A method and apparatus for predicting the shape of a contact region of a finite element model deformed against a contact surface. The contact surface may be a rigid body or another finite element model. The shape of a contact region is dictated by the node/element distribution in response to a simulated load. This procedure uses curve fitting to predict the boundary of a contact region for a specified load condition based upon an analysis of contact region shapes generated by finite element analysis for each load within a range of simulated loads. In this manner, the discrete nature of the contact region boundary associated with finite element analysis results at a single load is overcome using information derived from previous load simulations. The approach improves the accuracy and resolution of simulated contact shape boundaries without a corresponding increase in processing resources.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention pertains to finite element analysis. In particular, the present invention pertains to smoothing finite element analysis generated tire footprints.
2. Description of Related Art
A commonly recognized problem associated with conventional finite element analysis (FEA) techniques is that processor resources (e.g. dynamic memory, processing cycles, non-volatile storage, etc.), as well as processing time required to perform an FEA analysis, increase in response to increases in the FEA mesh resolution. Processor resources increase because each point of intersection of an FEA mesh applied to a finite element model represents a point for which processing, storage, and analysis is performed. Depending upon the nature of the finite element analysis to be performed, processor resources may rise significantly in response to a slight increase in the applied FEA mesh resolution.
Unfortunately, the discrete nature of finite element analysis is most pronounced at the outer edges of the finite element analysis region. In FEA applications used to display visual output of results, the discrete nature of finite element analysis manifests itself as extended, truncated and/or rough edges in generated images. One conventional approach for improving the appearance of generated images is to increase the resolution of the FEA mesh. Unfortunately, FEA mesh resolutions sufficiently fine to smooth image boundaries typically result in unacceptable increases in processor resources, as described above.
Researchers attempting to use finite element analysis to study contact regions between objects in contact with one another are particularly hard-hit by the unfortunate relationship between FEA mesh resolutions and increases in processor resources, described above. This is because contact regions between objects are typically characterized by an outer boundary which defines the area of contact between the objects. An inability of conventional finite element analysis techniques to provide timely and accurate contact region boundary information significantly reduces the value of finite element analysis to researchers in this field of study.
Hence, a need remains for a method and apparatus for improving the accuracy and resolution of the shape, or boundary, of a contact region of a finite element model deformed against a contact surface which does not significantly increase the computer resources and/or processing time necessary to perform the simulation. The results generated using the approach should be consistent with contact region boundary results produced by observed physical experiments under similar load conditions. Preferably, the approach should be compatible with and be capable of being integrated with existing finite element analysis toolsets and data.

Finite element analysis tire footprint smoothing algorithm using multiple load cases

Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, LLC


An interface to an integrated service, digital network (ISDN) line for up to two analog dual tone, multifrequency telephones and up to four personal computers or data terminals. A stored program-controlled processor controls access to the ISDN line for the analog and digital interface circuits. The processor also provides access to switch-controlled ISDN features for the analog telephones (e.g., call waiting, call hold, etc.).

Integrated services digital network (ISDN) switching systems are now being deployed around the world, making new features and services available to customers and providing voice and data communication through a single line into the customer premises. Customer acceptance of ISDN is somewhat slow, due in part to the cost of new equipment needed to use ISDN services. A customer cannot plug an analog telephone into an ISDN line and receive telephone services. Likewise, a customer cannot plug a personal computer or other digital data terminal directly into an ISDN line and receive data services. Part of the problem is the nature of ISDN transmission.
According to ISDN standards as set forth by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT), ISDN customer premises equipment communicates with ISDN switching systems in two 64 kilobits per second (kbps) channels, referred to as B-channels, and in one 16 kbps per second channel referred to as a D-channel. Each of the B-channels is usable to convey digitized voice samples at the rate of 8,000, 8-bit samples per second or data at a rate of 64 kbps. The D-channel is used both to convey signaling packets to effect message signaling between ISDN stations and to convey data packets among ISDN stations.
One system for transmission between ISDN customer premises equipment and the ISDN switching system uses a 4-wire, digital subscriber line (DSL). A 4-wire DSL conveys a serial bit stream at the rate of 192 kbps, which comprises 144 kbps, for the above-mentioned two 64 kbps B-channels and one 16 kbps D-channel and which further comprises 48 kbps used for a number of functions including framing, DC balancing, control and maintenance. A 4-wire DSL represents what is referred to by International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) as the T-interface.
Customers connecting to the T-interface require either a special telephone, (such as the AT&T 7500 series of telephones), to which the customer may connect the serial port of a personal computer, or a special board in a personal computer, (such as an AT&T Personal Computer Terminal Adapter) to which the customer may connect a standard analog telephone. Both of these alternatives are relatively expensive, require special knowledge to set up, and may require that the telephone network between the ISDN switching system and the customer premises be rewired from a 2-wire to a 4-wire network.
CCITT recommendations also recognize a U-interface, which provides ISDN service using a 2-wire DSL. This 2-wire DSL transmits a serial bit stream at the rate of 80 kbps where each bit conveys four levels of information, yielding an effective data rate of 160 kbps, thus providing two 64 kbps B-channels, one 16 kbps D-channel, and signaling and maintenance information. The advantage of the U-interface is that the local telephone network does not require rewiring. Neither a standard analog telephone nor a digital data terminal can connect directly to a 2-wire DSL. Additionally, a further piece of customer premises equipment, a network interface, is required to provide 2 to 4 wire conversion and the associated data rate conversion. The network interface is then connected to the above-discussed special telephone or special personal computer board.
Therefore, a problem in the art is that there is no inexpensive apparatus for providing a plug-in and use interface to an ISDN digital subscriber line for both analog telephones and digital data terminals.

Apparatus for interfacing analog telephones and digital data terminals to an ISDN line


A refrigerator includes a Stirling refrigerating machine having a high-temperature heat radiation portion and a low-temperature heat absorption portion and for cooling a freezing compartment, and a compressor for circulating a first refrigerant through a first circulation circuit having a cooling compartment evaporator. The high-temperature heat radiation portion is in contact with a first circulation spiral portion formed in the first circulation circuit.

A conventional refrigerator employs a refrigeration cycle using a compressor. The compressor is used for condensing a working refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle. The condensed working refrigerant is reduced in pressure and expanded in an expansion portion, and is delivered to an evaporator. The evaporator attains a low temperature as the working refrigerant evaporates therein. The evaporator is arranged inside the refrigerator, and the interior of the refrigerator is maintained at a low temperature by the evaporator. For the working refrigerant, an alternative refrigerant (HFC refrigerant) or hydrocarbon (HC refrigerant) is used.
A refrigerator provided with a Stirling refrigerating machine using a reversed Stirling cycle instead of the refrigeration cycle using the compressor has been proposed (e.g., Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-18748). A refrigerator incorporating both the Stirling refrigerating machine and the compressor has been proposed as well.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view of a refrigerator incorporating a Stirling refrigerating machine and a compressor that is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-337747. The refrigerator is partitioned into a cooling compartment 21 and a freezing compartment 22, with freezing compartment 22 being arranged on the upper side and cooling compartment 21 being arranged on the lower side. A compressor 11 is arranged in the back at the bottom of cooling compartment 21. The refrigerant compressed by compressor 11 is delivered via a first circulation circuit 5 to a heat exchanger 29. Cooling and expansion of the refrigerant take place (not shown) between compressor 11 and heat exchanger 29. The refrigerant having reached heat exchanger 29 is evaporated within heat exchanger 29, which cools heat exchanger 29 by latent heat. The refrigerant having been evaporated in the cooling compartment evaporator is returned via first circulation circuit 5 to compressor 11, where it is compressed again.
At the back of cooling compartment 21, a cooling compartment circulation path 8 is formed for circulation of the air in cooling compartment 21. Heat exchanger 29 is arranged inside cooling compartment circulation path 8. Also arranged in cooling compartment circulation path 8 is a cooling compartment cooling fan 23. As cooling compartment cooling fan 23 is driven, the air flow occurs inside cooling compartment circulation path 8. In FIG. 4, the air in cooling compartment 21 enters cooling compartment circulation path 8 from the lower side and is released into cooling compartment 21 from an outlet formed in cooling compartment circulation path 8. The air within cooling compartment 21 is cooled as it comes into contact with heat exchanger 29 when passing through cooling compartment circulation path 8. The air coming out of cooling compartment circulation path 8 has been cooled and is of a low temperature. This air flow cools the items stored in cooling compartment 21.
Stirling refrigerating machine 1 is arranged in the back at the top of the refrigerator. Stirling refrigerating machine 1 is a device in which a piston performs a reciprocating motion inside the cylinder, which causes the working refrigerant to move between a compression space and an expansion space to thereby repeat compression and expansion. As the working refrigerant, helium gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas or the like is filled therein. The working refrigerant compressed in the compression space is at a high temperature, which is cooled by the outside air at a high-temperature heat radiation portion 2. The cooled working refrigerant is expanded as it is transferred to the expansion space. The working refrigerant attains a low temperature as it is expanded in the expansion space. The working refrigerant of a low temperature cools a low-temperature heat absorption portion 3. Low-temperature heat absorption portion 3 is formed such that a part thereof is exposed to freezing compartment 22. Freezing compartment 22 is cooled by low-temperature heat absorption portion 3.
In the refrigerator shown in FIG. 4, cooling compartment circulation path 8 extends to the top portion of the refrigerator where Stirling refrigerating machine 1 is arranged. Further, a blower fan 25 is arranged to deliver the cool air toward the top portion of the refrigerator. This refrigerator is configured such that driving of bower fan 25 can deliver a part of the air cooled by heat exchanger 29 to the high-temperature heat radiation portion of the Stirling refrigerating machine. High-temperature heat radiation portion 2 is cooled by this air of a low temperature. The air having cooled high-temperature heat radiation portion 2 is externally discharged via an exhaust vent 26 formed on the backside of the refrigerator.
Since this refrigerator has freezing compartment 22 cooled by Stirling refrigerating machine 1 and cooling compartment 22 cooled by heat exchanger 29, the respective compartments can be used in accordance with the intended use, so that a refrigerator of high usability is obtained. Further, the air in cooling compartment circulation path 8 having been cooled by heat exchanger 29 can cool high-temperature heat radiation portion 2 of Stirling refrigerating machine 1, and as a result, cooling efficiency of Stirling refrigerating machine 1 is improved.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-18748 (pages 4-5, and FIGS. 1-6)
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-337747 (pages 3-4, and FIGS. 1-2)


