The present disclosure provides a spread spectrum clock generation system having a digitally controlled phase locked loop (PLL) and a digital frequency profile generator to create a near optimal frequency modulation profile for the purpose of achieving spectral flatness in the output frequency modulated clock. The circuit is combined with a multilevel error feedback noise shaping structure that provides the required noise transfer function for the quantization noise but maintains a unity gain all pass signal transfer function. This arrangement offers minimal degradation of the in-band signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the cost of higher out-of-band noise.

Modern digital electronic circuits are required to operate at increasing clock frequencies. At the same time there is a growing demand for compliance with stringent EMI/EMC standards. These requirements are contradictory in nature and therefore difficult to comply with. High-volume, low-cost integrated circuit implementations impose additional requirements of minimal silicon area utilization.
FIG. 1 shows a typical high-frequency clock generator circuit based on a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) for generating a high frequency clock signal using a lower frequency input clock source. The input clock fin is fed to one input of Phase Difference Detector PDD. The output of PDD drives a Charge Pump CP for producing a control signal which, after smoothing by Low-pass filter LPF, is fed to the control input of a Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCO. The output of VCO is the high-frequency output clock fout. The VCO output is also fed back to a second input of PDD after being divided down in frequency by N-bit Divider DIV, thereby completing the control loop. This arrangement is likely to generate significant EMI owing to its narrow frequency emission spectrum.
Spread spectrum techniques offer a possible solution to meeting the requirements of EMI/EMC compliance. By using a spread spectrum clock as the source clock for that part of the logic which is switching at high speed the EMI emission of the device is significantly reduced and can be maintained within the limits set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC and CISPR. This technique distributes the energy of the clock signal, which is typically concentrated at its fundamental and harmonics, over a wider frequency band around the fundamental and harmonic frequencies thereby lowering the signal power level within a defined narrow frequency band. However existing methods of Spread Spectrum generation are limited in the effectiveness of the spectral distribution. In addition, these methods are expensive in terms of silicon area when implemented in integrated circuits.


Error resilient video coding schemes that may be employed at a transmitter or transcoder to limit error propagation at the receiver. Embodiments may include the use of Inhomogeneous Temporal Multiple Description Coding (ITMDC), cross-description error concealment, and cross-description reference picture reset (RPS) as well as homogeneous and inhomogeneous temporal/spatial MDC.

In recent years, demand for mobile wireless video has steadily increased, and its growth is predicted to increase with the new infrastructure of the LTE/LTE advanced network that offers significantly higher user data rates. Although present-day wireless networks have increased capacity, and smart phones are now capable of generating and displaying video, actually transporting video across these advanced wireless communication networks has become challenging. Furthermore, video transmitted using non-guaranteed delivery transports, such as UDP or RTP is vulnerable to packet loss, especially in a wireless environment. Due to the predictive nature of video coding, artifacts resulting from packet loss can propagate through significant length of the video, thereby degrading video quality.

System and method for error-resilient video coding


A method and a device determine a prediction quality for a predicted energy consumption of a motor vehicle. By determining a prediction quality, a tolerance band is calculated in addition to the predicted driving profile. The prediction quality provides a statement about the entire route as to whether a driver remains in a tolerance band that is based on stochastic evaluation and is naturally occurring. As long as the driver remains in the predicted tolerance band of the driving profile during the real drive, no re-calculation or change of the operating strategy is necessary. Fuel consumption is minimized using the predictive operating strategy on the specified distance.

The present invention relates to a method and a device for determining a prediction quality for a predicted energy consumption of a motor vehicle.
Current sensor data are currently predominantly used for controlling the drive train during engine control or in the operating strategy of motor vehicles, especially of electrified vehicles or hybrid vehicles, but the entire planned travel route is not taken into account. This is a disadvantage insofar as no optimal adaptation of the engine control or operating strategy to the planned route can be carried out.
Various methods have been developed in order to overcome said disadvantage. Thus e.g. a method for optimizing the driving mode of a motor vehicle based on a plurality of parameters is known from DE 10 2008 035 944 A1, wherein a travel route of the vehicle is determined by specifying a destination, a plurality of different route parameters that are characteristic of a profile of the determined travel route of the vehicle between the geometric location or a starting point of the vehicle journey and the destination, are determined, and at least one travel condition is determined that is characteristic of the determined travel route of the vehicle between the geometric location of the vehicle or the journey starting point and the destination. Taking into account the route parameters and the travel condition, a target speed of travel of the vehicle along the determined travel route is determined, wherein the travel route is divided into a plurality of segments and the division of the travel route into segments takes place based on the route parameters and/or the travel condition.
A method and a device for determining the driving strategy of a motor vehicle is known from DE 10 2007 036 794, wherein for a specified travel route a corridor for a possible target speed of travel with an upper and a lower speed limit is defined over the travel route.
And a method for obtaining a data record is proposed in the unpublished DE 10 2010 047 080.5, in which the method reproduces the predicted speed of a vehicle over a plurality of points of a route or alternatively associates the speed with points in time that are defined in relation to travel on the route. The data record results in total in a speed profile for both alternatives.
The method for obtaining a data record according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5, which reproduces the predicted speed of a vehicle over a plurality of points of a route or of points in time when travelling the route as a speed profile, contains:                a) Providing a first data record, with which a plurality of routes are associated with route points,        b) Providing a second data record, with which a plurality of processes are defined, with which at least one input speed and one output speed are associated as defining variables,        c) Selecting a predetermined route using the first data record,        d) Determining a provisional speed profile for a journey of a vehicle over the predetermined route,        e) Dividing the route into route segments, each with an associated process from the processes defined in the second data record, using the provisional speed profile, and        f) Determining a speed profile for each associated process in e), wherein the determination takes place for individual processes or for groups of processes having successive processes, and for at least one of the individual processes or groups of processes it is hereby taken into account which process or which group of processes takes place before or afterwards.
According to DE 10 201 0 047 080.5, initially a first data record is provided that associates route points with a plurality of routes or (partial) routes (possibly on a complete road network). Further, a second data record is provided, with which a plurality of processes is defined, wherein at least one input speed and one output speed are provided as defining variables. Within the context of providing the second data record, preferably only such processes are defined that each actually occur in accordance with its definition or at least in a similar form. For example, a process in which a vehicle accelerates from 0 km/h to 53 km/h, such as is characteristic of the acceleration at a traffic light in town after switching to "Green". Or a process of the acceleration from 53 km/h to 85 km/h if the driver of the vehicle is leaving the city and there is a speed restriction of 80 km/h. Or an acceleration from 85 km/h to 130 km/h on the on ramp of a highway. The actual process of acceleration from 0 km/h to 130 km/h can thus comprise a plurality of partial processes.
According to DE 10 201 0 047 080.5, a selection of a predetermined route takes place and a provisional speed profile is determined for the route for the journey of a certain vehicle over the predetermined route. The division of the route, especially the complete division of the route, into route segments takes place, and indeed such that a process from the processes defined in the second data record is associated with each route segment. The division of the route takes place using the provisional speed profile. This enables a definitive speed profile to be obtained. With the method according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5, a speed profile is determined for each process for this purpose. That which takes place outside of a process is especially at least partly taken into account here. Thus for one thing a plurality of processes can be combined to form a group of processes, so to speak a new process, and a speed profile is associated with the entire group of processes.
According to DE 10 201 0 047 080.5, in at least one case the determined speed profile has the appearance that significantly depends on the adjacent process (or the adjacent group of processes). For example, the same constant speed from the provisional speed profile can be assigned differently depending on how the journey proceeds. When travelling at 40 km/h in town one regularly stops at traffic lights, i.e. brakes completely to 0 km/h. When travelling at 40 km/h out of town, a subsequent acceleration can take place such that the driver always accelerates a little in advance and then decelerates lightly again.
DE 10 2010 047 080.5 makes use of the concept of a "process", with which an input speed and an output speed are associated; the concept is introduced of defining situational contexts. The use of the concept of a "process" also goes beyond associating an average time to simple determined routes and associating the same to a determined branch in a graphical tree that symbolically reproduces the road network. The totality of the processes can and should especially have the property that travelling along a route can actually be divided into a plurality of processes without undefined situations remaining.
The concept of the process can be reflected by the concept of simple acceleration over a defined route, possibly with a defined gradient, (or simple constant travel or a simple deceleration) and by more complex contexts. Thus defining the processes is preferably arranged so that a speed profile that comprises a non-linear segment is determined between the input speed and the output speed for at least some of the processes. To some extent, intermediate values for the speed are specified, and these do not simply originate from a linear relationship. For example, a process can be associated with a driving maneuver in which the driver of the vehicle is travelling round a turn: he initially brakes the vehicle slightly, but then accelerates again out of the turn to the next straight line travel. By the measure of providing intermediate values for the speed, especially even conditions outside the highway can come into consideration. Thus a process can also take into account a statistically fluctuating variable in some respects: the vehicles may have to come to a complete stop before a traffic light, but it can also be that the vehicle actually accelerates slightly in order to be able to drive across the traffic light. That which takes place on average can be represented by a defined process in which braking takes place e.g. to a speed of >0 km/h, wherein accelerating then takes place again.
Also in DE 10 2010 047 080.5 a new type of modeling of a typical journey is proposed, in which a constant speed is desired: In reality the actual speed fluctuates slightly about the desired speed; this can be represented in a model by an oscillatory change of the speed. Thus preferably in the nonlinear segment a linear profile of the speed is superimposed by an oscillatory profile of the speed. Equally, a speed profile can also be specified in which a segment with linearly varying speed is interrupted by a segment in which the speed is increased or reduced spontaneously, especially to the extent that is possible within the scope of vehicle control. Preferably, following the interruption the process returns to the interrupted linear profile, either at a speed value at which the interruption took place or at a speed that would have occurred by continuing the linear profile over time without the interruption.
The method according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5 preferably includes that a plurality of routes are travelled and measurement values for vehicle speed are obtained during this at defined points of a route. The experience indirectly reflected in the measurement values is then made visible in a direct manner by defining a number (but preferably a finite number) of processes with which an input speed and an output speed are associated, and indeed the definition takes place based on the measurement values obtained.
From DE 10 2010 047 080.5 the known measure for distinguishing between a plurality of driving styles can be used particularly effectively. A plurality of driving styles can be assigned in the second data record (if sufficient data material are available). Certain processes can then be defined that match a defined driving style. By the determination of the driving style (selecting or assigning) it is then clear how many processes are relevant. Only one process from the processes in the second data record defined for exactly this driving style is assigned to each route segment.
Preferably, according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5, in addition the selected or assigned driving style is also already taken into account when determining the provisional speed profile. (For example, it can be assumed that with a certain driving style the maximum permitted speed will be exceeded by a defined amount etc., whereas with a different driving style it is assumed that an effort is made to exactly maintain the maximum permitted speed.)
With a preferred aspect according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5, information about the type of roads is also included in the data record provided in a) in a known manner, and said information is preferably also taken into account in f). The same applies to taking into account an input altitude and an output altitude, possibly also a gradient.
For later determination of the energy consumption when travelling the predetermined route, according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5 it can be helpful to determine the power to be applied to the wheels of the motor vehicle travelling the route using the final speed profile, and indeed in association with the points of a route or points in time at which the data of the data record are specified for the speed profile.
Using the final speed profile, in addition a number for specifying the quality of the prediction can be determined.
The method according to DE 10 2010 047 080.5 is preferably carried out within the context of operating a navigation device in a motor vehicle, but the use of alternative data processing devices is conceivable. In principle it is true that the first and second data records are stored in a memory of a motor vehicle, that c) is carried out using a control device in the motor vehicle and d) to f) are performed by a data processing of the motor vehicle.
As can be seen from the above representation, a forecast of a driving profile has always been based on data from a database and thus always comprises deviations from the real driving profile. A forecast can, however, only be optimally used if its quality is also known. Such a quality criterion did not previously exist.

