There is disclosed a method and apparatus for template based website development and management. The method includes obtaining input of an entity identifier designating an entity database record within a database and obtaining entity data including data pertaining to the entity of the website from the entity database record within the database using the entity identifier. The method further includes accessing a template including a content container and a style element and substituting the entity data for the content container. The method further includes enabling revision of the web page by customizing style elements to thereby create customized style elements, receiving a request to update the web page to include updated entity data from the database, and regenerating the web page using the template by substituting the updated entity data for the content containers, the updated entity data presented as directed by the customized style elements.

1. Field
This disclosure relates to template based website development and management.
2. Description of the Related Art
Website development takes a number of forms. Traditional website development involves the actual creation of web pages "from scratch," for example, using hypertext markup language (HTML), Javascript, Adobe® Flash® directly or through the use of web development tools. Total customization is available when creating "from scratch" web pages, but substantial web development skill may be necessary to create professional-looking web pages.
Software-based and online template-based tools are provided by third party software developers, web hosts and other sources. These template-based tools typically provide a user with the capability for a user to create a "fill-in-the-blanks" style website using a template. Typical templates provide uniform style elements for websites. These style elements may include background colors or images, font selection and sizes, header style, and various other style elements for a template-based web site. The use of templates enables a user to create professional-looking web pages with little or no knowledge of web languages or third party software. However, customization of these templates may be difficult or result in altering the style of an entire web page. Reversion to or reapplication of the template may result in loss of any customization. It can also be difficult for a non-web developer to customize the template so as to incorporate custom graphical elements or other stylistic changes.
Throughout this description, elements appearing in figures are assigned three-digit reference designators, where the most significant digit is the figure number and the two least significant digits are specific to the element. An element that is not described in conjunction with a figure may be presumed to have the same characteristics and function as a previously-described element having a reference designator with the same least significant digits.

Template based website development and management


A portable liquid oxygen medical delivery system including a portable liquid oxygen delivery apparatus and a portable liquid oxygen recharger. The portable liquid oxygen delivery apparatus contains an initial quantity of liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen delivery apparatus is sufficiently lightweight for portability by an ambulatory patient and has a fill port for receiving liquid oxygen. The liquid oxygen recharger stores a supplemental quantity of liquid oxygen and is also sufficiently lightweight for portability by an ambulatory individual. The liquid oxygen recharger has an interface for interfacing the liquid oxygen recharger with the portable liquid oxygen delivery apparatus for delivering the supplemental quantity of liquid oxygen to the portable liquid oxygen delivery apparatus.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to a liquid oxygen delivery system, and, more particularly, to a liquid oxygen delivery system that includes a portable recharger for providing supplemental liquid oxygen to a portable liquid oxygen delivery device for increasing the utilization capacity of the portable liquid oxygen delivery device.
2. Description of the Background Art
The delivery of supplemental oxygen to a patient is typically prescribed for individuals suffering from pulmonary/respiratory problems. The prescription and delivery of supplemental oxygen is undertaken to ensure that sufficient oxygen levels are received by the patient. Situations where supplemental oxygen may be prescribed include individuals afflicted with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as asthma, as well as individuals suffering from diseased or damaged lungs.
The delivery of supplemental oxygen may be provided utilizing one of three predominant methods. For non-ambulatory patients, or for use during the non-ambulatory period of an individual, oxygen may be provided from a stationary oxygen concentrator that generates oxygen from air, typically using a pressure swing absorption gas separation system. While suitable for their intended purpose, oxygen concentrators are generally ill-suited for portability due the relatively bulky and heavy gas compressor and sieve beds needed to generate a practical quantity of oxygen, and, therefore, are not intended for use with an ambulatory individual.
A second predominant oxygen delivery method is a compressed oxygen system in which the oxygen to be consumed by the user is compressed and stored in a high pressure storage vessel or tank. These storage vessels can be made small enough so as to be portable. Compressed gas storage systems are generally prescribed when the user does not need oxygen all the time, such as only when walking or performing physical activity. One disadvantage of compressed oxygen systems is that oxygen stored under pressure may create a hazard if the storage vessel is damaged, which can occur if it is dropped, bumped, punctured, etc. Also, small, portable oxygen tanks hold a relatively small amount of gas. Thus, they are limited in how long the oxygen inside the tank will last, which will depend on the prescribed flow rate and the type/size of the tank.
A third predominant oxygen delivery method, which is typically used as an alternative to compressed oxygen systems, is a liquid oxygen ("LOX") system. A conventional LOX system includes a large stationary LOX storage canister that is located at and remains at the user's home. The stationary LOX canister is replenished periodically from a mobile LOX storage vessels, which is typically a truck carrying a large quantity of LOX. The LOX system also includes a small, portable delivery apparatus weighing from five to thirteen pounds that can be filled from the stationary unit for trips outside the home. The portable delivery apparatus converts the liquid oxygen to a breathable gas for consumption by the user. These systems have limited utilization due to the low LOX capacity of the portable delivery apparatus and the administered LOX flow rate. Furthermore, even when not in use, the LOX within the portable delivery apparatus evaporates at a typical rate of one pound per day, empting the portable delivery apparatus LOX supply over time even if it is not used. Consequently, a disadvantage of a portable LOX system includes the requirement that the user must return home regularly, such as by the end of the day, to refill the portable delivery apparatus from the home stationary LOX storing canister.
One such LOX system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,742,517 ("the '517 patent") entitled, High Efficiency Liquid Oxygen Storage and Delivery System. As disclosed in this patent, a typical LOX system includes a stationary LOX storage canister located in an individual's home and a portable LOX delivery unit that the patient uses outside the home. The stationary LOX storage canister must be periodically refilled with LOX by a distributor via a truck, van, or other vehicle capable of carrying a large quantity of liquid oxygen. The name of the portable delivery unit in the commercial implementation of this LOX system and described in the '517 patent is the HELiOS®. As identified at the HELiOS website, www.heliosoxygen.com, the HELiOS H300 portable LOX delivery unit has a limited capacity for storing liquid oxygen. This capacity is limited to eight to ten hours of usage, after which the LOX is depleted.
The HELiOS weighs approximately 3.6 pounds when completely filled with LOX, and approximately 2.75 pounds empty. The HELiOS portable unit is designed to be refilled from a stationary LOX storage canister and has a LOX capacity of 0.9 pounds. Because the typical evaporation of LOX is one pound per day, the LOX within the HELiOS unit will most likely evaporate during a day, even without the LOX being utilized by an individual. Furthermore, the evaporation of LOX can occur at a faster rate than one pound per day when the LOX canister is actually being worn by an ambulatory patient, because the movement of the patient increases the friction within the LOX canister, thus elevating the temperature of the LOX and expediting the evaporation of the LOX.
While portable LOX systems are suitable for their intended purposes, they nonetheless have a significant drawback, namely their limited LOX capacity. Current portable LOX systems provide an individual with only a short time of LOX availability. Hence, the ambulatory patient is, in effect, tethered to their home because they must remain within close proximity of the home in order to have access to their LOX supply for refilling the portable LOX system. As noted with respect to the HELiOS, it only has a capacity of eight to ten hours, which is not typically sufficient for a fairly active individual who also works.
One solution to extend the time away from home by an ambulatory LOX patient consists of incorporating a standard stationary (home) LOX storage unit into an automobile for subsequent refilling of the portable LOX device. This solution requires retrofitting an automobile to accommodate the large liquid oxygen tank. Such LOX tanks are very large, bulky, and extremely heavy, weighing over a hundred and ten pounds. Such arcane measures of retrofitting an automobile are expensive, and typically require a large automobile such as a truck or SUV. Thus, retrofitting is not practical for most individuals and also limits the overall mobility of an individual, as they must ensure that they are either located close to home or near their respective retrofitted automobile.
For those individuals who have not retrofitted their vehicle, traveling even small distances is a problem. For instance, because the provision of liquid oxygen for therapeutic purposes requires a prescription, the refilling of a portable device cannot typically be done if travel occurs across state lines. Hence, a problem arises for people utilizing prescription oxygen when they travel among states. They must consider how long they can travel between portable refills, and how can the refill be accomplished.


Blends of low styrene content polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymer and high styrene content polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymer can be used with tackifier resins, plasticizer oil and antioxidants to formulate pressure sensitive adhesives of improved cohesive strength vis-a-vis adhesives formed from the low styrene content polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymer while maintaining good balance between tack, bonding characteristics and heat resistance.

Low styrene polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymer, or copolymers with less than 25 weight percent styrene are known to yield useful pressure sensitive adhesives when used in combination with tackifier resins, plasticizer oil, and antioxidants. These adhesives are useful in a variety of applications such as tape and label applications which require good tack in addition to the ability to bond to a wide variety of low and high energy surfaces, e.g., paper, plastic films, and metals. It is very desirable to retain tack and low temperature flexibility, good cohesive strength and heat resistance while also minimizing adhesive melt viscosity. Generally however, these properties cannot be optimized simultaneously. Increasing tack, e.g., by known techniques such as adding increasing amounts of plasticizer oil or liquid resin tackifier, generally decreases strength and heat resistance. On the other hand, increasing strength or heat resistance by increasing polymer content, or by using end-block associating resins generally raises viscosity, or decreases tack, or both. Thus there exists a need for improving cohesive strength without adversely affecting tack, bonding characteristics, heat resistance, or increasing adhesive viscosity.