An electronic circuit (200) includes one or more programmable control-plane engines (410, 460) operable to process packet header information and form at least one command, one or more programmable data-plane engines (310, 320, 370) selectively operable for at least one of a plurality of cryptographic processes selectable in response to the at least one command, and a programmable host processor (100) coupled to such a data-plane engine (310) and such a control-plane engine (410). Other processors, circuits, devices and systems and processes for their operation and manufacture are disclosed.

This invention is in the field of information and communications, and is more specifically directed to improved processes, circuits, devices, and systems for information and communication processing and/or protection against unauthorized interception of communications, and processes of operating, protecting and making them. Without limitation, the background is further described in connection with communications processing and wireless and wireline communications, and security processing.
Wireless communications, of many types, have gained increasing popularity in recent years. The mobile wireless (cellular) telephone has become ubiquitous around the world. Mobile telephony can communicate video and digital data, in addition to voice. Wireless devices, for communicating computer data over a wide area network, using mobile wireless telephone channels and techniques are also available. Ethernet and other wireline broadband technologies support many office systems and home systems.
Wireless data communications in wireless local area networks (WLAN), such as that operating according to the well-known IEEE 802.11 standard, has become especially popular in a wide range of installations, ranging from home networks to commercial establishments. Short-range wireless data communication according to the Bluetooth technology permits computer peripherals to communicate with a personal computer or workstation within the same room.
Security is essential to protect retail and other commercial transactions in electronic commerce. Security is vital to protect medical data, medical records, and other storage and transfer of personal data, or in any context in which personal privacy is desirable. Security is fundamental for both wireline and wireless communications and at multiple layers in communications, such as transport layer, network layer, and other layers. Added features and increasing numbers of security standards add further processing tasks to communications systems. These potentially involve additional software and hardware in systems that already face cost and power dissipation challenges. Even the ability of the system itself to keep up with the task load and rate of information flow may be jeopardized.
Each of the data communication security standards like IPSEC, SRTP, TLS, WiMax, Wireless 3G and Wireless 4G uses its own form of data cryptography and source authentication. (Refer to TABLE 1 Glossary of acronyms.) To make data communication more secure each security standard defines its own additional level of processing beyond standard cryptographic algorithmic processing (AES, 3DES, Kasumi etc). This additional processing called "mode operation" is different for each application and different within a given application depending upon current mode of operation and peer capabilities. This mode processing is sometimes very complex and calls for repeated cryptographic processing for a same data block. Some popular examples of the confidentiality modes that use AES or 3DES cores are CBC, OFB, CFB, CTR, GCM, and CCM which may be used in IPSEC applications. To secure wireless data traffic, transmitted via antenna, Kasumi-F8 and Snow3G-F8 are used in 3GPP technology, for a couple of examples.
This cryptographic "mode operation" processing presents a huge technological challenge, given that performance and chip area vitally matter, to support so many different types of processing in hardware even though the modes include the basic cryptography AES, 3DES, etc., in the process. Moreover, as security standards evolve, new modes are added continually to overcome or mitigate security issues as and when found in mode processing, thereby leading to a further problem of technologically keeping up with new modes of security processing in hardware.
If system hardware is to support multiple security standards at extremely high processing speeds and transfer rates (called bit-rates), more cryptography standards must be supported with high performance even though each standard defines its own data cryptography processes, authentication methods and operational encryption modes.
Hardware implementation of confidentiality modes like CBC, OFB, CFB, CTR, GCM, and CCM, conventionally calls for custom logic for each mode even when they may use the same cryptographic process (AES, 3DES etc). Performance and chip real estate area suffer. Competitive issues and market demands add yet further dimensions of performance, chip area, and QoS (Quality of service) to the challenge of implementing so many security standards. Moreover, as security standards evolve, new modes are invented continually in the industry to overcome or mitigate newly-detected types of attacks.
Departures for more efficient ways of handling and/or protecting packet and non-packet data, voice, video, and other content are needed for microprocessors, telecommunications apparatus and computer systems.

Scheduler, security context cache, packet processor, and authentication, encryption modules


An exercise apparatus of the type for exercising the muscles of a user by providing spring or elastic loaded resistance to repetitive movements of a user having a horizontally extending frame assembly. The exercise apparatus includes biased foot pedals and elastic cables that are user operable to exercise a variety of muscles or muscle groups of a user. An adjustable seat having a back that may be folded for storage is also included.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to exercise equipment. More particularly, the present invention relates to a compact, simple and flexible full body exercise apparatus.
2. Background and Objects of the Invention
There are many types of exercise equipment known in the art. One class of exercise equipment available is intended to work specific muscle groups. For example stationary bicycles, treadmills, and stepper machines, are generally employed to work the leg and buttock muscles. Often these devices are large and not easy to store. Further, if a full body workout is desired, wherein most or all muscle groups are exercised, other apparatus must be employed.
There are also known in the art many complex exercisers. These are often configurable or adjustable to enable a user to do many varied and different exercises, typically in a number of positions (i.e., sitting, laying down, standing, etc.). For example U.S. Pat. No. 4,821,152 to Wolff, is one such apparatus. These systems are mechanically complicated, having many parts, and may require the user to rearrange or add constituent portions, to accommodate the various exercises supported. These types of exercisers are also expensive, and typically do not fold to enable a user to store them in a small area, for example, under a bed.
Objects of the present invention are, therefore, to provide a new and improved exercise apparatus having one or more of the following capabilities, features, advantages, and/or characteristics:
a modular simple device; PA1 enables a user to exercise many of the muscles or muscle groups of the user's body; PA1 low cost construction using many readily available components and or materials; PA1 storable in a relatively small area; PA1 quickly adjustable to accommodate users of differing heights.
The above listed objects, advantages, and associated novel features of the present invention, as well as others, will become more clear from the description and figures provided herein. Attention is called to the fact, however, that the drawings are illustrative only. Variations are contemplated as being part of the invention, limited only by the scope of the appended claims.


Systems and methods are provided for encoding and decoding constrained codewords using an enumerative coding graph. The constrained codewords may contain run-length and DC level limits. The enumerative coding graph contains a series of states and each state has multiple branches that lead to other states. Each state in the enumerative coding graph is associated with at least two bits of an enumerative codeword. Configuring the structure of the graph and cardinalities associated with each state allows the encoder to generate a code that conforms to defined constraints.

This application relates to systems and method for encoding and decoding constrained codes. In particular, this application relates systems and methods for enumerative run-length limited (RLL) and DC limited constrained coding.
Constrained coding refers to a code in which there are limits or "constraints" placed on the codes that are used. For example, an RLL constraint limits the number of consecutive zeros or ones within the code. The limits used by constrained coding schemes produce codewords that are less prone to errors or in which errors are more readily detected and/or corrected.
Enumerative coding refers to an encoding and decoding technique in which data is encoded as a sum of a series pre-determined numbers, which may be referred to as "cardinalities". An enumerative encoder selects certain of the cardinalities to represent the data to be encoded and transmits the information on which cardinalities are selected to an enumerative decoder. The enumerative decoder, which has the same pre-determined cardinalities as the encoder, can reproduce the data using the information received from the encoder.
Enumerative coding techniques can be used to implement basic RLL constrained codes. Selecting certain values for the cardinalities within an enumerative encoder ensures that the codewords generated by that encoder is a desired RLL constraint. However, none of these enumerative coding techniques can be used to generate codes having additional or more complex constraints.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method and a wireless access node for enabling management of cellular connectivity of a wireless device as well as a method and a wireless device for providing information about availability of cellular connectivity towards a radio network node are disclosed. The wireless device has Wi-Fi radio for access to the wireless access node and cellular radio for access to the radio network node. The wireless device sends, to the wireless access node, a second message, which indicates to the wireless access node availability of the cellular connectivity. The wireless access node manages the cellular connectivity based on the second message.

In Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is standardized in the IEEE 802.11 specifications, e.g. in IEEE Standard for Information technology—Tele-communications and information exchange between systems, Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. WLAN is a technology that mainly operates in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band. The IEEE 802.11 specifications regulate the physical layer between access points and wireless terminals, MAC layer and other aspects to secure compatibility and interoperability between access points and portable terminals, referred to as STA herein. WLAN is generally operated in unlicensed bands, and as such, communication over WLAN may be subject to interference sources from any number of known and unknown devices. WLAN is commonly used as wireless extensions to fixed broadband access, e.g. in domestic environments and hotspots like airports, train stations and restaurants and the like.
Recently, WLAN has been subject to increased interest from cellular network operators, not only as an extension to fixed broadband access. Instead, the interest is mainly focused on using the WLAN technology as an extension, or alternative to, cellular radio access network technologies. By use of WLAN technology as an extension to cellular radio access network technologies it is contemplated that an ever increasing wireless bandwidth demand may be handled. Cellular operators that currently serve mobile users with, e.g. any of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technologies, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)/Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), or Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), treat WLAN as a technology that may provide good support in their regular cellular networks. The term "operator-controlled WLAN" refers to a WLAN deployment that on some level is integrated with a cellular network operator's existing network and where the 3GPP radio access networks and the WLAN wireless access may even be connected to the same core network and provide the same services.
Currently, there is intense activity in the area of operator-controlled WLAN in several standardization organizations. In 3GPP, activities to connect WLAN access points to the 3GPP-specified core network are pursued. Furthermore, in the Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA), activities related to certification of WLAN products are undertaken. The certification of WLAN products is to some extent also driven by the need to make WLAN a viable wireless technology for cellular operators seeking to support high bandwidths in their networks. The term WLAN offload is commonly used and points towards that cellular network operators seek means to offload traffic from their cellular networks to WLAN, e.g. in peak-traffic-hours and in situations when the cellular network for one reason or another needs to be off-loaded, e.g. to provide requested quality of service, maximize bandwidth or simply for coverage. Furthermore, the operators are also seeking effective ways for moving terminals from the WLAN back to the 3GPP networks, e.g. if the network conditions have changed. Such activities are currently being promoted in the WFA.
A wireless operator, offering a mix of two technologies that are standardized in isolation from each other, i.e. the WLAN technologies and the cellular technologies, is thus faced with a challenge of providing intelligent mechanisms for co-existence of these technologies within one system that is controlled and operated by the wireless operator. As mentioned above, up until now, 3GPP and WLAN have evolved as two separate systems, being standardized up to a great extend in isolation from each other. However, recent activities in 3GPP and WFA have taken initiatives to improve the interoperability between the WLAN and cellular technologies. Increased interoperability is intended to provide mobile operators, or wireless operators, with greater control over their "operator-controlled" WLANs.
These recent activities have for example dealt with how to steer portable terminals from WLAN to cellular network.
In WFA, there have been activities that look into the problem of moving terminals from WLAN to the cellular network. A couple of use-cases have been proposed.
An "at-association" use case is proposed. This use-case describes the scenario where a STA, during the connection procedure to WLAN, is moved to the cellular network due to, e.g. high load in the WLAN, unsatisfactory local interference environment, etc.
A "post-association" use-case is proposed. This use-case describes the scenario where a STA, after having been connected to WLAN for a certain amount of time, is moved to the cellular network.
"At-Association" Use-Case
A multi-mode STA, having both, at least one Wi-Fi radio and at least one cellular radio technology, attempts to associate to an Access Point (AP). The AP may have knowledge of its current load, the interference situation, U/L signal strength at the AP and AP network connection status. Because of one or more of these parameters, the AP refrains from accepting additional STAs to its network.
To solve the problem, the AP should be able to explicitly steer or direct the multi-mode STA to a network that could provide a better service—in this case a cellular one. In this way, the Wi-Fi load is not further aggravated and the user experience is maintained or improved.
The AP and the cellular base station may be co-located, e.g. in an integrated picocell, or may be separate Wi-Fi APs "under", i.e. controlled by, a macro cellular basestation.
The cellular and Wi-Fi networks may be authenticated by the same operator. Both networks are typically, but not necessarily, deployed by the same operator who strives to offload or maximize user experience.
"Post-Association" Use-Case
A multi-mode STA, having both Wi-Fi radio(s) and cellular radio(s), is associated to an AP. The AP has knowledge of its current load, the interference situation, U/L signal strength at the AP and AP network connection status. At a certain point in time, one or more of these parameters reach an unacceptable level.
To solve the problem, the AP should be able to explicitly steer or direct the multi-mode STA to a network that could provide a better service—in this case a cellular one. In that way, the Wi-Fi load is alleviated and the user experience is maintained or improved.
The AP and the cellular basestation may be co-located, e.g. in an integrated picocell, or may be separate Wi-Fi APs "under" a macro cellular basestation.
The cellular and Wi-Fi networks may be authenticated by the same operator. Both networks are typically, but not necessarily, deployed by the same operator looking to offload or maximize user experience.
In both use-cases described above, a problem is related to how the AP shall obtain knowledge about that the particular STA that it attempts to steer to the cellular network has indeed connection to that cellular network.

Methods and nodes for information transfer in WLAN


A monolithic cable assembly includes a communication cable and cable connectors coupled to either end of the communication cable. The communication cable includes at least one optical communication channel. The cable connectors include a physical end connector for electrically coupling to a data device connector, optoelectronic components for converting data signals between an electrical realm and an optical realm, and a passively aligned integrated lens cover. The integrated lens cover includes at least one optical pathway for coupling optical data signals between the at least one optical communication channel and the optoelectronic components.

Over the past several decades, both the business and science communities have employed client-server architectures to sufficiently meet their application processing requirements. As the applications become more and more complex, the need for more powerful servers to run the applications has increased. For example, more powerful servers enable more accurate and more rapid scientific calculations and simulations. In addition, it is often desirable to run the more complex applications, or at least the complex parts of applications, on a powerful server, while running the simpler applications on a client computer. For example, internet search companies run complex search filters on remote servers, while the results are displayed on the users' PCs using simpler display programs.
Over the last ten years, and especially in the last five years, clusters of large numbers of simple servers have emerged as a leading solution for high powered servers. Sometimes these clusters comprise hundreds or even thousands of servers. Many of the servers and switches in these clusters are connected by cables, predominantly copper cables. For example, each blade server in the datacenter may have three different cables attached to it—one for management purposes (typically Gigabit Ethernet cable), one for storage, and one for CPU-to-CPU interconnects (increasingly Infiniband cable). This copper cabling is extremely heavy and has a large cross section, thus consuming a vast amount of space in the small datacenters. The copper cabling is also mechanically temperamental. Because of its heavy weight, copper cabling places stress on the connectors. Therefore, if somebody accidentally bumps into a cable, it can stop working. Additionally, the copper cabling has a long bend radius, thus reducing flexibility.
Furthermore, copper cable simply cannot perform effectively over long distances at high data rates. As data rates increase, the span of copper cable over which an electrical signal may propagate while incurring tolerable degradation is decreasing. Currently, at 20 Gbps, electrical signals can only travel about 10 meters over copper cable before the signal degrades beyond tolerable limits.

Monolithic active optical cable assembly for data device applications and various connector types


Embodiments of the disclosure are drawn to apparatuses, systems, and methods for direct access hybrid testing. A memory device, such as a high bandwidth memory (HBM) may include direct access terminals. During a testing procedure, test instructions may be provided to the memory through the direct access terminals. The test instructions include a data pointer which is associated with one of a plurality of test patterns pre-loaded in the memory and an address. The selected test pattern may be written to, and subsequently read from, the memory cells associated with the address. The read test pattern may be compared to the selected test pattern to generate result information. The test patterns may be loaded to the memory, and the result information may be read out from the memory, in an operational mode different than the operational mode in which the test instructions are provided.

This disclosure relates generally to semiconductor devices, and more specifically to semiconductor memory devices. Some memory devices may be mounted on a second device (e.g., a graphics card, a mother board, a computing system, etc.) as a system-in-package (SiP). The SiP may include a host device (e.g., a processor) and in a normal operation mode, access to the circuits of the memory may be performed through the host device. Memory devices may also include direct access terminals which are terminals which allow signals to be directly coupled to the memory device without the signals needing to pass through an interface between the memory device and the host device.
It may be desirable to test the memory device after it has been packaged onto the SiP device. For example, a test may involve writing a pattern of data to one or more memory cells, and then reading the written data back out. It may be desirable to bypass the other components of the SiP device in order to perform testing through the direct access terminals, however it may be difficult to provide long patterns of data through the direct access terminals.

