Systems, methods, and computer program products for determining voice recognition accuracy of a voice recognition system are provided. In one embodiment, voice recognition information produced by a voice recognition system in response to recognizing a user utterance is analyzed. The voice recognition information comprises a recognized voice command associated with the user utterance and a reference to an audio file that includes the user utterance. Based on the analysis, a recognition error may be identified and the source of the error determined. A solution is then automatically implemented to eliminate the source of the error. As part of the analysis, the user utterance may be transcribed to create a transcribed utterance, if the recognized voice command does not match the user utterance. The transcribed utterance may then be compared to the recognized voice command to identify an error.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates generally to data analysis and, more particularly, to automatically improving a voice recognition system.
2. Related Art
Voice communication devices, such as telephones, traditionally have been used for mere voice communications or for accessing information using touch-tone dialing. With advancements in communications technology, today various types of information can be accessed using voice recognition systems that translate voice commands into system commands for data retrieval from an electronic system.
These voice recognition systems, however useful, are not perfect. Typically, a voice recognition system cannot recognize all voice commands or utterances spoken by the user. That is, a voice recognition system only recognizes utterances that are included within a recognition grammar. A recognition grammar defines the boundaries of utterances that can be recognized by a voice recognition system. A user is limited only to certain terms while interfacing with a voice recognition system in order to be understood.
In addition, voice recognition systems typically only understand certain common accents represented by respective acoustic models. For example, acoustic models have been created to recognize the following regional accents of the United States: Boston, New York, Southern, Texas, Midwest & West Coast. Thus, a user who speaks in a tone or accent other than that recognized by the recognition system, may have difficulty communicating with the system. That is, the system may fail to recognize a word or the phrase included in its grammar if the word or a phrase is spoken in a way that acoustically does not match what is expected by the system. For example, a voice recognition system which has acoustic models for various U.S. regional accents only may not properly recognize utterances which are spoken with an Australian accent. On the other hand, one utterance that is acoustically similar to another may be mistakenly recognized by the system as the latter. This leads to improper recognition and false rejects, thereby reducing system efficiency and contributing to user frustration.
To overcome the above-mentioned problems, the recognition results of a voice recognition system may be monitored for errors. According to previously developed techniques, a human operator inspects and analyzes any detected errors in order to hypothesize a solution. The human operator is then required to manually implement the solution into the system, and thereafter, the system is tested and monitored to verify that the solution has actually improved the system. However, due to the large number of errors that may occur over multiple sessions with many users, a human operator may not be able to effectively and efficiently handle the tasks of monitoring errors, hypothesizing, and implementing solutions. This is a very time consuming process, especially when performed by a human operator. Also it requires the human operator to have "expert knowledge" in the field to be able to make effective changes to the system.

Determining voice recognition accuracy in a voice recognition system


A locking hinge assembly (32) has first and second hinge members (38, 40) having a respective hinge section (50, 51), proximate wall (46, 47) and mounting flange section (42, 43) for mounting on respective first and second panels (24, 26). The first and second hinge members are pivotably connected together at the hinge sections and are pivotably movable between a first position and a second position. The mounting flange section (42) has a channel (54) extending along the proximate wall section (48) for slidably receiving a locking member (56). The locking member (56) has at least one locking flange (60) extending through aligned apertures in the proximate walls. The locking flange has a hook section (62) at a distal end such that when the locking member slides to a locking position, the hook section engages a proximate wall to lock the hinge members in the first position.

Stowable seats in motor vehicles have long been a desired feature in motor vehicles where the seats in the second and third row may fold down to form a flat cargo floor in order to easily receive and maneuver large pieces of cargo.
Recent developments have provided stowable seats that are stowed under the cargo area and covered by a flat panel system to provide the flat cargo floor. The flat panel system is also used as a floor surface for passengers' feet when the seats are deployed to their upright seating position. The flat panel system is made from a plurality of panels pivotably connected together to move between a flat closed position and a folded up open position. The cargo space under the panel system is usable as cargo storage space for other items when the seats are deployed in the upright seating position. A flat panel system can also be referred to as a stow-to-floor seat assembly door.
One needs to open the panels to access the cargo space. Hence, the area above the panels must be free from obstruction, for example free from interference of another seat or center consul to allow room for the pivoting panels to freely operate in their intended fashion. In previous systems, either the entire motor vehicle needed to be extended to provide the necessary clearance for the panels or certain seats needed to be moved to a certain position to allow the panels to freely move between open and closed positions.
Cargo space access needs to be convenient in order for the consumer to use the space in its intended fashion. Thus any interference or obstacle introduced by a movable seat or a seat track will limit the use of the cargo area. It is desirable to access the cargo area independent of any fore and aft adjustment of seats. Previous cargo panel systems were freely operational only if the front seats were in a forward position.
What is needed is an improved panel system that can be adaptable to be substantially opened independent of any position of an adjacent seat for ease of access to the under panel cargo space. What is also needed is a cargo panel that has a hinge that can be either in a locked or release position. What is also needed is a lockable hinge in which the lock mechanism is substantially concealed under the panels.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) with emissive layers containing both phosphorescent Pt complexes and fluorescent emitters, are described. The devices presented employ both fluorescent and phosphorescent Pt complexes in order to redistribute the excited states to primarily reside on known stable fluorescent emitters to achieve high device operational stability but maintain the high efficiency characteristic of phosphorescent OLEDs.

Organic light emitting devices (OLED) are typically multilayer devices which upon an applied voltage are capable emitting light from the radiative relaxation of an excited state located on an organic material. OLEDs have found widespread application as an alternative to LCDs for handheld devices or flat panel displays. Furthermore, OLEDs have shown promise as next generation solid state white lighting, use in medical devices, and as infrared emitters for communication applications. The use of organic materials presents a number of unique benefits including: compatibility with flexible substrates, capabilities for large scale production, and simplified tuning of the emission properties through molecular modification.
A typical OLED device consists of at least one transparent electrode through which the light emits. For example OLEDs which emit through the bottom substrate typically contain a transparent conductive oxide material, such as indium tin oxide, as an anode, while at the cathode a reflective metal is typically used. Alternatively, devices may emit from the top through a thin metal layer as the cathode while having an either opaque or transparent anode layer. In this way it is possible to have dual emission from both top and bottom if such a device is so desired and furthermore it is possible for these OLEDs to be transparent. Sandwiched between the electrodes is typically a multilayer organic stack typically a single layer of hole-transporting materials (HTL), a single layer of emissive materials (EML) including emitters and hosts, a single layer of electron-transporting materials (ETL) and a layer of metal cathode, shown in FIG. 1. For each of the transport layers care must be taken to optimize the separate process of facilitating charge injection, have efficient charge transport, and confining the charges and excitons in a specified emissive region (typically the emissive layer). Such a process can be achieved through either a single material or through a multilayer stack which may separate the injection, transport, charge confining, and exciton confining tasks. The emissive layer may be composed of a single emissive materials, a single emissive material dispersed in a host matrix material, multiple emissive materials dispersed in a host matrix, or any number of emissive materials dispersed in multiple host materials. The host materials much be chosen carefully to not quench the excited state of the emitter as well as provide appropriate distribution of charges and excitons within the emissive layer. The emission color of the OLED is determined by the emission energy (optical energy gap) of emitters.
Light is generated in OLEDs through the formation of excited states from separately injected electrons and holes to form an exciton, located on the organic material. Due to the uncorrelated nature of the injected charges excitons with total spin of 0 and 1 are possible. Spin 0 excitons are denoted singlets while spin 1 excitons are denoted triplets, reflecting their respective degeneracies. Due to the selection rules for radiative transitions, the symmetry of the excited state and the ground state must be the same. Since the ground state of most molecules are antisymmetric, radiative relaxation of the symmetric triplet excited state is typically disallowed. As such, emission from the triplet state, called phosphorescence, is very slow and the transition probability is very low. However, emission from the singlet state, called fluorescence can be very rapid and consequently very efficient. Nevertheless, statistically there is only 1 singlet exciton for every 3 triplet excitons formed. There are very few fluorescent emitters which exhibit emission from the triplet state at room temperature, so 75% of the generated excitons are wasted in most fluorescent emitters. However, emission from the triplet state can be facilitated through spin orbit coupling which incorporates a heavy metal atom in order to perturb the triplet state and add in some singlet character to and achieve a higher probability of radiative relaxation.

