The present invention relates to novel compounds of general formula (I),

Cannabinoids are present in Indian hemp Cannabis sativa and have been well known for their medicinal properties for ages. Cannabinoids as a therapeutic agents is however a recent phenomenon. (Williamson E. M. & Evans E. J. Drugs 2000 December; 60(6): 1303-14) Research in this area over the last decade have provided very important information on the cannabinoid receptors and their agonists and antagonists. Development of central Cannabinoid receptor ligands with lower lipophilicity.(J. Med. Chem. 2003; 46:642-645) Further cloning and isolation of two different subtypes of cannabinoid receptors—CB1 (central subtype) and CB2 (peripheral subtype) and the first endogenous ligand N-arachidonyl ethanolamine amide(AEA); anadamide (Matsuda L A et. al., Nature 1990; 346:561-4; Devane W A et. al. J. Med. Chem. 1992; 35:2065-9; Munro, S. et. al., Nature 1993, 365, 61-5) have stimulated research in this field. There has also been an increased interest among the different pharmaceutical companies in developing drugs for the treatment of diseases connected with disorders of the cannabinoid systems (Greenberg D. A., Drugs News & Perspectives 1999; 12: 458; Kulkarni S. K. & Ninan, Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 33: 170-184; Piomelli D et. al., Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000 June; 21(6): 218-24). Several compounds which are either CB1 &/or CB2 antagonists have been reported and are under various stages of development for e.g. SR-141716 A(Sanofi), CP-272871 (fizer), LY-320135 (Eli Lily), AM-630 (Alexis), SR-144528 (Sanofi) etc. Novel compounds which are selective CB1 and/or CB2 antagonists, their preparation and their use in medicine have also been reported in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,925,768, 6,344,474, 6,028,084, 5,462,960, EP 0656354, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,432,984, 6,509,367 B1, U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,941, EP1230222, EP 122952, FR 2816938, FR 2761266, FR 2800375, EP 0656354, EP 0576357, WO 03027076, WO 03026648, WO 03026647, WO 03020217, WO 0158450, WO 0185092, WO 0132663, WO 0132629 which are incorporated as references in their entirety. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4,5-dihydro-1H-benzo [g] indazole- based ligands for cannabinoid receptors has been described in Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2005, 13, 3309-3320.
Synthesis of tricyclic pyrazole derivative (NESS 0327) as CB1 antagonist has been disclosed in J. Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, 2003, 306(1), 363-370. Synthesis and activity of tricyclic pyrazole ligands for CB1 & CB2 receptors have been disclosed in Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2003, 11, 251-263.
Structure elucidation of novel ring constrained biaryl pyrazole CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist has been described in Magn. Reson. Chem. 2003, 41, 265-268.
Synthesis and biological activity of rigid cannabinoid CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists has been disclosed in Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 50, 1109-1113.
Tricyclic benzopyrazole derivatives as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have been disclosed in WO 9609304, which is also incorporated herein as reference.
Though research in the area of cannabinoids have been going on for more than a decade there are only few medicines available which modulate the cannabinoid receptors and fewer with minor side effects. Looking at the beneficial effects of cannabinoids, it would be highly desired to develop compounds, which modulate the cannabinoid receptors, having better or comparable absorption, metabolic stability, and exhibiting lesser toxicity.

Tricyclic pyrazole derivatives as cannabinoid receptor modulators

Abstract: their regioisomers, tautomeric forms, novel intermediates involved in their synthesis. The present invention also relates to a process of preparing compounds of general formula (I), their regioisomers, their tautomeric forms, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and novel intermediates involved in their synthesis.


A vehicle course estimation device which includes: a direction indicator sensor which detects an operating state of a direction indicator of a vehicle; a distance detection section which detects a distance between the vehicle and an intersection located at a travel direction side of the vehicle; a reference speed calculation section which calculates a reference speed, which is a speed for the vehicle to arrive at the intersection after a predetermined time, on the basis of the distance between the vehicle and the intersection located at the travel direction side of the vehicle, which has been detected by the distance detection section, when an operation of the direction indicator is detected by the direction indicator sensor; and a course estimation section which estimates a course of the vehicle on the basis of a speed of the vehicle with respect to the reference speed calculated by the reference speed calculation section.

In a driving assistance system which provides driving assistance according to the driving behavior of a driver, it is necessary to estimate the course of a vehicle in order to provide driving assistance for the driving operation that the driver wants.
For example, a device of estimating the course of a vehicle by creating a right turn action template from driving data having an accelerator opening, the amount of braking, and a vehicle speed as elements and comparing the driving data of a driver at the time until the vehicle arrives at the intersection with the right turn action template is known as the vehicle course estimation device (for example, Patent Literature 1).


A Verilog/PLI module that simulates behavior of an electronic system is co-simulated in a clock-accurate manner with a System C module that models the behavior of a component of the electronic system using a remote procedure call (RPC). Adding RPC functionality to the Verilog/PLI and System C modules facilitates exchanging parameters between the modules. The RPC is used to transfer process control to the SystemC module, after execution of which control is returned to the Verilog/PLI module. A return value is also returned to the Verilog/PLI module; this return value represents output signals associated with the System C module.

Hardware description languages (HDLs) have long been used in the simulation and synthesis of electronic circuits. One particular HDL, known as Verilog, is widely used and is recognized as IEEE Standard 1364.
In the Verilog HDL, modules developed using the C programming language are conventionally used to model the behavior of functions and algorithms. Conventional co-simulation techniques use a programming language interface (PLI) to serve as an interface between the Verilog HDL and C models. The PLI includes an interface, a set of routines to interact with the Verilog simulation environment, and a set of routines to access Verilog internal data structures. Accordingly, the PLI enables user-supplied C code to interact dynamically with the Verilog simulation and internal data structures.
Recently, C++ based behavior modeling languages have emerged. Among such languages, SystemC from Synopsis, Inc. is one of the most popular among designers. Compared to the standard C++ programming language, the SystemC programming language provides additional functionality for timing, scheduling, and logic vectors, which are crucial in modeling certain behaviors of hardware. Because of these features, C++ based modeling languages, and SystemC in particular, are quickly gaining ground in the world of hardware logic design and simulation.
Despite these advantages, a problem has been introduced when using SystemC for co-simulation with the Verilog/PLI modules. SystemC modules are no longer procedural functions, but rather stand-alone objects. There is no intuitive way to pass the parameters from Verilog/PLI modules to SystemC modules in a function calling manner.
Verilog/PLI is currently used to co-simulate Verilog and C modules. In Verilog/PLI, however, the PLI calls the C function directly, and Verilog and C run in a single process space. Because SystemC modules are not procedural functions, they cannot be called in the same manner as C modules. Thus, conventional techniques for co-simulating Verilog and C modules are ineffective for co-simulating Verilog and SystemC modules. Accordingly, a need continues to exist for a technique for facilitating Verilog/PLI and SystemC co-simulation.

Co-simulation verilog/PLI and system C modules using remote procedure call


Examples described herein include systems and methods for providing user-specific applications on a shared user device. The user device can receive a first instance of an application having a Package ID that includes an identification of a first user. When the first user is logged in, the user device can display an icon associated with the first instance of the application, based on the Package ID including an identification of the first user. When the first user is not logged in, the user device can hide the first instance of the application. When a second user is logged in, the device can display a second instance of the application based on the Package ID of the second instance including an identification of the second user. The user device can also display the same instance of a shared application to both the first and second user.

Some current Mobile Device Management ("MDM") and Enterprise Mobility Management ("EMM") systems (collectively, "EMM systems") support device sharing across multiple users. An enterprise can provide an enterprise device, such as a tablet, that can be shared by multiple users. This can potentially create security concerns for applications that require separate instances for each user to maintain security. For example, if an email application is configured to access a first user's secure email account, and that instance of the email application was shared with a second user, the second user could potentially access the first user's email account. As a result, a new instance of that application is required. Meanwhile, other applications, such a purely web-based application, might not create security concerns due to sharing a device across users.
Current EMM systems attempt to solve these problems by using separate user spaces for all applications assigned to each user, requiring an inefficient resource footprint by saving multiple versions of the same applications on the device. The EMM system can also wipe all applications on a shared device when a user logs out of the device. When a user logs back in, the EMM system can provision applications available to that user. The process repeats as users log in and out of the device. One reason systems operate this way is that the operating system can prevent installation of two concurrent copies of the same application.
While this process allows multiple users to securely share a device, it is not particularly efficient or pleasant to use. Each time a user logs in to a shared device, all applications need to be fetched from a server or other remote location, leading to excessive data consumption and delaying productive use of the device. After the applications are loaded on device, the user must reconfigure those applications as if downloaded for the first time. For example, the user's credentials and application settings will not be saved from a previous use. This is true for secure applications that require separate instances for each user, but also for other applications that could potentially be shared across users without presenting any security risks. Users lose efficiency and can become frustrated with this process.
As a result, a need exists for systems and methods that allow users to share a device in a manner that allows secure access to applications without requiring re-provisioning of the applications each time a user logs in.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

