A hardware implemented method for resolving collisions of memory addresses of a memory array is provided. In this hardware implemented method, a read memory address is compared with a write memory address. If the read and write memory addresses match, write data is directed from a data input to a data output, whereby the data input is further configured to input the write data to the memory array. A system and a memory chip for resolving collisions of memory addresses of a memory array are also described.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to computer storage and, more particularly, to systems and methods for resolving memory address collisions.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a memory is accessed to read or write data, a read memory address or write memory address is received by the memory to read from the read address or write to the write memory address, respectively. Typically, if data is read from and written to the same location in memory, the memory outputs indeterministic (i.e., erroneous) data. Since indeterministic data is unpredictable, the indeterministic data creates unpredictability in downstream logic. For example, if erroneous data is fed into an adder within a microprocessor, the adder will output erroneous results.
To avoid having the erroneous data corrupt any downstream state machines, logic is typically implemented external to the memory to handle the indeterministic data. However, the inclusion of the external logic to handle the indeterministic data slows the access of data and requires more integrated logic and space on hardware that accesses the data.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need to provide faster and simpler systems and methods to resolve indeterministic data from memory address collisions.

Systems and methods for resolving memory address collisions


A foldable packaging which may include a die-cut form that is initially substantially planar and foldable to provide a container that can be assembled having a fastening mechanism that is removable for additional uses.

There exists a need for product packaging which allows for goods within the packaging to be repeatedly located into and out of the packaging, without destroying the packaging and also includes a fastening device that is removable and has a secondary use beyond its use as a fastening device for the packaging.


The present application discloses a detection method and a detection device for the audio signal, the detection method comprising one or multiple times of audio detection, the audio signal is a SPDIF signal, and each time of the audio detection comprises: a statistical sampling step, sampling the SPDIF signal based on Biphase Mark Code, and counting according to the sampled data to obtain the number of state changes or the number of state unchanges of the SPDIF signal; and a determination step, determining whether the SPDIF signal is a muted SPDIF signal according to whether the number of state changes or the number of state unchanges of the SPDIF signal is within a predetermined range. The purpose of this application is at least to achieve the music detection function of the audio signal without performing full signal decoding on the SPDIF signal.

Sony/Philips Digital Interface (SPDIF) is an abbreviation of Sony and Philips digital audio interfaces. Generally, the DSP chip is responsible for music detection on an SPDIF signal. The DSP chip has an SPDIF decoder, which may do full signal decoding and provide a current signal level for the music detection in response to requests sent by a Microcontroller Unit (MCU) anytime.
However, sometime its problematic to use the DSP chip to perform music detection because the DSP chip may be removed from projects (for example, some projects are not require support of EQ (Equalizer) setting) to reduce the cost. Or, in some mode like system standby there are strict requirements for power consumptions, so the DSP chip may be shutdown to comply these requirements.

Detection method and detection device for audio signal


A snubbing configuration for inserting a pipe and/or a tool assembly on a pipe into a live well head employs a telescopic cylinder, e.g. a telescopic snubbing jack, between an upper BOP, e.g. an annular BOP, and a lower BOP, e.g. a double-gate BOP, in place of a conventional stripping BOP and an extended spool which are required in conventional configurations to accommodate long tool assemblies.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for inserting pipes and/or tools into live well bore while maintaining pressure in the well bores and, also, to snubbing jack assemblies for use therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
All snubbing or live well operations require blowout preventors (BOPs) or other sealing devices to maintain the well pressure while operations take place. A standard blowout preventor configuration includes, from the bottom up, a double-gate BOP complete with blind rams that shut the flow of the well off in the event that there is no pipe or tools in the well bore; a set of pipe rams directly above the blind rams, within an double-gate BOP, that seals off the flow of the well in the event that there is pipe in it; a single gate stripping ram preventor, which is used when pipe is in the well and which is necessary to install tools into the well bore and/or land the tubing hanger into the well head; an equalizing spool complete with two ports and valving off each port for equalizing and bleeding off the pressure from with in the BOP configuration; and an annular BOP installed on the top of the equalizing spool. The annular blowout preventor is for sealing around the pipe while the pipe being inserted into the well, as well as sealing around non-standard shapes of tools, etc. Such tools may, for example, comprise bottom hole assemblies comprising combinations of different tools, which are site-specific, e.g. for setting-up wells and, performing remedial maintenance prior to actual production for assisting in the production of hydrocarbons from the wells. Plugs, packers, nipples, sleeves and blast joints are just some of the many tools that may be required in a typical bottom hole assembly. A single zone well may require nothing more than a profiled nipple with a plug in place to seal the flow of the fluid or gas from flowing up the tubing while it is being installed into the well while maintaining the well pressure at surface. When the tubing has been positioned to the desirable depth in the well and landed into the well head, the plug is recovered from the nipple, allowing flow up the tubing. The nipple may later be used to suspend pressure recorders (tools) in the well to monitor pressures of the zone while in a static and or flowing position. A dual-zoned well typically requires a nipple and plug to stop the flow during insertion of production tubing as well as a packer, a sliding sleeve and possibly a blast joint. The packer serves as a sealing device to segregate the two zones, so the top zone can be produced up the casing or annulus (the space between the tubing and casing) and the lower zone produced up the tubing simultaneously. The sliding sleeve functions as a device to be able to equalize differential pressures between the zones to assist in pulling or retrieving tools (plugs, pressure recorders etc.) from the profiled nipple as well as establishing communication between the tubing and casing to flow back or displace fluid, gas and or other materials from the top zone (above the packer) up the tubing. Because of the smaller inside diameter and ultimately the volume required to fill the tubing, a more desirable flow rate and pressure can typically be maintained while the flow back is taking place. Many zones have high static (shut in) pressures, but don't necessarily produce the volume required to fill larger areas such as the annulus fast enough to establish desirable a rate of flow. Many formations can be severely and irreversibly damaged when the pressure from the producing zone is flowed back at a rate faster then that of which the hydrocarbons can pass through the zone (rock, sand, clay etc.) drawing in water or oil from below the zone and restricting flow. The blast joint may serve as a tool to protect the tubing from the erosive effects the flow of fluid and/or particles of sand etc. in to the annulus.
The conventional method of lubricating or stripping-in, i.e insertion into a live well through the well head, is achieved by closing the stripping rams around the pipe, then bleeding off the pressure above. The annular BOP is then opened and the pipe and the tool assembly are lowered (i.e. the pipe is stripped through the stripping rams) into a space provided between the stripping rams and the annular BOP. When the tool assembly is in position, the annular BOP is closed and the pressure is equalized between the stripping rams and the annular BOP. The stripping rams are then opened. Normal operations then continue until the job has been completed.
In the event that the tools required to be lubricated into the well are longer than the space available in a conventional BOP configuration, an extended lubricating spool is installed to facilitate them.

Method of and apparatus for inserting pipes and tools into wells


In an embodiment, in response to a request, a connection is selected from a pool of connections to a server. If the connection is stale and the number of stale connections encountered is greater than an adaptive threshold, then recovery is performed on all of the connections in the pool. If the number of stale connections is not greater than the adaptive threshold, then recovery is performed on the stale connection. A decision is made whether the connection is stale by sending the request to the server via the connection and detecting whether the sending encountered an error and by receiving a response from the server via the current connection and detecting whether the response indicates that the request encountered an error at the server.

The development of the EDVAC computer system of 1948 is often cited as the beginning of the computer era. Since that time, computer systems have evolved into extremely sophisticated devices, and computer systems may be found in many different settings. Computer systems typically include a combination of hardware, such as semiconductors and circuit boards, and software, also known as computer programs. As advances in semiconductor processing and computer architecture push the performance of the computer hardware higher, more sophisticated and complex computer software has evolved to take advantage of the higher performance of the hardware, resulting in computer systems today that are much more powerful than just a few years ago.
Years ago, computers were isolated devices that did not communicate with each other. But, today computers are often connected in networks, such as the Internet or World Wide Web, and a user at one computer, often called a client, may wish to access information at multiple other computers, often called servers, via a network. Accessing and using information, e.g. data, services, or other resources, from multiple computers is often called distributed computing.
A client typically accesses data and requests services at a server via a mechanism known as a "connection." Establishing (or opening) a connection at the server typically involves the setting up of resources (such as computer memory and buffers) so that a particular object, such as a database or file, can be read or written to. The server allocates these resources to a particular connection identified by a connection identifier. Requests from the client to the server include the connection identifier, and the server uses the resources associated with the connection identifier to process the requests. Once the connection is no longer needed, the client sends a close (or release) connection command to the server, which causes the server to close the connection and deallocate the associated resources.
Establishing a connection is expensive in terms of time and performance, so clients often use a technique called "connection pooling," which reuses connections instead of closing them, in order to avoid re-establishing connections. Under connection pooling, the client opens or establishes a number of connections and adds them to a pool of available connections, which various applications at the client share. When an application is done using a connection, instead of closing the connection, the client returns the connection to the available pool, which another application may then use. The overhead of closing the connection and re-opening another connection when needed is thus avoided, which improves performance of the requests.
While connection pooling has advantages, it has also has disadvantages. The longer that a connection remains in the available pool unused, the more likely that the connection will be stale and unusable when the connection is eventually needed. Connections can become stale for a variety of reasons, such as the server encountering an error, the service or data source on the server encountering an error, or the server noticing that the connection has not been used recently and, in response, closing the connection to free up the associated resources for use by another client.
Since not just individual connections but the entire pool of connections may become stale, detecting and recovering from stale connections is important, and several techniques have been used. A passive technique for managing stale connection is for the client to remove only those connections from the pool that the client actually detects are stale when the client attempts to use the connections. Unfortunately, if all of the connections in the pool are stale, the client must individually attempt to use each connection, detect that each connection is stale, and then remove each connection, which decreases performance. The worst case scenario of all connections being stale can frequently occur if all connections in the pool are for a single server because if that single server is powered off or has encountered an error, all its connections become stale.
In contrast to the passive technique, using an active technique for handling stale connections, the client detects that one connection in the pool is stale while using that connection, and in response proactively investigates all the connections in that pool prior to their use. This active technique has the problem that the client is potentially investigating connections that are good (in the worst case, every connection in the pool is good except for the one stale connection), which decreases performance with unnecessary work. The more connections per pool, and the more servers that are represented in the pool, the worse the active technique performs. Thus, neither the passive nor the active technique provides good performance in all scenarios.
What is needed is a better technique for managing stale connections in a connection pool.

