Compounds having activity against production of an inflammatory cytokine of formula (I)′:

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a series of heteroaryl-substituted pyrrole derivatives which have excellent inhibitory activity against the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), particularly IL-1β and TNFα. As a consequence, the compounds of the present invention have valuable anti-pyretic, analgesic, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity and are useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of autoimmune diseases such as chronic rheumatism, bone diseases such as osteoporosis and the many other diseases in which the above-described inflammatory cytokines take part. The invention also provides methods and compositions using these novel compounds as well as processes for their preparation.
2. Background Information
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment and prophylaxis of various inflammatory diseases and in pain relief because they have, as their main pharmacological activity, anti-pyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity which is based on their ability to inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG) through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity. Another class of compounds commonly used for the tannest of rheumatoid arthritis is tie disease-modifying anti-rheumatic (DMARDs), examples of which include methotrexate and sulphasalazine. This is a wide class of drugs in which the compounds have no common mechanism of action. For the treatment of chronic rheumatism, NSAIDs are used nosotropically and DMARDs are used enotropically. There are a number of problems associated with these classes of drugs. Conventional NSAIDs can induce undesirable side effects including gastointestinal disorders such as gastric ulcers and renal disorders, resulting in difficulties for any patient who has to take such a drug for an extended period of time. DMARDs can also induce undesirable side effects including nausea and diarrhoea and, furthermore, they have not yet been clearly shown to exhibit a stable, long-lasting effect.
A class of active substances generally called cytokines, which are produced in the body by immunocytes, has recently been found. One group of cytokines is known as the inflammatory cytokines and it includes interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The inflammatory cytokines have been demonstrated to play a major role in a number of biological processes. These include action as an inflammatory mediator through the stimulation of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway leading to the production of PG, the migration of leukocytes, the production of acute phase protein, and activation of osteoclasts.
It is believed that the inflammatory cytokines are associated with many diseases including inflammatory diseases and the induction of bone resorption. Due to their mechanism of action, which is different from that of conventional drugs such as those described above, compounds which are able to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines are expected to provide an improved new generation of anti-pyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs and medicaments for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as chronic rheumatism, bone diseases such as osteoporosis and the many other diseases in which the above-described inflammatory cytokines are believed to take part.
Compounds which are said to demonstrate inhibitory activity against the production of inflammatory cytokines include various heteroaryl compounds [see, for example, WO 96/21452, WO 97/5877, WO 97/23479 and J. Med. Chem., 39, 3929–3937 (1996)]. Examples of compounds of this type include the following:

There is a need for further compounds having improved activity, pharmacokinetics and safety, and it is this need which is addressed by the present invention. Compounds having the characteristic bicyclic amino group of the compounds of the present invention have been neither disclosed nor suggested in the prior art.

Heteroaryl-substituted pyrrole derivatives, their preparation and their therapeutic uses

Abstract: A′ is pyrrole; R1′ is phenyl or naphthyl; R2′ is pyridyl or pyrimidinyl; R3′ is (IIa)′, (IIb)′ or (IIc)′:

Abstract: m′ is 1; E′ is nitrogen; D′ is >C(R5′)—, R5′ is hydrogen, Substituent α′ or Substituent β′; B′ is nitrogen-containing 5-membered heterocyclic; R4′ is 1 to 3 substituents from Substituent α′, Substituent β′ and Substituent γ′; R1′ and R3′ are bonded to two atoms of the pyrrole adjacent to the pyrrole atom bonded to R2′; Substituent α′ is hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, halogen, alkoxy, halogeno alkoxy, alkylthio, halogeno alkylthio or —NRa′Rb′; Ra′ and Rb′ are hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl or alkylsulfonyl, or Ra′ and Rb′ with the nitrogen atom form a heterocyclyl; Substituent β′ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl; Substituent γ′ is oxo, hydroxyimino, alkoxyimino, alkylene, alkylenedioxy, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aryl, aryloxy, alkylidenyl or aralkylidenyl.


A mixing chamber formed in a chassis outfitted with separate inlet channels for conveying pressurized liquid phase and gaseous phase and an outlet channel linking the mixing chamber with a spray nozzle via a flow tube. A separate cylindrical packing chamber is formed in the chassis, within which packing chamber a rotor with vanes is set, the vanes of which rotor intermittently close the inlet channels of the two phases formed in separate sectors of said packing chamber as demarcated by the rotor vanes, wherein the gaseous phase inlet channel is closed alternately with at least one liquid phase inlet channel conveying liquid phase into the mixing chamber via open inter-vane channels, wherein also the sector of the packing chamber containing the gaseous phase inlet channel is separated from the mixing chamber by a continuous section of a partition that closes off the rotor's inter-vane channels within this sector.

Portable fire extinguishers based on two-phase flow, consisting of a vessel containing a liquid phase interconnected to a source of pressurized gaseous phase and a head assembly with a shut-off valve and a discharge nozzle, are well known. Upon infusing gaseous phase into the liquid phase and releasing the shut-off valve, both phases begin to flow through the unit's head or some other intermediate element to the discharge nozzle. The gaseous phase is usually carbon dioxide, nitrogen or compressed air. Water or other liquids having fire-extinguishing capabilities, at times with the addition of a foaming agent, are used as the liquid phase. A vessel containing pressurized gaseous phase, located either inside or outside the vessel holding liquid phase, constitutes the source of the gaseous phase. The gaseous phase is introduced via a gas tube immersed in the liquid phase vessel near the inlet of the flow tube. Following an increase of pressure inside the vessel containing the liquid phase both phases are forced through the flow tube to the nozzle assembly, wherein mixing of the two phases takes place during the continuous flow of the gaseous phase. The disadvantage of these solutions is that the relative amount of phase mixture content is variable and the pressure and flow rate fall rapidly during the discharge cycle, and this causes flow perturbations and gradual deterioration of fire extinguisher performance.
Well known too are liquid atomizers equipped with a vessel containing a liquid phase interlinked via a gas valve to a gaseous phase vessel, where the gaseous and the liquid phases are delivered to a mixing chamber via separate conduits, and the mixing chamber is next connected to a spray nozzle via a singular flow tube.
Patent publication EP 1197245 depicts a portable foam extinguisher equipped with a pistol-shaped nozzle assembly connected via a mixing chamber to a tank holding liquid phase and a source of gaseous phase. Upon opening the gas valve, liquid phase is forced into the mixing chamber wherein a stream of liquid collides with a stream of gas arriving via a gas tube from the gaseous phase source. Next both phases are transported via a flow conduit executed in the unit's head to the spray nozzle. Additional accessories are used to adjust the relative proportion of gaseous and liquid phases delivered to the mixing chamber. This design allows the generation of a two-phase flow in the mixing chamber and the transfer of the two-phase mixture under pressure to the spray nozzle, where the fire-suppression agent undergoes expansion. This extinguishing device is designed to operate under a working pressure in the range from 25 to 35 bar.
Patent application WO 9524274 presents a device to extinguish fires wherein a two-phase flow is generated in a mixing chamber. Upon introduction of both phases into the chamber, a plug flow wherein portions of the gaseous and liquid phases remain separate, is generated in a conduit connecting the mixing chamber with the nozzle. This device allows for the generation of a dispersed stream of liquid at the nozzle exit with the streamed discharge featuring pulsation-like characteristics. In the technical field of patent application WO9524274, devices to generate two-phase flows with a prescribed relative proportion of gaseous phase in the liquid phase are presented, within which a system of metering valves or manipulators open and close on an interchanging basis the supply conduits of phases into the mixing chamber. This requires fast transport of the gaseous phase intermixed in the liquid phase. Use of such phase interchangers based upon pulsating flows is limited to fixed systems working at a pressure which is constant and for which the pressure differential between the phases remain limited, or to those having an external source of power driving the manipulator.

Apparatus for regulating two-phase flow and portable atomizer based on two-phase flow


The embodiments herein provide a system and method for synchronization of data and recovery of failures during synchronization between two systems. The system for executing synchronization between the source and target systems comprises a connector framework, a process framework, a mapping manager, a recovery manager, a conflict manager and a failure manager. A method for bidirectional data synchronizing and integrating involves keeping information about integration user in integration database for each entity and update along with update time and audit id, only when the system does not keep information about the created and updated entity. A method of synchronizing only the entities qualifying a criterion, a method for failure recovery from a correct point during integration process, a method for handling recovery for changes coming from multiple end points and a method for recovery during server shutdown are also provided.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments herein generally relates to a method of synchronizing and integrating data. The embodiments herein particularly relates to a method of synchronizing data between the source and the target systems. The embodiments herein more particularly relates to a system and method for synchronization of data and recovery of failures during synchronization between two systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
A data transferred over a computer bus is synchronized to a bus clock, which ensures that the devices connected to the bus receive a valid data. Moreover, synchronization between the devices includes synchronizing a data used by different applications on the same electronic device.
Hitherto, synchronizing such devices with another device has required an additional acquisition of computer software, usually developed by the manufacturer of one of the devices. Such computer software is relatively clumsy and inefficient. Moreover, the computer software usually places a limitation on the type or format of the data to be synchronized. As a result each device needs its own corresponding synchronization software, each of which needs to be loaded on another device in order to affect a synchronization process.
Hence there is a need for a method for unidirectional and bidirectional synchronization and integration of data between at-least two systems or two instances of same systems and a method for recovering data from a synchronization failure. There is also a need for a method for efficiently handling a recovery of data during synchronization. There is also a need for a method and system for automatically recovering from system and application failures of any type and duration.
The abovementioned shortcomings, disadvantages and problems are addressed herein and which will be understood by reading and studying the following specification.

