An article housing device for a small-sized vehicle allows an occupant to easily insert and remove an article while seated on a seat, and is capable of preventing a liquid spilled from a housing portion from dropping down to a floor on which the occupant places his/her foot. A dashboard includes a lateral extended portion and a protruding portion protruding rearward from the lateral extended portion, in which a plurality of housing portions allowing articles to inserted into and removed from above the housing portions are formed in the protruding portion, and at least two of the housing portions are aligned in the vehicle longitudinal direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, for example, to a small-sized vehicle such as a passenger golf cart, and more particularly, to an improvement in an article housing device such as a cup holder.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a golf cart is structured so that a driver drives the golf cart by steering a steering wheel in straight ahead, rightward or leftward directions while seated on a seat. Such a golf cart is generally equipped with a cup holder to hold a bottle, a cup and so forth having drinking water or other beverages or liquids contained therein.
As an above-mentioned cup holder, there is one proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,787B1 that arranges two cup holders in a vehicle lateral direction in a dashboard disposed in front of the seat.
However, when a cup holder is arranged in a dashboard, a vehicle occupant has trouble reaching a cup or the like located in the cup holder when the occupant is still seated on the seat because the occupant is forced to insert and remove the cup to and from the cup holder by stooping his/her head, requiring an improvement in usability. Further, in the above-described arrangement of aligned cup holders in the vehicle lateral direction in a row, another problem is that it is impossible to have enough space for the number of cup holders in accordance with the number of occupants.
Another problem is that, when drinking water or the like spills out from the cup due to a rough road or terrain, the drinking water or the like drops down from the hole of the bottom wall of the cup holder to a vehicle floor on which the occupant places his/her foot to thereby contact and dampen the foot or a shoe of the occupant.

Article housing device for small-sized vehicle

Yamaha Motor Manufacturing Corporation of America


Data is tested in transit between a source medium and a destination medium, such as between two computer communicating over a telecommunications link or network. Each character of the incoming data stream is tested using a finite state machine which is capable of testing against multiple search strings representing the signatures of multiple known computer viruses. When a virus is detected the incoming data is prevented from remaining on the destination storage medium. Both hardware and software implementations are envisioned.

The present invention relates generally to data transfer systems and computer virus detection.
Computer viruses, including but not limited to self-replicating viruses, are a major concern to computer system operators. Although the mechanisms and destructive capabilities vary, typically computer viruses take the form of an executable program which attaches itself to or otherwise alters another executable program or data file contained on the storage medium of the computer. Computer viruses enter the computer system either by being loaded from a removable medium, such as a magnetic diskette, or by being downloaded over a communication system via a modem or network architecture. Often a computer virus will enter a computer system unbeknown to the operator. In many cases the presence of the virus may not be detected for months, during which time the file containing the virus or other files corrupted by the virus may be shared with other computer systems, infecting them also.
The computer virus problem is particularly acute in networked systems, where the opportunity for transmitting the virus from computer to computer is greatly increased. To combat the problem, others have employed virus scanning programs which read the files stored on a storage medium, looking for known virus signatures. These signatures comprise sequences of data which have been found to be present in a known virus. As an example, IBM has published a Virus Scanning Program, Version 1.1, which includes a compilation of known virus signatures. These known virus signatures are contained in a file entitled "SIGFILE.LST" associated with the Virus Scanning Program. Further details of the IBM Virus Scanning Program can be obtained by contacting the International Business Machine Corporation.
One major shortcoming of these virus scanning programs is that the virus may have already corrupted the data storage medium before the scanning program is used. Since the conventional virus scanning program tests files which are already stored on the computer system's storage media, such programs simply alert the user that the computer has a virus. These programs do not automatically prevent the virus from being stored on the medium in the first place, hence they cannot totally prevent the virus from attacking or spreading.
The present invention solves this problem by performing an in transit detection of computer viruses using a finite state machine technique which allows multiple virus signatures to be simultaneously tested for. Because the invention is able to test for viruses "on the fly," it is useful in data communications systems and in file copying systems to inhibit the virus from entering the computer in the first place. In a data communications system, for example, an incoming serialized bitstream transmission can be tested for a plurality of different known virus signatures. If any one or more of the signatures are detected, the file into which the incoming bitstream would have been stored is closed or aborted so the virus does not take up residency on the storage medium. For added safety, any portion of the file already written can be overwritten with 1's or 0's to ensure that none of the virus remains.
The invention may also be used to guard against the spread of a virus during a file copying operation, such as the operation of copying a file from a removable diskette to the hard disk storage medium of a computer. By inhibiting the storage of a virus-containing file onto the hard disk, the invention protects the computer system and prevents the virus from spreading to other computer systems which communicate with that system.
The invention is therefore able to prevent the spread of computer viruses, as contrasted with merely detecting when that spread has already taken place. Accordingly, the invention is applicable to a data transfer system for receiving a transmission of digital data for storage in a computer storage medium. The invention provides a method of identifying and inhibiting the storage of data containing at least one predefined sequence, which could be, for example, a computer virus signature. The method comprises the steps of causing a transmission of digital data resident on a source storage medium to be transmitted to a computer system having a destination storage medium.
The method further comprises receiving and processing the transmission to determine if at least one predefined sequence is present in the transmission. In response to this processing, the digital data of the transmission is caused to be stored on the destination storage medium, if none of the predefined sequences are present. In response to the processing, the digital data of the transmission is inhibited from being stored on the destination storage medium if at least one predefined sequence is present. As will be further explained, the predefined sequence can be a computer virus signature.
In the presently preferred embodiment the processing step is performed using a finite state machine which is capable of simultaneously testing to determine if at least one or more predefined sequences are present in the transmission. The finite state table of the preferred embodiment is loaded as a prebuilt table into a computer for use with the finite state machine.
The inhibiting step may be performed using the file handling mechanism of the destination storage medium. Using this approach, any stored data is selectively marked to be retained or to be discarded by overwriting. If desired, the inhibiting step can include the actual overwriting of at least a portion of the data marked to be discarded. The inhibiting step may also be performed by buffering the digital data prior to storage on the destination storage medium and by discarding the buffered data if at least one predefined sequence is present.
For a more complete understanding of the invention, its objects and advantages, reference may be had to the following specification and to the accompanying drawings.

In transit detection of computer virus with safeguard


A human-powered underwater propulsor for user's moving in water mainly has a power generating module provided within a receiving space inside a waterproof airbag, and the power generating module is coupled to a propulsion unit. The receiving space is formed with an opening end provided with a waterproof ring to be worn by user in such a manner that the receiving space is hermetically sealed to prevent water from entering the receiving space during diving. When user pedals by stepping on two pedals of the power generating module, the power generating module is actuated to cause the flapping of the propulsion unit. Hence, the human-powered underwater propulsor allows user to exercise his feet in the air to reduce drag in diving so that user can moves more easily in the water.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a human-powered underwater propulsor, more particularly to a human-powered underwater propulsor in which a hermetic receiving space is generated after an airbag is worn by user, and the receiving space has a power generating module provided therein for driving a propulsion unit to flap so as to enable underwater advancing.
Brief Description of Prior Art
The most often used technology in underwater operations such as sea exploration, ecological observation in the sea is diving. Diving can be done either by using a diver propulsion vehicle or by wearing diving equipment (scuba diving), wherein the diver propulsion vehicle can protect diver but cannot operate precise or delicate actions. To facilitate the operation, most of the divers wear diving apparatus to resist underwater low temperature and flippers to increase underwater moving speed. However, as water resistance is far greater than air resistance, diver wearing flippers still needs to spend considerable effort to move smoothly in water. Since underwater environment is different from land environment, divers facing dangerous underwater environment have to spend physical exertion more rapidly.
In order to solve the problem of rapid physical exertion caused by water resistance, concerned industry has proposed a diving apparatus for surrounding a diver inside, such as US Patent Gazette No. 6079348 entitled "Diving apparatus and method for its production", in which the apparatus has a hollow body with streamline shape for reducing the resistance of underwater moving. One end of the hollow body is formed with a propulsion fin. A receiving space is further formed in the interior of the hollow body for fully accommodating a diver's whole body therein. The feet of the diver can be connected to the propulsion fin provided on the hollow body through fixed shoes. When the feet of the diver is flapping, the propulsion fin can be advanced in water accompany with the flapping movement of diver's feet.
In addition, two more prior arts are listed below for reference.
(1) Taiwanese Patent Gazette No. M478527 entitled "Protective sleeve of effort-saving fin"
(2) China Patent Gazette No. CN1376616 entitled "Dive Boat having ultra mobility"
It is apparent from the above prior arts, diver located inside the streamline hollow body can move through the flapping motion of propulsion fin activated by the flapping movement of diver's feet. However, it is not convenient for diver's flapping and it is very difficult for diver located inside the hollow body to perform a variety of actions for precise operations. Therefore, this technology needs further improvement.


The present invention relates to a method of increasing the conversion efficiency of an EUV and/or soft X-ray lamp, in which a discharge plasma (8) emitting EUV radiation or soft X-rays is generated in a gaseous medium formed by an evaporated liquid material in a discharge space, said liquid material being provided on a surface in the discharge space and being at least partially evaporated by an energy beam (9). The invention also refers to a corresponding apparatus for producing EUV radiation and/or soft X-rays. In the method, a gas (11) composed of chemical elements having a lower mass number than chemical elements of the liquid material is supplied through at least one nozzle (10) in a directed manner to the discharge space and/or to the liquid material on a supply path to the discharge space in order to reduce the density of the evaporated liquid material in the discharge space. With the present method and corresponding apparatus the conversion efficiency of the lamp is increased.

