A method of decreasing pollutants produced in a combustion process. The method comprises combusting coal in a combustion chamber to produce at least one pollutant selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen-containing pollutant, sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, chlorine, hydroiodic acid, iodine, hydrofluoric acid, fluorine, hydrobromic acid, bromine, phosphoric acid, phosphorous pentaoxide, elemental mercury, and mercuric chloride. Oil shale particles are introduced into the combustion chamber and are combusted to produce sorbent particulates and a reductant. The at least one pollutant is contacted with at least one of the sorbent particulates and the reductant to decrease an amount of the at least one pollutant in the combustion chamber. The reductant may chemically reduce the at least one pollutant to a benign species. The sorbent particulates may adsorb or absorb the at least one pollutant. A combustion chamber that produces decreased pollutants in a combustion process is also disclosed.

Coal, biomass residuals, and solid wastes, such as wood waste, municipal solid waste ("MSW"), or refuse derived fuel ("RDF"), are used as fuels to generate electrical power. However, combustion of these fuels also produces various pollutants, such as nitrogen compounds or sulfur compounds, which are believed to be involved in the formation of smog and acid rain. If the fuel includes mercury, the combustion also produces mercury compounds, which have been identified by the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") as a significant toxic pollutant. The pollutants include nitrogen oxide ("NOx") compounds, such as nitric oxide ("NO") and nitrogen dioxide ("NO2"), sulfur oxide ("SOx") compounds, such as sulfur dioxide ("SO2") and sulfur trioxide ("SO3"), volatile elemental mercury ("Hg°") and volatile mercuric chloride ("HgCl2"). Air pollutant control legislation, such as the Clean Air Act and the Clear Skies Initiative, regulates emissions of many of these pollutants and is expected to pass in the legislature and become law in United States and other countries. The EPA is currently required to promulgate a mercury emissions limit under the Maximum Achievable Control Technology ("MACT") provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Therefore, many powerplants will be required to decrease emissions of these, and other, pollutants.
If the fuel contains sulfur, the sulfur is typically converted to reduced forms of sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide ("H2S"), carbonyl sulfide ("COS"), and carbon disulfide ("CS2") upon gasification of fossil fuels, biomass, and waste materials. Nitrogen contained in the fuel is converted to reduced nitrogen compounds, including ammonia ("NH3"), hydrogen cyanide ("HCN"), and nitrogen ("N2"). Most of the mercury entering with the fuel is converted to volatile Hg° and HgCl2. The combustion of fossil fuels and biomass also liberates acid gases, such as hydrochloric acid ("HCl"), sulfuric acid ("H2SO4"), and phosphoric acid ("H3PO4"). These acid gases are corrosive to equipment used in the combustion, such as a combustion device or boiler tubes in a combustor. Therefore, it is desirable to limit the formation of the acid gases or to remove the acid gases close to their point of generation in the combustion device.
Various technologies have been developed to decrease emissions from coal-fired powerplants. Limestone has been used as a sorbent for SOx pollutants, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,006 to Downs et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,088 to Amrhein et al. ("Amrhein"), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,263 to Johnson et al. This technology is known as limestone injection multiple burner ("LIMB") technology or limestone injection dry scrubbing ("LIDS") technology. The limestone is injected into a region of a furnace having a temperature of 2,000° F.-2,400° F.
Organic and amine reducing agents, such as ammonia or urea, are used to selectively reduce NOx pollutants, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,554 to Lyon. This technique is known as selective noncatalytic reduction ("SNCR"). The reducing agent is injected into a furnace at a temperature of from about 975K to about 1375K so that a noncatalytic reaction selectively reduces the NOx to molecular nitrogen ("N2"). The ammonia is injected into a region of the furnace having a temperature of 1,600° F.-2,000° F.
As disclosed in Amrhein, the LIMB and SCNR technologies have been combined to simultaneously removing the NOx pollutants and the SOx pollutants. The limestone is used to absorb the SOx pollutants while the ammonia is used to absorb the NOx pollutants. However, this combination technology is expensive to implement and adds increased complexity to the process.
NOx reburning has also been used to remove the NOx pollutants, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,755 to Seeker et al. In NOx reburning, the coal is combusted in two stages. In the first stage, a portion of the coal is combusted with a normal amount of air (about 10% excess), producing the NOx pollutants. In the second stage, the remaining portion of the coal is combusted in a fuel-rich environment. Hydrocarbon radicals formed by combustion of the coal react with the NOx pollutants to form N2. Fuel/air staging has also been used to reduce the NOx pollutants. Fuel and air are alternately injected into a combustor to provide a reducing zone where the nitrogen in the fuel is evolved, which promotes the conversion of the nitrogen to N2. The air is injected at a separate location to combust the fuel volatiles and char particles. By staging or alternating the fuel and the air, the local temperature and the mixture of air and fuel are controlled to suppress the formation of the NOx pollutants. Fuel/air staging attempts to prevent NOx formation while NOx reburning promotes NOx reduction and destruction.
To absorb mercury or mercury-containing pollutants, activated carbon is used as a sorbent, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,352 to Altman et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,878 to Chang et al. The activated carbon is present as a fixed or fluidized bed or is injected into the flue gas.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that includes an inorganic matrix of carbonate, oxide, and silicate compounds impregnated with a polymeric material called kerogen. Kerogen is an organic substance that is insoluble in petroleum solvents. When heated, the kerogen pyrolyzes to produce gas, oil, bitumen, and an organic residue. Pyrolyzing the kerogen is also known as retorting. Oil shale also includes carbonate minerals, such as calcium carbonate, and other hydrocarbon materials, such as paraffins, cycloparaffins, aliphatic and aromatic olefins, one- to eight-ring aromatics, aromatic furans, aromatic thiophenes, hydroxyl-aromatics, dihydroxy aromatics, aromatic pyrroles, and aromatic pyridines. Oil shale is typically co-located with coal and oil and is found in various regions of the western United States, such as in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming, and in the eastern United States, such as in Virginia and Pennsylvania. Large deposits of oil shale are also found in Canada, Europe, Russia, China, Venezuela, and Morocco. Given the abundance of oil shale throughout the world, its value would be significant if beneficial uses are identified and employed. Oil shale utilization has not been presently appreciated due to the high cost of recovering the kerogen from the shale.
When oil shale containing considerable amounts of calcium carbonate is burned in a direct combustion process, the calcium carbonate undergoes calcination, which is an endothermic reaction in which the calcium carbonate is converted to lime. For each kilogram of calcium carbonate that is calcined, as much as 1.4 MJ to 1.6 MJ (or about 600 British Thermal Units ("BTU") to 700 BTU per pound mass) of the available heat energy is consumed. This loss of energy translates to a process efficiency penalty when limestone or dolomite is used as an injected sorbent. In the case of oil shale, the kerogen can be oxidized to offset the heat sink associated with carbonate calcination.
To extract energy from the oil shale, the oil shale is heated in a retorting zone of a fluidized bed combustor to a temperature sufficient to release, but not combust, volatile hydrocarbons from the oil shale, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,373,454 to Pitrolo et al. The temperature used in the retorting zone provides minimal calcination of the calcium carbonate. The volatile hydrocarbons flow to a combustion zone of the fluidized bed combustor, where the volatile hydrocarbons are combined with excess air and are combusted. Calcination of the calcium carbonate occurs in the combustion zone. During retorting, nitrogen compounds in the oil shale are converted to NOx compounds and are reduced to nitrogen and water or oxygen by the volatile hydrocarbons.
Oil shale has been used to absorb SO2 and HCl in a circulating fluidized bed, as disclosed in "Combustion of Municipal Solid Wastes with Oil Shale in a Circulating Fluidized Bed," Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FG01-94CE15612, Jun. 6, 1996, Energy-Related Inventions Program Recommendation Number 612, Inventor R. L. Clayson, NIST Evaluator H. Robb, Consultant J. E. Sinor and in "Niche Market Assessment for a Small-Scale Western Oil Shale Project," J. E. Sinor, Report No. DOE/MC/11076-2759.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A rectangular-shaped controlled collapse chip connection (C4) is described. In one embodiment, there is a semiconductor chip package that comprises a semiconductor chip package substrate and a semiconductor chip having a plurality of rectangular-shaped C4 contacts attached thereto that connect the semiconductor chip to the semiconductor chip package substrate. The plurality of rectangular-shaped C4 contacts are arranged along a surface of the semiconductor chip in an orientation that extends radially from a center of the surface of the semiconductor chip.

This disclosure relates generally to a semiconductor chip package, and more specifically to a rectangular-shaped controlled collapse chip connection (C4) used to connect a semiconductor chip package substrate and a semiconductor chip.
A semiconductor chip also commonly referred to as an integrated circuit or a die is typically assembled into a semiconductor chip package that is soldered to a printed circuit board. One type of semiconductor chip package is a flip chip, also known as a C4 package. The semiconductor chip package typically includes the semiconductor chip which contains a number of round solder bumps that are attached to a top surface of the chip. The semiconductor chip via the solder bumps is soldered to pads located along a top surface of a semiconductor chip package substrate forming a metallurgical joint between the chip and the substrate. The substrate is typically constructed from a composite material which has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is different than the CTE for the semiconductor chip. In particular, the CTE of the semiconductor chip is relatively low (e.g., 2-3 parts per million) compared to the CTE of the substrate (e.g., 17-20 parts per million). As a result, the semiconductor chip expands relatively slow in comparison to the substrate, which expands relatively fast. Any variation in the temperature of the package may cause a resultant differential expansion between the semiconductor chip and the substrate. As a result, the surfaces of the semiconductor chip and the substrate lose proximity with respect to each other. Consequently, the differential expansion may induce stresses that can crack the round solder bumps. The solder bumps carry electrical current between the semiconductor chip and the substrate, so any crack in the bumps may affect the operation of the chip.