International Business Machines Corporation


A keyboard control apparatus with a USB interface for use in a notebook computer having a number of keys. In one embodiment, a mapping unit is employed to store a number of key matrix codes corresponding to the keys. In accordance with a clock signal and a start signal, a shift register is capable of generating a reference signal and a number of scan output signals. A key matrix circuit then receives the scan output signals to provide a number of scan input signals. An address generator is used to generate an address signal based on the reference signal and a triggered scan input signal. Thus, a selector can select one key matrix code designated to the address signal from the mapping unit. Additionally, an interface converter further converts the selected key matrix code into a pair of differential signals compliant with the USB specification.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to integrated circuits, and more particularly to universal serial bus (USB) keyboard control circuitry for use in a notebook computer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Users of personal computers have been liberated from the restrictions of desktop-only use with the introduction of portable "notebook" computers. In recent years, the notebook computer has made considerable gains in both popularity and sophistication. The convenience and transportability of the notebook computer has produced a large and lucrative market for manufacturers of such machines. In general, keyboards are the primary user interface for entering information and commands into a computer. The keyboard used with a desktop computer typically contains a keyboard controller which responds to the depression of a key on the keyboard by generating a key matrix code corresponding to the depressed key, and by supplying the code in a digital form to a host or the like.
The keyboard used in a notebook computer, on the other hand, does not include the above keyboard controller. Conventionally, a special embedded controller in the notebook computer takes charge of the keyboard control function. The embedded controller is a powerful microcontroller which assumes many jobs in a notebook computer, such as power management, screen brightness adjustment, keyboard control, and so forth. However, the embedded controller is more expensive than an ordinary logic circuit and must work with the basic input/output system (BIOS). Furthermore, manufacturers must pay a royalty to obtain the rights to make and sell notebook computers using the keyboard BIOS. In addition to the royalty expense, the manufacturer is required to design a program cooperating with the licensed keyboard BIOS to enable the embedded controller to carry out the keyboard control function. Unfortunately, this program must be rewritten for use in other keyboard models when the key arrangement is changed. Therefore, a simple and inexpensive scheme for keyboard control in a notebook computer, unencumbered by the existing limitations, is called for.

Universal serial bus keyboard control circuitry


A communication module capable of simultaneously providing communication and positioning information is provided. The communication module includes a processor with an integrated positioning receiver. The processor transmits and receives communication information, such as interconnect voice, dispatch voice, or data, using a first transceiver. The integrated positioning receiver is coupled to a second transceiver to transmit positioning information.

Wireless communication devices, such as cellular telephones, currently provide a number of different capabilities. For example, many wireless communication devices can support voice and data communications. Additionally, many wireless communication devices now include global positioning satellite (GPS) receivers, which are used for determining a current position of the device based on information received from satellites.
Although wireless communication devices support a number of different capabilities, due to the design of these devices, they cannot simultaneously output information related to these different capabilities. For example, GPS receivers are often integrated into the communication processor of the wireless communication device. The communication processor is typically coupled to other components via a single serial connection. The serial connection can send or receive information associated with only one of the many capabilities at any particular time. Accordingly, while a wireless communication device may include an external connection for providing data and GPS information, the external connection can communicate only one of these types of information at a time.

System and method for providing communication and positioning information


A connector adapted for receiving a flexible printed circuit board therein includes an insulating housing defining a mouth, a plurality of electric terminals each having a base portion and an actuator pivoted in the mouth. Each side wall of the mouth defines a first locating trough and a second locating trough. The electric terminal has a contacting arm and a connecting arm respectively extended from the base portion, and a bearing arm and a holding arm respectively extended from the base portion. The actuator has a pressing bar at an edge thereof and two piloting portions. The pressing bar is located between the bearing arms and the holding arms. The piloting portions are slid into the corresponding second locating troughs from the first locating troughs to act on the bearing arms so as to make the contacting arms incline toward the corresponding connecting arms for further clipping the flexible printed circuit board therebetween.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an electrical connector, and more particularly to a connector for a flexible printed circuit (FPC hereinafter for simplification) board.
2. The Related Art
A conventional FPC connector adapted for receiving an FPC board therein includes an insulating housing, a plurality of electric terminals disposed in the insulating housing and an actuator pivoted to the insulating housing. The insulating housing defines a mouth at an end thereof for receiving the actuator therein. Each of the electric terminals has a base portion. A contacting portion and a connecting portion are extended from the base portion at an upper portion and a lower portion respectively. The FPC board is inserted between the contacting portions and the connecting portions to form an electrical connection between the FPC board and the electric terminals. Then the actuator can pivot from an open position to a closed position. While the insulating housing is at the closed position, the FPC board is held between the contacting portions and the connecting portions under a pressure from the actuator. However, the pressure from the actuator cannot hold the FPC board firmly, so that the electrical connection between the FPC board and the electric terminals is not stable.