Radiation sources emitting EUV radiation and/or soft X-rays are in particular required in the field of EUV lithography. The radiation is emitted from a hot plasma produced by a pulsed current. The most powerful EUV lamps known up to now are operated with metal vapor to generate the required plasma. An example of such an EUV lamp is shown in WO2005/025280 A2. In this known EUV lamp, the metal vapor is produced from a metal melt which is applied to a surface in the discharge space between the electrodes and at least partially evaporated by an energy beam, in particular by a laser beam. In a preferred embodiment of this EUV lamp, the two electrodes are rotatably mounted, forming electrode wheels which are rotated during operation of the lamp. The electrode wheels, during rotation, dip into containers with the metal melt. A pulsed laser beam is directed directly to the surface of one of the electrodes in order to generate the metal vapor from the applied metal melt and ignite the electrical discharge. The metal vapor is heated by a current of some kA up to approximately 10 kA, so that the desired ionization stages are excited and radiation of the desired wavelength is emitted.
A common problem of known EUV and/or soft X-ray lamps is that the efficiency of the conversion of supplied electrical energy into EUV radiation and/or soft X-rays of a desired small bandwidth is low. In particular in the field of optical lithography for the semiconductor industry, EUV radiation around 13.5 nm within a 2% bandwidth is required.

Method of increasing the conversion efficiency of an EUV and/or soft X-ray lamp and a corresponding apparatus


A laminating apparatus 20 for a DVR as an optical disc comprises front side peeling means 24 for peeling a protective film P1 from a protective label L having the protective film P1 and a release-liner D adhered thereto, a peel plate 25 for peeling off the release-liner D from the protective label L from which the protective film P1 has been peeled, and laminating means 29 for laminating the protective label L after the peeling of the protective film P1 and the release-liner D to a DVR recording substrate by laminating the protective label L to the DVR recording substrate B with a predetermined pressing force.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laminating apparatus for an optical disc and, more specifically, to a laminating apparatus for an optical disc capable of laminating a label or sheet(protective material) to an optical disc recording substrate having a predetermined recording layer.
2. Description of the Related Art
A novel recording medium called a DVR provided with a recording information layer (hereinafter, simply referred to as "recording layer") capable of recording/reproducing data of lager capacity than heretofore is about to be developed by the applicant of the present invention. This DVR is constructed by laminating a protective label made of a light transmissive polymer film or the like to a surface side of the recording layer formed on at least one side of a DVR recording substrate.
However, the DVR has a problem that a laminating operation between the DVR recording substrate and the protective label in manufacturing of the DVR provided with the recording layer for high-density reading by a blue laser becomes much more difficult compared with a conventional recording medium called a DVD for reading a recording layer of a recording substrate by an red laser. In other words, in a laminating operation carried out for the DVR of the recording substrate for such high-density reading, a pressing force and a laminating speed must be controlled more strictly during laminating compared with the case of the DVD in order to prevent very small bowing deformation of the DVR recording substrate or intrusion of bubbles that impedes reading of data on the recording layer. Thus, a manual DVR laminating operation is difficult, and there is a demand for a DVR laminating apparatus capable of preventing bowing deformation of a DVR recording substrate and intrusion of bubbles by automatically laminating a protective label to the DVR recording substrate.


A tuner and a demodulating unit thereof are provided. A trap filter for a specific frequency is installed in the IF demodulating unit so as to eliminate a frequency signal acting as a beat component.

In general, a tuner receives a radio frequency (RF) signal through an antenna, converts the RF signal into an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, detects the IF signal, separates the detected IF signal into a video signal and a sound signal, and outputs each signal. There is an advantage of improving frequency selectivity, reducing sensitivity for peripheral circuits and enhancing stability by additionally performing the IF conversion process during an operation of the tuner.
A structure of a general tuner will be briefly described below. The general tuner includes an antenna, a mixer, and a local oscillator. A TV broadcasting system divides its wide RX frequency band (50-900 MHz) into a VHF band and a UHF band and uses two corresponding band blocks (that is, VHF/UHF band blocks) because its tuner uses a variable capacitance diode having a limited capacitance ratio. The VHF/UHF band blocks each include an input unit, an amplifier unit, and a tuning unit.
An operation of the tuner will be briefly described below. In the tuner, the antenna receives RF signals and transmits the RF signals to the band block. In the band block, the input unit selects and outputs only a desired band RF signal among the RF signals from the antenna, the amplifier unit amplifies the desired band RF signal from the input unit, and the tuning unit tunes and outputs the RF signal received from the amplifier unit.
The mixer mixes the RF signal received from each band block with an oscillation frequency signal to output an IF signal. The oscillation frequency is received from the local oscillator.
Various types can be applied to the TV broadcasting system. The present invention mainly relates to an NTSC TV broadcasting system but is not limited to the NTSC TV broadcasting system.
In the general tuner, a TV video signal is influenced by an FM radio signal when the US channel 6 is selected. In more detail, the US channel 6 has a video frequency of 86.83 MHz and a sound frequency of 87.75 MHz. An FM radio frequency signal of 88.1-88.5 MHz most affects the US channel 6. The FM radio frequency signal of 88.1-88.5 MHz adds a noise signal to a noise signal of the US channel 6 because it is adjacent to a frequency band of the US channel 6.
In the general tuner, a trap filter is connected to a tuning unit of the VHF band block so as to eliminate the FM radio frequency signal of 88.1-88.5 MHz and. When the US channel 6 is selected, the trap filter operates according to a control signal of a microcomputer or an external switching signal so as for the tuning unit to directly eliminate the FM radio frequency signal of 88.1-88.5 MHz. Accordingly, the trap filter directly eliminates the FM radio frequency signal of a high frequency band, and the mixer converts the resulting signal into an IF signal.
However, when the FM radio frequency signal of a high frequency band is eliminated, the video and sound frequency signals of the US channel 6 adjacent to the FM radio frequency signal is undesirably weakened. In more detail, when the US channel 6 is selected, the trap filter eliminates the FM radio frequency signal of 88.1-88.5 MHz. At this time, the video frequency signal of 86.83 MHz and the sound frequency signal of 87.75 MHz in the US channel 6 adjacent to a trap frequency are also eliminated, and thus the video and sound quality is deteriorated.


The molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the complete structural gene encoding Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 cytadhesin and the amino acid sequence of the protein is described. The present invention provides recombinant DNA clones encoding the complete P1 protein as well as clones expressing P1 polypeptides with cytadhesin epitopes. The substantially purified nucleic acid molecules, recombinant vectors, recombinant cells, and recombinant polypeptides of the present invention are useful as hybridization probes and immunodiagnostic reagents and may be used to prepare anti-mycoplasmal vaccines.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the molecular cloning of the gene encoding Mycoplasma pneumonias P1 cytadhesin protein. This protein mediates mycoplasmal colonization of host respiratory epithelium and is a critical virulence determinant. By the present invention, a complete DNA sequence of the complete P1 gene as well as a deduced amino acid sequence of the P1 cytadhesin protein is presented for the first time. In addition, clones expressing M. pneumonias peptides are provided. Those peptides contain the functional cytadhesin epitopes and have been used to localize the cytadhesin binding domain of P1.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
M. pneumonias is a non-invasive pathogen that colonizes the mucosal surface of the respiratory tract and causes a primary, atypical pneumonia. Although this disease appears to occur most frequently in young adults and children, its incidence in the general population may be underestimated because the symptoms are often relatively mild and diagnostic procedures are suboptimal.
M. pneumonias initiates infection by colonizing cells of the respiratory epithelium. This colonization is mediated by a specialized tip-like organnelle containing clusters of a surface-localized, trypsin sensitive protein designated P1. Numerous studies show P1 to be a critical virulence determinant. For example, mutants of M. pneumonlae that lack P1 or are unable to mobilize and anchor P1 at the tip are avirulent. In addition, treatment of virulent M. pneumonias with trypsin abrogates adherence to the respiratory epithelium. Finally, monoclonal antibodies to P1 have been shown to block M. pneumoniae cytadherence. Plummer, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:398-403 (1986).
Unfortunately, despite the critical importance of P1 as a mycoplasmal virulence determinant, efforts to provide a cloned gene encoding the P1 cytadhesin have been generally unsatisfactory. For example, Trevino, et al., Infect. Immun., 53:129-134 (1986), describe an attempt to clone M. pneumonias antigens by constructing an M. pneumonias genomic library using lambda phage EMBL3 as the vector and immunoscreening the library with adsorbed anti-M. pneumonias serum. Although this procedure produced several clones exhibiting antigenic cross-reactivity with M. pneumonias P1, none of the clones reacted with monoclonal antibodies specific for critical antigenic determinants of P1 shown by the present inventors to mediate cytadherence. Moreover, the largest immunoreactive protein identified had a molecular weight of only 140 kDa. In contrast, native P1 has a molecular weight of approximately 165 kDa. Therefore, it could not be definitely established whether or not the 140 kDa protein was a product of the structural P1 gene. The approach was then abandoned.
Since the P1 cytadhesin is probably the most important mediator of mycoplasma cytadsorption, further elucidation of the structure of this molecule is likely to provide information essential for a complete understanding of the role of cytadherence in pathogenesis of mycoplasmal disease. This goal can be achieved most readily by cloning and sequencing the structural gene encoding P1. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that adherence of mycoplasma to respiratory epithelium can be inhibited by certain antibodies directed against cytadhesin epitopes of P1. Therefore, vaccines comprising recombinant P1 protein or selected cytadhesin polypeptides derived from recombinant P1 are likely to prove effective in preventing mycoplasmal infection. In addition, the availability of the complete gene sequence and deduced amino acid sequence for M. pneumonias P1 will allow one to map critical antigenic epitopes and produce selected synthetic peptides useful as diagnostic probes or vaccines.

