Acoustic temperature measurement at a remote location is provided. An acoustic source transmits acoustic radiation to an acoustic receiver along an acoustic path. The path passes through or near the remote location. The temperature is non-uniform along the path. A change in an integrated acoustic delay between the source and receiver along the path is measured. This acoustic delay can be either a phase velocity delay or a group velocity delay. The temperature at the remote location is determined by relating the measured change in integrated acoustic delay to the remote location temperature with a combined thermal-acoustic model. The combined model relates temperature to acoustic propagation velocity along the path. The combined model preferably includes temperatures of the source and receiver locations, and a heat source geometry at the remote location.

A straightforward approach for temperature measurement is to place a thermometer in thermal contact with an object to be measured and allow the combination of thermometer and object to come to a thermal equilibrium characterized by uniform temperature. In this simple case, the object temperature can be read from the thermometer. Temperature measurement is more challenging when one or more of the preceding steps are impossible or impractical. For example, it is often desirable to measure temperatures at locations where it is undesirable (or even impossible) to place thermal sensors.
For example, in gun tubes, the drilling of a hole in which one inserts an electrical or optical thermal probe can damage the gun. The probe has to survive an extremely hostile environment and its re-use may be in question. For measurements of temperature in liquids, the probe has to be inserted into the liquid. This can contaminate the liquid and for very high resolution, produce errors in the measurement. The errors come from thermal paths that inevitably accompany the wires and sensor. Furthermore, some mediums are highly damaging to sensors, such as high temperature shocks, acids and other reactants. A sensitive gauge can be quickly destroyed in such an environment unless it is protected or coated. Such protection tends to introduce errors in the measurement. A thermal sensor can also undesirably alter normal medium dynamics. For example, in aerodynamic flows the presence of a thermal sensor on a surface can perturb air flow past the surface, thereby bringing the temperature measurements into question. Various remote temperature sensing methods have been developed in order to address such applications.
One class of remote temperature sensing methods is based on the use of acoustic radiation as a temperature probe. The basic physical effect exploited in such methods is the temperature dependence of an acoustic wave propagation velocity (either phase velocity or group velocity). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,834,992 considers an acoustic pyrometer, where an average temperature along a path (e.g., a path passing through a flame) is measured by propagating an acoustic signal having a short rise time along the path. A transit time of the acoustic signal is determined by comparing the transmission time of the rising edge with the reception time of the rising edge. An average temperature is determined from the transit time. Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,955, which considers a phase lock loop system for measuring temperature induced changes in acoustic phase velocity. Further examples of acoustic remote temperature sensing are considered in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,353,256, 5,469,742, 6,378,372, and 6,481,287.
A further refinement of acoustic remote temperature sensing is considered in U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,749, where localized acoustic remote temperature sensing is provided by the use of two overlapping acoustic beams, one focused and the other unfocused. The relative phase between the two beams depends on the acoustic properties at the focal region of the focused beam, and is insensitive to acoustic properties elsewhere. Since the relative acoustic phase is only affected by temperature changes in the focal region, localized remote temperature sensing is provided.
Most conventional acoustic remote temperature sensing methods rely on having a constant temperature along the acoustic propagation path. In such cases, the relation between an acoustic path delay and the path temperature is straightforward. For example, reflections of acoustic pulses from marks on a rod have been employed. The rod is the thermal sensor (due to its thermal expansion) and must be placed into the medium to be measured. Other ultrasonic thermometers are based on the resonance frequency of a thin disk. Again, the thin disk must be placed into the medium of interest. Neither of these devices can be used accurately unless they are at constant temperature. However, in some cases of interest (e.g., when measuring a dynamic change in temperature), the temperature will not be uniform along the acoustic propagation path.
Some remote thermal sensors measure a rate of temperature change, which when combined with knowledge of the time constant of the sensor can determine the end-point temperature at a remote location from the slope of the temperature rise. Such devices tend to have a time lag until the thermal sensor first sees a change in temperature, due to (relatively slow) thermal transport from the remote location to the sensor. Mounted to a thick gun tube, such a sensor cannot see the initial super-hot temperature created by an explosion. Instead, it can only see the influence of that heat pulse after it diffuses through the thickness of the tube.
Accordingly, it would be an advance in the art to provide acoustic remote temperature sensing that does not require a constant path temperature, that is suitable for dynamic temperature measurements, and that is not limited in response time by slow thermal transport.


A machine vision vehicle wheel alignment system for acquiring measurements associated with a vehicle. The system includes at least one imaging sensor having a field of view and at least one optical target secured to a wheel assembly on a vehicle within the field of view of the imaging sensor. The optical target includes a plurality of visible target elements disposed on at least two surfaces in a determinable geometric and spatial configuration which are calibrated prior to use. A processing unit in the system is configured to receive at least two sets of image data from the imaging sensor, with each set of image data acquired at a different rotational position of the wheel assembly around an axis of rotation and representative of at least one visible target element on each of the two surfaces, from which the processing unit is configured to identify said axis of rotation of the wheel assembly.