Method and device for determining a prediction quality for a predicted energy consumption of a motor vehicle


Disclosed is a virtual display (300) which provides a wide field-of-view that is lightweight and may be as thin as ordinary eyeglasses. One version of the invention includes a display (302), such as an LCD, a microlens array (304), and an aperture array (306) disposed between the LCD and the microlens array. The virtual display provides a pin-point of light for each pixel (306) of a display (302). Each pin-point of light in collaboration with an associated microlens (308) generates a directed ray of light. The ensemble of these rays forms a coherent image on a viewer's retina. Using high "f" number microlenses permits a very short focal length between the pin-points and the microlenses and thus provides a very thin virtual display. The aperture array may be provided by a plate disposed between the display and the lens, or it may be apertures configured on the back side (away from the viewer) of the microlenses or on the front (towards the viewer) of the display. Each aperture in the array receives light from one pixel and directs a pin-point of that light to a microlens in the microlens array. Each microlens receives a single pin-point and directs the resulting ray so that a coherent image is formed on the viewer's retina.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to flat virtual displays and, more particularly, to a virtual display comprising a thin display, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a microlens array, and an aperture array. The aperture array is configured to direct pin-points of light from the display onto a microlens in the microlens array. Each microlens directs a single ray of light so that the rays form a coherent image on a viewer's retina. This arrangement provides a very small, lightweight virtual display. The inventive display may be used for a head-mounted display, a display which may be embedded into a smart card, or other uses where a small, lightweight display may be advantageous.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Researchers in communications technologies continue to seek ways to provide a person with a greater sense of "being there" via networked communications. Two well known examples of providing this sense are (1) teleconferencing--which provides face-to-face communications to persons at remote locations--and (2) virtual reality--which provides a person with the feeling of actually being at a particular (real or imaginary) location.
The assignee of the present invention, Bell Communications Research Corp. (Bellcore) has developed several such new technologies. One technology developed by Bellcore is an Electronic Panning Camera (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,187,571 and 5,537,737) which provides users with individually controllable views of remote locations, each view being delivered from a single non-moving camera. The Electronic Panning Camera is an inventive device and method for producing a widely pannable video signal from a composite camera with no moving parts. A composite camera is composed of several miniature standard video cameras whose fields-of-view are optically and seamlessly merged to form a broad panoramic field-of-view.
The inventor believes, however, the ultimate in visual immersion is achieved by combining the Electronic Panning Camera's ability to allow several persons to individually control their views of remote sites with techniques borrowed from the emerging field of Virtual Reality. One problem, however, with this combination, and with conventional networked virtual reality systems, is the head-mounted displays typically worn to access this experience are heavy (often weighing several pounds, with much of this weight centered forward of the user's face), uncomfortable, and often quite expensive.
Almost all attempts at virtual reality displays have used a planar display of some kind (usually a flat-panel liquid crystal display) and a lens system. FIG. 1 illustrates such a system 100. A housing 102 contains at one end a liquid crystal display (LCD) 104 and at the other end is an aperture 106 through which a user's eye 108 may look at the LCD 104. Interposed between the aperture 106 and the LCD 104 is bulk optics 110 for focusing the LCD 104 display onto the eye. Note that in order for the image on the LCD display to properly focus on the user's eye 108, there is a first length 112, which is substantially a first focal length between the LCD 104 and the optics 110, and a second length 114, which is substantially a second focal length between the optics 110 and the aperture 106. There are many variations on this structure, but each attempts to portray a highly magnified image for each of the user's eyes that appears to be placed at, or near, virtual infinity so that the eye can easily focus on it.
The resulting head-mounted displays are physically large due to (1) thick, low f-number, display-sized lenses and (2) the long optical path lengths required for these lenses. The displays are also heavy, due to the weight of the glass or plastic comprising the optics, and uncomfortable to wear because this large and heavy display/lens-system is cantilevered out over the front of the head and tends to tilt the wearer's head forward.
In more advanced head-mounted displays (e.g., those used in military aircraft), the image is often relayed by a series of mirrors and/or intermediate lenses, or even coherent bundles of optical fiber, from a display that is remote from the eye. In these cases, one or more bulk lenses (or mirrors) are again used at the end of the optical relay system closest to the user's eye to create an image that appears to be at virtual infinity. Some displays use a semi-transparent visor as part of the virtual imaging system and causes the ultimate virtual image to be displayed by way of partial refection. Again, focal lengths on the order of several inches and large reflecting surfaces make these systems cumbersome and bulky.
Refection Technology Inc. located in Waltham, Mass. provides a head-mounted display under the trade name "Private Eye". This HMD display uses a linear array of LEDs to create the image. The image of the LEDs is swept through a fixed angle by a vibrating mirror. The swept image is viewed through one or more bulk optics lenses. (This technology is used, for example, in Sega's "Virtual Boy"). Although the technique does not use a planar screen, it uses bulk optics and results in a display that protrudes from the face much more than an ordinary pair of spectacles.
A head-mounted display developed at the University of Washington at Seattle, uses a laser beam to scan directly into the eye and "paints" an image on the retina. This technique could lead to a less bulky display, but requires a rather sophisticated scanning system and multi-colored lasers for a color image. This device is difficult and expensive to implement.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a head-mounted display for virtual reality that is light and comfortable.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a virtual display that is inexpensive to manufacture.

Flat virtual displays for virtual reality


Apparatus for separating light impurities from a pulp suspension is disclosed. The apparatus includes a housing mounted on a fractionation device and symmetrically disposed with respect to the axis of rotation of the casing of the fractionation device, a passageway extending between the housing and the casing, and in which the top of the housing includes an outlet for the light impurities and a dilution liquid inlet for injecting dilution liquid tangentially into the housing.