User-specific applications for shared devices


A gate line includes a first seed layer formed on a base substrate and a first metal layer formed on the first seed layer. A first insulation layer is formed on the base substrate. A second insulation layer is formed on the base substrate. Here, a line trench is formed through the second insulation layer in a direction crossing the gate line. A data line includes a second seed layer formed below the line trench and a second metal layer formed in the line trench. A pixel electrode is formed in a pixel area of the base substrate. Therefore, a trench of a predetermined depth is formed using an insulation layer and a metal layer is formed through a plating method, so that a metal line having a sufficient thickness may be formed.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an array substrate and a method of manufacturing the array substrate. More particularly, the present invention relates to an array substrate capable of decreasing a line resistance and a method of manufacturing the array substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes an array substrate (or a thin-film transistor (TFT) substrate), an opposite substrate and a liquid crystal layer formed between the array substrate and the opposite substrate. The array substrate includes a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines crossing the gate lines, a switching element electrically connected to the gate lines and the data lines, and a pixel electrode electrically connected to the switching element.
As a display device may have a large-scale size and high resolution, a resistance-capacitance delay that will be referred to hereinafter as RC delay may be increased in a metal line formed on an array substrate. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a low resistance metal such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), etc., has been used as a metal line such as the gate lines, the data lines, etc.
For example, in a full high definition (HD) screen, to realize a high resolution of no less than about 132 centimeters (i.e., about 52 inches) and a fast frequency of about 120 Hz, it is required that a thickness of an aluminum (Al) line is no less than about 5,000 Å and a thickness of a copper (Cu) line is no less than about 4,000 Å. Moreover, even though the low resistance line is adapted to an array substrate, it is required that a thickness of a line is increased in a geometrical progression.

Method of manufacturing the array substrate capable of decreasing a line resistance


This application relates to the mobile communications field, and in particular, to a data sending method in a wireless communications system. A first device generates a signal before DFT transform is performed including 2×M signal elements. The 2×M signal elements include elements in two element groups A and B, the elements in the two element groups respectively meet same-number repetition and inverse-number repetition characteristics, and the 2×M signal elements further include another element group C that does not need to meet the same-number repetition/inverse-number repetition characteristics. The element in the element group A and an element in the element group C are multiplexed before DFT, and there is an interval, so that the element group A is not interfered by the element group B or the element group C.

In a long term evolution (LTE) system, an uplink signal is transmitted on some uplink channels by using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (DFT-s-OFDM). A DFT-s-OFDM data sending mode is shown in FIG. 1. Transmitting a signal in a DFT-s-OFDM manner can maintain a relatively low peak to average power ratio, so as to improve uplink coverage in a case of limited uplink power. In FIG. 1, after a cyclic prefix is added to a time domain signal, the time domain signal is sent by a transmitter. Similarly, data information may also be directly mapped to a frequency domain subcarrier without being processed through DFT transform, and after a mapped frequency domain signal is transformed into a time domain signal through inverse Fourier transform, the time domain signal is supplemented with a cyclic prefix and is sent by the transmitter. For any system, one DFT-s-OFDM/OFDM symbol is a basic time unit corresponding to a subcarrier spacing used in the system, and for a system with a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, one DFT-s-OFDM/OFDM symbol has a time length of 1/15000 second.
In the LTE system, a reference signal (RS) and data of a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) are sent on different DFT-s-OFDM/OFDM symbols. However, in a current 5G system, there is a requirement for sending a PUCCH on one DFT-s-OFDM symbol, and coherent demodulation needs to be implemented, to be specific, a reference signal is used to obtain a channel state matrix, a data part is processed in frequency domain based on the channel state matrix, and then data information is demodulated. This requires that uplink control information (UCI) and the RS are both carried on one DFT-s-OFDM symbol. The UCI is data carried on the PUCCH. In addition, because the PUCCH is sent by using a single OFDM symbol, energy for sending the control channel is severely limited. To improve a coverage capability of the PUCCH on the single OFDM symbol, in FIG. 2, a pre-DFT (Pre-DFT) (data and a reference signal are multiplexed in a TDM manner before DFT transform) data sending mode is proposed. To be specific, the RS and the UCI are multiplexed in time domain in a TDM manner, and are mapped to subcarriers after DFT transform is performed on the RS and the UCI, as shown in FIG. 2. Before DFT, the RS and the UCI are multiplexed in a TDM manner, so that aliasing of signals in time domain can be avoided, and a relatively high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) can be avoided. However, because of a multipath effect, a delay may occur when a same signal arrives at a receive end through a plurality of paths, which may cause superposition of an RS and UCI on a receive end even if a low PAPR of the signal can be ensured on a transmit end. Consequently, performance of the receive end in demodulating UCI information is affected. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of received-signal superposition caused by a multipath effect.
In a 3GPP RAN1 conference, a method for avoiding aliasing of a plurality of received data blocks is proposed. As shown in FIG. 4, one data block is an RS, and the other two data blocks are UCI. When the transmit end generates a signal, a guard interval is added before and after the RS. A time length of the guard interval is greater than or equal to a maximum delay spread supported by a system. In the guard interval, RS-related information used to combat the maximum delay spread needs to be filled. In this way, even if there is a delay among signals that arrive on the receiving side through a plurality of paths due to a multipath effect, the guard interval between the RS and the UCI avoids aliasing. However, the guard interval cannot be used to transmit the UCI. In conclusion, although the foregoing method avoids mutual interference among a plurality of data blocks by using the guard interval, the guard interval causes a decrease in system resource utilization.

Wireless communication method, apparatus, and system


A method and device are provided for the determination of the concentration of compounds in body tissue. The method utilises optical methods based on the interaction of light with compounds, whereby the concentration of the compound under analysis is determined. The method is especially suited for analysis for the concentration of glucose in blood or tissue of diabetic patients, a device being implanted underneath the skin of the patient and the method being carried out by using the implanted device. The device contains photo detectors at different levels connected by wires to an electronic circuit device. A differential analysis is performed on the signals from the detectors to reduce the effect of skin on the analysis.

Diabetic patients can improve their life quality and life expectancy by maintaining their blood glucose concentration close to the natural level of a healthy person. To achieve this natural concentration, diabetic patients must frequently measure their glucose concentration, and adjust their insulin dosing in accordance with the measured concentration. Usually, a blood sample is obtained for measurement of blood glucose concentration, and there are a number of different glucose test kits on the market based on measurement from a blood sample. The disadvantage of these test kits is the need to take a blood sample which must be collected from a suitable place in the body.
Self monitoring devices, based on capillary blood glucose, are practical but still require repeated and frequent skin punctures, which is inconvenient for the patient and require certain hygienic precautions.
Biological sensors in the form of implantable devices are also known in the art and include electrochemical devices and optical devices based on the creation of an electrical or optical signal by the consumption of the compound detected by the analysis. An example is to be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,984, which discloses methods utilising an amplification component. The sensitivity and the responsivity of such devices are influenced by the formation of a bio film, for example, by fibrous encapsulation of the device which reduces the transport rate of the compound to the sensor. Depending on the specific sensor, other mechanisms which cause deterioration of sensor performance of implanted devices, may also be present, for example, membrane de-lamination and degradation, enzyme degradation and electrode passivation.
Various proposals have been made for non-invasive measurement of glucose levels in the human body by spectroscopic methods but the effects of water in the body, the low concentration of glucose to be measured and the optical effects produced by skin all contribute to the difficulty of making satisfactory measurements.
One solution proposed (Gowda et al Proc. SPIE Vol. 4263 (2001) p. 11 et seq) has been to provide an implanted window in the skin but, leaving aside any other considerations, some patients, at least, would find this unpleasant.
Another solution (U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,135) is to perform the analysis through the ear lobe and perform a computer analysis on results before and after the volume of the blood in the tissue has been changed. This technique has the disadvantage that the skin has an effect both on the entry and the exit of light.
It is an object of the invention to provide an implantable device which can be used for monitoring analyte concentration but enables the effects of skin in the analysis to be reduced.

Method and device for monitoring analyte concentration by optical detection


A communication system capable of improving signal processing efficiency even when a plurality of connections are established is provided. A communication system according to the present invention includes a user plane PGW (14) configured to connect to a PDN, a user plane SGW (12) configured to relay user plane data between the user plane PGW (14) and a base station (34), and a control plane SGW (30). Further, the communication system includes a control apparatus (32) configured to, when a plurality of connections are established for the communication terminal (36), transmit information indicating that the user plane PGW (14) and the user plane SGW (12) can be integrally configured to the control plane SGW (30) for each of the plurality of connections.