Connector for flexible printed circuit board


A laminated type heat exchanger including a refrigerant inlet tank and a refrigerant outlet tank. The inlet tank has inlet chambers and a refrigerant passage passing through the inlet chambers, and the outlet tank has outlet chambers and a refrigerant passage passing through the outlet chambers. The heat exchanger includes refrigerant pipes each having one end which is connected to the inlet chamber and the other end which is connected to the outlet chamber, and a refrigerant gate portion for flowing the refrigerant into the inlet tank and from the outlet tank. The heat exchanger also includes a dispersion pipe which is inserted in the inlet tank refrigerant passage. The dispersion pipe is about ⅓ to xc2xc of the length of the inlet tank refrigerant passage, and the sectional area of the dispersion pipe is smaller than that of the inlet tank refrigerant passage. Dispersion holes are formed at the opposite side of the dispersion pipe against the refrigerant pipe, and the size of the dispersion holes increases with the increase in the distance from the gate portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laminated type heat exchanger used for an evaporator comprising an air conditioner mounted in a car.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIGS. 5 and 6 are a partial side view and a partial plan view which show a conventional laminated type heat exchanger used for an evaporator comprising an air conditioner mounted in a car, and FIG. 7 is a sectional view showing a cross-section along line Axe2x80x94A of FIG. 6.
In FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, a laminated type heat exchanger 1 comprises a plurality of tube elements 2 and cooling fins 4 which use air. The tube elements 2 are arranged parallel to each other with the cooling fins inter posed therebetween. The tube elements 2 and the cooling fins 4 are integrally soldered.
The tube element 2 comprises a pair of molded plates 2a and 2b. A refrigerant inlet chamber 20a, a refrigerant outlet chamber 20b, and a U-shaped refrigerant pipe 21 are formed by attaching the molded plates 2a and 2b. The refrigerant pipe 21 connects the refrigerant inlet chamber 20a with the refrigerant outlet chamber 20b. Therefore, the refrigerant flows from the refrigerant inlet chamber 20a to the refrigerant outlet chamber 20b via the refrigerant pipe 21. Moreover, a wave shaped plate 3 is mounted in the refrigerant pipe 21.
An end tube element 50 is formed by attaching an end plate 5 to the molded plate 2b which is positioned at one side of the laminated type heat exchanger 1. An end tube element 60 is formed by attaching an end plate 6 to the molded plate 2a at the other end of the laminated type heat exchanger 1. Thereby, a refrigerant inlet tank comprising a plurality of refrigerant inlet chambers 20a and a refrigerant outlet tank comprising a plurality of refrigerant outlet chambers 20b are formed.
A refrigerant gate portion 7 is soldered to the end tube element 50. The refrigerant gate portion 7 comprises a front plate 70 having flanges 9a and 9b for mounting an expansion valve 10, and a connection plate 8 having a passage 80a for flowing the refrigerant to the refrigerant inlet tank and a passage (not shown in the figures) for flowing the refrigerant from the refrigerant outlet tank.
In this conventional laminated type heat exchanger 1, the flow rate of the refrigerant send by the expansion valve 10 into the refrigerant inlet tank is not sufficient. Therefore, a short circuit is generated. In other words, most of the refrigerant send by the expansion valve 10 flows into the refrigerant pipe 21 arranged near the refrigerant gate portion 7, and reaches the refrigerant outlet tank. It is difficult for the refrigerant to reach the inner laminated type heat exchanger 1, namely the end tube element 60. A problem arises in that the refrigerant cannot be dispersed uniformly.
In consideration of the above described problem of the conventional technology, an object of the present invention is to provide a laminated type heat exchanger which can disperse the refrigerant uniformly.
A first laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention comprising:
a refrigerant inlet tank comprising a plurality of refrigerant inlet chambers, and in which a refrigerant passage passing through the refrigerant inlet chambers is formed;
a refrigerant outlet tank comprising a plurality of refrigerant outlet chambers, and in which a refrigerant passage passing through the refrigerant inlet chambers is formed;
a plurality of refrigerant pipes each having one end which is connected to the refrigerant inlet chamber and the other end which is connected to the refrigerant outlet chamber;
a refrigerant gate portion for flowing the refrigerant into the refrigerant inlet tank and from the refrigerant outlet tank;
a dispersion pipe which is inserted in the refrigerant passage formed in the refrigerant inlet tank;
wherein the length of the dispersion pipe is ⅓xcx9cxc2xc of the length of the refrigerant passage in the refrigerant inlet tank,
the sectional area of the dispersion pipe is smaller than that of the refrigerant passage in the refrigerant inlet tank,
a plurality of dispersion holes are formed at the opposite side of the dispersion pipe against the refrigerant pipe, and
the size of the dispersion holes increases with an increase in the distance from the refrigerant gate portion.
According to the first laminated type heat exchanger, a refrigerant in the dispersion pipe passes through the refrigerant inlet tank with maintaining a sufficient flow rate. Therefore, the refrigerant reaches the inner refrigerant inlet chambers. Moreover, the size of the dispersion holes increases with an increase in the distance from the refrigerant gate portion. Therefore, the refrigerant flows uniformly into the refrigerant pipes connected to the refrigerant inlet chambers. Then, the refrigerant is dispersed uniformly in the laminated type heat exchanger.
In a second laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, at least one dispersion plate comprising an opening is provided in the refrigerant inlet chamber in which the dispersion pipe is not inserted. The flow rate of the refrigerant increases whenever the refrigerant passes through the opening. Therefore, the flow rate of the refrigerant in the refrigerant inlet chamber, in which the dispersion pipe is not inserted, is maintained enough.
In a third laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, a plurality of said dispersion plates are provided in the refrigerant inlet tank, and the size of the openings formed at the dispersion plates decreases with an increase in the distance from the refrigerant gate portion. According to this laminated type heat exchanger, the flow rate of the refrigerant in the refrigerant inlet chamber, in which the dispersion pipe is not inserted, is maintained more enough.
A fourth laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention comprising:
a refrigerant inlet tank comprising a plurality of refrigerant inlet chambers, and in which a refrigerant passage passing through the refrigerant inlet chambers is formed;
a refrigerant outlet tank comprising a plurality of refrigerant outlet chambers, and in which a refrigerant passage passing through the refrigerant inlet chambers is formed;
a plurality of refrigerant pipes each having one end which is connected to the refrigerant inlet chamber and the other end which is connected to the refrigerant outlet chamber;
a refrigerant gate portion for flowing the refrigerant into the refrigerant inlet tank and from the refrigerant outlet tank;
a dispersion pipe which is inserted in the refrigerant passage formed in the refrigerant inlet tank;
wherein a restrictor for restricting the flow of the refrigerant is provided at the upstream side of the refrigerant passage in the refrigerant inlet tank.
According to this fourth laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, the nozzle restricts the flow of the refrigerant from the refrigerant gate portion. When the refrigerant passes through the nozzle, a mist flow of the refrigerant is generated. Thereby, the flow rate of the refrigerant increases. The refrigerant reaches the inner refrigerant inlet chambers, and flows into the refrigerant pipes. Then, the refrigerant is dispersed uniformly in the laminated type heat exchanger.
In a fifth laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, the restrictor is formed at an end plate of the refrigerant inlet tank.
In a sixth laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, the refrigerant gate portion comprises a connection plate for flowing the refrigerant into the refrigerant inlet tank, which is connected to an end plate of the refrigerant inlet tank; and a restrictor for restricting the flow of the refrigerant is provided at the connection plate.
In a seventh laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, at least one dispersion plate comprising an opening for restricting the flow of the refrigerant is provided in the refrigerant inlet tank and/or the refrigerant outlet tank. According to the seventh laminated type heat exchanger, the flow rate of the refrigerant in the refrigerant inlet tank is maintained enough.
In a eighth laminated type heat exchanger of the present invention, a plurality of said dispersion plates are provided in the refrigerant inlet tank and/or the refrigerant outlet tank, and the size of the openings formed at the dispersion plates decreases with an increase in the distance from the refrigerant gate portion. According to the eighth laminated type heat exchanger, the flow rate of the refrigerant in the refrigerant inlet tank is maintained more enough.


The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing semiconductor materials comprising epitaxial growing of group III-V materials, for example gallium arsenide (GaAs), on for example a non III-V group material like silicon (Si) substrates (wafers), and especially to pre-processing steps providing a location stabilization of dislocation faults in a surface layer of the non III-V material wafer in an orientation relative to an epitaxial material growing direction during growing of the III-V materials, wherein the location stabilized dislocation fault orientations provides a barrier against threading dislocations (stacking of faults) from being formed in the growing direction of the III-V materials during the epitaxial growth process.