Heavy impurities in pulp suspensions are generally separated with conventional screens by means of centrifugal force in separate scrap taps, while coarse fiber fractions and impurities are generally separated by a screen member whereby the pulp is divided into accept and reject portions.
Light impurities are more difficult to separate, especially at high pulp concentrations. The pulp concentration, however, is desired to be high, for example, from about 3 to 5%, in order to achieve a high production capacity and to avoid the transport of large liquid volumes in the screening system.
Light impurities, therefore, are usually separated in separate devices, such as hydrocyclones. This requires not only separate equipment, but also low concentrations, below about 1%, in order to achieve a good result. It is, therefore, a less attractive method to vortex clean the entire flow from a pulp line. Instead, it is possible to carry out pressure screening through very fine slits at the highest possible concentration, and thereafter to use a vortex cleaner for separating the light impurities from the reject flow from the screens.

Screening apparatus for separating light impurities from pulp suspensions


Provided is a photosensitive resin composition which comprises: (A-1) a resin containing a structure represented by general formula (1); and (B) a photo-acid generating agent. In general formula (1), X, R1 to R7, m1 to m4, n1, n2, Y and W are each as defined in the description.

Conventionally, a polyimide resin or benzoxazole resin excellent in all of heat resistance, electric properties, mechanical properties, etc., is widely used for the surface protective film and interlayer insulating film employed in a semiconductor device. These resins exhibit low solubility in various solvents and therefore, are generally used as a composition after the resin in the form of a precursor prepared by ring-opening the cyclic structure is dissolved in a solvent. Accordingly, a step of ring-closing the precursor is required when using the resin. This ring-closing step is usually carried out by heat curing under heating at 300° C. or more.
However, in recent years, a semiconductor device inferior in the heat resistance compared with conventional products is being developed and in turn, lowering the heat curing temperature is required of the material for forming a surface protective film or an interlayer insulating film, as a result, the demand for heat curing at 300° C. or less, or furthermore, heat curing at 250° C. or less is increasing.
To meet such a requirement, Patent Document 1 has proposed a photosensitive resin composition excellent in the photosensitive performance, containing, as the base resin, a phenolic hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble resin that is widely used as the base resin in the resist field, and furthermore, containing a quinone diazide compound and a curing agent, and it is disclosed that this photosensitive resin composition is heat-cured by heating at a temperature of 100 to 250° C. for 30 minutes to 10 hours.
Patent Document 2 also proposes a photosensitive resin composition containing a novolak resin that uses a phenol compound having a benzene nucleus containing two or more hydroxyl groups and has a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 20,000, and a photosensitizing agent.
In addition, Patent Document 3 has proposed a reactive resin composition using a resin having, in the skeleton, a condensation product of a biphenyl compound with phenols, and using a photopolymerization initiator and/or a photoacid generator, which is a material excellent in electrical properties and usable for forming a liquid crystal alignment-controlling bump and/or a spacer or forming a liquid crystal alignment-controlling bump and a spacer at the same time, and it is disclosed that this reactive resin composition is heat-cured by heating at a temperature of 150 to 400° C. for 10 to 120 minutes.

Photosensitive resin composition, method for producing hardened relief pattern, semiconductor device and display device


A parallel processor computer system. The computer includes parallel processor units, an instruction unit which provides instructions to the processors and generates input and output address offsets, an invariant address unit which combines a multiconnect pointer with the address offsets to generate input and output operand addresses, and a multiconnect storage unit. Storage elements in the multiconnect unit are arranged in a matrix such that an output operand from a processor is stored in all the elements of an associated row and an input operand for a processor is obtained from any element of an associated column.

The present invention relates to computers, and more particularly, to high-speed, parallel-processing computers employing horizontal architectures.
Typical examples of computers are the IBM 360/370 Systems. In such systems, a series of general purpose registers (GPRs) are accessible to supply data to an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). The output from the arithmetic and logic unit in turn supplies results from arithmetic and logic operations to one or more of the general purpose registers. In a similar manner, some 360/370 Systems include a floating point processor (FPP) and include corresponding floating point registers (FPRs). The floating point registers supply data to the floating point processor and, similarly, the results from the floating point processor are stored back into one or more of the floating point registers. The types of instructions which employ either the GPRs or the FPRs are register to register (RR) instructions. Frequently, in the operation of the GPRs and the FPRs for RR instructions, identical data is stored in two or more register locations. Accordingly, the operation of storing data into the GPRs is selectively to one or more locations. Similarly, the input to the ALU frequently is selectively from one or more of many locations storing the same data.
Horizontal processors have been proposed for a number of years. See for example, "SOME SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES AND AN EASILY SCHEDULABLE HORIZONTAL ARCHITECTURE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING" by B. R. Rau and C. D. Glaeser, IEEE Proceedings of the 14th Annual Microprogramming Workshop, October 1981, pp. 183-198, Advanced Processor Technology Group ESL, Inc., San Jose, Calif., and "EFFICIENT CODE GENERATION FOR HORIZONTAL ARCHITECTURES:COMPILER TECHNIQUES AND ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT" BY B. Ramakrishna Rau, Christopher D. Glaeser and Raymond L. Picard, IEEE 9th Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture 1982, pp. 131-139.
Horizontal architectures have been developed to perform high speed scientific computations at a relatively modest cost. The simultaneous requirements of high performance and low cost lead to an architecture consisting of multiple pipelined processing elements (PEs), such as adders and multipliers, a memory (which for scheduling purposes may be viewed as yet another PE with two operations, a READ and WRITE), and an interconnect which ties them all together.
The interconnect allows the result of one operation to be directly routed to one of the inputs for another processing element where another operation is to be performed. With such an interconnect the required memory bandwidth is reduced since temporary values need not be written to and read from the memory. Another aspect typical of horizontal processors is that their program memories emit wide instructions which synchronously specify the actions of the multiple and possibly dissimilar processing elements. The program memory is sequenced by a sequencer that assumes sequential flow of control unless a branch is explicitly specified.
As a consequence of their simplicity, horizontal architectures are inexpensive when considering the potential performance obtainable. However, if this potential performance is to be realized, the multiple resources of a horizontal processor must be scheduled effectively. The scheduling task for conventional horizontal processors is quite complex and the construction of highly optimizing compilers for them is difficult and expensive.
The polycyclic architecture has been designed to support code generation by simplifying the task of scheduling the resources of horizontal processors. The advantages are 1) that the scheduler portion of the compiler will be easier to implement, 2) that the code generated will be of a higher quality, 3) that the compiler will execute fast, and 4) that the automatic generation of compilers will be facilitated.
The polycyclic architecture is a horizontal architecture that has unique interconnect and delay elements. The interconnect element of a polycyclic processor has a dedicated delay element between every directly connected resource output and resource input. This delay element enables a datum to be delayed by an arbitrary amount of time in transit between the corresponding output and input.
The topology of the interconnect may be arbitrary. It is possible to design polycyclic processors with n resources in which the number of delay elements is 0(n), (a uni- or multi-bus structure), 0(nlogn), (e.g. delta networks) or 0(n*n), (a cross-bar). The trade-offs are between cost, interconnect bandwidth and interconnect latency. Thus, it is possible to design polycyclic processors lying in various cost-performance brackets.
In previously proposed polycyclic processors, the structure of an individual delay element consists of a register file, any location of which may be read by providing an explicit read address. Optionally, the value accessed can be deleted. This option is exercised on the last access to that value. The result is that every value with addresses greater than the address of the deleted value is simultaneously shifted down, in one machine cycle, to the location with the next lower address. Consequently, all values present in the delay element are compacted into the lowest locations. An incoming value is written into the lowest empty location which is always pointed to by the Write Pointer that is maintained by hardware. The Write Pointer is automatically incremented each time a value is written and is decremented each time one is deleted. As a consequence of deletions, a value, during its residence in the delay element, drifts down to lower addresses, and is read from various locations before it is itself deleted.
A value's current position at each instant during execution must be known by the compiler so that the appropriate read address may be specified by the program when the value is to be read. Keeping track of this position is a tedious task which must be performed by a compiler during code-generation.
To illustrate the differences, two processors, a conventional horizontal processor and a polycyclic processor, are compared. A typical horizontal processor contains one adder and one multiplier, each with a pipeline stage time of one cycle and a latency of two cycles. It also contains two scratch-pad register files labeled A and B. The interconnect is assumed to consist of a delayless cross-bar with broadcast capabilities, that is, the value at any input port may be distributed to any number of the output ports simultaneously. Each scratch-pad is assumed to be capable of one read and one write per cycle. A read specified on one cycle causes the datum to be available at the output ports of the interconnect on the next cycle. If a read and a write with the same address are specified on the same scratch-pad on the same cycle, then the datum at the input of the scratch-pad during that cycle will be available at the output ports of the interconnect on the next cycle. In this manner, a delay of one or more cycles may be obtained in transmitting a value between the output of one processor and the input of another. The horizontal processor typically also contains other resources.
A typical polycyclic processor is similar to the horizontal processor except for the nature of the interconnect element and the absence of the two scratchpad register files. While the horizontal processor's interconnect is a crossbar, the polycyclic processor's interconnect is a crossbar with a delay element at each cross-point. The interconnect has two output ports (columns) and one input port (row) for each of the two processing elements. Each cross-point has a delay element which is capable of one read and one write each cycle.
In previously proposed processors, a processor can simultaneously distribute its output to any or all of the delay elements which are in the row of the interconnect corresponding to its output port. A processor can obtain its input directly. If a value is written into a delay element at the same time that an attempt is made to read from the delay element, the value is transmitted through the interconnect with no delay. Any delay may be obtained merely by leaving the datum in the delay element for a suitable length of time.
In the polycyclic processors proposed, elaborate controls were provided for determining which delay element in a row actually received data as a result of a processor operation and the shifting of data from element to element. This selection process and shifting causes the elements in a row to have different data at different times. Furthermore, the removal of data from the different delay elements requires an elaborate process for purging the data elements at appropriate times. The operations of selecting and purging data from the data elements is somewhat cumbersome and is not entirely satisfactory.
Although the polycyclic and horizontal processors which have previously been proposed are an improvement over previously known systems, there still is a need for still additional improvements which increase the performance and efficiency of processors.