Apparatuses and methods for direct access hybrid testing


The invention relates to a method for operating a radar system (100) especially of a motor vehicle (200), comprising at least one first sensor module (110a) and at least one additional sensor module (110b). A detection range (A) of the first sensor module (100a) at least partly overlaps a detection range (B) of the additional sensor module (110b) while the first sensor module (100a) receives a transmit signal transmitted by the additional sensor module (110b) in a monitoring mode (305) in order to obtain information about the operating condition of the additional sensor module (110b).

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Methods and systems are used in driver assistance systems for motor vehicles in order to monitor the peripheral environment of a motor vehicle and/or to support or to supplement additional systems, such as so-called lane-departure warning systems or other driver assistance systems.
A disadvantage of the known methods and systems is the complexity of synchronizing the plurality of sensor modules that are necessary for reliable operation of this kind of radar system, particularly so that the plurality of sensor modules do not interfere with each other during their operation.
Synchronization is typically achieved with dedicated synchronization lines, which require an undesirable expense for material and assembly due to the corresponding cabling, thereby increasing the overall cost of the radar system.
Synchronization may also be achieved with an existing data bus for networking the individual sensor modules, wherein the data bus is used to transmit the signals necessary for synchronization. This solution has the disadvantage that the latency periods of most bus systems are too long to allow precise synchronization. Furthermore, in these kinds of systems, the bus load increases accordingly because of the transmitted synchronization information, so that at times, other communication via the data bus might only be possible to a limited extent.

Method for the operation of a radar system


A changing method includes the steps of supplying a carbon fiber material with a surface covered by a thermosetting resin oil, performing a desizing step to remove the thermosetting resin oil from the surface of the carbon fiber material, performing a surfactant coating step to coat a surfactant onto the surface of the carbon fiber material, and performing a sizing step to cover a surface of the surfactant by a thermosetting resin oil, so as to obtain a carbon fiber material with a thermosetting resin oil coated onto the surface of the carbon fiber material.

In general, carbon fiber is used in composite enhanced substances with different types of substrates, and the adhesiveness of a specific substrate is important to carbon the fiber to show the characteristics of the enhanced substances.
Non-surface treatment carbon fibers usually have insufficient adhesiveness for the substrate and poor transverse properties such as the separating strength and shear strength. Naturally, the carbon fiber generally receives an oxidization treatment such as an electrolytic oxidation treatment, a gas-phase chemical oxidation treatment or a liquid-phase chemical oxidation treatment after a carbonization or graphitization takes place, and oxygen-containing functional groups are added into the carbon fiber to improve the wettability of the substrates.
With regard to the surface characteristics of the carbon fiber after being processed by the oxidization treatment, Japan Patent Publication 4-361619 disclosed a method of improving the adhesive strength of the carbon fiber to the substrate by depositing a specific functional group onto the uppermost surface of the carbon fiber. This patent also specifies the carbon fiber whose surface oxygen concentration and surface nitrogen concentration are both measured by X-ray optoelectronic spectroscopy measurement techniques (such as those disclosed in Japan Examined Patent Publication No. 4-44016, and Japan Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. 2-210059, 2-169763, 63-85167, and 62-276075), but these inventions do not include the study of a combination of a sizing agent. In addition, these patents are simply described by using the surface functional groups such as the drawback of having a poor adhesion with a substrate, particularly the substrate with a low reactivity.
On the other hand, carbon fiber and graphite fiber are peculiarly hard and brittle and lack of adhesiveness, bending strength and wear-resistance, so that various different types of sizing agents are generally added into the treated carbon fiber to prevent the formation of fine hair and the occurrence of thread fracture, so as to improve the adhesiveness, bending strength and wear-resistance. Studies on developing and using a sizing agent such as a paste or an adhesive to improve the treatment are conducted, but the study on the improvement of adhesiveness of the sizing agent to a substrate has not been actually performed. In addition, the study on modifying surface characteristics by a sizing agent has not been performed. For example, the functional groups on the aforementioned carbon fiber surface are used to improve the overall characteristics including adhesiveness and tension of a composite.
Since the most popular substrate used in a carbon fiber enhancing composite substance is epoxy resin, and the sizing agent is usually epoxy resin or modified epoxy resin which are biphenol A diglycidyl ether type epoxy resins such as aromatic compounds with a structure related to the substrate (as disclosed in Japan Examined Patent Publication No. 4-8542, Japan Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1-272867, and Japan Examined Patent Publication Nos. 62-56266 and 57-15229). However, the aforementioned common sizing agent is a thermosetting resin, so that if it is necessary to produce a thermoplastic carbon fiber composite material, then the interface will not be matched, and the carbon fiber and the resin will be unable to form a complete joint interface, and the sizing agent cannot be used extensively for electric/electronic components, mechanical components or automobile components which are manufactured by injection molding. Therefore, it is an urgent and important subject for related manufacturers to develop a changing method capable of changing the carbon fiber surface oil.

Carbon fiber surface oil changing method


Compositions and methods relating to high caloric enteral formulations are disclosed herein. The invention provides a dietary composition comprising hydrolyzed soy protein and having a low viscosity and acceptable shelf life. Methods of using the dietary compositions of the invention are also disclosed.

Enteral feeding formulations can be high caloric density products developed to meet nutritional requirements of subjects under metabolic and/or physiological stress. Such subjects include those suffering from traumatic injury, burns, post-surgery, and some disease states that have a significant need for increased nutrients and energy as compared to subjects who are not challenged by such metabolic and/or physiological stressors. Nutrients that a subject can typically synthesize in adequate supply may become limiting when challenged by a metabolic and/or physiological stress. Further, absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract can be compromised even when there is no direct injury to the gastrointestinal system.
Subjects faced with metabolic and/or physiological challenges are often fed either with parenteral formulations or enteral formulations to replace or supplement a typical diet. These products can deliver between 1.0-2.0 kcal/ml and are typically formulated with high biological value protein like casein and soy proteins. When these formulations are provided through tube feeding, they are administered by gravity or using a pump requiring a particular viscosity and stability for the duration of the feeding regiment.
The caloric capacity of numerous enteral feeding formulations is limited by the increase in viscosity associated with the inclusion of dairy and soy protein ingredients. Enteral feeding formulations containing dairy and soy protein ingredients exhibit high initial viscosity or viscosity build-up over time as the inclusion level of these ingredients increases. The elevated viscosity results in a thicker product that affects the flow rate of the enteral feeding formulation to the subject. Enzyme-treated dairy and soy protein ingredients have helped to alleviate the viscosity challenges; however, stability issues such as sedimentation, flocculation, and phase-separation arise when significant inclusion levels of enzyme-treated proteins are used in formulations destined for significant terminal sterilization of the enteral products. Accordingly, there is a need for an enteral feed formulation having a high caloric content, low viscosity, and stability throughout the shelf life.