In 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) in which standards for mobile communication systems have been drawn up, operations of node apparatuses and the like constituting a mobile network have been defined. For example, Non-patent Literature 1 discloses an Attach process for registering a communication terminal such as a mobile phone in a network.
Specifically, Non-patent Literature 1 discloses, in Section 4.2, a configuration of a mobile network including a UE (User Equipment), an eNB (evolved Node B), an MME (Mobility Management Entity), an SGW (Serving Gateway), a PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway), and an HSS (Home Subscriber Server). The UE is a general term for communication terminals such as mobile phones. The eNB is a base station that supports LTE (Long Term Evolution) as a radio communication method. The MME is a communication apparatus that performs mobility management of UEs, control of communication paths for user data in the mobile network, and so on. The SGW and PGW are gateways that relay user data. The SGW is disposed in each predetermined area and accommodates UEs. The PGW is a gateway connected to an external network and is disposed for each service to be provided (for each APN (Access Point Name)).
Further, Non-patent Literature 1 discloses, in Section 5.3.2, an Attach process. Further, it discloses, in Section 5.10, a process for establishing a plurality of PDN (Packet Data Network) connections that is performed when a UE receives a service related to a plurality of APNs. Establishment of a plurality of PDN connections may also be referred to as Multiple-PDN Connections or the like. Regarding the PDN connection, a PGW that establishes a connection is defined for each APN. Therefore, when a plurality of PDN connections are established, the UE establishes a PDN connection with each of the plurality of PGWs through the eNB and the SGW.
Further, in order to improve efficiency of processing of signals that are transmitted between an SGW and a PGW, there is a gateway apparatus in which an SGW and a PGW are integrally formed (Section 4.3.15a.2).

Communication system and communication method for improving signal processing efficiency


A sheetstock for preparing business forms including printable solid plastic identification cards and labels is formed from a single coplanar sheet. Return envelope mailers which may be imprinted with various types of computerized imaging equipment are defined on a single sheet that is coplanar and includes only two glue lines.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to paper and plastic constructions useful in forming plastic identification cards, labels, and return envelope mailers imprintable with various types of printing and computerized imaging methods.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prior inventions by the applicant did not provide solid plastic cards. In addition, some of the prior forms and cards also had die-cut ties holding the cards to the form creating nubs on the plastic cards after they have been removed which may not be aesthetically pleasing.
The return envelope of the prior application is structurally acceptable. However, two sheets of paper were needed to form it. Some additional benefits may be obtained by forming the envelope out of one sheet.
The labels of this invention use a different construction to form them which may be less expensive and easier to process.

Printable coplanar laminates and method of making same


The present invention provides a dry-cleaning machine capable of performing a water-repellent finishing process when necessary, while ensuring a high level of safety. When the water-repellent finishing process has been performed after the drying process (Step S2), the solvent contained in the water repellent penetrates into the laundry articles. Taking this into account, the upper limit for the temperature difference ?T between the inlet and outlet of the drum detected is set lower (e.g. 10° C.) than that the upper limit (e.g. 20° C.) applied to the case where no water-repellent finishing process is performed. This temperature setting reduces the amount of heat supplied to the laundry articles and accordingly decreases the evaporating speed of the solvent. Thus, the concentration of the gasified solvent in the air-circulating passage is maintained under the safety level. In this case, the time period for the drying operation is set longer to compensate for the deterioration in the drying efficiency.

Conventional dry-cleaning machines generally use petroleum solvents for washing. Examples of this type of dry-cleaning machines are disclosed in the Online Catalogue of SANYO Electric Techno Clean Co., Ltd., published on the WWW site located at: http://www.sanyo.co.jp/techno-c/clean/catalogue_top.html.
Recently, however, silicone solvents have been used more and more because, compared to petroleum solvents, they are less harmful to the environment, to the health of the worker using the machine, and to the health of the owner of the laundry article, who may suffer from solvent remaining in the laundry article.
Recently, water-repellent finishing is often performed within a cleaning process according to the request from the customer. By conventional dry-cleaning machines that continuously perform washing through drying, however, it is impossible to carry out the water-repellent finishing. The main reason for this is that water repellents used for that process consist of a small amount of a water-repellent resin mixed into a solvent. Therefore, spraying the water repellent onto laundry articles before the drying process will increase the amount of the solvent held in the laundry articles, which in turn increases the concentration of the solvent and makes the solvent highly inflammable during the drying process. With regard to the inflammability, silicone solvents, whose flash point is 77 degrees centigrade, is safer than petroleum solvents, whose the flash point is 53 degrees centigrade. Therefore, the switchover from petroleum solvents to silicone solvents provides a good reason to demand for the water-repellent finishing to be performed by dry-cleaning machines. Use of silicone solvents, however, cannot completely eliminate the possibility of explosion. Therefore it is still necessary to take appropriate measures to provide a high level of safety even when a silicone solvent is used in a dry-cleaning machine.
The basic construction of dry-cleaning machines using silicone solvents is the same as that of dry-cleaning machines using petroleum solvents. However, some points must be considered with respect to the difference in characteristics and features between the two solvents. For example, silicone solvents are far more costly than petroleum solvents, and accordingly increase the running cost. On the presumption that petroleum solvents are used, conventional dry-cleaning machines are constructed to allow a part of the solvent, volatilized during the drying process, to escape from the machine. In the case of using a silicone solvent, however, dry-cleaning machines should be constructed to recover as much solvent as possible to decrease the amount of the solvent to be replenished.
In the recovering and drying process, the water and solvent are condensed, liquefied and recovered as a mixture, which is then separated back into water and solvent with a water separation filter. The specific gravities of petroleum solvents are about 0.8, which significantly differs from that of water. With such a large difference in specific gravity, the water can be easily separated from the solvent. The specific gravities of silicone solvents, on the other hand, are about 0.95, which is considerably close to that of water. Though the small difference in specific gravity can still help with the separation of the water from the solvent, the separation takes such a long time that it cannot follow the cycle of the drying process of the machine. Therefore, it is necessary to use a new water separation filter capable of separating water from silicone solvents at a speed comparable to the operation cycle of the machine.
In view of the above problems, the first objective of the present invention is to provide a dry-cleaning machine capable of performing the water repellent finishing while ensuring a high level of safety. The second objective of the present invention is to provide a dry-cleaning machine capable of efficiently recovering the solvent to reduce the running cost. The third objective of the present invention is to provide a dry-cleaning machine capable of separately recovering the water and the solvent in a short time even in the case of using a silicone solvent or a similar solvent having a specific gravity close to that of water.


A method and network node for obtaining a target transmission path, where the method includes obtaining, by a first network node in a network domain, topology information of a plurality of network nodes on each path between an ingress node and an egress node that are in the network domain, obtaining, by the first network node, a transmission delay of each path according to the topology information, where the transmission delay of each path includes a sum of physical link delays between all network nodes on each path and node residence times of all the network nodes on each path, and determining, by the first network node, the target transmission path according to the transmission delay of each path.

An Internet Protocol (IP) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network generally needs to support low-delay traffic, for example, a low-delay requirement on mobile carrier traffic in a fourth-generation (4G) or later-generation network, for example, a requirement of an X2 interface for a delay less than or equal to 10 milliseconds (ms) (defined in third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)). Although a traffic bandwidth of the X2 interface accounts for only 2% to 5% of a total mobile traffic bandwidth, the delay requirement of the X2 interface is high. For another example, transmission of monitoring information and a command in a smart grid requires a constantly stable but not high bandwidth, and also requires a low delay and high reliability in the network. Otherwise, a grid fault may occur. For another example, a network delay of a multichannel audio/video in a commercial show/sports competition site needs to be less than or equal to 15 ms.
A quality of service (QoS) technology such as a differentiated service (DiffServ) is applied to a current IP or MPLS network, and traffic with different QoS requirements can be transmitted on a same path or different paths according to the different QoS requirements. However, the current IP or MPLS network is essentially a packet multiplexing network, and therefore, queuing and even congestion of high-priority packets in a queue are inevitable. Consequently, a delay may exceed a threshold in the network, and in a worst case, a packet loss occurs. Moreover, confining an end-to-end delay of traffic of a low-delay service within a specific threshold in an actual forwarding process cannot be ensured.
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) already considers to take a link delay as a routing measure for the Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) protocol and the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. However, no specific link delay measurement mechanism is provided by either of the protocols, causing a disadvantage that the protocols are mainly applicable to a network environment in which a physical link transmission delay accounts for a major proportion, and are not sufficiently applicable to a metropolitan area network or a network with smaller coverage.
In the industry, there are already delay measurement technologies for measuring a 1-way delay or 2-way delay of MPLS transport profile (MPLS-TP) operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM). However, a configuration of an OAM mechanism is fixed and based on a maintenance entity group (MEG) end point (MEP). The OAM mechanism can neither be associated with a specific queue, nor measure network-wide delay paths in a distributed manner. Delay measurement of the OAM mechanism has inherent defects. For example, a service-layer OAM packet and a service packet enter a same priority queue after same QoS processing, and consequently, an instantaneous queue length affects delay measurement, a link-layer OAM packet cannot measure a node residence time. In addition, a main purpose of a service-layer OAM packet is to measure an actual delay of a service, and a channel associated with service traffic is used. This is congenitally deficient in transcendentally obtaining a path.