Horizontal computer having register multiconnect for operand address generation during execution of iterations of a loop of program code


Among other things, an accelerator is mounted on a gantry to enable the accelerator to move through a range of positions around a patient on a patient support. The accelerator is configured to produce a proton or ion beam having an energy level sufficient to reach any arbitrary target in the patient from positions within the range. The proton or ion beam passes essentially directly from the accelerator to the patient. In some examples, the synchrocyclotron has a superconducting electromagnetic structure that generates a field strength of at least 6 Tesla, produces a beam of particles having an energy level of at least 150 MeV, has a volume no larger than 4.5 cubic meters, and has a weight less than 30 Tons.

This description relates to charged particle (e.g., proton or ion) radiation therapy.
The energy of a proton or ion beam for therapy needs to be high compared to the energy of an electron beam used in conventional radiotherapy. A proton beam, for example, that has a residual range of about 32 cm in water is considered adequate to treat any tumor target in the human population. When allowance is made for the reduction in residual range that results from scattering foils used to spread the beam, an initial proton beam energy of 250 MeV is needed to achieve the residual range of 32 cm.
Several kinds of particle accelerators can be used to produce a 250 MeV proton beam at a sufficient beam current (e.g., about 10 nA) for radiotherapy, including linear accelerators, synchrotrons, and cyclotrons.
The design of a proton or ion radiation therapy system for a clinical environment should take account of overall size, cost, and complexity. Available space is usually limited in crowded clinical environments. Lower cost allows more systems to be deployed to reach a broader patient population. Less complexity reduces operating costs and makes the system more reliable for routine clinical use.
Other considerations also bear on the design of such a therapy system. By configuring the system to apply the treatment to patients who are held in a stable, reproducible position (for example, lying supine on a flat table), the physician can more precisely relocate the intended target, relative to the patient's anatomy, at each treatment. Reliable reproduction of the patient's position for each treatment also can be aided using custom molds and braces fitted to the patient. With a patient in a stable, fixed position, the radiotherapy beam can be directed into the patient from a succession of angles, so that, over the course of the treatment, the radiation dose at the target is enhanced while the extraneous radiation dose is spread over non-target tissues.
Traditionally, an isocentric gantry is rotated around the supine patient to direct the radiation beam along successive paths that lie at a range of angles in a common vertical plane toward a single point (called an isocenter) within the patient. By rotating the table on which the patient lies around a vertical axis, the beam can be directed into the patient along different paths. Other techniques have been used to vary the position of the radiation source around the patient, including robotic manipulation. And other ways to move or reposition the patient have been used.
In high energy x-ray beam therapy, the x-ray beam may be directed toward the isocenter from an electron linear accelerator mounted on the gantry or robotic arm.
In typical proton beam therapy, the circular particle accelerator that produces the beam is too large to mount on the gantry. Instead, the accelerator is mounted in a fixed position and the particle beam is redirected through a rotating gantry using magnetic beam steering elements. Blosser has proposed to mount an accelerator on the side of the gantry near the horizontal axis of rotation.


The present invention provides a CNC central cutting and turning machine includes a holding head, wherein the rear end of the holding head has a holder, which can turn, mounted thereon, and the holder has at least three claws mounted thereon for jointly holding an object to turn; and a cutter holder for cutting the object, wherein the cutter holder has circular shape and is pivoted on a rear seat for turning, a central hole of the cutter holder is capable of accommodating the object therein, and the front side of the cutter holder has a lathe tool installed thereon. Through turning the object and also the lathe tool circling around the object, the speed for cutting the object can be significantly increased and also the cutting efficiency.

The conventional CNC central cutting machine, as shown in FIG. 1, includes a main machine whose left side of the top thereof has a holder 2, which can turn and is circular, mounted thereon for fixing an object to be cut. The top of the machine 1 tilts down from back to head and also has two sliding tracks 3 mounted thereon in a direction identical to the axial direction of the holder 2. The two sliding tracks 3 are jointly assembled with a sliding seat 4, which also tilts down from back to head, and the sliding seat 4 can slide along the sliding tracks 3 to move to the right side or left side. Further, the sliding seat 4 has a dovetail trough 5 mounted at the top thereof in a direction from back to head, and a cutter rear seat 6 is assembled in the dovetail trough 5 through the bottom thereof, so that the cutter rear seat 6 can move upward and downward along the dovetail trough 5. In addition, the cutter rear seat 6 has a cutter holder 7 mounted thereon in an axial direction and corresponding to the direction of the holder 2, wherein there are plural fixing holes 8 distributed on the circular and the longitudinal surfaces of the holder 7 for locking and fixing the object (not shown), so that when cutting, the holder 2 with the object can turns rapidly. Then, through upwardly and downwardly adjusting the position of the cutter rear seat 6, the cutter can correspond to the object, and through the dovetail trough 5 of the sliding seat 4 and the sliding tracks of the machine 1, the cutter rear seat 6 can gradually move toward the object, so that the cutter can cut or polish the surface of the object.
However, as cutting, the cutter only can provide one circle of cutting with a particular depth when the object turns once, so that the cutting speed is limited.
Consequently, the applicant keeps on carving unflaggingly through wholehearted experience and research to develop a CNC cutting machine, which can solve the inefficient problem in the prior art.


A cable-clamping device, in particular for household appliances, including a base having a through seat for accommodating at least one electrical cable; and a clamping element progressively insertable in the seat in a first direction transversal to the seat and defined in use by an axis laying on a longitudinal symmetry plane of the clamping element, for clamping in use the cables against a bottom wall of the seat; the clamping element being delimited between a first and a second ends of the clamping element by a first and a second lateral flanks of the clamping element essentially parallel to the symmetry plane and by an upper face essentially parallel to the lateral flanks, the first and the second ends being provided with a coupling device to the base comprising a snapping retaining device made at the second end and an insertion seat for at least one removable tightening element.

As known, electrical standards require operating machines, specifically household appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines etc., to be provided with cable-clamping devices to prevent the main electrical power cables and/or those of some services, to be accidentally disconnected from the corresponding terminal boards by tearing, e.g. due to a strain accidentally produced on the cables themselves.
A cable-clamping device comprising a base and a clamping element is known from European Patent EP1257011; the clamping element is fixed to the base by means of at least one screw and a ratchet device, comprising a rib having a transversal toothing integrally formed with the clamping element on the opposite side with respect to the screw, and a recess formed in the base, parallelly to a seat, to receive the entire length of the rib, and having therein at least one elastically deformable tooth positioned so as to snapping mesh with the transversal toothing.
The cable-clamping devices of the above-described type are generally made by moulding starting from a thermoplastic synthetic plastic resin, so as to be electrically insulating. The material to be moulded, generally pre-heated, is firstly introduced into the cavity of an open, heated mould. The mould is thus closed with a male plug, a pressure is applied to force the material to come into contact with all of the parts of the mould, and the heat and the pressure are maintained for the necessary time. Since the cable-clamping devices of the described type normally present undercuts, their manufacturing process generally implies the use of sliding parts in the moulds, thus making both the moulding process and the manufacturing apparatus of said cable-clamping devices relatively complex.