Compositions containing blends of polystyrene-polyisoprene-polystyrene block copolymers


The appropriate one of a list of possible motion vectors is applied to each region of a video image. An image value for that region is determined for each of four successive fields, for each of the possible motion vectors. The values for these four fields are compared and when the values are substantially the same for a given vector it is assumed that is the vector appropriate to that region. The vectors appropriate to regions of obscured or revealed background can also be assigned by comparing inter-field differences and determining regions where the inter-field differences are high for the central pair and one outer pair and low for the other outer pair of fields. To generate regions corresponding to obscured background only information from the earlier fields is used and to generate regions corresponding to revealed background only information from the later fields are used.

This invention relates to video image processing, and more particularly to the assigning of motion vectors indicating the direction and magnitude of apparent movement to different regions of the image, to assist in the generation of desired output images.
Our United Kingdom Patent No. GB-B-2,188,510 and BBC Research Department Report RD 1987/11 describe a method of processing a video image so as to provide a list of motion vectors which are applicable over the whole area and one of which may be regarded as applying to each region of the image. Other methods are also possible for generating such a list of motion vectors. To use such vectors it is then necessary to select which of these vectors may apply to given regions of the picture. Each region may be as small as a picture element (pixel) or it may comprise a plurality of picture elements or a block of the picture.
The motion vectors may be used, for example, to generate output fields which correspond to an instant in time which lies intermediate the time of two input fields. This may be required for instance in producing slow motion effects, in transferring video images to or from film, or in standards coversion.
One of the most challenging applications of motion compensation is to generate slow-motion sequences without the jerky motion that results from simply repeating each image a number of times. Knowledge of the motion vector of each object in the image allows new images corresponding to any time instant to be generated showing the objects correctly positioned. The use of such a technique in conjunction with a shuttered CCD camera should allow sharp smoothly-moving pictures to be generated with a quality approaching that obtainable from a high frame-rate camera, without the operational problems that the use of such a camera would entail.
A typical image may be regarded in its simplest form as having a moving foreground region and a background region, as illustrated somewhat diagrammatically in FIG. 1 of the drawings. At (a) is shown one field of an image comprising a foreground object, such as a ball, in front of a background. At (b) is shown the next field of the image. The ball will have moved from position A to position B. Looking at image (b), part of the background which was seen in (a) is now obscured, and part of the background which was not seen in (a) is now revealed or uncovered.
In general the background may also be "moving" in the image if, for example, the camera is being panned. Thus motion vectors will be associated both with the foreground and with the background respectively. The appropriate motion vector is chosen in each case from the list of possible motion vectors (which has been produced eg. as described in our aforementioned patent) by comparing the two successive fields and looking at the movement which has taken place over different regions of the image.
This operation will provide accurate information over most of the picture area. Thus the background which is not covered by either image position of the ball, A or B, can be compared between the two images. Also the overlap region covered by both position A and position B of the ball can be compared to provide an appropriate vector. However in both the area of obscured background and the area of revealed or uncovered background, one of the fields contains an image of the ball and the other an image of the background. These can not be meaningfully correlated.
Many motion estimation algorithms have been proposed, see e.g. Proceedings of the International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, March 1984, pages D2.1-D2.5, Bergmann, H. C., "Motion-adaptive frame interpolation". Most can not detect motion in such regions, or can detect such regions only when the background is stationary, but of those that can detect its existence we do not believe that any can determine the direction or magnitude of motion of the region at the time that it disappears from view or when it reappears.
European Patent Application No. EP-A-0 395 264 published Oct. 31st, 1990 describes equipment for converting an 1125/60/2:1 HDTV signal into a 24 Hz progressive (non-interlaced) format for recording onto film, which uses a motion estimation technique which comprises a two-stage algorithm in which the first stage comprises correlating (by block matching) relatively large areas of the image to determine a list of possible motion vectors, followed by an assignment process to allocate vectors to individual pixels. In this assignment process, vectors are assigned to pixels in existing input fields, and this information then has to be converted to refer to pixels in desired output fields. Three input frames are used in the comparison.

Vector assignment for video image motion compensation


A rolling element guide for drawer guides consists of a furniture unit body rail mounted on the furniture unit body side wall and a drawer rail mounted on the drawer, rolling surfaces for the rolling elements transmitting the drawer load being arranged on both rails, the rolling elements being held in a roller cage arranged between the rails. For minimizing the rolling noise and for reducing the manufacturing costs, the rolling elements have pins on opposing end faces, these pins pivoting in the roller cage, the pins of rolling elements arranged in the same plane being staggered 90 degrees with respect to each other, which forms rolling surfaces on the rolling elements that are staggered 90 degrees with respect to each other, and high drawer loads can be transmitted.

The invention relates to a rolling element guide for drawer guides in accordance with the introductory part of claim 1. This kind of rolling element guide has been disclosed in German patent document 2 721,231, for example. It involves a double pull-out device in which an intermediate rail is also guided telescope-fashion in the space between a furniture unit body rail and a drawer rail. The rolling elements used are spheres which pivot in a suitable roller cage and transmit the drawer load from the drawer to the furniture unit rail.
The drawback in the use of rollers as rolling elements is the difficulty in making the rollers round enough to minimize the rolling noise. The disadvantage in the use of rollers is that relatively loud rolling noise must be expected. Furthermore, mounting the rollers in suitable pocket-like recesses in the roller cage is relatively complicated and leads to high costs for manufacturing the roller cage.


The present invention provides a lenticular or disc coated detergent particle having perpendicular dimensions x, y and z, wherein x is from 1 to 2 mm, y is from 2 to 8 mm and z is from 2 to 8 mm, wherein the particle comprises: (i) from 40 to 90 wt % surfactant selected from anionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant; (ii) from 1 to 40 wt % water soluble inorganic salts; and (iii) from 0.0001 to 0.5 wt % pigment, wherein the pigment is selected from organic and inorganic pigments, wherein the inorganic salts and the pigment are present on the detergent particle as a coating and the surfactant is present as a core.

There is a desired for coloured solid detergent products, unfortunately it is found that such products can give rise to unacceptable coloured stains.
WO9932599 describes a method of manufacturing laundry detergent particles, being an extrusion method in which a builder and surfactant, the latter comprising as a major component a sulphated or sulphonated anionic surfactant, are fed into an extruder, mechanically worked at a temperature of at least 40° C., preferably at least 60° C., and extruded through an extrusion head having a multiplicity of extrusion apertures. In most examples, the surfactant is fed to the extruder along with builder in a weight ratio of more than 1 part builder to 2 parts surfactant. The extrudate apparently required further drying. In Example 6, PAS paste was dried and extruded. Such PAS noodles are well known in the prior art. The noodles are typically cylindrical in shape and their length exceeds their diameter, as described in example 2.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,660 discloses a process for the preparation of a detergent particle having a coating.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A golf club grip includes: a grip body including a grip cylinder portion and a grip end portion disposed at one end of the grip cylinder portion and formed with a through-hole for communicating a grip interior with the outside; and a vibration absorption member formed from a viscoelastic material and formed separately from the grip body. The vibration absorption member is removably attached to the grip body. The vibration absorption member includes: a plane portion and a bar-like portion formed integrally with the plane portion. The bar-like portion extends through the through-hole of the grip end portion as projecting inwardly of the grip cylinder portion.

The present invention relates to a golf club grip and a golf club using the same.
In order to increase head speed during swing, the recent golf clubs are reduced in weight by forming lightweight shafts and heads. In particular, the shafts are reduced in weight by using carbon fiber reinforced resin or the like.
Unfortunately, as the clubs are reduced more in weight, it is more likely that players experience uncomfortable vibrations or impact shock upon club-on-ball impact. If the shaft weight is reduced, in particular, shaft vibrations at club-on-ball impact are increased in frequency. The increased frequency deviates from the vibration frequency of the conventional shaft and hence, the uncomfortable vibrations or impact shock for the player tend to increase.
Heretofore, a variety of proposals have been made to suppress the vibrations produced at impact with ball.
For example, there is proposed a golf club which is designed to suppress the shaft vibrations by way of a metal weight supported on an inside surface of a shaft end portion via a viscoelastic material, a grip being attached to the shaft end portion (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 339551/1994). In another proposed golf club, a viscoelastic material having a loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.7 or more and formed into a bar shape is inserted in the shaft in contacting relation with the inside surface of the shaft end portion (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 70944/2003).
In the golf club disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 339551/1994, however, the metal weight and the like are so heavy that the whole body of the golf club has a substantial weight. This is disadvantageous from the viewpoint of weight reduction. On the other hand, the golf club disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 70944/2003 may fail to exhibit an adequate effect to suppress some particular vibration (vibration in a particular direction or having a particular frequency) depending upon the position or area of a contact portion between the aforesaid viscoelastic bar inserted in the inside surface of the shaft and the inside surface of the shaft. In some cases, therefore, this golf club may also fail to provide a consistent vibration suppression effect.
Vibration absorption performance required of the club varies according to personal performance (head speed, swing type and such) of users (golfers) or according to the club specifications. Hence, it is desirable to obtain the vibration absorption performance adapted to each golfer or each club.