Light outcoupling efficiency of phosphorescent OLEDs by mixing horizontally aligned fluorescent emitters

Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of Arizona State University


A method and apparatus for efficiently logging changes to a file system are disclosed. A file system filter driver intercepts I/O requests directed to a file system, and analyzes the I/O requests to determine whether the requests are write or modify requests directed to a file included in a list of files to be monitored for changes. If the I/O request is directed to such a file, the file system filter driver logs the I/O request to a b-tree structured change log file. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the file system filter driver is configured to log file system changes to multiple log files to coincide with snapshot operations, such that the file system changes to be included in each snapshot are included in separate log files.

Despite the overall improvement in the reliability of data storage devices (e.g., disk drives), storage devices fail and it remains necessary to implement backup systems to protect against data loss. In a typical backup system, a backup agent executing on a primary computer system identifies data to be backed up, and then communicates a copy of the identified data to a secondary computer system where it is stored. Accordingly, if data loss occurs as a result of a failed data storage device at the primary system, the data can be restored by copying data from the secondary system back to a new data storage device at the primary system.
One of the first requirements in a process for backing up data is to identify the data to be backed up. One way of identifying data to be backed up is to simply analyze a list of directories and/or files from one or more volumes selected by a user (e.g., target data). For example, utilizing this method, a backup agent executing at the primary computer system may periodically copy certain target files and/or directories from one or more volumes of the primary system to the secondary system. This method is inefficient because it does not take into consideration whether a target file or directory has changed since the last backup operation was performed. For instance, a target file may be copied from the primary computer system to the secondary computer system each time a backup operation is initiated, even if the target file has not changed in the time period between backup operations. As a result, the secondary system may store multiple copies of the same file, thereby wasting valuable storage space.
To avoid this inefficiency, many backup systems utilize some form of an incremental backup procedure. With an incremental backup procedure, an initial backup operation is performed to copy all user-selected directories and/or files, from one or more volumes, from a primary computer system to a secondary computer system. This initial backup is sometimes referred to as a baseline backup. After the baseline backup operation, a periodic incremental backup operation is performed to copy only those directories and/or files included in the user-selected set of directories and/or files that have changed since the baseline backup operation, or a subsequent incremental backup operation, was performed. Incremental backup operations may be file-based, in which case the entire file that has changed is included in the incremental backup, or block-based, in which case only the individual blocks (of the file) that have changed are included in the incremental backup. Because many files will only have minor changes from one backup operation to the next, in terms of conserving storage at the secondary computer system a block-level incremental backup scheme is generally more efficient than a file-based backup scheme.
With a block-level incremental backup scheme, there are several methods of identifying the particular blocks that have changed since the last backup operation and are therefore to be included in the current incremental backup. One way to identify the changed blocks is to perform a checksum operation on the individual data blocks. For example, the number of set bits in a particular data block may be calculated and compared to the number of set bits in that block from a previous checksum operation. A checksum value that changes over a period of time for a particular data block indicates the data block has changed. The problem with this approach is that it does not scale very well to work with large sets of data. The process of performing the checksum operation is processor intensive as it must be performed on all data blocks in the monitored set of directories and files—including those data blocks that have not changed. For instance, the processing time required to identify the changed data blocks is a function of the number of directories and files to be backed up, and the overall size of the changed files, without regard for how small a change is made to any particular file. Consequently, from the time a backup operation is initially requested, there may be a significant and undesirable processing delay as the backup agent attempts to identify the data blocks that have changed since the most recently completed backup operation.
Another way to identify the changed blocks is to analyze an attribute associated with each block. For instance, each block may have associated with it a modification time indicating the time at which the block was last modified, or an archive or backup bit, indicating when set (or cleared) that the block is to be included in the next backup operation. This requires that the operation for writing data to the data block also include logic for setting the appropriate attribute (e.g., the archive or backup bit). For many of the same reasons that the checksum operation is problematic, this approach also has drawbacks. Like the checksum method, this approach may also cause a significant delay between the time that a backup operation is requested, and the time that the data to be included in the backup are identified. The attribute that indicates whether a particular block is to be included in a backup must be read for each block in the monitored data set, regardless of whether the block is to be included in the backup. Accordingly, like the checksum method, this approach does not scale well to work with large data sets.
Yet another method for identifying changed data blocks involves logging the changes made as they occur. For instance, a logging process may generate a sequential change log indicating all the blocks in a monitored set of data that have changed. As a result, a long list of block information may be included in the change log. Here again, processing the change log may cause a significant delay from the time a backup operation is initially requested, particularly when a single sequential log is used for a large set of data. A sequential log file often results in duplicate log entries for the same block of data. For instance, a particular data block of a file may be changed several times between two backup operations, and only the last change made to the block is required to be included in the backup. In the log file, the block change information for two separate changes may be separated by several other log entries. Consequently, to determine the actual data for a particular block that has been changed multiple times, the entire log must be processed. Therefore, a more efficient mechanism for identifying data to be included in a backup is desirable.

Method and apparatus for efficiently detecting and logging file system changes


A speed reducer that can fundamentally eliminate the cause of lubricant leakage is provided. A speed reducer that reduces the speed of input rotation includes at least a first space and a second space separated by an oil seal, and the first space and the second space are each put with lubricant. A level of the lubricant put in the first space is set to be higher than a level of the lubricant put in the second space, and the level of the lubricant put in the second space is set to be at or lower the level of a lowermost oil seal among oil seals that separate the second space and the exterior of the speed reducer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a speed reducer that reduces the speed of input rotation and outputs the reduced rotation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, a geared motor GM1 illustrated in FIG. 3 is known (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2001-323972). The geared motor GM1 is composed of a motor M1 and a speed reducer G1 connected together.
The motor M1 is secured on a motor fixture 2, which is secured on a first carrier 11 by a bolt 21. A connection shaft 3, on which a pinion 4 is formed, is connected by a key to a motor axis 1 of the motor M1. This pinion 4 is in mesh with a gear 5. The gear 5 is integrally connected to a rotating axis 6 so as to rotate together. An eccentric body 7 is integrally formed on the rotating axis 6. The eccentric body 7 can oscillatingly rotate an external gear (a planetary gear) 9 with an eccentric body bearing 8 interposed therebetween. The external gear 9 is also in mesh with an internal gear 10. The number of teeth of the external gear 9 and that of the internal gear 10 are chosen such that the difference between the two is very small. The internal gear 10 also serves as a casing of the speed reducer G1 and is disposed and secured on a base 16 by bolts 19. The first carrier 11 is supported by a bearing 13 to rotate with respect to the internal gear 10. The first carrier 11 has an integrally formed carrier pin 11A. The carrier pin 11A is inserted with some play in a carrier pin hole 9A of the external gear 9. A second carrier 12 is connected to the carrier pin 11A by a bolt 15. This second carrier 12 is supported by a bearing 14 to rotate with respect to the internal gear 10. In other words, the first and second carriers 11 and 12 can rotate together as a whole with respect to the internal gear 10.
The base 16 has a flange 16A formed so as to extend inward, and a hollow pipe 17 is secured to the flange 16A by bolts 18. The hollow pipe 17 penetrates the center of the speed reducer G1 so that wires or the like 20 can be laid through.
In the speed reducer G1 provided to the geared motor GM1, a part at the highest level that requires lubrication is a part where the pinion 4 and the gear 5 are in mesh. Then, if the speed reducer G1 is to be lubricated with a liquid lubricant, the lubricant needs to fill at least to this meshed part of the pinion 4 and the gear 5 (level indicated by the A-A line, for example).
The speed reducer G1 has a space within itself that is formed by the base 16, the flange 16A, the hollow pipe 17, the first carrier 11, an oil seal 22, and the internal gear 10, and a lubricant can be accommodated in this space.
However, if, as mentioned above, the lubricant is poured up to the part that requires lubrication and is at the highest elevation (the A-A level), the possibility that the lubricant leaks from the oil seal 22 will increase. In other words, since the lubricant level (the A-A level) is higher than a level of the oil seal 22, the oil seal 22 is constantly subjected to a pressure (a pressure from the interior to the exterior of the speed reducer) corresponding to the "difference" in level.