Methods and compositions for production of mycoplasmal adhesins

The University of Texas Board of Regents


A packet forwarding apparatus with a function of registering packet forwarding control information for each user terminal into a user management table during PPPoE connection and authentication phases in which the apparatus carries out predetermined communication procedures with each user terminal. During DHCP and IP forwarding phases following the authentication phase, the packet forwarding apparatus controls packet forwarding based on the user management table. Packets are forwarded in the form of PPPoE frame until the authentication phase is completed and packets are forwarded in the form of Ethernet frame in the DHCP and IP forwarding phases.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a packet forwarding system and, more particularly, to a packet forwarding apparatus and system forming a layer 2 network and to a packet forwarding method.
(2) Description of Related Art
Nowadays, an authentication-based Internet connection service using high-speed access lines, such as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Fiber to The Home (FTTH), and wireless Local Area Network (LAN) has come into popular use and a communication environment enabling efficient transfer of a large volume of content data to user terminals is being developed. Each user terminal is connected via a high-speed access line to a Broadband Access Server (BAS) located as a high-speed access network termination node in a transit network which is operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a communications company.
The BAS terminates communication protocols such as a Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) and a Point to Point Protocol (PPP) for establishing a connection between terminals and sends an authentication request for a terminal user to an authentication server such as a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) server. Upon receiving successful user authentication result from the RADIUS, the BAS notifies the user terminal of information for layer 3 network connection, such as an IP address. By applying the connection information (the IP address) notified from the BAS to transmission packets, the user terminal becomes able to perform layer 3 packet transmission over the Internet. In this way, an authentication based high-speed Internet connection service is carried out.
In such high-speed remote access service, however, the transit network imposes restrictions on the layer 3 packet forwarding service and the service provider is not always able to provide a communication service desired by users. For example, in a case where a user wishes to perform communication by the latest Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) or a special protocol for a general purpose computers if a layer 3 network forming the transit network cannot support such protocol, the user cannot use the desired communication protocol. When the PPPoE is used, for example, the PPPoE header restricts transmission packet length. In some situation, a forwarding packet has to be fragmented when the BAS encapsulates the packet with the PPPoE header and this may result in a decrease in data transfer efficiency.
Meanwhile, because a protocol-free layer 2 network is free of such a problem as discussed above, a new authentication and connection service is being launched to connect above-mentioned high-speed access lines to a transit network comprising of an Ethernet network via a layer 2 packet forwarding node (hereinafter referred to as L2GW). In the authentication and connection service at the layer 2 level, each user terminal sends a user authentication request to the L2GW, using a communication protocol according to an IEEE (the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) 802.1X. When succeeded in user authentication, layer 2 network connection and layer 2 packet forwarding can be carried out between the user terminal and the Ethernet network as the transit network.
Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2003-224577 proposes a packet (Ethernet frame) relay node for connecting each user terminal to the Internet based on a general Ethernet protocol, wherein an ISP performs user authentication according to IEEE 802.1X protocol and delivers an Internet Protocol (IP) address to an authenticated user terminal, using, e.g., a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or an Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP).
The layer 3 network connection service now in use applies the PPPoE protocol to connection control between a BAS and each user terminal. In this case, it is possible to take redundant BAS configuration and load distribution by locating multiple BASs in the same layer 3 network. In the case of PPPoE, each user can specify a BAS to which a PPPoE session should be connected, by designating a service name the user desired in a service name field of a PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation (PADI) packet that is initially transmitted from the user terminal. However, when the PPPoE protocol is applied to set up a connection between a user terminal and a BAS (ISP network), a PPPoE header must be attached to each communication packet transmitted in an IP forwarding phase. This poses a problem of decreasing the efficiency of data transmission across the access network and transit network.
On the other hand, in the case of the layer 2 connection service using IEEE 802.1X, as descried in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2003-224577, since the connection between each user terminal and a frame relay node is fixed in a one-to-one static relation, it is difficult to adopt a redundant configuration in L2GW function by using a plurality of L2GWs in order to distribute L2GW load. Accordingly, each user cannot specify a server to be connected with the user terminal by designating a service name in the manner using PPPoE.

Apparatus and method for packet forwarding in layer 2 network


A method of controlling a motor includes determining a first motor controlling parameter measurement based on a signal received from a position sensor, determining a second motor controlling parameter based on one or more motor electrical parameters, and controlling operation of the motor based on at least one of the first motor controlling parameter measurement or the second motor controlling parameter measurement.

Brushless direct current ("BLDC") motors, or electrically commutated motors ("ECM" or "EC motors"), such as permanent magnet synchronous motors ("PMSM"), are used in many devices to provide a controllable power input for performing work upon an object. Recently, the use of BLDC motors in appliances and other devices has greatly increased because of advantages that BLDC motors exhibit over other types of motors, such as brushed motors. Such advantages include higher power to weight ratio, better reliability, and longer lifetime (due in part to the lack of brush contacts). These advantages allow BLDC motors to be more efficient than other types of motors, which can result in less energy consumption and lower operational costs of motorized devices. Another advantage of BLDC motors is that they can be smaller and lighter than other types of motors, and can be used in a greater number of applications with strict size and weight constraints.
For example, BLDC motors are particularly useful for powering unmanned aerial vehicles ("UAV") because of their compact construction, light weight, and high power to weight ratio. UAVs, sometimes referred to as "drones," typically include a plurality of motors to drive one or more propulsion devices (e.g., propellers, fans, etc.) for providing lift, thrust, and steering during flight. Each propulsion device is usually powered by a separate motor to allow for a high degree of maneuverability and control. The compact yet powerful nature of BLDC motors allows for UAVs to be smaller, more agile, and more efficient than is possible with other types of motors.
Advances in controller hardware and software technologies have also helped spread the applicability of BLDC motors to compact and portable electronic devices, including UAVs. Specifically, advances in controller technologies have improved control of the commutation process in brushless motors (i.e., the control of phase switching among the motor windings), which highlights a key difference between brushed and brushless motors. Unlike brushed motors, in which commutation is performed through a mechanical process of contacting brushes with commutators to sequentially energize the windings as the motor rotates, BLDC motors use control circuitry to sequentially apply current to each motor winding for driving the rotor in a desired direction (e.g., forward or reverse). In order to achieve smooth and continuous operation, the commutation control circuitry must have accurate knowledge of the motor electrical angle (i.e., the magnetic field position of the permanent magnet) in order to determine when to apply current to each winding.
Known methods of determining the motor electrical angle include using multiple rotor position sensors, such as low-resolution Hall Effect sensors, or high-resolution incremental encoders. Because of the high cost of encoders, BLDC motors have typically included a number of Hall Effect sensors (usually three) positioned within the motor housing for determining the rotor position and direction of rotation. However, the use of multiple Hall Effect sensors increases the cost and complexity of the motor by requiring additional hardware, which also increases the size and weight of the motor. Additionally, Hall Effect sensors are susceptible to noise interference and require estimation techniques for determining the rotor position between sensors, which can cause the motor to respond slowly to load changes.
Alternative methods of determining the rotor position include using "sensorless" techniques. For example, a common sensorless technique known as the "zero crossing" method involves estimating the rotor electrical angle based on the back EMF (electromotive force) produced when the permanent magnet of the rotor passes an un-energized winding. Although known sensorless techniques may allow for instantaneous rotor position estimations, this method uses algorithms that rely on knowing certain motor parameters, such as winding resistance and inductance, motor speed, and input voltage, which may not remain constant under all operating conditions. As a result, the estimated electrical angle may not be accurate under all circumstances or at all speed ranges.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved systems and methods for determining the rotor electrical angle to allow for more accurate commutation and motor control under wider ranges of operating conditions.

Methods and systems for brushless motor control


An interface for transferring data between a central processing unit (CPU) and a plurality of coprocessors is provided. The interface includes an instruction bus and a data bus. The instruction bus is configured to transfer instructions to the plurality of coprocessors in an instruction transfer order, where particular instructions designate and direct one of the plurality of coprocessors to transfer the data to/from the CPU. The data bus is configured to subsequently transfer the data. Data order signals within the data bus prescribe a data transfer order that differs from the instruction transfer order by prescribing a transfer corresponding to a specific outstanding particular instruction, where the data transfer order is relative to outstanding instructions. The outstanding instructions are those of the particular instructions transferred to the one of the plurality of coprocessors that have not completed a data transfer.