Rectangular-shaped controlled collapse chip connection

International Business Machines Corporation


Integrated spectroscopy systems are disclosed. In some examples, integrated tunable detectors, using one or multiple Fabry-Perot tunable filters, are provided. Other examples use integrated tunable sources. The tunable source combines one or multiple diodes, such as superluminescent light emitting diodes (SLED), and a Fabry Perot tunable filter or etalon. The advantages associated with the use of the tunable etalon are that it can be small, relatively low power consumption device. For example, newer microelectrical mechanical system (MEMS) implementations of these devices make them the size of a chip. This increases their robustness and also their performance. In some examples, an isolator, amplifier, and/or reference system is further provided integrated.

Minimally, optical spectroscopy systems typically comprise a source for illuminating a target, such as a material sample, and a detector for detecting the light from the target. Further, some mechanism is required that enables the resolution of the spectrum of the light from target. This functionality is typically provided by a spectrally dispersive element.
One strategy uses a combination of a broadband source, detector array, and grating dispersive element. The broadband source illuminates the target in the spectral scan band, and the signal from the target is spatially dispersed using the grating, and then detected by an array of detectors.
The use of the grating, however, requires that the spectroscopy system designer make tradeoffs. In order to increase the spectral resolution of these systems, aperturing has to be applied to the light provided to the grating. As more spectral resolution is required, more light is required to be rejected by the narrowing spatial filter. This problem makes this strategy inappropriate for applications requiring a high degree of spectral precision combined with sensitivity.
Another approach is to use a tunable narrowband source and a simple detector. A typical approach relies on a tunable laser, which is scanned over the scan band. By monitoring the magnitude of the tunable laser's signal at the detector, the spectrum of the sample is resolved. These systems have typically been complex and often had limited wavelength scanning ranges, however.
Still another approach uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) and an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) tunable filter. One specific example combines multiple light emitting diodes (LEDs) in an array, each LED operating at a different wavelength. This yields a relatively uniform spectrum over a relatively large scan band. The light from the diodes is then sent through the AOM tunable filter, in order to create the tunable optical signal.
The advantage of this system is the use of the robust LED array. This provides advantages over previous systems that used other broadband sources, such as incandescent lamps, which had limited operating lifetimes and high power consumption.
While representing an advance over the previous technology, the disadvantages associated with this prior art system were related to the use of the AOMs, which are relatively large devices with concomitantly large power consumptions. Moreover, AOMs can also be highly temperature sensitive and prone to resonances that distort or alter the spectral behavior, since they combine a crystal with a radio frequency source, which establishes the standing wave in the crystal material to effect the spectral filtering.
Grating-based spectrometers also tend to be large devices. The device packages must accommodate the spatially dispersed signal from the sample. Further, the interface between the grating and the detector array must also be highly mechanically stable. Moreover, these grating based systems can be expensive because of costs associated with the detector arrays or slow if mechanical scanning of the detector or grating is used.

MEMS Fabry Perot filter for integrated spectroscopy system


The invention provides an account manager and database system that allows end users to bypass the need to integrate such systems in to their legacy information management systems. The account management and database systems are developed and maintained at a host service-bureau data center. The client accesses the account management and database systems through a communication link, usually a secure website. Decisions recommended by the account management system are then sent back to the client systems to take action. The client controls the account management system by utilizing the PCTable Maintenance System installed in the PC at the client site. Client also accesses the database at the data center for reporting and analysis.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to account management systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a method and apparatus that uses a data center for networked account management.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The leading account management system is the TRIAD system, manufactured by Fair, Isaac and Company, Inc. of San Rafael, Calif. TRIAD is a portfolio management and scoring system designed to help reduce losses, increase revenues, and take advantage of promotional opportunities, for single or multiple portfolios such as credit cards, telecommunications, and installment loans. With systems such as TRIAD, an end user's decision-making process can respond quickly to changes in the end user's customer population and the economic environment. The end user can test new strategies on a small part of a portfolio and still keep a current strategy in place on the majority of the portfolio. Systems such as TRIAD also provide reporting to measure the effectiveness of competing strategies.
Such account management systems currently available require significant internal resources of an end user before they can be integrated into the end user's legacy information management systems. It would be advantageous to provide an account management system that allows end users to bypass the need to integrate such system into their legacy information management systems.

Abstract: The invention reduces the implementation schedule for such account management and database systems and thus provides such systems to end users more quickly.


An interactive video control system that can control multiple displays, such as a panel image and/or a projected image using motion gestures from a moveable controller. Further, a plurality of display images may be modified such that the images appear at least partially aligned and combined. The control system may be comprised of a moveable, handheld controller and console.

There are many types of interactive video control systems that allow a user to move a control device, often a handheld controller, which results in a displayed image to be modified. One type of controller is a video game controller, which a user moves through space to interact with a video game display. This type of controller is presently limited to interacting with a single stationary display, such as a TV screen.
Another type of video controller is a TV controller, which is typically aimed at a TV set to move a graphic cursor. Unfortunately, this controller is also limited to interacting with a single stationary display.
Manufacturers are currently making image projectors that can be embedded into handheld devices. However, these projectors tend to only project images, rather than promote user interactivity.
The end result is our homes and offices have an increasing number of image displays that remain separate and unconnected.
Therefore, an opportunity exists for a video control system that manages multiple displays. That is, in a system having more than one image display, a user may wish to control and interact with each using intuitive, motion gestures. The system may be used, for example, in the business, medical, and entertainment fields.

Interactive multi-display control systems


A cover having at least two elongated members with each member having a hook at one end and a prong at the opposite end. The hook receives the prong of an adjacent member to interlock adjacent members. The members also have downwardly extending flanges that fit over flanges on a conveyor. The cover is connected to the conveyor by one or more brackets.

This invention is directed to a cover for a conveyor and more particularly to a cover for a drag conveyor.
Covers for conveyors are known in the art. Typically, a cover consists of two elongated members that overlap wherein a sealant is applied to prevent moisture from leaking into the conveyor. Alternatively, the elongated members abut one another and a splice plate is placed over the seam and then bolted to the conveyor. Another cover includes flanges on the ends of the elongated member that are received in a cap that is bolted to or frictionally fit to the flanges.
While helpful, these covers are still deficient in that they require sealant, tools to assemble and remove, many separate parts, and they tend to sag due to the weight of the cover. Therefore, a need exists in the art for a cover that addresses these deficiencies.
Therefore an objective of the present invention is to provide a cover that does not require sealant.
A further objective of the present invention is to provide a cover that reduces the need for tools to assemble and remove.
A still further objective is to provide a cover that has fewer parts.
Another objective of the present invention is to provide a cover that prevents sag.
These and other objectives will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art based upon the following written description.


A stent-graft or prosthesis (10) with enhanced flexibility, in particular enhanced bending flexibility, includes a radially distensible stent (24) and at least one continuously uninterrupted ePTFE tubular graft or covering (18) having a node and fibril structure. The tubular stent (24) includes opposed open ends (12′, 14′) and a stent wall structure (26) having opposed exterior (28) and luminal surfaces (30). The ePTFE covering (18) is securably disposed to at least one of the stent surfaces (28, 30). The ePTFE graft or covering (18) includes a tubular wall (16) that is continuously uninterrupted and desirably substantially free of slits, apertures and folds. The ePTFE graft (18) further includes a first region (20) and a second region (22), where the first region (20) has a different bending flexibility from the second region (22).