System and method for synchornisation of data and recovery of failures during synchronization between two systems


A method for the production of elastomer and duromer molded items in an injection molding process using an injection molding machine with a respectively separately heatable filling unit, injection unit and cross-linking tool. The filling unit is heated to a temperature which is non-critical with regard to the cross-linking reaction of the plastic to be treated. The injection unit is heated to a temperature which is slightly below the cross-linking temperature of the molding material used.

Injection molding methods and the injection molding machines required for them are widespread. In order to achieve good utilization of the machines, it is attempted to make vulcanization times as short as possible. The vulcanization time of component parts having a wall thickness of 1 cm is several minutes.
In order to decrease the vulcanization time, an injection molding machine has become known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,150, in which a periodically operating heating device is put in between the filling unit and the cross-linking tool, in which a part of the elastomer pressed in by the filling unit is heated to a temperature which just about corresponds to the cross-linking temperature in the cross-linking tool. The cross-linking process is repeated for each injection procedure. Here, a kind of pre-cross-linking of the elastomer takes place, so that the final cross-linking in the cross-linking tool is very much shortened in time. Such a device, however, has the disadvantage that, in the heating zone, cross-linking may occur, which impedes the injection procedure. In the usual injection molding machines for producing elastomer and duromer molded parts, the molding compound in the filling unit is plastified at a temperature that is non-critical to the cross-linking reaction, mostly between 70° and 90° C. Only after injection into the cross-linking tool, which is preheated to the cross-linking temperature, does the cross-linking reaction begin. Cross-linking reaches its maximum speed when the molding compound has reached the cross-linking temperature. Because of the low heat conductivity of the cross-linking molding compounds, the cycle time of the individual injection procedure is essentially determined by the cross-linking time. In this context, the heat transportation from the wall of the tool to the inner part of the molded part, so as to reach a maximum cross-linking speed, is the deciding factor.

Method and injection molding machine for the production of elastomer and duromer molded items


The invention relates to a manual-opened and auto-closed umbrella, which utilizes two springs provided around a shaft and therein accompanying with a runner and a frame to control the umbrella being opened manually and closed automatically. The umbrella is to be opened manually that compresses the springs at the same time, and by a touch to automatically close the umbrella. The manual-opened and auto-closed umbrella therefore obtains a certain utilization and improvement.

Traditional umbrellas include a manually operated umbrella and an automatically one, wherein the automatically umbrella is usually to be said an auto-opened and manual-closed umbrella. There is a known improved umbrella can be opened and closed automatically. But this full-auto umbrella has a very complex structure and is broken usually after using a little period of time, such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,889.
The present invention is to provide a new and different umbrella, which has a simpler structure for being manually opened and automatically closed. Now, accompanying with the following drawings, the character of the present invention will be described here and after.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A heat insulating structure comprising a vacuum insulator fixed to a surface on which the vacuum insulator is to be applied is provided for the purpose of improving the workability in fixing the vacuum insulator to the surface to be applied. A thermally adherable layer comprising a thermally adherable material is made between the vacuum insulator and the surface to be applied, and the thermally adherable layer is heated and melted whereby the vacuum insulator is fixed to the surface to be applied.

The present invention relates to a heat insulating structure comprising a vacuum insulator that is fixed to a surface and a production process thereof.
Conventionally, inorganic materials such as glass fiber and organic materials such as expanded polyurethane have been used for hot insulators and cold insulators. Glass fiber has excellent heat resistance, but it has a relative thermal conductivity as high as 0.03 through 0.05 kcal/m.h..degree. C. and poor thermal insulation performance. Expanded polyurethane has a thermal conductivity of 0.015 kcal/m.h..degree. C. or so; however, the thermal conductivity is still high in the case of using the material in an insulation box of a freezer that has a temperature inside the box extremely low, for example -90.degree. C. or lower. In such a case the insulation wall would have to be extremely thick to obtain the desired insulation performance.
Thus, recently, vacuum insulators have been used such as disclosed in JP-B 61-17263 (B32B5/18), JP-B 63-35911 (F25D23/06), and JP-B 2-54479 (F16L59/06).
These vacuum insulators are produced by first sealing an insulating material that comprises fine powders of silica or perlite or open cell expanded polyurethane in a bag that has a multilayer laminate structure comprising gas barrier films, and then exhausting the gas (air) inside the bag to create vacuum conditions in the bag. Such vacuum insulators achieve a thermal conductivity as low as 0.005 through 0.010 kcal/m.h..degree. C. These insulators make it possible to reduce the thickness of the insulation wall of a freezer, which curtails the installation area, and enlarges the volume inside the box, as well as reducing power consumption.
On the other hand, conventional ways of fixing such vacuum insulators to the wall of freezers has been used to make a structure as shown in FIG. 14. In this Figure, reference numeral 1 is the vacuum insulator, mentioned above, that comprises two gas barrier films 2, each of which has laminated internal layers of thermally adherable polyethylene or polypropylene, an aluminum and surface protective layer (as disclosed in JP-B 2-54479), and insulation material 5 inserted between the two gas barrier films 2. The insulation material 5 is made of open cell expanded polyurethane for example, and shown in FIG. 14, by partly removing the gas barrier film 2. The inside of vacuum insulator 1 is evacuated to a predetermined pressure; thereafter, the peripheral part 2A of gas barrier films 2 is heated to make the thermally adherable layers seal together. On the surface of vacuum insulator 1 (the upper outside of the surface protective layer), an adhesive sheet 100 is pasted; or an adhesive material, also shown by reference numeral 100, is precoated on the surface of outer door panel 4 to be insulated (for example, the outer door panel of a freezer), and then vacuum insulator 1 is pasted on the outer door panel 4 sheet by sheet.
In such a conventional process, preliminary pasting of an adhesive sheet to vacuum insulator 1 or to the surface to be insulated, such as outer door panel 4 is carried out; or preliminary coating of an adhesive is effected, then the vacuum insulator is pasted onto the surface to be insulated sheet by sheet. Once fixed, adjustment of the postion of the insulation is very difficult in these structures. Thus, the fixation of the insulation at a predetermined position is difficult and handling is troublesome. When the position of the insulation is incorrect, peeling of the insulation may be necessary, and the adhesive has to be again applied. The fixation of vacuum insulation has been very complicated by these procedures. In addition, there is a risk of breaking the gas barrier film 2 when it is necessary to remove the insulation and repaste the door panel.

Heat insulating structure and production process thereof


A see through head mounted display apparatus includes code performing a method of choosing and optimal viewing location and perspective for shared-view virtual objects rendered for multiple users in a common environment. Multiple objects and multiple users are taken into account in determining the optimal, common viewing location. The technology allows each user to have a common view if the relative position of the object in the environment.

Mixed reality is a technology that allows virtual imagery to be mixed with a real world physical environment. A see-through, head mounted display (HMD) device may be worn by a user to view the mixed imagery of real objects and virtual objects displayed in the user's field of view. A user may further interact with virtual objects, for example by performing hand, head or voice gestures to move the objects, alter their appearance or simply view them.
In order for multiple users to interact when both users are wearing see through head mounted displays, virtual objects rendered by user devices are to be shared. Each users of a device viewing a virtual object has a perspective of the object within their own field of view. One or more of the devices, alone or in conjunction with a hub computing system, may be used to determine the respective views of each user of a virtual object.

Concurrent optimal viewing of virtual objects


A method has been invented of providing feedback regarding tolerance for a dimension of a concrete block in relation to a datum in a computer-based system with a CPU, an input connected to the CPU, a memory associated with the CPU, a data transmitter connected to the CPU, a controller card connected to the data transmitter, an ultrasound transducer connected to the controller card, a timing device connected to the controller card, a memory means associated with the controller card, a feedback device connected to the controller card, and an environmental adaptator. Also, the invention can be described as an environmentally adaptable computer-based apparatus utilizing ultrasound for providing feedback regarding the dimensional quality of concrete blocks positioned on pallets traveling on a conveyor. The apparatus has a first memory for controlling a CPU, an input, an ultrasound transducer, a timing device, a second memory, a controller card, a data transmitter, a CPU, and a feedback device.