Early microprocessor based systems utilized a central processing unit, or CPU, which executed instructions, one at a time, in the order in which they were presented. These CPU's, due to their relative complexity, and associated cost, were typically designed to have universal application. That is, they were designed as general purpose CPU's.
As the use of general purpose CPU's increased, so did the variety of application programs they were required to execute. In some instances, certain programs ran extremely slow because they required the CPU to perform complex calculations that were really beyond the scope of what it was intended to perform. An example of such calculations included floating point operations, such a multiply, divide, etc.
To assist the CPU in executing such complex calculations, a floating point coprocessor was designed. The floating point coprocessor was essentially a second processor, external to the CPU, that was designed to perform certain complex operations such as a floating point multiply, a floating point divide, etc, albeit much faster than the CPU. In operation, the CPU, when it was asked to perform a complex operation, would pass the operation over to the floating point coprocessor. The coprocessor would complete the task, and pass the results back to the CPU.
Although the development of the floating point coprocessor enhanced the processing speed of certain applications, its cost kept it from being added to all systems. So, many computer systems were designed around a particular CPU (e.g., an 80286), and were designed to accommodate a dedicated floating point coprocessor (e.g., an 80287), but the coprocessor was not provided with the system. If a user of the system executed the types of applications that could take advantage of the coprocessor, for an additional cost s/he could add the coprocessor to the system.
Thus, while development of the coprocessor enhanced the performance of many CPU based systems, certain design problems arose. The first is that the coprocessor and the general purpose CPU must be tightly integrated, or designed together, to allow them to communicate together effectively. Operationally speaking, the CPU must be able to detect when a program wishes to use the coprocessor, it must pass those instructions over to the coprocessor, it must provide the data to the coprocessor that corresponds to the instructions, and it must be able to receive results back from the coprocessor. In addition, the coprocessor must know whether the CPU has been interrupted by another process, and whether it still requires the result that it is calculating. One skilled in the art will appreciate that many other issues arise relating to communications that must occur between a CPU and a coprocessor. Consequently, since the CPU and the coprocessor have to be so tightly integrated, most coprocessors that have been designed are typically designed to work with a particular CPU.
A problem that stems from the tight integration that is required between a CPU and coprocessor is that enhancement of the design of a particular CPU often requires a corresponding enhancement (or change) in the design of its associated coprocessor. For instance, an older coprocessor will typically not function with a newer CPU, and a newer coprocessor will typically not function with an older CPU. Thus, every time a CPU manufacturer wishes to introduce a new CPU, they must decide whether they want to develop a dedicated coprocessor that will work along with it. A decision to develop a coprocessor is a very costly decision that ultimately must be supported by the marketplace.
In addition, although the above-described history of the floating-point coprocessor provides a basis for understanding that the coprocessor must be designed with a specific CPU in mind, it does not address the scope of today's coprocessing problems. Certain present day application programs require complex, time-consuming calculations that are neither appropriate for a CPU, nor for a floating-point coprocessor; i.e., other types of coprocessor's are required to optimally execute these application programs. Such programs perform 3-D rendering for graphics applications, audio/signal processing etc. But graphics coprocessors, audio coprocessors, etc., that are required to perform these special-purpose programs typically must provide a particular interface (e.g., AGP) and thus these coprocessors will only inter-operate with CPU's that are designed for that particular interface as well.
From the viewpoint of a system designer, choosing a particular CPU for a particular application is increasingly difficult. The designer must anticipate the future needs of the system, utilizing tightly coupled CPU/coprocessor products, without being able to select the CPU and its coprocessors separate from one another. For example, a designer may have requirements within an application that may be satisfied by choosing a relatively simple CPU along with a fairly complex graphics coprocessor. Regrettably, the complex coprocessor today is only compatible with an equally complex (and costly) CPU. Alternatively, the designer may have requirements within an application that may be satisfied by selecting a complex CPU along with a simple coprocessor. This combination is unfortunately not possible either because the complex CPU only interfaces to an equally complex (and costly) coprocessor.
Therefore, what is needed is a configurable coprocessor interface that allows a variety of CPU's to be easily coupled to a variety of different coprocessors, without requiring that the coprocessors be designed specifically for those CPU's.
What is also needed is a configurable coprocessor interface that allows both forward and backward compatibility between CPU's and coprocessors. That is, a coprocessor interface is desired that allows older, or legacy, coprocessors to be utilized with newer CPU's, and vice versa.
Further, what is needed is a "standardized" coprocessor interface for which CPU's and coprocessors can be designed. Such an interface would allow a system designer to select those specific CPU and coprocessor combinations that provide an optimum solution for the designer's needs, without regard to proprietary interface requirements.
Finally, what is needed is a coprocessor interface that takes advantage of modern processing technology, such as multiple-issue of instructions, out-of-order data transfer, etc., without mandating that such technology exist in every device on the interface.

Configurable out-of-order data transfer in a coprocessor interface


A method of manufacturing an oxide superconductor having a composition expressed by formula La.sub.2-X Sr.sub.X CaCu.sub.2 O.sub.6 (0<X.ltoreq.0.6), comprising the steps of: preliminarily burning a raw powder having a predetermined composition, and sintering the powder to obtain a sintered body; and subjecting the sintered body to hot isostatic pressing at a temperature falling within a range of from 940.degree.-1600.degree. C. under total pressure of 10 MPa or more and oxygen partial pressure of 2 MPa or more. By virtue of the step of subjecting the sintered body to hot isostatic pressing, a superconductor can be manufactured at a temperature and under a pressure within respective wide ranges. Further, the composition of the superconductor can be selected within a wide range of 0<X.ltoreq.0.6. Moreover, the superconductor can be manufactured by performing quenching after the hot isostatic pressing.

One of oxide superconductors having compositions expressed by formula La.sub.2-X Sr.sub.X CaCu.sub.2 O.sub.6, which has a composition of La.sub.1.6 Sr.sub.0.4 CaCu.sub.2 O.sub.6, is manufactured by a known method. In the method, predetermined raw materials such as nitrate, oxalate, and oxide are mixed to form a mixture having a predetermined composition, and then the mixture is preliminarily burned in a flow of oxygen at 900.degree. C. for 40 hours. Thereafter, the mixture is sintered in the same atmosphere at 925.degree. C. for 72 hours. The resultant sintered body is received in a cooled quartz tube, and then sealed in an airtight manner. This tube is heated at 970.degree. C., thereby making a pressurized atmosphere of 20 atm (i.e., 2 MPa) by using thermal expansion of oxygen condensed at the time of cooling the tube. The sintered body is kept in the pressurized atmosphere for 48 hours, and then is cooled at 850.degree. C., 750.degree. C., 650.degree. C. and 500.degree. C., successively, in units of five hours. Through these steps, a superconductor having a critical temperature of 50K or more is obtained (see R. J. Cava, Nature Vol. 345 (1990), pp. 602-604).
In the above-described method of manufacturing a superconductor, only a single manufacturing condition is disclosed, under which steps from the preliminary burning to the treatment in a pressurized atmosphere are performed. Further, the composition which the method can make superconductive is limited to La.sub.1.6 Sr.sub.0.4 CaCu.sub.2 O.sub.6, and hence any other composition (i.e., wherein the value of the Sr content x differs from that of the former composition) cannot have superconductivity.
In addition, in a case where a superconductive ceramic is produced by the above method, at least as long as 223 hours are required for performing the steps from the preliminary burning to the treatment in a pressurized atmosphere. Also, since a quartz tube is used for receiving a sintered body in an airtight manner, a batch of composite is greatly limited. Since the treatments are performed under only a single manufacturing condition, temperatures and pressures must be controlled with accuracy.

Oxide superconductor and manufacturing method thereof via HIP and controlling the oxygen partial pressure

International Superconductivity Technology Center


Novel amides of aminoalkyl-substituted azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines and azepanes, use of these compounds as pharmaceutical compositions, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and a method of treatment employing these compounds and compositions. The compounds show a high and selective binding affinity to the histamine H3 receptor indicating histamine H3 receptor antagonistic, inverse agonistic or agonistic activity. As a result, the compounds are useful for the treatment of diseases and disorders related to the histamine H3 receptor.

The existence of the histamine H3 receptor has been known for several years and the receptor is of current interest for the development of new medicaments. Recently, the human histamine H3 receptor has been cloned. The histamine H3 receptor is a presynaptic autoreceptor located both in the central and the peripheral nervous system, the skin and in organs such as the lung, the intestine, probably the spleen and the gastrointestinal tract. Recent evidence suggests that the H3 receptor shows intrinsic, constitutive activity, in vitro as well as in vivo (i.e. it is active in the absence of an agonist). Compounds acting as inverse agonists can inhibit this activity. The histamine H3 receptor has been demonstrated to regulate the release of histamine and also of other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and acetylcholine. A histamine H3 receptor antagonist or inverse agonist would therefore be expected to increase the release of these neurotransmitters in the brain. A histamine H3 receptor agonist, on the contrary, leads to an inhibition of the biosynthesis of histamine and an inhibition of the release of histamine and also of other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and acetylcholine. These findings suggest that histamine H3 receptor agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists could be important mediators of neuronal activity. Accordingly, the histamine H3 receptor is an important target for new therapeutics.
Compounds similar to the compounds of the present invention have previously been prepared, and their biological properties have been investigated, cf. WO 00/59880, WO 00/39081. However, these references neither disclose nor suggest that these compounds may have a histamine H3 receptor antagonistic or agonistic activity.
Several publications disclose the preparation and use of histamine H3 agonists and antagonists. Most of these are imidazole derivatives. However, recently some imidazole-free ligands of the histamine H3 receptor have been described (see e.g. Linney et al., J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 2362–2370; U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,475, WO 01/66534 and WO 01/74810). However, these compounds differ structurally from the present compounds.
In view of the art's interest in histamine H3 receptor agonists, inverse agonists and antagonists, novel compounds which interact with the histamine H3 receptor would be a highly desirable contribution to the art.