An intraluminal prosthesis is a medical device used in the treatment of diseased bodily lumens. One type of intraluminal prosthesis used in the repair and/or treatment of diseases in various body vessels is a stent. A stent is generally a longitudinal tubular device formed of biocompatible material which is useful to open and support various lumens in the body. For example, stents may be used in the vascular system, urogenital tract, esophageal tract, tracheal/bronchial tubes and bile duct, as well as in a variety of other applications in the body. These devices are implanted within the vessel to open and/or reinforce collapsing or partially occluded sections of the lumen.
Stents generally include an open flexible configuration. This configuration allows the stent to be inserted through curved vessels. Furthermore, this configuration allows the stent to be configured in a radially compressed state for intraluminal catheter implantation. Once properly positioned adjacent the damaged vessel, the stent is radially expanded so as to support and reinforce the vessel. Radial expansion of the stent may be accomplished by inflation of a balloon attached to the catheter or the stent may be of the self-expanding variety which will radially expand once deployed. Tubular shaped structures, which have been used as intraluminal vascular stents, have included helically wound coils which may have undulations or zig-zags therein, slotted stents, ring stents, braided stents and open mesh wire stents, to name a few. Super-elastic materials and metallic shape memory materials have also been used to form stents.
A graft is another commonly known type of intraluminal prosthesis which is used to repair and replace various body vessels. A graft provides a lumen through which fluids, such as blood, may flow. Moreover, a graft is often configured as being generally impermeable to blood to inhibit substantial leakage of blood therethrough. Grafts are typically hollow tubular devices that may be formed of a variety of materials, including textile and non-textile materials.
A stent and a graft may be combined into a stent-graft endoprosthesis to combine the features and advantages of each. For example, tubular coverings have been provided on the inner and/or outer surfaces of stents to form stent-grafts. It is often desirable to use a thin-walled graft or covering in the stent-graft endoprosthesis to minimize the profile of the endoprosthesis and to maximize the flow of blood through the endoprosthesis. In such cases, non-textile materials, such as polymeric tubes or sheets formed into tubes, are often used. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene or e-PTFE is one common polymeric material used as the graft portion of a stent-graft endoprosthesis. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts, however, are subject to plastic deformation, especially when, for example, compressing the stent-graft for loading into its delivery system, delivering the stent-graft through a highly tortuous bodily lumen and/or placing or deploying the stent-graft at the target implant site. Such plastic deformation may lead to the tearing of the ePTFE, leaving the stent-graft endoprosthesis prone to leakage of blood therethrough. Furthermore, plastic deformation of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts may lead to physical deformities in the graft, such as buckling, which is also undesirable because it may lead to poor blood flow patterns.
Sheets or films of ePTFE have been used to cover or line stents. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,700,285 and 5,735,892 to Myers et al. describe overlapping a sheet of ePTFE onto a stent to form a tubular graft. The graft is secured to the stent by an application of thermoplastic adhesive and heat treatment to melt the adhesive. A seam, which is formed where the sheet overlaps, is also sealed through the use of the thermoplastic adhesive. Such stent-grafts having a unitary tubular ePTFE covering adhesively secured to the stent, however, do not have differential flexibility associated with the graft to augment bending or plastic deformation of the graft when subjected to certain stresses, such as bending stresses during delivery through tortuous bodily lumens.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,637 to Martin et al. described the securement or interweaving of ePTFE graft strips through helical windings of an undulating stent wire. The ePTFE strips are spaced apart from the apices of the undulating wire such that no strip completely covers a winding of the undulating wire. The graft strips are secured to the stent wire by use of a thermoplastic adhesive and the application of heat. While such a resulting stent-graft may have additional flexibility as compared to the above-described stent-grafts to Myers et al., the graft wall is non-continuous, thereby not providing by it self a fluid tight graft wall.
Apertures have also been imparted into the walls of tubular ePTFE grafts to increase flexibility. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,103 to Golds et al. describes a composite stent-graft tubular prosthesis which includes an inner PTFE tubular structure, an outer PTFE tubular structure positioned about the inner PTFE tubular structure and a diametrically deformable stent interposed between the inner and outer PTFE tubular structures. Portions of the stent are exposed exteriorly via apertures in the outer PTFE structure to render the composite prosthesis longitudinally flexible. Moreover, U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,803 to Layne et al. described partially encapsulated stents which are made by using gaps or slits cut into ePTFE covering material. By selecting the size and position of the apertures or slits in the ePTFE covering, the '803 patent describes that it is possible to leave certain parts of the stent unencapsulated to facilitate flexibility and expansion of the device. While such stent-grafts may have additional flexibility as compared to the above-described stent-grafts to Myers et al., the graft walls are not continuous, thereby not providing by itself a fluid tight graft wall
U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,054 to Parodi describes a stent graft having its graft being secured to only one end of the stent. Such a graft avoids undue stresses being placed on the graft during contraction and expansion of the stent by only securing one end of the graft to the stent.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0220682 to Kujawski describes a hybrid braided stent having a plurality of overlapping graft segments. The graft segments are described as being textile graft segments made by, for example, braiding yarns. One end of a graft segment is secured to the stent, and the other end of the graft segment overlaps an adjacent secured graft segment.
ePTFE surfaces have been modified to alter porosity. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,509 to Kowligi et al. described a more porous ePTFE which is obtained by impressing a pattern into extruded PTFE and then expanding the PTFE. The pattern is described as being impressed by knurling or rolling a sheet of PTFE sheet between rollers having a pattern formed on the surface of the roller. A roller with a coarse pattern is described as producing a wider distribution of internodal distances of the ePTFE as compared to a finer pattern, thereby increasing the porosity of the ePTFE material.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,781 to Zukowski describes an implantable porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene material having a microstructure of nodes interconnected by fibrils where its surface has been modified by the removal of fibrils so that under magnification the surface has the appearance of freestanding node portions not interconnected by fibrils but rather having open valleys disposed between the freestanding node portions. Unmodified material beneath the surface is described as maintaining the original microstructure of nodes interconnected by fibrils. The modification is described as bone done by exposing the surface to radio frequency gas plasma discharge with a reactive etching gas. The modified surface is described as having increased hydrophobicity. Such a modified surface is described as having improved blood contact properties and tissue ingrowth characteristics useful as an implantable device, such as a breast prosthesis.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,497 to Walter describes a process for surface treating ePTFE. The described process employs a laser to surface-modify an ePTFE structure to create a macro-roughened surface that has is described as being highly porous and modified to be highly textured or having increased roughness to promote tissue ingrowth.
While these later patents describe surface modification or ePTFE to increase porosity or surface modification to increase tissue ingrowth characteristics, these patents fail to describe modification of ePTFE to improve bending characteristics or to improve flexibility of the ePTFE material as compared to untreated ePTFE.
Thus, there is a need for a stent-graft having a polymeric graft, including an ePTFE graft that has enhanced flexibility.

Stent-graft having flexible geometries and methods of producing the same


The invention discloses internal combustion engines, particularly compression ignition engines such as diesel engines, having reduced nitrogen oxide emissions with concurrent reductions in particulate emissions. The invention provides a catalyst impregnated prechamber insert which operates in the fuel rich environments of internal combustion engines to reduce nitrous oxides.

Diesel engines have several advantages. Compared to traditional spark ignition engines, they generally have lower fuel consumption and a long service life. However, diesel engines have the disadvantage of producing emissions with significant concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) and particulates. The latter are generally manifested in the form of a black exhaust smoke or soot. Diesel engines also have a reputation for exhibiting significant noise and vibration during operation.
In recent years, the generation of NO.sub.x by internal combustion engines has been the focus of increasing government regulation. It is believed that nitrogen oxides contribute to tropospheric ozone, a health hazard, and also undergo a process known as photochemical smog formation in the presence of sunlight and hydrocarbons. Nitrogen oxides significantly contribute to the formation of acid rain have been implicated as contributing to the undesirable warming of the atmosphere or greenhouse effect. It is anticipated that allowable NO.sub.x emissions from motor vehicles will be significantly decreased in the coming years.
Unfortunately, however, attempts to reduce NO.sub.x emissions in diesel engines have generally resulted in only inadequate NO.sub.x reduction with a concurrent increase in particulate emissions. While NO.sub.x emissions in the exhaust streams of spark ignition engines have been reduced with the use of standard redox catalysts, the lean exhaust streams inherent in diesel engines preclude such use.
Other prior art techniques directed toward the reduction of NO.sub.x in combustion engine exhaust streams are unsuitable for use in motor vehicles. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,399 discloses a process in which nitrogen oxides contained in a flu gas resulting from the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon were reduced with the use of a highly siliceous crystalline zeolite having a particular crystal structure, a silica to alumina ratio of 20 to 100, the zeolite containing both copper and rare earth cations. However, this process is dependent upon the use of a circulating inventory of solid acidic cracking catalysts and is inapplicable to the structure and cost restrictions inherent in motor vehicle design.
Several prior art patents attempt to decrease noxious combustion emissions by relying upon the reaction of ammonia with nitrogen oxides to produce nitrogen and water. U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,514 discloses a process for reducing nitrogen oxides in combustion outflow. The process requires introduction of ammonia or an ammonia precursor into the NO.sub.x containing effluent stream and the subsequent passing of the treated stream over a catalyst bed capable of reducing NO.sub.x.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,926 relies upon the addition of NO.sub.x to an ammonia containing stream prior to the stream's entry into a combustion zone and the subsequent production of nitrogen and water. Several characteristics make these processes inapplicable to use in commercial diesel powered vehicles. The on-board transport of a noxious chemical such as ammonia or an ammonia precursor and its continuous addition to an auto exhaust stream represent a potentially hazardous situation. In addition, these are complex processes which require careful regulation of experimental variables such as time, temperature and reactant concentration.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,650 proposes using the sublimation product of cyanuric acid to lower the NO.sub.x content of an exhaust gas stream. However, substantial amounts of this material would be required over the useful life of a diesel vehicle.
Thus, the prior art has failed to address the problem of diesel engine exhaust streams containing unacceptable levels of NO.sub.x and particulates. More specifically, the prior art has failed to reduce the NO.sub.x emission of internal combustion engines and compression ignition engines such as diesel engines without increasing particulate emissions.

