the cold junction compensation is room temperature for temperature-controlling apparatus in single-unit operation and thermal stability condition, whereby the actual temperature can be measured.
In current control scheme for equipment, a plurality of temperature-controlling consoles are necessary to meet the requirement of different manufacture conditions. The temperature for the cold junction compensation is room temperature for temperature-controlling apparatus in single-unit operation. However, heat is inevitably generated and cold junction compensation temperature has error as the internal temperature of the temperature-controlling console is increased. The correctness of the temperature measurement is influenced.
To overcome this erroneous condition, the program for the cold junction compensation takes the internal temperature increment into account to reduce error. However, when the number of the temperature-controlling consoles in series is more than 3, the center temperature-controlling console is also influenced by two adjacent temperature-controlling consoles, besides the internal temperature increment thereof. Therefore, the center temperature-controlling console has larger internal temperature increment. Measurement error is inevitable if the program of the cold junction compensation does not consider this factor. It is research issue to overcome the data error for more than one temperature-controlling consoles.

Cold junction compensation method for temperature controlling console


Systems and methods for verifying relevance between terms and Web site contents are described. In one aspect, site contents from a bid URL are retrieved. Expanded term(s) semantically and/or contextually related to bid term(s) are calculated. Content similarity and expanded similarity measurements are calculated from respective combinations of the bid term(s), the site contents, and the expanded terms. Category similarity measurements between the expanded terms and the site contents are determined in view of a trained similarity classifier. The trained similarity classifier having been trained from mined web site content associated with directory data. A confidence value providing an objective measure of relevance between the bid term(s) and the site contents is determined from the content, expanded, and category similarity measurements evaluating the multiple similarity scores in view of a trained relevance classifier model.

A keyword or keyphrase is a word or set of terms submitted by a Web surfer to a search engine when searching for a related Web page/site on the World Wide Web (WWW). Search engines determine the relevancy of a Web site based on the keywords and keyword phrases that appear on the page/site. Since a significant percentage of Web site traffic results from use of search engines, Web site promoters know that proper keyword(s) selection is vital to increasing site traffic to obtain desired site exposure. Techniques to identify keywords relevant to a Web site for search engine result optimization include, for example, evaluation by a human being of Web site content and purpose to identify relevant keyword(s). This evaluation may include the use of a keyword popularity tool. Such tools determine how many people submitted a particular keyword or phrase including the keyword to a search engine. Keywords relevant to the Web site and determined to be used more often in generating search queries are generally selected for search engine result optimization with respect to the Web site.
After identifying a set of keywords for search engine result optimization of the Web site, a promoter may desire to advance a Web site to a higher position in the search engine's results (as compared to displayed positions of other Web site search engine results). To this end, the promoter bids on the keyword(s) to use with specific URL(s), wherein the bidding indicates how much the promoter will pay each time a Web surfer clicks on the promoter's listings associated with the keyword(s). In other words, keyword bids are pay-per-click bids for specific URL (Web site) promotion. The larger the amount of the keyword bid as compared to other bids for the same keyword, the higher (more prominently with respect to significance) the search engine will display the associated Web site in search results based on the keyword. Unfortunately, advertiser bidding terms may not be relevant to the Web site contents and, as a result, may not match the terms or language used by an end-user.
It may appear that the simplest way to verify a keyword(s) against a Web site (i.e., Web site content) is to use a conventional retrieval approach, which measures the similarity only between the keyword(s) and the Web site, without any additional data point comparisons. However, this technique is substantially limited. Even though the keyword(s) may be related to the Web site, the Web site itself may not include threshold criteria (e.g., direct match, number of occurrences, etc.) supporting the desired keyword(s), causing rejection of a potentially valuable bidding term. For example, consider that an online shopping corporation with an associated Web site bids on the phrase "online shopping". If the conventional retrieval approach is used and a relatively small number of occurrences of the keyword "shopping" and no occurrence of keyword "online" are found in the Web site, the potentially valuable keyphrase of "online shopping" may be mistakenly disqualified as a bidding term.
Another conventional technique is to classify a submitted bid term/phrase and Web site to obtain two categories probabilities vectors, which are then combined into a final relevance score. The problem with this conventional technique is that it does not evaluate the term/phrase directly against his website, which can be substantially problematic. For example, if an advertiser bids on the term "Italian shoes", and his website sells shoes but NOT Italian shoes, the conventional classification technique will indicate to the advertiser that the bid phrase of "Italian shoes" is irrelevant to the Web site.
In view of the above, systems and methods to better identify keywords relevant to Web site content would be welcomed by Web site promoters. This would allow the promoters to bid terms more likely to be used by an end-user. Ideally, these systems and methods would be independent of the need for a human being to evaluate Web site content to identify relevant keywords for search engine optimization and keyword bidding.