An information processing apparatus capable of USB-connecting a device compatible with USB connection, the apparatus has a management unit configured to manage driver information representing whether to activate a device driver when the device is USB-connected. The information processing apparatus also has a device information acquisition unit configured to acquire device information of the device. The information processing apparatus also has a setting unit configured to set up the driver under control of an USB core driver to control the device using a device driver corresponding to the driver information when the driver information matches the device information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus, control method, and program capable of extending hardware by an USB host connection.
2. Description of the Related Art
In this technical field, USB host connections are exploited for a variety of devices such as USB memories, keyboards, mouse devices, communication dongles, and printers. Even digital multifunction peripherals allow the connection of an increasing number of devices such as an USB memory, keyboard, and card reader, in the same way as PCs. One reason that USB host connections are popular is that the USB host connection is a general-purpose physical I/F (interface) and can be easily used and developed. However, because it is a general-purpose physical I/F, the USB host connection requires a security measure against, e.g., information leakage via an USB memory. Also, careless connection of an USB device may cause an adverse effect such as a virus on a host device. It is important to exclude connection of such a risky device.
As a conventional measure against these problems, the user inactivates a host controller chip which controls an USB host. For example, even Windows® and Linux®, which are general OSs (operating systems), allow disabling or deleting of a host controller driver in order to inactivate a host controller chip which controls all USB host connections. As another method, the user inactivates/deletes a device driver for controlling all kinds of USB devices. A conventional technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-65859 uses a reserved bit present in an USB protocol. When an USB host device is connected, the host inactivates the connection port based on information of the reserved bit.
When using the method of disabling the whole host controller chip at once by a user, a disadvantage may be that even an internal USB host connection may be inactivated undesirably.
The method of disabling each device driver by a user takes much labour. In addition, it is often necessary to inactivate several device drivers at once for reasons of security. This method is therefore inconvenient.
In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-65859, information needs to be added to a reserved bit, so a USB device to be connected also needs to cope with it. This method cannot exclude connection of an unintended device and is not proper, either.

Information processing apparatus, control method, and program


Disclosed is a plate-shaped heating panel having connecting members fastened to each other by means of resin. The heating panel comprises upper and lower plates integrally formed to face each other so as to form an inner fluid pathway in which heating water flows, a plurality of connecting members, each symmetrically extending from the upper and lower plates toward the lower and upper plates, respectively, and connecting the upper and lower plates to each other, the plurality of connecting members forming the inner fluid pathway at an inside surface of the plate, and two fluid communication portions for supplying and discharging the heating water, wherein one or more connecting members adjacent to the fluid communication portions are punctured to form holes. The holes are filled with a melted plastic resin, and the integrated plastic resin is integrated with the connecting members by pressing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plate-shaped heating panel with an inner fluid pathway formed therein, and more particularly to a heating panel, which has connecting members fastened to each other by means of a resin, thereby enhancing pressure resistance.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, a heating system, having been applied to residential buildings, such as houses, villas, and apartments, employs a structure involving a wet heating process, in which a pipe is laid under a flooring material of a room in a building and supplied with heating fluid, such as heating water, thereby heating the room of the building. However, such a wet type heating system has a lower heating efficiency, resulting in large thermal losses, and requires lengthy concrete curing, resulting in extended construction time. Furthermore, upon leakage of water from the pipe, a mortar layer of the heating system must be broken for repair, thereby impeding easy overhaul while increasing overhaul costs.
In order to solve the problems of the conventional wet heating system as described above, a dry heating panel, made of concrete, a synthetic resin or yellow clay, was developed. The dry heating panel is embedded with a pipe for carrying heating water therein or provided with grooves or fixing members for inserting the pipe for carrying heating water. The dry heating panel is an assembly heating panel, and has advantageous effects in that the construction of the heating system may be completed by simply assembling previously produced pieces of the dry heating panel, thereby reducing the construction time, and simplifying maintenance and overhaul operations thereof. However, the dry heating panel has problems in that, since it adopts a line heating structure in which radiation heat is mainly concentrated where the pipe for carrying heating water is located, generating a severe temperature variation in the heating system, the dry heating panel is ineffective in view of heating efficiency, and in that, since the pipe itself is made of metal or a synthetic resin, it is expensive, resulting in increased construction costs. Furthermore, thermal loss may occur due to piping, and dewing phenomenon may occur on the surface of the pipe, thereby wetting the panel.
In order to solve the problems of the conventional dry heating panel described above, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,080,166 and Korean patent application Laid-open publication No. 2002-95733, a plate-shaped heating panel provided with an inner fluid pathway for allowing the heating water to flow therethrough was developed. Compared with the dry type heating system adopting the line heating structure, the plate-shaped heating panel having the inner fluid pathway therein adopts a plane heating structure in which the heating water flows not in a local area but in an overall area of panels, so that it provides very high heating efficiency, resulting in reduction of fuel expenses, and so that the pipe is not required for the structure of the plate-shaped heating panel, thereby eliminating a complicated piping work and reducing the expenses for piping. Additionally, the plate-shaped heating panel is not subjected to the thermal loss and the dewing phenomenon, which usually occurs on the surface of the pipe in the structure of the dry heating panel, and allows a weight of the panel to be reduced. Furthermore, the plate-shaped heating panel is very easy to construct and repair.
Conventionally, the plate-shaped heating panel with an inner fluid pathway formed therein was formed by way of blow molding, as also known as hollow molding. The blow molding is a molding method which forms a hollow product by blowing air into a separating mold, in which molten thermoplastic forming material is inserted and then softened with heat.
Conventionally, upon manufacturing the plate-shaped heating panel by way of the blow molding, when a thermoplastic resin is compressed by a molding plate after the resin is pushed in an extrusion die, hot air is blown into the resin in a cylindrical shape. At this time, since the resin has a temperature decreased below the melting point of the resin, bonding between the resin parts is incomplete. Accordingly, the inner fluid pathway has a hexagonal shape with upper and lower portions parallel to each other, and is formed at right and left sides thereof with notches (each of which is an edge submerging a small angle between symmetrical lines).
In the case where heating fluid of a high pressure flows through the inner fluid pathway of the heating panel, a stress is concentrated on the notches of the inner fluid pathway, causing an initial crack around the notches. The crack is advance along the boundary of plates where the resin is compressed by the mold, resulting in a phenomenon wherein upper and lower plates are separated from each other.

Plate-shaped heating panel in which connecting members are fastened by resin


A carton of foldable material protects an article packed therein by holding the article away from the bottom of the carton, and preferably by holding the article firmly, yet in a cushioning manner, in a position spaced away from all the exterior walls of the carton. The carton is assembled from a blank of foldable material defining a plurality of spacer panels foldably connected to automatic bottom panels, such that when the carton is erected, the auto-bottom panels form a generally planar bottom of the carton, and the spacer panels extend generally axially into the carton from the bottom to form a two-dimensional support base for holding an object at a location spaced above the bottom of the carton. A top closure includes a clamping member extending into the carton, such that when the carton is closed, the spacer panels and the clamping member are urged against opposite ends of the object within the carton, to hold the object therebetween.

Many articles of manufacturer must be packaged for shipment by common carrier, and therefore may be subject to rough handling. When such articles are fragile, they must be protected against the possibility that their container may be dropped, battered, or pierced. A common approach to protecting fragile articles is to place the article in a corrugated container surrounded by packing material.
One method has been to use loose fill such as foam "peanuts" or crumpled paper. This method has the disadvantage that the article may be able to migrate through the fill as it vibrates during transport, and eventually find its way to an outer wall of the container where the article is less protected. Another method has been to provide a structural insert such as a molded foam jacket which fits the article and occupies all the remaining space in the carton. Although this method is effective in protecting the article, it is very expensive.
A widespread goal in paperboard and corrugated packaging is to provide all desired structural features of a container from a single flat blank of material. Some prior containers have formed up from a blank with panels extending into the interior of the container, such as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,829,942; 1,889,933; 3,158,286; 3,229,812; 3,836,065; 4,817,796; and 5,150,789. However, none of these containers position an article away from the exterior walls of the container or cushion it against shock.
Thus, there is a need in the art for a carton, formed from a one-piece blank, that positions an article within the carton, spaced away from the exterior walls, and holds the article firmly in place in a manner which cushions the article if the carton is dropped or impacted. There is a further need in the art for a carton that can protect in this way objects which vary within a range of sizes.

One-piece cushioning container for cylindrical objects


A fault cause extraction apparatus including a storage unit which stores a model including one or more correlation functions between pieces of performance information acquired from a plurality of elements and a correlation-destruction-propagation detecting unit which calculates a degree of influence for each of the elements based on correlation destruction information. The correlation destruction information is calculated based on whether pieces of performance information newly acquired from the elements satisfy a relationship represented by the correlation functions.