Method and network node for obtaining target transmission path


In a first optical disk, a plurality of sets of bit information record cells, each cell including a plurality of bit information record cells, and a plurality of clock marks are formed along a track line on a substrate, and the bit information record cells are formed for example as pits, wherein the recording or reading of a bit of information to or from the bit information record cells is effected with a laser head. The information record cells are arranged at mutual intervals smaller than the minimum read distance of the laser head, while the clock marks are provided so as to have a distance from a set of bit information record cell which is larger than the minimum read distance of the laser head so that the clock marks can be recognized by the laser head to be used for synchronization. Then, the recording density can be improved. In a second optical disk, track recognition marks are arranged as d spiral at equiangular distances so that there are an odd number of track recognition marks per track unit. Thus, even if the track pitch is on the order of the minimum read distance, the distance between adjacent wobble marks becomes is about double the minimum read distance so that the wobble marks can be recognized independently for tracking error detection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical information recording medium of high recording density and a recording method thereof.
2. Prior Art
Recently, an optical disk has been developed for use as an information recording medium. FIG. 1 shows the structure of a prior art optical disk, wherein reference numeral 10 designates a substrate of the optical disk while reference numeral 20 designates a bit record cell formed as an embossed pit or a heap-bump on the substrate 10. The bit record cells 20 are formed on a track line. The bit record cells 20 are arranged at interval which are longer than a minimum read distance at which a laser optical head can detect each cell separately.
The optical disk can be used as an optical information recording medium. When information is recorded on an optical disk, an intense laser beam selectively radiates bit record cells 20 so as to heat them. This optical disk is advantageous because recording of a high S/N ratio and low jitter can be realized easily. That is, bit record cells 20 of equal size each in correspondence to a bit of information are formed on the substrate 10 as pits or bumps independently of each other so that each bit record cell is isolated thermally from the others. Therefore, when an intense laser beam pulse radiates a cell 20, the laser be&m does not affect adjacent bit record cells, and signals can be recorded only at desired bit record cells. Thus, fluctuations of record marks which become a factor with respect to jitter and noise when recording with laser pulse heating rarely occur.
However, a laser beam should be located at the centers of the bit record cells 20 to be recorded when information is recorded with laser beams; otherwise, the laser beam may radiate between two adjacent bit record cells, thereby resulting in two bits being recorded incompletely. Therefore, it is necessary for a laser head to recognize the positions of the bit record cells which are to be recorded correctly before the information is recorded. In prior art disks, the positions are recognized from a change in the amount of reflected light when the laser beam scans the bit record cells 20. That is, as shown in FIG. 2, the amount of reflected light attains a minimum value (P in FIG. 2) when the laser beam scans around the center of a bit record cell 20. Then, clock signals are derived from the detected minimums of the signal and the laser beam is emitted intensely at the appropriate timings. Thus, information can be recorded surely on the bit record cells 20 so that the correct recording of information can realized (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,331).
However, such a prior art optical disk has problems with respect to the enhancement of the S/N ratio of the optical disk and the recording density thereof. The recording density has an upper limit because each bit record cell cannot be recognized if the distance between adjacent bit record cells becomes smaller than the above-mentioned minimum read distance. That is, the bit record cells must be formed at intervals which are sufficiently wider than the minimum read distance. Otherwise the amount of reflected light does not change at all when the bit record cells are scanned. Thus, the position of each bit record cell 20 cannot be independently identified and information cannot be recorded correctly on the bit record cells 20.
A similar problem arises when the track pitch or the distance between adjacent tracks is narrowed. If the track pitch becomes narrower than the minimum read distance, the detection between two adjacent tracks or the detection of tracking error signals becomes impossible in principle, so that the tracking control necessary for recording and reading information cannot be performed.

Optical information recording disk having embossed clock mark pits and embossed information recording pits

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A decongestant composition and method are provided for treatment of symptoms associated with respiratory disorders. The composition in the form of an aqueous solution which comprises aloe vera, castor oil, sodium metasilicate and calcium chloride as the essential active components. The decongestant can be topically applied to the nasal or bronchial passages from dispensers containing spray means or inhalation mist means.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a decongestant composition for treatment of symptoms associated with respiratory disorders. More particularly, the invention pertains to an aqueous decongestant spray composition containing aloe vera extract for topical administration to nasal or bronchial passages.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are a number of decongestant formulations on the market today which have been found to be temporarily effective in relieving one or more symptoms associated with respiratory diseases. Such symptoms include nasal congestion, runny and itchy nose, sneezing, itchy and watery eyes, cough, bronchoconstriction and post-nasal drip. These symptoms are generally associated with respiratory disorders such as colds, allergic rhinitis, asthma, sinusitis, and bronchitis. An example of a nonprescription decongestant is a nasal spray containing a 0.1% aqueous solution of xylometazoline hydrochloride as the active ingredient and is available under the trade name Sinex Long-Acting from Vicks Health Care. This product constricts the arterioles of the nasal passages to temporarily restore freer breathing and helps decongest sinus openings and passages to promote sinus drainage. However, periodic relief is often achieved with accompanying side effects, such as drowsiness, CNS depression or rebound congestion. Also, it is recommended that this product not be used for more than three days since its use in excess of the recommended dosage may cause burning, sneezing or increase in nasal discharge.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,683 to Bates discloses a decongestant nasal spray comprising vegetable oil, aloe vera, a therapeutic compound of zinc, and vitamins as the active components. While this nasal decongestant preparation is characterized as being non-irritating to nasal passages, it contains separable phases and must be shaken prior to use to insure that the preparation is homogeneous. In addition, the disclosed preparation offers no treatment for lower respiratory symptoms, such as bronchoconstriction and cough.

Decongestant composition containing aloe vera


A technique for designing circuits with arithmetic or logic functions on integrated circuit devices. The circuit has a primary chain of serially connected logic blocks and secondary chains of serially connected logic blocks. The output node of the last logic block of each secondary chain is connected to an input node of a logic block in the primary chain. Depending upon the desired function, the logic blocks can be logic gates or more complex logic blocks. Zero detect and compare circuits can be designed from this basic arrangement. Connected with input logic, output logic and merge logic, other circuits, including incrementors, decrementors, priority logic, adders and ALUs, are possible. The resulting circuit occupies far less space on an integrated circuit than a fully parallel, lookahead circuit, yet operating speeds are comparable.

The present invention is related to the field of integrated circuit design and, more particularly, to the circuit design of arithmetic and logic units.
There are two principal techniques of implementing integrated circuit logic to calculate arithmetic and logic functions. One technique is serial design. In this technique logic stages are serially connected so that the results of one stage are fed to another stage in a chain until the results of desired function are completely determined. Serial design occupies the smallest amount of integrated circuit area for a given function; however, the resulting functional unit is typically slow in most applications. Each stage must wait for the results of the previous stage to become available and each additional bit of width adds one or two more gate delays to the time for the results to appear.
The second technique is parallel lookahead design. In this technique logic blocks are connected in parallel. The higher order logic blocks do not have to wait for the lower order logic blocks to complete their operation. The higher order blocks receive their input signals nearly simultaneously with the lower order blocks. The output of earlier stages are fed forward in parallel to later stages which combine the outputs of earlier stages. This design has the highest performance for a given function; however, the parallel design occupies a lot of space on an integrated circuit.
The differences between these two design techniques have become more apparent as busses in microprocessors have become wider. Present busses having 32 bits render serial design far too slow. However, the space occupied by a parallel lookahead design is a significant factor in the layout of an integrated circuit. Busses of 64 bits make the space problem even more acute.
The present invention solves, or substantially mitigates, this design problem so that arithmetic and logic circuits can be designed with a circuit layout occupying far less space than a functionally equivalent parallel lookahead design. Nonetheless, operating speeds are close to that of parallel lookahead designs.