Amides of aminoalkyl-substituted azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines and azepanes


An igniter mounting bracket is clamped to a ribbon burner tube by cap screws that are received in burner tube threaded bores. The threaded bores are in alignment with the axis and the elongated slot of the burner tube. A ground tube of the igniter has an insulator plug with an igniter tube bore on each tube end. A ground rod has one end welded to the ground tube. A hood with a hood free edge is on the other rod end. An ignition electrode passes through the igniter tube bores with an igniter tube axis. A threaded end of the electrode is connectable to a controller. An ignition portion parallel to and spaced from the hood free edge is on the other end of the electrode. The ground tube is received in a passage through the mounting bracket. The igniter tube axis is perpendicular to burner tube axis.

Commercial baking ovens include a large enclosed chamber with a continuous conveyor that conveys products to be baked through an oven inlet and conveys baked product through an oven outlet. The conveyor moves continuously. Additional product to be baked is added to keep the conveyor loaded at the inlet end. These ovens often have multiple zones. The oven temperature may change from one zone to the next. Each zone can employ several burners that extend from one side wall to another side wall and transverse to the direction of movement of product moving on the continuous conveyor.
The burners have a length that depends on the width of the continuous conveyor and the distance between the oven side walls. Large baking ovens may have burners that are more than sixteen feet long. The fuel burned by the burners may be natural gas, propane, butane or other combustible gases.
Product being baked midway between a near side and a far side of the continuous conveyor must be baked to the same extent as the product on both sides of the continuous conveyor. Product must be fully baked in the center and not over baked on bottom or top surfaces. Product that is over heated and darkened excessively is discarded.
Each burner, in a typical baking oven, has a burner tube. The burner tube has a gas receiving end that is anchored to a first sidewall of the oven. The tube has a tube slot on one side that extends at least the width of the conveyor. Gas passes through the slot and burns outside the tube adjacent to the slot. The heat produced by the burning gas heats the burner tube. The length of the burner tube increases as the temperature increases. The length of the burner tube decreases as the temperature decreases. The slot in the side of the burner tube weakens the slot side, of the burner tube. This weakened side of the burner tube expands pipe length more than the closed side as pipe temperature increases. The increased length of the slot side bows the burner tube about a vertical or substantially vertical axis. The free end of the burner tube adjacent to a second side wall of the oven is supported by a horizontal support beam. The horizontal support beam permits movement of the free end of the burner tube due to changes in tube length and due to bowing about a substantially vertical axis as a result of temperature changes in the burner tube. The free end of the burner tube extends to a position between second side wall and the continuous conveyor. The burner tube is also positioned below an upper run of the continuous conveyor and above a lower run of the continuous conveyor.
To obtain ideal product quality, baking ovens to have been equipped with control systems that adjust fuel flow rates, turn burners off and relight burners to obtain high quality baked products. Igniters employed in ovens have been introduced that control the distance between electrodes which create a spark and control the location of a spark relative to and a fuel port of a burner tube. Maintaining the spark gap distance and the position of the sparks relative to a burner is difficult. Burners move due to temperature changes. Igniter parts expand and contract due to temperature changes. Igniter parts have failed due to temperature changes over a period of time and failed to ignite a gas.
Failure of an igniter to ignite a burner results in the control system discontinuing the flow of fuel to the burner to prevent a possible explosion. Inspection and adjustment or repair of an igniter cannot take place in most ovens until unbaked and partially baked product is removed and the oven cools. The cost of lost product may be substantial. The down time and the cost of heating a cold oven can also be significant.
Igniters, that are currently used in baking ovens, have an outboard end that extends through the first oven wall and is pivotally supported by the oven wall. An inboard end of the igniter is supported by the burner tube. The igniters have an elongated tube that is parallel to the burner tube. The elongated igniter tube extends some distance into the oven to reach a position adjacent to the tube slot where combustion can be initiated. Some of these igniters work well. Other igniters do not work well. They generally require frequent maintenance and adjustment. The igniters used today are relatively long so that they can extend through the first side wall and into a position to ignite gas. Igniters employed in baking ovens are expensive due to their size, weight, and the need to accommodate movement of a burner in response to oven temperature changes.


A seal for a rotating machine is designed to be operable when set and cured in situ and one seal arrangement includes a washer having a beveled face and a nut having a beveled face axially spaced therefrom and mounted in a housing, the one seal arrangement is mounted between the bevel faces and assembled to be angularly disposed relative to the rotating shaft. The bottom edge defines a lip that defines a minuscule opening allowing only the air from an air/oil mist to leak downstream thereof. Another seal arrangement also set and cured in situ, is mounted adjacent the rotating inner race of a ball bearing so that the reaction from the seals static relationship and the rotating inner race causes the oil of the oil mist to be slung in a direction complementing the centrifugal force while the air flows axially. When the two seals are mounted in tandem the oil does not leak pass the angularly disposed seal.

As is well known by those skilled in the sealing technology leakage of the oil intended to lubricate the components of a motor in a high speed rotating machine is and continues to be a serious concern not only because of the inefficient use of the lubricant but because the escaped lubricant can be a hazard to the environment as well as being a serious problem in the operation of the rotary machine in application where the high speed machine is being utilized. The latter is a real concern in the medical environment where it is abundantly important to prevent contamination of the patient and the operating equipment that is used in surgery.
This invention has solved this problem by the use of two inventive seals that independently are unique and when placed in tandem in a lubricated ball bearing environment have proven to be 100% leak proof. According to this invention, the seals are a disk shaped made from a thermal setting material such as Teflon® and are fixedly mounted around the rotating shaft such that they are static, and one of the seals is disk shaped and mounted adjacent to a judiciously spaced seal retainer that serves to angle that seal relative to the shaft for defining a lip. The other seal is also disk shaped, and is judiciously mounted relative to the inner race of the ball bearing in the rotating machine so that the oil of an air/oil mist is slung toward the direction of the centrifugal force and the air is allowed to flow in a direction opposite to the direction of the centrifugal force so that the delta pressure across the seal will dictate the leakage of air. Both seals are made operative in situ by rotating the machine to generate sufficient heat to deform the seals and cause them to set so that it virtually allows only the air to escape while trapping the oil. These seals when mounted in tandem serve to maintain a leak proof sealing device.
An example where this invention is efficacious is where a vane motor in a pneumatic surgical motor powers a surgical drill or other medical instruments and the vane motor is supported by ball bearings. This invention locates the tandem seals downstream of the ball bearings where one of the seals is adjacent to the inner race of the ball bearing and the other is spaced axially downstream thereof. An oil/mist is utilized to flow into the vane motor to lubricate the vanes and the seals prevent the oil to leak in the mechanism that supports the drill or other surgical instruments to assure that these parts as well as the patient and the ambient do not become contaminated by leakage oil.


A logic processor-controlled data display apparatus having a display memory in which pixel data representing text for display is stored in bit-map form. The pixel data is produced for each display from character data stored in a background memory. When the character data is stored in bit-map form it can be read directly from the background memory bit-by-bit and written into the display memory as the pixel data. However, this process takes a large number of programme steps, so that the transfer of the data is relatively stow. The present invention provides for the storage in the background memory of character data in the form of machine code sub-routines. The sub-routine for a character contains instructions for identifying the shape-defining pixels (dots) of the character relative to a base dot position and the sub-routine is run to write these pixels into the display memory following location of the base dot position in the display memory.

The invention relates to a method of storing character data in a background memory of a digitally operable data display apparatus for displaying as an entity on a screen of a display device a quantity of data which is represented by digital codes stored in a display memory, the displayed data being in the form of discrete pixels or dots, each of which has its colour and/or luminance defined by a respective digital code in the display memory at a location corresponding to the position of the pixel in the display, the apparatus including a processor for controlling digitally the storage, selection and display of data.
The invention further relates to a method of displaying data in a digitally operable data display apparatus for displaying as an entity on a screen of a display device a quantity of data which is represented by digital codes stored in a display memory, the displayed data being in the form of discrete pixels or dots, each of which has its colour and/or luminance defined by a respective digital code in the display memory at a location corresponding to the position of the pixel in the display, the apparatus including a processor for controlling digitally the storage, selection and display of data.
This invention still further relates to digitally operable data display apparatus for displaying as an entity on a screen of a display device a quantity of data which is represented by digital codes stored in a display memory, the displayed data being in the form of discrete pixels or dots, each of which has its colour and/or luminance defined by a respective digital code in the display memory at a location corresponding to the position of the pixel in the display, the apparatus including a processor for controlling digitally the storage, selection and display of data.
The display produced by apparatus of the above type is termed a bit-map display, and is, for example, a 320.times.250 resolution dot matrix colour display which may be displayed on the screen of a CRT (cathode ray tube) or other display device. In the case of a raster scan display device the digital codes stored in the display memory are accessed repeatedly by the processor to update the display in a recurrent cycle of scanning lines which may be produced with or without interlaced field scanning.
Where a data display apparatus of the above type is to provide comprehensive and visually aesthetic text displays, it is usually a requirement that data for a large number of different character fonts is provided in a background memory and the data for individual characters selected for display is read from the background memory and written into the display memory.
It is known to store the data for each character of each character font in a bit-map form which corresponds to the image and size of the character shape. This character data, when selected, can then be transferred directly to the display memory with a minimum of processor logic.
With the known techniques the speed of transfer of the data from the background memory to the display memory is limited due to the relatively large number of processor instructions needed to effect the transfer.