ITW Industrial Components S.R.L. Con Unico Socio


A circuit arrangement in which two parallel subcircuits having a same functionality have a same input signal applied to them, and their output signals are compared in a common comparison arrangement. The two subcircuits are designed differently in terms of sensitivity to changes in environmental or operating parameters. Impermissible environmental parameters are indicated if the output signals differ from one another, and an alarm is generated.

Ideally, electronic circuits are insensitive to interfering influences such as fluctuations in the supply voltage [lacuna] in the clock frequency or environmental influences such as light and temperature. Unfortunately, this is not the case in practice. Thus, every electronic circuit operates without error only in a particular tolerance range for said parameters. One problem found in this context is the definition of the tolerance limits for the aforementioned parameters. Should the combined effective tolerances of various parameters need to be taken into account, it becomes even more difficult.
Making circuits entirely insensitive to interfering influences is associated with an extremely high level of cost or is technically infeasible or is not at all possible physically. This property of electronic circuits is utilized maliciously by hackers who wish to influence the output signals from the circuit consciously and who deliberately bring about faults. Particularly in the case of smart cards and comparable applications, this is the reason why the need to protect the information and circuits on these media against unauthorized access is very high. To bring about a state for smart cards which ensures the greatest possible security, simply placing a tight restriction on the operating conditions is not a satisfactory solution.
This has been the solution to date, however. The environmental influences such as supply voltage, frequency, light and temperature are monitored using sensors. If one of the parameters slips into a range which is not tolerated, the chip is disconnected. One difficulty found in this context is defining the tolerated range. Firstly it should be as large as possible and secondly error-free, reliable operation should be ensured within the tolerated range.
In addition, the sensors for, by way of example, light, temperature, voltage and clock frequency cannot detect the environmental conditions directly on or in the circuit, since they are normally implemented so as to be physically isolated from the circuit which is to be monitored. This means that the measured result delivered by the sensors does not reflect the environmental and operating conditions which are effective directly in the circuit. The environmental and operating conditions in the circuits can differ very greatly from those on the sensors.

Circuit arrangement and data processing method


A heat exchanger, a heat exchanger unit, and a refrigeration cycle apparatus improve a heat exchange performance, a discharge performance, and a frosting resistance, and each include: a flat tube; a fin formed in the shape of a plate having a plate surface extending in a longitudinal direction of the fin that is perpendicular to a width direction thereof, coincides with an up/down direction, and crosses the tube axis of the flat tube; and a first water conveyance member provided below the fin. The first water conveyance member has: a first upper surface facing a lower end portion of the fin; a first ridge located at one end portion of the first upper surface; and a second ridge located at the other end portion of the first upper surface.

Of existing heat exchangers, a given heater exchanger is provided with flat tubes that are heat transfer tubes each having a porous elongated section to improve its heat exchange performance. In an example of such a heat exchanger, flat tubes are arranged such that their tube axes extend in a lateral direction, and are also arranged at predetermined intervals in an up/down direction. In such a heat exchanger, fins formed in the shape of a plate are arranged side by side in a direction along the tube axes of the flat tubes, and heat exchange is performed between air that passes between the fins and a fluid that flows in the flat tubes.
Of such heat exchangers, in a known heat exchanger, a spacer having a surface facing a lower end of the heat exchanger is provided (for example, Patent Literature 1). The spacer is provided to guide dew condensation water from the lower end of the heat exchanger to a bottom frame.

Heat exchanger, heat exchanger unit, and refrigeration cycle apparatus


The present invention provides a method for industrial production of trihydrocarbylborane which method is excellent both in quality and in cost. The present invention is concerned with production of trihydrocarbylborane, comprising a reaction synthesizing the trihydrocarbylborane and aluminum oxide from trihydrocarbylboroxine and trihydrocarbylaluminum, characterized in that the reaction is allowed to proceed so that the trihydrocarbylaluminum is present at the end of the reaction in an amount of 0.5 moles or more per mole of the aluminum oxide produced in the reaction.

The production method of trihydrocarbylborane (hereinafter abbreviated as TRB) is described, for example, by taking as an example a production method of a trialkylborane.
A production method of TRB in which trialkoxyborane is reacted with trialkylaluminum is disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 47-8621) and others.B(OR)3+AlR3→BR3+Al(OR)3  (1)R: alkyl
When this reaction is carried out in industrial production, it is necessary that the by-produced trialkoxyaluminum be hydrolyzed to be separated as aluminum hydroxide, and the alcohol be recovered and then reacted with boric acid to be again converted back into a trialkoxyborane; for that purpose, equipment is to be augmented and the number of the operation steps are also to be increased; the volume of the by-product exceeds that of TRB as the target product, and hence the volume efficiency of the reaction vessel is low; further, organic liquid waste is also discharged in a large amount to necessitate the disposal thereof; from the reasons described above, the above-mentioned method is not an advantageous method for industrial production.
Another production method of TRB in which boron trihalide is reacted with trialkylaluminum is also disclosed, for example, in Patent Document 1 and others.BX3+AlR3→BR3+AlX3  (2)X=F, Cl, Br, I
In this reaction, boron trihalide as a raw material is expensive and highly toxic, and hence an industrial production of TRB based on this reaction seems to be impossible.
Patent Document 2 (U.S. Pat. No. 2,951,093) discloses a method in which boron oxide is reacted with ethylaluminum sesquichloride, and Patent Document 3 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,042,723) discloses a method in which borax is reacted with ethylaluminum sesquichloride to produce TRB; however, according to the knowledge of the present inventors, any of these is low in reaction yield, and has been evaluated not to be applicable to industrial production.
Patent Document 4 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-258786) describes a method for obtaining TRB by reacting trialkoxyboroxine with trialkylaluminum.3R3Al+(R—O—B—O—)3→3R3B+(R—O—Al—O—)3  (3)
This reaction suffers from the by-production of an alkoxy group-containing Al compound, similarly to the reaction of (1), causing a problem of the disposal thereof. Additionally, for production of trialkoxyboroxine, a method of Patent Document 5 (Japanese Patent Publication No. SHO 41-6751) is cited; in this method, the product is obtained as a solution containing an organic solvent such as carbon tetrachloride, thus a step for separating the organic solvent and other steps are required to make this method unsuitable for industrial production.
Well known is a production method of TRB in which trialkylborane is reacted with boron oxide to yield trialkylboroxine (hereinafter abbreviated as TRBO) (reaction (4)), and then TRBO is reacted with trialkylaluminum (hereinafter abbreviated as TRAL), and thus, TRB is newly produced in twice the amount used as the raw material (reaction (5)).BR3+B2O3→R3B3O3  (4)R3B3O3+2AlR3→3BR3+Al2O3  (5)(4)+(5)BR3+B2O3+2AlR3→3BR3+Al2O3
For example, in Non-Patent Document 1 (ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, September 20, 4791 (1959)), 0.2 mole of triethylboroxine (hereinafter abbreviated as TEBO) was added and reacted with 0.4 mole of triethylaluminum (hereinafter abbreviated as TEAL), then triethylborane (hereinafter abbreviated as TEB) was obtained with a yield of 95.6%. Non-Patent Document 1 also describes that aluminum oxide becomes white crystals having satisfactory fluidity in a flask.
Patent Document 6 (U.S. Pat. No. 3,049,407) describes that for the reaction between TRBO and TRAL, the TRBO to TRAL molar ratio is preferably 2, and a reaction method of adding TRAL into TRBO is preferable; and additionally, Patent Document 6 also recommends that a tertiary amine or TEB itself be used as the dispersion medium because aluminum oxide is handled in a liquid. Further, the concerned patent discloses a continuous distillation method in which a vertical thin-film evaporator is used in the distillation and the vapor of TRB is discharged from the top of the evaporator and the solid aluminum oxide is discharged from the bottom of the evaporator.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 47-8621
Patent Document 2: U.S. Pat. No. 2,951,093
Patent Document 3: U.S. Pat. No. 3,042,723
Patent Document 4: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-258786
Patent Document 5: Japanese Patent Publication No. SHO41-6751
Patent Document 6: U.S. Pat. No. 3,049,407
Non-Patent Document 1: ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, September 20, 4791 (1059).

Production method of trihydrocarbylborane


A fishing reel having a spool for taking up a line between a pair of side cases, a control member for setting the spool freely rotatable. The control member is so disposed as to move along a path in parallel with inner wall members of the respective side cases. The control member has, at each side end thereof, a holding portion contactable with inner faces of the respective inner wall members.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fishing reel, and more particularly to a double-bearing type fishing reel including a spool disposed between a pair of right and left side cases and a control member for setting the spool freely rotatable.
2. Description of the Related Art
A typical conventional fishing reel of the above-described type is disclosed in e.g. a Japanese laid-open patent gazette No. 59-192031. In this reel, the moving path and operational stroke of the control member is determined through an elongated guide slot defined either in an inner face of each side case or in the control member per se.
However, with the above convention, the spool control member is disposed between the right and left side cases. Then, through use for an extended period of time, there tends to occur e.g. looseness in the fixing bolts or distortion of other parts, which in turn varies the predetermined distances between each end face of the control member and the opposing side case, thus rendering the positioning of the control member unstable. The unstable position interferes with smooth operation of the control member.
The primary object of the invention is to overcome the above drawback of the convention by providing an improved fishing reel which can be operated smoothly for an extended period of time because of invariably stable position of the spool control member.