Redox catalysis of NO.sub.x in internal combustion engines


A system of transmitting a plurality of movement parameters of a vehicle. The system includes a supply terminal, a plurality of sensing elements, a modulation circuit, and a return terminal. The supply terminal is coupled to a power source to receive power. The sensing elements receive power from the supply terminal. Each of the sensing elements senses a movement characteristic of the vehicle, and generates movement signals indicative of the sensed movement characteristic. The modulation circuit is coupled to the sensing elements to modulate the movement signals based on the plurality of sensing elements. The return terminal is coupled to the modulation circuit to output the modulated movement signals.

Embodiments of the invention relate to sensing systems, particularly, to sensing systems having a 2-wire interface.
One type of sensing system in a vehicle uses Hall effect sensors to measure rotational velocities exhibited by electric motors. Hall effect sensors are typically placed near ring magnets of the motors to measure rotation velocities. When a motor armature rotates, poles (North and South) of ring magnets pass by the Hall effect sensors. In turn, rates at which the poles pass by the Hall effect sensors are measured.
Ring magnets often have a fixed number of magnetic poles that is generally predetermined when motors are constructed. Different motors have different ring magnets, and thus a different number of magnetic poles. As such, knowing the number of magnetic poles can assist in determining motor speeds, for example, by measuring times between output pulses generated by the Hall effect sensors.
In some instances, motors have two Hall effect sensors positioned to measure information such as direction and speed of the motor. For example, Hall effect sensors are placed near ring magnets such that outputs of the Hall effect sensors are phased 90 degrees apart. Placing Hall effect sensors 90 degrees apart allows one of the Hall sensors to sense information such as the speed of the motor, and the other Hall sensor to sense other information such as direction of the motor. The physical location of the Hall effect sensors provide an indication of an order of the output pulses, which in turn provides an indication of the direction of the motor.
Some motor sensing implementations use a sensor that incorporates two Hall effect sensors in a single package. These sensors typically have two outputs. One of the outputs is a pulse train that indicates a speed of the motor, while the other output indicates a rotational direction of the motor. For example, a high output voltage can indicate a clockwise rotation, and a low output voltage can indicate a counter-clockwise rotation of the motor. Outputs such as speed and direction of motors are subsequently communicated through some electrical wire connection interface to an electronic control unit for further processing. Some implementations use four-wire connections. In such cases, the first of the four-wire connections supplies a voltage to both Hall sensors; the second of the four-wire connections provides a ground for both Hall sensors; the third of the four-wire connections provides an output for speed information; and, the fourth of the four-wire connections provides an output for directional information. Other implementations use a three-wire connection interface. In such cases, one of the three-wire connections provides a ground for both Hall effect sensors, another connection acts both as an output for speed information and as a voltage supply for both Hall effect sensors, and the third connection acts as an output for directional information and as a voltage supply for both Hall effect sensors.

Method and system of transmitting a plurality of movement parameters of a vehicle via a two-wire interface


A device housing package includes a base body (1) including, at its upper surface, a placement portion (1a) of a semiconductor device (9); a frame body (2) disposed on the base body (1) surrounding the placement portion (1a), including a notch (2b) formed by cutting a side wall thereof; an input-output terminal (3) attached to the notch (2b), including a wiring conductor layer (3a) electrically connected to the semiconductor device (9); and a sealing ring (5) disposed on an upper portion of the frame body (2). Moreover, side walls of the frame body (2) have, when seen in a plan view, an outer corner (2c) of adjacent side walls having a curved surface, the outer corner (2c) lying within a region overlapping the sealing ring (5) as seen in a plan view.

Some device housing packages are of a type constructed by bonding a lid body to the upper surface of a frame body through a sealing ring. Such a device housing package is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication JP-A 11-145317 (1999).
In the above-described device housing package, in joining the lid body to the sealing ring by means of seam welding or the like, a stress tends to be concentrated on a junction between the frame body and the sealing ring due to thermal expansion or thermal shrinkage of the frame body, the sealing ring, and the lid body, wherefore the junction is susceptible to a problem such as cracking and separation.
An object of the invention is to provide a device housing package capable of lessening a stress developed in a junction between a frame body and a sealing ring, as well as to provide an electronic apparatus provided with the device housing package.

Device housing package and electronic apparatus employing the same


A spin element includes a wiring, a laminated body including a first ferromagnetic layer laminated on the wiring, a first conductive part and a second conductive part which sandwich the first ferromagnetic layer in a plan view in a laminating direction, and a first high resistance layer which is in contact with the wiring between the first conductive part and the wiring and has an electrical resistivity equal to or higher than that of the wiring.

Next-generation non-volatile memories that will replace flash memories, which have reached their limit of miniaturization, are gathering attention. For example, a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), a resistance random access memory (ReRAM), a phase change random memory (PCRAM) and the like are known as next generation non-volatile memories.
An MRAM is a memory element using a magnetoresistance effect element. A resistance value of the magnetoresistance effect element changes according to a difference in a relative angle between magnetization directions of two magnetic films. The MRAM records the resistance value of the magnetoresistance effect element as data.
Among spin elements using a magnetoresistance change, a spin orbit torque (SOT) type magnetoresistance effect element using an SOT (for example, Patent Document 1) and a magnetic domain wall movement type magnetic recording element using movement of a magnetic domain wall (for example, Patent Document 2) are gathering attention. These spin elements are connected to and controlled by semiconductor elements such as transistors through a wiring. For example, Patent Document 3 describes that electromigration resistance of a wiring is improved by forming a barrier metal film on the wiring in a semiconductor device.

Spin element and reservoir element including high resistance layer


A hybrid digital electro-optic switch has core and/or cladding areas that contain at least two different materials which undergo a change in their refractive index when an electric field is applied. One of the two different materials used in core regions, for example, has a change in refractive index that is less than the change in refractive index for the other material when the materials are exposed to the same electric field. A hybrid digital electro-optic switch functions by modulating the propagation constants of the eigenmodes of the switch with a voltage-induced refractive-index change, so that the propagation constants of the two materials are equal either in the presence or absence of the electric field. These electro-optic modulations change the evanescent coupling between the waveguides of the waveguide regions of the switch and transfer an optical signal that was input into one of the waveguides to a coupled waveguide. Compared to earlier digital electro-optic switch designs, the new switch has lower switching voltage, smaller device size, a sharper optical signal transfer, and wider manufacturing and use tolerances, and the switch can use a wide array of materials in its construction. The new switch can also be integrated with both the microstrip and coplanar traveling wave electrodes for very high speed photonic switching applications.