A ferromagnetic material (18,20) in ink or tape form is sinterable using a same firing profile as and has approximately the same thermal shrinkage characteristics as low-temperature-cofired-ceramic (LTCC) tape, and is chemically non-reactive therewith. The ferromagnetic material (18,20) is applied to the surfaces of LTCC tape sheets (12,14,16) to form desired elements such as cores for inductors (22) and transformers and magnetic shields. Ferromagnetic vertical interconnects (vias) (54) can be formed by punching holes (56) through tape sheets (46) and filling them with ferromagnetic ink. The tape sheets (12,14,16) and ferromagnetic elements (18,20) are laminated together and cofired to form an integral structure (10). Ferromagnetic and non-magnetic components (114) can be fabricated separately and inserted into cavities (104a, 106a,108a) in tape sheets (104,106,108) prior to cofiring. A multi-layer transformer (250) includes primary (254b, 256b,258b,254d,256d,258d) and secondary (254c,256c,258c) coils, each being formed of vertically aligned, arcuate conductors which are printed on separate tape sheets (254,256,258) and vertically interconnected at their ends to form continuous electrical paths therethrough.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the art of hybrid electronic circuit structures fabricated from low-temperature-cofired-ceramic (LTCC) tape, and more specifically to cofired LTCC tape structures and fabrication methods incorporating ferromagnetic elements, drop-in components and transformers.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fabrication of multilayer electronic structures for hybrid microcircuit technology and other applications includes the "thick film process" in which individual conductor and dielectric compositions in paste form are sequentially deposited on insulating substrates and then fired, one layer of material at a time, to fabricate a thick film, multilayer circuit.
A disadvantage of the thick film process is that voids or pinholes can be formed in the thick film dielectric material during the sequential printing and firing process. Another disadvantage is that the requirement for building up many multiple thick film layers in the more complex hybrid circuits results in an expensive process due to the number of individual processing steps involved. A third disadvantage is that a mistake on an individual layer requires scrapping the entire unit.
A second approach to the fabrication of hybrid microcircuits is the cofired ceramic process. This technology utilizes dielectric material formed into sheets having alumina as a main component. Individual sheets of tape are printed with metallization and other circuit patterns, stacked on each other, laminated together at a predetermined temperature and pressure, and then fired at a desired elevated temperature at which the material fuses or sinters.
Where alumina is generally used as the insulating material, tungsten, molybdenum or molymanganese is typically used for metallization, and the part is fired to about 1,600.degree. C. in an H.sub.2 reducing atmosphere.
The undesirable high processing temperature and requisite H.sub.2 atmosphere, and more importantly the electrical performance of the refractory metals has led to the development of Low-Temperature-Cofired-Ceramic (LTCC) tape. A preferred LTCC is commercially available from the DuPont Company as Green Tape.RTM. no. 851AT. The tape contains a material formulation including a mixture of glass and ceramic fillers which sinter at about 850.degree. C., and exhibits thermal expansion similar to alumina.
The low-temperature processing permits the use of air fired resistors and precious metal thick film conductors such as gold, silver, or their alloys. In the typical high-temperature process, screen-printed resistors cannot be used and only refractory metal pastes are used as conductors.
A discussion of thick film technology, and high and low temperature cofired ceramic tape technology, is found in "DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TEMPERATURE COFIRED MULTILAYER CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY", by William Vitriol et al, ISHM Proceedings 1983, pp. 593-598.
Ferromagnetic inks have been developed for use with the thick film process described above. These inks can be screen printed together with other paste layers onto a substrate to form cores or enhancers for inductors, magnetic shield planes, and other ferromagnetic elements. However, these inks are not usable with the LTCC process because they have a dissimilar shrinkage profile to LTCC tape. This causes warping or buckling of the LTCC tape structure during firing.
For this reason, magnetic components, including transformers, as well as non-magnetic components such as heat sinks and varistors have previously been fabricated separately and fixed to the surfaces of LTCC structures. This is disadvantageous in that the space on the surfaces of the structures is severely limited, and should be utilized for the mounting of hybrid microelectronic integrated circuit chips and interconnects.

Low-temperature-cofired-ceramic (LTCC) tape structures including cofired ferromagnetic elements, drop-in components and multi-layer transformer


A method to encode high dynamic range and wide color gamut video content with a backward compatible base layer. The base layer may be an HDTV or UHDTV program with Rec.709 colorimetry coded with AVC/H.264 or HEVC/H.265. The coding method provides information for properly rendering the content on displays with a wide range of color and brightness capabilities.

The ability to create and display video content is constantly improving up to the limits of human perception. Current standards for compressing and encoding video, such as those produced by the Moving Picture Experts Group ("MPEG"), have limitations on the dynamic range and the color gamut that may be coded and delivered to a consumer display device. As such, these standards produce video content with a dynamic range and color gamut that is below the capabilities of most of the displays being sold today. It would be advantageous to deliver video content that included both the standard limited range and the full range such that the video content could be readily mapped to fit the capabilities of the display device, taking a given viewing environment into account.

Systems and methods for backward compatible high dynamic range/wide color gamut video coding and rendering


Disclosed is a process for preparing a polyarylene sulfide, which involves polycondensing a dihalogenated aromatic compound with a source of sulfur in an organic polar solvent while dehydrating at pressure under which polycondensation is performed. This process avoids dehydration operation of the raw materials, particularly the source of sulfur, prior to polycondensation, thereby resulting in the production of the polyarylene sulfide having a high molecular weight.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for preparing polyarylene sulfides and, more particularly, to a process for preparing polyarylene sulfides having a high molecular weight and high stability, in which a surplus of water can readily be removed from a polycondensation system by means of a simplified dehydration operation and apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Polyarylene sulfides, such as polyphenylene sulfides having a recurring unit as represented by formula: ##STR1## are mostly thermoplastic resins, which have partial thermosetting chracteristic. They have excellent properties as engineering plastics, such as high chemical resistance, mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures, and thermal rigidity.
Such polyarylene sulfides can generally be prepared by polycondensing a dihalogenated aromatic compound with a sulfur source (a sulfur compound) in an organic polar solvent. As the sulfur source, there may be used mainly an alkali metal sulfide or hydrosulfide, particularly sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide. The alkali metal sulfides and hydrosulfides are industrially available in the form of a hydrate or an aqueous mixture in many cases. Hence, the use of such industrially available alkali metal sulfides provides the polycondensation system for synthesizing the polyarylene sulfides with water, too, thereby resulting in a decrease in molecular weight of the resulting products and an increase in a content of impurities within the resulting products. Such polyarylene sulfides are poor in thermal resistance, resistance to ultraviolet rays and so on, so that they cannot be formed into films, sheets, fibers and moldings with high physical properties. Therefore, dehydration operation has conventionally been performed, for example, by using a stream of nitrogen, prior to polycondensation in order to avoid such drawbacks.
The dehydration operation in a nitrogen stream, however, suffers from the disadvantages that, when it is performed at low temperatures, on the one hand, a long period of time is required for dehydration so that it is not available on an industrial basis and, when it is carried out at high temperatures, on the other hand, the raw materials may be caused to be decomposed. Thus, the dehydration operation has been carried out in a nitrogen stream at mild temperature conditions, however, this dehydration results in the presence of a water residue in the amount ranging from 1 mole to 1.5 moles per mole of the sulfur source used within the system.
A process for controlling the amount of water residue to less than 1 mole prior to polycondensation is proposed, for example, by Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (kokai) No. 98,133/1984, which is directed to a process for preparing polyphenylene sulfides having a recurring unit as represented by formula: ##STR2## involving reacting a p-dihalo- benzene with a source of sulfur in a polar solvent of an organic amide type in such a state that the water content in the system is controlled to 0.3-0.95 mole per mole of sulfur. This process, however, requires dehydration of the system to be carried out prior to addition of the p-dihalobenzene to the polycondensation system, and the dehydration operation is performed by distillation so as to reduce the amount of the water content within the system prior to polycondensation to 0.3-0.95 mole per mole of sulfur. This publication states the reasons for adjusting the water content in the system within the predetermined scope prior to polycondensation, because if the water content remaining within the system would be lower than 0.3 mole per mole of sulfur, on the one hand, the degree of polycondensation of the resulting polyphenylene sulfide is unlikely to be raised, thereby leading to the preparation of polyphenylene sulfides which are not very suitable for molding and so on. The polyphenylene sulfides with such a low degree of polycondensation requires its apparent melt viscosity to be raised by means of cross-linking or the like, however, such polyphenylene sulfides as having an elevated apparent melt viscosity is likely to deteriorate. This publication also states that, if polycondensation would be carried out in such a system that the water content remains in the system Prior to polycondensation in the amount as high as more than 0.95 mole per mole of sulfur, on the other hand, polyphenylene sulfides result which contain an increased amount of oligomers so that oxidative cross-linkability, decomposition and cross-linkability upon exposure to ultraviolet rays, and deterioration by heat may be increased. It further states that distillation may preferably be carried out by means of a fractionating column or tower. As disclosed in the above publication, the process has the problems that a special apparatus such as the fractionating column or tower is required and that it takes a long period time for dehydration.
Further, our copending Japanese Patent Applications No. 195,844/1988 (Unexamined Publication (kokai) No. 45,531/1990) discloses improvements in processes for dehydration, which involve controlling the water content in the system prior to polycondensation to less than 1 mole per mole of a sulfur source by means of a dehydration operation under reduced pressures or by using a dehydrating column or the like. These improved processes, however, still have room for an improvement in terms of application of reduced pressures to the dehydration process and the use of a special device such as a dehydrating column or the like.
A further aspect of the process for preparing polyarylene sulfides is disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (kokai) No. 212,429/1985, which involves carrying out an optionally continuous reaction in a cascade reactor system consisting of two to six reactors under optionally elevated pressures so as to remove water in the mixture prior to reaction or in a preparatory step for the reaction in the presence of all reaction components and then continuously elevating the reaction temperature for each of the individual reactors. As will be apparent from the foregoing description, too, this process suffer from the disadvantage that a plurality of reactors are required, thereby resulting in a, complexity of the construction of the system as a whole, for which control is so complicated as to continuously elevate the temperatures for the individual reactors.
A still further aspect of the process for preparing polyarylene sulfides is disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (kokai) No. 105,027/1984, which involves carrying out the reaction step in a batchwise manner constantly under slightly higher pressure in a mole ratio of an alkali metal sulfide to an organic solvent of 1:2 to 1:15 and removing water from the reaction mixture azeotropically. This publication further states that the reaction be batchwise carried out by heating the reaction mixture at 160.degree. to 270.degree. C. Actually, when a solvent having a relatively low boiling point, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, is used as an organic solvent, however, a limit should be placed upon this process in terms of the temperature for polycondensation because this reaction should be carried out under substantially ambient pressure, although under slightly elevated pressure. This process further has the technical difficulty that it requires a long time period for polycondensation. Furthermore as is apparent from the working examples disclosed in this publication, this process require dehydration prior to polycondensation at temperatures as substantially high as boiling points of the solvents for polycondensation used and thereafter polycondensation for a long period of time. Hence, this process eventually is not very different from the process as disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 212,429/1985 which requires a plurality of the reactors as described hereinabove.
Briefly speaking, such conventional processes as described hereinabove are all based on the basic concept that water contained in the source of sulfur be removed prior to polycondensation.