In large scale information systems such as business information systems and IDC (Internet Data Center) systems, in accordance with an increase in importance of information and communication services such as web services and business services as social infrastructures, computer systems providing these services are required to keep operating steadily. Operations management of such computer systems is usually performed manually by administrators. As the systems have become large-scaled and complicated, a load of the administrator has increased tremendously, and a service suspension due to misjudgment or erroneous operation has become more possible to occur.
For this reason, there have been provided integrated fault cause extraction system which monitors and controls, in a unified manner, the operating states of hardware and software included in the above-mentioned systems. The integrated fault cause extraction system acquires information on the operating states of hardware and software in a plurality of computer systems, which are managed by the integrated systems, and outputs the information to a fault cause extraction apparatus connected to the integrated systems. Means to distinguish a fault of the managed system include the one with setting a threshold value for operating information in advance, and the one with evaluating a deviation of the operating information from its average value.
For example, in the fault cause extraction apparatus of the fault cause extraction system, threshold values are set for individual pieces of performance information and a fault is detected by finding the individual pieces of performance information exceeding the respective threshold values. The fault cause extraction apparatus sets a value indicating abnormality in advance as a threshold value, detects abnormality of individual elements and reports it to an administrator.
When detection of abnormality is reported, the administrator needs to identify a cause of the abnormality generation in order to settle it. A typical cause of the generation is, for example, CPU overload, insufficient memory capacity or network overload. However, in order to identify the cause of the generation, it is required to identify a computer which is likely to be related to the generation, and then to investigate its system logs and parameters. This operation requires each administrator to have a high degree of knowledge or know-how, and to spend much time and effort.
Due to this, the integrated fault cause extraction systems provide the administrator with the support for countermeasures, by performing correlation analysis on combinations of operating states and so on automatically, based on event data (state notification) acquired from a plurality of equipments, and estimating problems or causes from a wider standpoint and then notifying the administrators of them. In particular, for ensuring reliability in long-term continual operation of the services, it is required not only to take measures against the abnormalities which have already occurred but also to extract an element which is a possible cause of future abnormalities, even if the abnormalities have not occurred clearly at present, and then to take measures such as equipment reinforcement in a planned way.
Such fault cause extraction systems or the technologies related to correlation analysis and applicable in the systems have been described, for example, in each of the patent documents shown below.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-199533 discloses a technology which generates a correlation model by deriving a transform function with regard to time series of the values of two arbitrary performance information (performance values) in normal state, regarding one series as an input and the other as an output, compares the performance values according to the transform function of the correlation model with the performance information acquire at another time, and, detects a fault based on a degree of destruction of the correlation.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-199534 discloses a fault cause extraction apparatus which predicts a bottleneck that may occur in actual operation by utilizing a correlation model similar to that of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-199533. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-227481 discloses a technology which, in identification of production failures of semiconductor wafers, utilizes correlations derived from two-dimensional images, via resistances and so on, which are obtained by applying an electric current to the test patterns on a wafer. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H05-035769 discloses a correlation analysis apparatus which analyzes the presence or absence of "point of correlation abnormality" and, if the "point of correlation abnormality" exists, excludes the point from the analysis.
Furthermore, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H09-307550 discloses a network monitoring apparatus which, in the analysis of a network system, extracts a "representative alarm" from a lot of "alarms" that occurred, by focusing on regularity. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-257054 discloses a network management apparatus which, based on a correlation value between the fault events that occurred at a first and a second node groups, acquires their correspondence relation.

Apparatus, method and storage medium for fault cause extraction utilizing performance values


The present invention discloses an image bearing member having a surface layer comprising a high-melting point polyester resin, a cured resin and an antioxidant, and an apparatus which uses the same.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image bearing member for bearing a static image and/or a toner image, and, more particularly, to an image bearing member exhibiting excellent durability and an apparatus which uses the same.
2. Related Art of the Invention
The image bearing members are usually classified into electrophotographic photosensitive members and other image bearing members. For example, they are exemplified by intermediate transfer members for a color copying machine in which multiple cycle of transfer operations must be performed and members such as electrostatic recording members for bearing a static image and/or a toner image.
The electrophotographic photosensitive members are structured variously in accordance with the desired characteristics or the kind of the employed electrophotographic process. As a typical electrophotographic photosensitive member used widely, there is a photosensitive member structured in such a manner that the photoconductive layer is formed on a supporting member and another photosensitive member structured in such a manner that a protection layer is formed on its surface. The photosensitive member comprising the supporting member and the photoconductive layer is used to form an image by the ordinary electrophotographic process, that is, by charging image exposure, development and, if necessary a transfer process. The protection layer of the photosensitive member having the protection layer is used to protect the photoconductive layer, improve the mechanical strength of the photosensitive member and improve the dark damping characteristics. As an alternative to this, the above-described protection layer is used so as to be subjected to a specific electrophotographic process. The above-described specific electrophotographic process is exemplified by a method which utilizes the movement of a charge, which has been injected from the supporting member at the time of the charging process, into the position between the protection layer and the photoconductive layer. The above-described method is, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 42-23910 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 43-24748, exemplified by a method in which the static image is formed by a primary charge and a secondary charge the polarity of which opposes the polarity of the primary charge or the AC electricity removal, the simultaneous image exposure and the entire surface exposure. In the above-described method, the image exposure may be performed before or after the secondary charge or the AC electricity removal process. Furthermore, the entire surface exposure may be omitted.
Another method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,041,167 is known.
The electrophotographic photosensitive member is subjected to a predetermined electrophotographic process so that a static image is formed, the static image being then developed so that it is converted into a visible image.
Other typical image bearing members will now be described.
(1) A static image formed on an electrophotographic photosensitive member is transferred to another image bearing member to perform the development process. Then, the tone image is transferred to the recording member.
(2) As the other electrophotographic process in which a static image is formed on another image bearing member to correspond to the static image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process is exemplified in which a static image is, by a predetermined electrophotographic process, formed on a screen-like electrophotographic photosensitive member having a multiplicity of small openings. Furthermore, the other image bearing member is subjected to a corona charging process via the above-described static image so that the corona ion flow is modulated. As a result, a static image is formed on the other image bearing member before it is toner-developed so as to be transferred to the recording member, causing a final image to be formed.
(3) Another electrophotographic process is arranged in such a manner that the toner image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member or the other image bearing member is not directly transferred to the recording member but the same is transferred to another image bearing member. Then, toner and the image are transferred from the above-described image bearing member to the recording member before they are fixed. The above-described process is particularly effective when a color image is formed or a high-speed copying operation is performed. Since the major portion of the recording members comprise paper or film which has flexibility, a color image, the position of which has been further accurately aligned, can be formed by method in which images of the three colors are transferred to an image bearing member which can be made of material which cannot easily be deformed before the images of the three colors are collectively transferred to a recording member. This is compared to a method in which the three color images are transferred to the recording member while accurately aligning their positions. Furthermore, the copying speed can be raised by a method in which the toner image is transferred to the recording member via the image bearing member.
(4) Another process is exemplified in which an electric signal is applied to a multi-probe electrode to form a static image which corresponds to the electric signal on the surface of the image bearing member before the static image is developed to form a desired image.
The image bearing member for use in the static-image forming processes (1) to (4) does not require a photoconductive layer.
As described above, a variety of members each having a surface layer is composed of an insulating layer such as the electrophotographic photosensitive member the surface layer of which is a protection layer or a photoconductive layer which is used as the image bearing member on which a static image or a toner image is formed.
The image bearing member must have electric characteristics which correspond to the subject recording process. Among others, durability is an important characteristic for the image bearing member, durability being a characteristic which is required in a case where the image bearing member is repeatedly used.
That is, the image bearing member must, of course, have a predetermined sensitivity level, the electric characteristics and optical characteristics of which respectively correspond to the subject electrophotographic process. In particular, since electric and mechanical external force is directly applied to the surface layer of the photosensitive member which can be used repeatedly in such processes as the corona charging, toner development, transference to paper and cleaning process, the photosensitive member of this type must have sufficient durability against the above-described external force. Specifically, the photosensitive member must have the durability against deterioration in the sensitivity, reduction in the potential and increase in the residual potential due to the deterioration caused from to the presence of ozone or NO.sub.x generated at the time of the corona charging process and surface wear and damage due to the abrasion.
In particular, the cleaning facility is an important factor which can be improved by reducing frictional resistance.
Since the surface layer of the image bearing member is mainly made of a resin and photoconductive material, the performance of the resin serves as the important role. Therefore, there is a desire for an excellent resin which is able to meet the above-described characteristics. Recently, a polycarbonate resin has been employed as the binder (a binding agent) for the surface layer because it is able to meet the above-described characteristics.
Durability of thousands to ten thousand of paper sheets realized in a case where the acrylic resin is used can be improved to a durability of fifty thousand to a hundred thousand sheets by using the polycarbonate resin. However, the durability of three hundred thousand to a million sheets realized by using Se or a-Si (amorphous Si) which is inorganic photosensitive material cannot be realized.
Therefore, a multiplicity of studies have been conducted regarding technology in which the protection layer is formed by adding a conventional resin or a resin containing fluorine. However, there arises a problem in that the residual potential (Vr) is undesirably raised or the sensitivity is deteriorated due to the repeated use of the image bearing member because of the presence of a layer of the photosensitive layer in which the charge is not moved. The above-described problem can be overcome by reducing the thickness of the protection layer to, for example, 2 to 3 .mu.m or less. However, the conventional resin encounters a problem in that the wear due to the repeated use cannot be prevented, that is, the durability cannot be improved.
In a case where a resin, to which polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated to "PTFE") is added, is used to form the protection layer, a soft resin must be used in order to cause the PTFE to exhibit its excellent cleaning facility. The reason for this lies in that the fresh PTFE must be allowed to appear outside by cutting the surface by a small quantity at each use of the photosensitive material because the effect of the PTFE cannot be obtained if a hard binder is used. If the soft binder is used, the durability of the protection layer can be improved due to the effect of the PTFE. However, a flaw can easily be formed due to the friction of the cleaning blade or a crack (separation of the film) can easily be formed due to the shock because the film is soft. Furthermore, if the front or the rear end portion of the transfer paper comes in contact with the image bearing member, the contact portion of the image bearing member is damaged, causing a problem of a black line or the like to take place. Furthermore, the conventional problems occurring in the conventional protection layer such as the increase in the residual potential and the deterioration in the sensitivity due to the repeated use cannot be overcome.
It might be considered feasible to employ a hard resin in order to improve the wear resistance. However, the coefficient of skin friction is excessively enlarged in comparison to a case in which polycarbonate or the like is used to form the surface layer. In this case, there arises a problem in that excellent cleaning facility cannot easily be obtained.