The concrete industry for the past 35-40 years has not had very many improvements in the way they make cinder blocks. Some of the more prominent manufacturers of block forming equipment have been breaking ground in automation for the past several years but have not developed a calibration device for checking whether the cinder blocks are within tolerance; that is, 75/8.+-.1/8". A currently used system has the blocks being manufactured at a variable rate of up to eight blocks every six seconds. Occasionally a worker will apply a metal template measuring 75/8" to check for height tolerance. This calibration inspection can be done when a cinder block is wet because there is very little shrinkage to consider. The equipment generally used for making cinder block can provide six different configurations, i.e., two 12-inch blocks, two 10-inch blocks, three 8-inch blocks, four 6-inch blocks, six 4-inch blocks, and eight 3-inch blocks, on each pallet.
Previous designs for mechanical solutions to the problems of assuring manufacture of blocks within tolerance did not overcome such obstacles as high Db noise levels, dirty environment, vibration, a fluctuating change in relative humidity, temperature, and wind gusts in the manufacturing environment. Some of these obstacles could not be solved with a standard engineering design. One attempt to solve the problems involved included a calibration device which mounted horizontally and attempted to overcome the difficulty in compensating for the calibration device for material buildup on the 22 by 26 inch steel plate. Over a period of a year, material build-up on the steel plate or pallet does affect the tolerances.
Avoiding preconceived ideas held by those working in the field, a method for solving this problem was discovered that the engineers had overlooked because of the built-in paradigms. A working model was developed and a prototype test was performed in October 1988 at a TARMAC Lone Star block manufacturing site. This test revealed that the device should be able to overcome the variable speed of the conveyor system, and should be shielded in case of an accident (e.g., kickback). The prototype calibration device proved very successful in this test. The particular device tested interfaced with a programmable logic controller, proximity sensor, and a marking device that would score the cinder blocks that were out of tolerance.
The plant where the alpha test was run produces 12 million blocks a year with about 3 percent in defects. The manufacturer loses money when he has to sell a cinder block as a second. As an example of the potential cost of cumulative errors in cinder block tolerance, one plant provided all the cinder blocks for the exterior and interior walls for a school built. Because the cinder blocks were 1/8 inch out of tolerance, after eight tiers the wall was an inch out of line. The architect on the school site caught the mistake and required the replacement of 55,000 cinder blocks. This resulted in the entire section having to be torn down and rebuilt with new block. The cost was many thousands of dollars, and damage to the block manufacturer's reputation.
Additional capabilities that can be included in this calibration device include a counter that tells how many blocks are manufactured, and how many defects are found, having the device inform the worker that the block machine is out of tolerance and by how much, and for the device to shut off the block machine when it was producing cinder blocks out of tolerance.
In the plant environment tested, the production rate ranged from a slow 900 blocks to a fast 1500 blocks per hour per machine. The average speed at the block plant was approximately 1200 blocks per hour with two machines running concurrently.
In one embodiment of the present invention, if the sensing device measures a set of blocks that is out of tolerance, an audible alarm sounds and an LED display shows whether the tolerance was high or low and by how much, and at the same time the block is marked with a raking action. This concept was rejected for a preferred embodiment because marking a bad block only adds to the problem, and it makes better business sense to correct the problem immediately rather than incur the costs involved with manufacturing a bad block.
Accordingly, one object of the invention is to provide a calibration device and system that provides a combination of the following capabilities: Performing measurement tolerance to 0.015 inch, continuous self-calibration, simplified operational control, pallet tolerance, a supervisory control panel, data history, a visual and/or audio alarm, ruggedized construction, and multiple configuration measurement.
Another object of the invention is to provide the dual advantage of first, saving money for the customer by preventing the manufacturing of bad blocks, and second, improving the quality of the manufactured block worldwide.
Another object of the invention is to provide a system that can be installed quickly, with modular components, that provides low maintenance, that is very user friendly, and that can be utilized as part of new equipment or as a field add-on to existing units.
One of the features that has been designed into this product to overcome such obstacles as high Db noise levels, dirty environment, vibration, and a fluctuating change in relative humidity, temperature, and wind gusts, is a self-calibrating ultrasonic sensor.
An embodiment of the invention uses independently measuring ultrasonic sensors mounted vertically over a conveyor system. The sensors are adjustably placed so as to span the entire number of cinder blocks across the pallet on the conveyor system. The sensors take measurements of the heights of the cinder blocks and compare them to preset specification criteria. At the same time, the number of good and bad pallets manufactured is counted.
One embodiment of a system according to the present invention provides multiple measurements (100 measurements every 3 seconds) with each transducer, then computes an average and compares it to the plant's tolerance specification. All out-of-tolerance pallets are rejected. If three consecutive pallets are detected with height calculations that are out of tolerance, an alarm will sound, a strobe light will light and revolve, or a beeper will be activated, so that the block manufacturing machine can be adjusted. Alternatively, a signal may be sent to the pallet dumper when an out-of-tolerance pallet is detected, so that the blocks of that pallet may be destroyed and recycled for new block construction.
One embodiment of apparatus for operating the method of the invention comprises three elements--a bracket, which houses a controller circuit card operating a control and measurement algorithm of the method of the invention, signal generators, and transducers; a computer for providing overall control of the process, and a power panel with an attached strobe light. This apparatus can operate with different settings, and information on multiple configurations can be placed into and stored in memory.
The computer and accompanying software include WINDOWS capability and comprise a WINDOWS based monitor application that affords a graphical representation of what is calibrated and observed. If an alarm sounds, the monitor will show how much out tolerance and whether the equipment needs to be to be raised or lowered. Additionally, a 3 Dimensional model illustrates whether the out-of-specification tolerance was on the left, right or in the center. A control panel in a WINDOWS application running on a computer gives either a 3-Dimensional graphical representation, or actual measurement data detailing the out-of-tolerance condition so it can be corrected quickly.
An authorized user (a password can be set so that only a foreman or other authorized person can perform this function), can activate the tolerance setting and use either keyboard or mouse for setting display characteristics (e.g., whether to measure the distance from the transducers of all the ultrasonic sensors to the pallet in inches or in centimeters) or, if necessary, to activate the calibration routine which can automatically perform its own distance calibration. The user can also set the height that is required for the block, what tolerances are allowed, what type of alarm should be given, etc.
As an additional feature, the invention includes self-diagnostics, to pinpoint malfunctioning equipment in case of a transducer failure.
The control panel is ruggedized, so that it can be washed off with water with no ill effects. The strobe light is designed to be seen from far distances in fairly well-lit environments.

Method and apparatus for ultrasound block measurement


The present invention relates to a new process for the synthesis of high purity 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine of formula (I) using 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide and an aminoguanidine salt as starting materials. 2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide is reacted with 1-2 mol equivalent of aminoguanidine salt in 3-6 mol equivalent of methanesulfonic acid, then the obtained adduct of formula (IV) is transformed without isolation into the product with magnesium oxide. In given case the obtained crude product can be recrystallized from a proper organic solvent

It is well known, that 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine of the Formula (I)
also known as lamotrigine, is the active ingredient of several pharmaceutical compositions used for the treatment of different diseases of the central nervous system (e.g. epilepsy).
The synthesis of substituted 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazine derivatives is known from the literature. In the following publications the general synthesis of substituted derivatives is described—Agr. Res. Serif. 3 188 (1966) and J. Med. Chem. 859 (1972)—according to which benzoyl cyanide is reacted with aminoguanidine in acidic medium and the so obtained adduct is cyclized under basic conditions. According to the process described in the European Patent No. 21121—analogously to the method described above—2,3-dichlorobenzoyl cyanide is reacted with the hydrogencarbonate salt of aminoguanidine in dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent, in the presence of 8 N nitric acid for 7 days. The obtained adduct is cyclized with methanolic potassium-hydroxide solution to the final product in 15% yield—calculated on the starting material. Basically similar process is described in the European Patent No. 142306. The disadvantages of the above processes are the extremely aggressive reaction medium, the long reaction time as well as the very low yield.
The European Patent No. 247842 describes a process in which 8 M solution of sulfuric acid is used instead of 8 N nitric acid in the condensation reaction, and the reaction time is 48 h. The cyclization reaction is carried out in n-propanol at reflux temperature. The yield is 41%. The disadvantages of this process are the low yield and the aggressive reaction medium.
Basically similar process is described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,101, in which the condensation is carried out in a mixture of diluted sulfuric acid and acetonitrile for 60 h, then the cyclization is carried out with 1% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. The yield is 44%. The crude product is purified by recrystallization from methanol with the help of clarifier. The disadvantages of the process are the aggressive medium, the low yield and the very long reaction time.
The modification of the above process is described in the European Patent No. 963980, in which the cyclization reaction is carried out in n-propanol at reflux temperature. The yield is 60%. The product is purified by recrystallization from n-propano 1. The disadvantages of this process are also the long reaction time and the aggressive reaction medium.
According to the International Patent Application No. WO96120934 an intermediate, which is prepared with great difficulty, is converted into lamotrigine by cyclizing in a photo-chemical reactor in 80% yield. The disadvantage of the process is that it can not be applied on industrial scale.
The International Patent Application No. WO96120935 describes a six-step synthesis, which is difficult to carry out and hardly realizable on industrial scale, as well as the yield of the final product is very low. The disadvantages of the process are the complicated synthesis, the applied hazardous reagents and the low yield.
It is apparent from the above mentioned facts, that according to the known processes the lamotrigine and the intermediate adduct can only be synthesized in low yield using aggressive reagents and long reaction time. Our aim was to elaborate an industrially applicable process, in which simple industrial operations are used and high purity lamotrigine can be synthesized in good yield, economically, applying short reaction times, without using hazardous reagents.