Process for preparing polyarylene sulfides of increased molecular weight


A first thread of an external screw member is received inside an outlet of the plastic container. The external screw member has a first cylindrical body with a first axial penetrating opening for dispensing contents of the container by passing through the opening. The external screw member is engaged with the internal screw member. The outlet of the plastic container is caught between the external screw member and internal screw member. To easily insert the plastic container, a lower part of the first thread of the external screw member has a larger diameter than an upper part. The second penetrating opening of the internal screw member is opened or closed by opening or closing the covering member. Therefore, the contents of the container can be easily and cleanly dispensed by opening the covering member and then by pouring out the contents. Thereafter the container can be stored with the covering member shut tightly.

The present invention relates to a detachable shutting device for a plastic container to easily dispense the contents therein.
Generally, a plastic container may be used to pack powdered materials such as sugar, salt, and coffee, and also may be used to pack liquid material such as cleaning materials and shampoo for re-filling so as to economize by using the original container of the liquid materials.
The user cuts the edge of the plastic container to dispense contents, e.g., cleanser or shampoo. When contents remain in the container after being dispensed, the container may be kept by folding the cut edge.
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view for showing a plastic container 20 of which an edge 22 is cut.
Conventionally, when the user dispenses the contents after cutting the edge 22 of the plastic container 20, it is difficult to appropriately dispense the desired amount of the contents. Moreover, the cut outlet of the container 20 is stained with the contents after dispensing, and it is a troublesome work to clean the stained outlet.
Furthermore, when the user dispenses the liquid content such as shampoo, rinse, or cleanser from the plastic container 20 for refilling into the original shampoo or rinse container 20, it is difficult to position the outlet of the plastic container 20 for refilling to the entrance of the original container 20. Therefore, it is difficult to keep the container 20 clean.
Moreover, when some contents have been left in the container 20 after being dispensed, the container 20 needs to be properly stored as its cut outlet is folded, and trouble may occur due to spilling of the contents.
The present invention is intended to overcome the above-mentioned and numerous other disadvantages and deficiencies of the prior art. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a detachable shutting device for a plastic container according to the present invention which comprises an external screw member for being received inside the cut outlet of the plastic container. The external screw member has a first cylindrical body with a first axial penetrating opening for dispensing the contents from the container by passing through the opening, and a first thread formed on an external surface of the first cylindrical body.
The detachable shutting device has an internal screw member for being engaged with the external screw member as the outlet portion of the plastic container is caught between the external screw member and internal screw member. The internal screw member has a second cylindrical body with a second axial penetrating opening for inserting the external screw member therein. The internal screw member is provided with a second thread formed on the internal surface of the second cylindrical body so that the internal screw member can be engaged with the external screw member.
The detachable shutting device has a covering member connected at an upper part of the internal screw member for opening or closing the second penetrating opening of the internal screw member by opening or closing the covering member.
According to the detachable shutting device of the prevent invention, the cut section of the plastic container an be sealed by the external screw member and the internal screw member. The external screw member has the axial penetrating opening, and the covering member to open or close is formed on the upper part of the penetrating opening. Therefore, the contents in the container can be easily and cleanly dispensed by opening the covering member and then by pouring the contents. Thereafter, the container can be stored with the covering member shut tightly.

Detachable shutting device for a plastic container

106-1501 Keukdong Apt., San 17, Sadang-Dong, Dongjak-ku


A cone crusher having a frame, an outer blade adapted to be locked to the frame, an inner blade eccentrically and vertically movable relative to the outer blade, and the inner blade and the outer blade define there between a crushing chamber, a main shaft which is stationary relative to the frame, an eccentric bearing-mounted on the main shaft, a support cone on which the inner blade is arranged, and an adjustment shaft by means of which the support cone is vertically movable from below. A hollow space is arranged inside the main shaft, the adjustment shaft is arranged to the hollow space, a load cylinder is arranged to a lower end of the main shaft which load cylinder comprises an adjustment piston acting to a lower end of the adjustment shaft, a pressure medium supply is arranged to a pressure volume under the adjustment piston for moving vertically the adjustment shaft, and a lubricant supply is arranged above the adjustment piston for directing lubricant via the hollow space to targets to be lubricated. The main shaft is fixed stationary to the frame such that the lower end of the main shaft extends outside the frame under the frame and that the lubricant supply is arranged from outside to the outside extending part of the main shaft and through the main shaft to the hollow space.

In a gyratory and cone crusher a relative position of an inner wear part to an outer wear part is brought closer by adjusting the inner blade upwards or the unloaded outer blade downwards.
In known solutions a significant increase of height of the crusher is disadvantageous when an adjustment distance is enlarged. The height increase of a whole crushing plant is disadvantageous when the height of the construction increases, what, among others, complicates feed of material and, for example, transport of movable crushing apparatuses. Increase of weight of the construction is also disadvantageous when the height of the construction increases. Long radial bearings are needed in the adjustment direction when an adjustment of a setting is made by means of the inner blade of the cone crusher. It is not possible to adjust dynamically the setting of the crusher by adjusting the outer blade when the crusher is loaded.
EP 1843851 B1 shows several cone crushers in which a crushing chamber is formed between a stationary outer blade and a movable inner blade. The inner blade of the crusher shown in FIG. 5 of document EP 1843851 B1 is mounted on a support cone which is bearing-mounted by means of a first radial bearing outside an eccentric. Crushing force is produced to the crushing chamber by moving the inner blade radially through the eccentric. A portion of a frame of the crusher is forming a stationary main shaft and the eccentric is bearing-mounted inside the eccentric on an outer surface of the main shaft by means of a second radial bearing. A vertically movable adjustment shaft is mounted through the frame of the crusher and the eccentric, the upper end of which adjustment shaft is actuating to the support cone through a thrust bearing. A load cylinder which is acting in vertical direction is arranged to the lower end of the adjustment shaft for vertical movement of the inner blade. Lubricant for the crusher is fed through a pressure volume and a piston of the load cylinder to the adjustment shaft and further via flow channels arranged inside the adjustment shaft to lubrication targets inside the crusher frame. The outer blade is locked stationary to the cone crusher frame during the loading. The outer blade is adjustable relative to the cone crusher frame during stop of the crusher, before loading.
An object of the invention is to create a cone crusher in which the flow of the lubricant is implemented in an alternative way. A particular object is to enhance adjustability and usability of the cone crusher. A particular object is to create a cone crusher in which dynamic adjustability of the setting is enhanced. A particular object is to create a cone crusher having a simple construction. A particular object is to lighten the cone crusher, particularly the frame. A particular object is to lower the construction of the cone crusher. A particular object is to reduce amount of machining to be made to the frame.

Cone crusher and processing plant for mineral material


The present invention provides for a biocompatible drug delivery device for the targeted treatment of cancer that is implantable within the tumorous mass of a patient. In one embodiment, the device comprises two polarizable elements mechanically coupled by a connecting element. The device also comprises one or more cancer treatment agents. When the polarizable elements are depolarized, such as by the application of ionizing radiation, the two polarizable elements are repelled from each other and release the cancer treatment agent. In another embodiment, one or more treatment agents are expelled from a miniaturized syringe when internal pressure of the device is increased by the production of gas bubbles in response to the application of ionizing radiation.