Image holding member and apparatus which uses the same


The present invention relates to a system for storing and managing a comment on content in a social community, and enabling another user to retrieve content or a comment. In particular, the present invention may generate image comments for target content from users of a social community, and summarize the generated imaged comments.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system for storing and managing comments on content in a social community, and other users retrieving the content or the comments.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various contents uploaded by a variety of users may be distributed via an online communication network. Here, users may obtain information associated with interests of the users by searching for content.
However, on occasion, content distributed via the online communication network may include a great amount of information, and may include irrelevant, unnecessary, low-grade, similar, duplicate, or unorganized information.
As such, research has been conducted into sorting useful information from pieces of information included in content through use of an automatic analysis scheme, a summarization scheme, a retrieval scheme, a tagging scheme, categorization scheme, and the like.
However, conventional schemes described in the foregoing may be useful for predetermined content, in general, for text content, or may involve an inconvenience of a user imputing operational instructions or data.
Nowadays, social network services (SNSs) are being used as a communication space for sharing information among a plurality of users. In such a setting, users may use a native language or an acquired language and thus, communication among users unfamiliar with a particular language may be difficult.

Visual ontological system for social community

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE


A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel having plural pixels, a lighting device having at least one light source and projecting light generated by the light source on the liquid crystal display panel, and a circuit supplying a first current during a first period and a second current smaller than the first current during a second period to the light source alternately. The circuit includes a current monitoring circuit which measures the first current and the second current, and a light control circuit which adjusts a ratio of the first period to the second period based upon a signal from the current monitoring circuit.

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, and relates to a light source suitable for efficiently enhancing a brightness of a display screen and making it uniform over the entire display screen area, and a control method therefor.
A display device using a liquid crystal display element (also called a liquid crystal display panel), an electroluminescent element (which is divided into an organic system and an inorganic system depending on a fluorescent material used, hereinafter referred to as an EL element), a field emission device (hereinafter referred to as an FE element) or the like displays an image without requiring a space (a vacuum envelope) for scanning an electron beam two-dimensionally on the back of the display screen as in a cathode ray tube (CRT). Accordingly, these display devices have characteristics that they are thin and light as compared with the CRT, and power consumption is low. These display devices are sometimes called a flat panel display because of its external appearance.
The display device using a liquid crystal display element, an EL element or a field emission device or the like has been widely spread due to the above-described advantage with respect to the CRT in place of a display device using the CRT in various uses. The fact that replacement from the CRTs to the flat panel displays has been progressed is also due to a technical innovation in enhancement of quality of images of a liquid crystal display element or an EL element. With the recent spreading of multi-media or the Internet, displaying of moving pictures has been strongly demanded. For example, in the display device using a liquid crystal display element, an improvement in a liquid crystal material or a driving method has been made for realizing a moving picture display. However, in the display device called a flat panel display as well as a display device using a liquid crystal display element, an increase of brightness is an important factor for displaying an image equal in quality to that of a conventional CRT.
For obtaining a moving picture display equal in quality to that of the CRT, it is essential to have impulse-type light generation as by scanning an electron beam projected from an electron gun on each pixel to excite phosphors of respective pixels to luminescence. On the other hand, for example, the liquid crystal display device utilizes the hold-type light generation using a display signals, and is repeated every image display period of one frame (a period for transferring video signals to all pixels of a display screen). (See "LIQUID CRYSTAL", Vol. 3, No. 2 (1999), p. 99-p. 106.)
On the other hand, there is a technique for modulating brightness of a light source according to a scene of a moving picture signals transmitted to the liquid crystal display device. In this technique, a maximum brightness data, a minimum brightness data and an average brightness data of a video signal transmitted to the liquid crystal display device are read every image (in the case of a movie film, every "frame") constituting a moving picture frame to control a current (hereinafter called a lamp current) supplied to a light source according to the data. Suppose a current supplied normally to the light source is a reference current (for example, 4.5 mA), in the case of an image which is bright over the entire area, a lamp current is set to be higher than the reference current (for example, 8 mA) in a certain period, and is returned to the reference current later. Conversely, in the case of an image which is dark over the entire area, a lamp current is set to be lower than the reference current (for example, 1.5 mA). (See "NIKKEI ELECTRONICS", Nov. 15, 1999 issue, No. 757, 1999, p 139-p 146)
In the case of the former (the wholly bright image), temperature rise of a light source is larger by a portion corresponding to an increase in current supplied to the light source from the reference current. In the case of a fluorescent lamp, vapor pressure of mercury (Hg) within a fluorescent lamp rises due to rising of temperature thereof, and mercury atoms (the amount of mercury vapor) increase within the fluorescent lamp. On the other hand, surplus mercury atoms are present within the fluorescent lamp, there is increased probability that ultraviolet rays produced within the fluorescent lamp due to collision between hydrogen atoms and electrons are absorbed by the mercury atoms, and brightness of the fluorescent lamp decreases. For avoiding this influence, a lamp current is set to be higher than the reference current in the period described above, after which the lamp current is returned to the reference current before the mercury vapor pressure within the fluorescent lamp changes. By changing the lamp current as described above, the brightness of the fluorescent lamp is made higher than that when the reference current is supplied thereto.
In the case of the latter (the wholly dark image), when the brightness of the light source is high, it is necessary to suppress a leakage of a small amount of light from a pixel which displays black or a color close thereto. In the wholly dark screen, even for the pixel whose light transmission is set to be highest within the screen, the absolute amount of light to be transmitted is small. Because of this, the lamp current is set to be lower than the reference current, and the brightness of the light source is suppressed to restrict leakage of light from a pixel which displays black or color close thereto, and power consumption in the light source is reduced.
From a combination of the two techniques, the dynamic range of brightness (the ratio of the maximum brightness to the minimum brightness) in the moving picture image as a whole becomes 2.8 times that of the conventional one, and the contrast ratio is from 400:1 to 500:1, which is not less than 2 times that of the conventional liquid crystal display device.

Liquid crystal display device having an improved lighting device


An apparatus for removing broken connecting mechanisms imbedded in eyeglass frames has a platform to transversely hold the eyeglass frame secure and proximal to the broken connecting mechanism, a means for transversely moving a pin coaxially with the broken connecting mechanism, and a means for receiving the pin and broken connecting mechanism.. An embodiment has a cylinder, a piston to fit in the cylinder, a lever to communicate with the piston, a post or die to communicate with the piston, a post or die to communicate with the embodiment, a handle that communicates with the lever, a handle that communicates with the embodiment, whereby the lever and the handle provide for lowering the force required.

This invention relates generally to the field of eyeglasses, and more particularly to an apparatus for removing screws or rivets from eyeglasses.
Eyeglass frames have small screws or rivets that allow the temples to fold and allow the lens portion of the frame to open to install or replace a lens. These screws or rivets are 1.25 to 1.75 millimeters in diameter. The screws will become stripped when they have been tightened too much or just worked too much. When this occurs the only way to replace the stripped screw is to drill it out or try to punch it out using a hammer and a very small punch. The heads of the screws or rivets are of different diameters and the portion around the head of the screw or rivet has to be supported or the removal process will damage the eyeglass frame beyond repair.
Eyeglass frames are expensive and so replacing stripped screws or damaged rivets is important from the consumer's viewpoint and a fast removal with out damage to the frame is important from the Optician's viewpoint. When the screw is drilled or punched out by hand the frames are often damaged beyond repair resulting in replacing the frame. Drilling the screws or rivets out results in damaged frames since the frame cannot be held in a vise without damaging the frame.