Process for the synthesis of high purity 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl) (1,2,4-triazine)


A current sensor includes core components that form a magnetic circuit and form a space where to dispose a probe coil on the magnetic circuit; and a clip that press-joins the core components with each other. Since magnetic reluctance decreases at a portion where the core components are press-joined by the clip, an amount of magnetic flux of an external magnetic field passing through this portion increases, and accordingly, an amount of magnetic flux interlinked with the probe coil decreases. This improves the immunity of the current sensor to an external magnetic field.

The present invention relates to a current sensor, and in particular, to a current sensor including a magnetic core composed of a combination of a plurality of parts.
Current sensors including a magnetic core composed of at least two core components are well-known. In such current sensors, the core components are combined with each other, thereby forming a substantially closed magnetic circuit. Further, the core components are each formed of a folded thin plate of a soft magnetic material and on an inner side of the core components, a cavity in which a probe coil is housed is formed. The current sensors including the magnetic core having such a structure are apt to be influenced by an external magnetic field at the time of sensing.


A tire valve stem stabilizing and supporting device that is used with a valve stem of an inner tire mounted on a dual wheel, the dual wheel having an access opening through which the valve stem passes. The device has a passageway through which the valve stem passes and is adapted to being removably secured in the access opening. In this way, the valve stem is stabilized and supported in the access opening. An associated kit, dual wheel system and method are also provided.

This invention relates to a tire valve stem stabilizing and supporting device that is used in association with a tire valve stem of an inner tire which is mounted on a dual wheel system. The invention also includes a tire valve stem stabilizer and extender kit, a dual wheel system and an associated method.
Dual wheels adapted to support two tires are in widespread use on trucks and other vehicles. The inner tire mounted on the dual wheel may include an integral elongated valve stem or a valve stem and an elongated valve stem extender both of which are used to introduce air pressure into the inner tube of the inner tire. The elongated valve stem passes through an access opening in the dual wheel and extends outwardly from the dual wheel system enabling the operator to add or check air pressure in the inner tire.
In use, the elongated valve stem or the elongated valve stem extender is subject to numerous vibrations and shocks as the vehicle with which it is associated travels over the road. During these vibrations and shocks, the elongated valve stem or valve stem extender can forcibly contact the dual wheel, resulting in damage and even breakage thereof. A broken valve stem is a safety hazard that must be quickly repaired. Furthermore, the cost in time and money of repairing the valve stem adds to the operating expense of the vehicle.
Thus, there is a need for a tire valve stem stabilizer for use on an inner tire valve stem of a dual wheel system.

Tire valve stem stabilizing and supporting device


For image processing, user's setting of an item is received, and the item set by the user is recorded with information on situation of the setting of the item as setting log data. A parameter on reuse value is calculated based on one or more setting log data in the recorded setting log data, and operation information including the one or more setting log information is stored related with the parameter. When it is decided that the parameter satisfies a reference value, and the one or more setting log data having the parameter is presented.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus such as a multifunctional peripheral, and in particular to user's operation therefor.
2. Description of Prior Art
Recently, an image processing apparatus has many advanced functions. For example, a multifunctional peripheral has many functions such as scan, print, copy and facsimile functions. Further, because it is a network device, it can be used for various processing via the network. As the functions of such an apparatus become advanced, and as works in an office become sophisticated, a user who operates an image processing apparatus has to select and set many items and their contents before starting a job. Because user's operation becomes more complicated and longer, as mentioned above, it is necessary to improve user's convenience. Then, various approaches are proposed. For example, the operation is stored by providing a program memory function such as a one-touch key to which, for example, an address is registered, an operation having high frequency is displayed with priority, and an operation is selected among the operations recorded in an operation history.
For example, in a facsimile apparatus described in Japanese Patent laid open Publication H6-164796, use frequencies of one-touch keys are counted, and the order of the one-touch keys displayed in a display device is changed according to the order of the use frequencies. Therefore, an operator can easily find a one-touch key used frequently. In a printer described in Japanese Patent laid open Publication 2000-168173, use frequencies of various setting items of print conditions are counted, and the setting items (or print conditions) having high frequencies are displayed as initial setting items. Further, in a scanner described in Japanese Patent laid open Publication 2003-18335, when a series of sequential setting is stored as a group of transmission condition setting in a history thereof. On transmission, the transmission condition setting history is invoked and selected, and user's convenience is improved for setting transmission conditions.
It is to be noted that an input operation for setting items to be executed in an image processing apparatus may have high reusability even though its use frequency is low. However, it has not attracted attention to improve user's convenience for such an operation. For example, in a program memory function such as one-touch key, user's operation can be stored or registered. However, in order to store or register it, a user has to store the operation intentionally, and an operation not stored cannot be used again. Further, in an image processing apparatus which takes only use frequency into account, the above-mentioned operation having low use frequency may not be stored even when the operation is likely to be used again. In such a case, when the user wants to use the setting again, a record on the setting is not stored in the image processing apparatus. Because the use frequency of the operation is low, the user is liable to forget the contents of the operation. In such a case, the user has to repeat the setting again, and the setting may need an elaborate effort. Therefore, in order to improve user's convenience, it is desirable to help a user to use easily an operation having low use frequency, but having high possibility to be used again.

Image processing apparatus and method allow user to set a sequence of instructions

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.


A microelectromechanical-based magnetostrictive magnetometer that uses, as an active element, a commercial (001) silicon microcantilever coated with an amorphous thin film of the giant magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D and a compact optical beam deflection transduction scheme. A set of Helmholtz coils is used to create an ac magnetic excitation field for driving the mechanical resonance of the coated microcantilever. When the coated microcantilever is placed in a dc magnetic field, the dc field will change the amplitude at the mechanical resonance of the coated microcantilever thereby causing a deflection that can be measured. The magnetometer has been demonstrated with a sensitivity near 1 .mu.T.

The invention relates to magnetometers and, more specifically, comprises a microelectromechanical (MEMS)-based magnetostrictive magnetometer based on the deflection of a Terfenol-D coated single-crystal silicon cantilever for measuring a dc magnetic field with a sensitivity near 1 .mu.T.
Interest is increasing in the development of miniature magnetometers for mapping magnetic fields in extraterrestrial, industrial, biomedical, oceanographic, and environmental applications. The many potential uses of such instruments include the following:
Space physics--for the measurement of absolute field levels and curl of interplanetary space (using suitable arrays of sensors) and satellite-generated fields. PA1 Oceanography--for the detection of ships, mineral deposits, and other magnetic objects. PA1 Biomedicine--for the imaging of magnetic patterns, and, for example, tracking the location and orientation of instruments in microsurgery (the latter will be particularly helpful as the technology moves more to robotic or tele-operated systems). PA1 Environmental science--for the imaging or detection of magnetic fields on the earth's surface or in the atmosphere, for example, in the detection of pipeline corrosion. PA1 Transportation--for the measurement of deflections in crash test experiments and as one of the many sensors in automatically piloted road vehicles.
The trend in magnetometer design and development is constantly toward smaller size, lower power consumption, and lower cost for similar performance. To meet these objectives, recent innovations have included the use of piezoresistive cantilevers and magnetometers based on electron-tunneling effects.
A reported piezoresistive device consists of a single-crystal silicon cantilever, 200 mm long, onto the end of which is glued a small (700 ng) grain of magnetic material. Measurements performed either at low temperature (59.1 K) with a microcrystal of a high-critical-temperature superconductor or at room temperature with a small iron crystal gave sensitivities of 5 and 50 mT, respectively.
A magnetometer based on electron tunneling is bulk-micromachined from silicon. It consists of a silicon substrate on which a fixed electron tunneling tip is etched and a deflection electrode is deposited, and is bonded to a low-stress silicon nitride membrane (2.5.times.2.5 mm). The deflection of the membrane is caused by the Lorentz force induced between the applied fields and the current flowing in a multiloop conductor deposited on top of the membrane. To date, it has been possible to produce only a single loop, resulting in a preliminary noise equivalent magnetic field of only 6 .mu.T.sqroot.Hz.
As can be seen, the sensitivities of the above magnetometers, defined as the minimum detectable field change, are generally in the range of 1 .mu.T to 1 mT, corresponding to 10.sup.-2 to 10 Oe. There is still the need, then, for small, low-cost, low-power-consumption magnetometers with sensitivities capable of meeting the potential applications discussed above.