Modern semiconductor industry has provided a revolution in our lives and has been the foundation for developing computer industry and electronic devices we now cannot live without. The economic significance of the semiconductor industry in our society is of utmost importance.
Behind this scientific, technical and economic evolution is the material science of semiconductor materials. Transistors, lasers and solar cell assemblies converting light into electricity etc. relies on cheap and reliable semiconductor materials. However, there are still needs for improvements in the material properties, for example increasing speed and limiting power consumption in transistors, providing more efficient lasers and lately improving the electric power output from semiconductor solar cells. When it comes to solar cell assemblies it is also of utmost importance to provide semiconductor materials providing highest possible efficiency at the lowest possible cost of materials. It is also important to be able to produce huge quantities of semiconductors with a high yield factor. All these desired properties of semiconductors may be fulfilled completely or partially by manufacturing semiconductor materials with the correct physical properties, as known to a person skilled in the art, as basis materials for these semiconductor devices and manufacturing thereof.
In the field of semiconductor material science it is well known that gallium arsenide (GaAs) has many desirable properties as a foundation for semiconductors. The mobility and other physical properties of this material can increase the speed of semiconductor devices made from this material significantly compared with the more traditional semiconductor materials like silicon (Si). As known to a person skilled in the art, Si is however much cheaper than GaAs. Therefore, manufacturing of a semiconductor material comprising GaAs on top of a Si wafer is a desirable material combination. Manufacturing of transistors would then provide a high frequency device combined with known Si integrated circuit technology, solar cells would have high efficiency at a low price and lasers could be manufactured with larger scale production with cheaper substrates. Further, integration of optical devices on a same chip comprising integrated electronic circuits will be facilitated.
These preferable properties have been known for a long time in the prior art. However, growing high quality mono-crystalline GaAs on mono-crystalline silicon is not trivial due to the large lattice mismatch of the two materials. When combining these materials, for example in an epitaxial growth process, as known to a person skilled in the art, the lattice mismatch leads to stacking of faults, denoted threading dislocations, that ruins the physical properties necessary for making semiconductor devices that fulfils the desired requirements. The threading dislocations appear for example in a GaAs layer that is being grown on top of a Si wafer. The threading dislocations will have a certain orientation relative to the epitaxial growth direction and the dominant direction is usually close to being parallel or is parallel with the growing direction. The length of the threading dislocations may be shorter than the end thickness of the grown layer, but thickness of layers in semiconductor devices contributes significantly to what kind of physical properties the material will provide as a basis for a semiconductor device, as known to a person skilled in the art. Even though the length of the threading dislocations may be limited, the physical property of the interface between the different materials still needs to be controlled.
In prior art there are known some examples of experimental processes trying to achieve a combination of for example GaAs as a III-V material on non III-V materials that has used relative thick buffer layers and/or strained-layer super lattices to reduce defect densities. For example, a transition, super-lattice and/or buffer layer with a thickness of 1000 Å or more is reported used in experimental methods. This is essential, since such a dimension of a layer with no other function than being a buffer will create extra material costs and production time in addition to being detrimental to device performance. For example: In a solar cell application, this layer will contribute with additional impedance and the layer may absorb light without generating electricity.
M. Yamaguchi, M. Tachikawa, Y. Itoh, M. Sugo, S. Kondo: "Thermal annealing effects of defect reduction in GaAs on Si substrates.", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 68, pp. 4518-4522 (1990) shows that thermal annealing can be used to reduce dislocations in GaAs grown directly on (100) Si substrates. Their GaAs layers exhibit a dislocation density at or above 108 cm−2 prior to annealing. Using several annealing cycles they achieved dislocation densities as low as 3·106 cm−2. Yamaguchi et al. also shows a dependency between grown thicknesses and number of dislocations, and that the found dislocation density differs when using different examination techniques (EPD (Etch Pit Density) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)). The lowest number of dislocations was reported for the specimens at 3500 nm of GaAs on Si after 4 thermal annealing cycles to 900° C.
M. Umeno, T. Kato, M. Yang, Y Azuma, T. Soga, T. Jimbo: <<High efficiency AlGaAs/Si Tandem Solar Cell Over 20%>>, pp. 1679-1684, WCPEC, Hawaii (1994) demonstrated an AlGaAs/Si dual-junction solar cell with only a 10 nm thin GaAs buffer layer at the III-V/Si material interface. No other dislocation barrier was reported used to realise the top solar cell, but still obtained a working AlGaAs cell at a dislocation density of 2·107cm−2. From theoretical calculations they showed that a Al0.22Ga0.78As/Si dual-junction solar cell could obtain a total conversion efficiency of 32-33%. Their experimental cell was grown with an AlGaAs thickness of 3000 nm, and obtained a top Al0.15Ga0.85As and bottom Si cell efficiency of up to 11.9% and 8.92% respectively. In series the total dual-cell efficiency was shown to be up to 19.9%.
R. J. Malik, J. P. van der Ziel, B. F. Levine, C. G. Bethea and J. Walker: <<Molecular-Beam epitaxy of GaSb/AlSb optical device layers on Si(100)>>, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 59, No. 11 (1986) discloses that an AlSb containing layer on Si could enable growth of monocrystalline III-V material with lower dislocation density than what was previously achieved at the time. A pulsed deposition technique was used in which one monolayer of AlSb was deposited one at the time at 400° C. with a 15 s waiting time between the depositions of layers. After a 150 Å layer of AlSb was achieved with this method on Si, a 600 nm thick AlSb buffer at 550° C. was grown. R. J. Malik et al. then used a 50 period 10 nm AlSb/10 nm GaSb superlattice prior to growth of a GaSb/AlGaSb laser structure on top. They attribute the long wavelength of the optically-pumped laser to be due to a tensile stress in the GaSb film, but do not disclose any dislocation density values on their materials.
G. Balakrishnan, S. Huang, A. Khoshakhlagh, P. Hill, A. Amtout, S. Krishna, G. P. Donati, L. R. Dawson, D. L. Huffaker: "Room-temperature optically-pumped InGaSb quantum well lasers monolithically grown on Si(100) substrate", Electronics Letters, v 41, n 9, p 531-2, 28 Apr. 2005 uses the same technique as Malik et al., but uses a substrate temperature of 500® C. during both the initial AlSb growth and subsequent AlSb buffer and AlSb/GaSb superlattice growth. After the superlattice, they grow a AlGaSb/InGaSb laser which is optically-pumped and emits at room-temperature. No dislocation density is mentioned, but in G. Balakrishnan, S. Huang, L. R. Dawson, Y.-C. Xin, P. Conlin, and D. L. Huffaker: "Growth mechanisms of highly mismatched AlSb on a Si substrate", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 86, pp. 034105-1-3 (2005) they describe the AlSb/Si nucleation process in more detail and mention a misfit dislocation density on the order of 1011 cm−2 in the initial AlSb layer.
Hideyuki Toyota, Tomonori Sasaki, Yoshio Jinbo, Naotaka Uchitomi: "Growth and characterization of GaSb/AlGaSb multi-quantum well structures on Si (001) substrates", Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 310, pp. 78-82 (2008) use the same technique as Malik et al. for growth of AlSb/GaSb on Si. They compare the use of thick GaSb buffers with and without GaSb/AlGaSb superlattices with a GaSb/AlGaSb multi-quantum well on top. Although no dislocation density values are given, they show that the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the (004) peak has a full-width-half-maximum value of 0.245 degrees.
S. H. Huang, G. Balakrishnan, M. Mehta, A. Khoshakhlagh, L. R. Dawson, and D. L. Huffaker: "Epitaxial Growth and formation of interfacial misfit array for tensile GaAs on GaSb" Applied Physics Letters 90, 161902 (2007) disclose dislocation densities as low as 3·106cm−2 provided by a group V soak technique. They achieved this with GaAs on GaSb using an interfacial misfit layer that is formed using a method that relies on As overpressure. Their formation of defects is related to obtaining a Ga-rich surface, due to As exposure of GaSb. They do not report the dislocation density of their GaSb substrates, but commercially available substrates are available with a dislocation density measured by etch pit density (EPD) at 1000 cm−2 or 10000 cm−2.
According to an aspect of the present invention, harmful threading dislocation faults may be avoided if a dominant threading dislocation direction or stacking of faults does not take place in a direction parallel to or close to the direction of the epitaxial growth, or is stopped completely. For example, if threading dislocation faults are constrained to be parallel or at least close to parallel to a surface of a wafer, for example a Si wafer, the threading dislocations will not appear in the material that is grown in the process, The dislocation faults will be constrained at the surface or close to the surface of the wafer and therefore appear as location stabilised in respective positions at this interface. This controlling of the dislocation faults makes it possible to grow GaAs on top of a wafer providing low defect densities for the complete manufactured material. This aspect of the present invention is achieved by pre-processing steps comprising a controlled and defined temperature, pressure and time interval exposure of material combinations. The relation between these three parameters has been established experimentally.
According to an example of embodiment of the present invention, a method for epitaxial growth of III-V group materials on Si wafers comprises pre-processing steps executed before growing the actual III-V group materials on the Si wafer, wherein the pre-processing steps comprises growing a AlSb nucleation layer on top of the Si wafer followed by growing a GaSb layer on the AlSb nucleation layer, wherein this three layer composition is exposed to a low pressure condition over a certain time and substrate temperature. These pre-processing steps provides a defect density as low as 2000 cm−2 which is much lower compared to results reported in the prior art.

Methods for growing III-V materials on a non III-V material substrate


Multiple beam output scanning is obtained from a single raster scanning system (ROS) having a rotating mirror and a single set of scan optics. A plurality of coaxially overlapping laser beams from a common spatial location have either different polarization states or wavelengths. The swept beams are then separated by a plurality of optical beam splitters and absorption type optical polarizers and optical filters. The separated laser beams may be directed onto associated photoreceptors. The photoreceptors are beneficially located such that the optical path lengths from the laser beam sources to each photoreceptors are substantially the same.