Method of storing character data in a display device


A connection device may include an insertion section having an annular outer groove. A housing may be configured to receive the insertion section and a blocking element may be configured to lock the insertion section in the housing. The blocking element may have a band-shaped core and a plurality of teeth arranged adjacent in the peripheral direction along the core. Each of the teeth may include an outer tooth section and an inner tooth section. A core profile may have a core principal direction determined by a maximum diameter. The teeth may have a tooth profile which has a tooth principal direction determined by an inner flank of the teeth lying radially on an interior of the outer tooth section and the core principal direction may be inclined with respect to the tooth principal direction.

A connection device of this type is known from EP 1 845 299 B1. It comprises a housing into which the insertion section is able to be inserted. The known connection device has, in addition, a blocking element by which the insertion section, inserted into the housing, is able to be locked in the housing. For locking the insertion section in the housing, the blocking element engages into the outer groove of the insertion section and into an annular inner groove formed in the housing. Through a housing opening, the blocking element is able to be withdrawn substantially tangentially to the grooves from the latter. In addition, the blocking element is able to be pre-fitted in the inner groove and in the pre-fitted state permits, with elastic deflection, the inserting of the insertion section into the housing, wherein then the blocking element engages into the outer groove. Furthermore, in the connection device, the blocking element is secured in the pre-fitted state on the housing against a displacement in the peripheral direction.
Furthermore, in the known connection device, the blocking element is equipped with a band-shaped core and a plurality of teeth arranged adjacent in the peripheral direction along the core, which respectively have an outer tooth section interacting with the inner groove in the inserted state and have an inner tooth section interacting with the outer groove in the inserted state. These inner and outer tooth sections protrude from the core on opposite sides, wherein the core, at least between adjacent teeth has in cross-section a core profile which has a principal direction determined by a maximum diameter, whilst the teeth in cross-section respectively have a tooth profile which has tooth principal direction determined by an inner flank of the teeth lying radially on the interior. In the known connection device, the core principal direction and the tooth principal direction run parallel to each other.
Further connection devices which comprise a housing, an insertion section and a blocking element are known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,347 B1 and from U.S. Pat. No. 3,6060,402.


A filter plate assembly [1] comprises a filter plate [100] having a recess [102], a radially-inwardly extending shelf portion [108] having a seat surface [101], and a feed eye aperture [110] extending through the shelf portion. An adapter ring [170] is placed within said recess [102]. The adapter ring [170] has a flange [172] and a barrel [179] extending from the flange [172]. The barrel [179] has an inner wall [180] and an outer wall [182], and is positioned within said aperture [110] such that the outer wall [182] of the barrel [179] is in close proximity with said aperture [110]. The flange [172] comprises an inner surface [173] which abuts the seat surface [101]. The filter plate assembly [1] further comprises a filter cloth assembly [160] comprising a filter cloth [168] having an aperture [168B], and a grommet [168A] fitted within the filter cloth aperture [168B]. The grommet [168A] is configured to align with the adapter ring [170], and comprises a collar [167] having an inner surface [167A] which is bonded or mechanically attached to a first side [188] of the filter cloth [168]. A second side [189] of the filter cloth [168] abuts a sealing surface [185] of the adapter ring [170].

This invention relates to filtration processes and equipment, and more particularly to filter presses, such as those used in slurry dewatering processes during minerals processing.
Filter presses generally comprise a horizontally-arranged stack of vertically extending filter plates which are separated by a small space when the filter press stack is fully opened for cake discharge. Each filter plate comprises respective filter cloths on its opposing sides. In order to facilitate installation or removal of the filter cloths, it is necessary to lift the very heavy and sizeable filter plate assemblies and in some instances, completely extract them from the horizontally-arranged stack to gain access to the securing mechanisms which join the filter cloth to the filter plate. An example of such a filter plate assembly is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,387, which is incorporated herein by reference.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate respective front plan and isometric cross-sectional views of one example of a conventional filter plate assembly 9, and conventional feed eye assembly 940, which require complete extraction from a filter press during filter cloth 968 replacement. Conventional filter plate assembly 9 comprises a first filter plate 100 defined by a base portion 104 having standoffs 120, peripheral walls 130, and a shelf portion 108. The shelf portion 108 is generally composed of a seat surface 101, a recess 102, a tapered surface 103, and a feed eye aperture 110. Chamfers 112 surround the feed eye aperture 110, and a plurality of bores 106 are provided within the shelf portion 108.
The conventional filter plate assembly 9 further comprises a conventional feed eye assembly 940. The conventional feed eye assembly 940 comprises, on one side, a filter cloth 968 having an aperture 968B therein, and a separate retaining ring 990 having a radial projection 998 and a ring protrusion 999 extending therefrom, which is configured to be received within the aperture 968B of filter cloth 968. Retaining ring 990 comprises a ring protrusion end 991, a ring protrusion outer wall 994, a ring protrusion inner wall 995, a shelf 996, an inner surface 993, and one or more head clearance holes 992. A backer plate ring 975 having one or more shaft clearance holes 997 may be positioned within the retaining ring 990.
The conventional feed eye assembly 940 comprises, on an opposite side, a holding ring 970 comprising a radial projection 971 and a barrel 979, extending therefrom, which is configured to be received within the aperture 968B of a filter cloth 968. The holding ring 970 further comprises an inner surface 973, a shelf 981, one or more head clearance holes 976, a chamfer surface 978, a barrel inner wall 980, a barrel outer wall 982, and a barrel end 983. A backer plate ring 975 having one or more shaft clearance holes 977 may be positioned within the holding ring 970.
The ring protrusion 999 of the retaining ring 990 and the barrel 979 of the holding ring 970 pass through the apertures 968B of respective filter cloths 968 such that the inner surfaces 973, 993 of the radial projections 971, 998 abut an annular surface of the filter cloth 968 and such that the barrel outer wall 982 and ring protrusion outer wall 994 are surrounded by filter cloth apertures 968B. When assembled, the barrel end 983 rests against the shelf 996, the barrel outer wall 982 engages ring protrusion inner wall 995, and ring protrusion end 991 rests against shelf 981.
One or more fasteners 974 pass through head clearance holes 976, 992 and shaft clearance holes 977, 997 of the holding ring 970 and retaining ring 990, respectively, and engage the bores 106 in the first filter plate 100. When fasteners 974 are tightened, the filter cloths 968 are secured to the filter plate 100 by virtue of the retaining properties of radial projections 971, 998. Because a large amount of space is needed to gain access to and remove fasteners 974, it is very difficult or nearly impossible to change filter cloths 968 on such assemblies 9, even when the filter plates 100 are separated by their maximum distance. Moreover, the use of two different geometries for retaining ring 990 and holding ring 970 increases manufacturing and inventory costs.


A semiconductor device includes a substrate (102) with a cavity (112) formed therein for receiving a semiconductor die. In examples, the semiconductor die is a controller die (114). The controller die (114) may be electrically connected to the substrate (102) with electrical traces (120) which may be formed for example by printing. After the controller die (114) is electrically connected to the substrate (102), one or more memory die (150) may be affixed to the substrate (102), over the cavity (112) and controller die (114).

The strong growth in demand for portable consumer electronics is driving the need for high-capacity storage devices. Non-volatile semiconductor memory devices, such as flash memory storage cards, are becoming widely used to meet the ever-growing demands on digital information storage and exchange. Their portability, versatility and rugged design, along with their high reliability and large capacity, have made such memory devices ideal for use in a wide variety of electronic devices, including for example digital cameras, digital music players, video game consoles, PDAs and cellular telephones.
While many varied packaging configurations are known, flash memory storage cards may in general be fabricated as system-in-a-package (SiP) or multichip modules (MCM), where a plurality of die are mounted and interconnected on a small footprint substrate. The substrate may in general include a rigid, dielectric base having a conductive layer etched on one or both sides. Electrical connections are formed between the die and the conductive layer(s), and the conductive layer(s) provide an electric lead structure for connection of the die to a host device. Once electrical connections between the die and substrate are made, the assembly is then typically encased in a molding compound which provides a protective package.
A cross-sectional side view and a top view of a conventional semiconductor package 20 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 (without molding compound in FIG. 2). Typical packages include a plurality of semiconductor dies, such as flash memory die 22 and controller die 24, affixed to a substrate 26. A plurality of die bond pads 28 may be formed on the semiconductor dies 22, 24 during the die fabrication process. Similarly, a plurality of contact pads 30 may be formed on the substrate 26. Die 22 may be affixed to the substrate 26, and then die 24 may be mounted on die 22. All dies may then be electrically coupled to the substrate by affixing wire bonds 32 between respective die bond pad 28 and contact pad 30 pairs. Once all electrical connections are made, the dies and wire bonds may be encapsulated in a molding compound 34 to seal the package and protect the dies and wire bonds.
In order to most efficiently use package footprint, it is known to stack semiconductor die on top of each other, either completely overlapping each other, or with an offset as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In an offset configuration, a die is stacked on top of another die so that the bond pads of the lower die are left exposed. An offset configuration provides an advantage of convenient access of the bond pads on each of the semiconductor die in the stack. While two memory dies are shown in the stack in FIG. 1, it is known to provide more memory dies in the stack, such as for example four or eight memory dies.
In order to increase memory capacity in semiconductor packages while maintaining or reducing the overall size of the package, the size of the memory die has become large compared to the overall size of the package. As such, it is common for the footprint of the memory die to be almost as large as the footprint of the substrate.
The controller die 24 is generally smaller than the memory die 22. Accordingly, the controller die 24 is conventionally placed at the top of the memory die stack. This configuration has certain drawbacks. For example, it is difficult to form a large number of wire bonds from the die bond pads on the controller die down to the substrate. It is known to provide an interposer or redistribution layer beneath the controller die so that wire bonds are made from the controller die to the interposer, and then from the interposer down to the substrate. Moreover, the relatively long length of the wire bonds from the controller die to the substrate slows down operation of the semiconductor device. It is known to mount the controller die directly on top of the substrate, but this then presents difficulties in mounting the larger memory die on top of the controller die.