The present invention relates to machine vision vehicle service systems, and in particular to an optical target assembly configured for mounting to a surface of a vehicle, such as a vehicle wheel, during a machine-vision vehicle wheel alignment procedure.
A machine-vision vehicle service system, such as a vehicle wheel alignment system like the Series 811 Wheel Alignment System utilizing the DSP 600 Series sensors, manufactured and sold by Hunter Engineering Company of Bridgeton, Mo., consists generally of a console having a computer or processing unit, one or more display devices such as a monitor, and one or more input devices such as a keyboard. In a machine-vision vehicle wheel alignment system, one or more imaging sensor arrays are mounted away from a vehicle undergoing an alignment inspection, and are configured to obtain images of alignment targets or other identifiable features associated with the vehicle for communication to the processing unit. Correspondingly, the processing unit is configured with one or more software applications, at least one of which is adapted to facilitate the alignment of vehicle wheels which generally consist of a rim and an associated tire, using input received from the imaging sensors.
The machine-vision imaging sensors are traditionally part of a camera system or imaging system configured to view optical targets within associated fields of view to obtain images thereof for processing by the software applications in the console. Commonly, the observed optical targets incorporate highly accurate patterns that have known control features. The positions and relationships of the features in the images are determined, and the orientation of the wheels or other vehicle components to which the optical targets are attached are calculated by well known algorithms. Exemplary configurations for the high-accuracy optical targets are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,750 to January, and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,792 to January. Each optical target consists of a target face, on which are disposed identifiable optical elements, a precision flat base, and a mounting shaft adapted for attachment to a separate clamping assembly secured to the vehicle or vehicle wheel assembly.
The conventional configuration for an optical target is precisely engineered with high-contrast optical elements such as circles, squares, or triangles. The accuracy of such conventionally configured optical targets is dependant upon how well the high contrast edges of the optical target elements can be located in an image produced by the imaging components of the wheel alignment system. For the best accuracy, the individual optical elements must be large enough to have relatively long straight or curved boundaries, and they must be separated far enough to prevent the individual optical target elements from appearing to fuse into a single object when reduced edge sharpness causes two or more optical target elements to bleed into the same pixel in the imaging system. These factors combine to limit the number of individual image pixels generated by the imaging system whose values are utilized to calculate a position and orientation of a conventionally configured optical target.
Each image of conventional high-contrast optical target acquired by the optical imaging vehicle wheel alignment system is processed to identify a number of reference points in the image. Either the computer or the imaging system is configured to mathematically manipulate the positional relationships of the observed reference points, as identified in an image, to match them with a set of predetermined positional relationships based on the known parameters of the conventional high-contrast optical target. Once the relationship between the observed positional relationships and the predetermined positional relationships is identified for the reference points, the position and orientation in three-dimensional space of the target (and an associated vehicle wheel) relative to the position and orientation of the imaging system is identified, from which one or more vehicle wheel alignment angles can be identified. Accordingly, for an optical imaging vehicle wheel alignment system to function, it is necessary for the system to be capable of extracting a set of control or reference points from acquired images.
To further facilitate the operation of a machine vision vehicle wheel alignment system, the separate optical targets are secured to the vehicle wheels with precision wheel adaptors configured to clamp onto the vehicle wheel edges and to position a mounting point for the optical target substantially coaxial with the wheel rim's axis of rotation. The traditional precision wheel adaptors typically include a set of claws or feet adapted to secure the wheel adaptor to the vehicle wheel assembly by engaging the lip or rim of the wheel rim at the tire junction. A centering mechanism on the wheel adaptor ensures that the claws or feet of the wheel adaptor are adjusted in a symmetrical manner to maintain the mounting point for the optical target in a determined centered configuration in relation to the axial center of the wheel rim.
Some variations of traditional wheel adaptors, such as the Tire Clamp Adaptor Model No. 20-1789-1 from Hunter Engineering Co., and those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,761 to Ohnesorge and U.S. Pat. No. 6,131,293 to Maioli et al. further utilize a set of gripping arms adapted to engage tire surfaces in conjunction with a set of contact supports and centering mechanisms for symmetrically engaging the circumferential lip of the wheel rim and securing the wheel adaptors in an axially centered position on the vehicle wheel assembly.
Other vehicle-specific wheel adaptors, such as those for use with Mercedes Benz and BMW automobiles, are configured with a set of pins which are designed to pass through the wheel assembly, and to contact predetermined surfaces on the vehicle wheel hubs, positioning the vehicle-specific wheel adaptor in a predetermined axially centered location about the wheel assembly. These vehicle specific wheel adaptors are then held in place by means of tire clamps or spring mechanisms which grip to the tire tread surfaces.
Traditional wheel adaptors that will universally adapt to the wide range of wheel sizes on the market today are difficult to design and costly to build. Many times additional parts are required, such as extenders, in order to allow the adaptor to work with wheels that are very small or very large which also adds additional cost and complication to the adaptor system. Additionally, traditional adaptors have to provide a substantial amount of clamping force in order to hold the weight of the target or sensor on the wheel assembly. This clamping force can scratch or dent the wheel assembly where it is attached. This is very undesirable especially when the wheel assembly is a very costly aftermarket wheel.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a machine vision vehicle service system, such as a wheel alignment system, with an optical target assembly which incorporates both the optical target and a simplified adaptor for attachment to a vehicle wheel, and which does not require a determined precision mounting on the vehicle wheel assembly in relation to the wheel axis of rotation.
It would be further advantageous to provide a machine vision vehicle wheel alignment system with a mechanically simplified optical target assembly which is light weight, dimensionally stable, less abrasive to the wheel rim surfaces, and which does not require precision construction.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Vehicle service system optical target assembly calibration


The present invention provides a process for producing decahydro(4as, 8aS)isoquinoline-3(S)-carboxamides which are useful as intermediates of Saquinavir (EP 432694). Saquinavir is an anti-AIDS agent. The comprises reacting tetrahydroisoquinoline-3(S)-carboxylic acid with at least one of phosgene, phosgene dimer and triphosgene to form N-carboxy anhydride (NCA), then reacting NCA with an amine to produce a tetrahydroisoquinoline-3(S)-carboxamide derivative, and further reducing this derivative in the presence of a metal catalyst.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for producing decahydro(4aS, 8aS)isoquinoline-3(S)-carboxamides of formula (4) that are useful as an intermediate of Saquinavir (U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,678, also E.P. 432694) which is an anti-AIDS agent owing to the excellent HIV protease inhibition activity.
2. Description of the Background
U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,783 describes a method of producing decahydro(4aS, 8aS) isoquinoline-3(S)-carboxamides, by producing N-tertbutyldecahydro(4aS, 8as)isoquinoline-3(S)-carboxamide in which an amide is introduced into tertbutylamide. The method described in this patent comprises five steps (1) N-protecting L-phenylalanine with benzyl chloroformate, (2) forming a mixed acid anhydride into N-tertbutylamide (84.3%), (3) reacting the resulting amide with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a tetrahydroisoquinoline compound (66%), (4) N-deprotecting this compound by catalytic reduction using Pd (79%), and (5) obtaining a decahydroisoquinoline compound using an Rh catalyst (59%). However, this method is problematic in that it requires many steps, it has a step with a low yield, Rh is expensive and the reaction has to be strictly controlled to maintain optical purity. Accordingly, the development of a simpler method is desirable.
Further, non-uniform metal catalysts such as Rh, Pt or the like are expensive and are used in nuclear reduction of aromatic rings having functional groups. In contrast, Ru is inexpensive and also causes nuclear reduction of an aromatic ring. However, Ru can only be used in a nuclear reduction of an aromatic ring of a compound free of functional groups, such as toluene or the like. In addition, the influence on the optical activity or the sterically selective reduction is not known.
On the other hand, Chimika Chronika, New Series, 18, 3, 1989 teaches a method of producing tetrahydroisoguinoline-3-carboxamide (the above-mentioned intermediate), wherein tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid is protected with a benzyloxycarbonyl group (66.5%), the resulting compound is converted into NCA with phosphorus pentachloride (69%), and NCA is reacted with an amine to form an amide (57%). However, since this method is conducted using a racemic compound, it is unclear whether or not optical activity is maintained, the yield in each step is low, and undesirable by-products and industrial waste are formed in large amounts. Accordingly, this method is not industrially useful.