Cancer management is one particular area where local release of chemical agents for either therapeutic aim or for therapeutic sensitization has important advantages in targeted therapy. Traditionally, therapeutic cancer agents are administered in high concentration throughout the body in order to destroy cancer cells, translating to high toxicity and discomfort for the patient, mainly due to the effects on normal cells.
Two of the most common methods of treating cancer, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are well known to have detrimental effects on the patient, such as anemia, extreme fatigue, hair loss, infection, memory changes, mouth and throat changes, nausea and vomiting, nerve changes, sexual and fertility changes, and swelling. These side effects arise from chemotherapy because the treatment kills rapidly dividing cells. Although these cells include most cancer cells, they also include cells that naturally divide rapidly, such as those in the digestive tract, hair follicles, and bone marrow. Although radiation therapy side effects are generally more localized, swelling, infertility, skin damage, and changes to the mouth and throat can occur, depending on the area treated. Other cancer treatment methods also are associated with important disadvantages. For example, traditional surgery involves long recovery time and can result in insufficient removal of all cancerous tissue; cryosurgery is limited to specific tumor types and long-term effectiveness has not been established; laser therapy involves extensive doctor training and expensive equipment, and the effects may not last long; and angiogenesis inhibitors may not kill tumors, but merely prevent new growth.
Miniaturized medical procedures are of great interest in cancer treatment, because they allow the precise treatment of cancerous cells with little or no effect on surrounding normal tissue. Furthermore, local release of chemical agents for either therapeutic aim or for therapeutic sensitization has important advantages in targeted cancer therapy. Micro-machined devices, such as micro-cantilevers, are currently used in a variety of different medical applications, such as for blood glucose monitoring, detection of chemical and biological warfare agents, and the detection of diseases and point mutations. Micro-cantilevers, which resemble planks, are commonly about 10-50 micrometers (μm) long and about 1 μm thick, and bend in response to different forces. A typical micro-cantilever may have a plurality of binding sites located on its surface to electively bind to target molecules, such as antibodies, proteins, or nucleic acid strands. The interactions between the binding sites and the target molecules change the mechanical response of the system such as its resonant vibration frequency.
Chemosensitizing drugs are used to make tumor cells more sensitive to chemotherapy, thereby allowing for smaller doses or fewer treatments of chemotherapy and a less severe effect on healthy tissue. Similarly, monoclonal antibodies delivered to cancer cells may also help target treatment. The application of monoclonal antibodies may function to make the cancer cells more visible to the patient's immune system, may block tumor growth factors, may prevent the growth of new blood vessels in the tumor, or may aid in the targeted delivery of radiation to cancer cells.
It would be advantageous to precisely deliver cancer treatment drugs to cancerous cells, and/or to deliver chemosensitizing agents and monoclonal antibodies (either alone or in combination) to aid in the targeting of other cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. Therefore, what is needed is a device that can store and deliver treatment agents to a target tissue site while minimizing damage to healthy tissue and adverse effects on the patient.

Device for radiation-activated localized delivery of treatment agents


A method of measuring the value of a machine tool's performance based upon tangible results. The method specifies the core principles of defining a machine tool part setup consisting of a plane, orientation, and origin. By establishing the plane, orientation, and origin measuring programs and cutting toolpaths are recorded with precision. Machine tool results of positioning, squareness, parallelism, and circularity are revealed upon establishing the proper machine tool setup. Using the method displays the quality of a machine tool which defines its value in the marketplace.

Computerized numerical control, or CNC, machines provide accurate positioning for milling and drilling operations but over time do not position within their designed tolerances due to wear, age, or micro debris.
CNC machines position to within 0.0002 inch, two ten-thousandths of an inch. In the die/mold industry, many work pieces have mating features which require this high tolerance positioning. Mating features machine within such tolerance to accept their designed fit precisely. CNC machine tool operators meet these requirements when they know they control an accurate machine.
Machine tools undergo individual testing to their original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, specifications by means of mechanical positioning tests using a telescoping magnetic bar. But, this adequate test does not provide real world results. Often, this test is not necessarily performed by the designated machine operator who performs the accurate programming adjustments on a daily basis. Furthermore, no mechanical evidence accumulates to show qualification of the machine.
Work pieces, produced in manufacturing facilities, often require a quality room for an inspection after their machining operations. A Coordinate Measuring Machine, or CMM, allows an operator to inspect work pieces against their designed tolerances. This process focuses primarily on measuring of the finished work piece and often overlooks the quality of the machine tool that performs the work.
The manufacturing of work pieces with machine tools offers precisions repeatable results. To qualify these results, operators must use hand tools and other precision instruments to inspect work pieces before, during, and after machining processes. Hand tools, such as micrometers and calipers, have regular use by machinists however that introduces human error during routine usage.
In the die/mold industry, many work pieces have mating features which require high tolerance dimensions. The outside periphery of parts commonly requires this precision tolerance. These surfaces must stay within their given tolerance despite tool wear and tool deflection.
Machinists use micrometers to qualify the outside periphery of parts however at less accuracy than test indicators. Work pieces may have too large a size to accurately measure with a micrometer due to micrometer weight, availability, and the design of the profile.
Test indicators work extremely well transferring measurements. Test indicators have common usage on surface plates to transfer dimensions from a known gage. This practice eliminates human error and provides high quality inspection results. Test indicators also see use in machine tools to locate origins and reference surface edges. Test indicators work well for aligning fixtures, such as machine vises, and for verifying flatness. Flatness verification works very well; however, it does not provide actual measurements.
Tool probes also assist machinists to measure machined features on machine tools. Tool probes have designs and designations for specific machine tools. Therefore, tool probes interchange less between different machine tools compared to test indicators. The machine specific hardware and software required to operate tool probes limits their efficiency because they required well trained, skilled operators. Because of machine specific design hardware and software, tool probes have become too costly to use on all machine tools.


A semiconductor manufacturing system comprises a laser and a heated bond tip and is configured to bond a die stack in a semiconductor assembly. The semiconductor assembly includes a wafer, manufacture from a material that is optically transparent to a beam emitted by the laser and configured to support a die stack comprising a plurality of semiconductor dies. A metal film is deposited on the wafer and heatable by the beam emitted by the laser. The heated bond tip applies heat and pressure to the die stack, compressing the die stack between the heated bond tip and the metal film and thermally bonding dies in the stack by heat emitted by the heated bond tip and the metal film when the metal film is heated by the beam emitted from the laser.

Packaged semiconductor dies, including memory chips, microprocessor chips, and imager chips, typically include a semiconductor die mounted on a substrate and encased in a protective covering. One technique for manufacturing packaged semiconductor dies is thermocompression bonding, which uses simultaneous heat and pressure to bond components together. When gang bonding a die stack, however, a large temperature gradient through the die stack can cause irregular bonding through the stack. Solder connections near a top of the stack, for example, can be over-pressed, while connections near a bottom of the stack may be under-pressed. Over-pressing of the die stack can lead to various problems, including depletion of solder between pair of contacts, leakage of non-conductive film from the perimeter of the stacks, and undesired electrical shorting via leaked solder from adjacent pairs of contacts. Under-pressed portions of the stack, however, may be only partially bonded or not bonded.

Methods and systems for manufacturing semiconductor devices


The invention describes a carbon brush for an electrical machine. Carbon brushes of this type need to fulfill two requirements. First, the carbon brush should be as resistant to abrasion as possible. Second, as little noise as possible should be generated at the brush/collector crossover during the operation of the motor. Consequently, the invention proposes to bevel the face surface of the carbon brush, and to provide the face surface with transverse grooves within its lower region.

Numerous brushes of this type have been disclosed, e.g., in DE 31 48996.
One problem in the construction of such brushes can be seen in the fact that the unit consisting of the brush and the collector generates noise during the operation. This noise is caused by the contact surface of the brush sliding along the surface of the collector such that the lamellar structure of the collector surface induces vibrations that cause airborne sound that are perceived as noise. Numerous proposals pertaining to the reduction of this noise have been disclosed. In all new proposals, it must be observed that the contact resistance between the brush and the collector cannot be excessively small. In addition, the brush should have a sufficient resistance to abrasion, i.e., the brush cannot be excessively soft.
According to one proposal, the contact surface is inclined relative to the axis of the collector or the outer surface of the collector. In this case, the contact surface is correspondingly beveled. However, this results in a sharp-edged transition between the contact surface and the lower lateral edge of the brush, i.e., the brush merely adjoins the collector with one edge during the initial phase of operation.
In brushes of this type, the hard surface produced during the pressing of the graphite mixture is usually not removed and the attainable noise reduction is quite low. If the surface skin of the brush is removed after the pressing, it is possible that the edge will break.
It is also known to provide the contact surface of the brush with longitudinal grooves over the entire surface. These grooves extend in the transverse direction, i.e., in the circumferential direction of the collector. However, this measure results in an insignificant reduction in the noise level.
According to the invention, it is proposed to incline the contact surface relative to the axial direction of the collector, and to provide the contact surface with one or more grooves that extend in the transverse direction within the lower region, with said grooves being machined into the surface while the hard surface skin is simultaneously removed.
It was established that two or three grooves are sufficient, with the lowest groove being open toward the bottom. The contact surface is curved in accordance with the cylindrical surface of the collector. The incline of the contact surface relative to the outer surface of the collector lies on the order of 6-10 degrees, preferably at approximately 8 degrees. The ideal incline depends on the fact that electric currents should be transmitted by the brush, as well as other factors.
For example, ideal inclination decreases proportionally with the intensity of the electric currents to be transmitted.

Brush having inclined grooved contact surface


A fusible phenolic resin and a dialkyl-N, N-bis (hydroxyalkyl) aminoalkyl phosphonate are condensed to form a water-insoluble resin having fire retardant properties. Fire resistant materials are made by causing the condensation to occur in situ when a normally flammable material and the reactants are mixed and the mixture is heated at 250.degree. F. to 480.degree. F. Wooden articles such as molded hardboard roofing shingles of this invention do not lose their fire resistance after being soaked with rain repeatedly.