Verifying relevance between keywords and web site contents


At first, a semiconductor wafer is held and rotated by a spin chuck, and supplied with a hydrofluoric acid solution from a chemical liquid nozzle to remove natural oxide films on the wafer. Then, the wafer is supplied with pure water for rinsing it from a rinsing nozzle while the wafer is rotated. Right before the pure water stops being supplied, the wafer is supplied with an IPA liquid from a replacing medium nozzle while the wafer is rotated. The pure water is replaced with the IPA liquid by means of the Marangoni effect and a centrifugal force. Then, the wafer is rotated at 300 rpm for one second, at 3000 rpm for four seconds, and at 5000 rpm for five seconds, in this order, to remove the IPA liquid by means of a centrifugal force.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a spin cleaning method of cleaning a substrate to be treated, such as a semiconductor wafer or an LCD substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
A process for manufacturing a semiconductor device or a liquid crystal display device (LCD) generally includes a step of cleaning a substrate to be treated, such as a semiconductor wafer or an LCD substrate. The cleaning step is intended to remove particles adhered to the surface of the substrate and a natural oxide film which has been formed by exposing the substrate to the atmosphere. As an apparatus for carrying out the cleaning step, there are a batch type in which a lot of substrates are treated in a process chamber at the same time and a singular type in which substrates are treated in a process chamber one by one. A cleaning apparatus of the singular type generally. utilizes a spin cleaning method.
In the spin cleaning method, a substrate to be treated is held and rotated by a spin chuck. The surface of the substrate is supplied with a chemical liquid and then with pure water used as a rinsing liquid, and is sequentially subjected to a spin drying operation. In addition to make the pure water spun off by a centrifugal force, an inactive gas or clean air may be sprayed onto the surface of the substrate to facilitate the spin drying operation, when the substrate is dried.
A trace of the rinsing liquid, so called "water mark", left on the substrate when dried, is used to evaluate a cleaning state of the substrate. FIGS. 12A to 12D are views schematically showing a manner of a water mark being formed on the surface of, e.g, a semiconductor wafer W, when the surface of the wafer is treated with hydrofluoric acid. At first, as shown in FIG. 12A, a hydrofluoric acid solution 15 is supplied onto the surface of the wafer W while the wafer W is held and rotated by a chuck 11. Then, as shown in FIG. 12B, pure water 16 is supplied from a nozzle 13 to rinse the surface of the wafer W while the pure water is spun off by a centrifugal force. During this step, part of the pure water is left on the surface of the wafer, as shown in FIG. 12C. As a result, a water mark 14 is formed to correspond to the left part of the pure water 16, as shown in FIG. 12D.
It is thought that the water mark is generated as follows. That is, a very small amount of silica (SiO.sub.2) is originally contained in the pure water. Further, H.sub.2 SiO.sub.3 is produced by reaction among water, oxygen in air, and silicon of the wafer, as shown in reaction formula (1). EQU Si+H.sub.2 O+O.sub.2 .fwdarw.H.sub.2 SiO.sub.3 ( 1)
As a result, a very small amount of SiO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 SiO.sub.3 is contained in the pure water used as the rinsing liquid. On the other hand, while the pure water is being dried on the surface of the wafer, the pure water is divided into a plurality of portions and contracted due to its surface tension. The impurities, SiO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 SiO.sub.3, contained in the pure water are gathered with the pure water being dried, and precipitated as particles on the surface of the wafer, thereby forming water marks.
Especially in the hydrofluoric acid treatment, SiO.sub.2 on the surface of the wafer W is removed and Si is exposed, so that the reaction as shown in the reaction formula (1) easily occurs. Further, where a hydrophobic film 18, such as polysilicon, is deposited and a recess 19 is formed on the surface of the wafer W, hardly any of the pure water is spun off so that water marks are apt to be left.
As described above, water marks are formed of impurity particles. With a decrease in the line width of a semiconductor device, a more strict administration is required in relation to particle contamination. As a result, it has been deemed necessary to prevent water marks from being formed.
Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 5-243205 discloses a method of removing a liquid from a substrate surface in a centrifugal machine. In this method, an organic solvent vapor is supplied onto the substrate, which is held by a spin chuck with a vacuum force and is preferably non-rotated, so that the liquid on the substrate is contracted by means of the Marangoni effect. Then the substrate is rotated so that the liquid is removed from the substrate. The organic solvent vapor is supplied in a non-saturated state and at a temperature lower than that of the substrate, so that the organic solvent is prevented from being condensed on the substrate.
In this method, however, it is necessary to make improvements in terms of temperature administration of the organic solvent vapor and safety. Further, there is a problem in that the organic solvent vapor is hardly diffused in a uniform state. Still further, where a so-called spin chuck of the mechanical type, in which a wafer is fixed to the chuck by clamp fingers, is used, water marks are possibly formed at the portions engaged with the clamp fingers.


Disclosed is a television ghost cancellation system based on digital filtering. A baseband video signal at the output of the demodulator is lowpass filtered before being digitized at an analog-to-digital converter. The signal is then processed in digital filters to remove the ghosts. The clean digital signal is then passed to a digital-to-analog converter and lowpass filter to become a clean baseband video signal. The digital filters consist of a feedforward section and a feedback section. The coefficients of the digital filters are calculated by digital signal processor, which processes the data stored in First-In-First-Out buffers (FIFOs). The FIFOs are used as outputs, while one FIFO is used as input to the feedback section. The FIFO stores the standard ghost canceler reference (GCR) signal. Switches are controlled by a synchronization separation circuitry. The coefficients of the feedforward section are estimated by processing data stored in the FIFO. The coefficients of the feedback filter are estimated by adapting a virtual finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which processes data stored in the FIFOs. A scheme is provided to optimize the adaptation process. The advantages of this system are stability and efficiency of the feedback section, fast cancellation and small residuals after convergence.

This invention relates generally to television signal processing circuitry, and more particularly the invention relates to circuitry for ghost signal cancellation in television signals in all broadcasting standards and in HDTV.
Echo signals or ghost signals have been one of the major problems in modern television transmission. When a transmitted signal is received from the air, ghosts can be caused by reflections from mountains, buildings, and the like. In a television signal received through cable, the ghosts can be due to discontinuities of the connectors. Although the ghosts are generated in a radio frequency spectrum, the process in which the ghost is created can be accurately modelled as a linear distortion in a baseband signal. Therefore, cancelling the ghosts can be accomplished by passing the baseband signal through a linear filter which is an inverse of the linear model of the ghosting process.
Prior efforts in eliminating ghosts used analog technology such as a charge coupled device (CCD) transversal filter which did not produce significant improvement due to inaccuracy of the filter. More recently, a ghost canceller reference (GCR) signal has been proposed for use in training of filters. Digital filters have become widely accepted as alternative methods to implement the ghost cancellers.
Ghost signals can arrive at a receiver before and after the main signal, resulting in a precursor ghost and post-cursor ghost, respectively. A filter to cancel the precursor ghost is a physically non-realizable infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, which can be approximated by a longer finite impulse response(FIR) filter. The post-cursor ghost can be cancelled by an IIR filter. Therefore, the typical digital filter to cancel the ghost signals is an FIR feedforward filter followed by an IIR feedback filter.
In order to calculate the filter coefficients, a ghost canceller reference (GCR) signal is transmitted from the broadcasting station, typically in one line of the vertical blanking interval (VBI). The coefficient of the filters can be estimated by comparing the received GCR signal with a stored standard GCR signal. In order to cancel the unknown ghosts, the filters have to be able to adapt to different situations. Adapting the feed-forward section is straightforward since well-known algorithms such as the mean squared error (MSE) algorithm or zero forcing (ZF) algorithms can be used to estimate the FIR filter coefficients. However, adapting the feedback filter coefficients directly using the same algorithms can result in an unstable filter. Although a stability check to abandon an unstable filter while designing another filter, this involves a significant amount of extra computations and may end up to a suboptimal solution.
Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is a stable television ghost cancellation system including a feed-forward filter and a feedback filter with a stable and optimal adaptation of the feedback section of the ghost canceller.