Process for producing optically active amides


Process for obtaining lignan from plant material by extraction with an extraction solvent and separation of the liquid fraction from the plant material. The separated liquid fraction containing the lignan product is subjected to further processing to remove cyanogenic sugars and other impurities. The resulting lignan containing product may be formulated for the treatment of various conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, lupus, and atherosclerosis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to methods of obtaining lignan from plant materials, particularly flax and flaxseed. The invention is also directed to compositions containing lignan obtained from the methods described herein.
2. Background Art
Lignans are secondary plant metabolites, which are produced from shikimic acid via the phenylpropanoid pathway. They develop from flavonoid precursors and are responsible for conferring resistance to plants against pathogens and predators. Lignans are defined to be compounds possessing a 2,3-dibenzylbutane structure and include matairesinol, secoisolaricinesinol, lariuresinol, isolariciresinol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, pinoresinol, olivil and other compounds, and modifications thereof, including diglucosides such as but not limited to herbacetin 3,8-0-diglucopyanoside, herbacetin 3,7-0-dimethyl ether and Kaempferol 3,7-0-diglucopyranoside. Diglycerides are known precursors of two important mammalian lignans dibenzylbutyrolactone enterolactone and dibenzyl butane enterodiol (Setchell, et al., Biochem J. 197:447-458 (1981)).
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is potentially the richest source of phytoestrogens including lignans. The primary lignan found in flaxseed is 2,3-bis (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl) butane-1,4-diol (secoisolariciresinol) which is stored as the conjugate secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) in its native state in the plant. Flax seed contains levels of these phytoestrogens which are 75-800 times greater than any other plant food. The plant lignan, catecholic nordihydroguaiaretic acid, is a potent antioxidant previously used by the food industry.
Plant phenolic compounds occur as free monomers or in combination with other phytochemicals, thereby forming esters or glycosides. Phenolic acids are known to have antioxidant activity. The major phenolic constituents of flaxseed are reported to be cournaric acid (4-glucosyl-cinnamic acid) caffeic acid (3-hydroxy-4-glucosyl-cinnamic acid), ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4glucosyl cinnamic acid) and hydroxy methyl glutamic acid. These compounds have antioxidant and hyperchiolesterernic properties.
Numerous reports in literature have documented the phytochemical benefits of flaxseed lignans. Rickard et al. reported that feeding purified lignan at 5% flaxseed diet levels significantly reduces colon and mammary carcinogenesis in animals (Proceedings of the 57the Flax Institute of the United States, (Fargo, N.D.): 8-13 (1998)). Demark-Wahnefried et al. also reported that flaxseed supplementation may have a beneficial effect on prostate cancer biology (Demark-Wahnefried et al., Adult Urology 58(1): 47-52 (2001)).
Additionally, it has been reported that lignans prevent the development of Type I and Type II diabetes by 71% (Prasad, K. Proc. of the American Diabetes Association, (1999)), act as a hypotensive agent with ability to lower blood pressure without affecting heart rate (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/140,972, filed Jun. 16, 1999), provide benefits against Lupus Nephritis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,256), and reduce development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in animals (Atherosclerosis 132: 69-76 (1997)), along with numerous reports on the potential antioxidant (Mol. & Cell. Biochem., 202:91-100 (1999)) and anticancer properties (Anticancer Research 18:1405-1408 (1998)).
Flaxseed, in whole, ground or defatted form has been incorporated into animal feeds and food products such as breads, cookies, bagels and muffins. It has also been used for supplementing fiber levels in meat products (WO 00/19842). However, the amounts which can be used are regulated since high oil content of flax and the presence of mucilage contribute to excessive caloric intake and laxation (WO 96/30468).
One of the major problems associated with using flax in foods is the toxicity associated with cyanogenic glycosides present in flaxseed. Cyanogenic glycosides are nitrogenous secondary plant metabolites which if consumed in excess over a long period of time can result in goitrogenic problems and damage to human organs. These glycosides are important natural toxicants in both animal and human nutrition. They have been associated with flaxseed's unique property of protecting animals against the toxic effects of ingested selenium (Smith, et al., J. Org. Chem., 45:507-510 (1980)). The major cyanogenic glycosides present in flaxseed are linustatin, neolinustatin and linamarin with linustatin accounting for 54-76% of the total cyanogenic glycoside content. Defatting of flax meal with hexane is known to produce an enrichment of all individual cyanogenic glycosides on equal weight basis in the meal (Maaza & Oomah, in Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, Cunnane & Thomson eds. AOCS Press, Champaign, Ill. 1995). Therefore, it is important to separate the cyanogenic glycosides from other compounds present in flax.
Methods for the preparation of lignans and other phenolic compound have been reported in literature. In 1956 Bakke and Klosterman described a process for extracting lignan from defatted flax using methanol dioxane (Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Sciences 10:18-22 (1956)). However, lignans are known to occur as a "complex" in flax with cinnamic acid glucosides and other compounds. Hence, lignans have originally been referred to as a "polymer" in flax. Sodium and barium methoxides have been used for methanolysis to release lignans free of other compounds (Blake & Klosterman; Thompson et al., Nutr. Cancer 26:59-165 (1996)). Almost all of the lignans present in flaxseed occur as components of a soluble ester-linked complex and do not occur as free glycosides or aglycone. (Muir et al., Proc. of the 58the Flax Institute of the US, Fargo, N.D., 1999). A detailed review of the various methods of extracting lignan and cinnamic acids can be found in Muir, supra. U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,618 and PCT Applications WO 96/30468 and WO 00/78771 also described methods of preparing lignan containing complexes. However, these processes suffer from drawbacks in that they cannot be scaled up for commercialization due to difficulty in achieving the desired separation and purity without involving complex solvent systems, such as ethyl acetate/water, and are difficult to separate using chromatographic techniques or employ expensive methods such as size exclusion chromatography.

Lignan extracts and compositions including the lignan extracts


A method of generating an interpolation image includes dividing a first image into first blocks, searching the second image for a second block having a strong correlation, deriving a first motion vector between the first and second blocks, extracting from the first block a first sub block including pixels that an absolute difference value is less than a threshold and a second sub block including pixels that it is not less than the threshold, searching a region on the second image for a third sub block having a strong correlation with respect to the second sub block, deriving a second motion vector between the second and third sub blocks, and copying the first and second sub blocks onto a third image between the first and second frames, using the first and second motion vectors.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of generating an interpolation image to improve blurring due to a hold type display device or unnatural movement in a moving image whose frames are few in number, an interpolation image generating apparatus, and an image display system using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, there are two kinds of image display devices: an impulse type display device that continues emitting light for only an afterglow time of a fluorescent substance after writing of image (for example, CRT and field emission type display device (FED)), and a hold type display device which continues holding display of a previous frame till an image is newly written (for example, Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), electroluminescence display (ELD), etc.)
A problem of the hold type visual display unit is a blurring phenomenon to produce in displaying a moving image. The blurring phenomenon occurs by the reason that when the eyes of a viewer followed movement of the moving object existing in a moving image consisting of a plurality of frames, the images of the frames are projected on the retina with being superposed. Though the image of a previous frame continues being displayed until the display image is replaced from the previous frame by a next frame, the viewer predicts the image of the next frame and observes the image while moving the eyes on the previous frame in a migration direction of the moving object. In other words, since the eyes have continuous tracking exercise and do sampling with an interval shorter than a frame interval, an image formed by bridging between two adjacent frames is observed as blurring.
This problem can be solved by shortening an interval between display frames. As a result, an unnatural movement of a moving image whose frames are few in number can be improved. It is considered as a concrete technique to form an interpolation image using motion compensation used in MPEG2 (Motion Picture Experts Group phase 2) to interpolate between adjacent frames with the interpolation image. In motion compensation, a motion vector detected by block matching is used. However, since an image is generated in units of a block in MPEG2, when a plurality of objects whose movements differ from one another is included in a block, a part with correlation and a part without correlation appear. The block distortion occurs by the part without correlation.
Japanese Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2000-2224593 discloses a frame interpolation method for solving this problem. According to the Publication, in determining a pixel value of a to-be-interpolated block in an interpolation frame, the motion compensated interframe absolute difference value between two frames of a to-be-decoded small block is compared with a threshold every opposite pixels, the block is divided into a first pixel region having an absolute difference value less than a threshold and a second pixel region having an absolute difference value higher than the threshold.
About the first pixel region, an average of the pixel value of the first pixel region and the pixel value of the corresponding pixel in the reference block indicated by a motion vector between two frames is obtained. The average is copied onto the interpolation frame. On the other hand, about the second pixel region, hidden surface relation in a to-be-decoded frame is determined. A motion vector search direction between two frames is again set based on the determination result, and a motion vector is detected. The pixel on the researched reference frame that is indicated by a scaled motion vector is copied onto an interpolation frame. In this way, by means of doing interpolation in units of a pixel region obtained by dividing a to-be-decoded block in two according to the motion compensated interframe absolute difference value between two frames, a block distortion, namely an interpolation error appearing when a plurality of objects whose movements differ from one another are included in the block is reduced.
In the Publication, a search method in the second pixel region performs reshuffling of a frame direction, but an extraction method in a frame to be detected does not touch additional information. It is not appropriated to employ the pixel used in the first pixel region as a pixel of the second pixel region to reflect movement of an actual object. As thus described, to search for the pixels of the second region without doing constrain for the pixels of the first pixel region extracted after region division may cause picture degradation (deterioration for a noise) due to interpolation error.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an interpolation image generating method for doing an intra-frame interpolation without an interpolation error, and an image display system using the same.