Golf club grip and golf club using the same


A multi-processor multi-node system having access to a low skew clock to synchronize processing events. This system uses a SCI network to distribute a low skew signal to synchronize the time of century clock counters on the different nodes. These counters are periodically synchronized with a signal from a selected master counter, so that all nodes will maintain approximately equal counter values. A single bit in a SCI header of send, echo, or idle packet is routed to all nodes via a SCI ring. Since the bit is inserted in existing packets, the creation of a special synchronizing packet is not required. Moreover, since the bit travels over existing lines, additional signal paths or extra wire are not needed.

In order to synchronize a multi-node, multi-processor system, each processor clock in the system must be relatively synchronized with the other processor clocks. To accomplish this, the approximate time must be known at certain processing points, and the time needs to be approximately the same throughout the system.
In the system, each node has a clock counter and each processor on that node reads that clock counter. Unfortunately, each counter clock, and hence each node, in the system runs at a slightly different clock frequency. The difference in clock frequencies is because the crystals in each counter are not exactly identical. The different crystal frequencies allow the counters to drift apart in their time values. The physical differences in the crystals cannot be controlled.
The known prior art solves this drifting problem by using extra wires connected between each node. These wires provide separate signal paths for conveying synchronizing signals. After a time interval, which is defined by the hardware, a synchronization packet is distributed via the wire, and each node then receives that signal and changes its counter time appropriately.
The problem with the prior art solution is that it is expensive in terms of the costs to performance because of the extra signal paths. The prior art solution also added complexity to the system because the wires require additional connections which can introduce more problems and errors in the circuit, particularly with respect to grounding between the connections.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a system and method for providing access to low skew clocks on different nodes that are synchronized with each other.
There is also a need in the art for a system and method to synchronize the clocks on the different nodes without introducing latencies during synchronization.
There is also a need in the art for a system and method to synchronize the clocks on the different nodes without reducing system performance.

Time of century counter synchronization using a SCI interconnect


The invention relates to isolated polynucleotides encoding a protein having aromatic acyltransferase activity, vectors comprising aromatic acyltransferase polynucleotides, and methods of transforming plants with anthocyanin acyltransferase polynucleotides to alter flower colors. The invention also relates to transformed host cells, plants, and flower cuts expressing proteins having anthocyanin acyltransferase activity.

The flower industry is making efforts to develop new and various varieties. An effective method of producing a new variety involves changing the color of a flower, for which the traditional breeding methods have been successfully employed to produce a wide variety of colors for almost all commercial varieties. With the above methods, however, it is rare that a single species produces colored varieties coming in a wide range of different colors since a pool of genes is limited for each species.
The colors of flowers are based mainly on two types of pigments, flavonoids and carotenoids. Flavonoids contribute mainly to the colors in the range of yellow to red and blue, while carotenoids contribute to the color tones of orange or yellow. Flavonoid molecules that make a major contribution to the color of flowers are anthocyans which are glycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin. Different anthocyans impart-marked changes in the color of flowers. Furthermore, the color of flowers is affected by copigmentation with colorless flavonoids, metal complex formation, glycosylation, acylation, methylation and pH of vacuoles (Forkman, Plant Breeding 106: 1, 1991).
There are a number of reports of acylated anthocyans isolated from nature including cinerarin derived from cinerarias (Senecio cruentus) (Goto et al., Tetrahedron 25: 6021, 1984), awobanin derived from dayflowers (Commelina communis) (Goto and Kondo, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 30: 17, 1991) and gentiodelphin derived from Gentiana Makinoi (Yoshida et al., etrahedron 48: 4313, 1992) (Monarda didyma: Kondo et al., Tetrahedron 26: 5879, 1985; perillas, pansies (Goto et al., Tetrahedron 27:2413, 1987; Wandering Jew: Idaka et al., Tetrahedron 28: 1901, 1987; Dioscorea japonica: Shoyama et al., Phytochemistry 29: 2999, 1990; red cabbage, Platycodon qrandiflorum, lobelia, delphiniums, butterfly peas: Goto and Kondo, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 30:17, 1991; carrots: Glabgen et al., Phytochemistry 31: 1593, 1992; morning glory: Lu et al., Phytochemistry 32: 659, 1992; Saito et al., Phytochemistry 40: 1283, 1995; Ajuga decumbens, Clinopodium gracile, Lamiums, lavender, catnip, Leonurus macranthus, Plectranthus, Prunellas, Salvias splendens Sella, Janapnese Artichoke: Saito and Harborne, Phytochemistry 31: 3009, 1992; giant water lily: Strack et al., Phytochemistry 31: 989, 1992; bellflowers: Brandt et al., 33: 209, 1993; gentians: Hosokawa et al., Phytochemistry 40: 941, 1995; hyacinth: Hosokawa et al., Phytochemistry 40: 567, 1995).
Acyl groups which modify these anthocyan-containing flavonoids are divided into two classes based on their structure: one is the aromatic acyl groups centering on hydroxy cinnamic acids, and the other is the aliphatic acyl groups such as the malonyl group. It has been observed in the experiment carried out using the anthocyanin pigment of morning glories (Pharbitis nil) that among the acyl groups transfer reactions anthocyans to which an aromatic acyl group, preferably coumaric acid or caffeic acid, is bound show a shift of the absorption maximum to the long wavelength side (Dangle et al., Phytochemistry 34: 1119, 1993).
Furthermore, for cinerarin derived from cineraria (Senecio cruentus) which has one aliphatic acyl group and three aromatic acyl groups, it has been reported that the stability of the pigment decreases in a neutral aqueous solution by removing aromatic acyl groups (Goto et al., Tetrahedron 25: 6021, 1984). For gentiodelphin derived from gentians (Gentiana makinoi) also, it has been reported that an intra-molecular stacking of the sandwich type occurs due to the presence of two aromatic acyl groups in the molecule, which results in stabilization of the pigment in an aqueous solution (Yoshida et al., Tetrahedron 48: 4313, 1992). Moreover, Yoshida et al. have demonstrated that each of glucose at position 5 and glucose at position 3′ of anthocyanin has an acyl group bound thereto (Tetrahedron 48: 4313, 1992). It has also been reported that anthocyanin in the leaves of perillas (Perilla ocimoides) is shisonin in which coumaric acid is bound to glucose at position 3 of cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside (Tetrahedron Letters 27: 2413–2416, 1978).
However, these studies have been carried out from the aspect of organic chemistry such as structural studies of natural pigments and not from the aspect of biochemistry such as efforts to isolate enzymes which transfer acyl groups.
Of the transferases which transfer acyl groups to anthocyanin pigments, there are many reports on the malonyl group transferases which transfer an aliphatic acyl, including those from a cell culture of parsley (Matern et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 208: 233, 1981; Matern et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 226: 206, 1983; Matern et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 133: 439, 1983), seedlings of Cicer arientium (Koster et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 234: 513, 1984), and the like.
Aromatic acyl transfer reaction was first reported for Silene, a member of Caryophyllaceae (Kamsteeg et al., Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen 175: 403, 1980), and the activity of aromatic acyltransferase has similarly been found in the soluble enzyme fraction of Matthiola (Teusch et al., Phytochemistry 26: 991, 1986).
However, these reports have been limited to a mere demonstration of the presence of enzymatic activity, and neither the corresponding enzyme proteins have been specified nor findings have been obtained on the primary structure of the enzymes much less the genes encoding them. For other aromatic acyl transferases as well no reports have elucidated the primary structure of proteins or genes. Furthermore, there are no reports of examples in which the acylating reactions of anthocyanin pigments were positively used to expand the range of colors of flowers and to grow them, or examples in which acylation was used in an attempt to stabilize anthocyanins.
On the other hand, the biochemical pathway of synthesis of anthocyanins of Petunia hybrida has been well studied (Wiering, H. and de Vlaming, P. Inheritance and biochemistry of pigments. Petunia, P49–65 (1984), Griesbach, R. J., asen, S. and Leonhardt, B. A., Phytochemistry, 30: 1729–1731, 1991), and the presence of anthocyanins which contain an acyl group is known. As the acyl group of anthocyanins of Petunia, coumaric acid or caffeic acid is known. One molecule of coumaric acid or caffeic acid is bound to rutinoside at position 3 of anthocyanin, whose chemical structure, when the anthocyanidin is malvidin, has been assigned to 3-O-(6-O-(4-O-coumaroyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-O-β-D-gluc opyranosyl-malvidin and 3-O-(6-O-(4-O-caffeoyl)-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-O-β-D-gluco pyranosyl-malvidin, respectively. However, there were no reports on anthocyanins having two acyl groups.

Gene encoding a protein having acyl group transfer activity


A helix radiating element is disclosed. The helix radiating element includes a support, a base and a helix wire. The support is made up of a dielectric material including a PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) material. The base is coupled to the support and is made up of boron nitride. The helix wire is configured to be wrapped around the support and bonded to the base. The base is coupled to a ground plane. A boron nitride filled adhesive is used to bond the support to the base and bond the helix wire to the base. The boron nitride filled adhesive is also used to bond the base to the ground plane. Heat generated in the helix wire is transferred to the ground plane via the base.