Photonic switches play very important roles in advanced technologies such as telecommunications, data communications, computer interconnects, optical computing and optical signal processing. A large variety of optical switches have been developed for these applications, including electro-optic, acoustic-optic, magneto-optic and thermo-optic switches. These devices can switch optical signals from one pathway to another within a few fento-seconds to a few milliseconds depending on the switching mechanisms. Among these varieties, the electro-optic switch remains the most widely researched and used.
An electro-optic switch typically has at least one input waveguide and at least two output waveguides for carrying an optical signal. Waveguides are usually slabs, strips, or cylinders of a dielectric material or materials in "core" regions of the switch, and the waveguides are surrounded by another dielectric material ("cladding" located in cladding regions of the switch) having a lower refractive index than the material used to make its neighboring core. An optical signal enters an electro-optic switch through an inlet waveguide, and the optical signal leaves the switch from one or more output waveguides. In the conventional electro-optic switch, the cores are made of a material that changes refractive index when the material is exposed to an electric field that is created by a voltage applied to electrodes near the material. A desired amount of the power of the optical signal input into the switch is distributed to each of the exit points of the output waveguides by e.g. changing the speed at which the optical signal is transmitted through one or more waveguides within the switch.
There are at least six classifications of electro-optic switches that utilize an electro-optic material within the switch. The first classification is an interferometric-based switch such as the Mach-Zehnder switch formed in crystalline LiNbO.sub.3 and illustrated in FIG. 1A. Typically, two cores are fabricated in the switch by diffusing approximately equal amounts of titanium into the crystal. The two cores are thus made of the same electro-optic material having a refractive index n.sub.1, while the cladding surrounding the cores is made of the electro-optic crystal having a lower refractive index n.sub.2. In an interferometric-based switch, two coupled waveguides 110 and 120 separate along paths 130 and 140 so that they are spaced from each other by a sufficiently large distance that no evanescent coupling occurs between the waveguides. The optical signal splits between the two waveguides, and a portion of the signal travels through each waveguide. The waveguides are made of an electro-optic material, and the speed at which the optical signal travels through the electro-optic material in one waveguide changes in proportion to a change in an applied electric field to that waveguide created by electrodes 150 and 160. Light travels more slowly through the waveguide that has the higher refractive index, and consequently, the phase of the light traveling through that waveguide is shifted from the phase of the light traveling through the other waveguide. The waveguides subsequently approach each other within the switch and travel parallel to one another for a sufficient distance that evanescent coupling occurs between the waveguides before the optical signal is output through exit portions 170 and 180 of these waveguides. When the two light signals are recombined in the evanescently-coupled waveguides of the switch, the two light signals add together and are emitted from the exit portions of the waveguides depending on the magnitude of phase shift between the two light signals. If the phase shift is 0.degree. or 180.degree., a beam of light is emitted from each waveguide, and the beams of light have equal power. If the phase shift is 90.degree., the beam is only transmitted from one of the waveguides, and if the phase shift is 270.degree., the beam is only transmitted from the other waveguide. Other values for phase shift provide two light beams from the waveguides of unequal power. Thus, in the Mach-Zehnder switch, the power of the output signals from each of the waveguides varies as the electric field applied to the electro-optic material varies. FIG. 1A illustrates a typical Mach-Zehnder switch, and FIG. 1B shows how the power of the signal from each waveguide of the switch varies as a function of the voltage used to apply an electric field to the electro-optic material.
A second type of electro-optic switch is the .DELTA..beta. directional coupler illustrated in FIG. 2A. The .DELTA..beta. directional coupler is usually made in an electro-optic crystal such as LiNbO.sub.3 and has two waveguides comprised of cores 210 and 220 made of one electro-optic material and cladding of a second electro-optic material (the crystal). The two waveguides of the coupler are located close enough to each other that the two waveguides evanescently couple. The optical signal is inputted to an input end 230 of one of the waveguides, and the optical signal is outputted from either or both of the first output waveguide 240 (a physical continuation of the input waveguide in this switch) or the second output waveguide 250 to which the first waveguide is evanescently coupled. An applied electric field created by electrodes 260 and 270 changes the speed of light in the two waveguides (i.e. the value of n.sub.1 changes), and consequently, changes the coupling length of the waveguides changes. The power of the output signals from each of the waveguides varies as the electric field applied to the electro-optic material varies. FIG. 2B shows how the power of the signal from each waveguide varies as a function of the length of the coupler varies (L=2.pi./k, the coupling length). It has been noted in the literature that the .DELTA..beta. directional coupler requires a precise length in order to obtain cross-over from the input waveguide to the output waveguide to which the first waveguide is evanescently coupled. As FIG. 2B shows, the power in each waveguide follows a periodic function, and it is necessary to fabricate the switch to precise dimensions to obtain peak power of the optical signal in one of the waveguides.
A third type of electro-optic switch places an electro-optic grating near or over one of the two output waveguides and places a strip of e.g. titanium over one waveguide to suppress power transfer from mode interference between the two waveguides. In this switch, the electro-optic grating is made of an electro-optic material that changes the coupling mode between the waveguides from even to odd in order to transmit the optical signal from an end of one or the other of the output waveguides. The power of the signal from each waveguide as a function of the length of the waveguide generally follows the curve shown in FIG. 2B.
A fourth type of electro-optic switch is the Bragg deflection grating switch. In this switch, the optical signal entering the switch is deflected between one of two waveguides at a "Y" branch by an electro-optic grating at the branching point where the input waveguide splits into the two signal carrier waveguides.
Another type of electro-optic switch is the branching waveguide switch as illustrated in FIG. 3. The branching waveguide switch is a capital-"Y"-shaped switch, where the input waveguide 310 and an expansion region 320 form the base of the "Y" and the output waveguides 330 and 340 form the arms of the "Y" that join with the expansion region at equal angles. When the switch is fabricated in LiNbO.sub.3, the core "Y" structure is made of one uniform electro-optic material, and the surrounding cladding is the LiNbO.sub.3 crystal (which is also an electro-optic material). One electrode 350 is formed over part of the base of the "Y" and one branch of the "Y," and the second electrode 360 is formed on the same face of the switch and over another part of the base of the "Y" and the other branch of the "Y." The input waveguide carries an optical signal that is transmitted through the expansion region and directed into the two output waveguides. When no voltage is applied, each waveguide carries equal power (assuming the switch and electrodes are each perfectly symmetric). When a positive voltage is applied, more of the optical signal is switched into one of the waveguides. When a negative voltage is applied, more of the optical signal is switched into the other of the waveguides.
A sixth type of electro-optic switch is the total internal reflection (TIR) switch, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The TIR switch is an "X" configuration, where two input waveguides 410 and 420 join with two output waveguides 430 and 440 in a common intersection 450. The core region at the intersection of the waveguides is made of an electro-optic material, and two planar electrodes 460 and 470 are formed over the electro-optic material. One of the legs of the "X" carries an input optical signal. In the absence of an applied electric field, the optical signal has nothing to deflect it, and consequently the optical signal passes straight across from one input waveguide (410, for example) of the "X," through the intersection 450, and into the output waveguide opposite the input waveguide (in this example, 440). When a sufficient electric field is established, the refractive index of the electro-optic material increases such that the electro-optic material reflects the optical signal at the intersection instead of permitting it to pass through the intersection. The electro-optic material reflects the optical signal into the adjacent output waveguide of the "X" and thus prevents the optical signal from traveling straight through the intersection.
One switch that typically does not utilize an electro-optic material to switch power to output waveguides is a multimode star coupler or multimode interference coupler illustrated in FIG. 5. In this device, incident light from a single input waveguide 510 or from multiple input waveguides 510-514 is received in a mode-mixing region 520, where multiple light signals are combined or where a single signal is expanded into one broad optical signal. The signal is transmitted into multiple waveguides 531-534 by diffracting the optical signal from the input waveguide and reflecting each portion of the split signal multiple times on the edges of the waveguides until an essentially uniform optical signal is formed which has the width of the mode-mixing region.
Switch designs based on directional couplers such as the .DELTA..beta. reversed directional coupler have been investigated and developed to the extent that they can be integrated in a large array (e.g. 16.times.16 switch fabric). However, this type of switch (as well as the Mach-Zehnder, grating-directional, Bragg deflection, and multimode star coupler switches discussed above) has many drawbacks that are inherent in its design. The switch can only produce an output having a periodic function (rather than a step function) as the electric field controlling the output is changed. The switch is also extremely sensitive to the applied voltage. Consequently, each evanescent coupler will shift the optical signal from one waveguide to another at slightly different applied voltages because of minor production or operational variations in each waveguide, and consequently a switch produced today will switch optical signals from one waveguide to the next at a slightly different voltage from a switch that is produced a month from today.
A digital electro-optic switch was proposed by Silberberg et al. and constructed (Y. Silberberg, P. Perlmutter, & J. E. Baran, "Digital Optical Switch," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 51, No. 16, pp. 1230-32 (Oct. 19, 1987)). This switch provides low sensitivity to deviations in manufacture and operation of the switch for both switching states, but this switch requires long device lengths and high switching voltages. In order to overcome these shortfalls, a new type of hybrid digital electro-optic switch has been developed.


A method for producing a semiconductor light emitting element includes a wafer preparation step, a first irradiation step, a second irradiation step, and a wafer division step. The wafer includes a semiconductor structure on a first main surface of a substrate. In the first irradiation step, a first light-condensing position in the thickness direction of the substrate is irradiated with a first laser beam from a second main surface of the substrate to form an altered area. The second main surface is opposite to the first main surface. In the second irradiation step, a second light-condensing position is irradiated with a second laser beam. The second light-condensing position is located at a position in the altered area different from the first light-condensing position. In the wafer division step, the wafer is divided into individual light emitting elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a method for producing a semiconductor light emitting element, and more particularly to a method for producing a semiconductor light emitting element by dividing a wafer into chips by irradiating the inside of the wafer with laser beam.
2. Description of the Related Art
Semiconductor light emitting elements can be small and highly effective in power consumption, and can emit vivid color light. In addition, in the case of light emitting elements of semiconductor elements, there are no concerns about bulb burnout and the like. In addition, semiconductor light emitting elements have features such as excellent initial driving characteristics, resistance to vibration or ON/OFF repeats. Since semiconductor light emitting elements have these excellent features, semiconductor light emitting elements such as light emitting diode (hereinafter, occasionally referred to as "LED") and laser diode (hereinafter, occasionally referred to as "LD") have been used as various types of light sources. In particular, in recent years, light emitting diodes receive attention as light source for lighting replacement of fluorescent lamps, in other words, as next-generation lighting having long life and low power consumption. From this viewpoint, further improvement is required in light output and light emission efficiency.
Such a semiconductor light emitting element is produced by dividing a sapphire substrate with semiconductor layers into chips after the semiconductor layers are epitaxially grown on the sapphire substrate. In the known techniques, the wafer of the substrate and the semiconductor layers, which are stacked on the substrate, is divided into chips by a dicer, a scriber, a laser scriber, or the like. In the case where nitride semiconductors are used for the semiconductor layers, sapphire substrates are typically used as the growth substrate.
Methods for dividing a wafer including a sapphire substrate have been proposed which irradiate the wafer with laser beam from the back surface side of the sapphire substrate using a femtosecond pulse laser so that altered areas are produced inside the sapphire substrate whereby producing division grooves or cracks from extending from the altered areas. See Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication Nos. JP 2006-245,043 A, and 2008-98,465 A, for example.
However, it is relatively difficult to extend cracks in some substrates, and requires waiting time from the irradiation of laser beam to the extension of cracks. If the waiting time is long, the cycle time for producing the semiconductor light emitting element becomes long. As a result, the production efficiency becomes low.
The present invention is devised in light of the disadvantageous features as described above. It is one object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a semiconductor light emitting element capable of facilitating extension of cracks.