Arithmetic and logic function circuits optimized for datapath layout


This invention relates to a multi-component absorbance monitor, and the object is to provide a general-purpose and highly accurate compact absorbance monitor. Disclosed is an absorbance monitor including a light source, a sample cell and a plurality of detectors as elements, wherein a light collecting member is arranged between the light source and one detector, and an inside wall of the light collecting member has a site for guiding a part of light from the light source, that is, a light guiding opening, and light from the light guiding opening enters another detector. Preferably, the light collecting member lies between the light source and the sample cell. Preferably, an optical element used for another detector described above is arranged in the light guiding opening and adjacently to a light path formed by the light collecting member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an absorbance monitor for measuring the concentrations of specific components in various fluids and is particularly useful in a highly accurate and compact fluid concentration measuring instrument for measuring a plurality of components present in a sample.
2. Description of the Related Art
In various production processes in recent years, it is essential to control the concentrations of substances controlled and various interfering substances, and highly accurate measuring instruments capable of coping with various uses are required. Conventionally, general-purpose absorbance monitors capable of measuring many kinds of components simultaneously in the same constitution, such as a non-dispersive infrared analyzer (referred to hereinafter as "NDIR") and a non-dispersive ultraviolet analyzer (referred to hereinafter as "NDUV"), are often used. Such absorbance monitors do basically not contact a sample and are thus useful as in-line monitors in various processes.
Specifically, there is practically used a method of using a stable and multi-component measuring absorbance monitor illustrated in FIGS. 8(A) and (B) wherein optical elements 7a and 7b between a light source 1 and a detector 3 are arranged with a predetermined inclination relative to a light path, to diverge and introduce light into a plurality of detectors 3a, 3b and 3c such that a change in absorbance in a sample cell 2 can be detected (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 2903457).
That is, when a power source (not shown) for the light source supplies electric power, an infrared ray from the light source 1 enters via the sample cell 2 into the detectors 3a, 3b and 3c. Optical filters 7a and 7b permitting an infrared ray in a wavelength range corresponding to a measurement component to penetrate selectively therethrough are arranged between the light source 1 and detectors 3a, 3b and 3c, and a change in the amount of only the infrared ray absorbed by a measurement component in a fluid sample introduced into the sample cell 2 is detected. A fluid switch 4 is used in modulation by periodically switching a fluid sample S and a standard (reference) fluid R with each other, and a change in the amount of the absorbed infrared ray in the sample cell is taken out as an alternating current signal, and this detector output is amplified with a preamplifier (not shown), then inputted into a signal processing unit (not shown), subjected to signal processing such as commutation and calculated to indicate the concentration of the component in an indicator (not shown).
In place of the fluid modulation system described above, there are known a mechanical light intermittence system wherein a chopper driven by a motor is arranged in the middle of the optical system to convert the infrared ray into an intermittent light to be introduced into a detector and a light modulation system NDIR wherein in place of the chopper, a light source voltage modulation means is arranged between a power source and a light source, to modulate electric power applied to the light source by turning on and off electric power. Using such constitution, not only measurement methods of using the NDIR but also measurement methods of using NDUV are proposed and practically used (see, for example, JP08-43302A).
In a sample containing a plurality of components, however, the respective components are often significantly different in concentration from one another, and the absorbance monitors described above in the related art may cause the following problems.
One problem lies in measurement errors caused generally by a relationship similar to light absorption characteristics called the Lambert-Beer law expressed in the following equation (1), between the quantity of light absorbed (that is, the concentration of component to be measured) and detector output.I0/I=A×log (εcd)  (1)where I0 and I represent the quantity of incident light and the quantity of penetrated light respectively in a sample cell, and ε, c and d represent light absorption coefficient, concentration of objective substance, and cell light path length, respectively.
That is, in the optical system using one sample cell, the quantity of light absorbed is significantly varied depending on the intended component so that when a low-concentration sample is measured, an output region of good linearity can be utilized, while when a high-concentration component is measured, the linearity of output is deteriorated, thus causing a difference in reading miscalculation and a difference in temperature characteristics. Accordingly, two or more optical systems different in cell length are often used in one analyzer, resulting in an enlargement of the analyzer.
When the number of components to be measured in the constitution shown in FIG. 8(A) is increased, the constitution in FIG. 8(B) is used and an additional optical element 7b should be used in this constitution. So due to optical loss caused by a larger size of the optical system and an addition of the part, there may arise a problem of deterioration in detection sensitivity.
For the purpose of reducing a sample flow in the optical system described above, the aperture diameter of the sample cell may be decreased, but the same problem may also arise in this case. Specifically, there is an optical system wherein a light collecting member 5 or a sample cell 2b is additionally used as shown in FIG. 9, but there may arise a problem of deterioration in detection sensitivity due to optical loss caused by addition of the part.


A test unit for an aircraft cabin telephony system includes a pair of connectors for inserting the test unit in-line within the system; an AC voltage module that is operative to indicate the presence of an AC voltage when the test unit is connected to the Cabin Delivery System connector of the cabin telephony system; a signal module that is operative to detect the presence of data signals when the test unit is connected to the Cabin Delivery System connector; a DC power module that is operative to indicate the presence of DC voltage when the test unit is connected to a seat telephony box within the cabin telephony system; and an AC current module that is operative to detect an over-current condition when the test unit is connected to the Cabin Delivery System connector of the cabin telephony system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to test units for telephony systems, and more particularly to a test unit for an aircraft cabin telephony system.
2. Related Art
Modern commercial aircraft include telephony systems for the use of their passengers. From time to time, these systems require routine maintenance or troubleshooting. This is commonly accomplished by connecting a personal computer to the cabin telecommunications system (CTU), a lengthy and difficult process. In addition, this process requires an expensive personal computer running custom software as a diagnostic tool.


The present invention provides a display device for retrieving and displaying the list information regarding the broadcast contents in which the list information corresponding to the program broadcast before or after can be displayed without making the complicate key operations. An information server 2 transmits a list of musical compositions broadcast in a designated time zone to a terminal unit 1, based on a retrieval key such as date and time zone from the terminal unit 1. The terminal unit 1 displays the received list of musical compositions on a display part 1a. At this time, the directive items for displaying the list of musical compositions broadcast before and after are displayed, together with the received list of musical compositions. The user is allowed to display the list of musical compositions broadcast in a preceding or succeeding time zone only by selecting a directive item by performing an operation in series with a selection operation for a musical composition within the list of musical compositions, without returning to other screen, or re-specifying the retrieval conditions.

In recent years, a broadcasting station for FM broadcast or the like increasingly provides the information regarding the program, along with the normal broadcast, through a Web site to the user. For example, a service for publicizing a list of numbers or artist names of musical compositions broadcast or scheduled to broadcast in the program on the Web site is well known. The user viewing the broadcast can make access to the Web site to know the number or artist name of the musical composition by designating the broadcast date and time or program name, when there is any favorite musical composition in the broadcast musical compositions. For example, a music CD (Compact Disc) containing the musical composition can be purchased at a CD shop.
Recently, it is conceived that a home audio apparatus or portable information processing terminal or the like capable of receiving the radio broadcast has a function of gaining access to the server for providing the above service to acquire and display the musical composition information. In this case, for example, the user makes a predetermined operation on the audio apparatus to enable the audio apparatus to gain access to the server, when there is any favorite musical composition broadcast in the radio program being received by the audio apparatus. Thereby, the audio apparatus acquires the information regarding the musical composition, displays it on the screen, and notifies it to the user. It is also suggested that, when it is desired to know the information of musical composition broadcast in the past, the user designates the date and time zone on the audio apparatus, and the audio apparatus receives the information of musical composition or its list retrieved on the server side in accordance with this designation, and displays it on the screen.
As a technology related with the prior art, there was a following retrieval apparatus in which the retrieval operation was simplified to shorten the time required for retrieval. This retrieval apparatus has retrieving means for retrieving an explanatory sentence for a retrieval word input by inputting means from the storage medium, and displays a list for the retrieval word. And the explanatory sentence corresponding to the retrieval word selected by the user is retrieved from the list, and displayed. When the user performs an input operation on a specific input part while the explanatory sentence is displayed, the display means is switched from the display screen of explanatory sentence to the input screen of retrieval word (e.g., refer to patent document 1).
[Patent Document 1] Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 10-105569 (paragraphs [0021] to [0026], FIG. 1)
By the way, when the user accesses the server to retrieve the musical composition and its list by designating the date and time zone, the information of the musical composition may not be obtained as the retrieval result. For example, when the user remembers the broadcast time zone falsely, this situation occurs, in which it is natural that the retrieval key such as date or time zone is changed, and retransmitted to the server. This operation is easily performed on the PC. However, the audio apparatus, portable information terminal or the like has a smaller number of input keys than the PC or the like and does not allow the character input, resulting in a problem that this operation is not easily made.

Display device, display method, and display control program


A system for processing a gas stream can include a physical solvent unit, an acid gas removal unit upstream or downstream of the physical solvent unit, and an LNG liquefaction unit downstream of the acid gas removal unit. The physical solvent unit is configured to receive a feed gas, remove at least a portion of any C5+ hydrocarbons in the feed gas stream using a physical solvent, and produce a cleaned gas stream comprising the feed gas stream with the portion of the C5+ hydrocarbons removed. The acid gas removal unit is configured to receive the cleaned gas stream, remove at least a portion of any acid gases present in the cleaned gas stream, and produce a treated gas stream. The LNG liquefaction unit is configured to receive the treated gas stream and liquefy at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the treated gas stream.

Natural gas is available from conventional natural gas reservoirs and unconventional gas, such as shale gas, tight gas and coal bed methane. Lean natural gas feeds (very high methane content) are becoming more prevalent, especially in many parts of the world including North America, East Africa, and Australia. These feed gases often contain some aromatics and heavy hydrocarbons that freeze out at liquefaction temperature causing plant shutdown and revenue losses. Therefore, these components must be removed prior to liquefaction.

Heavy hydrocarbon removal from lean gas to LNG liquefaction


A capacitive sensor electrode for sensing a touch input. A material is configured to temporarily modify a capacitance of the capacitive sensor electrode during a period after a touch input has occurred. After the touch input has occurred, a material change in capacitance of the material is relatively slower than an electrode change in capacitance of the capacitive sensor electrode.