The present invention generally relates to helix radiating elements, and more specifically, to methods and devices for providing helix radiating elements for high power applications.
The power handling capability of a helix radiating element is known to be limited by heating effects in the first several turns of the wire. The limitation is usually in the dielectric that supports the wire. Currently, such limitation does not pose too much of a problem because the operating power levels are relatively low and common dielectrics are deemed to be sufficient for handling such power levels.
As applications become more and more capacity driven, there is a corresponding increase in demand for transmission of high power. Traditional dielectrics may no longer be able to perform within tolerable parameters. Consequently, the power handling capability of radiating elements needs to be improved to accommodate higher operating power levels.
Hence, it would be desirable to provide methods and devices that can be used to implement radiating elements to allow such elements to more effectively handle higher operating power levels.

Helix radiating elements for high power applications


A radiation detector assembly and a method for using the same are provided. The radiation detector assembly includes an aperture, a window covering the aperture, the window is configured to permit radiation to pass through, the window is configured to prevent the passage of fluids and particles through the aperture, and a protective device covers the window. The protective device includes a plurality of holes at least partially aligned with the aperture, is configured to permit at least some radiation to pass through the holes, is configured to prevent objects larger than the holes to contact the window and is configured to withstand external forces and prevent those forces from damaging the window.

The embodiments described herein relate generally to X-ray devices that include a window through which X-rays are transmitted, and more specifically, to protecting the window from external forces.
X-ray devices, for example, an X-ray source or an X-ray detector, may utilize a vacuum chamber with a window through which X-rays are transmitted. For example, a beryllium window may facilitate maintaining the vacuum within the vacuum chamber while also allowing X-rays to enter and/or leave the chamber. The transmission characteristics of the window depend on the material used to form the window and a thickness of the material. Thin windows or a film allow transmission of relatively low energy X-rays typically emitted from elements with relatively low atomic numbers. In other words, thicker windows may prevent transmission of X-rays emitted from elements with relatively low atomic numbers (e.g., Sodium). Therefore, thin windows are often desirable. However, thin windows are also more prone to breaking or being damaged by a foreign object or a sample of interest during a reading process if the foreign object or sample is permitted to contact the window. There are multiple expenses incurred by an operator of the X-ray device that are brought about by a broken window. The expenses include monetary costs associated with replacing the window and also productivity costs associated with the X-ray device not being usable while the repair is being made.
Accordingly, it is desirable to have a protective device that addresses the disadvantages of the known systems described above.

Apparatus for protecting a radiation window


Disclosed is a method for generating a substream ID usable in transmitting media content based on a plurality of scenarios, and allocating the substream ID for transmitting media. A method for allocating an ID for transmitting media content comprises: a step of generating a substream ID containing information required for transmitting the media content based on a certain scenario from among a plurality of scenarios; and a step of transmitting the substream ID to a client. According to the present invention, a header for the transmission of media may be simplified, media content may be transmitted regardless of the number of ports, number of servers, and presence/absence of additional information, an application to be introduced in the future may be used, and backward compatibility for an existing media content transmission system may be provided.

After standardization of MPEG-2, new video compression standards (or audio compression standards) such as MPEG-4, H.264/AVC, scalable video coding (SVC), and the like, have been constantly developed over the past ten years. In addition, the respective new standards have expanded a utilization area of an MPEG standard while forming a new market. However, a transport technology such as an MPEG-2 transport system (TS) has continuously been widely used in digital broadcasting, mobile broadcasting (T-DMB, DVB-H, or the like), or the like, on the market for about twenty years and has been widely used even in multimedia transport through the Internet, that is, an IPTV service, that was not considered at the time of establishing an MPEG-2 standard.
However, a multimedia transport environment of the present time has been significantly changed from a transport environment at the time of developing the MPEG-2 TS, For example, the MPEG-2 TS standard has been developed in consideration of multimedia data transport through an ATM network at the time of establishment thereof; however, it is hard to find an example of using the MPEG-2 TS standard for this object at present. In addition, requirements such as multimedia transport using the Internet, or the like, at the time of establishing the MPEG-2 TS standard were not considered, such that elements that is not efficient for the recent multimedia transport through the Internet are present. Therefore, establishment of a MPEG multimedia transport layer (MMT), which is a multimedia transport standard considering a multimedia service in the Internet matched to a changing multimedia environment has been recognized as a very importance problem in the MPEG.
The reason why the MMT has been standardized as a new transport technology standard in the MPEG as described above is that since the MPEG2-TS standard established before twenty years are not optimized for a recent IPTV broadcasting service, Internet environment, or the like, the international multimedia transport standard optimized for a recent multimedia transport environment in various heterogeneous networks has been urgently demanded.
As described above, in the recent multimedia transport through the various heterogeneous networks, multiple transport units have been simultaneously used. With hybrid transport using the multiple transport units, various applications have been attempted.
Further, in the case in which a media content is transported in an IP environment, a single port stream is generally configured in a unit of four values, that is, a source IP address, a destination IP address, a source port number, and a destination port number of a sender and a receiver, and an application is formed in a port stream unit. In this case, how many ports are opened and used according to the application and which protocol (UDP or TCP) is selected are entirely an application implementation issue and may be freely selected, such that configurations of various transport scenarios are possible according to a degree of freedom of port mapping for each content component, selection of L3 protocol, or the like, due to characteristics thereof.

Method and apparatus for transmitting media content via a single port or multiple ports

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE


Disclosed herein is a toy including a figure and a launcher for launching objects at the figure. The figure has an upper portion and a lower portion wherein the upper portion is movably secured to the lower portion and at least one appendage is movably secured to the upper portion, the at least one appendage having a distal end with an item rotatably secured thereto. An actuator is disposed on an exterior surface of the upper portion of the figure and movement of the actuator causes the upper portion to move from a first configuration to a second configuration with respect to the lower portion.

Various embodiments of the present invention relate to a toy and more particularly, a toy having a figure and a launcher for launching objects at the figure.
Children's toys have included miniature cars, boats, trains, figures, etc. wherein the user's imagination provides for hours of extended play and enjoyment. Toy figures that resemble fighting or combat type activities are particularly popular as the user can participate in imaginary battles.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a toy that resembles combat activities and allows for interaction with the user.


A mounting structure of a curtain airbag in a vehicle is disclosed. The structure is adapted to easily form an inflation passage between a pillar trim and pillar by using a head liner; therefore, the overall portions of the curtain airbag can smoothly expand during the deployment. Such mounting structure may be performed with the head liner, pillar trim, and force transmission means.

A curtain airbag is generally arranged in a space formed by a roof side rail and head liner and extends to a space formed by an A-pillar and pillar trim. When the curtain airbag inflates, the head liner and pillar trim each separate from the roof side rail and A-pillar to create an inflation passage into the passenger compartment.
The head liner and pillar trim should easily be separated from the roof side rail and A-pillar for a smooth deployment of the curtain airbag, however, should not completely be separated from the vehicle body for preventing injury to the passengers.
In the normal state, the head liner and pillar trim should properly be supported by the vehicle body and stably shroud the curtain airbag.
The region where the curtain airbag is wrapped by the head liner and roof side rail can relatively and easily make the inflation passage when the curtain airbag expands. However, the region where the curtain airbag is wrapped by the A-pillar and pillar trim contains an edge of the curtain airbag and makes it difficult in configuration to supply a sufficient expansion force of the curtain airbag. Therefore, the inflation passage can insufficiently be formed between the A-pillar and pillar trim.

Mounting structure of curtain airbag in vehicle


An object of the present invention is to provide a method for the treatment of a patient suffering from spasticity comprising administering to said patient a modified release dosage form comprising tizanidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Tizanidine is a central-acting α2 adrenoceptor agonist useful for treatment of spasticity in patients with upper motor neuron lesions resulting from cerebral or spinal injury, or certain other neurological conditions. Presently, an immediate release formulation of tizanidine (Zanaflex®) is dosed orally up to three times a day due to its short half-life. This frequent oral dosing leads to large fluctuations in the release profile of tizanidine, and subsequently, large fluctuations in the blood serum concentration of tizanidine. Side effects of immediate release tizanidine, such as somnolence, may be related to either the fluctuations in tizanidine concentration or excessively high tizanidine concentration, or both. According to Zanaflex® prescribing information, in multiple dose, placebo-controlled clinical studies, 48% of patients receiving any dose of tizanidine reported sedation as an adverse event versus 10% of patients receiving placebo. In 10% of this case, the sedation was rated as severe compared to <1% in the placebo treated patients. The patients are warned about performing activities requiring alertness, such as driving a vehicle or operating machinery while taking tizanidine (Zanaflex® prescribing information).
The sedating effects may interfere with everyday activity, and the effect appears to be dose related. According to Zanaflex® prescribing information, in a single dose study, 92% of the patients receiving 16 mg Zanaflex® orally, when asked, reported that they were drowsy during the 6-hour study as compared to 76% of the patients on 8 mg Zanaflex® and 35% of the patients on placebo. Patients noticed the onset of this effect 20 minutes following dosing. Of the patients who received a single dose of 16 mg, 51% continued to report drowsiness 6 hours following dosing compared to 13% in the patients receiving placebo or 8 mg of tizanidine.
Thus, there remains an unmet clinical need for a method of administering tizanidine to a patient that provides optimal dosing for effective management of spasticity and pain, with an improved side effect profile.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of administering a transdermal patch preparation comprising tizanidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof, wherein the transdermal patch preparation releases about 4 mg to about 36 mg of tizanidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for at least about 24 hours.