A system including a host and a device. The device has at least one non-prefetchable storage location. The host and the device are configured to map the at least one non-prefetchable storage location into memory mapped input/output space that is addressed via greater than 32 address bits.

Typically, a computer system includes a number of integrated circuits that communicate with one another to perform system applications. Often, the computer system includes one or more host controllers and one or more electronic subsystem assemblies. To perform system functions, the host controller(s) and subsystem assemblies communicate via communication links, such as parallel communication links and serial communication links. Parallel communication links include links that implement conventional peripheral component interconnect (PCI), which is part of the PCI Local Bus standard, and PCI eXtended (PCI-X). Serial communication links include links that implement the PCI Express (PCIe) standard.
Conventional PCI is a bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer. The devices can take the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard or an expansion card that fits into a slot. Typical PCI cards include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports, television tuner cards, and disk controllers.
PCI-X is a bus and expansion card standard that enhances the PCI Local Bus standard for higher bandwidth demanded by servers. PCI-X revised the conventional PCI standard by doubling the maximum clock speed, from 66 MHz to 133 MHz. The theoretical maximum amount of data exchanged between the processor and peripherals with PCI-X is 1.06 GB/s, compared to 133 MB/s with standard PCI. Conventional PCI and PCI-X have largely been replaced by PCIe, which features a different logical design.
PCIe is used in consumer, server, and industrial applications as a motherboard-level interconnect to link motherboard-mounted peripherals and as an expansion card interface for add-in boards. A difference between PCIe and the earlier buses is a topology based on point-to-point serial links, rather than a shared parallel bus. PCIe is a high-speed, serial link that communicates data via differential signal pairs. A PCIe link is built around a bidirectional, serial, point-to-point connection referred to as a lane. At the electrical level, each lane utilizes two unidirectional low voltage differential signaling pairs, a transmit pair and a receive pair, for a total of four data wires per lane. A connection between any two PCIe devices is referred to as a link, and is built up from a collection of one or more lanes. All PCIe devices minimally support single-lane (x1) links. PCIe devices may optionally support wider links composed of x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, x32, or more lanes.
Typically, PCIe devices have storage locations, such as registers and memory locations, mapped into PCIe memory space, also referred to as memory mapped input/output (MMIO) space. Often, the MMIO space includes a portion addressable via 32-bit addresses and a portion addressable via 64-bit addresses. The portion addressable via 32-bit addresses, which addresses less than four giga-bytes (GB) of memory space, is referred to as LMMIO. The portion addressable via 64-bit addresses, which addresses greater than four GB of memory space, is referred to as GMMIO. The mapping resources in bridges and switches are defined to associate LMMIO space with non-prefetchable semantics, and GMMIO space with prefetchable semantics.
PCIe devices are requesting an increasingly large amount of non-prefetchable MMIO space. On highly scalable platforms that support a large number of PCIe devices, this can lead to a shortage of LMMIO space, which limits the number of devices that can be supported.
For these and other reasons there is a need for the present invention.

Mapping non-prefetchable storage locations into memory mapped input/output space

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP


According to the embodiments described herein, a SUMOylation inhibitor compound comprising a singleton scaffold is provided. In some embodiments, a method for inhibiting a SUMOylation enzyme in a cell is provided. Such a method may include administering a SUMOylation inhibitor compound to the cell. In some aspects, the SUMOylation enzyme is SUMO E1 or SUMO E2. In some aspects, the method may be used to inhibit a cancer cell in vitro (e.g., grown in culture) or in vivo (e.g., as part of a tumor in a subject). In other embodiments, a method for treating a cancer, degenerative diseases and viral infection is provided. Such a method may include administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition to a subject having the cancer. The pharmaceutical composition may include a singleton SUMOylation inhibitor compound. In some embodiments, the method for treating a cancer may further comprise administering one or more DNA-damaging therapy in combination with administration of the pharmaceutical composition.

Post-translational modifications of cellular proteins by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family of proteins are important epigenetic mechanisms for regulating various cellular functions. At least three members of the SUMO family (SUMO-1, -2, and -3) are ubiquitin-like proteins that can conjugate to other cellular proteins by a biochemical mechanism similar to ubiquitination (Hay 2005; Sarge 2009; Yeh 2009).
SUMOylation requires multiple steps that are catalyzed by three types of SUMOylation enzymes: activating enzyme E1 (made up of two subunits, SAE1 and SAE2/Uba2), conjugating enzyme E2 (Ubc9), and one of approximately ten E3 ligases. This pathway is illustrated for SUMO 1 in FIG. 1. Briefly, SUMO is activated by the E1 enzyme through ATP hydrolysis and forms a thioester conjugate with E1. SUMO is then transferred to E2, forming a thioester conjugate with E2. Finally, SUMO is transferred to target proteins, a step usually stimulated by an E3 ligase. SUMO modification adds a new docking site to target proteins, and thus enables new protein-protein interactions through the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in receptor proteins (Song 2004; Song 2005). The E1 and E2 enzymes do not discriminate among the different SUMO paralogues (Tatham 2003).
SUMOylation is reversible by a process known as deSUMOlyation. The removal of SUMO proteins from modified target proteins is accomplished by deSUMOylation enzymes such as isopeptidase and SUMO/sentrin-specific protease (SENP).
Aberrations in post-translational modification of cellular proteins by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family of proteins are associated with the pathogenesis of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer (Luo 2009; Kim 2006; Mo 2005), neurodegenerative disorders (Steffan 2004; Subramaniam 2009), and viral infection (Jaber 2009; Ulrich 2009; Kim 2010). Viral infection often involves hijacking the host post-translational modifications, providing viruses with a fast means for becoming established in host cells before the immune system can respond.
SUMOylation and deSUMOylation enzymes regulate dynamic SUMO modifications in controlling cellular functions. One of the predominant functions of SUMO-mediated modifications is in DNA damage response, such as damage caused by chemo- and radiation therapy (CRT), which kills cancer cells by inducing genotoxic stress (Galanty 2009; Morris 2009; Ouyang 2009; Prudden 2009; Li 2010). DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most dangerous form of DNA damage, and lead to cell death if left unrepaired (FIG. 2) (Darzynkiewicz 2009). Upon DSB formation, the histone protein H2AX is phosphorylated, resulting in recruitment of several DNA damage signaling proteins to the damage sites, including p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) and ATM (van Attikum 2009). SUMOylation is required for multiple steps in DNA repair pathways, including recruitment of signaling and repair proteins to damage sites and enablement of repair protein function. For example, recruitment of 53BP1 to DNA damage sites is dependent on its SUMOylation (Galanty 2009). 53BP1 mediates DNA damage signaling and repair process. p53 is also involved in apoptosis if DNA damage is not repaired. SUMOylation also plays a role in regulating p53 transactivating activity (Stehmeier 2009) and trafficking (Carter 2007).
SUMOylation also directly regulates repair of various types of DNA damage. Recent studies have shown that SUMOylation is required for both major DSB repair pathways: homologous recombination (HR), in which a homologous sequence acts as a repair template, and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), in which DSB ends are ligated together (Jeggo 2009). Proteins involved in HR include the well-known breast cancer-related genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as other proteins with DNA binding and helicase activities (Jeggo 2009). Proteins that carry out NHEJ include Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs, XRCC4, XLF, and Artemis (Jeggo 2009). Many proteins in the DSB repair pathways are substrates of SUMOylation (FIG. 2) (Doksani 2009; Morris 2009; Bartek 2010; Li 2010). SUMOylation is also important for response to single-stranded DNA damage (Pfander 2005) and nucleotide base excision repair (Steinacher 2005; Mohan 2007) by modifying repair enzymes to regulate their activity and life spans. These findings suggest that inhibition of SUMO-dependent processes can inhibit repair of a wide range of DNA damage in cancer cells, thereby sensitizing tumor cells to genotoxic stress induced by CRT.
SUMOylation is required for DNA repair, as evidenced by the observation that cells defective in SUMOylation are sensitive to DNA damage reagents (al-Khodairy et al. 1995; Shayeghi et al. 1997). Recently, two independent studies have identified the yeast protein, Mms21, as the SUMO E3 ligase required for repair of both DNA alkylation damage and double-strand breaks (Andrews et al. 2005; Zhao & Blobel 2005). Elimination of Mms21's SUMO E3 activity leads to DNA damage sensitivity. However, the SUMOylation targets in the DNA damage response are not yet well established, nor is SUMOylation's involvement in DNA repair or other cellular functions. Recent studies have shown that a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUBL) is important in DNA damage response, and the ligase specifically recognizes poly-SUMO-2/3 chains to ubiquitinate poly-SUMO modified proteins for degradation (Burgess et al. 2007; Ii et al. 2007; Prudden et al. 2007; Nagai et al. 2008; Cook et al. 2009; Sun et al. 2007).
The enzymes catalyzing SUMO-modification (E1, E2, E3) are present in higher levels in cancer tissues versus normal tissues and in metastasized tumors versus normal cells, and play an important role in cancer proliferation and metastasis. Recent studies suggest that E1 presents an ideal target for the development of cancer therapeutics with specific genetic backgrounds. For example, a genome-wide siRNA screen identified the genes encoding the SUMO E1 subunits SAE1 and SAE2 among those genes with the strongest synthetic lethal interactions with KRas (Luo 2009).
DeSUMOylation enzymes are also thought to be important in cancer. Increased levels of a deSUMOylation isopeptidase (Senp1)) have been observed in prostate cancer, and suppression of Senp1 level by siRNA has been shown to suppress prostate cancer and angiogenesis. Hypoxia also induces high levels of SUMO-1. SUMO-mediated protein-protein interactions appear to be involved in most SUMO-dependent processes.
Given the role of SUMOylation in cancer and other disease states such as viral infection, there is a need in the art for novel SUMOylation enzyme inhibitors. Such inhibitors would be useful both as therapeutics and as research tools for studying the role of SUMOylation in cellular regulation.