It is now common in electronic apparatus such as mobile cellular telephones, for a user to provide user commands to the apparatus via touch input. A touch input in this sense may involve the user actually touching the device or putting their finger or input device in close proximity to the apparatus.
It is possible to detect a touch input, for example, by measuring a capacitance at a capacitive sensor electrode. The presence of a user input device such as a finger changes the capacitance of the capacitive sensor electrode and this changed capacitance may be measured. In order to provide a high resolution of touch input detection over a touch area, it may be necessary to provide a large number of capacitive sensor electrodes in the touch area. Control circuitry also needs to be provided for measuring the capacitance at the capacitive sensor electrode.

Apparatus and/or method for sensing touch input


An optical disk and optical disk apparatus used for accurately reproducing and recording information regardless of the physical distortions of disks and the electrical distortions of a tracking system. This is achieved in the present invention by providing an optical disk apparatus which takes into account the physical fluctuations, such as radial tilt and tangential tilt, and the electrical fluctuations, such as focus errors and tracking errors, and makes appropriate adjustments in the optical disk apparatus accordingly. These adjustments are made based upon relationships existing between a jittering amount of the reproduced signals and the above-mentioned fluctuations. Specifically, the present invention generates a predetermined pattern of marks which, when recorded, are arranged such that a signal reproduced from the predetermined pattern of marks is caused to jitter. Depending on the specific pattern of marks generated, the reproduced signal experiences an amount of jittering that is optimal so as to allow the present invention to make appropriate adjustments.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical disk apparatus for recording and reproducing information to and from an optical disk and, more particularly, to an optical disk apparatus which can correctly access recording tracks formed on the optical disk regardless of physical distortion of the disk and regardless of an electrical distortion of a tracking system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In recent years, an optical disk apparatus has been developed for recording and reproducing a large quantity of data. For this purpose, many approaches for a higher recording density are made. For achieving such a high recording density, it is necessary to reduce the inter-recording pit interference, improve the S/N ratio, and compensate the signal quality for the degradation caused by the fluctuations of the optical disk medium and/or the optical disk apparatus. Specifically, such fluctuations mainly relate to the physical distortion of the optical disk and the propensities of the electrical circuit used in the optical disk apparatus.
With reference to FIG. 75, a first case, relating to the physical distortion of the optical disk, is described. Principally, an optical disk D should be kept in a flat disk shape when it is set in a disk motor Md, so that an optical pickup Os can keep its optical axis perpendicular to the recording surface of the disk D during recording and reproducing operations. For scanning the recording tracks, the optical pickup Os moves in a radial direction indicated by an arrow Dr on a line LR in alignment with the radius of the optical disk D.
However, the optical disk D set in the disk motor Md will hang down from its outer circumference due to its weight. In other words, the optical disk D inclines downward in a conical shape instead of the flat plate disk shape. Strictly speaking, the optical disk D also curves both in the radial and circumferential directions. Therefore, as a result of such an inclination of the disk D, the optical pickup Os can not scan the recording tracks with its optical axis Ax across the recording surface of the disk D at a right angle. Furthermore, the crossing angle varies according to the position of the optical pick Os with respect to the optical disk D (the line LR).
Under such conditions, an angle .theta.r formed between the optical axis Ax and the recording surface of the disk D is defined as a "radial tilt angle." An angle .theta.t formed between the optical axis Ax and a line LD tangential to the recording track (or perpendicular to the radius) of the optical disk D is referred to as a "tangential tilt." Generally, the amount of radial tilt .theta.r of the optical disk, such as for a compact disk, is within the range from -0.5.degree. to 0.5.degree..
The second case, relating to the propensities of electric circuits, appears such that the laser beam can not be correctly focused and tracked on the target recording track even when the focus or tracking signal indicates that the laser spot is correctly focused and tracked. These kinds of focus errors or tracking errors occur regardless of whether the physical distortions such as the radial tilt or the tangential tilt, are compensated.
As a result of the above described fluctuations, the optical pickup Os can not make the laser spot focus on the aimed recording track or trace thereof. Specifically, the laser spot thus focused bridges two neighboring tracks, scans the recording tracks with varying angles, and scans a little or partial portion of the aimed recording track. Furthermore, the laser spot can not trace the recording track, and may loose the track of the aimed recording track. Therefore, the signal reproduction faces the problems of crosstalk, insufficient amplitude, noise, wave form interference, and jittering (asynchronization with the original signal), thereby causing the reproduced recording signal to jitter. When the jittering becomes greater, the quality of reproduced recording signal is considerably degraded. Furthermore the reading error of the optical pickup increases.
In FIG. 76, the relationship between the jittering amount (%) and the radial tilt (.theta.r), obtained by experimentation, is shown. The jittering amount shows its minimum value within a range from +0.1 to -0.1 of a degree with respect to the zero-radial tilting position. It is also apparent that the jittering increases at a greater rate as the radial tilt .theta.r becomes greater.
Therefore, in order to reproduce the original signal from the recording track under such fluctuating factors, it is necessary to adjust the optical disk apparatus with respect to the physical fluctuations such as radial tilt and tangential tilt, and the electrical fluctuation such as the focus errors and tracking errors.
With reference to FIG. 74, a conventional optical disk apparatus which compensates for the radial tilt is described. The conventional radial optical disk apparatus includes an optical disk 8101, an optical head 8102, a tilt sensor 8103, a preamplifier 8104, a radial tilt controller 8105, and a radial tilt adjuster 8106.
In operation of thus constructed conventional optical disk apparatus, the tilt sensor 8103 outputs a tilting signal Sr having a voltage corresponding to the tilting amount of the optical disk 8101 with respect to the optical head 8102. The preamplifier 8104 amplifies the tilting signal Sr. The radial tilt controller 8105 drives the radial tilt adjuster 8106 such that thus amplified tilting signal Sr becomes zero. Thus, the optical head 8102 can be kept in a position parallel to the optical disk 8101 so that a signal with a good quality can be recorded thereto or reproduced therefrom.
However, with the configuration mentioned above, the tilt sensor (8103) is an essential component, thus causing an expensive manufacturing cost, and the sensor should be arranged beside the optical head (8103), thereby preventing the miniaturization of the optical disk apparatus. Furthermore, the tilt sensor should be correctly located such that it is parallel to the optical head, otherwise the parallel nature of the optical head with respect to the optical disk can not be adjusted correctly.

Optical disk and optical disk apparatus having a predetermined pattern of marks on tracks such that a reproduced signal is caused to jitter


A dockable substrate chuck and demountable substrate frame, which can be placed atop the dockable substrate chuck, effectively extend the moving platform of an X-Y stage to access a larger substrate area. The system features a substrate chuck docking fixture. The dockable substrate chuck selectively grips or glides on a grip/glide plate on the stage. A bridge suspends the optics and Z-movable kinematic elements of a substrate chuck docking fixture. The docked dockable substrate chuck is fixed in space, in glide mode on a temporary air bearing. When the stage carriage reaches a new position with respect to the dockable substrate chuck, the substrate chuck docking fixture is turned off, and the puck of the dockable substrate chuck regains its grip on the grip/glide plate. The dockable substrate chuck is newly positioned on the stage, the demountable substrate frame is located with respect to the dockable substrate chuck, and the dockable substrate chuck vacuum grips the substrate for a high resolution scan.