Ghost signal cancellation system using feedforward and feedback filters for television signals


This invention relates to a current cell playing a role as a current switch source in a digital-to-analog converter. According to the present invention, the current cell assembled by both p-type MOS transistor M1 for current supply and p-type MOS transistor M2 and M3 for symmetrical operation, comprises: an inverting means consisting of p-type and n-type MOS transistor M5 and M4, where the digital input signal Di is applied to each of gate terminal and where the source terminal is connected to power supply terminal Vdd and ground terminal GND; a transmission means consisting of n-type MOS transistor M7, where the digital input signal of Di is applied to its gate terminal and power supply voltage Vdd is applied to its source terminal, and p-type and n-type MOS transistors M6 and M8, where the digital input signal Di and the output signal of the said inverting means is applied to each of their gate terminal, respectively. The output signal from the said inverting and transmission means is applied to the gate terminals of the said p-type MOS transistors M2, M3 respectively.. The features of the current cell is apparent in that the signal symmetrical to MOS transistors M2 and M3 can reach the input side of digital signal determining on or off state at nearly the same time through additional circuits, thus taking advantage of the differential type which has better symmetrical operation, and thus making its design easier. Therefore, a high-speed D/A converter can be made available and can also be used in a system contain such converter.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a current cell playing a role as a current switch source in a digital-to-analog converter.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The structure of digital-to-analog converter (hereinafter `D/A converter`) to convert digital signal to analog signal is assembled in two parts, wherein one part is to generate the output current equivalent to digital value by separating the digital signal as a constant signal group and the other part is to generate the optimal output current corresponding to the said digital value.
The major performance characteristics of the D/A converter in accordance with the current switch cell and its type are as follows:
A) Linearity: This depends on the symmetrical operation of the current switching cell, and is affected by the output impedance of current source. Hence, as the matching between current sources affects the symmetrical switching operation, the current cell in differential type is suitable in terms of linearity.
B) Glitch: This depends on the incomplete synchronization of digital input signal determining on-and off-state of the current source. The glitch is related to the decoding circuit generating the digital input signal which reaches each current source, thus creating the current switch cell of differential type in the state of non-symmetrical switching. Accordingly, the performance of inverter consisting of the differential type should be considered.
C) Operation speed: The operation speed of the current switch cell is affected by the stray capacitance in output node. To reduce the said effect, common source stray capacitance should be minimized to make the switching-recovery time smaller.
FIG. 1 illustrates a circuit diagram of the current cell playing a role of current switch source, which is a basic structure of conventional D/A converter.
The current cell of the prior art comprises 3 pieces of p-type MOS transistor M1-M3. Voltage Vcmp is applied to the gate terminal of p-type MOS transistor M1, and the power supply voltage Vdd is applied to its source terminal. The drain terminal of the transistor M1 is connected to the source terminal of p-type MOS transistors M2, M3 and the drain terminals of MOS transistor M2, M3, where the digital input signal Di and reference voltage Vref are applied to their gate terminal respectively, is connected to ground (GND) and input terminal respectively.
The operation profile of the current cell in the prior art is that the output current (Iout) of the current cell is determined by reference voltage (Vcmp) supplied to the gate of MOS transistor M1, and the signal digital input Di, determining on or off-state of output of the current cell, is supplied to the gate of MOS transistor M2. MOS transistor M3, to which a constant reference voltage Vref is applied, is connected with the said MOS transistor M2 to assist the output switching.
If the said current cell as aforementioned employs various kinds of current switch cell simultaneously, however, the matching of on or off-state in each of current switch cell cannot be made available which may in turn affect the performance characteristics e.g., linearity.
FIG. 2 illustrates a circuit diagram of the current cell for another prior art D/A converter.
The current cell in FIG. 2 comprises 3 p-type MOS transistors M1-M3 and one inverter IN1 in the same manner as in FIG. 1. Reference voltage Vref is applied to the gate terminal of MOS transistor (M1), where the power supply voltage Vdd is applied to its source terminal and the drain terminal is connected to the source terminal of MOS transistors M2, M3. The drain terminal of MOS transistor M2, M3, where both digital input signal Di and inverted digital input signal Di are applied to gate terminal respectively, is assembled to generate both inverted output signal Iout and output signal Iout.
The operation profile of the current cell in the prior art is that instead of applying a constant reference voltage Vref to the gate terminal of MOS transistor M3 which generates the output signal (Iout) as shown in FIG. 1, the digital input signal Di applied to the gate of MOS transistor M2 is inverted and applied to MOS transistor M3. Thus, the switching operation of MOS transistors M2, M3 is in a symmetrical position, which is called `differential type`. In such a D/A converter having the said differential structure, the symmetrical operation of MOS transistor (M2, M3) is of paramount importance.
The current cell as illustrated in FIG. 2 employs the inverter IN1 so as to invert the digital input signal Di applied to the gate terminal of MOS transistor M3. In order for the MOS transistors M2, M3 to be operated in complete symmetry, the difference in delay should not exist between the input time and the output time of data in inverter IN1. However, there has been much difficulty controlling the said difference in inverter.

Current cell for digital-to-analog converter

Hyundai Electronics Industries Co., Ltd.


An image forming method comprising the steps of: rotating a drum having wound thereon a heat developable light-sensitive material which comprises a support having thereon at least a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion, a binder and a dye-donating compound; exposing said light-sensitive material with an exposure head comprising a plurality of beam light sources which are arranged at a predetermined interval along a sub-scanning direction perpendicular to a main scanning direction in which the drum is rotated, to correspond to a plurality of exposure points, respectively, and each of which emits light having the same wavelength each other; and moving said exposure head in said sub-scanning direction by 1/N (N is an integer of 2 or more) of the length of the arrangement of said beam light sources, to effect a scanning exposure of said light-sensitive material in steps of a plurality of exposure points.