Singleton inhibitors of sumoylation enzymes and methods for their use

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona


A corrosion resistant Ti based alloy comprising:. Cr: 0.005-2.0 wt %, and further. comprising one or more of elements selected from:. ______________________________________ Ni: 0.005-2.0 wt %, Pd: 0.005-2.0 wt %, Ru: 0.005-2.0 wt %, Pt: 0.005-2.0 wt %, Os: 0.005-2.0 wt %, Ir: 0.005-2.0 wt %, Rh: 0.005-2.0 wt %, and ______________________________________. the balance of Ti and inevitable impurities.. Cr may be replaced with one or more of 0.005-1.5 wt % of Cu and 0.005-1.5 wt % of Si, or 0.005-2.0 wt % of Al. The corrosion resistant Ti based alloy has excellent corrosion resistance also in a non-oxidative atmosphere and also has an excellent crevice corrosion resistance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a corrosion resistant Ti based alloy and, more particularly, it relates to a corrosion resistant Ti based alloy of excellent corrosion resistance, as well as workability and crevice corrosion resistance.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Heretofore, Ti has been well-known as a metal of excellent resistance and used generally as an industrial structural material such as chemical plants, but there is a room for doubt about the corrosion resistance depending on the circumstances in which it is used.
Ti shows excellent corrosion resistance in an oxidative corrosive circumstance such as of nitric acid and in corrosive circumstance containing sea water and like other chlorides. However, in a non-oxidative circumstance such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, it does not show so excellent corrosion resistance as in the oxidative circumstance as described above.
Further, in a circumstance containing, for example, a chloride solution at high temperature it has been well-known that, if crevices are present in the material put under the circumstance, Ti in the crevices locally suffers from corrosion.
For resolving such problems when Ti is put to a readily corrosive circumstance, corrosion resistant Ti based alloys incorporating various alloying elements to Ti have already been proposed and commercially available.
Then, as the Ti alloys, there can be mentioned such alloys as Ti-Pd alloy and Ti-Ni-Mo alloy. However, Ti-Pd alloy involves an economical problem since Pd is expensive and Ti-Ni-Mo alloy has a problem of poor workability and it has not been used generally although it is excellent in the corrosion resistance.
Accordingly, the present inventors, taking notice of the problems in the Ti alloys which are said to have satisfactory corrosion resistance in the prior art, have already proposed Ti alloys which show excellent corrosion resistance in the non-oxidative circumstance and, further, can satisfy crevice corrosion resistance in such circumstance as in the chloride solution at high temperature in view of the practical use in Japanese Patent Application Hei 02-069066 and 02-283755, and have developed a Ti alloy incorporated with Ag or Au to a group of Ni, Pd or Ru.
However, the Ti based alloy exhibits excellent performance in the corrosion resistance which is an object of the corrosion resistant Ti based alloy according to the present invention but Ag, etc. incorporated in a melting device for the Ti based alloy gives loss by evaporation, making it difficult to conduct alloy casting at a good yield.

Corrosion resistant Ti-Cr-Ni alloy containing a platinum group metal


Systems and methods for providing a communication bridge between a physical location and a virtual location are provided. In particular, the presence of a visitor to a physical location is detected, and notification of the presence of a visitor is provided to a user associated with the physical location. The notification may include an identification of the visitor. Following notification, real-time communications between the visitor at the first physical location and the user at the virtual location are established, without requiring entry of a communication address for the virtual office of the user by the visitor.

Advances in telecommunications and computer networks have made it easier for persons to work from virtual offices. As working from virtual offices has become more common, communications between co-workers within a traditional office setting has suffered. For instance, whereas co-workers could often reasonably expect other co-workers to be present within their office during normal working hours, this is no longer the case.
When an employee of an enterprise is working from a virtual office (e.g. from home), that person is necessarily absent from their regular office. Because of this, the person is unavailable for immediate conversation with others in the office. This situation can result in inconvenience and wasted time for others in the work place. For example, when a co-worker goes to the office in the work place of someone working from a virtual office, they will find the office empty. As a result, the interaction that would have occurred must be delayed until the person being sought is actually in their office. Alternatively, the co-worker must contact the person being sought through a communication channel, such as via telephone or email. Establishing contact through a communication channel can be inconvenient, because it often requires the co-worker to look-up the virtual office contact information for the person being sought, and manually enter that information in a communication device.
In order to facilitate contact through a communication channel, a person working from their virtual office may leave contact information at their office in the workplace. However, such contact information may not be immediately apparent to someone seeking to converse with the person working out of a virtual office. In addition, the person dropping by the office usually must remember the contact information or write it down and then return to their own office in order to establish communication with the person at the virtual office. Another difficulty with a system that relies on leaving contact information at the office in the workplace is that the person working from a virtual office can forget to leave contact information. In addition, a person working from a virtual office may not have known that they would be working from that office beforehand and therefore may have had no opportunity to leave contact information. In addition, even where contact information is available, a person working from a virtual office has been unable to provide certificates authorizing actions to others in the work place.


A motor vehicle door is made in the following way. A door main body is assembled by connecting an inner panel to a door panel. A window pane assembly is assembled by mounting into a guide frame a window pane and a power transmission mechanism for vertically moving the window pane. This guide frame is made by integrating an upper sash and a pair of front and rear lower sashes. The window pane assembly is inserted into the door main body through an upper edge opening portion of the door main body. The window pane assembly is fixed to the door main body in a condition in which the upper sash is positioned in a top of the door main body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a motor vehicle door.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, the following steps are employed in manufacturing a motor vehicle door. Namely, an upper sash and an inner panel are connected to a door panel to thereby assemble a door main body. Then, a pair of front and rear lower sashes are mounted on an inside of the door main body and, subsequently, a window pane (glass) is inserted into the door main body through an opening on an upper end of the door main body in a condition in which the window pane is engaged with the lower sashes. Thereafter, a power transmission mechanism for vertically moving the window pane such as a regulator or the like is mounted on an inside of the door main body through a service opening which is formed in the inner panel, to thereby couple the lower edge of the window pane to the power transmission mechanism.
In this method, however, the work of mounting the power transmission mechanism and the work of connecting the power transmission mechanism and the window pane together have to be carried out without visually confirming the positions thereof. Consequent poor workability is, therefore, a hindrance to the improvement in the productivity. Further, there is still something to be desired in point of quality because the condition in which the window pane and the sashes are engaged is difficult of confirmation.
In Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 12334/1985, there is also known the following method of manufacturing a motor vehicle door. Namely, an opening is formed in a lower edge of a door main body which is provided with an upper sash. A window pane assembly is made by assembling a window pane and a power transmission mechanism for its vertical movement, into a portal (gate-shaped) guide frame which is located on a base plate at the lower end corresponding to the opening. From a bottom side the window pane assembly is inserted into the door main body through the opening. The upper half of the guide frame is projected upwards through an upper edge opening of the door main body to thereby fit it into the upper sash, and the lower edge opening of the door main body is blocked or closed with the base plate to thereby fix the window pane assembly to the door main body.
In the above-described latter prior art, since the window pane assembly is assembled in advance, the work of mounting the power transmission mechanism and the work of connecting this mechanism to the window pane need not be carried out without visually confirming the actual positions thereof. The workability is therefore improved.
By the way, the upper half of the guide frame has a similar function as the upper sash in point of guiding the window pane. However, since the upper half is projected upwards through the door main body when the window pane assembly is mounted on the door main body, it is likely to be subject to scratches. In order to keep the scratches out of sight, there arises a necessity of providing the upper sash into which the upper half of the guide frame is fitted. In this manner, in the above-described latter prior art, since the upper sash is additionally required aside from the guide frame, there is a disadvantage in that the number of parts increases with a consequent increase in the cost and the weight. Further, since the opening must be formed also in the lower edge of the door main body, there is another disadvantage in that the strength of the door main body decreases.