Method of generating an interpolation image, an interpolation image generating apparatus, and an image display system using the same


A method and system for performing dummy metal insertion in design data for an integrated circuit is disclosed, wherein the design data includes dummy metal objects inserted by a dummy fill tool. After a portion of the design data is changed, a check is performed to determine whether any dummy metal objects intersect with any other objects in the design data. If so, the intersecting dummy metal objects are deleted from the design data, thereby avoiding having to rerun the dummy fill tool.

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is a part of the chip fabrication process that requires a uniform distribution of metal and silicon over the surface of the chip. To achieve this distribution, pieces of interconnect (metal or silicon) must be inserted into available spaces in low-density regions of the chip. This interconnect insertion is called dummy metal filling or simply dummy filling, and the inserted interconnect is called dummy metal. Dummy metal is typically not allowed to touch or otherwise intersect with any objects in the design.
Most fabrication processes require a minimum density for the interconnects on each layer of a multi-layer chip design. The interconnect density for a region is the sum total of the area of all interconnects in that region divided by the area of the region. Fabrication processes typically partition each layer of the design into rectangular regions, called tiles, and specify that the interconnect density of each tile meet a minimum density requirement.
The process of determining the number and placement of dummy metal is typically preformed by a dummy fill software tool after routing and timing closure during chip design flow. The dummy fill tool operates on a design database that stores the design data for the integrated circuit, and determines whether each tile has an interconnect density equal to or greater than the specified minimum density. If the interconnect density does not meet the minimum density, then the dummy fill tool inserts pieces of dummy metal in free regions of the tile.
The time it takes the dummy fill tool to complete its task is dependent upon the complexity of the integrated circuit design, and correspondingly, the size of the design database. For a design of average complexity, the runtime for the dummy fill tool would be approximately 3-4 hours. With today's new process technologies and increasingly complex designs, the dummy fill tool may have a runtime of up to 30 hours.
The problem is that once a design has almost reached completion, a customer may request changes to the design in the form of engineering change orders (ECO). Once implemented, an ECO may change the locations of objects in the design. And even though most ECO make small incremental changes and 99.9 percent of the design may be left unchanged, the results of the dummy fill tool are thrown out, and the dummy fill tool is rerun in order to ensure that no dummy metal intersects with any of the design objects. Requiring another run of the dummy fill tool is problematic because it may delay completion of the design by another 30 hours. In addition, if more than one ECO is received, multiple runs will be required: one for each ECO. Such an iterative process can significantly impact the design schedule and result in cost overruns.
Accordingly what is needed is a method for inserting dummy metal into an integrated circuit design after an ECO without requiring reruns of the dummy fill tool. The present invention addresses such a need.


Various exemplary embodiments of an illumination apparatus are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment of the illumination apparatus may include: a socket; a cylindrical body having one end connected to the socket, the cylindrical body comprising an inner space for receiving a driving circuit and a wire; a cap connected to the other end of the cylindrical body, the cap comprising a plurality of engaging members disposed around a circumference of the cap with an equal interval; a hinge portion comprising a plurality of hinges for rotationally connecting the plurality of engaging members; a light source portion comprising a plurality of light modules, each of the plurality of light modules comprising a plurality of light emitting devices arranged therein, each of the plurality of light modules being configured to rotate with the hinge portion in a first direction with respect to a respective one of the plurality of engaging members via the hinge; and a heat dissipater having a plurality of heat dissipation plates, each of the het dissipation plates being in contact with a bottom portion of the respective light module.

1. Field
Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an illumination apparatus. In particular, certain embodiments relate to an illumination apparatus that uses a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), or the like as a light source.
2. Description of Related Art
Incandescent or fluorescent lights are commonly used for indoor or outdoor illumination. For street lights, sodium lamps or other metal lamps are arranged along the sides of a roadway with an interval of about 30 to 50 meters. Incandescent lights used as light sources for illumination purposes emit light by heating filaments, but have low efficiency. Fluorescent lights, on the other hand, emit light by illuminating fluorescent substances. While the fluorescent lights have an advantage of low power consumption over the incandescent lights, the fluorescent lights use mercury (Hg) as the fluorescent substances which is harmful to human body. Also, sodium lamps or other metal lamps have drawbacks of high power consumption and short lifespan.
Recently, illumination devices adopting LEDs or OLEDs as light sources have been developed. LED or OLED show excellent performance as lighting materials because they have longer lifespan and low power consumption. Specifically, LED or OLED lamps have a lifespan greater than three times of typical fluorescent lights with comparable brightness thereof.
The LED or OLED lamps, however, have limited usage for illumination due to their narrow viewing angles and heating problems. Therefore, there is a need to develop an LED or OLED lamps that obviate these problems.
Korean Patent Publication No. 2009-0041480, entitled "Lamp-Type LED Illumination Apparatus with Scattering Structure," discloses an illumination apparatus that deals with the above-mentioned problems. The illumination apparatus disclosed in this publication includes a socket portion having a screw thread on its surface; an outer tubular body connected to the socket portion; a power source disposed inside the outer tubular body and electrically connected to the socket portion, the power source supplying power through power conversion, controlling the power supply, and managing heat dissipation; an outer scattering lens portion connected to the outer tubular body and scattering light; a heat pipe disposed inside the outer scattering lens portion to dissipate heat; and an LED device connected to the heat pipe through an electrical connection with the power source and emitting light by supplying and controlling power from the power supply. The illumination apparatus further includes a heat dissipater that dissipates the heat generated in heat pipes by the LED device.
The LED device includes a plurality of light modules which consist of light-emitting LEDs; a plurality of circuit boards each of which is connected to the respective one of the light modules; and a plurality of inner scattering lenses, each of which is connected to the respective one of the light modules to primarily scatter the light emitted from the LED modules.
In the above apparatus, a heat dissipater portion includes a heat dissipation plate having a plurality of pins that increase a heat dissipation contact area; and a heat dissipation fan being in contact with the heat dissipation plate and blowing wind in a direction perpendicular to its rotational direction, to externally discharge the heat generated from the plurality of light modules.
Further, the outer scattering lens portion is composed of a plurality of concave lenses having a hexagonal cross-sectional shape and being connected adjacent to each other. The outer scattering lens portion thus configured scatters, for the second time, the light that has been primarily scattered by the inner scattering lens portion. The scattered angle of the light emitted from the light modules is then increased, thereby enhancing light uniformity.
The illumination apparatus described above, however, has a problem of reduced heat dissipation efficiency due to the fact that the heat generated by the light modules is dissipated through the elongated heat pipes disposed inside the outer tubular body and that the multiple heat pipes are disposed in close proximity to one another. Furthermore, since the light modules are fixed and thus the degree of scattering of the emitted light is constant, it may be difficult to control the light uniformity in certain circumstances.