The heat developable light-sensitive materials are known in the art, and the heat developable light-sensitive materials and processes thereof are described, for example, in Shashin Kohqaku no Kiso (Higinen Shashin) (The Fundamentals of Photographic Engineering (Nonsilver Photograph)), pages 242 to 255 (1982), Corona Publishing Co. Ltd and U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,626.
In addition, methods for forming dye images, for example, by the coupling reaction of oxides of developing agents and couplers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,761,270 and 4,021,240. Further, methods for forming positive color images by the light-sensitive silver dye bleaching process are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,957 and the like.
Furthermore, a method has recently been proposed in which a diffusive dye is imagewise released or formed by heat development and the diffusive dye is transferred onto a dye fixing element. According to this method, either a negative dye image or a positive dye image can be obtained by changing the kind of dye-donating compound used or the kind of silver halide used. Further details thereof are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,500,626, 4,483,914, 4,503,137 and 4,559,290, JP-A58-149046 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"), JP-A-60-133449, JP-A-59-218443, JP-A-61-238056, EP-A-220746A2, JIII Journal of Technical Disclosure No. 87-6199 and EP-A-210660 (A2).
Also for methods for obtaining positive color images by heat development, many methods have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,290 proposes a method of allowing a compound obtained by converting a so-called DRR compound to an oxide type having no color image releasing ability to coexist with a reducing agent or a precursor thereof, oxidizing the reducing agent by heat development in accordance with the exposure amount of a silver halide, and reducing the oxidized compound with the remaining reducing agent not oxidized, thereby permitting a diffusive dye to be released. Further, EP-A-220746A and JIII Journal of Technical Disclosure No. 87-6199 (Vol. 12, No. 22) describe heat developable color light-sensitive materials using compounds which releases diffusive dyes by reductive cleavage of N--X bonds (wherein X represents an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom or a sulfur atom) as compounds which releases diffusive dyes by a similar mechanism.
In general, in the exposure of heat developable light-sensitive materials having a size exceeding A3, the so-called outer drum system exposure is usually employed in which light-sensitive materials are exposed while being wrapped around a drum, because it is difficult to transport the material with plane conveyance. However, the outer drum system exposure providing high resolution has the problem of time consuming. In order to solve this problem, it is proposed to increase the number of revolution of a drum. However, this is liable to causes the problem that it becomes difficult to fix light-sensitive materials to the drum, causing an increase in cost, that the exposure time per exposure point decreases so that the resulting sensitivity or gradation becomes unfavorable, that the developing speed reduces, or that the exposure temperature dependency increases.
On the other hand, as a method for decreasing the exposure time, there is the multiple-beam exposure method of exposing a plurality of exposure points at once. In this exposure method, it is possible to decrease the whole exposure time while decreasing the number of revolution of a drum. In the multiple-beam exposure, a multiple exposure effect of different time intervals as compared with other exposure points is given at exposure points at both ends in an arranged direction of multiple beams from the exposure of the exposure points adjacent to an exposure point to which attention is given. In this exposure method, an exposure head having a plurality of beam light sources is used for obtaining the multiple beams.
Further, a method of arranging exposure beams in a manner different from the conventional one to conduct the so-called interleave system exposure, thereby decreasing the difference in exposure history is described in IS & T's International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, page 337 (1994).
The overlapping of exposure beams and the effect of multiple exposure are described in PCT International Publication No. 95/31754 and JP-A-4-51043, which are inventions for monobeam exposure and make no reference to the problems which arise by multiple exposure at all.
Further, JP-A-2-18548 reports that changes in photographic characteristics caused by multiple exposure in scanning exposure are reduced by doping a silver halide emulsion with a heavy metal, but does not mention the problems which arise by multiple exposure at all.
JP-A-7-234371 reports an image forming apparatus for controlling the overlapping of light beams to inhibit the uneven density due to multiple exposure effect in scanning exposure using a monobeam, but is silent on the problems which caused by multiple channel exposure using multiple beams.
JP-A-4-249244 discloses an improvement in a developing solution as a method for inhibiting deterioration of the photographic characteristics which occurs in conducting scanning exposure having high illuminance and an overlap of a short period of time, but describes no improvement by an exposure method and makes no reference to multiple channel exposure at all.


A method for building a table to select r most frequently used Internet site names. The method comprises the following steps. First, receive an Internet site name. Second, convert the Internet site name into a number. Third, store the number in a table having n entries, each entry comprising a number field for storing the number, a name field for storing the received Internet site name and a count field for storing the number of times the received Internet site name has been received, where n≧r. Fourth, if the number is in the table, increment the value of the count field of the associated entry. Fifth, if the number is new and the table is not full, enter the number in an empty entry and initialize the value of the count field to a default value. Sixth, if the number is new but the table is full, replace one of the q least frequently used entries where q<n. Finally, retrieve the r most frequently used Internet site names from the table according to the value of the count field of each entry.

Over the Internet, a user can access any resource, such as a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) file, available over the Internet on any host by entering a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) in an Internet browser. For the convenience of users, a resource provider may list all its resources in a site (the resource delivery site), but store the resources in many other sites (the resource providing sites). When a user requests a resource from the resource delivery site, the resource delivery site, generally, checks if there is a valid cached copy. If the cached copy is valid, the resource delivery site delivers the cached copy to the user. Otherwise, the resource delivery site obtains another copy of the resource from the corresponding resource providing site and updates the cached copy. A cached copy is invalid if it becomes unauthorized by the resource providing site. For example, a cached copy is invalid if its existence has exceeded an interval specified by the resource providing site. The advantage of the cache ability is that it enables a faster delivery for the next request for the same resource if the cached copy at the resource delivery site is valid. Since the cached copy may become invalid before the next request has been received, it is desirable to identify frequently used (hot) Internet sites, so that the resource delivery site can obtain a valid cached copy of resources from those Internet sites in advance. In the following, "Internet site name" and "resource name" are used interchangeably because a URL usually specifies both the Internet site name and the resource name. Also, a "resource delivery site" and a "resource providing site" are used to represent the hosts at the respective sites.
One way of identifying frequently used Internet sites is to list all Internet site names received during a given period and count the number of times each Internet site name has been received. Then select those which have a count exceeding a threshold as the most frequently used Internet sites. However, the list may be long and, thus, require a lot of memory space and computing power. Furthermore, if a new Internet site name is received but the memory has already exhausted, the new Internet site name is usually dropped even if that Internet site would be most frequently used.

System for storing web site names and caching audio resources of the most visited web sites


A four-odor-sealing bag comprising an inner layer and an outer layer each of which comprises polyethylene or an ethylene-based copolymer, and an intermediate layer comprising a barrier resin, wherein the inner and the outer layers each contain an antiblocking agent and a surface active agent, the amount of the antiblocking agent contained in each of the inner layer and the outer layer is not less than 6500 ppm, the amount of the surface active agent contained in each of them is in the range of 1000 to 8000 ppm, the thickness of the intermediate layer is in the range of 0.8 to 5.0 μm, the total thickness of all of the layers is in the range of 10 to 30 μm, the four-odor-sealing bag is a co-extrusion inflation product and has the bottom of the four-odor-sealing bag is sealed by fusion bonding, and in the use of the four-odor-sealing bag, a non-fusion bonded opening is tied closed to seal in the contents.