Microelectromechanical (MEMS)-based magnetostrictive magnetometer


Techniques are provided for use in spin-yielding in multi-threaded systems. Each thread that is waiting for a lock is bound to a spin-yield processor in the list of a plurality of spin-yield processors so that other processors that otherwise may be used for spin-yield cycles by the waiting threads can be used for other purposes by other threads. Further, in a defined time period, a thread is bound to or removed from a spin-yield processor based on the number of context switches experienced by that thread in that defined time period.

In multi-threaded programs, protecting some portions and/or variables of a program from being accessed by multiple threads is desirable. In one approach using a lock mechanism, a thread, in accessing a protected portion, acquires a lock and thus prevents other threads from accessing the same portion during the time the thread retains the lock. When the thread releases the lock, another thread may acquire the lock to access the protected portion and prevent other threads from accessing the same portion.
A thread waiting for the lock may be put in a sleep queue and transferred to a run queue when this waiting thread is ready to execute. However, transferring a thread between the sleep queue and the run queue is usually expensive. Approaches have been developed in which the waiting threads execute some spin-yield cycles before being transferred to the sleep queue. In these approaches, a waiting thread, while waiting for a lock, spins on a processor for a few cycles, then tries to acquire the lock. If the thread cannot acquire the lock, then the thread yields the processor, i.e., makes it available for use by other threads. The waiting thread repeats the spin-yield cycles for a few times up to a threshold, at which time the waiting thread is put into the sleep queue. Experience shows that the waiting threads can usually acquire the lock in a few tries without being transferred to the sleep queue.
However, in various situations such as in applications in which lock contention is heavy and/or the thread holds on to the lock for a long time, the spin-yield threads in many cases are eventually put to the sleep queue. During the spin-yield time, the processors performing the spin-yield cycle cannot accomplish other useful work, and the spin-yield threads may generate a lot of expensive system calls. In symmetric multiple processor systems with many processors, this effect can be pronounced.
Based on the foregoing, it is desirable that mechanisms be provided to solve the above deficiencies and related problems.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


An electromagnetic barrier includes a first surface and a second surface. A first transducer is coupled to the first surface. A second transducer is coupled to the second surface such that a signal is transmittable between the first transducer and the second transducer without physically penetrating the electromagnetic barrier.

The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to methods and systems for use in communicating data through electromagnetic barriers.
Known aircraft systems are increasingly being fabricated from metallic and/or composite materials. At least some of such materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), act as barriers to electromagnetic waves and, thus, inhibit at least some modes of communication. To enable communication across and/or through such materials, at least some communication systems route wiring through the material to couple components together and/or use dielectric windows to enable radiation to pass through. The penetrations in the material and/or dielectric windows, however, create potential leak paths and, as such, such areas must undergo frequent inspection.
Moreover, during operation, at least some wiring may be exposed to high current impulses as a result of equipment failure and/or a lightning strike, for example. Such high current impulses may lead to sparking, which could lead to undesirable results. As such, at least some known communication systems include lightning protection systems that are designed to prevent possible fuel ignition sources. However, known lightning protection systems are often cumbersome and/or are expensive to implement and/or maintain.

Systems and methods for communicating data through an electromagnetic barrier


Embodiments of a system and method for transmitting data from an access point in a multiple user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) system are provided. A first indication of signal quality (ISQ) is received at the access point from a first station and a second ISQ is received from a second station. The access point sets a first power level and a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for transmission of a first aggregated media access control (MAC) protocol data unit (A-MPDU) to the first station as a function of the first ISQ and an amount of payload data corresponding to the first A-MPDU. The access point also sets a second power level and a second MCS for transmission of a second A-MPDU as a function of the second ISQ and an amount of payload data corresponding to the second A-MPDU.

Multiple-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems can transmit and receive signals to/from multiple users at a single antenna array at the same time. In a MU-MIMO system, multiple signals are sent in parallel and are kept separate from one another not by modulation or coding techniques, but by transmitting (or receiving) each signal in a different (e.g., orthogonal) direction. The process of transmitting (or receiving) a signal in a specific direction using an antenna array is known as beamforming. By selecting a beam for each signal that will produce limited interference with other parallel beams, multiple signals can be transmitted or received at the same time. Beams are often calculated to be orthogonal to one another in order to minimize the interference between the beams.


The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (AMCA) by. a) catalytically hydrogenating 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (FMC) in a first reaction stage to form 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (FMA), 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-formamidomethyl cyclohexane (AMF), 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-formamidomethyl cyclohexane (FMF) and/or AMCA, and PA1 b) reacting FMA, AMF and/or FMF in a second reaction stage with an alkaline compound to from AMCA and a formic acid derivative, and PA1 c) separating the reaction mixture obtained in step b) into components by fractional distillation and/or by crystallization and filtration.. The present invention is also relates to carrying the hydrogenation reaction of step a) in the presence of a formulating agent to form 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-formamidomethyl cyclohexane (FMF).. Finally, the present invention relates to the intermediate products 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (FMA) and 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-formamidomethyl cyclohexane (FMF).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for the production of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethylcyclohexane (AMCA), the precursor for the production of 1-isocyanato-1-methyl-3(4)-isocyanatomethylcyclo-hexane (IMCI).
2. Description of the Prior Art
DE-A 4,401,929 describes a process for the preparation of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (AMCA) that may be illustrated by the following reaction scheme: ##STR1##
According to the reaction mechanism, 4(5)-cyano-1-methyl cyclohexene (CMC) is reacted with hydrocyanic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid to give 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (FMC), which can be extracted from the acidic aqueous phase with suitable water-immiscible solvents after excess hydrocyanic acid has been removed by distillation and the reaction mixture has been diluted with water. Another known variant (see DE-A 4,401,929) for isolating FMC from the aqueous reaction mixture, which arises in accordance with the Ritter reaction, is to neutralize the latter acid mixture with ammonia, optionally after diluting with water, such that the mixture contains about 20 to 70 wt. % of ammonium sulphate, followed by solvent extraction of the FMC which is present in the mixture. In this embodiment of isolating FMC a considerable quantity of ammonium salts is formed because of the neutralization of the sulphuric acid used in the Ritter reaction. However, this is an important process because the extraction is particularly complete even using small quantities of extracting agent, which reduces the energy requirement for further working up. In a further reaction step, the 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (FMC) is then hydrolysed in the acid aqueous medium to give 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (AMC).
A further process variant of DE-A 4,401,929 is to hydrolyze the 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (FMC), without prior isolation, using the sulphuric acid present in the Ritter reaction mixture.
In all of the process variants described in DE-A 4,401,929 the 1-formamido-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane obtained following hydrolysis is present in an acidic aqueous solution. The isolation of the 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (AMC) by extraction, which follows in the process, can only be carried out from an alkaline solution if it is to be successful industrially. The result of converting the acidic solution to an aqueous solution is that salts are formed as by-products, which must be used or disposed of. The resulting 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (AMC), optionally after separation of the extracting agent by distillation in a known manner, is then hydrogenated catalytically to give 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (AMCA).
The conversion of the acidic aqueous solution of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane to a basic solution is carried out with ammonia in the German publication, which results in the formation of ammonium sulphate and ammonium formate as by-products. It is proposed to thermolytically cleave the ammonium sulphate to form sulphur dioxide, which can be recycled to produce sulphuric acid. Because it is necessary to concentrate the aqueous ammonium sulphate solution before it can be cleaved, this treatment of the by-product salts results in considerable distillation costs.
Treatment of the salt solution for the purpose of recycling ammonium sulphate also results in considerable costs because the ammonium sulphate solution obtained has a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 10 g per liter even after the extracting agent contained in the salt solution has been removed by distillation and the formate has been removed.
In the catalytic hydrogenation of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-cyano cyclohexane (AMC) to 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (AMCA), which is disclosed in the German publication, intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular dimerization processes result in by-products I, II, III, IV and V. ##STR2## These by-products are present in an amount of approximately 20%. In other words there is a loss of selectivity of approximately 20%.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane (AMCA), which has a markedly higher total selectivity (based on the 4(5)-cyano-1-methyl cyclohexene (CMC) starting material) and in which the ammonium sulphate-containing effluent, which is obtained as an unavoidable by-product, can be worked up economically to give recyclable ammonium sulphate.
This object can be achieved with the process according to the present invention, which is described hereinafter.