Wood shake shingles, although popular in many parts of the United States, have been prohibited in some areas because of their vulnerability to a rapid spread of fire when sparks from a burning building are blown onto the roofs of neighboring buildings. Various solutions to the problem have been proposed. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,558, Wurman teaches a flame resistant board of bonded wood particles wherein a mixture of ammonium bromide, urea phosphate, and hexamethylenetetramine is incorporated in the bonding agent. Urea-formaldehyde resins are preferred over the phenol-and melamine-formaldehyde resins as the bonding agent. The swelling of the wood in water and the reduction of its bending strength, which Wurman identifies as problems associated with the use of ammonium bromide and other inorganic salts, are not fully overcome by the boards exemplifying Wurman's invention.
Libit, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,339, teaches the impregnation of wood shake shingles with a mixture of an acrylic monomer and a flame retardant phosphate such as bis-(2, 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate. Polymerization of the monomer forms a resinous binder in which the phosphate is physically bound.
The incorporation of organophosphorous compounds in urea-formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, acrylics, polyesters and the like is taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,132,169; 3,192,242; 3,306,937; and 3,344,112 for flameproofing hardboard and other cellulosic materials.
Stauffer Chemical Company sells diethyl-N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate as a flame retardant agent under its Fyrol trademark. The phosphonate is designed to react as a polyol in the formation of polyurethane resins. The polyol function also takes part in the reaction when the phosphonate is introduced into the reaction mixture of melamine and formaldehyde so that the condensation product contains chemically bound phosphorus. Stauffer teaches in it product literature, however, that this phosphonate decomposes upon heating, forming acids at temperatures above 125.degree. C. (257.degree. F.). It decomposes slowly under moist alkaline conditions even at ambient temperatures according to that literature.

Roofing material containing non-leachable fire retardant comprising an alkaline condensation product of a fusible phenolic resin and a dialkyl-n,n-bis(hydroxyalkyl) aminoalkyl phosphonate


A semiconductive roller (1) is provided, which is formed from a rubber composition containing a rubber component including: (1) an epichlorohydrin rubber; (2) at least one solid rubber selected from the group consisting of a solid BR and a solid SBR; and (3) at least one liquid rubber selected from the group consisting of a liquid BR and a liquid SBR.

In an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as a laser printer, an electrostatic copying machine, a plain paper facsimile machine or a printer-copier-facsimile multifunction machine, an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of a photoreceptor body by electrically charging the photoreceptor surface and exposing the photoreceptor surface to light is developed into a toner image, and a developing roller is used for the development.
More specifically, toner is electrically charged by rotating the developing roller in contact with an amount regulating blade (charging blade). The electrically charged toner is applied onto an outer peripheral surface of the developing roller, and the toner application amount is regulated by the amount regulating blade. Thus, a toner layer is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the developing roller as having a generally constant thickness.
When the developing roller is further rotated in this state to transport the toner layer to the vicinity of the surface of the photoreceptor body, the toner of the toner layer is selectively transferred from the toner layer to the surface of the photoreceptor body according to the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor body. Thus, the electrostatic latent image is developed into the toner image.
With a trend toward the use of a toner including more uniform, more spherical and smaller size toner particles or a polymeric toner, a semiconductive roller having a roller resistance controlled, for example, at not higher than 108Ω is effectively used as the developing roller in order to impart the toner with higher chargeability and efficiently develop the electrostatic latent image into the toner image without adhesion of the toner thereto.
Further, the developing roller is required to suppress degradation of the toner and have excellent imaging durability.
The term "imaging durability" is defined as an index that indicates how long the image formation quality can be properly maintained when the same toner is repeatedly used for the image formation.
A very small part of toner contained in a developing section of the image forming apparatus is used in each image forming cycle, and the remaining major part of the toner is repeatedly circulated in the developing section. Since the developing roller is provided in the developing section and repeatedly brought into contact with the toner, whether or not the developing roller can prevent damage to the toner is a key factor to the improvement of the imaging durability.
If the imaging durability is reduced, the formed image is liable to have white streaks in its black solid portion or have fogging in its marginal portion, thereby having a lower image quality.
To cope with this, it is contemplated to add a softening agent such as an oil or a plasticizer, or to use a liquid rubber in combination with other rubber as a rubber component (Patent Documents 1 to 3) to improve the flexibility of the developing roller.
However, the use of the softening agent or the liquid rubber is liable to increase the compression set of the developing roller. The developing roller having a greater compression set is liable to suffer from so-called permanent compressive deformation. That is, when the developing roller is kept in press contact with the photoreceptor body during the stop of the image forming apparatus and then is rotated to be brought out of the press contact, for example, the press contact portion of the developing roller is not restored to its original state. This may result in imaging failure such as uneven image.
Particularly, when the developing roller is incorporated in a developing unit of the image forming apparatus and kept in contact with the surface of the photoreceptor body for a longer period of time in a higher temperature and higher humidity environment, for example, the softening agent is liable to bleed on the developing roller. The bleeding softening agent is liable to contaminate the photoreceptor body to cause imaging failure (e.g., a contamination line occurs in a formed image).


A structure that is located adjacent to a measurement target on a substrate is used to convert incident radiation from an optical metrology device to be in-plane with the measurement target. The structure may be, e.g., a grating or photonic crystal, and may include a waveguide between the structure and the measurement target. The in-plane light interacts with the measurement target and is reflected back to the structure, which converts the in-plane light to out-of-plane light that is received by the optical metrology device. The optical metrology device then uses the information from the received light to determine one or more desired parameters of the measurement target. Additional structures may be used to receive light that is transmitted through or scattered by the measurement target if desired.

Optical metrology is commonly employed in process control applications in the semiconductor manufacturing industry due to optical metrology's non-contact and non-destructive nature. Two commonly used optical metrology techniques are reflectometry and ellipsometry.
In optical metrology, a sample is illuminated with broadband or single wavelength light and the light is detected and analyzed after it interacts with the sample. FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of a sample 10 with a grating 12 that is being illuminated with a probe beam 14 having a normal angle of incidence and a probe beam 16 having an oblique angle of incidence. Typically, but not always, the oblique angle of incidence probe beam 16 is used with an ellipsometer and the normal incidence probe beam 14 is used with a reflectometer. The probe beams 14 and 16 are illustrated as reflected from the grating 12 (which in the case of a diffraction grating is the zeroth order diffracted light) as beams 15 and 17, respectively. The normal incidence probe beam 14 and the reflected beam 15 are illustrated as laterally displaced, but it should be understood that these beams coincide due to their normal orientation.
As semiconductor geometries continue to shrink, increasing demands are placed on the optical metrology techniques. Moreover, the use of non-planar structures, such as FinFET devices, Intel's tri-gate and AMD's multigate device, provides additional challenges to optical metrology, as three-dimensional structural information is difficult to extract.
Accordingly, improved optical metrology devices and methods are desired.


A tracking device is configured to detach from a launched projectile to remain in an animal when the projectile proceeds completely through the animal. The tracking device can be attached to the end of an arrow shaft and provide the nock of the arrow. A decelerator such as a barb, an offset fin, or a reverse helical projection is provided to aid in detachment of the tracking device from the arrow shaft as it passes through the animal. The tracking device remains embedded in the animal so that the animal can be tracked instead of the arrow.

Hunting wild game using a bow rather than a gun is favored by hunters who enjoy the additional challenge due to the higher skill level required to aim and manually launch a lethal projectile toward the targeted animal. Bow hunting is also a quieter version of the sport, which has the advantage that other non-targeted animals are not spooked by gunfire, thereby decreasing the probability that these other animals will vacate the area and increasing the probability that the same hunter will see more than one animal, even if he has already shot at and missed others.
One disadvantage associated with bow hunting is that the animal rarely expires at the same location it was hit by the arrow. While a lethal rifle shot typically brings the animal down at the location the animal is hit, an accurate arrow shot, even a lethal one, usually results in the animal taking flight until it finally tires and expires at some distance from the location it was hit. The bow hunter then must usually climb down from an elevated vantage point and attempt to determine which way the animal ran, which can be difficult from the new vantage point on the ground. Further, this must be done quickly because the wounded animal is not likely to patiently wait for the hunter to climb down before it races off into the forest in a random direction.
U.S. Pat. No. 10,443,991 to Emrich et al. discloses a hunting arrow equipped with a signal transmitter, which allows a hunter to track an arrow after the arrow is shot at an animal. Unfortunately for hunters who use modern high-powered bows to launch their arrows, the arrow often proceeds entirely through the animal such that, after trekking through the woods to the location from which the arrow is transmitting a signal, the hunter is disappointed to find only his arrow lying on the ground with the animal having long since fled the scene.

Detachable tracking device for a hunting arrow