In the case of changing disposable diapers or paper underpants of babies, infants or bedridden elderly people, the disposable diapers, etc. soiled with filth have been wrapped in paper or the like and disposed of in the past.
However, only by placing or wrapping the soiled material to be disposed of, such as disposable diaper, in a plastic bag or paper, an offensive odor is in the surrounding air to deteriorate the ambient environment.
Moreover, making a loud sound in the change of a diaper in the nighttime sometimes disturbs sleep of a person who is asleep in the same house or the same room. In particular, many of odor prevention bags or deodorizing bags that are on the market produce loud friction sounds when their openings are closed. Further, when their openings are tied, it is difficult to tie them sealed, and if the bags are stiff or have poor sliding properties, there are problems such that they are difficult to tie, and an odor leaks out from the knot because the knot is not sealed.
As a waste bag functioning as a used excrement-disposal tool, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2005-67857 (patent literature 1) is known. In the patent literature 1, a waste bag using a laminate film consisting of an outer layer of low-density polyethylene and an inner layer of high-density polyethylene has been proposed.
Also the present applicant has proposed, as a fecal odor blocking film, a film comprising an amorphous amide layer (A) containing an amorphous polyamide in an amount of not less than 70% by weight, and a polyolefin layer (B) and/or an adhesive resin layer (C), and having, if necessary, an aromatic polyamide layer (D), in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2006-281651 (patent literature 2).
Here, polyethylene films are inferior in blocking properties against a fecal odor, and therefore, excrement disposal or waste bags using polyethylene films emit a fecal odor and give unpleasant feeling to the users or the people around, so that excrement disposal or waste disposal films (fecal odor blocking films) having more excellent fecal odor blocking performance have been desired. It has been thought in the past that in order to impart odor blocking properties to plastic films, multilayer films containing an ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinylidene chloride or the like that is considered to be a resin of excellent odor blocking performance are preferable. Of such resins, polyvinyldene chloride can be mentioned as a resin having excellent odor blocking performance. However, used bags in which excrement has been disposed of are frequently subjected to incineration, and when multilayer films comprising a vinylidene chloride-based resin are incinerated, there is a possibility of generation of dioxin, so that such films are undesirable from the viewpoint of environmental influence. On the other hand, the ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer is a non-chlorine-based resin and is preferable from the viewpoint of environmental influence. However, the odor blocking properties of the resin greatly vary depending upon the target odor, and multilayer films comprising the ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer are markedly inferior in the fecal odor blocking performance to multilayer films comprising a vinylidene chloride-based resin.
Noting various properties of amorphous nylon, multilayer films containing amorphous nylon have been developed. However, these multilayer films use amorphous nylon for the main purpose of improvement in molding properties, improvement in labeling properties, prevention of curling, or the like, and sufficient level of odor blocking performance, particularly fecal odor blocking performance, has not been attained. In Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-347188 (patent literature 3), an ostomy bag (stoma appliance) obtained by laminating a polyethylene-based copolymer and a mixture of the copolymer and an amorphous polyamide resin so as to form a laminate of A (polyethylene)/B (the mixture)/A has been disclosed. This patent literature 3 is a bag having been fitted to a stoma in advance, and is entirely different in problems from a foul-odor-sealing bag that is used by being tied similarly to the present invention.


An ambient sound processing method provided includes determining a time-frequency spectrum of an ambient sound in preset duration. A matching scenario is determined from at least one preset scenario according to the time-frequency spectrum of the ambient sound in the preset duration, where a time-frequency spectrum of the matching scenario matches the time-frequency spectrum of the ambient sound in the preset duration. Operation information corresponding to the matching scenario is determined as the operation information to be executed, and an operation is performed according to the operation information to be executed and a subsequently received ambient sound, and an operated signal is determined. The operated signal is mixed to obtain a mixed signal, and the mixed signal is transmitted to a headset, where the mixed signal includes at least an audio signal played by user equipment of a user.

An active noise reduction (Ambient Noise Cancellation, ANC for short) technology is a technology for canceling low and medium frequency noises in an ambient environment, so as to deliver quiet listening experience when a user listens to audio. By canceling noises in the ambient environment, volume may be lowered to protect hearing of a user while ensuring that the user can clearly listen.
Low and medium frequency noises in life mainly come from vehicles, fans, motors, or the like. Therefore, an active noise reduction function is mainly used in the vehicles (such as an airplane, an automobile, a bus, a subway, and a train), or may be used in places such as an office and a factory building.
In the prior art, a noise reduction headset produced by using the active noise reduction technology can effectively cancel the noises in ambient sounds, so that the user can listen to music at ease. However, the noise reduction headset in the prior art cancels all ambient sounds, even sounds such as an automobile horn and an alarm that are used for reminding the user. This is dangerous for the user.
Based on the foregoing description, it can be learned that the user may use the noise reduction headset in various scenarios, but different scenarios may have different requirements. For example, the user needs to hear a sound of an automobile horn, which is used for reminding the user. However, the noise reduction headset in the prior art just performs noise reduction on all ambient sounds, and cannot provide diversified services according to a scenario in which the user stays.
In conclusion, an ambient sound processing method is urgently needed to perform a more accurate operation on an ambient sound based on a scenario in which the user stays, so as to provide a more accurate prompt and a better service for the user.

Ambient sound processing method and device


A method of production of a frac plug is disclosed comprising providing a blank defining an interior of the frac plug, placing a glass material around the blank such that a fiber reinforcement within the glass material is off axis to a longitudinal axis of the frac plug and wherein the placing forms a glass material blank, removing the blank from the glass material blank and performing at least one mechanical processing of an exterior of the glass material blank.

Production of oil and gas from geological stratum can involve different tools that are used by operators. Of recent significance, a process known as fracturing ("fracking") uses devices that may be placed within the stratum to create an increase in pressure. The increase in pressure can exceed the yield point of the soils and rock within the stratum, thereby fracturing the stratum. Oil and gas that may be under pressure may leak into the fractures and then ultimately may be collected by the operator.
As will be understood, different sections of stratum may have different geological features. One stratum may be rich in petroleum, while others may contain only hard rock. It is desired to place the stratum that is rich in petroleum under pressure to allow for fracturing, while the other rock bearing stratum remain untouched. Thus, different zones of stratum may be delineated within the underground for further processing.
To aid in the segregation of the underground, different zones may be established through a series of plugs ("frac plugs") that are placed within a wellbore drilled within the stratum. These frac plugs can prevent the flow of fluids from one side of the installed plug to the other. For an operator, a plug may be placed within a wellbore that extends through the stratum at an elevation directly under the bottom of a petroleum rich zone. Fluids (often a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals) are then pumped down the wellbore, and the wellbore is charged ("pressurized") up to a level where the stratum in the petroleum rich zone is fractured. The operator can then remove the plug through various means, such as through drilling or mechanical disengagement from the wellbore.
Frac plugs, due to their need to withstand high mechanical forces, are made of durable metal materials that are expected to be encountered within the high pressurized environment. Conventional frac plugs are metallic units that have gripping features on the exterior of the plug to allow them to be wedged into place to limit fluid flow. These conventional frac plugs are expensive to produce due to the number of parts of the frac plug. Moreover, conventional frac plugs are made of metallic materials that are difficult to remove or drill through for removal.
There is a need to provide a frac plug that is more cost effective to produce than conventional metal frac plugs.
There is a further need to provide a frac plug that may be removed from the wellbore in a cost effective manner.
There is a further need to provide a frac plug that is generally light weight for ease of handling by the operators, but is also durable for expected loads.