A system and method for monitoring and collecting performance characteristics of a target system and providing the results by way of time-division multiplexing is provided. The performance monitor includes a mechanism for latching a plurality of performance attribute signals. An output circuit, coupled to the latching mechanism, is used to output the latched performance attribute signals in groups, wherein each of the groups is a subset of all of the performance attribute signals. The performance monitor further includes a time division circuit coupled to the output circuit, to allow the output circuit to output each of the groups of performance attribute signals at different times. Each group of performance attribute signals can therefore be transmitted via common output access points, although at different times as the groups are transmitted in succession.

Performance monitoring is a concept used mainly in connection with the analyzation of computer system performance. A performance monitor system typically includes circuitry to collect data for machine analysis and testing without influencing operation of the computer system during normal operation. The circuitry monitors various signals within the computer system, printed circuit board (PCB), component, or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which is gathered and made available to various data storage, computational, or analyzing devices.
Performance monitoring of a computer system allows specific events to be monitored in order to gauge performance, or take appropriate remedial action when necessary. Many different types of events within the computer system can be monitored, and collected data can be presented to connector pins where it can be read and processed by devices such as logic analyzers.
In one prior art performance monitoring system, a connector pin was dedicated to each signal that was monitored. When monitoring printed circuit boards, this often meant that entire connectors had to be dedicated as a performance monitor connector, increasing the expense of the printed circuit board, and reducing the available area for input/output (I/O) signals. This problem is particularly evident where a performance monitor is integrated into a logic design of a gate array or other ASIC. In such a case, only a predetermined number of array pins are available for a particular package type, and the inclusion of a great number of performance monitor pins greatly reduces the amount of logic available for use in the ASIC.
Other prior art performance monitors did not provide for continuous operation under all circumstances. For example, many performance monitors did not continue to collect new performance data while previously collected performance data was being transferred to the external interface. In other words, the performance monitor stopped collecting data while it provided its captured data to an external data analyzer. Furthermore, prior art performance monitors require that the system clock be stopped before changing any mode of operation for the performance monitor. Therefore, where a different mode of performance monitoring was desired, the system was stopped to change the mode of the performance monitoring, which is obviously disruptive to the normal operational of the computer system.
The performance monitor of the present invention provides more versatility than the performance monitors of the prior art, while improving performance and increasing speed. The performance monitor of the present invention allows a much smaller number of connector pins to provide the same information previously requiring a connector pin for each signal which was monitored. The number of connector pins required can be set to a fixed number thereby eliminating any question as to the number of connector pins which are available for normal use. Furthermore, the present invention provides more accurate data profiles, and increases the overall speed in which collected data can be provided by the performance monitor. This is in part due to a unique mode switching feature which allows the computer system, component, or ASIC to continue to operate normally even during performance monitoring mode switching.
The present invention therefore overcomes the aforementioned and other problems of the prior art by providing a novel performance monitoring system capable of continuous multi-mode operation, while increasing speed and performance using a greatly reduced, and predictable, number of connector pins. The present invention further provides a solution to other problems, and offers other advantages over the prior art.

Computer performance monitoring using time-division multiplexing


The present invention relates to paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate substantially free of bound propan-2-ol, several forms of the above, processes for preparing the above, new intermediates useful in preparing the above and methods of treating and/or preventing certain diseases by administering the compounds of the invention to a patient in need thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,723 (Beecham Group plc) describes paroxetine hydrochloride hemi-hydrate and its use in treating certain medical disorders. Example 8 in U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,723 describes the preparation of paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate as platelets, by crystallization from a water-containing solvent. This material is hereinafter referred to as Form Z. Subsequent repetition of the preparation described in Example 8 has failed to yield any type of paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate, and there is no clear teaching elsewhere in the document of any alternative route or modification to the process which would generate the anhydrate.
Paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate is also purported to be disclosed in the International Journal of Pharmaceutics 42, (1988) 135 to 143, published by Elsevier. The anhydrate is said to be produced by crystallizing paroxetine hydrochloride from anhydrous propan-2-ol. Subsequent repetition of this process has resulted in a propan-2-ol solvate of paroxetine hydrochloride. That is to say that there is bound propan-2-ol in the product. This bound propan-2-ol cannot be removed by conventional drying techniques such as vacuum oven drying.
Paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate substantially free of bound propan-2ol, has not been described in the literature, nor has any method been disclosed which would yield such a product as an inevitable result. A method for preparing paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate substantially free of bound propan2-ol has now been found. Furthermore, surprisingly, four new forms of paroxetine hydrochloride anhydrate have been found as have processes for their preparation. These forms are hereinafter referred to as A, B, C and D respectively.

Process for making novel form of paroxeting hydrochloride anhydrate


Systems and methods provide distantly supervised wrapper induction for semi-structured documents, including automatically generating and annotating training documents for the wrapper. Training of the wrapper may occur in two phases using the training documents. An example method includes identifying a training set of semi-structured web pages having a subject entity that exists in a knowledge base and, for each training page, identifying target objects, identifying predicates in the knowledge base that connect the subject entity to a target objects identified in the training page, and annotating the training page. Annotating a training page includes generating a feature set for a mention of the target object, generating predicate-target object pairs for the mention, and labeling each predicate-target object pair with a corresponding example type and weight. The annotated training pages are used to train the wrapper to extract new subject entities and new facts from the set of semi-structured web pages.

Large-scale knowledge bases, such as the FREEBASE knowledge base and YAGO knowledge base store data and rules that describe knowledge about the data in a form that provides for deductive reasoning. For example, in a knowledge base, entities, such as people, places, things, concepts, etc., may be stored as nodes and the edges between nodes may indicate the relationship between the nodes. In such a knowledge base, the nodes "Maryland" and "United States" may be linked by the edges of in country and/or has state. The basic unit of such a knowledge base is a tuple that includes two entities and a relationship between the entities. Some tuples are also referred to as <subject, predicate, object> tuples. A tuple may represent a real-world fact, such as "Maryland is a state in the United States." The tuple may also include other information, such as context information and other metadata. Adding entities and relationships to a knowledge base has typically been a manual process, making the creation of large knowledge bases difficult and slow. Thus, while the knowledge base may include information about millions of entities, the knowledge base may still be incomplete. Such missing entities and relationships reduce the usefulness of querying the knowledge base.

Distantly supervised wrapper induction for semi-structured documents


A vacuum cleaning appliance includes a filter housing having at least one air inlet for receiving an air flow, a filter assembly removably locatable within the filter housing for removing dirt from the air flow, and a duct for receiving the air flow exhausted from the filter assembly. The filter assembly includes a filter body, a filter mounted on the filter body, and a spring-loaded coupling member moveable relative to the filter body for engaging the duct. The coupling member includes an air outlet through which the air flow is exhausted from the filter assembly. A convoluted sealing member forms a seal between the filter body and the coupling member while allowing relative movement therebetween as the coupling member engages the duct.

Cleaning appliances such as vacuum cleaners are well known. The majority of vacuum cleaners are either of the "upright" type or of the "cylinder" type (called canister or barrel machines in some countries). Cylinder vacuum cleaners generally comprise a main body which contains a motor-driven fan unit for drawing a dirt-bearing air flow into the vacuum cleaner, and separating apparatus, such as a cyclonic separator or a bag, for separating dirt and dust from the air flow. The dirt-bearing air flow is introduced to the main body through a suction hose and wand assembly which is connected to the main body. The main body of the vacuum cleaner is dragged along by the hose as a user moves around a room. A cleaning tool is attached to the remote end of the hose and wand assembly.
For example, WO 03/068042 describes a cylinder vacuum cleaner having a chassis which supports cyclonic separating apparatus. The vacuum cleaner has two main wheels, one on each side of a rear portion of the chassis, and a castor wheel located beneath the front portion of the chassis which allow the vacuum cleaner to be dragged across a surface. Such a castor wheel tends be mounted on a circular support which is, in turn, rotatably mounted on the chassis to allow the castor wheel to swivel in response to a change in the direction in which the vacuum cleaner is dragged over the surface. The separating apparatus comprises an air inlet through which air can enter the separating apparatus in a tangential manner, and an air outlet which is located on a rear wall of the separating apparatus for conveying air to a fan unit for drawing an air flow through the vacuum cleaner.
PCT/GB2010/050418 describes a cylinder vacuum cleaner having a generally spherical rolling assembly connected to the chassis for improving the maneuverability of the vacuum cleaner over a floor surface. The rolling assembly comprises a body and a pair of dome shaped wheels connected to the body. The chassis extends forwardly from the body of the rolling assembly, and includes a pair of wheels for steering the vacuum cleaner and for supporting the rolling assembly as the vacuum cleaner is maneuvered over a floor surface. The chassis also includes a support for supporting cyclonic separating apparatus of the vacuum cleaner. The separating apparatus includes two cyclonic separating stages and a filter assembly located downstream from the cyclonic separating stages.
A fan unit for drawing an air flow through the vacuum cleaner is located within the rolling assembly. Air is conveyed from the separating apparatus to the rolling assembly by a duct which extends from an upper surface of the separating apparatus to an upper surface of the body of the rolling assembly. The support for supporting the separating apparatus is biased so as to urge the separating apparatus upwardly towards the duct so that an air outlet of the filter assembly is urged against the air inlet of the duct to maintain an air-tight seal therebetween.
The inventors have found that depending on the size of the separating apparatus, the variation in the weight of the separating apparatus between a loaded state, in which the separating apparatus is filled with dirt and other detritus separated from the air flow, and an unloaded state can be relatively large. When the separating apparatus has a relatively large volume, a relatively high spring force may be required to maintain the air tight seal between the separating apparatus and the duct over the loading range of the separating apparatus. This can in turn result in the separating apparatus applying an undesirably high force to the duct when it is in its unloaded state, which over a prolonged period of time could result in damage to the duct or the separating apparatus, or to any seals made between the separating apparatus and the duct.