Method for producing semiconductor light emitting element


This invention features conjugates, compositions, methods of synthesis, and applications thereof, including folate derived conjugates of nucleosides, nucleotides, non-nucleosides, and nucleic acids including enzymatic nucleic acids and antisense nucleic acid molecules.

The present invention relates to conjugates, compositions, methods of synthesis, and applications thereof. The discussion is provided only for understanding of the invention that follows. This summary is not an admission that any of the work described below is prior art to the claimed invention.
The cellular delivery of various therapeutic compounds, such as antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents, is usually compromised by two limitations. First the selectivity of chemotherapeutic agents is often low, resulting in high toxicity to normal tissues. Secondly, the trafficking of many compounds into living cells is highly restricted by the complex membrane systems of the cell. Specific transporters allow the selective entry of nutrients or regulatory molecules, while excluding most exogenous molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. Various strategies can be used to improve transport of compounds into cells, including the use of lipid carriers and various conjugate systems. Conjugates are often selected based on the ability of certain molecules to be selectively transported into specific cells, for example via receptor mediated endocytosis. By attaching a compound of interest to molecules that are actively transported across the cellular membranes, the effective transfer of that compound into cells or specific cellular organelles can be realized. Alternately, molecules that are able to penetrate cellular membranes without active transport mechanisms, for example, various lipophilic molecules, can be used to deliver compounds of interest. Examples of molecules that can be utilized as conjugates include but are not limited to peptides, hormones, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, sugars, reporter molecules, reporter enzymes, chelators, porphyrins, intercalcators, and other molecules that are capable of penetrating cellular membranes, either by active transport or passive transport.
The delivery of compounds to specific cell types, for example, cancer cells, can be accomplished by utilizing receptors associated with specific cell types. Particular receptors are overexpressed in certain cancerous cells, including the high affinity folic acid receptor. For example, the high affinity folate receptor is a tumor marker that is overexpressed in a variety of neoplastic tissues, including breast, ovarian, cervical, colorectal, renal, and nasoparyngeal tumors, but is expressed to a very limited extent in normal tissues. The use of folic acid based conjugates to transport exogenous compounds across cell membranes can provide a targeted delivery approach to the treatment and diagnosis of disease and can provide a reduction in the required dose of therapeutic compounds. Furthermore, therapeutic bioavialability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetic parameters can be modulated through the use of bioconjugates, including folate bioconjugates. Godwin et al., 1972, J. Biol. Chem., 247, 2266–2271, report the synthesis of biologically active pteroyloligo-L-glutamates. Habus et al., 1998, Bioconjugate Chem., 9, 283–291, describe a method for the solid phase synthesis of certain oligonucleotide-folate conjugates. Cook, U.S. Pat. No. 6,721,208, describes certain oligonucleotides modified with specific conjugate groups. The use of biotin and folate conjugates to enhance transmembrane transport of exogenous molecules, including specific oligonucleotides has been reported by Low et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,416,016, 5,108,921, and International PCT publication No. WO 90/12096. Manoharan et al., International PCT publication No. WO 99/66063 describe certain folate conjugates, including specific nucleic acid folate conjugates with a phosphoramidite moiety attached to the nucleic acid component of the conjugate, and methods for the synthesis of these folate conjugates. Nomura et al., 2000, J. Org. Chem., 65, 5016–5021, describe the synthesis of an intermediate, alpha-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonl]folic acid, useful in the synthesis of ceratin types of folate-nucleoside conjugates. Guzaev et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,434, describes the synthesis of certain folate oligonucleotide conjugates.

Conjugates and compositions for cellular delivery


A chip sandwich includes a heat sink, a retention module, a computer chip mounted in a socket on a mother board, a wave washer spring and a mounting plate. The heat sink is mounted on the retention module using cams, hooks and heat sink tabs to provide an initial orientation of the heat sink over the computer chip. To provide final contact pressure between the heat sink and the computer chip, a wave washer spring oriented beneath the computer chip and under the mother board provides an upward pressure against the bottom of the mother board, and particularly against the center of the computer chip. Thus, by the wave washer spring pushing against the center of the computer chip, secure contact pressure is provided between the heat sink and the computer chip, while minimizing the amount of pressure between the computer chip's pins and the chip socket.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to the field of electronics, and in particular to electronic chips that generate extraneous heat during normal operation. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system for conducting heat away from an integrated circuit, which still more particularly may be a microprocessor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a typical personal computer (PC), the main heat-generating component among the logic circuits is the processor, also referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) or microprocessor (MP). As illustrated in FIG. 1, a processor 102 is mounted in a socket 104, which is mounted on a (printed) circuit board 106 by mating pins 108 from the processor 102 into the socket 104. As processors continue to grow in performance, so does the heat generated by the processors. To remove heat from processor 102, a heat sink (HS) 110, having a HS base 112 and a plurality of fins 114, is secured to processor 102 by a strap 116. Heat is conducted from the processor 102 to the HS base 112 and the fins 114, which dissipate heat by conduction and convection to ambient air surrounding fins 114. To provide thermal conduction between the processor 102 and the HS base 112, thermal grease 118, typically a thermally conductive silicon or filled hydrocarbon grease doped with fillings such as metals, is used.
A major problem with the heat sink mounting scheme shown in FIG. 1 is that strap 116 places a high force on pins 108 against socket 104. Even if strap 116 is replaced by a rigid frame, force is still being unduly applied to pins 108 by the weight of HS 110, resulting in unwanted fragility loads.
What is needed therefore is a device that provides a firm mating between the top of processor 102 and the bottom of HS base 112, without inducing a fragility load on the pins 108.


An image forming apparatus includes: an image reading unit reading an image on a document at a predetermined image reading speed and generating image data; a memory including a first area temporarily storing the image data and a second area storing the image data read from the first area and subjected to processing; an image forming unit forming an image on a recording material based on the image data stored in the memory; a reducing unit that, in a case where an amount of the image data stored in the second area exceeds a predetermined amount, reduces an amount of the image data generated per unit time by the image reading unit; and an allocation unit that, in the case where the amount of the image data stored in the second area exceeds the predetermined amount, allocates a partial area contained in the first area to the second area.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus, a controlling device and a non-transitory computer readable medium.
2. Related Art
In image forming apparatuses or image readers, various measures are suggested against the case where no storage space is available in a memory in image reading process.

Image forming apparatus, controlling device and non-transitory computer readable medium for providing an available storage space


A wave guide that can be deformed into a required shape and fixed in that shape by polymerization of the material. The wave guide substrate comprises a flexible monomer or oligomer material that is polymerized to form a rigid polymer and fix the shape of the wave guide. Light sources, such as LED's, and/or photo voltaic cells may be embedded within the substrate of the wave guide so that the wave guide is a luminaire or solar concentrator, respectively.

Light emitted by LED's is often coupled into thin light guides that carry and distribute light along a path to a light emitting surface. One or more LED's may be embedded into a light guide to form a luminaire or, the LED's may be separate from the light guide but positioned so that the light emitted from the LED is coupled into it.
It is desirable to provide light guides in a variety of shapes that can be fixed around objects such as pillars or furniture to create different lighting effects and aesthetic lighting designs. It is therefore common to use a transparent thermoplastic, such as poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). The material is heated beyond its glass transition temperature allowing the shape of the wave guide to be altered by forming the material into the desired shape. Typically, the material is formed over a heated mould and then allowed to cool and set into the required shape. However, this is a difficult and time consuming process.
The present invention seeks to provide a wave guide that can be more easily formed into a desired shape.


An UML model can be visually rendered upon a canvas of a graphical user interface of a software modeling application. The UML model can include at least one stereotype that extends an UML modeling element. A stereotype application can include values of attributes that are part of the stereotype that is applied on the UML modeling element. The visual rendering can include a stereotype application object which is able to be edited. Editing of the stereotype application object can result in changes to values of attributes of the stereotype application.

The present invention relates to the field of software engineering and, more particularly, to visualization of stereotype element instances within a unified modeling language model.
Stereotypes are one of three extensibility mechanisms in Unified Modeling Language (UML). They allow designers to extend the vocabulary of UML in order to create new model elements, derived from existing ones, but that have specific properties that are suitable for a particular problem domain or otherwise specialized usage.
Graphically, a stereotype is conventionally rendered within a CASE modeling tool as a name enclosed by guillemets (i.e., between <<and >>) and placed above the name of another element. If more than one stereotype is applied to a modeling element, they are delimited by commas within the guillemets.
This convention results in a number of problems when using modeling tools. For example, since stereotype applications are tied to a name of an element, they cannot be individually selected by a user of a conventional modeling tool. Thus, a modeler is unable to select an individual stereotype within a graphical modeling application (e.g., a CASE tool) and invoke a mechanism to change the value of attributes associated with the selected stereotype. In another example, it is non-intuitive and awkward to force a user to select a modeling element within a modeling application in order to modify values of attributes that are part of the stereotype application, which is a current technique utilized by UML modeling tools. The awkwardness results because the stereotype attributes being modified are not directly related to the selected element.