(NOT APPLICABLE)
(NOT APPLICABLE)
(NOT APPLICABLE)
(1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to indexing in a high-resolution microlithographic system using a substrate docking fixture when repositioning to a selected module for patterning, in turn, a number of substrate modules of a large substrate, characterized by a substrate chuck docking fixture in a kinematic engagement with a substrate chuck, together with a grip/glide air-bearing plate on the carriage of a precision X-Y stage.
(2) Description of the Related Art
There are a number of modern techniques for providing a seamless composite image on a large substrate, which techniques are characterized by a scan of small-field exposures using a laser. Optical requirements mandate the use of a small image field, but repeated exposures by a small image field must flow seamlessly into each other, or there will be a condition of gaps and overlaps. The best known technique to fulfill the requirements for high-resolution, seamless imaging of large substrates is the Anvik technique of overlapping complementary polygonal scans, generally using overlapping hexagons. Informative patents include the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,257, Jain, issued May 8, 1990, SCAN AND REPEAT HIGH RESOLUTION LITHOGRAPHY SYSTEM, filed Oct. 5, 1988. This patent shows overlapping complementary polygonal scans for seamless patterning.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,897,986, Dunn, Farmiga and Jain, issued Apr. 27, 1999, PROJECTION PATTERNING OF LARGE SUBSTRATES USING LIMITED-TRAVEL PRECISION X-Y STAGE, Ser. No. 08/864,160, filed May 28, 1997. Dunn et al. shows a substrate docking fixture usable in a lithography system using overlapping complementary polygonal scans for variable area substrate tiling. This technology presents, in turn, a number of different modules of a substrate for seamless imaging of the mask, one module at a time, by scanning a small image field from mask to substrate module under control of an X-Y stage before repositioning for the next module.
This invention relates to a microelectronics patterning system with a kinematic engagement to a grip/glide substrate chuck, as a substrate chuck docking fixture, together with an air bearing grip/glide plate, to maintain control during glide-mode repositioning of a large substrate, repetitively, to a number of different substrate module location, for patterning. After a module is scanned, the substrate chuck docking fixture facilitates easy gliding of the substrate, with respect to the stage, during repositioning to a new module. The substrate, temporarily docked on the substrate chuck docking fixture while the X-Y stage moves, is again gripped to the stage carriage, at the next module position, for patterning of the next module.
It is the object of the invention to provide a substrate chuck, with an air/vacuum puck, for selectively presenting the substrate for rapid-motion scanning of a module, then providing an air bearing allowing the substrate chuck to remain fixed in space, while the X-Y stage moves under it, to bring a new module into position for rapid-motion scanning.
Another object of the invention to provide a substrate chuck docking fixture, which has the capability of engaging the substrate chuck and subsequently releasing the substrate chuck, with repeatable high resolution in X, Y and Theta, at a different position with regard to the X-Y stage carriage.
Another object of the invention is to provide a manufacturable substrate chuck docking fixture with high resolution and with long time between overhauls.
Another object of the invention is to provide a rigid bridge to support a kinematic engagement with the substrate chuck docking fixture, thereby facilitating highly repeatable engagement during repositioning.
A feature of the invention is the provision in the substrate chuck of a limited-size air-bearing puck, providing easy repositioning of the substrate chuck on a large lightweight grip/glide plate on the stage carriage.
Another feature of the invention is the provision of a demountable substrate frame for quick reloading of the substrate chuck, and consequent quick resupply of a fresh substrate to the system.
A more detailed feature of the invention is the provision in a kinematic engagement of a set of shock-resistant standard aligners, each aligner comprising an actuator, a hardened and polished ball, a flexure mechanism for maintaining ball position, and a hardened and polished veegroove receptor for the ball.
Another feature of the invention is the grip/glide subsystem of the grip/glide plate and the substrate chuck which selectively stands or rides on its air/vacuum puck on the grip/glide plate.
A more specific feature of the invention is the placement of the kinematic engagement partly on the bridge of a large-area substrate imaging system and partly on the substrate chuck.
Still another specific feature of the invention is the substrate frame, which allows the pre-loading of substrates of varying sizes onto the substrate frame prior to positioning of the pre-loaded substrate frame onto the carriage of the stage.
An advantage of the invention is that a relatively easy-to-manufacture substrate chuck with an air/vacuum puck can control a large area substrate, during both substrate scanning activity and substrate module shifting activity using a substrate chuck docking fixture.
Another advantage of the invention is that the system can be controlled to pattern a variety of substrate module sizes, using a single substrate chuck with a set of substrate frames.
An advantage of the invention is that a relatively easy-to-manufacture bridge and a substrate chuck subsystem, with a related three-ball, three-receptor kinematic engagement as a substrate chuck docking fixture, can repeatedly engage and release a substrate with respect to a fast-scan high-precision stage, in the context of patterning of a large substrate with overlapping complementary polygonal scans.
Another advantage of the invention is that the system architecture is modular, lends itself to easy accessibility, has a satisfactory capture range, has easy component replacement and provides minimal vibration.
Still another advantage of the invention is that only a small portion of the substrate chuck docking fixture mass is carried by the stage, adding very little weight to the stage subsystem.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following written description, claims, abstract and the annexed drawings.

Lithography system with variable area substrate tiling


Techniques for cross platform user joining are disclosed. In some embodiments, cross platform user joining includes associating a first user identification (UID) and a second UID with one or more Internet Protocol addresses (IPs); associating the first UID and the second UID with one or more monitored behaviors; and joining the first UID and the second UID based on the one or more IPs and the one or more monitored behaviors.

Internet-based web services can be delivered through web sites on the World Wide Web (WWW). A web site is typically a set of related web pages served from a web domain. Web pages are often formatted using HyperText Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible HTML (XHTML), or using another language that can be processed by a web browser that is typically executed on a user's client device, such as a computer, tablet, phablet, smart phone, smart television, or other client device. A web site is generally hosted on a web server. The web server is typically accessible via a network, such as the Internet, through a web address, which is generally known as a Uniform Resource Indicator (URI) or a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
For example, a web service can be delivered via a web site. In some cases, the web site can allow users to access content delivered via the web site using anonymous user access. Some web sites can allow or require that users login to access some or all of the content delivered via the web site (e.g., subscription access may be required to access certain content on the web site, such as for an online newspaper, an e-commerce shopping site, a social networking web site, a web-based email service, a file sharing web site, and/or other web services).
A web site can be a static web site. Generally, a static web site does not customize content delivered to different users of the web site (e.g., a static web site has web pages stored on a web server in the format that is sent to a client web browser).
A web site can be a dynamic web site or can include dynamic web pages. Generally, a dynamic web site can customize content delivered to different users of the web site (e.g., a dynamic web site is one that can change or customize web content automatically).


The present invention seeks to provide an express-control system for analyzing the compatibility of blood with other substances. The present invention relates to a system, method and apparatus for use in blood testing and more specifically, food intolerance testing through analysis of blood using luminescence. The present invention utilizes a blood testing system and apparatus, which includes a displacement assembly, a blood divider assembly, a reagent divider assembly, an electro-optical multiplier assembly and a central controller. A sample of blood is added to a corresponding one of a plurality of canisters containing a test substance. Thereafter a luminescent reagent is added and the plurality of canisters are moved in the blood testing apparatus until the canisters begin to luminese. The amount of luminescence is measured and analyzed an indicator of compatibility of the blood with the test substance and more specifically as an indicator of the presence and activity of neutrophil in the blood and more specifically the granulacy of the blood.

The immune system is an intricate collection of organs, tissues, cells and soluble factors that allow individuals to defend against harmful agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasitic organisms, and tumor cells. The immune system is a recognition system that distinguishes the body's own molecules from foreign molecules. When the immune system detects a foreign substance, called an antigen, it responds with a proliferation of cells that either attack the invader directly (the innate immune response) or produce specific defensive proteins called antibodies (the adaptive immune response). In contrast to the innate immune defences, which are always ready to fight a variety of infections, the adaptive immune response must be primed by the presence of an antigen, and the defensive cells and antibodies produced against the antigen are ineffective against any other foreign substance. Typically, the innate immune response has a rapid reaction time, whereas the adaptive immune response has a slow initiation and increases thereafter.
Allergies are hypersensitivities of the body's defence system to certain environmental antigens. Allergic reactions are typically very rapid and show extraordinary sensitivity to minute amounts of antigen. When antibodies that participate in allergenic reactions bind to antigens, a process called degranulation occurs in which the masked cells release a flood of histamine and other inflammatory mediators which cause some of the best recognized systems of allergy, namely sneezing, nasal irritation, itchiness of the skin and tearing of the eyes.
The presence of biologically active agents including antigens in a patient's body fluid, especially blood, has been determined using various techniques. One such technique entails the analysis of either bioluminescence or chemiluminescence for detecting the presence of a variety of luminescent analytes. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,794 discloses a luminescence measuring system comprising a luminometer designed for making bioluminescence and chemiluminescence measurements. The disclosed luminometer comprises a chamber into which a single test tube is received. The test tube once received in the chamber is held stationary while the chamber revolves around the test tube from the admission phase to the measurement phase and finally to the discharge phase. It is in the measurement phase that the reagent LUMIT is added to the sample and luminescence is measured. The disadvantage of the technique and apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,794 is that it allows for only a single sample to move through the testing process from admission to discharge and as such, results in decreased efficiency and increased time in the overall testing process.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,166 discloses an automated analyser capable of performing multiple diagnostic assays simultaneously. The disclosed analyser includes a computer controller which runs analyser-controlling and assay-scheduling software to coordinate operation of the stations of the analyser and movement of each reaction receptacle through the analyser. The specimen pipette assembly of the disclosed analyser is coupled to a syringe pump which engages the specimen tubes carried on the specimen ring and which also engages pipette tips carried on a pipette wheel near the back portion of the specimen ring. The containers of the target capture reagent are carried on an inner rotable assembly constructed and arranged to selectively agitate the containers or present the containers for access by the probe of an automatic robotic pipette system. The reaction mixtures are prepared by the pipette system within each reaction receptacle. The contents of the reaction receptacle is subjected to magnetic separation wash procedures in the magnetic separation wash stations of the apparatus. The disclosed apparatus also contains a luminometer for detecting and/or quantifying the amount of light emitted by the contents of the reaction receptacle. The disclosed apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,166 requires treatment of the contents of the reaction receptacle by magnetic separation wash procedures. Furthermore, the disclosed apparatus consists of several interconnected ring assemblies resulting in an overly complex and intricate apparatus.
Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,222 discloses a complex apparatus and method for testing and classifying materials, which contain agglutinates. The method taught by U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,222 enables agglutinations to be detected either by nephelometry or by opacimetry and does not disclose a method for luminescence detection. The disclosed apparatus consists of an agitator comprising a turn-table subjected to motion around a circle in which the reaction mixture is introduced into the test vessel via two syringes. The first syringe is used to take small amounts of the sample, the second used to take into a small bottle a certain amount of liquid containing reagents, dilutant and flush water. A mass of liquid taken from the first and second syringes is directed into a probe which contains the sample of the reagent and dilutant, the contents of the probe being pushed into the reaction cups which are then subject to agitation. The apparatus taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,617,222 discloses a two stage mixing procedure comprising a partial mixing in the probe and then a more complex mixing by agitation. Such a procedure disadvantageously results in an intricate preparation of the reaction mixture prior to the actual testing phase, thereby disadvantageously increasing the total time in the overall testing process.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,075 teaches a chemical luminescence-detection apparatus in which the chemical luminescence generated in a photometric cell is detected by an optical detector. The reagent used in the luminescent reaction is luminol. U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,075 also requires complex preparation of the sample prior to the testing phase and the luminescent reaction. The requisite preparation includes subjecting the reaction solution to several agitations and washes. Such a complex preparation of the sample disadvantageously increases the time required in the overall testing process.