A double-lever mechanism is for the trip actuator of a circuit breaker having a housing, separable contacts and an operating member for opening and closing the contacts. A trip bar opens the separable contacts in response to a trip condition, such as an overcurrent condition. The trip actuator assembly is a self-contained unit including an actuation subassembly comprising the double-lever mechanism and a coil and a plunger housed within an enclosure. First and second trip levers of the double-lever mechanism are pivotally coupled to first and second ends of the enclosure, respectively. In response to the trip condition, the plunger extends, pivoting the first trip lever which engages and pivots the second trip lever in order to actuate the trip bar. The double-lever mechanism provides a mechanical advantage by reducing actuating forces and plunger travel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electrical switching apparatus and, more particularly, to a double-lever mechanism for the trip actuator of a circuit breaker. The invention also relates to trip actuator assemblies having double-lever mechanisms and to circuit breakers with trip actuators employing double-lever mechanisms.
2. Background Information
Electrical switching apparatus, such as molded case circuit breakers, generally include at least one pair of separable contacts which are operated either manually, by way of a handle disposed on the outside of the case, or automatically by way of a trip unit in response to an overcurrent condition, such as an overload condition or a relatively high level short circuit or fault condition.
One type of molded case circuit breaker trip unit, known as a Flux Transfer Shunt Trip (FTST) unit 2, is shown in FIG. 1. Trip units such as the FTST unit 2 generally include an enclosure 4 housing a coil and plunger assembly 6. The coil and plunger assembly 6 includes a coil 8 which is energized in preparation for moving a plunger 10. For example, the plunger 10 may be spring-biased, being held against such spring-bias by a pivotal trip lever 12 or, as in the case of the FTST unit 2, the assembly 6 may be electrically charged, with the coil 8 operating to extend the plunger 10 in response to an electrical signal received as the result of the overcurrent condition. The pivotal lever 12 is pivotally connected to the enclosure 4 by a pivot member 14. In response to the overcurrent condition, the trip actuator plunger 10 is fired, or otherwise released, from its biased or charged, unextended position, such that it extends and engages the pivotal trip lever 12 causing it to rotate and engage the trip bar (not shown) of the circuit breaker (not shown). The circuit breaker trip bar then rotates thereby tripping open the circuit breaker separable contacts (not shown).
As shown, the pivotal trip lever 12 is relatively short with the distance between the pivot 14 at one end of the lever 12 and the other end of the lever 12, at which point the plunger 10 acts upon the lever 12, being relatively small. Such a design is mechanically inefficient, requiring a larger coil and plunger assembly 6 than necessary, in order to provide the requisite force and plunger stroke to engage and actuate the circuit breaker trip bar.
In view of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide a trip actuator assembly which is more efficient, requiring less force to actuate and thus reducing the size of the coil and plunger assembly components necessary to effectuate such force. It is also desirable that the improved trip actuator assembly be readily interchangeable with a variety of electrical switching apparatus, including molded case circuit breakers.
There is, therefore, room for improvement in trip actuator mechanisms for circuit breakers and in circuit breakers employing trip actuator mechanisms.

Double-lever mechanism, trip actuator assembly and electrical switching apparatus employing the same


Methods and apparatus for an image server surveillance system provide for as control and coordination of cameras that may be widely deployed, analyzing data from multiple cameras, making data available in such a way that it can be efficiently transmitted over a network and can be easily displayed to potentially a large number of users, and displaying and controlling image data by existing client software.

The present invention is in the field of electronic circuits and camera systems. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a system for surveillance using digital images and image servers.
Many types of camera surveillance systems are known. Typical building surveillance systems today capture analog video signals from one or more video cameras and transmit those signals to a security panel for viewing by security personnel. Deployment of such systems over a large area and making the video images available over a network can be problematic because of the large bandwidth requirements of the video signal. Monitoring of multiple analog cameras is also difficult; for example, a human viewer's attention may not be on the security panel or directed to the correct camera image at the time an incident occurs. An, in general, the number of cameras a human can effectively monitor is limited. While techniques for motion detection in surveillance systems are known, the complexity and expense of incorporating these techniques into analog systems has limited the use of motion detection in many video surveillance systems.
Another problem that arises in analog surveillance systems is storage and playback technology of analog video data. Typical security cameras, at a retail store for example, employ videotape technology wherein full-motion video is continuously recorded, without regard to whether an incident of interest has occurred. Video tapes are retrieved and played back on the rare occasions when an incident occurs. A major problem with such systems is that the videotapes are often recorded at the slowest speed, giving the poorest image quality, and are repeatedly rerecorded. As a result, playback image quality is often very poor and when an incident does occur, investigators cannot get a clear enough image of individuals involved in the incident to make an identification. In response to this problem, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has established a laboratory program whose primary function is to help law enforcement personnel enhance poor quality images from video surveillance systems in order to aid in investigations.
It is known to make digitized video images available over the web for presentation by a web browser. Generally, such systems periodically update a full-frame captured still image from a camera using a push (controlled at the server side) or a pull (controlled at the client side) technology. Such systems have had a limited deployment to make images of such things as ski slope weather conditions, elephant houses at a zoo, or children at a day care center, available over the web using a standard web browser. In some applications, such as the day care center, access to the image is password protected so that only authorized viewers can receive the images.
One group of cameras and camera servers for these applications are marketed under the brand name Axis. However, these installations are generally limited to single or a few cameras and do not have the ability to be deployed as a flexible and fully functional surveillance systems. Standard Axis technology also generally relies on full-frame updating and has only limited ability to reduce bandwidth of images.
A number of techniques are known for compressing digital video information. Well known techniques for digital video include hardware assisted techniques such as MPEG, DVL Motion JPEG, and software-only techniques such as QuickTime, Video for Windows, RealVideo, or AVI. Some of these techniques include mechanisms for processing and transmitting delta frame information, wherein delta frames encode information about pixels that have changed between one frame and another. However, these compression techniques for the most part are concerned with the quality of reproduction of real-time video image and have not been optimized for use in surveillance systems or for use in systems that do not contain custom video playback software or hardware.
What is needed is a flexible surveillance system that can capture image data from a number of digital cameras and make that data available to viewers in a variety of different ways. In some applications, what is further needed, is a surveillance system with a basic architecture that is scalable, allowing for efficient installation, coordination, and control of one, to a few, to thousands of individual cameras and one to a few to thousands of individual clients. Additionally, what is needed is an integrated system for digital surveillance that at every step of image processing optimizes images for easy storage, analysis, transmission, and presentation in a surveillance system.