Visualization of stereotype element instances within a unified modeling language model


A process for transalkylating a polyalkylated aromatic compound with a non-alkylated aromatic compound using a new family of related crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites has been developed. These zeolites are represented by the empirical formula:

This invention relates to an alkylation process using a family of related crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites, examples of which have been designated UZM-5, UZM-5P and UZM-6. These zeolites are structurally different from other zeolites.
Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicate compositions which are microporous and which have a three dimensional oxide framework formed from corner sharing AlO2 and SiO2 tetrahedra. Numerous zeolites, both naturally occurring and synthetically prepared are used in various industrial processes. One such process is the alkylation of aromatics with olefins and especially the alkylation of benzene with ethylene or propylene. The reaction between benzene and propylene produces mostly cumene. Cumene is an important industrial compound because it is a source of phenol, acetone, which are obtained by the oxidation of Cumene and subsequent acid-catalyzed decomposition of the intermediate hydroperoxide. Acid catalysts are used to catalyze this reaction with the most common catalysts being zeolites and particularly zeolite beta.
Applicants have synthesized a new family of crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites which have good activity for the alkylation of aromatics. These crystalline zeolitic compositions have a unique x-ray diffraction pattern and have an empirical formula on an anhydrous basis in terms of molar ratios of
Mmn+Rrp+Al(1xe2x88x92x)ExSiyOz
where M is at least one exchangeable cation selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metals, xe2x80x9cmxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of M to (Al+E) and varies from about 0 to about 1.2, R is a nitrogen-containing organic cation selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium ions, protonated amines, protonated diamines, protonated alkanolamines, quaternary alkanolammonium ions and diquaternary ammonium ions, and mixtures thereof, xe2x80x9crxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of R to (Al+E) and has a value of about 0.25 to about 3.0, E is an element selected from the group consisting of Ga, Fe, Cr, In and B, xe2x80x9cxxe2x80x9d is the mole fraction of E and varies from 0 to about 0.5, xe2x80x9cnxe2x80x9d is the weighted average valence of M and has a value of +1 to about +2, xe2x80x9cpxe2x80x9d is the weighted average valence of R and has a value of +1 to about +2, xe2x80x9cyxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of Si to (Al+E) and varies from about 5 to about 12 and xe2x80x9czxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of O to (Al+E) and has a value determined by the equation:
z=(mxc2x7n+rxc2x7p+3+4xc2x7y)/2.
Specific members of this family of zeolites are UZM-5, UZM-5P and UZM-6.
This invention relates to a process for the alkylation of aromatic compounds using a new family of zeolites. Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention is a process for transalkylating an aromatic compound comprising reacting under transalkylation conditions a polyalkylated aromatic compound with a nonalkylated aromatic compound, wherein at least one alkyl group is transferred from the polyalkylated aromatic compound to the nonalkylated aromatic compound in the presence of a microporous crystalline zeolite having a composition in the as synthesized form on an anhydrous basis in terms of mole ratios of the elements of:
Mmn+Rrp+Al(1xe2x88x92x)ExSiyOz
where M is at least one exchangeable cation selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metals, xe2x80x9cmxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of M to (Al+E) and varies from about 0 to about 1.2, R is a nitrogen-containing organic cation selected from the group consisting of protonated amines, protonated diamines, protonated alkanolamines, quaternary ammonium ions, diquaternaryammonium ions, quaternized alkanolamines and mixtures thereof, xe2x80x9crxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of R to (Al+E) and has a value of about 0.25 to about 3.0, E is an element selected from the group consisting of Ga, Fe, In and Cr and B, xe2x80x9cxxe2x80x9d is the mole fraction of E and varies from 0 to 0.5, xe2x80x9cnxe2x80x9d is the weighted average valence of M and has a value of about +1 to about +2, xe2x80x9cpxe2x80x9d is the weighted average valence of R and has a value of +1 to about +2, xe2x80x9cyxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of Si to (Al+E) and varies from about 5 to about 12 and xe2x80x9czxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of O to (Al+E) and has a value determined by the equation:
z=(mxc2x7n+rxc2x7p+3+4y)/2
The zeolite characterized in that it has at least two x-ray diffraction peaks, one at a d-spacing of 3.9xc2x10.12 xc3x85 and one at 8.6xc2x10.2 xc3x85.
In a particular embodiment, the zeolite catalyst has been designated UZM-5 and has the x-ray diffraction pattern having at least the d-spacings and intensities set forth in Table A:
One specific embodiment involves the alkylation of benzene with propylene to give cumene.
Another embodiment of the invention is a transalkylation process comprising reacting under transalkylation reaction conditions a polyalkylated aromatic compound with a nonalkylated aromatic compound in the presence of the zeolites described above, wherein at least one alkyl group is transferred from the polyalkylated aromatic compound to the nonalkylated aromatic compound.
These and other objects and embodiments will become more apparent after the following detailed description of the invention.
An essential feature of applicants"" process is a new family of zeolites. In its as-synthesized form this family of zeolites has a composition on an anhydrous basis that is represented by the formula:
Mmn+Rrp+Al(1xe2x88x92x)ExSiyOz
where M is an exchangeable cation and is selected from the group consisting of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Specific examples of the M cations include but are not limited to lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, barium and mixtures thereof. The value of xe2x80x9cmxe2x80x9d which is the mole ratio of M to (Al+E) varies from 0 to 1.2. R is a nitrogen containing organic cation and is selected from the group consisting of pronated amines, protonated diamines, protonated alkanolamines, quaternary ammonium ions, diquaternary ammonium ions, quaternized alkanolammonium ions and mixtures thereof. The value of xe2x80x9crxe2x80x9d which is the mole ratio of R to (Al+E) varies from about 0.25 to about 3.0. The value of xe2x80x9cnxe2x80x9d which is the weighted average valence of M varies from +1 to about +2. The value of xe2x80x9cpxe2x80x9d, which is the average weighted valence of the organic cation has a value from about +1 to about +2. E is an element which is present in the framework and is selected from the group consisting of gallium, iron, chromium, indium, boron and mixtures thereof. The value of xe2x80x9cxxe2x80x9d which is the mole fraction of E varies from 0 to about 0.5. The ratio of silicon to (Al+E) is represented by xe2x80x9cyxe2x80x9d which varies from about 5 to about 12, while the mole ratio of O to (Al+E) is represented by xe2x80x9czxe2x80x9d andxe2x80x3 has a value given by the equation:
z=(mxc2x7n+rxc2x7p+3+4xc2x7y)/2.
When M is only one metal, then the weighted average valence is the valence of that one metal, i.e. +1 or +2. However, when more than one M metal is present, the total amount of:
xe2x80x83Mmn+=Mm1(n1)++Mm2(n2)++Mm3(n3)++
and the weighted average valence xe2x80x9cnxe2x80x9d is given by the equation.   n  =                                          m            1                    ·                      n            1                          +                              m            2                    ·                      n            2                          +                              m            3                    ·                      n            3                          +        ⋯                              m          1                +                  m          2                +                              m            3                                          xe2x80x83                              ⋯                      .
Similarly when only one R organic cation is present, the weighted average valence is the valence of the single R cation, i.e., +1 or +2. When more than one R cation is present, the total amount of R is given by the equation:
Rrp+=Rr1(p1)++Rr2(p2)++Rr3(p3)+
and the weighted average valence xe2x80x9cpxe2x80x9d is given by the equation:
  p  =                                          p            1                    ·                      r            1                          +                              p            2                    ·                      r            2                          +                              p            3                    ·                      r            3                          +        ⋯                              r          1                +                  r          2                +                  r          3                +        ⋯              .
The zeolitic compositions are prepared by a hydrothermal crystallization of a reaction mixture prepared by combining reactive sources of R, aluminum, silicon and optionally E and/or M in aqueous media. Accordingly, the aluminum sources include, but are not limited to, aluminum alkoxides, precipitated alumina, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum salt and aluminum metal. Specific examples of aluminum alkoxides include, but are not limited to aluminum ortho sec-butoxide, and aluminum orthoisopropoxide. Sources of silica include but are not limited to tetraethylorthosilicate, fumed silicas, precipitated silicas and colloidal silica. Sources of the M metals include the halide salts, nitrate salts, acetate salts, and hydroxides of the respective alkali or alkaline earth metals. Sources of the E elements include but are not limited to alkali borates, boric acid, precipitated gallium oxyhydroxide, gallium sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, chromium chloride, chromium nitrate, indium chloride and indium nitrate. When R is a quaternary ammonium cation, the sources include the hydroxide, and halide compounds. Specific examples include without limitation tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, hexamethonium bromide, tetramethylammonium chloride, methyltriethylammonium hydroxide. R may also be neutral amines, diamines, and alkanolamines. Specific examples are triethanolamine, triethylamine, and N,N,Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2 tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine.
The reaction mixture containing reactive sources of the desired components can be described in terms of molar ratios of the oxides by the formula:
aM2/nO:bR2/pO:(1xe2x88x92c)Al2O3:cE2O3:dSiO2:eH2O