Filter assembly for a vacuum cleaning appliance


An improved drain board for use on a gutter particularly has a cover board pivotally secured to a mounting bracket. The cover board has an outwardly extended pivot pole at one corner thereof and an inwardly extended receiving tube at the opposite corner for accommodation of a bias spring and a movable pivot rod. At the corresponding corners of the mounting bracket is disposed an outwardly extended engaging tube respectively so as to permit the fixed pivot pole and the movable pivot rod of the cover borad to be pivotally mounted onto the mounting bracket and the cover board is well protected from being stolen with ease by burglars.

The present invention relates to an improved drain board for use on a gutter, and more particular to one having a cover board pivotally secured to a mounting bracket. The cover board has an outwardly extended pivot pole at one corner thereof and an inwardly extended receiving tube at the opposite corner for accommodation of a bias spring and a movable pivot rod. At the corresponding corners of the mounting bracket is disposed an outwardly extended receiving tube respectively so as to permit the fixed pivot pole and the movable pivot rod of the cover board to be pivotally mounted onto the mounting bracket.
In modern cities, underground sewage systems have been indispensably adopted to handle massive household, commercial and common waste water, preventing enviromental pollution from getting worse in urban areas. Such sewage systems are commonly connected to gutters along both sides of roads or streets so as to drain water coming mostly from rain. To prevent gutters from getting stuck with waste articles after long period of use, they have to be maintained routinely. So, a drain board must be placed at proper sections of gutters. As shown in FIGS. 1, 1A, the prior art drain board assembly is made up of a mounting bracket 5 and a cover board 6 that are locked together by a chain 51 to prevent the cover boards 6 from being stolen by burglars.
Such a conventional drain board has the following disadvantages:
1. one end of the chain must be fixed to the inner wall of a gutter by means of a driller and an expansion screw, it is tedious and labor wasting to perform such task; PA1 2. the chain can be easily broken by a burglar to take away the cover board; PA1 3. the stealing of such cover boards makes the gutters full of trapping holes, people and vehicles can be fatally hurt by accident; PA1 4. such cover boards are flatly placed on the ground when removed for cleaning maintenance of gutters without any warning signs.

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A detector is provided to determine the presence and absence of laminar airflow on the face of an airfoil or sail or surface and to transmit and signal the airflow condition to a user who is at a distance from the sail or surface to thereby allow the user to adjust the condition or position of the sail or airfoil in order to establish laminar airflow across the sail or airfoil or surface.

This invention relates to an indicator which may be attached to the sails of a sailing vessel in order to allow the determination by a sailor that laminar flow of air across the sail's surface is achieved. Laminar airflow creates a negative pressure on the leeward side of the sail and the pressure differential is in turn translated by the hull of the boat into a forward motion.
Various indicators have been developed to allow the determination that the sail is properly trimmed in order to achieve laminar flow of air across the sail. One such apparatus is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,763,703 in which a device having air pressure sensors is utilized to measure and compare the pressures on either side of the sail so that the sail may be trimmed to provide a maximum pressure differential between the two sides of the sail. Another system, the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 3,654,807, teaches the use of a pair of temperature sensitive devices, such as thermistors, mounted on either side of the leading edge of an airfoil or sail and which detect the airflow differential resulting from the temperature differences created on either side of the sail by the differential airflow. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,409 an indicator for determination of optimum angular positioning of the sail is taught in which a wind vane is interconnected with a computer and angular display whereby the wind direction is determined and the computer determines and then presents to the sailor the proper direction to orient the sail to achieve the optimum angular position of the sail with respect to the wind.
The method of determination of laminar airflow across the sail which has been used for years by sailors is the device known as a "tell-tail". A tell-tail is simply a piece of string or cloth-like material such as nylon of approximately 5-10 inches in length and which is attached to the sail surface. Referring now to FIG. 1, the location of several tell-tails 10 may be seen attached to the sails of the boat in FIG. 1. When the sail is properly positioned with respect to the wind and laminar flow is achieved the tell-tails are caught in the air stream and are pushed directly backward in the direction of the wind as shown in FIG. 2c. The positioning of the tell-tail when non-laminar airflow is achieved is shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b. In these cases, laminar airflow is achieved on one side of the sail only, and the other side is presented with disturbed airflow. In the case of FIG. 2a laminar airflow is achieved on the far side of the sail and the tell-tail for that side, shown in phantom lines, is extending directly backward. On the near side of the sail, the airflow is disturbed in FIG. 2a and the tell-tail is being pushed upward by the turbulent airflow. In FIG. 2b the reverse situation of that illustrated in FIG. 2a is shown with the near side of the sail having laminar airflow as indicated by the tell-tail and the far side having disturbed airflow as indicated by the tell-tail shown in phantom lines. While the disturbed airflow tell-tail is shown as being pushed upwardly in both FIGS. 2a and 2b, the tell-tail can also hang downwardly when non-laminar airflow occurs.
It will be appreciated that in order to determine if laminar airflow is occurring across the sail, it is necessary to be able to see both sides of the sail and to determine whether or not both tell-tails are being forced directly backward as in the case of FIG. 2c. This backward streaming indicates that laminar airflow has been achieved on both sides of the sail. The practical circumstances of sailing do not always allow observation of the tell-tail by a sailor in the cockpit of the boat. For instance, should the sailor be caught in a squall the poor visibility due to the rain will prevent the sailor from observing both the tell-tails. Also, in the case of darkness, it would not be possible for the sailor to see that the tell-tails on either side of the sail were caught in laminar airflow. Finally, as a sailboat size increases, it is not possible for a single individual to be able to visually observe the position of the tell-tails on both sides of the sail in order to determine whether laminar airflow is in fact being achieved. Therefore, a need exists for a simple means of determining the existence of laminar airflow on both sides of a sail or airfoil which can be easily observed by a single individual sailing a boat. In addition a need exists for a device to indicate laminar airflow to a sailor which gives a direct reading of the existence of a laminar flow and which does not depend on extensive instrumentation or complicated measurement devices which may break down under the stringent conditions of the sea or which may be too complicated or cumbersome for a single individual to manipulate during actual sailing.
Also, a need exists for a means for determining laminar airflow across a sail or other airfoil which can be observed by a user in bad weather or at night and which permits the determination of laminar airflow from a distance.


An ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus comprises an ultrasonic transducer for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic waves to and from a body to be examined and a control section for automatically determining the optimum image conditions on the basis of the echo signals obtained by the ultrasonic transducer. The control section comprises circuits for controlling the amplification factor of the echo signals, the amplification factors of the echo signals for the respective visual field depths and the adjustment of image contrast, on the basis of the echo signals obtained by the ultrasonic transducer. These control circuits comprises a histogram forming circuit for forming histogram information on the basis of the echo signals obtained by ultrasonic transducer, which represents a histogram in which the brightness values of the image to be displayed as gradations and the number of pixels of the respective corresponding brightness values as frequencies; a compared value detecting circuit for detecting a median value or a peak value of the formed histogram on the basis of the histogram information; and an amplification factor determining circuit for comparing the compared value with a predetermined reference value and for determining the amplification factor of the echo signals or the adjustment level of the image contrast so as to eliminate the difference between the compared value and the reference value. The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus can automatically determine the optimum image conditions at all times, irrespective of the thickness of the layer of fat or the state of the tissue of the body to be examined.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, and more specifically to an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus which can automatically determine the optimum image conditions such as brightness, contrast, etc.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus transmits ultrasonic waves to a living body, receives echoes reflected from the inside of the living body, converts the received echoes to analog echo signals, and displays an image (e.g. tomographic image) on a display unit (e.g. CRT) based on the echo signals.
The ultrasonic waves are transmitted and received from and by an ultrasonic transducer (probe). In this case, the echoes received by the ultrasonic transducer are extremely weak. Therefore, in order to clearly display a tomographic image on the CRT based on the echo signals, it is necessary to amplify the echo signals through a few amplifier circuits. Further, when the tomographic image is displayed on the CRT, it is important to adjust the contrast of the image. Accordingly, the adjustments for the amplification level of the echo signals and the contrast of the displayed image are essential factors to determine the quality of the image of the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus.
FIG. 1 shows an echo signal amplifier circuit of the prior art ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. In the drawing, analog echo signals fed from an ultrasonic transducer 1 are first inputted to a gain circuit 2. The echo signals are amplified by the gain circuit 2. The amplification factor of the gain circuit 2 is determined in response to a gain signal 500 whose level can be adjusted by a dial which is rotatable manually.
The amplified echo signals are then inputted to a STC (sensitivity time control) circuit 4. This STC circuit 4 amplifies the echo signals on the basis of respective different amplification factors determined according to the respective visual field depths in the ultrasonic beam direction. In other words, STC signals 502 which are applied to the STC circuit 4 are determined for each visual field depth, so that the amplification level of the echo signals are adjusted for each visual field depth according to the level of each STC signal 502.
In the prior art ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, however, a plurality of sliders (e.g. 16 sliders) are arranged on a control panel, so that the levels of the STC signals 502 can be adjusted manually by operating the sliders. Therefore, it has been performed to selectively increase the brightness of only the image obtained at a specific depth (from which a weak echo is received), for instance. The echo signals from the STC circuit 4 are then fed to a logarithmic amplifier 5 and amplified logarithmically, that is to say, low level signals therein are mainly amplified.
Successively, the echo signals from the logarithmic amplifier 5 are inputted to a contrast circuit 6. This contrast circuit 6 adjusts the image contrast of the echo signals according to a contrast signal 504 inputted thereto. Here, when the brightness levels of the respective pixels (picture elements) on a single image obtained on the basis of the echo signals are arranged in a histogram fashion, it is possible to adjust the slope of the obtained histogram sharply or gently, by adjusting the level of the contrast signal 504. In practice, when the slope of the convex portion of the histogram is made sharp, the image becomes dim since this indicates that the brightness levels of the respective pixels concentrate, relatively. On the other hand, when the slope of the convex portion of the histogram is made flat, the image becomes strong in light and shade since this indicates that the brightness levels of the respective pixels scatter, relatively. In the prior art ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, the image contrast is adjusted by adjusting the level of the contrast signal 504 by operating a dial provided on the control panel manually.
The echo signals 506 outputted from the contrast circuit 6 are applied to an A/D converter 7, so that the applied echo signals 506 are converted into digital signals through the A/D converter 7. The converted digital signals 508 are transmitted to a frame memory 8, and then converted into analog signals and displayed on a monitor 9 (e.g. CRT).
In the prior art ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus as described above, in order to manually obtain an ultrasonic image under the optimum image conditions (e.g. with respect to brightness and contrast), it is necessary to adjust the levels of the gain signal 500, the STC signal 502 for each visual field depth, and the contrast signal 504. However, since these adjustment levels of these signals 500, 502, 504 are different according to various conditions such as the part of a living body, the thickness of the layer of body fat, the figure of the body, etc. the adjustments of the levels are very delicate and fine. Therefore, there exists a problem in that the operator must rotate the dials in trial and error fashion repeatedly and therefore the adjustment operation is complicated. In addition, when the gains of a plurality of visual field depth areas are required to be adjusted, there exists a further problem in that the manual adjustment operation requires further long time because the balance between the mutual brightness levels in the respective visual field depth areas is also required. Further, in the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus, in particular the image quality and visibility exert a serious influence upon the precision in disease diagnosis, and additionally it is extremely desirable to diagnose a part of a patient in a time as short as possible in the case of the ultrasonic diagnosis during an operation. In other words, there exists a need of an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus which can provide the optimum images under the best image conditions automatically and momentarily.


Disclosed are a fatty acid synthase (FAS) from Schizochytrium, biologically active fragments and homologues thereof, a nucleic acid sequence encoding such FAS, fragments and homologues thereof, the gene encoding Schizochytrium FAS, host cells and organisms that recombinantly express the FAS, host cells and organisms in which the expression and/or activity of the endogenous FAS has been attenuated, and various methods for making and using any of these proteins, nucleic acid molecules, genes, host cells or organisms.

The de novo synthesis of short and medium chain saturated fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA is a complex process catalyzed by several enzyme activities. In most bacteria and in plants these activities are associated with discrete monofunctional polypeptides. In fungi and animals however, these activities are integrated into one or two multifunctional polypeptide chains. Fatty acids, in particular in the form of oils and fats, which are glycerol esters, play a major role in human nutrition because of their high energy content. Additionally, specific types of fatty acids (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA) have a wide range of physiological effects. There is great interest in being able to manipulate specific types of fatty acids made in organisms that produce these fatty acids (e.g., in the form of oils and/or phospholipids).

Schizochytrium fatty acid synthase (FAS) and products and methods related thereto


A display device includes at least one wall with transparent areas and a reflecting object arranged inside the display device and oriented so as to receive an incident external light and to redirect a reflected light onto the transparent areas. The transparent areas are provided in different planes and the reflecting object includes several reflecting surfaces or a non-planar reflecting surface to reflect incident light rays on each of the transparent areas along different reflection axes. The display device can advantageously be integrated into a bottle or a bottle cap.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a device comprising at least one wall with transparent areas, and a reflecting object arranged inside the device and providing the back-lighting of the transparent areas.
2. Description of the Related Art
A device of the above-mentioned type is described in the international application WO 2004/015658 as a back-lit display. The transparent areas forming back-lit decorative patterns or advertising signs are provided on a planar wall of the device.


A high frequency delay circuit operable to output a high frequency signal delayed for a desired delay time. The high frequency delay circuit includes: a variable delay circuit operable to receive a reference signal of which a frequency is lower than the high frequency signal, and to output a delay reference signal delayed from the reference signal for the desired delay time in advance; and a multiplier operable to generate the high frequency signal, of which a frequency is a frequency of the delay reference signal multiplied by a predetermined value, and to output the generated high frequency signal at timing according to a phase of the delay reference signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high frequency delay circuit which delays a high frequency signal to a desired phase. More particularly, the present invention relates to a high frequency delay circuit used for a test apparatus operable to test an electronic device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a test apparatus for testing an electronic device includes a pattern generator which generates a test pattern used for a test of the electronic device, a waveform shaper which forms the test pattern, and timing generator which generates timing at which the test pattern formed by the waveform shaper is to be output. For example, timing generator generates a clock having a predetermined frequency and a predetermined phase based on the reference clock, and the waveform shaper forms the test pattern according to the clock generated by the timing generator and outputs it.
At this time, timing generator needs to generate the clock having the same frequency as the frequency of the test pattern which is to be supplied to the electronic device. On the other hand, with improvement in the speed of the electronic device of these days, it is necessary to use the high frequency for the test pattern to be supplied. Therefore, also in the timing generator, it is necessary to control the higher frequency clock to a desired phase and to output it.
Conventionally, there are some devices which generate the clock having desired frequency by PLL (Phase Lock Loop) as a timing generator, delay the generated high frequency clock to the desired phase, and output it.
As mentioned above, the conventional timing generator generates the high frequency clock and delays the generated high frequency clock by a delay circuit. However, it is difficult to delay a high frequency clock. For example, in case that the clock is to be delayed using rounding of the edges of the clock, it is difficult to sufficiently delay each edge when the rise time of the clock or the like becomes short. Therefore, it is more difficult to delay the high frequency signal compared with a low frequency clock.