Methods of production of oil and gas service plugs


The toner of the present invention is suitably used in SLIC development system where a liner velocity of a developer-bearing member is 150 to 500 cm/sec. The toner has resin particles containing at least a coloring agent, and a charge controlling agent fine articles, and a ratio M/T of the amount M (% by weight) of an element in the surface of toner particles as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to the amount T (% by weight) of the element in the entire toner particles of 20 to 500, which element is present only in a charge control agent among components of the toner and is an element belonging to one of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth periods of the long form of periodic table of elements except hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and rare gas elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a toner for use in electrophotographic systems such as copying machines and printers, to a developer comprising the toner of the present invention, to an image-forming process cartridge comprising the toner of the present invention therein, to an image forming apparatus comprising the toner of the present invention therein, and an image-forming process using the toner of the present invention.
2. Description of the Related Art
Copying, recording, printing, and other image forming apparatus form latent electrostatic images by an electrophotographic system and develop the latent electrostatic images using a developer. These apparatuses have been more and more resource saving, miniaturized, high-speed and digitized. Developers for use in these apparatuses must have higher quality with higher reliability. In addition, such miniaturized apparatus must be operated at a further higher speed, while an image density (image quality) must be ensured. As possible solutions to these problems, a technique of increasing the speed of a development sleeve, a technique of increasing the concentration of a toner, and a technique of narrowing a development gap are known. However, the technique of increasing the speed of a development sleeve invites increased scattering of toner particles. In the technique of increasing the concentration of a toner, a carrier has decreased constraining force with respect to the toner, and the toner cannot be satisfactorily transported to a development region, thus inviting scattering of toner particles or toner deposition on the background of images. In particular, when a toner is prepared by a melting, kneading and pulverizing method, it is difficult to satisfactorily control the average particle diameter of the resulting toner, a toner having a small average particle diameter cannot be significantly efficiently prepared, and the resulting toner is often dispersed non-uniformly and has a broad charge distribution. Accordingly, a problem arises in that the conventional toner prepared by the melting, kneading and pulverizing method often invites scattering of toner particles and toner deposition on the background of images when the speed of the development sleeve increases or the concentration of the toner increases.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an image-developer in a related art.
The image-developer includes a developer-bearing member 11 with magnetic flux density distribution curves 11-1 and 11-2 of an development main magnetic pole P1 and of a developer-transport pole P5 in normal direction, a scatter-preventing member 12 with an elastic member (inlet seal) 37c made of, for example, polyurethane adhered with a double-faced adhesive tape. The image-developer also includes a development doctor 13 for controlling the amount of the developer on the developer-bearing member 11, a puddle 14 for transporting the developer to the front of the image-developer, and a transport screw 15 for transporting the developer to the rear of the image-developer.
In the conventional image-developer, when a magnetic blush made of a chain of magnetic particles of the developer is formed or disintegrated by action of magnetic force of the developer transport pole P5 disposed downstream from the development doctor 13, a weakly charged toner becomes separated from the carrier and scatters as indicated by a broken arrow in a circle in FIG. 3. An import seal 12a prevents to some extent but not completely the toner that separated from the carrier from scattering out of the image-developer. This phenomenon significantly depends on adhesion between the toner and the carrier. With reference to FIG. 4, the toner 20 and the carrier 30 adhere to each other by the van der Waals force and the Coulomb force. Of the two forces, the adhesion mainly depends on the Coulomb force, and scattering of the toner often occurs when the toner has a low charge "q" and tends to become separated form the carrier. Accordingly, the scattering of the toner particles often occurs when weakly charged toner particles increase in proportions in a charge distribution of the toner.
With reference to FIG. 5, the carrier and the toner on the surface of the developer-bearing member are transported at a linear velocity V=Rω, wherein V is the linear velocity, R is the radius of the developer-bearing member, and ω is the angular velocity of rotation. However, the linear velocity "v" of the tip of the magnetic blush is higher than "v" and is expressed by the equation: v=(R+H)ω, wherein "H" is a distance between the surface of the developer-bearing member and the tip of the magnetic blush. Thus, also from the mechanical viewpoint, the toner tends to scatter when the magnetic blush made of a chain of magnetic particles of the developer is formed or disintegrated. Some of recent miniaturized and higher-speed apparatus have a linear velocity on the surface of a developer-bearing member of 300 mm/sec or more, and the scattering of the toner particles becomes a more and more significant problem.
The scattering of the toner particles has been described above by taking the developer-transport pole P5 as an example. In the sharp line contact development system (SLIC development system), an angle "α" is set at 15° to 25°, wherein α(hereinafter referred to as "half-width") is the angle formed between the rotational axis of the image carrier and a straight line between the points P and Q, wherein P and Q are each a point exhibiting a half value of the peak (maximum) value (gauss) with a point R exhibiting the peak value in the magnetic flux density distribution curve 11-1 of the development main magnetic pole P1 in FIG. 2. In the SLIC development system, the magnetic blush instantaneously forms and instantaneously disintegrates, and the linear velocity is higher than conventional equivalents. The scattering of the toner particles and toner deposition on the background of images in the development main magnetic pole P1 are significant problems.

Toner for electrophotography, developer using the same, image-forming process cartridge using the same, image-forming apparatus using the same and image-forming process using the same


This machining program generation device is provided with: a storage unit that stores machining conditions for respective tool regions determined on the basis of the number of effective edges in a multi-blade tool; a contact region calculation unit that calculates a tool region which comes into contact with a workpiece during machining on the basis of the shapes of the workpiece and the edge portion of the tool and of a tool path; and a machining program generation unit that generates a machining program on the basis of the tool path and the machining conditions stored in the storage unit in association with the tool region coming into contact with the workpiece.

An NC machine tool receives machining commands input by a machining program and performs machining by driving feed axes or a main spindle in accordance with the input machining commands. The machining program is written by coordinates X, Y, Z, A, and C of the feed axes showing the path for movement of the tool, F-codes showing the feed speeds of the feed axes, S-codes showing the rotational speed of the main spindle, etc. Even in the case of the same machine tool machining the same shape of workpiece, the machining program will not be written the same. Various machining programs may be considered. Depending on the quality of the final product of the machining program, the time for the NC machine tool to machine the workpiece or the precision of the workpiece will change. Further, unless suitably writing the machining program corresponding to the tool used for the machining, the tool performance cannot be made complete use of.
PTL 1 discloses a numerical control device making the amount of movement per cutting edge constant and making a relative speed between a tool and a contact point of a workpiece constant so as to efficiently machine a workpiece by an NC machine tool.
PTL 2 discloses a ball end mill having six cutting edges which includes two cutting edges providing bottom cutting edges at a nose part and another four cutting edges minus portions corresponding to the lengths of the bottom cutting edges.

Machining program generation device and machining method


A method provides for shooting a missile-rocket. The missile-rocket has two movable parts and a propellant. The propellant is disposed between the one movable part and the first end of the other movable part. The missile-rocket undergoes three phases of acceleration. During the first phase, the method includes the steps of activating the propellant, moving one of the movable parts in response to the activation of the propellant, and urging the one of the movable parts to engage the other one of the movable parts. During the second phase, the method includes the step of urging the other one of the movable parts in response to the engagement. During the third phase, the method includes the step of releasing gases formed by activating the propellant from the missile-rocket to further urge the missile-rocket. The movable parts are preferably a shell and a core. In one embodiment, the core is moved in response to the activation of the propellant and urged to engage the front end of the shell. The shell is urged in response to the core engaging the front end of the shell. Further urging of the core and the shell is by releasing gases formed by activating the propellant from a chamber formed by the core and the shell. In another embodiment, the shell is moved in response to the activation of the propellant and urged to engage the core. The core is urged in response to this engagement. Further urging of the core and the shell is again by releasing gases formed by activating the propellant from a chamber formed by the core and the shell.