Method and apparatus for surveillance using an image server


An improved waterbased gravure ink includes an additive package. The ink exhibits reduced volatile organic compound content and improved printability as compared to conventional waterbased gravure inks. A method of printing using the ink includes the steps of introducing the ink into cells of a printing surface and applying the ink in the cells to a printing substrate, the printing surface being made using about a 120.degree. to 150.degree. diamond and about 120 to about 300 lines per inch.

Gravure is a major commercial printing processes that can be used to print, on a substrate such as paper, anything from newspaper to fine art. Text and images can be printed.
Gravure is an intaglio process wherein ink is transferred to the paper as drops from very small cells that are recessed into a printing surface, e.g., a cylinder or flat plate. The ink drops flow and selectively spread together to print the text or image. If the surface tension of the ink drop is to high, the ink will not spread quick or far enough causing the print to appear rough and grainy.
Gravure is distinguished from other processes such as letterpress printing and lithography. In letterpress printing, ink is transferred to the paper from a raised image. In lithography, the entire printing surface has areas that will print defined by a water repellant ink and the areas that will not print coated with a film of water to prevent the ink from contacting the surface. Each of these printing processes require distinct inks having physical properties tailored for the specific process.
Gravure inks are very fluid, solvent or co-solvent based inks that dry by evaporation to leave a film of resin and pigment on the substrate. Representative solvents and co-solvents include toluene, xylene, alcohols, acetone, aliphatic hydrocarbons, water and the like. Except for water, the solvents and co-solvents are volatile organic compounds (VOC). Due to environmental considerations, limitations are being placed on the amount of VOC emissions that occur during printing. Solvent recovery systems or incinerators are utilized to reduce the VOC emissions but treat the effect rather than the cause of the problem.
Waterborne inks that includes as solvents water and a co-solvent, e.g., alcohols, emit less VOC than solvent based inks. The co-solvent improves the printability of waterborne inks by reducing the surface tension. The relatively large amount of co-solvent required to reduce the surface tension result in a waterborne ink having a very high VOC content.
True waterbased gravure inks, i.e., inks that only use water as a solvent and do not include a co-solvent, provide poor print quality. The printed paper is roughened because the ink wets and swells the paper fibers. The print is rough and grainy because of the roughening and also because the chemical formulation of the ink results in poor ink transfer to the paper, poor ink dot spreading on the paper and poor trapping, i.e., over printing, of one ink on another. Thus, the printability is poor.
Waterbased gravure inks can also include volatile surfactants and defoamers. Unfortunately these surfactants and defoamers are inefficient and require relatively large dosages, e.g., 2 weight percent. (wt %)per component, which adds to the VOC content of the ink.
A waterbased gravure ink having a low VOC content and that provides good print quality is desirable.

Waterbased gravure ink and method of printing


There is provided an efficient compressor which is simple in structure and small in torque fluctuation. The compressor comprises a compression element which comprises a cylinder having a compression space formed therein, a suction port and a discharge port which communicate with the compression space in the cylinder, a compression member which comprises continuous thick and thin parts, one surface of which inclines, which is arranged in the cylinder to rotate, and which compresses fluids sucked through the suction port and discharges the compressed fluids through the discharge port, and a vane which is arranged between the suction port and the discharge port to abut on one surface of the compression member, and which partitions the compression space of the cylinder into a low pressure chamber and a high pressure chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a compressor which compresses fluids such as refrigerants or air and discharges the compressed fluids.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, for example, a refrigerator has employed a system of compressing a refrigerant by using a compressor and circulating the compressed refrigerant in a circuit. As such compressor systems in this case, there are available a rotary compressor called a rotary type compressor (e.g., see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-99172), a scroll compressor and a screw compressor.
The rotary compressor has advantages in that a structure is relatively simple and production costs are low, but there is a problem of increases in vibration and torque fluctuation. In the case of the scroll compressor and the screw compressor, there is a problem of high costs caused by bad workability while torque fluctuation is small.
Thus, there has been developed a system which disposes a rotary swash plate in a cylinder and partitions compression spaces constituted below and above the swash plate by a vane to compress fluids (e.g., PCT No. 2003-532008). According to the compressor of this system, there is an advantage of constituting a compressor which is relatively simple in structure and small in vibration.
However, in the case of the structure of the Patent Document 2, because a high pressure chamber and a low pressure chamber are adjacent to each other below and above the swash plate in the entire region of the cylinder, a difference between high and low pressures is enlarged, and refrigerant leakage causes a problem of efficiency deterioration


Disclosed is a secondary battery having a structure in which a jelly-roll having a cathode/separator/anode structure is mounted in a cylindrical battery case, wherein a plate-shaped insulator mounted on the top of the jelly-roll includes a molded article made of a polymer resin or a polymer composite and a plurality of fine pores is perforated through the molded article.

The development of techniques associated with mobile devices and increase in demand therefor have brought about rapid increase in the demand for secondary batteries as energy sources. Among secondary batteries, lithium secondary batteries with high energy density, high driving voltage and superior storage and lifespan characteristics are widely used as energy sources of various electric products including mobile devices.
Depending on the shape of the battery case, the secondary battery may be divided into cylindrical and rectangular batteries mounted in cylindrical and rectangular metal cans, respectively, and a pouch-shaped battery mounted in a pouch-shaped case made of an aluminum laminate sheet. Of these, the cylindrical battery has advantages of relatively high capacity and superior structural stability. The electrode assembly mounted in the battery case is an electricity-generating device enabling charge and discharge that has a cathode/separator/anode laminate structure and is divided into a jelly-roll type in which an electrode assembly including a separator interposed between a cathode and an anode, each made of an active material-coated long sheet, is rolled, a stack-type in which a plurality of cathodes and a plurality of anodes are laminated in this order such that a separator is interposed between the cathode and the anode and a stack/folding type which is a combination of a jelly-roll type and a stack type. Of these, the jelly-roll-type electrode assembly has advantages of easy manufacture and high energy density per unit weight.
In this regard, a conventional cylindrical secondary battery is shown in FIG. 1. An insulator generally used for the cylindrical secondary battery is shown in plan views of FIGS. 2 and 3.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, a cylindrical secondary battery 100 is manufactured by mounting a jelly-roll type (rolled-type) electrode assembly 120 in a battery case 130, injecting an electrolyte into the battery case 130 and coupling a cap assembly 140 provided with an electrode terminal (for example, a cathode terminal; not shown) to the open top of the case 130.
The electrode assembly 120 is obtained by inserting a separator 123 between a cathode 121 and an anode 122, and rolling the resulting structure into a round shape. A cylindrical center pin 150 is inserted into the core (center) of the jelly-roll. The center pin 150 is generally made of a metal to impart a predetermined strength and has a hollow-shaped cylindrical structure of a roundly bent plate material. Such a center pin 150 sets and supports the electrode assembly and serves as a passage, enabling discharge of gas generated by internal reaction during charge and discharge, and operation.
In addition, a plate-shaped insulator 180a is mounted on the top of the electrode assembly 120, and is provided in the center thereof with an opening 181a communicating with the through hole 151 of the center pin 150 so that gas is discharged and the cathode tap 142 of the electrode assembly 120 is connected to the cap plate 145 of the cap assembly 140.
However, the insulator 180a arranged on the top of the jelly-roll is a structure that blocks a passage, enabling permeation of electrolyte into a battery in the process of injecting the electrolyte into the battery. For this reason, the electrolyte permeates the battery only through the opening 181a communicating with the center pin 150 and a region excluding the insulator 180a, thus disadvantageously requiring a long time for injection of electrolyte and consequently causing deterioration in productivity.
In order to improve permeability of the electrolyte, as shown in FIG. 3, a partial connection member 180b having a structure in which a plurality of through pores 182b are formed around an opening 181b is suggested.
However, this structure is found to have serious problems in terms of safety. That is, conductive impurity particles such as metal powders generated in the process of manufacturing and/or assembling the cap assembly 140, the battery case 130 and the like are permeated into the electrode assembly 120 through the through pores 182b that are perforated in the insulator 180b, thus disadvantageously causing occurrence of short circuit or deterioration in battery lifespan.
Accordingly, there is an increasing need for secondary batteries that enhance injection processability of electrolyte and prevent incorporation of foreign matter in the process of assembling batteries, thereby improving lifespan.