Apparatus for removing screws or rivets from eyeglasses


The invention discloses the discovery of naturally occurring peptides that contain fatty acyl and prenyl moieties which permit the transfer of nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and polynucleotides into the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. Their intrinsic properties cause them to tightly bind to nucleotides. This indicates that they might serve as nucleotide transporters. Experiments demonstrated that they permitted the transfer of nucleotides and polynucleotides into the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. The peptides, due to their ability to transport ribonucleic acids into cells, can be employed in gene silencing by RNAi (ribonucleic acid interference) and antisense therapy. Among the ailments thought to benefit are: atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol metabolism, cancer and similar diseases by delivering nucleic acids in chemotherapy. The peptides, due to their ability to transport ribonucleic acids into cells, can be employed in gene silencing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to compositions and methods for the use of such composition and solution for delivering substances into the cytosol and nucleus of living cells. More specifically, the compositions are peptides that transport nucleotides, oligonucleotides and polynucleotides into the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells.
2. Background and Related Art
In the course of biological research and certain medical procedures it is desirable to introduce a variety of substances into the cytosol of living eukaryotic cells. However, most hydrophilic substances, including many drugs, antisense and antigene oligos, RNAs, DNAs, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, and combinations thereof, enter eukaryotic cells primarily via endocytosis and are subsequently sequestered or degraded in lysosomes, with little or no intact substance achieving the desired entry into the cytosol of the cells.
One of the diseases in which applicant is researching is coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease is caused by the atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries affecting nearly 14 million persons in the United States. Approximately 480,000 deaths in 1995 were caused by the disease and it is the leading cause of death in the United States today. One of the established causes of atherosclerosis is elevated cholesterol levels and elevations of the major protein responsible for carrying cholesterol-apolipoprotein B (apoB). In treating atherosclerosis and other diseases, a difficult and yet unsolved problem is an effective way to deliver a drug to the cytosol and nuclear organelles in living organisms.
Double-stranded RNA interference (RNA-i) is a process wherein a ribonucleic acid is used to interfere with the expression of a certain gene. The RNAi is used to silence a particular gene by inhibiting the formation of a protein at the post-translation step of the process.
In order to silence a particular gene, the RNAi must enter the cell. There are several reagents and mechanisms by which this entry, called transfection, occurs. Examples of some known methods and reagents used in transfection include liposomes, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), viral vectors (plasmids), RNA viruses, adeno viruses, lentil viral vectors, electrodeposition, and various custom-synthesized proprietary compounds.
Relevant background material is found in several scientific research articles. Among them are two articles published in the journal Nature; namely an "insight" review article entitled "RNA interference", by Gregory J. Hannon in Volume 418, Jul. 11, 2002. This article discusses double-stranded RNA interference (RNA-i), cultivated as a means to manipulate gene expression experimentally and to probe gene function on a whole genome scale.
Biotech companies such as Ambion publish "TechNotes" to promote transfection of various siRNA expression vectors. Three brief articles appearing in the Ambion TechNotes newsletter include: A "How to" for New Users", appearing in Volume 11, Number 5, 2004, "Delivering siRNA's to Difficult Cell Types, Volume 11, Number 3, November 2004, and siRNA Libraries Targeting Important Human Gene Classes, Volume 11, Number 5, 2004.
Several patents have been issued that include the use of viral vectors. They include U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,641 to Schauber et al, where the inventors provide a retroviral gene delivery system used to produce recombinant retroviral particles for transgene delivery. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,805 to Takle et al relates to porphyrins which protect the compound being delivered and delivers it to certain cell and tissue types. Porphryns are not categorized as peptides or proteins, but are a class of red-pigmented compounds with a cyclic tetrapyrollic structure in which the four pyrrole rings are joined through their alpha-carbon atoms by four methane bridges. The porphyrins form the active nucleus of chlorophylls and hemoglobin. Neither of these patents discusses the naturally occurring peptides that are the subject of this invention.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,611 Thompson et al describe chemically-modified nuclei acid molecules; it is not about transport per se, as the novel nucleic acid molecules are not transport agents. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,617,438 to Beigelman et al the nucleic acids of interest have enzymatic activity and also are not transport agents.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,149 Freier relates to antisense compounds and not transport agents or vectors. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,006 Baum et al again the modified nucleic acids are not transport agents.
In the present invention, Applicant is introducing a variety of nucleotides and nucleic acids into the cytosol of living eukaryotic cells. Applicant's invention deals with naturally occurring peptides that facilitate the transfer of nucleotides and nucleic acids into the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells.
The discovery of peptide, nucleotide and nucleic acid transporters that transport nucleic acids into the nucleus and cytosol of cells will permit the delivery of a variety of pharmaceuticals. Among the ailments thought to benefit from this invention is atherosclerosis, by regulating cholesterol metabolism. Cancer and other ailments will benefit from the delivery of nucleic acids as taught by the instant invention during chemotherapy. The peptides, due to their ability to transport ribonucleic acids into cells, can be employed in gene silencing by RNAi (ribonucleic acid interference) and antisense therapy.

Transport of nucleotides, oligonucleotides and polynucleotides into the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells by peptides


Aqueous detergents that thicken when mixed with water contain a combination of at least one tertiary amine oxide, at least one alkyl polyglycoside, and at least one water-soluble organic solvent. Also disclosed is the use of these detergents for cleaning hard surfaces.

This invention relates generally to the cleaning of hard surfaces in the industrial, social or communal sectors such as, for example, the cleaning of surfaces in the food industry, in canteens, swimming baths, warehouses, etc. More particularly, the invention relates to a cleaning formulation which thickens when mixed with water so that, after manual application or after application by spray or foam applicators, the contact time of the formulation on vertical or inclined surfaces is increased, so that its cleaning effect is enhanced. After the intended contact time, the formulation can be rinsed off with water.
Particular interest attaches to low-viscosity and, hence, readily pumpable cleaning concentrates which, on dilution with water, undergo an increase in viscosity to the in-use concentration and, in addition, build up a yield value which is particularly desirable. This enables the low-viscosity concentrate to be diluted with water immediately before application to the surfaces to be cleaned so that a thickened cleaning solution which adheres well to inclined or vertical surfaces is formed. The mixing process preferably takes place in a mixing nozzle from which the cleaning solution to be thickened is applied to the surfaces to be treated in the form of a film or a foam.
EP-B-265 979 describes thickening compounds for the preparation of thickened, aqueous single-phase cleaning formulations consisting of 0.1 to 10% by weight of a surfactant, for example a tertiary amine oxide, and of 0.01 to 3% by weight of an organic anionic sulfonate. EP-A-595 590 describes aqueous concentrates which produce a viscous cleaning solution when diluted with water and which contain tertiary amine oxides, sulfate- or sulfonate-based anionic surfactants, hydrophobicized polymer surfactants, diluents such as, for example, lower alcohols or lower alkyl ethers and alkalis. EP-A-314 232 discloses aqueous mixtures which undergo an increase in viscosity when diluted with water and which contain, for example, an amine oxide, an anionic surfactant, non-surface-active compounds ionizable in water and also water.
WO 86/05199 describes a cleaning formulation for hard surfaces which contains a combination of an alkyl polyglycoside with, for example, tertiary alkylamine oxides. This cleaning formulation does not contain a water-soluble organic solvent based on alcohol or glycol ether and does not thicken when diluted with water. EP-A-75 996 discloses a laundry detergent composition which contains 1 to 90% of an alkyl polysaccharide, 1 to 90% of a nonionic surfactant, for example a tertiary amine oxide, 0 to 90% by weight of a detergent builder and 0.01 to 2% of an anionic optical brightener. This known formulation also contains no organic solvent and does not have any thickening properties, which would actually be a disadvantage in the washing of laundry.

Process for cleaning vertical or inclined hard surfaces


A clasp apparatus to releaseably hold an ornamental object. That ornamental object may have a spherical shape or an irregular shape. A method to releaseably hold an ornamental object.