High frequency delay circuit and test apparatus


A container having an interior, a device for opening the container, the device for opening having an orifice, a straw arranged in the interior of the container, the straw having a first end, a device and method for automatically extracting the straw from the interior of the container. The device for automatically extracting includes a straw supporting element movable between a free position in which the first end of the straw is located in the orifice of the device for opening the container and a locked position in which the first end is arranged in the interior of the container.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a container equipped with a device enabling a beverage to be absorbed in a hygienic manner preventing the consumer from placing his lips on an eternal portion of the container, and more particularly to the device for extracting a straw from the container.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Numerous containers are commercially available; plastic bottles, glass bottles, metallic cans, cardboard packagings, which can have various shapes allowing for the packaging of any type of liquid food products.
These various containers have the disadvantage, for the user, of being either unhealthy when one wishes to drink straight from the container, or impractical depending on the shape and size of the neck, or the very shape of the container itself.
In the particular case of metallic cans and cardboard packagings used for diverse and varied beverages, such as beers, sodas, fruit juices, or milk, they are very unhealthy. Indeed, from the locations where they are produced, after the beverage has been packaged, they are transported and unloaded without any specific hygienic measure, and then sold to the consumer by a retailer who stores them without any particular hygienic precaution and handles them manually. During these various manipulations, various microbes, viruses, bacteria or dust can be deposited on the walls of the container, which are ingested by the consumer when he places his lips on the container.
Furthermore, in the particular case of metallic cans, and independently of hygiene related problems, the consumer can be hindered when drinking the beverage by problems of ill-timed flow, which most often leaves stains on his clothes.
In order to avoid these disadvantages, the invention proposes to resolve these practical and hygiene related problems by simple and inexpensive measures, by way of a device for automatically extracting a straw located within the container.
Thus, according to its main characteristic, the device for automatically extracting a straw arranged within a container, such as a cylindrical can provided with an opening device, for example, is characterized in that it comprises:
a straw-supporting element mobile between a free position in which the straw which it supports has its end in the orifice of the container opening device and a locked position in which the end is arranged within the container, the straw-support being constituted of an arm bearing at its end, a mechanism for retaining the straw and being furthermore articulated on a piece, whereas the intermediate piece has a peripheral edge arranged between the upper wall of the can and its peripheral wall in order to be gripped therein by crimping.
According to an additional characteristic, the device has a mechanism for biasing the straw-supporting element that is adapted to bias the latter from its locked position to its free position.
According to additional characteristics, the device has a locking mechanism adapted to lock the straw-supporting element in its locked position, and an unlocking mechanism adapted to release the supporting element from its locked position.
According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, it is noted that the unlocking mechanism is constituted by a secondary unlocking arm, whereas the intermediate piece and the supporting arm are obtained all in one piece, forming a single and same plastic piece that has a certain elasticity.
According to another characteristic, the intermediate piece is in the form of an annular ring.
According to a complementary characteristic, the device for automatically extracting a straw according to the invention is characterized in that the actuation of the container opening device controls the actuation of the releasing device which release the straw-supporting element.
According to another characteristic, the straw-supporting element comprises a supporting arm provided with straw-retaining device at its end, the arm being articulated between its free position and its locked position on an independent intermediate piece affixed to the container.
According to the preferred embodiment of the device for automatically extracting a straw according to the invention, the biasing device for stressing the straw are constituted by the articulation of the straw-supporting arm on the independent intermediate piece and/or by the arm itself, and are obtained due to the flexibility and elasticity of the material used to make the arm, the piece, and the articulation which connects them.
According to an embodiment of the device for automatically extracting a straw, the locking device comprises a secondary locking arm which has, at its end, an assembly of abutment surfaces adapted to cooperate with complementary support surfaces carried by the straw-supporting element when the latter is in the locked position.
According to this embodiment, the releasing device comprises a releasing lug carried by the secondary locking device and adapted to cooperate with the container opening device to cause the displacement of the secondary arm toward an extreme release position in which its abutment surfaces no longer cooperate with the complementary support surfaces of the straw-supporting element.
According to a complementary characteristic of the device for automatic extraction according to the invention, the straw-supporting element, the biasing device, the locking and releasing device comprise a single piece called the independent intermediate piece.
According to the preferred embodiment of the device for automatically extracting a straw according to the invention, the independent intermediate piece is in the form of an annular ring adapted to be arranged beneath the upper wall or cover of a container in the form of a cylindrical can.
According to this embodiment, the intermediate piece comprises a sealing device adapted to make it possible to obtain sealing between the cover and the peripheral wall of the can, the sealing device being adapted to be implemented during assembly.
According to the invention, the device for automatically extracting a straw from a container comprises a straw-supporting element movable between a free position and a locked position, the straw-supporting element comprising an arm bearing at its end a mechanism for retaining the straw and being articulated on an intermediate piece, the intermediate piece having a peripheral edge arranged between an upper wall of a container and its peripheral wall in order to be gripped therein by crimping. The device further comprises a mechanism for biasing the straw-supporting element from its locked position to its free position. Additionally, the device comprises a mechanism for locking the straw-supporting element in its locked position. Furthermore, the device comprises a device for unlocking the supporting element from its locked position. The unlocking device may comprise a secondary unlocking arm. The intermediate piece and the supporting arm may comprise a single plastic piece that has a certain elasticity. The intermediate piece may be in the form of an annular ring.
A further aspect of the invention resides in having in combination, a container having an interior, a device for opening the container, the device for opening having an orifice, a straw arranged in the interior of the container, the straw having a first end, and a device for automatically extracting the straw from the interior of the container, the device for automatically extracting comprising a straw-supporting element movable between a free position in which the straw first end is in the orifice and a locked position in which the first end is arranged in the interior of the container, the straw-supporting element comprising an arm bearing at its end a mechanism for retaining the straw and being furthermore articulated on an intermediate piece, wherein the intermediate piece has a peripheral edge arranged between an upper wall of the container and its peripheral wall in order to be gripped therein by crimping. The combination may further comprise a mechanism for biasing the straw-supporting element from its locked position to its free position. Furthermore, the combination may comprise a mechanism for locking the straw-supporting element in its locked position. Moreover, the combination may comprise a device for unlocking the supporting element from its locked position. The unlocking device may comprise a secondary unlocking arm. The intermediate piece and the supporting arm may comprise a single plastic element having a certain elasticity. The intermediate piece may be in the form of an annular ring.
Yet another aspect of the invention resides in a method of automatically extracting a straw from an interior of a container having an interior and including a device for opening the container, the device for opening having an orifice, a straw arranged in the interior of the container, the straw having a first end, and a device for automatically extracting the straw from the interior of the container. The method comprises moving a straw-supporting element between a free position in which a first end of the straw is in the orifice and a locked position in which the first end is arranged in the interior of the container, the straw-supporting element comprising an arm bearing at its end a mechanism for retaining the straw and being furthermore articulated on an intermediate piece, and crimping a peripheral edge of the intermediate piece peripheral edge between an upper wall of the container and its peripheral wall in order to be gripped therein. The method may further comprise biasing the straw-supporting element from its locked position to its free position. Furthermore, the method may comprise locking the straw-supporting element in its locked position. Moreover, the method may comprise unlocking the supporting element from its locked position.
Furthermore, the invention also relates to a container for beverage, of the type comprising a device for automatically extracting a straw, such as those described hereinafter.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description that follows, with reference to the annexed drawings which are only provided by way of non-limiting examples.

Container equipped with a device for automatically extracting a straw and method for automatically extracting a straw


The present invention provides methods, systems, and devices for performing photothermal therapy (e.g., to treat cancer) using photothermal nanoparticles with a biocompatible coating surrounding a highly crystallized Fe3O4 core. In certain embodiments, the highly crystallized Fe3O4 core of the photothermal nanoparticles has an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern where the brightest diffraction ring is from the 440 plane. In some embodiments, the photothermal therapy is conducted with a device configured to emit electromagnetic radiation in the wavelengths between about 650 nm and 1000 nm, wherein the device further comprises a visible light source that allows a user to determine where the electromagnetic radiation is contacting a subject.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) employing near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing nanoparticles to generate heat from optical energy to kill cancer cells has gained great attention in recent years [1-4]. Most photothermal conducting agents are based on various gold (Au) nanostructures, including nanoshells [5, 6], nanorods [7, 8], and nanocages [9, 10]. In addition, the multifunctional probes with both therapeutic functions and imaging capabilities (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging) were also developed with traditional designs focusing on building Au nanoshell around magnetic nanoparticle core [11-15]. While various dual functional nanomaterials have been employed for PTT, virtually all those composed of iron oxide were nanocomposites also requiring a material that is thermally responsive to NIR light (usually gold) [11-15].
Despite the overwhelming potential of nanoparticle-mediated PTT to improve cancer treatment, lack of clinical approval restricts availability to a very narrow subset of cancer patients. The only nanoparticle-mediated PTT that has advanced to clinical trials is Aurolase therapy, consisting of Au nanoshells with a silica core, which was first investigated in patients with head and neck tumors and more recently for primary and metastatic lung tumors. However, the ˜150 nm gold nanoshells are larger than the ideal size range to maximize exploitation of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [5]. Although they are relatively biocompatible, they are not biodegradable and are too large to be excreted renally [16]; consequently, their long term effects are not well understood. Au nanorods, Au nanocages and Au nanoshells with iron oxide cores also face many of the same challenges as silica-core Au nanoshells [12]. Furthermore, nanorods lack photostability due to a "melting" phenomenon resulting from point and planar defects caused by application of laser light [17]. Clinical application of other non-biodegradable PTT mediators such as carbon nanotubes is also limited by potential long-term toxicity [18, 19].
Highly crystallized iron oxide nanoparticles (HCIONPs) made from thermal decomposition have been reported years ago by different groups with the ability to control the size from 5-40 nm [20-24, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties and specifically for describing HCIONPs]. These nanoparticles have been widely used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and imagine guidable drug carriers as well as inducers of magnetic hyperthermia under an alternating magnetic field [25-28]. Although magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals offer the ideal characteristics of clinically suitable nanoparticles and can meet all the criterion desired for PTT mediators, few works have been reported using magnetic nanoparticles only for effective PTT probably due to their low photothermal efficiency [29]. Last year researchers in Taiwan produced surface-modified IONPs (˜440 nm) via a hydrothermal reaction that enhanced optical absorption in the NIR range, and it was postulated that this effect could be attributed to ligand-Fe complexes on the Fe3O4 nanoparticle surfaces [30].

Photothermal therapy using magnetic nanoparticles

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