Secondary battery with excellent productivity and safety


Our invention is directed to a semiochemical field trap for blood feeding arthropods which has the capability of causing determination of repellency and attractancy of semiochemicals against and for blood feeding arthropods. The field trap comprises. an upright vertically disposed hollow housing having arthropod-impenetrable vertical side wall, at least two horizontally-disposed separate sets of apertures, being gas transmission apertures containing a gas transmission means (e.g., a polyethylene tube) or having first radiation means sealably inserted therethrough (for example, a light emitting diode or a laser diode), PA1 a horizontally disposed hollow housing, a gas transmission effecting means for causing conveyance of a gas (such as air or carbon dioxide) through the gas entry means PA1 a second radiation means for conveying insect attracting radiation, a PA1 radiation pulsing means connected to the first radiation means and/or said second radiation means causing the first insect attracting radiation and/or the second insect attracting radiation to have a frequency mimicking insect wing beat and/or insect visual sensing frequencies, and PA1 at least one power supply means associated with the trap at least energizing the first and second radiation means and the radiation pulsing means.

Our invention relates to the use of alkyl cyclopentanone and phenyl alkanol derivative-containing compositions having the structures: ##STR1## taken alone, in admixture or in admixture with the cycloalkanol derivative-containing compositions containing the compounds having the structures: ##STR2## for repelling blood feeding arthropods, including species of mosquitos and house flies as well as apparatus for determining repellency and attractancy of semiochemicals such as the aforementioned cycloalkanol derivative-containing compositions against and for such blood feeding arthropods.
Alkanols are known for repelling insects and the prior art contains many references pertaining to same. Thus, the use of 1-nonen-3-ol as a repellent is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,228 issued on Jul. 26, 1988, as a repellent for house flies (Musca domestica L. (Diptera:Muscidae)).
Nothing in the prior art, however, sets fourth the unexpected, unobvious and advantageous properties of the alkyl cyclopentanone and phenyl alkanol derivative-containing compositions of our invention so useful in repelling the species of insects set forth herein.
Furthermore, the prior art is replete with references showing various traps for insects, including said U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,228 issued on Jul. 26, 1988. Other prior art showing such insect traps is:
Griffiths and Bowman, Acarology VI, Volume 2, published by Ellis Horwood Limited .sctn.15.5, "Sampling Techniques For Burrow-Dwelling Ticks In Reference To Potential African Swin Fever Virus Vectors", (Butler, et al). PA0 Garcia R., (1962), Ann.Entomol.Soc.Amer., 55 605-606. PA0 Garcia R., (1965), Amer.J.Trop.Med.Hyg., 14 1090-1093. PA0 Hair, J. A., Hoch, A. L., Barker, R. W., & Semtner, P. J., (1972), J.Med.Entomol., 9 153-155. PA0 Holscher, K. H., Gearhart, H. L. & Barker, R. W. (1980) Ann.Entomol.Soc.Amer., 73 288-292. PA0 Koch, H. G. & McNew, R. W., (1981), Ann.Entomol.Soc.Amer., 74 498-500.
Nothing in the prior art sets forth the trap of our invention.

Use of alkyl cyclopentanone and phenyl alkanol derivative-containing compositions for repelling blood feeding arthropods and apparatus for determining repellency and attractancy of semiochemicals against and for blood feeding arthropods


The present invention provides a use of a lipid composition for the preparation of a nutritional, pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition or a functional food, for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and disorders, and for promoting intestinal development, maturation, adaptation and differentiation.

Adequate neonatal nutrition is essential for appropriate growth and to avoid complications associated with nutritional deficiencies. Neonatal nutritional requirements vary with metabolic states, degree of prematurity and diseases affecting the gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and cardiac systems.
Infants may suffer from several digestive system disorders that may vary from light discomforts to sever life threatening diseases.
The rising incidence of preterm births, coupled with improved survival as a result of highly evolving technologies, has resulted in an increased need to develop innovative and cost-effective treatment modalities for preterm infants during the neonatal period and in later life. Pre-term babies do not achieve the intestinal maturity normally accreted during the third trimester of pregnancy, and are often born with immature gastrointestinal tract, and gastrointestinal diseases and disorders.
US2003/0072865 describes an infant formula comprising a lipid component in which palmitic acid residues make up more than 10% of total fatty acid residues present in the triglycerides resulting in reduced constipation, abdominal discomfort, and gastrointestinal problems.
Postnatal phases lead to maturation of intestinal epithelial cells occur in the early life of an animal: morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation prepare the epithelium for digestion and absorption of colostrums and milk components; thickening of occurs due to the growth of villi and crypts.
Epithelial structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract in neonates changes abruptly before weaning to adapt to a change in feeding from milk to solid food. Although intestinal maturation in the neonate has been the subject of intensive studies, the factors triggering the major biochemical and morphologic changes during maturation are still poorly understood. Newborn infants have a very immature cell lining in the intestines. The junctions between enterocytes are not tight, and the brush border and mucus layers are not fully developed. Due to the less tight mucosal barrier, the infant is at greater risk of contracting infections and developing allergies. Thus, intestinal maturation and differentiation of the gut barrier to protect against environmental aggression is desired
During life, intestinal epithelial cells have to fulfill different roles, including classical digestive and absorptive functions, maintenance of a barrier against noxious antigens and bacteria, and secretion of water and electrolytes to keep a proper viscosity of the luminal contents and flush out oxious components.
Intestinal development, maturation, adaptation and ion are highly important in the course of a subject's life.

Lipid compositions for the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders and the promotion of intestinal development and maturation


The invention provides a device for patterning workpieces, having: an ink-jet printing means having a plurality of nozzles from which drops of ink can be expelled, a workpiece carrier means for carrying the workpiece to be patterned, a conveyor means for bringing about a relative movement between the workpiece to be patterned and the printing means, and a detection means for detecting the relative position between the ink-jet printing means and at least one surface to be patterned of the respective workpiece to be patterned. The device according to the invention is characterised in that the detection means is disposed and configured so as to be in a predetermined, fixed relationship to the ink-jet printing means and/or to detect at least the distance between the ink-jet printing means and at least one surface to be patterned of the respective workpiece to be patterned, at least during printing.