Presently two main methods of shooting and two groups of devices for implementing these methods are used. In the first method, a material object, such as a missile or bullet, is accelerated using a special launching device, such as a barrel. The missile is accelerated by the pressure of gases in the barrel pushing the rear portion of the missile. The barrel can also produce rotation of the missile for its axial stabilization. The main advantage of this method is that it produces very high accelerations. However, such a method requires a complex and heavy launching device and wastes energy and material, such as the case of the cartridge. The launching device has complex kinematics because of the process of extracting this case, and the effects of recoil and of sharp report.
The second method uses the reactive principle. A rocket uses such a method. Here, forward and rotating motion are achieved by the energy of gases, outflowing from the shell. This method uses a simpler launching device and lacks the recoil and report effects. However, with this method, high accelerations are difficult to achieve.
It is desirable to have a shooting system that increases the use of energy and material, simplifies the launching device, and reduces the recoil and report.


An improved coated orthopaedic implant component is disclosed. The implant may be coated with platinum, iridium or other metals for improved characteristics. Ion beam coating orthopaedic parts by ion implanting the parts with zirconium ions while the parts are immersed in an oxygen-containing background gas is also disclosed. The adhesion of the graded interface zirconium oxide surface layer so formed is further improved by the initial removal of surface contamination using an ion bombardment and the deposition of an intermediate layer of platinum or similar metal or silicon between the orthopaedic metal component and the zirconium oxide. Furnace heating results in atomic interdiffusion to enhance adhesion between the surfaces. The zirconium oxide provides a low friction, low wear articulating surface. The graded interface may be characterized by a blackish color and a transition between pure zirconium oxide and pure intermediate layer that extends over a thickness of hundreds of Angstroms. In an alternative embodiment, the thickness of the zirconium oxide coating may be increased by also adding a simultaneous deposition of zirconium oxide on the parts.

It is known that coating of the metal articulating surface of orthopaedic devices can improve wear and decrease friction, and improve other surface properties, in implantable orthopaedic devices. For example, it is possible to improve these properties by replacing the metal surface with a continuous surface layer consisting of a ceramic material. Zirconium oxide (ZrO.sub.2 or zirconium oxide) has been found to be beneficial. This is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,438, J. Davidson et al and also in an article titled "Low Wear Rate of UHMWPE Against Zirconium oxide Ceramic (Y-PSZ) in Comparison to Alumina Ceramic and SS316L Alloy", found in the J. of Biomed. Mat. Res. 25, p. 813 (1991).
In the method of growing a zirconium oxide coating on orthopaedic devices described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,438, the zirconium oxide is formed by diffusing oxygen gas into the metal at a high temperature in a furnace for a suitable period of time. The process occurs at atmospheric pressure and results in the chemical reaction of the zirconium metal workpiece and oxygen to form a surface layer of zirconium oxide. This method, however, requires that the prothesis be fabricated from pure zirconium metal, which may not be suitable for implantation into humans.
One well-known alternative is the use of ion implantation of various elements of the implant component for improving the wear, friction, and other surface properties of many metal alloys. See "Surface Modification of Metals by Ion Beams", Elsevir Sequoia (1984). For alloys containing primarily the elements cobalt and chromium, both ion implanted nitrogen and titanium have been shown to improve friction and wear properties. See "Friction and Wear Behavior of Cobalt-Based Alloy Implanted with Ti or N", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 27, p. 637 (1984). For orthopaedic surgical implants, cobalt-chrome alloy implanted with nitrogen has been found to improve the corrosion and subsequent wear/friction properties of the prosthetic joint. See "Medical Applications of Ion Beam Processes", Nuc. Inst. and Meth. in Physics Res. B19/20., pg. 204-208 (1987). Further, the idea of using an ion beam and physical vapor deposition simultaneously bombarding a metal surface has been in use for flat substrates. See "Properties of Aluminum Nitride Films by an Ion Beam and Vapor Deposition Method", Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B39, p. 178 (1989).
Ion implantation of nitrogen does produce some improvement in the wear and friction properties of those alloys containing predominantly cobalt and chromium when rubbing against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in a laboratory test, such as a pin-on-disk wear test. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,123,924, Sioshansi et al.
Zirconium ions have been ion implanted into iron and steel to improve the corrosion properties. See "Surface Modification of Iron and Steel by Zirconium or Yttrium Ion Implantation and Their Electrochemical Properties", from "Surface Modification of Metals by Ion Beams 7", Eds. F. A. Smidt, G. K. Hubler, and B. D. Sartwell, Elsevier Sequoia S. A., p. 1 (1992).


Provided are a solid-state imaging device capable of improving image quality of a captured image even if the pixel size is increased, and an electronic device equipped with the solid-state imaging device. A solid-state imaging device is provided that includes: at least two column areas that perform Analog To Digital (AD) conversion of a pixel signal generated by a pixel; a plurality of vertical signal lines that transfers the pixel signal to the column areas; and a free area in which the plurality of vertical signal lines is not wired, in which two of the vertical signal lines facing each other sandwiching the free area are arranged, and lengths of the two vertical signal lines are substantially equal to each other.

In recent years, demand has been increasing more and more for solid-state imaging devices (image sensors) that are core components of digital cameras. For example, in a solid-state imaging device of a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, it is being studied to read pixel signals constituting image data with high accuracy.
Furthermore, for image data output from the solid-state imaging device, output of a high-definition image is required due to improvement of information processing technology. Thus, for example, a technology is also being studied related to a solid-state imaging device capable of supporting output of a variety of image data (see Patent Document 1).

Solid-state imaging device and electronic device

SONY SEMICONDUCTOR SOLUTIONS CORPORATION


A mechanism for mapping data between different hierarchies within an industrial automation system facilitates the user of the different hierarchies. For example, the mechanism can include at least: locating an instance of data within a first hierarchical tree; and mapping the instance of the data within the first hierarchical tree to an instance of the data within a second hierarchical tree. The first hierarchical tree and the second hierarchical tree include instances of the same data arranged in different structural organizations. Utilizing the mechanism, when an instance of data in the first hierarchical tree is changed, a corresponding instance of the data in the second hierarchical tree can be updated according to the change.