An ornamental object can be converted into a piece of jewelry by adding thereto an attachment fixture which facilitates display of the ornament. Different types of jewelry have different types of attachment fixtures. Jewelry such as rings and necklaces must be equipped with fixtures which facilitate attachment of an ornament to particular parts of the human body, while lapel pins and belt buckles have fixtures designed to facilitate attachment of the ornament to particular pieces of clothing.
Using prior art devices, the unique nature of each type of attachment fixture limits the versatility of the jewelry. In addition, prior art attachment fixtures often alter, mar, and to some degree damage, the piece of jewelry to which those fixtures are affixed. Furthermore, the additional bulk also prevented proper display of the jewelry by causing it to stand away from the body or tilt to one side.
What is needed is a clasp that securely and releaseably holds an ornamental object such that the securely/releaseably fixtured ornamental object can we worn as a piece of jewelry, and subsequently easily removed from that clasp. In addition, what is needed is a clasp that can be disposed in a wide array of jewelry, such that a single ornamental object can be securely/releaseably displayed in a variety of jewelry pieces, including pendants, necklaces, ear-rings, and the like. Moreover, what is needed is a secure/releasable clasp device that does not detract from the overall appearance of the ornament.


The flip chip mounted body of the present invention includes: a circuit board (213) having a plurality of connection terminals (211); a semiconductor chip (206) having a plurality of electrode terminals (207) that are disposed opposing the connection terminals (211); and a porous sheet (205) having a box shape that is provided on an opposite side of a formation surface of the electrode terminal (207) of the semiconductor chip (206), is folded on an outer periphery of the semiconductor chip (206) on the formation surface side of the electrode terminal (207) and is in contact with the circuit board (213), wherein the connection terminal (211) of the circuit board (213) and the electrode terminal (207) of the semiconductor chip (206) are connected electrically via a solder layer (215), and the circuit board (213) and the semiconductor chip (206) are fixed by a resin (217). Thereby, the flip chip mounted body with excellent productivity and reliability that can mount the semiconductor chip on the circuit board, and a method and an apparatus for mounting the flip chip mounted body are provided.

In recent years, with a trend toward a higher density and a higher degree of integration for a semiconductor integrated circuit (hereinafter, abbreviated as a "semiconductor") chip used for electronic equipment, the number of pins of electrode terminals of a semiconductor chip has been increased and the pitch thereof has been decreased rapidly. For mounting these semiconductor chips on circuit boards, flip chip mounting is used widely in order to decrease a wiring delay.
In this flip chip mounting, solder bumps generally are formed on electrode terminals of the semiconductor chip, which then are joined to connection terminals formed on the circuit board with these solder bumps at one time.
However, in order to mount a next-generation semiconductor chip having more than 5,000 electrode terminals on a circuit board, it is necessary to form solder bumps that correspond to a narrow pitch of 100 μm or less, but it is difficult to adapt to it with a current technique for forming solder bumps.
Moreover, since it is necessary to form a large number of solder bumps that correspond to the number of the electrode terminals, the productivity has to be raised by shortening a mounting cycle for each chip, in order to achieve a cost reduction.
Similarly, in the semiconductor chip, the increase in the number of the electrode terminals has brought about a transition from peripheral-disposed electrode terminals to area-disposed electrode terminals.
Moreover, due to the demands for a higher density and a higher degree of integration, a semiconductor process is expected to develop from 90 nm to 65 nm and further to 45 nm. As a result, the wiring becomes even finer, and the formation of the solder bumps on the area-disposed electrode terminals and the flip chip mounting of the semiconductor chip become difficult.
Thus, there is a demand for a flip chip mounting method that is adaptable to a decrease in thickness and an increase in density due to the future development of the semiconductor process.
Conventionally, as a technique for forming solder bumps, plating, screen printing and the like have been developed. The plating is suitable for a narrow pitch, but has a problem in productivity due to its complicated processes. On the other hand, the screen printing has excellent productivity, but is not suitable for narrowing a pitch because of the use of a mask.
In the light of the problems described above, several techniques for forming solder bumps selectively on electrode terminals of a semiconductor chip or a circuit board have been developed recently. These techniques not only are suitable for forming fine solder bumps but also have excellent productivity because they can form the solder bumps all at one time, and attract attention as techniques that are adaptable to the mounting of the next-generation semiconductor chip on the circuit board.
One of these techniques is called a solder paste method. In this technique, a solder paste, which is a mixture of solder particles and flux, is applied solidly onto a circuit board whose surface is provided with electrode terminals, and the circuit board is heated so as to melt the solder particles, whereby solder bumps are formed selectively on the electrode terminals that have a high wettability (see Patent document 1, for example).
Moreover, in a technique called a super solder method, a paste-like composition (chemical reaction deposition-type solder) that contains an organic acid lead salt and metal tin as main components is applied solidly onto a circuit board on which electrode terminals are formed, and the circuit board is heated so as to cause a substitution reaction between Pb and Sn, thereby depositing a Pb/Sn alloy selectively on the electrode terminals of the board (see Patent document 2, for example).
A conventional flip chip mounting further requires a process of injecting a resin called an underfill between the semiconductor chip and the circuit board in order to fix the semiconductor chip on the circuit board, after mounting the semiconductor chip on the circuit board on which solder bumps are formed. Thereby, there also have been problems of an increase of the number of steps and an decrease of a yield.
Then, as a method for establishing an electric connection between opposed electrode terminals of the semiconductor chip and the circuit board and fixing the semiconductor chip onto the circuit board both at the same time, a flip chip mounting technique using an anisotropic electrically conductive material has been developed. In this technique, by supplying a thermosetting resin containing electrically conductive particles between the circuit board and the semiconductor chip, and then heating the thermosetting resin while applying pressure to the semiconductor chip at the same time, it is possible to establish the electric connection between the electrode terminals of the semiconductor chip and the circuit board and fix the semiconductor chip to the circuit board at the same time (for example, see Patent document 3).
However, in both of the solder paste method described in Patent document 1 and the super solder method described in Patent document 2, since the paste-like composition simply is supplied onto the circuit board by application, local variations in thickness and concentration occur, resulting in variations in the solder deposition amount for individual electrode terminals. Consequently, it is not possible to achieve solder bumps with uniform heights. Also, in these methods, since the paste-like composition is supplied by application onto the circuit board whose surface is provided with the electrode terminals, namely, with projections or depressions, a sufficient amount of solder cannot be supplied onto the electrode terminals serving as the projections, making it difficult to achieve a desired solder bump height necessary for the flip chip mounting.
Moreover, in the flip chip mounting method described in Patent document 3, there are many problems in productivity and reliability that are to be solved as described below.
Firstly, since the electric conduction between the electrode terminals is obtained by mechanical contact via the electrically conductive particles, it is difficult to achieve a stable conductive state. Secondarily, since a distance varies depending on an amount of the electrically conductive particles that are present between the electrode terminals of the semiconductor chip and the circuit board, the electric connection is unstable. Thirdly, in the heating process for curing the thermosetting resin, the electrically conductive particles are scattered, which causes a decrease of a yield due to a short circuit generated thereby. Fourthly, because of a structure where a connection part between the semiconductor chip and the circuit board is exposed and sinks into moisture or the like, and a life span and reliability of the circuit board deteriorate.
Patent document 1: JP 2000-94179 A
Patent document 2: JP1 (1989)-157796 A
Patent document 3: JP2000-332055 A

Flip chip mounting body, flip chip mounting method and flip chip mounting apparatus


A method, an apparatus and a computer readable medium for debugging and error prevention are provided. In the method, a plurality of debug messages produced by the electronic apparatus in executing debugging is obtained. The debug messages are analyzed to find a plurality of operation procedures associated with each other and having a number of repeated occurrences reaching a threshold according to data of each debug message when at least one error message appears in the debug messages and accordingly conclude at least one error procedure rule. Then, each debug message obtained afterwards is compared with the operation procedures in each error procedure rule sequentially, so as to determine whether a completion percentage of the operation procedures in each error procedure rule reaches a preset percentage. When the completion percentage reaches the preset percentage, a preventive operation of the operation procedure corresponding to the current debug message is executed.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for debugging. Particularly, the invention relates to a method, an apparatus and a computer readable medium for automatic debugging and error prevention.
2. Related Art
Along with development of technology and widespread of electronic apparatus such as smart phones, or tablet PCs, various software and firmware are developed to provide the user with diversified applications.
Generally, when the software or firmware is developed, a developer debugs the software or the firmware with assistance of debug messages. In the current development mode, the developer generally tries to duplicate an error operation and collect the debug messages to perform debugging in a passive way after the problem is occurred. However, after products are delivered, the developer is hard to collect the debug messages, which leads to a result that subsequent tracing and debugging of the product are difficult to be implemented at the development end, and the developer can only passively wait for occurrence of the problems, and then retrieve the product for debugging. In view of the client end, repeated occurrence of the error procedure prevents the user from fluently operating the electronic apparatus, and causes a usage trouble.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide a convenient method to assist the development end to implement debugging, so as to prevent the stability of the electronic apparatus from being influenced by the error procedure.