Method of manufacturing motor vehicle door


Disclosed are new Aspergillus niger mutants which can be used for identifying active FK-506/ rapamycin type, or cyclosporin A type inununosuppressants in a broth, natural product extract, or composition exhibiting inununosuppressant activity. Specifically disclosed are the new mutants, ATCC No. 74085 (MF 5659), which is sensitive to FK-506 and rapamycin but resistant to cyclosporin A; ATCC No. 74086 (MF 5659) which is resistant to FK-506, cyclosporin A and rapamycin; and ATCC No. 74087 (MF 5661) which is resistant to FK-506 and rapamycin, but sensitive to cyclosporin A.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to new Aspergillus niger mutants for identifying active FK-506/rapamycin type or cyclosporin A type immunosuppressants. Specifically disclosed are the new mutants, Aspergillus niger, (Merck Culture Collection No. MF 5659) ATCC No. 74085; ATCC No. 74086 (MF 5660); and ATCC No. 74087 (}iF 5661).
2. Brief Description of Disclosures in the Art
In 1983, the US FDA approved cyclosporin A, (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,117,118 to Sandoz) an effective anti-rejection drug that revolutionized the field of organ transplant surgery. The drug acts by inhibiting the body's immune system from mobilizing its vast arsenal of natural protecting agents to reject the transplant's foreign protein.
As effective as the drug is in fighting transplantation rejection, it suffers drawbacks in causing kidney failure, liver damage and ulcers which in many cases can be very severe.
EPO Publication No. 0184162 to Fujisawa, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,366 hereby incorporated by reference, describes a new macrolide immunosuppressant FK-506 which is reputed to be 100 times more effective than cyclosporin. The macrolide is produced by fermentation of a particular strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Also described is the closely related macrolide immunosuppressant FK-520, (FK-900520) produced by S. hygroscopicus subsp. yakushimaensis.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,992 to Ayerst discloses the macrolide compound rapamycin and its antibiotic and antifungal properties. Recent publications, (see J. of Immunology Vol. 144, p. 251-258 (No. 1>, Jan. 1990 by F. J. Dumont et. al.,) disclose the use of the compound additionally as an immunosuppressant.
In the search for new immunosuppressant analogs, it would be helpful to have a single, convenient diagnostic assay, not involving laboratory animals, to selectively establish the presence of either FK-506/rapamycin type or cyclosporin A type immunosuppressant activity, in an unknown fermentation broth, natural product extract, e.g. human serum, plant extracts, or unknown composition, which displays immunosuppressant activity.


A computer program product for numerically correcting an endpoint position of a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) implemented on a computing unit, receiving as input temporally resolved information from a set of sensors attached to or integrated into the CMM, and to a method for numerically correcting an endpoint position of a CMM, wherein errors between a targeted endpoint position and an actual endpoint position reached during a measurement process are numerically compensated through the use of the computer program product.

In many different technical fields, it is desired to measure objects precisely, or to acquire further information about their internal composition. This applies in particular to the manufacturing industry which requires precise measuring and inspection processes in order to control the quality of its products. A common device used for such metrological purpose is a Coordinate Measuring Machine.
A common method to calibrate a Coordinate Measuring Machine is to condense the individual mechanical compliances of the component parts of the CMM, the component parts ordered along a kinematical chain, into the probe-deflection-matrix. The probe-deflection-matrix is estimated by scanning a known calibration artifact in a controlled manner by pre-setting the scanning speed and other parameters controlling the scan at the specific scanning point. A correction vector is then obtained which compensates all mechanical compliances at the specific scanning point for the chosen scan settings. In case the specific scanning point or the scan settings are changed, a new probe-deflection-matrix needs to be estimated.
To compensate mechanical compliances in the entire possible measurement volume for different scan settings at once, specifically through a single calibration procedure, black-box-models were previously disclosed. A model is learned from measurements alone, wherein the learned model does not utilize a priori information. EP0684448B1 discloses such a black-box-method for calibrating a CMM. Such methods in general require many calibration steps. A change in the CMM additionally requires a repetition of the calibration procedure.

Dynamical modeling of CMMs for numerically correcting measurement results


A battery pack controller is provided having electric wires of the main wiring lines of a precharge circuit laid on the front surface of a base plate. LA terminals (i.e., ring terminals) connected to the electric wires are clamped by screws and the main-circuit bus bars to the relay terminal portions of a main relay mounted on the rear surface. Further, each of the LA terminals (i.e., ring terminals) has a wing portion protruding beyond the protuberant height of an electric-wire connection portion. An electric wire is bent and disposed to extend from the front surface side of the base plate toward the relay terminal portion, a terminal accommodation portion in which the LA terminals (i.e., ring terminals) are accommodated is provided at a part extending from the electric-wire bent portion to the relay terminal portion, and bottom grooves are formed in the terminal accommodation portion into which the wing portions are inserted.

The present application is based on Japanese patent application No. 2011-159542 filed on Jul. 21, 2011, and the contents of the patent application are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a battery pack controller. More particularly, the invention relates to a battery pack controller which includes a closing control circuit for a main contactor that feeds a drive motor with electricity from a battery pack mounted on a vehicle such as an electric automobile.
It has been known that, in closing a main contactor (also termed "main relay") which feeds a drive motor with electricity from a battery pack mounted on an electric automobile or a similar vehicle, an excessive initial charging current flows through a capacitor built in an inverter. This initial charging current can cause an obstacle to the protective function of a fuse or the like, or to damage the main contactor. Therefore, a precharge circuit which suppresses the initial charging current of the inverter is disposed. By way of example, the precharge circuit is connected in parallel with the main contactor which turns ON/OFF a power feed to the inverter. The precharge circuit has the function of limiting and feeding a charging current for a controller before the main contactor is closed, and closing the main contactor after the initial charging has been completed.
A battery pack controller is so formed that a main relay constituting the main contactor, the components of the precharge circuit and the components of any other control circuit are mounted on one surface of a base plate, and the wiring lines of the precharge circuit and the wiring lines of any other control circuit are laid on the other surface of the base plate. One of the pair of relay terminals of the main relay is connected to the electrode (for example, the positive electrode) of the battery pack, while the other relay terminal is connected to one input terminal of the inverter. In general, the battery pack controller is attached to the end part of the battery pack, and one relay terminal is directly connected to the electrode of the battery pack through a plate-like main circuit conductor (bus bar), while the other relay terminal is connected to a lead-out terminal by the main circuit bus bar. An electric wire terminal (a ring terminal, known as an LA terminal) which is connected to the inverter, is clamped to the lead-out terminal by a screw.
Meanwhile, the main wiring lines of the precharge circuit, which is connected in parallel with the main relay, are connected to one pair of main circuit bus bars which are in turn connected to one pair of relay terminals of the main relay. In a case where the main wiring lines of the precharge circuit are formed using bus bars (hereinbelow, termed "precharge-circuit bus bars"), the pair of main circuit bus bars and precharge-circuit bus bars are respectively clamped to the relay terminal portions by screws. Further, the entirety of the bus bars are protected in a manner to be surrounded with a resin-made protective cover (refer to, for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. JP-A-2009-289431). In a case where the main wiring lines of the precharge circuit are formed of electric wires instead of the bus bars, one pair of round terminals (a ring terminal, known as an LA terminals) connected to the electric wires are clamped to the pair of relay terminal portions by screws together with the pair of main circuit bus bars.
In the case where the main wiring lines of the precharge circuit are formed using the bus bars, the impulse noise of the ON/OFF of the main relay is sometimes amplified by the protective case, and hence, the reduction of the noise becomes a problem. On the other hand, in the case where the main wiring lines of the precharge circuit are formed of the electric wires, the main circuit bus bars and the LA terminals (i.e., ring terminals) with the electric wires are clamped to the relay terminal portions by the screws. Since, however, the LA terminal (i.e., ring terminal) turns and is difficult to position at the screw clamping, there is the problem of an inferior assemblability.
The problem that the invention intends to solve is to improve the assemblability of LA terminals (i.e., ring terminals) with electric wires, in forming the main wiring lines of a precharge circuit out of electric wires and reducing noise.