Industrial automation generally refers to the use of control systems to increase the productivity and/or quality of an industrial process. An "industrial process" generally refers to any type of process that facilitates the production of goods or the delivery of services. A "control system" generally refers to a device or set of devices that manage, command, direct, or regulate the behavior of other devices utilized within an industrial process. The "control system" can be managed by an "industrial controller," such as a programmable logic controller, a programmable automation controller, or the like.
Data related to a control system is generally stored according to various structural organizations. For example, instances of the data can be stored according to different hierarchies (corresponding to different hierarchical trees). Each different hierarchical tree arranges data in a different manner. Hierarchies and other structural organizations are necessary to provide a high level view of relationships between content, including the data, within the control system and to facilitate navigation through the content to reach the data for manipulation.
Control systems utilize different hierarchies to arrange content, including a logical hierarchy, a physical hierarchy, a control hierarchy and a network hierarchy, among other hierarchies. To accommodate any conceivable situation, developers of control systems keep adding additional hierarchies that may be needed by a user in different situations. While the different hierarchies are necessary to accommodate all conceivable situations, the average user is often confused by the many different hierarchies.
The above-described background is merely intended to provide an overview of contextual information regarding different structural organizations that can be used to store data related to control systems, and is not intended to be exhaustive. Additional context may become apparent upon review of one or more of the various non-limiting embodiments of the following detailed description.

Mapping between hierarchies in an industrial automation system


A damper includes a vibration energy buffering transfer unit and a vibration energy dissipation unit. The vibration energy buffering transfer unit includes a plurality of piston transfer structures and connecting tubes, the piston transfer structures includes a cylinder and a piston arranged as a pair, the plurality of piston transfer structures surrounding the vibration energy dissipation unit, the connecting tubes inter-connecting the plurality of cylinders, the vibration energy dissipation unit includes a damping liquid accommodating cavity and damping liquid accommodated in the damping solution accommodating cavity, and one end of the cylinder or the piston being connected to the damping fluid accommodating cavity. The load-bearing enclosing structure provided with said damper can effectively suppress vibration.

Wind turbines are energy conversion devices used for converting wind energy into electrical energy. Generally, a wind power generation equipment includes a load-bearing enclosure (for example, a tower), a nacelle provided on the tower, a generator installed in or outside the nacelle, a wind turbine installed in the wind direction on the head of the nacelle, and the like. For the convenience of machining and transportation, the tower is usually manufactured in sections and then transported to the installation site. At the installation site, multiple sections of the tower are hoisted and assembled in sequence, so as to form a support foundation for the nacelle and generator components, and then the tower is connected to a yaw system at the top of the tower, the nacelle is assembled with the generator, and the generator or gear box is assembled and connected with the wind turbine.
These installation procedures are carried out under the condition that the local wind in the small area environment of the wind farm is unpredictable. During this hoisting and installation process, gusts of varying size or sustained light winds may be encountered. When the wind blows through the tower, the left and right sides of a wake flow generates pairs of antisymmetric vortices which are alternately arranged and rotate in opposite directions, namely Carmen vortex. The vortex leaves the tower at a certain frequency, causing the tower to vibrate transversely in a direction perpendicular to the wind. When the vortex separation frequency is close to the natural frequency of the tower, the tower is apt to resonate and may be destroyed.
FIG. 1A shows an example in which the tower shakes under the action of upwind current. As shown in FIG. 1A, when the wind speed is within a predetermined range, the vortex induced vibration of the tower 10 is caused, and then the tower 10 generates vibrations in the downwind direction (F1) and the crosswind direction (F3, F2).
During the assembly of a wind turbine, the on-site hoisting progress and installation period are apparently restricted by the local wind conditions. Especially when the upper sections of the tower are being installed, the vibration amplitude of the tower increases, the connections between the tower and the yaw position, between the tower and the nacelle, and between the nacelle and the impeller are difficult, and it is impossible to achieve a safe and accurate connection.
During the operation of the wind turbine, the shaking of the tower may also cause damage and hidden dangers to the tower itself and the tower's foundation connections. During the operation of the wind turbine, the tower is not only affected by the gravity generated by the top parts and components and the dynamic load generated by the rotation of the wind wheel, but also affected by natural wind. Vortex street phenomenon generated by wind flowing around the surface of the tower may cause a transverse vibration of the tower which may cause a resonance damage. When the wind blows the impeller to rotate, it may produce alternating bending moment and alternating acting force on the tower. The bending moment and force produced by the downwind direction may become the main reason for the destruction of the tower. In some severe cases, it may cause the tower to break and overturn.
As shown in FIG. 1B, conventional technology uses a spiral line around the tower to suppress the periodic shedding of vortexes on the surface of the tower 10. The spiral wires 20 have different crosswind oscillation suppression effects when they are arranged at different pitches. The upward extension of the spiral wires 20 may destroy the periodicity of the vortex street distribution, which makes the vortex street phenomenon be not easy to generate or makes the vortex street distribution more irregular, breaks the correlation and consistency of the vortex street distribution, and helps to suppress the vortex-induced vibration.
The method of winding or securing the spiral wires on the tower, however, is only used in the hoisting stage, and the characteristic parameters (pitch and height) of the spiral wires have not been optimized, making it difficult to adapt to changes in wind speed. In order to adapt to the change of wind speed or air flow and be suitable for a long-term operation, the manufacturing cost and maintenance cost of spiral wires may increase greatly.
In addition, the coverage of spiral wires on the surface of tower may also affect the suppression effect of lateral vibration. When the coverage rate reaches (or exceeds) 50%, the effect of restraining lateral vibration is the best, but the wind-induced noise of helix and air flow increases, which has a serious impact on the natural environment, especially on animals and birds, and damages the ecological environment.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide a vibration suppression device which does not affect the appearance of the tower, does not increase the wind resistance of the tower, does not generate noise to the external environment of the tower, may be removed for recycling after hoisting, and may also be fixed inside the tower and used during the operation.

Damper and load-bearing enclosing structure provided with damper

BEIJING GOLDWIND SCIENCE & CREATION WINDPOWER EQUIPMENT CO., LTD.


Existing semiconductor transistor processes may be leveraged to form lateral extensions adjacent to a conventional gate structure. The dielectric thickness under these lateral gate extensions can be varied to optimize device channel resistance and enable resistance to breakdown at high operating voltages. These extensions may be patterned with dimensions that are not limited by lithographic resolution and overlay capabilities and are compatible with conventional processing for ease of integration with other devices. The lateral extensions and dielectric spacers may be used to form self-aligned source, drain, and channel regions. A thin dielectric layer may be formed under an extension gate to reduce channel resistance. A thick dielectric layer may be formed under an extension gate to improve operation voltage range. The present invention provides an innovative structure with lateral gate extensions which may be referred to as EGMOS (extended gate metal oxide semiconductor).

Transistors are frequently used as elements in switches and amplifiers. Silicon-based metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) technology has been refined for decades to improve high-frequency performance and reduce costs. Silicon MOSFETs are particularly attractive for their relative ease of fabrication and large-scale integration facilitated by the high demand for microprocessors, as well as their power-efficiency compared to older bipolar transistor devices. Variations on conventional low-power MOSFETs used in microprocessors have been developed for use in high-power and high-frequency applications. Improved doping profiles and device geometries may be used to allow for operation at voltages of tens of volts or more. Modified material systems such as silicon-on-insulator technology and III-V semiconductor technology may be used to achieve higher power operation and higher maximum operating frequencies through improved carrier mobility.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Low loss power device and method for fabricating thereof