Method, apparatus and computer readable medium for automatic debugging and error prevention


A control for an electric motor in a vehicle. The control ascertains whether an obstacle is interfering with rotation of the motor. The control establishes a baseline speed, representing normal free running speed of the motor. This baseline speed will be different, in different operating environments. Then the control determines whether measured motor speed drops below the baseline speed by a predetermined amount. If so, then the motor is shut down, or reversed.

FIG. 1 illustrates a motor vehicle 3, which contains a sun roof (not shown) within dashed box 6. FIG. 2 is a view, looking downward, onto the sun roof 9. If, in FIG. 3, an obstruction 10 is present which blocks closure of the glass window 12, motion of the window 12 should generally be stopped, or reversed.
Various stratagems exist in the prior art to achieve this stoppage. Clutches are used, which stop motion of the window 12 when the window 12 strikes the obstruction 10. The obstruction 10 causes an opposing force which overrides the clutch.
Also, sensors are used, which sense the presence of objects in the path of the window 12. Other sensors are used which sense electrical parameters of the motor driving the window. For example, current drawn by the motor can increase when load on the motor increases. Obstruction 10 increases the load, when the window 12 meets the obstruction 10. A system can detect the resulting increase in current, and shut down, or reverse, the motor in response.
In general, assume a sequence of events, and that a certain parameter has a value which can change upon each event. For example, the events may be the passage of units of time, such as one second each, and the parameter may be a velocity or a temperature, which can change every second.
As another example, the events may be individual revolutions of a shaft. The parameter may be speed of the shaft, or the period of revolution of the shaft, which can change every revolution, and each revolution represents one of the events.
Thus, a sequence of parameters P1, P2, P3, etc. has been described, and each parameter is measured every time the event occurs.
Consider the differential between two succeeding parameters, such as (P2−P1). That differential can be normalized, by dividing by a value assigned to the event. For example, if the parameters are velocity, and the event is the passage of one second, the normalization results in the quantity (V2−V1)/(one second). This quantity is the rate of change of speed, or acceleration.
As another example, if the parameters are period T of revolution of a shaft, and the event is one revolution of the shaft, the normalization results in the quantity (T2−T1)/(one revolution). This quantity is the rate of change of period per revolution.
In general, if one begins with a starting value of the parameter, one can compute a subsequent value of the parameter using the differentials and the events, in the following manner:Pf=Pi+dP1(E)+dP2(E)+dP3(E)+ . . . +dPN(E),wherein    Pf is the final value of the parameter,    Pi is the initial value,    dP is the differential between two successive parameters, and    E is the event, in appropriate units.    This type of computation will be elaborated, initially in the context of velocity and acceleration.
A basic velocity equation found in engineering is the following:Vo=Vi+Atwherein    Vo is final velocity,    Vi is initial velocity,A is acceleration, andt is time.
If acceleration is measured at one-second intervals, then a variation of this equation is the following:Vo=Vi+A1+A2+A3+ . . . +ANwherein    Vo is final velocity,    Vi is initial velocity,    A1 is acceleration for a first one-second period,    A2 is acceleration for a second one-second period,    A3 is acceleration for a third one-second period, and    AN is acceleration for the Nth one-second period.    The Inventor points out that time, t, is not expressly present, because each acceleration occurs over a one-second interval, so that t is unity, and t is not expressed.
FIG. 11 provides an example of the computation. The plot indicates velocity of an object, as a function of time. A1 is acceleration for the one-second period prior to time of 1 second. A2 is acceleration for the one-second period prior to time of 2 seconds, and so on.
The expression for determining velocity at the time of 4 seconds isVf=Vo+A1(t)+A2(t)+A3(t)+A4(t).    Since V0 is zero, and t equals unity, the expression reduces toVf=A1+A2+A3+A4,consistent with that given at the bottom of the Figure.
FIG. 11 is framed in terms of a velocity of feet per second. However, the principles just described also apply if velocity is expressed in terms of radians per second, or revolutions per second, as occurs in rotational motion.
FIG. 11 was also framed in terms of an acceleration expressed as the change in speed per second. However, acceleration can also be expressed as a change in speed per revolution. The principles described above also apply in this case, as FIG. 12 indicates. In FIG. 12, the speed is expressed as surface speed of a rotating shaft. But the same computation as described above can be undertaken, as indicated by the equations at the bottom of the Figure.
In the general case, the principles described above can be applied to any time-changing variable. The general framework is to first measure the change in the variable over a standardized interval, or event, such as one second or one revolution. That change is analogous to the acceleration discussed above. Then the following expression is computed:Vf=Vi+A1(t)+A2(t)+A3(t)+A4(t)+ . . . +AN(t).
If the variable t (one second or one revolution, for example) has a value of unity, the expression reduces toVf=Vi+A1+A2+A3+A4+ . . . +AN.
That is, the final value of the variable V equals the initial value Vi plus the sum of the "accelerations" occurring during each second or each revolution.
FIG. 13 provides an example of the computation. In the Figure, the variable is the period required for the moving body in FIG. 11 to travel one foot. That is, at time 1 second in FIG. 11, the body is moving at 10 feet/sec. That corresponds to a period of 0.1 second per foot, or 6/60seconds in FIG. 13.
At time 2 seconds in FIG. 11, the body is moving at 30 feet/sec. That corresponds to a period of 2/60 second per foot, as indicated in FIG. 13.
For simplicity, assume that the body was moving at 10 feet per second at time zero. This assumption removes the singularity which occurs at the start-up from zero velocity. That is, at zero velocity, a period of infinity exists, which is a singularity. This assumption removes the problems of computation created by the singularity.
In FIG. 13, the "accelerations" will be termed period-accelerations, and given the symbol PA. That is, the acceleration is the change in period, per unit time. PA2 equals the change-in-period during the period ending at 2 seconds, and equals P2−P1, as indicated. PA3 equals the change-in-period during the period ending at 3 seconds, and equals P3−P2, as indicated. PA4 equals the change-in-period during the period ending at 4 seconds, and equals P4−P3, as indicated.
Note that the PA's represent both (1) the differential between subsequent periods and (2) if divided by the quantity one second, which does not change PA, the rate of change in period per second.
Thus, the value of the period at time 4 seconds is computed from the following expression:P4=P1+PA2(t)+PA3(t)+PA4(t).Since t equals unity, the expression reduces toP4=P1+PA2+PA3+PA4,which is consistent with the last expression in FIG. 10.
FIG. 14 illustrates how subsequent periods can be computed, using the period at 4 seconds as a baseline. It should be observed that, in expressions such as "P5=1/60+1/60," the first "1/60" represents the value of the initial period, in which the units are seconds. The second "1/60" represents the "deceleration" (ie, negative acceleration) multiplied by a unit of time, with that unit being unity. The units of "deceleration" in this case are seconds/foot per second, or seconds/(foot-second), which equals 1/foot. When that is multiplied by t, the units become seconds/foot, consistent with the units of the period.
In FIGS. 13 and 14, the "deceleration" was measured over intervals of one second. As explained above, the "deceleration" can be measured over other intervals, or events, such as intervals of one revolution. FIG. 15 illustrates a plot of a period plotted against revolutions. The principles described above apply to FIG. 15, but the computations are not shown because they are the same type as in FIGS. 14 and 15.
Therefore, the general procedure is the following. Assume a parameter, or variable, V which changes over time, upon the occurrence of a sequence of events. V is measured at each event. Thus, a string of variables V(1), V(2), V(3), V(4), etc is obtained.
Next, the change in V between successive intervals is computed. This was called "deceleration" earlier, but can also be referred to as a differential, in the calculus sense. In the current example, the differentials areD2=V(2)−V(1)D3=V(3)−V(2)D4−V(4)−V(3)                and so on.
Each differential can be divided by the quantity (one event), which will not change the value of the differential, but will convert the differential into a rate-of-change of the parameter, per event. For example, if the parameter is velocity, then one of the differentials may be V2−V1. If that is divided by one second, the quantity becomes (V2−V1)/(one second), which is the rate of change of velocity during that second.
The value of V at any time can be computed by the following expression:Vf=Vi+D2(t)+D3(t)+D4(t)+ . . . +DN(t).    Since t equals represents one event, such as one second, this expression reduces toVf=Vi+D2+D3+D4+ . . . +DN.
That is, the final value of the variable equals (1) the initial value of the variable plus (2) the sum of the differentials occurring since the initial value. Each differential is implicitly multiplied by a factor of one event, which has the units of seconds, revolutions, or whatever event is being used, and over which the differential was taken.
This type of computation will be explained in the context of the present invention.