The present application relates to the following co-pending United States Patents and Patent Applications: "Raster Output Scanner for a Multistation Printing System," U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,359, filed Dec. 19, 1991; "Diode Laser Multiple Output Scanning System," Ser. No. 07/948,531 (still pending), filed Sep. 22, 1992; "Multi-Beam, Orthogonally-Polarized Emitting Monolithic Quantum Well Lasers," Ser. No. 07/948,524 (still pending), filed Sep. 22, 1992; "Polarization Switchable Quantum Well Laser," Ser. No. 07/948,522 (still pending), filed Sep. 22, 1992; and "A Raster Output Scanner for a Single Pass Printing System which Separates Plural Laser Beams by Wavelength and Polarization," Ser. No. 07/948,530 (still pending), filed Sep. 22, 1992. These applications are all assigned to the assignee hereof and are all hereby incorporated by reference.
In xerographic printing (also called electrophotographic printing), a latent image is formed on a charged photoreceptor, usually by raster sweeping a modulated laser beam across the photoreceptor. The latent image is then used to create a permanent image by transferring and fusing toner that was electrostatically attracted to the latent image onto a recording medium.
While xerographic printing has been successful, problems arise when attempting to print at very high speed. One set of problems relates to the sweeping of the laser beam across the photoreceptor. As printing speed increases, it becomes more and more difficult to sweep the laser beam as fast as is required. While other sweeping methods are known, the most common method is to deflect the laser beam from a rotating mirror. Thus one way of increasing the sweep speed is to rotate the mirror faster. However, extremely fast mirror rotation requires an expensive drive motor, expensive bearings, and a powerful laser.
Other techniques of increasing the beam sweep speed include 1) sweeping the laser beam with a multifaceted, rotating polygon mirror, and/or 2) sweeping several laser beams simultaneously. Rotating polygon mirrors and their related optics are so common that they are generically referred to as ROSs (Raster Output Scanners). Printers that sweep several beams simultaneously are commonly referred to as multiple beam printers.
The beam sweep speed problem becomes very important when printing in color at high speed. This is because a color xerographic printer overlaps separate images for each color, called a system color, that is printed. While a dual color printer uses only two images, a full color printer typically requires four images: one for each of the three primary colors of cyan, magenta, yellow, and an additional image for black.
Color prints are currently produced by sequentially transferring and fusing overlapped system colors onto a single recording medium that is passed multiple times, once for each system color, through the printer. Such printers are commonly referred to as multiple pass printer. Conceptually it is possible to imprint multiple colors on a recording medium in one pass through the printer by using a sequence of xerographic stations, one for each system color. If each station is associated with a separate photoreceptor, the printer is referred to as a multistation printer; if the stations use different positions on the same photoreceptor, the printer is referred to as a single station/multiposition printer.
Multistation and single station/multiposition printers have greater printed page output than multipass printers operating at the same raster sweep speed. However, the commercial introduction of multistation and single station/multiposition printers has been delayed by 1) cost problems, at least partially related to the cost of multiple xerographic stations, each of which has its own ROS, and 2) image quality problems, at least partially related to the difficulty of producing separate images on each photoreceptor and then registering (overlapping) the separate images to produce a color output.
Proposed prior art multistation printers usually use an individual ROS (each comprised of a separate polygon mirror, lens system, and related optical components) for each station. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,847,642 to Murayama et al. involves such a system. Problems with such systems include the high cost of producing nearly identical multiple ROSs and the difficulty of registering the system colors.
A partial solution to the problems of multistation xerographic systems with individual ROSs is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,903 to Kawamura et al. That patent, particularly with regards to FIG. 6, teaches a recording apparatus (printer) having multiple recording stations and multiple lens systems, but only one rotating polygon mirror. Thus, the cost of the system is reduced. However, differences in the lenses and mirror surfaces could still cause problems with the registration of the different latent images.
Another approach to overcoming the problems of multistation printers having individual ROSs is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,312 to Matuura, et al. That patent teaches spatially overlapping a plurality of beams using an optical beam combiner, deflecting the overlapped beams using a single polygon mirror, separating the deflected beams using an optical filter (and polarizers if more than two beams are used), and directing the separated beams onto associated photoreceptors. The advantage of overlapping the laser beams is a significant cost reduction since the ROS is shared. It is believed that a commercial embodiment of the apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,312 would be rather complicated and expensive, especially if four system colors are to be printed. The use of optical beam combiners to overlap beams so that they have similar optical axes and similar sized spots is believed to be difficult, expensive, and time consuming.
One solution to the problems with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,312 is disclosed in co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,359, filed Dec. 19, 1991. That application provides a raster output scanning system employing a rotating polygon mirror that simultaneously deflects a plurality of clustered, dissimilar wavelength laser beams having common optical axes and substantially common origins from common mirror surface areas. The clustered beams are subsequently separated by a plurality of optical filters and are then directed onto associated photoreceptors of a multistation printer. However, economically feasible optical filters require that the dissimilar beams to be separated by a sufficiently large wavelength, about 50 nm. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,359 utilizes lasers emitting at 645,695,755, and 825 nm. Since laser emission from closely spaced laser sources over this wavelength span is not yet available using one semiconductor material system, practical systems need to integrate different semiconductor material systems, such as AlGaAs and AlGaInP. Additionally, the wide wavelength span necessitates that the photoreceptive surface(s) has adequate response over the span, which includes infrared portions of the optical spectrum. However, few photoreceptive surfaces respond well in the infrared.
A further improvement on the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,312 is disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/948,531, filed Sep. 22, 1992. That application provides a raster output scanning (ROS) apparatus which simultaneously sweeps a plurality of orthogonally polarized and dissimilar wavelength laser beams having common optical axes from common mirror surface areas. The swept laser beams are subsequently separated by a combination of a polarized beam separator and a dichroic beam separator. The separated laser beams are subsequently directed onto associated photoreceptive regions of a single station/multiposition printer, or onto associated photoreceptors of a multistation printer. Similarly dimensioned and registered spots are readily obtained on all photoreceptive regions, beneficially by establishing a substantially similar optical path length for each laser beam. However, the economic feasibility of that system requires inexpensive polarized beam separators and inexpensive dichroic beam separators which adequately separate coaxial combinations of beams by reflecting one beam and transmitting the other.
As described in the preceding co-pending U.S. Patent application, a required propterty of these separators is that their transmission/reflection characteristics do not change substantially as the laser beams are scanned through angles as large as 15.degree. from the nominally incident direction. While such separators are known in the art, their fabrication is complex and adds cost to the apparatus. Furthermore, since the transmission/reflection characteristics of such separators depend on the wavelength of the incident laser beams, as described in the above application, their optical performance in an operating ROS will change as the wavelengths of the coaxial beams change, e.g. due to temperature variations of the laser or as a result of laser degradation.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved apparatus that simultaneously deflects and separates multiple, orthogonally polarized and dissimilar wavelength laser beams having substantially common optical axes. The apparatus should produce similarly dimensioned spots that readily can be brought into registration.

Multiple beam diode laser output scanning system


A miter saw including a base having a plurality of grooves formed in a bottom surface thereof, a table rotatable with respect to the base, a rotary indexing mechanism and a locking mechanism. The rotary indexing mechanism includes a body fixedly connected to and rotatable with the table and a protrusion provided on the body. The protrusion can be received within one of the plurality of grooves in the base and thereby angularly index the table at a desired position with respect to the base. The locking mechanism is operably coupled to the table and is configured to lock the table at the desired position. The miter saw has a more reasonable and practical structure that allows angular indexing and interlocking of the table with respect to the base to be accomplished by a single hand.

Miter saws are commonly used power tools mainly for making an oblique cut in a workpiece at a certain angle. A typical miter saw includes a base, a table, a fence mounted on the table in a prescribed positional relationship with respect to the base, and a motor assembly mounted on the table, which is rotatable with the table and houses a blade. The table and base can pivot about a vertical axis and the table and base rotate relative to each other during cutting operations with an angle between the blade and a portion of the fence on which the workpiece is supported being adjusted to a value that corresponds to a desired angle of the oblique cut. In a practical oblique cutting operation, the table and base of a miter saw usually need to undergo the following three states: firstly, a complete loose between the table and base in which the table and base are rotatable relative to each other independently for enabling any desired angle adjustment; secondly, indexing of the table and base at a predetermined angular position; thirdly, interlocking of the table and base at the predetermined angular position.
In order to achieve the above said states, most known miter saws adopt complex indexing and locking mechanisms that are difficult to be manipulated and the manipulation includes several operations necessitating the use of an operator's both hands. As so far, there has been no miter saw with a reasonable structure and a great practicability that allows the angular indexing and interlocking between the base and table to be accomplished by a single hand.


There is provided a transmission device having an electrically variable output that employs three electrically powered motor-generators, or machines. The electrically-variable transmission device comprises first, second and third electrical machines coaxial to and coupled to a plurality of planetary gear sets. Each planetary gear set coupled to a main shaft operative to transmit torque therebetween and operative to transmit torque to an output. There is an input mechanically coupled to one of the planetary gear sets. This transmission device can transmit mechanical power with a continuously variable ratio of the input shaft speed to the output shaft speed using two of the electric motors at a time, forming an input-split or either an output-split or a compound-split. A selectively actuable brake device is operative to multiply torque output from the second electrical machine.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Powertrain systems incorporate a plurality of torque-generative devices attached to an electrically variable transmission device for use in vehicle propulsion systems. The torque-generative devices typically include internal combustion engines and electrical machines powered using electrical energy storage devices, e.g., high voltage batteries. Torque outputs of the torque-generative devices are combined in the transmission device to transmit tractive torque to a driveline of the vehicle, and to transmit torque between the various devices and the driveline.
A typical electrically-variable transmission (EVT) splits mechanical power that is transmitted from an input shaft to an output shaft into a mechanical power path and an electrical power path by means of differential gearing. The mechanical power path typically includes gears and may also include clutches. The electrical power path employs electrical power machines, each of which may operate as a torque-generative motor or as an electrical-generative generator. Varying the speed of at least one of these electrical machines varies the transmission speed ratio, i.e., the ratio of input shaft speed to output shaft speed. The EVT can be incorporated into a propulsion system for a hybrid electric vehicle using an electrical energy storage device. A typical hybrid propulsion system uses electrical energy storage devices and an internal combustion engine as power sources. The batteries are connected with the electrical drive units through an electronic control system which manages and distributes power as required. The control system also has connections with the engine and vehicle to determine operating characteristics, or operating demand, permitting operation of the electrical power units as either motors (generating tractive torque) or a generator (generating electrical energy). When operating as a generator, the electrical power unit accepts power from either the vehicle or the engine and stores power in the battery, or provides that power to operate another electrical device or another electrical power unit on the vehicle or on the transmission.
A benefit of having an electrically-variable transmission incorporating more than one mode of operation is that each mode of operation will generally incorporate at least one mechanical point where one of the electrical power units is stationary, thereby reducing the electrical power input and providing a pure mechanical power flow path to improve system efficiency. Operating in more than one mode has required two or more clutches to change the mechanical configuration among the input, output and a single pair of electrical machines. Since an objective of the electrically-variable transmission is overall efficiency, it is advantageous to provide multiple mechanical points at which one of the electrical power units is stationary while minimizing the addition of components which would produce additional mechanical losses, i.e., spin losses, such as clutches, pumps and so on. Thus, an improved electrically variable transmission is now described.