A device of the type mentioned at the outset is known, for example, from DE 100 31 030 B4 and has sensors for roughly detecting the contour and thickness of the workpieces to be imprinted which are attached to a conveyor device or to a portal. Nevertheless, it has been found that the workpieces imprinted using a device of this type often have a poor-quality printed image.
Furthermore, European patent application EP 05 009 326.9, which was filed by the Applicant and has not yet been published, also relates to a device according to the preamble of claim 1.


A method of treating cancer or a precancer condition in a mammal comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a homovanillyl sinapate analog or pharmacologically acceptable salt, solvate, ester, amide, clathrate, stereoisomer, enantiomer, prodrug or analog thereof, or a combination thereof.

The receptor tyrosine kinase, c-Met, has been demonstrated to play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of the vast majority of solid tumors in humans. Because of this, there has been a great deal of activity directed towards developing drugs that target the kinase activity of this receptor. Current FDA-approved c-Met inhibitors have exhibited problems with toxicity and developed resistance. There is a current, pressing need for improved c-Met inhibitor pharmaceuticals.

Methods for treating c-Met-dependent cancers

BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY


A method for manufacturing a patterned magnetic recording medium that allows processing only required sites with high precision, in a dry etching process during formation of an uneven pattern in an interlayer. The method includes forming sequentially, on a substrate, a soft magnetic layer, an etching stop layer, a seed layer, an interlayer, a hard mask layer and a resist; obtaining a resist pattern by patterning the resist; obtaining a patterned hard mask layer by etching the hard mask layer using the resist pattern as a mask; stripping the resist pattern; obtaining a patterned interlayer by etching the interlayer using the patterned hard mask layer as a mask; stripping the patterned hard mask layer; and forming a magnetic recording layer by forming a perpendicular orientation section on the patterned interlayer, and forming a random orientation section on the seed layer.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a patterned magnetic recording medium. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a patterned magnetic recording medium that allows forming an uneven pattern in an interlayer only at required sites with high precision, while realizing excellent recording density in the medium.
Various approaches have been tried to increase the recording density in magnetic recording media such as hard disks or the like. These include, for instance, optimizing materials used in the various constituent members, using finer particles in recording layers, head miniaturization, and adopting perpendicular magnetic recording. These approaches, however, are reaching their limits in terms of enhancing recording density.
With a view to further increasing recording density, therefore, there have been proposed technologies relating to so-called patterned magnetic recording media, such as discrete track media or bit patterned media, in which a fine uneven pattern is worked into a magnetic recording layer.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2006-12285 (corresponding to US 2005287397 A1) discloses a recording medium comprising a substrate; a soft magnetic layer formed on the substrate; a recording layer oriented in such a manner so as to have magnetic anisotropy in a direction perpendicular to the surface, formed on the soft magnetic layer, and divided into multiple recording elements in a predetermined uneven pattern; and an interlayer formed between the recording layer and the soft magnetic layer; wherein the recording elements are formed to have a predetermined track shape in a data region.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2006-12285 discloses also the feature to the effect that at least part of the intermediate layer in a thickness direction is an orientation film that has properties of enhancing orientability of the recording layer, the orientation film being formed in contact with the recording layer on the substrate side of the recording layer.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2006-12285 discloses moreover the feature to the effect that at least part of the intermediate layer in a thickness direction is an etch stop film having a lower etching rate than the recording layer, for a predetermined etching process.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2005-50468 (corresponding to US 2006021966 A1) discloses a method for manufacturing a magnetic recording medium, comprising a resist layer processing step of processing a resist layer of an object to be processed to a predetermined pattern shape, the object being obtained by sequentially forming, on a substrate surface, a continuous recording layer, a mask layer and the resist layer; a mask layer processing step of processing the mask layer to the pattern shape, on the basis of the resist layer; a resist layer removal step of removing the resist layer on the mask layer; and a continuous recording layer processing step of processing the continuous recording layer to the above pattern shape, by dry etching based on the mask layer, to divide the continuous recording layer into multiple divided recording elements, wherein the resist layer removal step is performed before the continuous recording layer processing step.
The structures below are conceivable structures for a patterned magnetic recording medium. Specifically, a conceivable structure may comprise a predetermined fine uneven pattern being formed on an interlayer for controlling magnetic domains in a magnetic recording layer, with a granular film being formed over the entire surface of the uneven pattern, and a magnetic recording layer, having magnetic domains oriented in the perpendicular direction, being formed only at the surface of protrusions of unprocessed portions of the interlayer, the protrusions having crystal orientation. Herein, a material containing Ru may be used in the interlayer, the fine uneven pattern may be formed by dry etching or the like, and Co alloy-SiO2 may be used as the granular film.
A desired uneven pattern in the interlayer of such a patterned magnetic recording medium may ordinarily be formed in accordance with a procedure as follows. Firstly, a hard mask layer is formed on the interlayer. Next, a resist is coated onto the hard mask layer, and then the resist is pre-cured, is patterned by nano-imprinting, electron beam exposure or the like, and is cured, to yield a resist pattern. Using this resist pattern, the hard mask is then dry-etched by, for instance, ion beam or reactive ion etching. After stripping of the resist pattern, the exposed surface of the interlayer at portions where the hard mask has been etched is processed by dry etching, for instance, by ion beam or reactive ion etching.
When forming a desired uneven pattern on an interlayer in accordance with the above procedure, the thickness of the interlayer ranges ordinarily from 1 to 20 nm. The interlayer, therefore, is extremely thin, and thus processing may progress down into the soft magnetic layer, below the interlayer, during the step of forming an uneven pattern through dry-etching of the interlayer by ion beam etching, reactive ion etching or the like.
When processing progresses into the soft magnetic layer, the latter is corroded by residues of the reactive gas. This may preclude fully bringing out the inherent characteristics of the soft magnetic layer, namely "to suppress spreading of the magnetic flux generated by the head during recording and to secure sufficient magnetic field in the perpendicular direction". Such progress results in an excessively large stepped pattern after formation of the magnetic recording layer and the protective layer. Upon filling the recesses of the magnetic recording layer with a non-magnetic material, therefore, it becomes difficult to achieve a flat magnetic recording medium, on account of the resulting filling surface.
The same undesirable effects are encountered when processing the interlayer using the resist pattern alone, employing no hard mask layer.
It is thus extremely difficult to control the depth of the interlayer, down to nanometer units, by dry etching. As a result, even if exposure of the surface of the soft magnetic layer can be detected by plasma emission spectroscopy or the like, processing is still very likely to advance into the soft magnetic layer, unless the level of the recess surface is made highly homogeneous during processing of the interlayer.
Although various technologies relating to patterned magnetic recording media have been proposed, as described above, there is still a need for a manufacturing method of such media in which only necessary sites are processed, with high precision, in a dry etching process during formation of an uneven pattern in an interlayer.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a method for manufacturing a patterned magnetic recording medium that allows forming an interlayer uneven pattern only at required sites, with high precision, while realizing excellent recording density in the medium.

Method for manufacturing patterned magnetic recording medium