System, method and apparatus for use in blood testing through luminescence


A method and an apparatus to protect a reticle against particles and chemicals in an actinic EUV reticle inspection tool are presented. The method and apparatus utilizes a pair of porous metal diffusers in the form of showerheads to provide a continual flow of clean gas. The main showerhead bathes the reticle surface to be inspected in smoothly flowing, low pressure gas, isolating it from particles coming from surrounding volumes. The secondary showerhead faces away from the reticle and toward the EUV illumination and projection optics, supplying them with purge gas while at the same time creating a buffer zone that is kept free of any particle contamination originating from those optics.

Inspection tools that use EUV light cannot use a particle protection device, such as a pellicle, that may be used with inspection tools utilizing light with longer wavelengths. In EUV inspection systems, any particle on the reticle surface will cause unacceptable problems. Several particle protection mechanisms have been proposed to protect the reticle from particles generated from inspection optics that send the inspection EUV light to the reticle, generally via a central hole in a plate proximate the reticle. A second source of particles is the movable stage that moves the reticle during the inspection process.
Prior methods do not protect inspection systems from particles as small as 10 nm in diameter or they have been used in processes in which reticles are cleaned after inspections. However, with EUV inspection systems, while no cleaning is possible, particles as small as 10 nm must still be removed.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,875,864 to Sogard describes a particle protection system that combines a thermophoresis device and electrophoresis device. However, the thermophoresis device tends to heat the reticle thereby causing distortions in the reticle itself.
What is needed in the field is an apparatus, system, and/or method to protect the reticle of EUV inspection systems from particles with a diameter of 10 nm and greater.

Particle control near reticle and optics using showerhead


A lighting system for an automotive vehicle includes a remote laser light source coupled with a light transmitting fiber optic light guide which illuminates a thin sheet optical element tail lamp having a manifold portion, a kicker portion adjacent and substantially parallel to the manifold portion, and a turning prism adjacent to and in optical communication with the manifold and kicker portions for receiving light from the manifold portion and internally reflecting and redirecting light to the kicker portion.

Conventional light transmission systems used for vehicle head lights or tail lights typically use a bulb and reflector system. In a bulb and reflector system, the filament of the bulb is placed at or near a focal point of a parabolic reflector. The light emitted by the bulb filament is collected by the reflector and reflected outward to form a light beam. A lens is used to shape the light beam into a specified pattern to satisfy vehicle lighting specifications. Typically, in an automotive application, a conventional bulb and reflector system collects and reflects only thirty percent of the light emitted from the bulb filament into the useful lighting area.
Bulb and reflector systems have several disadvantages, including aerodynamics and aesthetic styling. For example, the depth of the reflector along its focal axis and the height of the reflector in directions perpendicular to the focal axis greatly limit attempts at streamlining vehicle contours. Additionally, thermal energy given off by the bulb during operation must be considered. The size of the reflector as well as the material used in its construction vary depending upon the amount of thermal energy generated by the bulb filament. Decreasing the size of the reflector requires use of materials with high thermal resistivity.
One approach to develop an automotive lighting system for use with newer streamlined body designs is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,754, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, which discloses the combination of a fiber optic light guide which transmits light from a remote light source, through a light manifold, and to a reflector. One problem with such an approach is the necessity for a manifold. A manifold is required to expand the incoming light for distribution across the lamp surface. This results in a substantial portion of unlit area required for the manifold and hence a larger footprint of the overall lamp. This creates vehicle lighting design inflexibility.
A laser illuminated thin sheet optical element lighting device as disclosed in application Ser. No. 08/780,034 entitled Laser Illuminated Lighting System, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, addressed a number of deficiencies in the vehicle lighting arts. However, the problem of having a large amount of unlit area required for the manifold portion still remains.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a laser illuminated, thin sheet optic lighting system for a vehicle which accommodates manufacturing and thermal considerations as well as the space limitations dictated by vehicular aerodynamic and styling requirements.

Laser illuminated vehicle lighting system utilizing a turning prism


A hollow extension collar for a flowable material dispensing box, fits over a prior art dispensing box and can be locked in place to increase the enclosed volume incrementally. The incremental increase is determined by the height of walls from which the extension collar is formed. Multiple extension collars can be stacked on top of each other and filled with flowable material.

Flowable material dispensing boxes, also known as intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) or "hopper bins" are well known. An example of such a box is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,845,799 entitled, "Dispensing Gate for Knock Down Bulk Box," issued Dec. 8, 1998, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Another similar dispensing box for flowable material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,022, issued Jan. 4, 2000, and entitled "Dispensing Box for Flowable Material," the contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference.
Prior art dispensing boxes provide safe and secure containers for both granular materials such as corn, soybeans, gravel and the like. They also provide safe and secure handling for liquids.
It is well known that the prior art flowable material dispensing boxes have shapes that are substantially the same as a rectangular parallelepiped or they are cuboid. They can thus be abutted each other and stacked on top of each other for shipping purposes, maximizing the use of limited space in a shipping container such as truck, rail car or ship.
A problem with prior art flowable material boxes is the large enclosed volume of such containers is not always used or required by a shipper. Stated another way, when an integral multiple number of single flowable material boxes provides either two much or too little volume for a particular amount of material to transport, some volume in at least one container will be unnecessary and thus wasted. An apparatus and method for incrementally increasing the volume of a prior art flowable material container or dispensing box would be an improvement over the prior art.

Extension collar for a flowable material dispensing box


A tester unit for evaluating data integrity of a block of data is described. The tester unit comprises a checksum determination facility adapted for deriving a checksum value from a block of data stored in a memory, and a checksum evaluation facility adapted for comparing the derived checksum value with a predetermined checksum value, and for initiating a reload of the block in case the derived checksum value differs from the predetermined checksum value.

In devices which contain large amounts of memory there is a non-negligible chance that the contents of that memory will become corrupted over time, due to for example the impact of radiation (soft errors) or software bugs. In such devices where the operation of the device is fundamentally dependant on the contents of memory remaining constant and uncorrupted, for example where the memory contains the program code controlling the operation of an embedded processor, then such corruption can cause the operation of the device to fail.
There are many applications for such devices where high reliability is required, for example in communication systems, where it is desirable to either minimise the frequency of failures of this nature or to at least detect the failures and restart the device in an orderly fashion rather than silently failing in unpredictable ways.


A system for irradiating material used in transfusions. The material can be pre-transfused blood, blood components and marrow. The system includes a vacuum chamber with a plate cathode inside. The cathode has a large beam electrode field-electron emissive surface with a selected cross-sectional shaped area. A power supply is connected to the cathode for generating negative high-voltage pulses and causing a selected cross-sectional shaped beam of electrons to be emitted. An electron window is also disposed inside the vacuum chamber and made of thin metal foil. The electron window receives the selected cross-sectional shaped beam of electrons therethrough and onto an electron target disposed outside the vacuum chamber. The electron target receives the selected cross-sectional shaped beam of electrons thereon and generates a selected cross-sectional shaped X-ray beam. A cathode filter is disposed next to the electron target and eliminates low energy beams from the spectrum of the X-ray beam. The filtered X-ray beam exposes the material to high energy beams for irradiation.

In transfusion and transplant medicine, the transfusion of blood or blood components sometimes results in TA-GVHD (Transfusion Associated-Graft-Versus-Host Disease). Although rare, TA-GVHD results in a mortality rate of greater than 90% of cases, when this complication occurs. At this time there is no known, effective treatment for TA-GVHD. Without available treatment, the only method of dealing with TA-GVHD is prevention. Today, the only accepted method of prevention for TA-GVHD is in the FDA prescribed dose of ionizing radiation, provided by either gamma emitting radioactive sources or by X-ray sources, applied to pre-transfused, blood and blood components in transfusion medicine. However, cost and size of commercially available X-ray source irradiation equipment prevents deployment at all transfusion facilities and other locations where blood transfusions occur.

X-ray system for irradiating material used in transfusions