Electrically variable transmission device using multiple pairings of electrical machines


A backlight for a liquid crystal display in TMDA type portable telephones is driven by PWM. A register for holding the PWM-drive pulse width setting values and a decoder for decoding counted values in a base counter for counting the basic timing of three slots for receive, idle and transmit. A lighting control circuit Scb is provided to cut off the supply of power to the backlight incandescent lamp from the secondary battery during the transmit time slot. The power cutoff period by means of the Scb signal may be extended beyond the transmit time slot depending on the voltage detected at the secondary battery terminal by means of a voltage sensor circuit. Consequently additional voltage drops in a battery can be avoided during transmission in a TMDA type portable telephone by switching off a light such as a backlight for a liquid crystal display.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a portable type wireless communications unit using a battery as the power supply and a lighting control means thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
In the prior art, portable telephones such as cellular phones can be freely used in a wide variety of locations and are therefore extremely useful for business and other situations.
This portable telephone incorporates a secondary battery and connects the user to the nearest base station by means of wireless communication in the UHF band thus providing a comparatively wide range of movement. The audio signal of the telephone is digitally processed and transmitted with its time axis and amount of data compressed.
A portable telephone as described above has an outer appearance as shown for instance in FIG. 5.
In a portable telephone 10 shown in FIG. 5, a receiving antenna 11 is installed at the upper part of the case 10c. A speaker 12 and microphone 13 are installed at the top and respectively bottom of the front of the case 10c. A plurality of dial keys 14 and a plurality of function keys 15a through 15m are provided between the speaker 12 and microphone 13. A display 16 utilizing a liquid crystal display element is provided.
This liquid crystal display 16 shows information on the display such as used for instance in a telephone book function to search for telephone numbers, provides good visibility by means of a source of light such as a backlight, in which the display is illuminated from the rear. The light source for this backlight is an incandescent lamp or a light emitting diode.
The dial keys 14 and the function keys 15a through 15m each incorporate a light emitting diode for display illumination. These keys light up when the power is turned on and are easily visible even in dark locations.
The power supply for the portable telephone of the prior art is generally nickel-cadmium storage batteries or nickel-hydrogen storage batteries. Recently, however lithium-ion storage batteries having higher capacity and higher energy density are being used.
These lithium-ion batteries have a nominal voltage of 3.6 volts which is three times higher than the 1.2 volts (nominal) of nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries. The number of recharge cycles is also 1200 times that of nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries yielding a battery life more than twice as long as the 500 hours of nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries.
Discharge characteristics of lithium-ion batteries as shown in FIG. 4 have a steeper slope than nickel-cadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries as can be seen in FIG. 4 along with a monotone decrease characteristic.
The compactness and light weight of these portable telephones places limits on the capacity of their internalized secondary batteries so that these portable telephones usually incorporate a battery voltage sensor circuit. In the final stages of secondary battery life it becomes difficult to supply the required stable voltage Vst for the circuits that provide a load on the battery. This is the so-called "LOW BATTERY" condition and an alarm is issued just before this stage is reached. The user responds to this alarm by charging or replacing the secondary battery.
These portable telephones connect many users with their respective parties while utilizing the same frequency band. In order to prevent each pair of callers from interfering with other callers, a system called time-division multiple access (TDMA) is employed which segments the calling time per each user to allow common use on the same frequency.
In this TMDA system, transmit and receive is performed by time sharing or time division. Restated, the audio data is placed on a time base and the quantity of data compressed, and the transmit data (base band signal) is then generated in bursts. The transmit signal modified by this transmit data is assigned to a transmit slot of specified timing and then sent while the receive signal from the other party is received by a receive slot which is separate from the transmit slot.
An idle slot is present between the receive slot and the transmit slot as shown in FIG. 6A. Receive and transmit on the portable telephone is performed repeatedly while segmented according to time. The time lengths for the transmit slots Tr, Ti and Tt are for instance set equally and the repeat interval is set for instance to 20 milliseconds.
The secondary battery internalized in the portable telephone puts limits on its own capacity due to the compactness and light weight of the portable telephone. During transmit, when power consumption is greatest, a voltage drop occurs in the secondary battery due to internal resistance.
First of all, operation prior to the time point tob is illustrated in FIG. 6B. In the interval where the power for the background light is "OFF" the power consumption is comparatively small at the receive slots and idle slots, and as shown in FIG. 6C, the secondary battery voltage becomes Vn. The secondary voltage at the transmit slot drops to: EQU Vt=Vn-.DELTA.Vt
Here, .DELTA.Vt is the internal voltage drop versus power consumption during transmit.
At the time point tob within the receive or the idle slot in FIG. 6B, when the backlight power source for the liquid crystal display 16 changes from `OFF` to `ON` all slots from the time point tob have an internal voltage drop .DELTA.Vb in response to the power consumption from the backlight power source as shown in FIG. 6 when the backlight power source is at `ON` the secondary battery terminal voltage at the transmit slot drops to EQU Vtb=Vn-.DELTA.Vt-.DELTA.Vb
This current consumption may reach for instance one ampere during transmit. Current consumption may climb another 50 to 60 milliamps due to lighting of the backlight for the liquid crystal display 16.
As can be seen therefore in the portable telephone of the prior art, when the backlight light source is at the ON interval during the transmit slot, an internal voltage drop .DELTA.Vb is added to the internal power consumption .DELTA.Vt during transmit due to power consumption by the backlight, so that the voltage at the terminals of the secondary battery is even lower than when the backlight source is in the OFF interval.
During initial discharge of the secondary battery as shown in FIG. 4, the voltage required at the battery terminals is sufficiently higher than Vst so that even if lighting of the backlight coincides with operation of the transmit circuit, the voltage at the secondary battery terminals will not drop down to the threshold voltage where the battery voltage sensor will trigger a "LOW BATTERY" alarm.
However in the final stages of secondary battery discharge when the lighting such as for a backlight coincides with transmit circuit operation, the voltage at the secondary battery terminals will drop down to this threshold voltage, and the battery voltage sensor will mistake this for a "LOW BATTERY" condition.
Further, as shown in FIG. 4, when using a secondary battery having the monotone decrease characteristic, portable telephones of the prior art have the problem of a difference in backlight brightness depending on whether the secondary battery is in the initial or final stages of discharge.

Portable wireless communications unit and lighting control method thereof


In a computer system, a card holder is removably attached to a bracket to hold an add-in card in an I/O connector. The card holder is capable of being slid onto the bracket and a side edge of the add-in card.

Computer systems typically have add-in cards attached to internal I/O (input/output) connectors. Such add-in cards include network interface cards, modem cards, television tuner cards, graphics cards and many others. The add-in cards usually conform to various industry standards and enhance the functionality of the computer system.
The add-in card typically includes a printed circuit board, a portion of one edge of which is formed into a card edge connector, with several conductor leads, for inserting into the I/O connector. The I/O connector is typically mounted on a mother board or a riser board that is connected to the mother board. The add-in card also typically has a card bracket attached to one end of the printed circuit board. The card bracket is used to secure the add-in card to a chassis of the computer system.
The opposite edge of the add-in card from the card bracket is often not connected to anything. However, this opposite edge, particularly for relatively long add-in cards, is sometimes constrained to prevent unwanted movement of the add-in card. Due to space limitations, though, it is not always possible to have a constraint mechanism within the computer system. This situation leaves the add-in card and the computer system vulnerable to potential damage due to shock and vibration during handling, transportation and operation of the computer system.

Card holder and bracket in computer system

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


This application relates to a single camera monitoring system useful for determining parameters relating to a striking instrument as it approaches an object. The monitoring system may be used to determine the swing characteristics of a golf club as it approaches and impacts with a golf ball. The accuracy of the single camera system may be comparable to the accuracy of more complex, multi-camera systems. The application also relates to methods for calibrating a single camera system.

In general, devices for measuring golf ball flight characteristics are well known. In addition, techniques of detecting golf clubhead position and golf ball position shortly after impact using photoelectric means to trigger a flash to permit a photograph to be taken of the clubhead have been disclosed. Golf ball or golf clubhead movement has been determined by placing reflective areas on a ball along with use of electro-optical sensors. The electro-optical sensing of light sources on both the golfer body and his club, as well as an apparatus for monitoring a golfer and the golf club being swung, has been disclosed. Typically, these known systems use two or more cameras to achieve desirable accuracy by triangulating the position of markers from two or more different camera angles or views.
To date, however, no satisfactory system for accurately sensing golf club head movement using a single camera has yet been proposed.


A method of detecting and mitigating kickback in a saw includes identification of a running average speed (RPM) of a saw blade, the speed at a given time sample relative to the running average speed, the percentage change in speed from one speed sample to the previous speed sample, and the percentage change in average speed based on the current speed of the saw blade. If the identified speed profile from the samples indicates a kickback is imminent, then the saw identifies an imminent kickback event and removes power from the saw motor to mitigate kickback.

Power saws and circular saws in particular are commonly used for cutting work pieces such as wood. In some operating conditions, a power saw experiences kickback. For handheld power saws, kickback occurs when the saw physically recoils from the work piece instead of cutting through the work piece. In a table saw, kickback occurs when a work piece recoils from the saw blade instead of being cut by the saw blade. Existing saws include riving knives, guide rails and other guards that help to reduce the occurrences of kickback. These saws, however, cannot detect when kickback occurs and therefore cannot implement steps, such as engaging a blade arresting device or blade drop device, to reduce or eliminate the kickback that do not require manual intervention from the operator. Consequently, systems and methods that enable detection and mitigation of kickback during operation without requiring operator intervention would be beneficial.

System and method for kickback detection based on blade speed in a power tool


A process for applying a polymer additive material to a polymeric substrate includes the steps of a) forming in a closed pressurized system a mixture of a solid polymer additive material, a suitable liquid carrier material, and a suitable viscosity reducing material, and b) spraying this mixture onto a polymeric substrate.