Process for the preparation of 1-amino-1-methyl-3(4)-aminomethyl cyclohexane


Coalescing properties, methods and events is disclosed. One embodiment of the invention is a computerized system having an ActiveX control, a Java object, and an engine. The engine, which may be a computer program running on a computer, converts types of the ActiveX control to corresponding types of the Java object. In different embodiments of the invention, the engine may be compile-time or run-time.

This invention relates generally to properties, methods and events available in software component architectures, and more particularly to coalescing such properties, methods and events between different such architectures.
Software component architectures have become an increasingly popular manner by which developers develop computer programs. Software components may be reusable, such that developers do not have to rewrite code to provide for functionality that is already provided by a given software component. Common software component architectures include those available within the Java programming language, such as JavaBeans and other Java objects, as well as Microsoft""s Component Object Model (COM).
A software component typically has outside interfaces that allow interconnection with other software components, and inside code that effectuates or implements these interfaces. The inside code is not usually accessible to other components. The outside interfaces may come in three different types: properties, methods and events. The occurrence of an event, which may be generally defined as a condition, causes the execution of a method. A method, which has one or more properties that may be generally defined as parameters of the method, may be generally defined as a sequence of code that provides for a desired functionality.
A disadvantage to software developers is, however, that software components written in accordance with one architecture, such as COM, may not usually be used in accordance with another, such as Java. This means that even if the developer finds a component that he or she desires to use, if the component is operative within a different architecture, the component is generally unusable. For these and other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.
The above-mentioned shortcomings, disadvantages and problems are addressed by the present invention, which will be understood by reading and studying the following specification. One aspect of the invention is a computerized system having an ActiveX control, a Java object, and an engine. The engine, which may be a computer program running on a computer, converts types of the ActiveX control to corresponding types of the Java object. In different embodiments of the invention, the engine may be compile-time or run-time.
At least some embodiments of the invention provides for advantages over the prior art. For example, ActiveX controls, which are a type of object within the Component Object Model (COM), may be utilized within a Java environment via at least some embodiments of the invention. Thus, the Java programmer is not limited to utilizing only Java objects such as JavaBeans in developing programs, but may also resort to COM objects such as ActiveX controls. Such embodiments of the invention provide for such coalescing of types from ActiveX controls to Java at both compile-time and run-time.
The present invention includes computerized systems, computers, and computer-readable media of varying scope. In addition to the aspects and advantages of the present invention described in this summary, further aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the drawings and by reading the detailed description that follows.


A medical system including an endoscope having a proximal end, a distal end, and a lumen extending therebetween is disclosed. The endoscope includes a port configured to provide access to the lumen. In addition, the system may include an actuation member slidably disposed through the lumen such that a proximal end of the actuation member extends through the port, and a distal end of the actuation member is operably coupled to an end-effector. The system may further include an actuation handle removably secured to the actuation member. In one embodiment, a portion of the end-effector has dimensions larger than a maximum dimension of the lumen.

Endoscopic and/or laparoscopic devices for use in medical procedures typically are passed through a working channel of a suitable introduction sheath (such as, e.g., an endoscope or laparoscope) positioned in a body cavity in order to reach an operative site at a distal end of the sheath. For purposes of this description, "distal" refers to the end extending into a body and "proximal" refers to the end extending out of the body. The size of an end-effector on the distal end of the endoscopic device, such as, e.g., scissors, snares, forceps, stent delivery devices, biopsy needles, and electro-coagulation probes, therefore, maybe limited by the diameter of the introduction sheath's working channel.
For example, an endoscopic device may include an end-effector, such as, e.g., biopsy forceps, that typically consists of two jaw-like members located distally on an end of a long, flexible tube or sheath. The jaw members are operable to open and close, enabling the jaws to grasp and cut away tissue for biopsy sampling. In at least the closed position, the jaw members must be small enough to fit through the working channel of the endoscope, however, which limits the size of the tissue samples obtained. A 3 French ("Fr.") forceps device that fits in a 7 Fr. ureteroscope acquires tissue samples that are often too small to be accurately evaluated. The size limitation of the jaws also prohibits the use of forceps for other applications, such as grasping gall stones and kidney stones or removing or displacing larger size tissue samples. A working channel of an endoscope that is sized to accommodate an endoscopic device with a larger profile or diameter can inhibit both the flexibility of the endoscope and/or the ability of the endoscope to house other functional components, such as visualization devices, or may increase the outer diameter of the endoscope to an unusable size.
Recent advances in endoscope technology have complicated the task in providing for sufficiently sized end-effectors. On one hand, endoscopes have been reduced in size, responding to the need to navigate through ever smaller bodily cavities. At the same time, endoscopes have become capable of carrying more endoscopic devices, so that endoscopes may be provided with a number of end-effectors, enabling deployment of a range of devices, such as an illumination device, a camera, a tissue resection device, and a tissue retrieval device, all carried in one or more working channels of the same endoscope. The possibility of so many devices being used simultaneously complicates the task of accommodating an oversized end-effector.
Therefore, a need exists for an improved apparatus and method for loading and using an end effector that cannot be inserted completely through the working channel of an endoscope.

Medical device actuation systems and related methods of use


A wireless communication apparatus is provided in which a wireless part receives multipath detection information sent from a wireless communication apparatus at the other end (a mobile station, for example) and provides the multipath detection information to a multipath component canceling signal generation part. The multipath component canceling signal generation part generates a multipath component canceling signal based on the multipath detection information, and provides the multipath component canceling signal to the wireless part. The wireless part sends the multipath component canceling signal with a send wave to the wireless communication apparatus at the other end.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a wireless communication apparatus and a wireless communication method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a wireless communication apparatus and a wireless communication method in which multipath interference is relieved.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows an configuration example of a mobile communication system. The mobile communication system includes mobile stations 22 and a base station 23 which are placed in each area. In addition, there is an obstacle 24 which reflects radio wave of mobile wireless communication.
In this configuration, when the base station 23 radiates a radio wave to the mobile station 22, the radio wave is reflected by the obstacle 24 so that the direct wave 25 and the reflected wave 26 arrive at the mobile station 22 via a plurality of paths. This is called multipath.
In the mobile station 22, when the direct wave 25 and the reflected wave 26 arrive at the antenna, they interfere with each other. As a result, when the direct wave 25 and the reflected wave 26 have opposite phases, signals are attenuated significantly. When the direct wave 25 and the reflected wave 26 are in phase, signals are amplified.
The level of received wave in the mobile station varies significantly according to the position of the mobile station due to the interference caused by the multipath. It is known that the interference occurs by wavelength of the wave.
Conventionally, in order to decrease degradation of signal transmission quality due to attenuation caused by interference and to keep good receiving state, a space diversity system is adopted in which a plurality of antennas which are placed different positions and/or which have different directions are provided for receiving signals.
In addition, for example, when communication which uses spreading codes is performed and when the phases of the direct wave and the reflected wave are not completely opposite so that they are not completely canceled, a RAKE receive system is adopted in which a plurality of receive circuits are provided such that the phases of the direct wave and the reflected wave are adjusted when they are received.
Describing the RAKE receive more precisely, the multipath direct wave 25 and the reflected wave 26 shown in FIG. 1 are received in different time positions with respect to the time base shown as the direct wave 27 and the reflected wave 28 in FIG. 2. Thus, by adding delays to the direct wave 27 and the reflected wave 28 properly and synthesizing them, it becomes possible that a plurality of multipaths can be synthesized and received.
However, according to the above-mentioned system, since a plurality of antennas are necessary, there is a problem in that the size of the mobile station becomes large.
In addition, in the RAKE receive system, there is a problem in that it is difficult to prevent interference between the direct wave and the reflected wave caused in the antennas, and, interference between received codes at the time of demodulation.

Wireless communication apparatus and wireless communication method


An albumin preparation having a polymer content of not more than 3% by weight based on the serum albumin content and an .alpha..sub.1 -AGP content of not more than a detectable limit based on the serum albumin content, which is prepared by removing a polymer-forming factor from an albumin aqueous solution by, for example, ion exchange separation or affinity chromatography, and subjecting the solution to a heat treatment.