Semiconductor device including embedded controller die and method of making same

SanDisk Information Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.


A housing for a fresh gas supply device for an internal combustion engine with a turbocharger, includes a fresh gas connecting section which connects a charge air inlet and an air outlet. The housing has a main housing part and a housing cover, which can be removed from and secured to the main housing part. A corresponding fresh gas supply device includes the housing.

The invention relates to a housing of a fresh gas supply device for an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas turbocharger, and to a corresponding fresh gas supply device.
Internal combustion engines, for example diesel engines, are usually equipped with exhaust gas turbochargers. FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of an internal combustion engine 12, the exhaust gas line 21 of which is coupled to an exhaust gas turbine 14 of an exhaust gas turbocharger 13. The exhaust gas turbine 14 is coupled to a compressor 15 which compresses intake air from a fresh air inlet 23 in order to increase an intake pressure in an intake line 20 for the internal combustion engine 12 after running through a charge air cooler 16. As a result, for example, acceleration performance of the vehicle having the internal combustion engine 12 is improved, and a reduction in the energy consumption can be achieved. In order to reduce what is known as the "turbo lag", in which the internal combustion engine reacts to the accelerator with a speed increase only after a certain delay time, compressed air, for example from a compressed air store 18, which is fed by a compressor 17 driven (double strokes) by the internal combustion engine 12, is introduced through a compressed air line 19 in a controlled manner into the intake line 20 of the internal combustion engine 12, in order to cover the intake air demand in the event of an increased intake air demand of the internal combustion engine 12. This takes place by way of a fresh gas supply device 11, which is arranged between the compressor 15 of the turbocharger 13 or the charge air cooler 16 connected downstream in the flow direction and the intake line 20.
The fresh gas supply device 11 is connected by way of a charge air inlet 2 to the charge air cooler 16, by way of an outlet 7 to the intake line 20, and by way of a compressed air inlet 8 via the compressed air line 19 to the compressed air store 18. WO 2006/089779 A1 describes a fresh gas supply device 11 of this type in detail.
A fresh gas supply device of this type has a disadvantageously high number of parts and a correspondingly long assembly and installation time.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide an improved fresh gas supply device.
This and other objects are achieved by a housing of a fresh gas supply device for an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas turbocharger. A fresh gas connecting section connects a charge air inlet and an air outlet. The housing has a housing main part and a removable housing cover which is fastened to the housing main part.
A fresh gas supply device having a housing for an internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas turbocharger accordingly has a charge air inlet for the inlet of compressed charge air out of the exhaust gas turbocharger; an outlet which is connected to the charge air inlet by a fresh gas line section which can be closed via at least one flap element pivotable about a rotational axis; and at least one compressed air inlet for the inlet of compressed air into the outlet. It is possible for compressed air to be fed to the outlet via the at least one compressed air inlet, via a quantity regulating device which has a closed position and any desired number of open positions. An adjusting device adjusts the at least one flap element in such a way that a completely open position of the at least one flap element is assigned to a completely closed position of the quantity regulating device. The housing has a housing main part and a housing cover.
A simple implementation in terms of production technology is therefore achieved, such as both in an embodiment as a rough cast part and in the machining of the rough cast part.
Simple assembly is made possible by a split housing which consists of a housing main part and a housing cover. The housing main part and the housing cover can be fastened to one another removably along dividing faces, the dividing faces extending in a plane which lie substantially transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the fresh gas connecting section. As a result, it is possible to fit the two housing parts together in a simple way with functional components.
Here, the housing main part has the charge air inlet which communicates with the fresh gas connecting section and the housing cover has the air outlet which is connected to the fresh gas connecting section. It is therefore advantageously simple to install a flap element, for the installation of which the housing main part is provided, into the fresh gas line section. To this end, the flap element is arranged, for example, in the vicinity of the dividing location of the housing parts, which accelerates and simplifies installation considerably.
A combination of different functions in one housing part results in an advantageous reduction of components.
Thus, for example, the housing cover has at least one compressed air inlet for connecting a compressed air line. The at least one compressed air inlet communicates with the air outlet via an outlet. It is provided here that the housing is configured with a receiving recess for installing at least one quantity regulating device between the at least one compressed air inlet and the outlet.
It is particularly advantageous if the receiving recess is formed into at least one dividing face between the housing main part and the housing cover, since therefore the functional parts can be inserted, before the attachment of the housing cover, into the latter or into the dividing face on the housing main part and are fixed by the attachment of the housing cover.
In a similar way, it is provided that the housing is configured with a receptacle for installing at least one non-return valve between the at least one compressed air inlet and the outlet. Here too, this receptacle can be formed into at least one dividing face between the housing main part and the housing cover, which results in simple assembly and construction.
The housing cover therefore serves, moreover, as a cover for the quantity regulating device and contains the non-return valves which, as a result, do not require any additional housings and/or holders.
A fresh gas supply device has the above-described housing.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of one or more preferred embodiments when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Housing of a fresh gas supply device for an internal combustion engine and fresh gas supply device

KNORR-BREMSE Systeme fuer Nutzfahrzeuge GmbH


A method is disclosed for measuring at least one atmospheric gas in an upper-air region using a plurality of sensors. The step of the method include measuring a temperature of the air using one of a plurality of sensors, which is not affected by gases contained in the air; measuring a temperature of the air using some of the plurality of sensors, each of the sensors being affected by at least one gas contained in the air; and calculating an amount of that atmospheric gas based on measured values obtained from each of the plurality of sensors.

The present invention generally relates to a method for measuring atmospheric gases and a system for measuring atmospheric gases, and particularly, to methods for measuring atmospheric gases and a system for measuring atmospheric gases, by which, information such as an amount and a vertical distribution of gases considered to be responsible for temperature rise on earth, such as atmospheric ozone, carbon dioxide and infrared emission gases, is obtained and the accuracy of a temperature measurement in the conventional upper-air observation of the atmosphere is improved.
Currently, the measurement of a gas, for instance, ozone, contained in the atmosphere is carried out by using the Dobson spectrophotometer, which analyzes ozone by measuring ultraviolet rays from the sun on the earth, or using a ozone sonde which is capable of measuring the vertical distribution of ozone in the atmosphere. A meteorological satellite, by which ultraviolet rays from the sun may be observed, is also employed for measuring ozone.
Observation of carbon dioxide in air is carried out at many places on earth and also in upper-air region using airplanes.
Moreover, there is a method in which a white-painted thermistor sensor sensitive to carbon dioxide, clouds and water vapor but not sensitive to ozone radiation is used.
However, since the above mentioned Dobson spectrophotometer is not small enough to be set in a sonde, it has to be used on the ground, and hence the vertical distribution of ozone cannot be measured.
Also, there are a couple of problems associated with a temperature measurement using an ordinary temperature sensor exposed to air from an airplane or on the ground as follows:
a) since the white-painted thermistor sensor is sensitive to clouds, water, water vapor or carbon dioxide radiation as mentioned above, a large error may occur when there is a significant change in any of the above-mentioned factors; PA1 b) cloud particles may attach to the surface of the sensor and form blackish matter by which the sensor may become sensitive to ozone radiation; PA1 c) when an aluminium-deposited temperature sensor in world-wide use whose surface is coated with a thin layer of SiO is employed, water vapor tends to freeze on the surface and the surface becomes like a "clouded glass". In this state, since the SiO thin layer has a weak absorption in the ozone absorption band in nature, the sensor becomes sensitive to ozone radiation as well. This may cause a large error in the measurements.
If a water repellent is applied on the surface of the above-mentioned sensor in order to avoid this problem, although the freezing of water vapor can be stopped, an error due to the above-mentioned weak absorption in the ozone absorption band of the SiO thin layer still remains. Moreover, since a reflection effect by clouds is relatively increased due to the decreased warming effect by the ozone layer located above, a large error may occur in the measurements, especially in the troposphere.
The above mentioned errors caused by the white-painted thermistor sensor have been recently recognized by an analysis in which the results of measurements obtained when the white-painted thermistor sensor are used and those obtained when a bimetal sensor placed in a protective air flow duct are compared. It is now proposed to set a sensor which has sensitivity to infrared radiation and a senor which is not sensitive to infrared radiation in the same radio sonde and perform measurements of infrared radiation gases in the atmosphere by switching the sensors.