Where xe2x80x9caxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of the oxide of M and has a value of 0 to about 2, xe2x80x9cbxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of the oxide of R and has a value of about 1.5 to about 30, xe2x80x9cdxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of silica and has a value of about 5 to about 30, xe2x80x9ccxe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of the oxide of E and has a value of 0 to about 0.5, and xe2x80x9cexe2x80x9d is the mole ratio of water and has a value of about 30 to about 6000. The reaction mixture is now reacted at reaction conditions including a temperature of about 100xc2x0 C. to about 175xc2x0 C. and preferably from about 140xc2x0 C. to about 160xc2x0 C. for a period of about 12 hours to about 14 days and preferably for a time of about 2 days to about 5 days in a sealed reaction vessel under autogenous pressure. After crystallization is complete, the solid product is isolated from the heterogeneous mixture by means such as filtration or centrifugation, and then washed with de-ionized water and dried in air at ambient temperature up to about 100xc2x0 C.
As synthesized, the zeolites will contain some of the exchangeable or charge balancing cations in its pores. These exchangeable cations can be exchanged for other cations, or in the case of organic cations, they can be removed by heating under controlled conditions. All of these methods are well known in the art.
The crystalline zeolites are characterized by a three-dimensional framework structure of at least SiO2 and AlO2 tetrahedral units. These zeolites are further characterized by their unique x-ray diffraction pattern. The x-ray diffraction pattern has at least two peaks: one peak at a d-spacing of about 3.9xc2x10.12 xc3x85 and one peak at a d-spacing of about 8.6xc2x10.20 xc3x85. To allow for ready reference, the different structure types and compositions of crystalline zeolites have been given arbitrary designation of UZM-h, where xe2x80x9chxe2x80x9d is an integer starting at one and where for example xe2x80x9c1xe2x80x9d represents a framework of structure type xe2x80x9c1xe2x80x9d. That is one or more zeolitic composition with different empirical formulas can have the same structure type xe2x80x9chxe2x80x9d, e.g. xe2x80x9c1xe2x80x9d.
In this respect, the following species can be identified by their x-ray diffraction patterns which have at least the d-spacing and relative intensities set forth in Tables A to C.
The zeolite preferably is mixed with a binder for convenient formation of catalyst particles in a proportion of about 5 to 100 mass % zeolite and 0 to 95 mass-% binder, with the zeolite preferably comprising from about 10 to 90 mass-% of the composite. The binder should preferably be porous, have a surface area of about 5 to about 800 m2/g, and be relatively refractory to the conditions utilized in the hydrocarbon conversion process. Non-limiting examples of binders are aluminas, titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, magnesia, boria, silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, chromia-alumina, alumina-boria, silica-zirconia, etc.; silica, silica gel, and clays. Preferred binders are amorphous silica and alumina, including gamma-, eta-, and theta-alumina, with gamma- and eta-alumina being especially preferred.
The zeolite with or without a binder can be formed into various shapes such as pills, pellets, extrudates, spheres, etc. Preferred shapes are extrudates and spheres. Extrudates are prepared by conventional means which involves mixing of zeolite either before or after adding metallic components, with the binder and a suitable peptizing agent to form a homogeneous dough or thick paste having the correct moisture content to allow for the formation of extrudates with acceptable integrity to withstand direct calcination. The dough then is extruded through a die to give the shaped extrudate. A multitude of different extrudate shapes are possible, including, but not limited to, cylinders, cloverleaf, dumbbell and symmetrical and asymmetrical polylobates. It is also within the scope of this invention that the extrudates may be further shaped to any desired form, such as spheres, by any means known to the art.
Spheres can be prepared by the well known oil-drop method which is described in U.S. Pat. No 2,620,314 which is incorporated by reference. The method involves dropping a mixture of zeolite, and for example, alumina sol, and gelling agent into an oil bath maintained at elevated temperatures. The droplets of the mixture remain in the oil bath until they set and form hydrogel spheres. The spheres are then continuously withdrawn from the oil bath and typically subjected to specific aging treatments in oil and an ammoniacal solution to further improve their physical characteristics. The resulting aged and gelled particles are then washed and dried at a relatively low temperature of about 50-200xc2x0 C. and subjected to a calcination procedure at a temperature of about 450-700xc2x0 C. for a period of about 1 to about 20 hours. This treatment effects conversion of the hydrogel to the corresponding alumina matrix.
The alkylation and preferably the monoalkylation of aromatic compounds involves reacting an aromatic compound with an olefin using the above described zeoltic catalyst. The olefins which can be used in the instant process are any of those which contain from 2 up to about 20 carbon atoms. These olefins may be branched or linear olefins and either terminal or internal olefins. Preferred olefins are ethylene, propylene and those olefins which are known as detergent range olefins. Detergent range olefins are linear olefins containing from 6 up through about 20 carbon atoms which have either internal or terminal double bonds. Linear olefins containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms are preferred and those containing from 10 up to about 14 carbon atoms are especially preferred.
The alkylatable aromatic compounds may be selected from the group consisting of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and substituted derivatives thereof, with benzene and its derivatives being the most preferred aromatic compound. By alkylatable is meant that the aromatic compound can be alkylated by an olefinic compound. The alkylatable aromatic compounds may have one or more of the substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups (having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms), hydroxyl groups, and alkoxy groups whose alkyl group also contains from 1 up to 20 carbon atoms. Where the substituent is an alkyl or alkoxy group, a phenyl group can also can be substituted on the alkyl chain. Although unsubstituted and monosubstituted benzenes, naphthalenes, anthracenes, and phenanthrenes are most often used in the practice of this invention, polysubstituted aromatics also may be employed. Examples of suitable alkylatable aromatic compounds in addition to those cited above include biphenyl, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, butylbenzene, pentylbenzene, hexylbenzene, heptylbenzene, octylbenzene, etc.; phenol, cresol, anisole, ethoxy-, propoxy-, butoxy-, pentoxy-, hexoxybenzene, etc.
The particular conditions under which the monoalkylation reaction is conducted depends upon the aromatic compound and the olefin used. One necessary condition is that the reaction be conducted under at least partial liquid phase conditions. Therefore, the reaction pressure is adjusted to maintain the olefin at least partially dissolved in the liquid phase. For higher olefins the reaction may be conducted at autogenous pressure. As a practical matter the pressure normally is in the range between about 200 and about 1,000 psig (1379-6985 kPa) but usually is in a range between about 300-600 psig (2069-4137 kPa). The alkylation of the alkylatable aromatic compounds with the olefins in the C2-C20 range can be carried out at a temperature of about 60xc2x0 C. to about 400xc2x0 C., and preferably from about 90xc2x0 C. to about 250xc2x0 C., for a time sufficient to form the desired product. In a continuous process this time can vary considerably, but is usually from about 0.1 to about 3 hrxe2x88x921 weight hourly space velocity with respect to the olefin. In particular, the alkylation of benzene with ethylene can be carried out at temperatures of about 200xc2x0 C. to about 250xc2x0 C. and the alkylation of benzene by propylene at a temperature of about 90xc2x0 C. to about 200xc2x0 C. The ratio of alkylatable aromatic compound to olefin used in the instant process will depend upon the degree of selective monoalkylation desired as well as the relative costs of the aromatic and olefinic components of the reaction mixture. For alkylation of benzene by propylene, benzene-to-olefin ratios may be as low as about 1 and as high as about 10, with a ratio of 2.5-8 being preferred. Where benzene is alkylated with ethylene a benzene-to-olefin ratio between about 1:1 and 8:1 is preferred. For detergent range olefins of C6-C20, a benzene-to-olefin ratio of between 5:1 up to as high as 30:1 is generally sufficient to ensure the desired monoalkylation selectivity, with a range between about 8:1 and about 20:1 even more preferred.
The zeolites of this invention can also be used to catalyze transalkylation. By xe2x80x9ctransalkylationxe2x80x9d is meant that process where an alkyl group on one aromatic nucleus is intermolecularly transferred to a second aromatic nucleus. A preferred transalkylation process is one where one or more alkyl groups of a polyalkylated aromatic compound is transferred to a nonalkylated aromatic compound, and is exemplified by reaction of diisopropylbenzene with benzene to give two molecules of cumene. Thus, transalkylation often is utilized to add to the selectivity of a desired selective monoalkylation by reacting the polyalkylates invariably formed during alkylation with nonalkylated aromatic to form additional monoalkylated products. For the purposes of this process, the polyalkylated aromatic compounds are those formed in the alkylation of alkylatable aromatic compounds with olefins as described above, and the nonalkylated aromatic compounds are benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. The reaction conditions for transalkylation are similar to those for alkylation, with temperatures being in the range of about 100 to about 250xc2x0 C., pressures in the range of 100 to about 750 psig, and the molar ratio of unalkylated aromatic to polyalkylated aromatic in the range from about 1 to about 10. Examples of polyalkylated aromatics which may be reacted with, e.g., benzene as the nonalkylated aromatic include diethylbenzene, diisopropylbenzene, dibutylbenzene, triethylbenzene, triisopropylbenzene etc.
In order to more fully illustrate the invention, the following examples are set forth. It is to be understood that the examples are only by way of illustration and are not intended as an undue limitation on the broad scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Aromatic alkylation process using UZM-5 and UZM-6 aluminosilicates

Abstract: where M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal such as lithium and strontium, R is a nitrogen containing organic cation such as tetramethyl-ammonium and E is a framework element such as gallium.