In the manufacture of products using thermoplastic resins such as polyolefins, various additives are generally included in the resin to affect color, to ease processability, and to inhibit oxidation and other types of degradation, to stabilize the physical characteristics of the resin and thus prolong the life expectancy of the product.
For maximum effectiveness, it is important that any additive be uniformly distributed in the thermoplastic resin. Poorly distributed additives may contribute to unsatisfactory properties in the final product, such as reduced tensile and tear strengths, reduced resistance to low temperature flexing, reduced elongation characteristics, reduced breakdown voltage strengths of dielectric materials, and electrical losses caused by an increased power factor and increased dielectric constant.
The physical form of plastics additives can determine the efficiency and economics of their introduction into the thermoplastic material. For example, fine powders tend to be fairly readily dispersed but are difficult to handle and can cause environmental problems. They are also difficult to introduce continuously into process equipment.
In practice, a number of procedures have been employed to incorporate solid additives into polymeric systems. Conventional additive delivery systems use dry additive feeding and mixing with polymer resins, in which dry plastic additives are metered and mixed with polymer particles in blenders or mixers. Alternatively, dry additives are mixed with a resin as it is processed through a pelletizer, extruder, or compounding device. In another process, the additives are melted and coated on plastic resin particles before introducing them into an extruder. High melting additives are difficult to control in this technology. In yet another process, resin particles are coated with an aqueous emulsion of the additives, then dried. This procedure is not suitable for hydrolyzable additives such as many phosphite antioxidants, and the water must ultimately be removed, resulting in complexity and expense. Other methods involve, for instance, dissolving additives in one or more of the components of the mixture to be polymerized before the polymer is formed, or mixing the additive in a solution, suspension, or emulsion of the polymer and then removing the solvent or suspending agent.
The literature also contains descriptions of spray procedures for introducing plastics additives into polymeric materials, and for spraying various other materials in supercritical carbon dioxide. A number of these references are discussed briefly below.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,007,961 and corresponding PCT application WO 90/02770 disclose aqueous systems for applying additives to polymeric particles, as well as methods for applying such additive systems such as spraying, wiping, or dipping, and polymeric particles treated with such additive systems. The additive systems comprise an emulsified wax, surfactant, base, one or more functional polymer additives, and water.
European patent application 411,628 discloses stabilizing polyolefins in non-extruded as-polymerized particle form by depositing on the particles a mixture of stabilizers including one or more organic phosphites or phosphonites and one or more phenolic antioxidants. Optional ingredients are thioethers, organic polysulfides, hindered amine light stabilizers, benzophenone and benzotriazole derivatives, and diluents such as paraffins, cycloparaffins, epoxidized soybean or linseed oil, silicone oils, and olefin oligomers. The stabilizer mixtures are applied, in a melted state or in a liquid state by virtue of containing liquid phosphites or phosphonites, by a continuous or batch mixer optionally equipped with a spraying mechanism.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,310 of Williams discloses a coating composition comprising a mixture of polymer additives, gelling agent, and oil, which is applied as a liquid to the surface of particles of polymer, and caused to gel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,617 discloses a process for post-reactor stabilization of polyolefins by melting a polyolefin wax, blending at least one additive into the resulting melt, fluidizing polyolefin particles to be stabilized with hot gas, and spraying the liquid polyolefin wax containing at least one additive on the fluidized polyolefin particles.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,107 discloses a method and apparatus for spraying a solution, suspension, or dispersion of a mold release material in a supercritical fluid such as supercritical carbon dioxide onto the surface of a mold, to coat it with the release agent.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,923,720 and 5,027,742 and Chemical Abstract 113:154288p disclose a process and apparatus in which supercritical fluids such as supercritical carbon dioxide are used to reduce the viscosities of viscous coating compositions to permit their application as liquid sprays.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,066,522 discloses the use of supercritical fluids such as supercritical carbon dioxide as diluents in liquid spray applications of adhesives.
European patent application 350,910 discloses liquid spray application of coatings with supercritical fluids as diluents, and spraying from an orifice.
Production of fine powders in inorganic oxides and certain drugs by rapid expansion of supercritical fluid solutions has been reported. See Chemical Abstracts 108:155263k, 105:197085x, 105:63102s, and 104:227104b. Graphite has also been produced in a micro-powder form by wetting it with liquid CO.sub.2 then vaporizing the CO.sub.2 at a temperature and pressure above the critical point of CO.sub.2 gas. See Japanese patent publication 62/265111. However, it does not appear that particle size reduction of plastics additives in nonvolatile liquid matrices upon spraying in supercritical CO.sub.2 has been reported.
Despite the progress made in applying polymer additives to polymers in spray processes, indicated by the references discussed above, prior art processes generally suffer from certain deficiencies. Some liquid systems have high viscosities which make them difficult to atomize without heating, dilution, use of a high amount of atomization gas, and/or use of relatively high pressures for spraying. Systems which involve the spraying of materials which are solids under standard conditions can experience difficulties related to handling or melting of the solids, and plugging of lines as a result of resolidification of the solid materials in vessels, piping, and the spray nozzle. Such operational difficulties can make the spraying operation inefficient, adversely affecting not only its economics, but also the control of the amounts of the additives and the uniformity of their application to the polymer being treated. An improved spray process for applying plastics additives to polymers would be very desirable. Such a process is the subject of this application.

Spray application of plastics additives to polymers

Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation


Alternating current is used to sense a logic state of a memory cell that has a resistive memory element. The memory element can be in an array and a memory device can include the array and peripheral circuitry for reading or sensing each memory cell in the array. The peripheral circuitry can include a clock/control circuit providing a control signal, which controls when a row of memory cells are sensed, a switching circuit for receiving a cellplate count signal and a bit count signal provided by the clock/control circuit, a cellplate line signal and a bit line signal from the memory cell, the switching circuit producing a first output signal and a second output signal, wherein one of the first output signal and the second output signal is at a supply voltage and the other of the first output signal and the second output signal alternates polarity with each sensing operation and a comparison circuit receiving the first output signal and the second output signal and outputting a signal corresponding to the logic sate of the memory cell.

Integrated circuit designers have always sought the ideal semiconductor memory—a device that is randomly accessible, can be written and read very quickly, is non-volatile, but indefinitely alterable, and consumes little power. Resistive memories, including programmable contact random access memory (PCRAM) technology has been increasingly viewed as offering all these advantages.
Digital memories are widely used in computers, computer system components and computer processing systems. Resistive memories store digital information in the form of bits or binary digits as "0"s or "1"s based on the resistance of a memory element or cell. Resistive memory devices are configured in arrays where a resistive element or cell is at the intersection of a row line (word line) and a column line (digit line or bit line). In order to read or sense the state of a memory cell, it is necessary to first select the desired memory cell by selecting the column line and row line, which intersect at the desired memory element. Once the desired memory element is isolated, the selected memory cell is then read by applying a read voltage to the cell to detect the resistance of the memory cell and thereby, determine the logic state of the memory cell.
For binary logic state sensing, the absolute magnitude of memory cell resistance need not be known, only whether the resistance of a memory cell is above or below a threshold value that is between logic one and logic zero resistance values. Nonetheless, sensing the logic state of a PCRAM memory element is difficult because the technology of the PCRAM device imposes multiple constraints.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The invention provides an asset location tracking system for tracking the position of a mobile asset, such as an automobile, boat or airplane. The tracking system includes a mobile unit for installation in the mobile asset. The mobile unit includes a position locating unit, such as a GPS unit, for generating position information indicative of the position of the mobile asset, and a wireless transmitter, such as a cellular transmitter, for wirelessly transmitting the position information. The tracking system also includes a central processing system that includes a wireless receiver, such as a cellular receiver, for receiving the position information transmitted by the wireless transmitter. The central processing system also includes a processor for operating on the position information to format it to be accessible at a network address on a global communication network such as the Internet. The tracking system includes a customer computer that can access to the network address on the global communication network to display the position information. In preferred embodiments, the position information is displayed as a graphical indicator, such as a “push pin,” on a map or aerial photograph displayed a webpage accessed by the customer computer.

Often situations arise in which an owner of an asset, such as a automobile, wishes to confirm the location of the asset when the asset is out of the owner's control. For example, when a parent allows a teenage son or daughter to take the family car for an outing, the parent may wish to verify the location of the car at any time during the outing. As another example, a business entity operating a fleet of vehicles may wish to monitor the location of each of the vehicles during the course of business operations. As a further example, the owner of a stolen vehicle may wish to monitor the location of the vehicle and provide law enforcement officers such information to aid in recovery of the vehicle.
What is needed, therefore, is a system capable of determining the location of an asset in real-time, or near real-time, and reporting the location information to the owner of the asset or to another who is authorized to receive such information.


A pizza sauce disk and a method for making the same are provided. The pizza sauce disk comprises a pizza sauce which includes a heat-reversible gelling agent. When activated, the gelling agent causes the pizza sauce to at least partially congeal at room temperature or below so that it may be retained in place on a non-edible support surface. Upon further cooling, the pizza sauce forms a more complete gel structure which, even after warming to room temperature, allows the disk to be handled as a cohesive mass and placed and repositioned on a pizza crust without tearing, breaking or smearing of the disk. The pizza sauce disk may optionally include cheese and assorted pizza toppings. To form a pizza with the present disk, the disk is removed from the support surface and is combined with a pizza crust shell. The pizza may then be cooked and served.