Serum albumin is present in blood plasma in a proportion higher than any other plasma protein and functions to maintain an osmotic pressure or to carry nutrients, metabolites, etc. as a combination therewith in blood.
Preparations containing serum albumin are used in the treatment of hypoalbuminemia, hemorrhagic shock, etc. caused by albumin depletion or reduction of albumin biosynthesis. To deactivate viruses which may be incorporated into the albumin preparations, a heat treatment of an albumin-containing aqueous solution is generally carried out. It is known that commercially available albumin preparations obtained from the thus treated albumin aqueous solution contain agglomerates (hereinafter referred to as polymers as such agglomerates are commonly called) which have been formed during preparation. From the fact that no substantial polymers are found before the above-described heat treatment, it is believed that heat-labile proteins are partially denatured by the heat treatment to form polymers. Considering that the commercially available albumin preparations have been widely used with safety, these polymers are not regarded particularly harmful to human bodies. However, it is desired that the preparations contain no polymers because the polymers are heat denaturation products.
Further, albumin preparations also contain .alpha..sub.1 -acid glycoprotein (hereinafter referred to as .alpha..sub.1 -AGP), having an immunosuppressive activity, as an impurity. .alpha..sub.1 -AGP is a protein somewhat similar to albumin in physicochemical properties and, therefore, it is difficult to efficiently separate .alpha..sub.1 -AGP from albumin by commonly employed means, such as fractionation. Hence, there is a fear that usual albumin preparations contain residual .alpha..sub.1 -AGP having an immunosuppressive activity, and it is desired to remove .alpha..sub.1 -AGP from the preparations to the extent possible.

Albumin preparation and process for preparing the same


The system and method detect and properly handle a glare condition in a SIP communication session. A glare condition is where a communication device has two concurrent outstanding requests (typically an incoming and an outgoing request that have not be acknowledged) and needs to process one of the requests before processing the other request. To detect a glare condition, the system and method identify that an out-of-dialog SIP request is received while an outgoing SIP request is pending. In response to detecting the glare condition, a glare algorithm is initiated. The glare algorithm ensures that outstanding requests will be handled in a timely manner.

The SIP is a very robust protocol that has become ubiquitous in the telecommunication industry. SIP is the core protocol for most voice and video communication products that are being shipped today. The proliferation of SIP has lead to a variety of SIP based standards that allow for conformance between communication equipment provided by different vendors. However, the existing SIP standards fall short in dealing with all types of conditions that are prevalent in SIP communication networks.
For example, the SIP standard disclosed in RFC3261 and the Best Current Practices (BCP) document disclosed in RFC5407 describe how to deal with glare conditions for communication devices that are engaged in the same SIP dialog. A glare condition is where a device, such as a telephone, has sent a first request and receives a second request before receiving an acknowledgment to the first request. For example, a glare condition in the same dialog results when a telephone sends a hold command to another telephone on the same call while receiving a hold command simultaneously from the other telephone. The result can be a prolonged waiting period before either request is processed.
The existing SIP RFCs describe how to handle glare conditions for in-dialog SIP requests (e.g., where a SIP communication session has been established between the devices). However, the existing SIP RFCs do not describe how to deal with glare conditions that occur as a result of out-of-dialog operations. This may result in unexpected behavior of products and may lead to interoperability issues.

Mechanisms for handling SIP glare across multiple dialogs


Methods and apparatus relating to constrained boot techniques in multi-core platforms are described. In one embodiment, a processor may include logic that controls which specific core(s) are to be powered up/down and/or which power state these core(s) need to enter based, at least in part, on input from OS and/or software application(s). Other embodiments are also claimed and disclosed.

To improve performance, some systems include processors with multiple processing cores (also referred to as many-core systems). Currently, most of these systems are focused on providing high performance and there may be some limited power management built in at some level. For example, some of these many-core systems may have the ability to perform per core Cx states. Each C state may indicate a certain level of functionality. For example, C0 may indicate the processor is operating, C1 may indicate the processor is not executing instructions but may return to an executing state almost instantaneously, C2 may indicate the processor is to maintain all software-visible information but may take longer to return to full executing state, C3 may indicate the processor is asleep and does not need to keep its cache coherent, etc.
However, support for aggressive Operating System (OS) or Software (SW) driven power management is generally very minimal, especially front a OS perspective. Moreover, most current OS power management strategies tend not to scale very well with many-core systems from even a processor power management perspective, or the platform as a whole.
Accordingly, how the various power consumption states are utilized may have a direct impact on performance and/or power consumption of a processor.

Constrained boot techniques in multi-core platforms


A direction gauge enables easy recognition of an indicated direction by constructing an arrow-shaped indication segment made up of an unshared segment and a pair of adjacent shared segments. The combination of shared and unshared segments forms an indication segment having a sharp outward-directed tip and a blunt base. The sharp outward directed tip is the outer end of the unshared segment. The blunt base is a combination of the inner end of the unshared segment together with the two adjacent shared segments. The indication segment provides a good indication of direction even if the indicia on the remainder of the display cannot be seen because of darkness.

A conventional direction gauge 1, such as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, indicates a direction by illuminating any one or more of, for example, 16 indication segments 3 arranged in a ring on a display plate 2. The illuminated segment(s) 3 indicate the direction with respect to the automobile.
Reference markings 4, which may be created by any convenient method such as, for example, printing, indicates such things as a north-south direction line in the vertical direction and an east-west indication in the horizontal direction. Segments 3 are arranged in a ring around reference markings 4. Segments 3 may be of any convenient type such as, for example, LEDs, vacuum fluorescent displays or liquid crystal displays (LCD). Preferably, segments 3 are self-luminous so that they can be viewed in a dark environment. If a vehicle on which direction gauge 1 is mounted travels, for example, in the north-northwest direction, a magnetic sensor built into direction gauge 1 causes the segment that points to north-northwest to light up as shown in FIG. 5, thereby verifying the direction in which the vehicle is traveling.
With such a direction gauge, in a bright place, such as in daylight, the direction indication lettering and indication lines, etc. of reference markings 4 on display plate 2 are seen only in reflected light. Thus the heading direction can be seen according to the relative positions of the display position of the reference markings 4 and the display of the illuminated indication segment 3. But in the dark, such as at night, the reference markings 4 on display plate 2 cannot be seen even when an indication segment 3 is illuminated. This makes it difficult to determine which direction-pointing indication segment 3 is lit up. Consequently, a user must endure the inconvenience in the dark that it is impossible to determine the direction. This reduces or even destroys the effectiveness of direction gauge 1 as a direction gauge.
If the above indication segment 3 showing the direction is in the shape of a dot as above or in the shape of a bar as shown in FIG. 6, it is impossible to distinguish the tip end of a lit segment from its rear end, especially in the dark where the reference markings 4 on display plate 2 cannot be seen. This is inconvenient because the direction indicated by the illuminated segment 3 is ambiguous to the viewer. One way to solve this drawback is to make the indication segments 3 in the shape of an arrow as shown in FIG. 7, so that even with the lit-up display of a single arrow-shaped segment 3, one can determine the direction from the orientation between the pointed end of the arrow-shaped segment 3 and its opposite blunt end.
But the wide base of the arrow shape (triangular shape) as shown in FIG. 7, leaves room for only a small number of arrow-shaped segments 3. As shown in FIG. 7, there is room for only four, or at most eight, such arrow-shaped segments 3. This makes it difficult to indicate the precise direction.
One way to pack more said arrow-shaped segments 3 into a given area would be to give each segment 3 a roughly diamond shape as indicated by the dotted lines in FIG. 7. But then it is difficult to distinguish the sharp upper end of a segment 3 from the only slightly less sharp lower end, thus creating the inconvenience that the display definiteness.
With this invention, when it is assumed that, as in FIG. 8, the segments 3 that indicate direction are made in the form of an arrow in the shape of an isosceles triangle and a large number of these arrow-shaped segments are arranged evenly spaced in a ring with the tips of the arrow shapes pointing radially outward, then depending on the number of arrangements of arrow-shaped segments 3, there will occur, at the part near the base of the arrow-shaped segments 3, overlap parts 3A where portions of adjacent arrow-shaped segments 3 overlap each other.

Direction gauge using shared and unshared segments


The invention is directed to a circuit array with a relay (K1; K12) incorporating a field coil (E) as well as a switch contact (1a, 1b), said switch contact (1a, 1b) being provided as a switch point between a grid, in particular a mains supply (N), and an inverter (WR) fed by a direct voltage source, in particular by a photovoltaic generator (PVG), said relay (K1; K12) being configured to be a bistable relay.