Method for measuring atmospheric gas and system for measuring atmospheric gas


An optical element comprising a window formed of synthetic diamond material and an optical surface pattern formed directly in a surface of the synthetic diamond material. The window of synthetic diamond material is in the form of a wedged diamond window with non-parallel major surfaces defining a wedge angle in a range (1) arcminute to 10° and the optical surface pattern is formed directly in one or both of the non-parallel major surfaces. There is also described a laser system comprising the optical element and a laser having a coherence length, wherein the coherence length of the laser is greater than twice a thickness of the wedged diamond window at its thickest point.

Standard thin film anti-reflective coatings on synthetic diamond optical elements have excellent performance in terms of minimising reflection, but are limited in high power optical systems due to the ease with which they are damaged. Due to high absorbance and/or poor thermal conductivity the anti-reflective coating tends to be the weak point in any synthetic diamond window resulting in a synthetic diamond window with a low laser induced damage threshold (LIDT). Furthermore, even if the absorption level of a thin film anti-reflective coating is relatively low, the thin film can still fail in high power density optical applications. For example, for a 20 kW infrared laser system damage of thin film anti-reflective coatings is problematic and current thin film anti-reflective coating solutions are unlikely to be compatible with laser systems operating at 40 kW or more. Such high power laser systems are desirable for a number of applications including laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography systems to drive integrated circuit processing to smaller dimensions. Such extreme optical applications will require a synthetic diamond window capable of handling extreme power densities and this will require the combination of: (1) a synthetic diamond material with the required dimensions and desired bulk optical characteristics including low optical reflectance/absorption/scatter; and; (2) an anti-reflective surface finish capable of handling extreme power densities. Thin film anti-reflective coatings can also be problematic in terms of their mechanical integrity, e.g. if subjected to scratching or abrasion.
As an alternative to thin film anti-reflective coatings, it is known that anti-reflective surface patterns such as moth-eye structures can be formed directly in the surface of an optical window material in order to provide an anti-reflective surface finish without the requirement of a coating. While such anti-reflective surface patterns have been successfully fabricated in a range of optical window materials, the application of this technology to synthetic diamond windows has proved problematic. The anti-reflective performance of such surface finishes has been variable due to the difficulty in processing precisely defined surface patterns into diamond material because of the extreme hardness, low toughness, and chemical inertness of diamond materials. Surface processing of polycrystalline diamond materials is further complicated by the fact that they comprise diamond grains having different orientations and different processing rates. Furthermore, the processing methods required to form anti-reflective surface structures in diamond material have resulted in significant surface and sub-surface crystal damage being incorporated into the diamond material. This surface and sub-surface damage in the synthetic diamond window causes a number of inter-related detrimental effects including: (1) a reduction in the laser induced damage threshold of the synthetic diamond window; (2) a reduction in the power at which the synthetic diamond window can operate; and (3) a reduction in the optical performance of the synthetic diamond window as a result of beam aberrations caused by the surface and sub-surface damage. As such it would be desirable to develop a process which forms precisely defined anti-reflective surface structure into a synthetic diamond window without introducing surface and sub-surface crystal damage so as to achieve a synthetic diamond window which has a low absorbance, a low reflectance, a high laser induced damage threshold, and high optical performance with minimal beam aberrations on transmission through the synthetic diamond window. In addition, it would be desirable to provide a process which is low cost, compatible with existing materials processing, and scalable over large areas.
WO2014/135544 describes a process which forms precisely defined anti-reflective surface structure into a synthetic diamond window without introducing significant surface and sub-surface crystal damage so as to achieve a synthetic diamond window which has a low reflectance, a high laser induced damage threshold, and high optical performance with minimal beam aberrations on transmission through the synthetic diamond window.
WO2014/135547 describes a similar process for fabricating precisely defined flattened lens structures in the form of a zone plate, Fresnel lens, or aspherical lens formed directly in at least one surface of the synthetic diamond material.
WO2015/193156 describes a process for fabricating optimized optical surface structures directly into a synthetic diamond window. These structures include anti-reflective surface patterns formed directly in the surface of the synthetic diamond material and also birefringent optical elements such as quarter and half wave plates which are essential optical components in many applications and allow for the polarization of incident light to be manipulated.


A cylinder liner installation tool for seating a cylinder liner into an engine block includes a body having a handle mount section at a proximal end and a head bolt mounting section at a distal end, a press rod attached to the body toward the distal end by a hinge mount, a press plate attached to the press rod, and a handle extension removably attached to the handle mount section, wherein the head bolt mounting section is configured to receive a head bolt mounted to the engine block so that application of an applied force to the handle extension results in a translation of the force down the press rod to the press plate. A method of installing a cylinder liner into a cylinder bore in an engine block includes using a cylinder liner installation tool.

The work derived from an internal combustion engine is the result of the reciprocating motion of pistons seated in cylinders bored into an engine block. Each cylinder seats a piston that translates back and forth through the cylinder space as a result of the timed combustion of a fuel source with an oxidizer in the combustion chamber section of the cylinder. In turn, the reciprocating motion of the pistons rotates a crankshaft from which mechanical energy is derived for a particular use, such as operation of a vehicle.
The cylinder walls of an engine block are subject to enormous wear and tear as a result of the reciprocating motion of the pistons and the high temperatures and pressures experienced during operation of the engine. For example, the piston rings used to seat the piston in the cylinder rub against the cylinder walls. Although a thin film of oil is applied to coat the cylinder walls and reduce the friction and wear on the cylinder walls, the continual motion of the piston rings under extreme operating conditions will eventually cause the cylinder walls to become worn. The cylinder walls may change shape, for example, impacting the efficiency of the engine and/or eventually leading to a catastrophic failure of the engine. In some cases, worn cylinders may be rebored and refitted with larger diameter pistons to restore proper clearances and extend the life of the engine. However, there is a limit to how many times the cylinders may be rebored and refitted with new pistons before the block must be replaced.
To combat the wear and tear on cylinder walls, especially in engines used with large machinery, for example, which may be subject to large and/or continuous workloads, replaceable cylinder liners or sleeves may be fitted into the cylinders. The cylinder liners are typically made of a harder metal, such as an iron alloy, to protect the cylinder walls and may be replaced if becoming worn. The cylinder liners may be installed into the cylinder bore of an engine block by interference fit. This involves heating the engine block to expand the cylinder bore, sliding the cylinder liner into place, and allowing the engine block to cool so that the cylinder bore contracts around the cylinder liner. However, in many cases, and particularly in the case where a worn cylinder liner is being replaced with the engine in chassis at a repair facility, a new cylinder liner is simply press fit into the cylinder bore. Specially designed tools are required to remove the old cylinder liner as well as install a new cylinder liner.
Conventional cylinder liner installing tools have a long, rigid handle to allow a user to gain significant leverage when trying to apply the necessary force to press fit the cylinder liner into the cylinder bore. These conventional installing tools can be extremely difficult to use when space is limited, for example, and/or when the user is presented with an unusual configuration. In addition, conventional cylinder liner installing tools may be difficult to center on the cylinder liner, which can increase the difficulty of inserting the cylinder liner into the cylinder as well as the chance of damaging the cylinder liner during installation. The present disclosure is directed to a tool and methods for overcoming the difficulties presented by conventional install tools, allowing for an easier and more efficient installation of a cylinder liner into the cylinder bore.

Cylinder liner installation tool and method of use thereof


A disposable diaper provided with a pair of tape fasteners each having a proximal end section secured to a side portion of a rear waist region of the diaper and a distal end section folded back onto an inner surface of the diaper, a part of the distal end section is releasably welded to the inner surface of the diaper and thereby to facilitate handling of the diaper when it is put on the wearer.

This invention relates generally to disposable diapers provided with tape fasteners at transversely opposite side edges thereof respectively.
It is well known to employ a pair of tape fasteners extending outward from transversely opposite side edges of a rear waist region of a disposable diaper, respectively, and adapted to be releasably anchored on a front waist region of the diaper at predetermined positions for reliably putting the diaper on the wearer. It is also well known to adopt one of paired hook/loop members forming together a so-called mechanical fastener. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,724 discloses a disposable diaper provided with a pair of tape fasteners extending outward from transversely opposite side edges of a rear waist region of the diaper, respectively, and including hook-shaped fastening elements. When the diaper is put on the wearer, these hook-shaped fastening elements are anchored on landing zones formed on an outer surface of a front waist region of the diaper.
However, with the known disposable diapers as have been described above, the tape fasteners remain extended from the transversely opposite side edges of the rear waist region of the diaper and the hook-shaped fastening elements are exposed before the diaper is put on the wearer. In consequence, these fastening elements are apt to catch various things therearound, for example, when a plurality of diapers must be put in order, and the mother is burdened with a troublesome labor. To avoid an obstruction by the presence of such tape fasteners, an inner surface of the diaper may be provided with cooperating fastener members on which the tape fasteners could be temporarily anchored. However, such measure will be inevitably accompanied with a significant increase of manufacturing cost.

Mechanical fastening system for disposable articles