This invention relates to the field of pizza preparation and, more particularly, to a pizza toppings disk and a method and apparatus for making the disk.
High volume automated systems are available for the mass production of pizzas which are typically frozen for improved shelf life and are sold to consumers through grocery stores. Most restaurants and delivery operations are reluctant to use these types of mass produced pizzas, in part because the freezing of the pizza crust significantly detracts from the flavor of the pizza after cooking. As a result, pizzas served by restaurants and delivery operations are typically prepared manually at the time an order is received. The process of preparing a pizza manually generally involves the sequential steps of forming or providing a crust, spreading a quantity of pizza sauce on the upper surface of the crust, and applying cheese and pizza toppings such as sliced meats and vegetables to the sauce base. As can be readily appreciated, the preparation of pizzas in this manner represents a substantial expenditure in time and effort.
In addition to time considerations, the manual preparation of pizzas is highly inexact. The sauce, cheese and toppings applied to each pizza are usually unmeasured and are quickly applied. This causes a lack of uniformity in the amount of cheese and toppings applied to the pizzas, which results in a reduced ability of restaurants to control and monitor the costs and logistics of production. The lack of uniform distribution of cheese and toppings can also cause the pizza to have an inconsistent flavor and appearance.
Furthermore, the rate and quality of pizza production in restaurants and delivery operations is directly related to the experience of the person who prepares the pizza. Thus, to be most efficient, the restaurant or delivery operation must invest substantial resources in training and supervising individuals in the process of pizza preparation.
Various apparatuses and methods have been heretofore devised to address the problems of time-consumption and inconsistency associated with pizza preparation. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,432 to McDonald et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,243,899 to Moshier et al. disclose a method and apparatus for the automated production of a pizza toppings "disk" which can be subsequently applied to a pizza crust. The toppings disk is formed by mechanically regulating and depositing a quantity of cheese and a plurality of pizza toppings onto a non-edible forming surface rather than a pizza crust. The cheese and pizza toppings are then fused together using heat or other means. The toppings disks can then be frozen and shipped to restaurants or, alternatively, the toppings disks can be prepared at the restaurant location and stored for later use.
A pizza toppings disk is utilized by applying the disk to a pizza crust which has previously been layered with a quantity of pizza sauce. A pizza preparer can thus quickly prepare a pizza by applying pizza sauce to a crust and then selecting the appropriate toppings disk and applying it on top of the pizza sauce. The pizza is then cooked and is ready for serving.
The flavor of a pizza prepared using a pre-made pizza toppings disks can be generally comparable to a freshly made pizza because only the toppings disk and not the pizza crust need be frozen. The use of pizza toppings disks thus provides a significant taste improvement in comparison to most pre-made, frozen pizzas while providing many of the same advantages of reduced preparation time and improved product consistency. Further improvements in the method of making pizzas would nonetheless be desirable. For example, it would be desirable to include the pizza sauce within the toppings disk in order to ensure that uniform amounts of sauce are evenly distributed in the finished pizza and to further reduce the amount of time required to assemble the pizza. However, the flowable nature of the pizza sauce makes it generally unsuited for use in the toppings disk because portions of it would tend to seep out of the disk and/or remain on the forming surface when the disk is removed from the forming surface and applied to the pizza crust.

Pizza sauce disk and method for making same


Method for controlling a defrost cycle in a freezer so the defrost cycle begins at the end of a compressor operation. For the defrost cycle to begin, the compressor must have been operating for a minimum duration or the compressor must operate for a period which is a certain minimum percentage of a previous compressor operating time.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the control of a defrost heater for a refrigerator and specifically to an adaptive control method and apparatus therefor.
2. Related Art
It is known to provide a defrost heater to a refrigeration unit such as in a domestic refrigerator or freezer appliance. In conventional arrangements, the heater is cycled on the basis of electromechanical timers which accumulate time on the basis of compressor operating time, xe2x80x9crun time,xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9con time.xe2x80x9d When the timer accumulates a predetermined amount of compressor operating time, the defrost heater initiates a defrost cycle, regardless of the current state of various refrigeration components and environment. This can lead to an inefficient use of energy.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for controlling a defrosting apparatus in a refrigerator having a compressor is provided. The method comprises the steps of receiving a demand for defrosting, detecting that the compressor is presently operating, and initiating a defrost cycle after the steps of receiving and detecting.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of defrosting a refrigerator or freezer having a compressor and a defrost heater is provided. The method comprises the steps of operating the compressor for a duration and energizing the defrost heater based upon completion of the step of operating the compressor.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, a controller for controlling a defrosting apparatus in a refrigerator having a compressor is provided. The controller comprises a defrost determination means for determining when a defrost cycle is needed, a compressor operation detection means for determining whether the compressor is presently operating, a compressor cycle duration determining means for determining the duration of a prior and a present continuous operation cycle, and a defrost initiation means for initiating a defrost cycle based upon the defrost determination means, the compressor operation detection means and the compressor cycle duration determining means.

Defrost control method for reducing freezer package temperature deviation


A method and apparatus for processing contact information, the method comprising: displaying a list of contacts on a display of a wireless terminal; determining a first contact from the list of contacts in response to a selection by a user; obtaining a web log address and an online shop address of the first contact; obtaining, from a network service, a first content corresponding to the web log address and the online shop address of the first contact; and displaying the first content on a first area of the display, the first content being dynamically updated.

With richer web content, the network has become one of the main ways for people to obtain information and express themselves. For example, people may write articles through a blog, upload and present photos in a web album, and update their personalized signature, feeling or image using QQ and MSN. (Tencent QQ, generally referred to as QQ, is a popular free instant messaging computer program in China; MSN (originally the Microsoft Network) is a collection of Internet sites and services provided by Microsoft.) Using services such as these, friends can know the current living state of the users according to such web information. In addition, people may operate an online shop at Taobao.com to sell commodities, so that other people may log in to the online shop to check for new commodities.
In the conventional art, when people want to know whether the QQ signature of a concerned contact is changed, they have to log in to QQ; when people want to check whether they receive an email from a concerned contact, they have to log in to the email box.
During the implementation of the present invention, the inventor finds at least the following problems in the conventional art. When people want to obtain information about concerned contacts, they have to use different ways, for example, logging in to the QQ or email box. Thus, this operation process is complicated and not real-time. Thus, there is a need to solve the problem of how to obtain information about concerned contacts easily and quickly.

Method and apparatus for processing contact information using a wireless terminal


The present invention relates to a catalyst composition comprising cobalt manganese oxide which is modified with silicon in the form of a hydrophilic silica, the catalyst further comprises at least one of lanthanum, phosphorus, Fe, Zr, and Zn, and optionally one or more basic elements selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and transition metal. Furthermore, a method for preparing the catalyst composition and a process for producing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons using the catalyst composition are provided.

Gaseous mixtures comprising hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) can be converted into a hydrocarbon product stream by a catalytic process known as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (F-T synthesis). The most common catalysts useful in F-T synthesis ("F-T catalysts") are based on Fe and/or Co, although Ni- and Ru-based catalysts have also been described (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,203; Commereuc (1980) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 154-155; Okuhara (1981) J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1114-1115). Generally, Ni-based catalysts are relatively more selective for producing methane whereas Co-, Fe- and Ru-based catalysts are more selective for hydrocarbons having at least two carbon atoms (C2+ hydrocarbons). Moreover, the selectivity for C2+ hydrocarbons can be increased by decreasing the H2:CO ratio, decreasing the reaction temperature and decreasing the reactor pressure.
It has been previously described that unsupported cobalt-manganese oxide catalysts can be used as an F-T catalyst having an improved selectivity for C3 hydrocarbons and a suppressed CH4 selectivity (see Van der Riet (1986) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun 798-799 and Keyser (1998) Applied Catalysis 171:99-107). The unsupported cobalt-manganese oxide composition suitable for use as F-T catalyst was produced by a process comprising the steps of co-precipitating cobalt and manganese oxides from cobalt- and manganese-comprising solution, calcining the precipitate to form a calcined catalyst precursor and reducing the calcined catalyst precursor to obtain the cobalt-manganese oxide catalyst composition (see Colley (1988) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 27:1339-1344). It was found that the catalyst precursor comprised the mixed spinels Co2MnO4 and Co2Mn2O4. Reduction of the catalyst precursor resulted in an unsupported catalyst composition comprising metallic Co, MnO and a certain amount of mixed spinels Co2MnO4 and Co2Mn2O4.
It was the disadvantage of the prior art that F-T synthesis of hydrocarbon products result in a mixture of undesired products and less desired olefin products. A major drawback of conventional unsupported cobalt-manganese oxide F-T catalysts is their relatively low activity resulting in a relatively low syngas conversion rate.
It was an object of the present invention to provide an improved Fischer-Tropsch catalyst (F-T catalyst) having superior catalyst activity while maintaining high hydrocarbon selectivity and low carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) selectivity. In another aspect, it was an object of the present invention to provide an improved process for producing a higher yield of ethylene and propylene from syngas in addition to value added products, such as 1-hexene and 1-butene.

Catalyst and process for selective production of lower hydrocarbons C1-C5 from syngas with low methane and CO