The invention relates to a circuit arrangement with a relay incorporating a field coil as well as switch contacts, the switch contacts being provided as a switch point between a grid, in particular a mains supply, and an inverter fed from a direct voltage source, in particular from a photovoltaic generator.
Specially devised inverters for photovoltaic plants are known, which have a semiconductor bridge circuit for feeding into a mains supply made from photovoltaic generators. Such a mains supply may be the utility grid or an isolated network. The photovoltaic inverter ensures that the direct current of the source is converted into an alternating current (AC) conforming to the mains.
Such type inverters for feeding into a mains supply are subject to particular demands. They must meet safety regulations, which may vary from one country to another. What is particularly safety-relevant in almost any country is removing the photovoltaic plant, inclusive of the generator and of the inverter, from the grid.
In both sides of AC lines, switches are usually utilized. Due to the magnitude of the current to be switched and to galvanic separation, one uses switch components with switch contacts, in particular with relays.
One problem is that the switch contacts of the relays may get soldered or glued together under certain circumstances, e.g., through failures in the grid. In order to limit this safety risk, it is known to utilize two relays instead of only one so that their switch contacts are connected in series. This series connection is illustrated in FIG. 2.
Whilst dimensions and weight of photovoltaic inverters have remained widely constant over the years, the possible infeed power of the inverters increases considerably in parts. This places a new demand on the component parts used in the inverter. The relays used in the disconnection points should have a space-saving, that is small, configuration and consume little energy.
In conventional inverters one typically utilizes monostable relays for the disconnection points mentioned.
In the unexcited state, such type relays have precisely one, firmly defined switch position. In the normally open type, the contact is for example always open as long as no current flows through the relay coil. Then, closing requires a supply of current. If the switch is mostly closed, it is advantageous to utilize a normally closed type of switch.
On the normally closed type, the contact is closed as long as no current flows through the relay coil. The disadvantage thereof is that it must be supplied with current to be in the opened condition. Accordingly, the normally closed type involves a safety risk. If the current supply fails, the photovoltaic plant cannot be disconnected from the grid.
Moreover, monostable relays suffer from another disadvantage. For one of the two switch conditions, i.e., for opened or closed switch contacts, a permanent current flow is needed. This requires a coil of corresponding size. As a result, the relay is large and expensive.
This is disadvantageous for photovoltaic inverters for feeding into a mains supply. Such type inverters should be low-cost, small and safe, they should consume little energy for their own supply for the efficiency of the plant to be as high as possible.
On the other side, these relays also have advantages. They have simple mechanics, are low-cost and allow for defined basic state of the relay. Moreover, actuation is very simple. If current is interrupted through the field coil, the relay switches.
Bistable relays are known.
In principle, bistable relays meet the demands for little additional space and for low energy consumption. Bistable relays only need a timely limited current pulse in order to change the switch state, in which they then remain. Power is only needed for the switch-over pulse. This is the reason why they need considerably less energy than monostable relays. In contrast to monostable relays, no constant current must flow through the coil in order to keep the relay in an opened or closed position. Since there is no permanent current flow, the field coil does not heat up. A small coil is needed so that the relay itself is small also.
A trigger circuit is known from DE 2747607 C3 in order to also use for monostable switching the advantages of bistable relays such as e.g., low excitation power and lack of unnecessary heating, poor thermoelectric voltage, increase in reliability even of neighbouring component parts and temperature compensation of the excitation voltage. A known arrangement is shown in FIG. 3.
By adding an excitation voltage U to the circuit, the bistable relay R1s is excited and a capacitor C1 is charged at the same time. The relay R1s then switches on. If the capacitor C1 is charged, the current flow stops. By virtue of its bistable property, the relay R1s however remains in its switch position. For switching back by switching the excitation voltage U off, the capacitor C1 discharges via a semiconductor path with a transistor T1 connected in parallel to the relay. The relay R1s is excited in the opposite direction and returns in its position of rest like a monostable relay. In this way, it is possible to operate the relay R1s with minimum trigger energy.

Circuit arrangement with a relay incorporating one field coil as well as switch contacts


A system comprising an aerial vehicle or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) configured to control pitch, roll, and/or yaw via airfoils having resiliently mounted trailing edges opposed by fuselage-house deflecting actuator horns. Embodiments include one or more rudder elements which may be rotatably attached and actuated by an effector member disposed within the fuselage housing and extendible in part to engage the one or more rudder elements.

The flight control of an aerial vehicle such as a UAV may be configured via combination of elevators, ailerons, rudders, and/or structural combinations: e.g., flaps and ailerons combined as flaperons; elevators and rudders combined as elevons, rudders and elevators combined as ruddervators. An airfoil for a UAV may include an actuator and a hinged flap that may be actuated about a hinge line to function as a control surface for a subsonic UAV.


There is provided a compressor capable of feeding lubricating oil to a blade of a rotary type compression mechanism even if the oil level in an oil reservoir lowers. The compressor includes a low stage-side rotary type compression mechanism having a rotor, and a blade reciprocating with the rotation of the rotor while the tip end thereof is in contact with the rotor; a high stage-side scroll type compression mechanism for sucking and compressing refrigerant gas compressed by the low stage-side rotary type compression mechanism; a positive displacement lubrication pump for feeding lubricating oil to the high stage-side scroll type compression mechanism; and an oil feeding path for feeding the lubricating oil, which is fed to the high stage-side scroll type compression mechanism, toward the blade of the low stage-side rotary type compression mechanism.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a compressor and, more particularly, to a compressor provided with two compression mechanisms of a rotary type compression mechanism and a scroll type compression mechanism.
2. Description of the Related Art
A compressor provided with two compression mechanisms of a rotary type compression mechanism and a scroll type compression mechanism has been proposed. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-87074 discloses a two-stage compressor in which an electric motor is provided in a single hermetic housing and two compression mechanisms each driven by the rotating shaft of the electric motor are provided; one of these two compression mechanisms is made a rotary type compression mechanism and the other thereof is made a scroll type compression mechanism; and one of the two compression mechanisms is on the low stage side and the other thereof is on the high stage side. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-87074 describes that in this two-stage compressor, the low stage-side compression mechanism is preferably of a rotary type. According to this two-stage compressor, the low stage-side compressor compresses gases from a low pressure to an intermediate pressure, and the high stage-side compressor compresses gases from the intermediate pressure to a high pressure. Therefore, the drawback of individual compressor is overcome, and a compressor small in size but high in performance can be provided as compared with the case where a rotary type compression mechanism or a scroll type compression mechanism is used singly to compress gases from a lower pressure to a high pressure.
The rotary type compression mechanism has a rotor performing eccentric rotating motion in a cylinder and a blade reciprocating in a groove in the cylinder while the tip end thereof is in contact with the rotor. The blade partitions a space formed by the cylinder and the rotor into a suction chamber and a compression chamber. This blade must be lubricated because of its sliding motion performed when the blade reciprocates in the groove. Therefore, the oil level of lubricating oil is controlled so that the cylinder is immersed in the lubricating oil stored in an oil reservoir provided in the bottom part of the compressor.
From the viewpoint of energy saving, an inverter is used for the rotating speed control of a compressor. The inverter can be operated in a wide range from a low rotational speed to a high rotational speed. In the case of low rotational speed, the quantity of lubricating oil drawn up from the oil reservoir to lubricate the compression mechanisms is small, but in the case of high rotational speed, a large quantity of lubricating oil is drawn up. That is to say, the use of the inverter changes the height of oil level depending on the rotational speed of the compressor.
Also, in recent years, from the viewpoint of the preservation of global environment, the use of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is one of natural refrigerants, as a refrigerant gas has been studied. If CO2 is used as a refrigerant gas, the pressure on the high pressure side of a heat pump cycle increases and exceeds the critical pressure. If CO2 in a supercritical pressure state is used, the dissolution amount of lubricating oil increases, so that the height of oil level is liable to change depending on the operating condition. In particular, in an operating condition in which the circulation amount of refrigerant gas is large, the quantity of lubricating oil in the oil reservoir decreases, and the oil level may become lower than the cylinder. At this time, the lubricating oil is not supplied to between the blade and the groove. Therefore, the mechanical efficiency is decreased by the increase in friction between the blade and the cylinder (groove), and also the reliability may be decreased by the friction. Also, the refrigerant gas flows in between the suction chambers or the compression chambers from the back surface of blade, which also poses a problem of decreased compressing efficiency.

Two stage compressor having rotary and scroll type compression mechanisms


A remotely controlled vehicle toy is provided with an internal actuator to temporarily secure the vehicle body close to the chassis, thereby substantially or essentially covering lateral sides and an upper side of the vehicle beneath the body, and to remotely release the body from the secured position, permitting the body to move to an elevated position spaced above the chassis thereby permitting off-road movement and revealing internal automotive detailing on the remaining portion of the vehicle previously covered and hidden by the body.

Vehicle toys are well known. Remotely controlled, in particular, radio-controlled vehicles have come to constitute a significant specialty toy market.
Manufacturers in this market attempt to duplicate well known vehicles as well as the latest in automotive developments, including specialty entertainment vehicles. In addition, manufacturers constantly seek new ways and features to add innovative action to such toys to make such vehicles more versatile and/or entertaining.