The soft magnetic thin film has high saturation magnetic flux density and good soft magnetic characteristics. The soft magnetic thin film of the present invention is formed by electrolytic plating. The plated film is made of FeCo, whose composition is indicated as FexCo1-x (60≦x≦75 wt %), the FeCo film has a bcc crystal structure, and the crystal of the FeCo film is oriented to a crystal face of (110).

The present invention relates to a soft magnetic thin film and a magnetic recording head using the same.
In a magnetic recording head for a hard disk, an upper magnetic pole has thickness of 3-4 μm and a step-shaped part so as to generate enough magnetic fluxes at a front end. Therefore, the upper magnetic pole is formed by a plating method, which has high deposition efficiency and which is good for selective film formation.
To improve recording density, a material having high saturation magnetic flux density (Bs) is required for a material of magnetic poles of the recording head.
A process of producing a plated film made of a FeCo alloy having high Bs and its characteristics are disclosed in Japanese Patent Gazette No. 2002-280217 (Doc. 1).
In Japanese Patent Gazette No. 2004-127479A (Doc. 2), a base layer made of Ru is used so as to improve soft magnetic characteristics of a FeCoNi alloy.
Further, in Japanese Patent Gazette No. 2005-86012 (Doc. 3), intensity ratio of bcc (211) and bcc (110) is controlled so as to improve soft magnetic characteristics of a FeCo alloy film having Bs>2.3 T (T: tesla).
The Bs of the plated film of Doc. 1 is greater than that of conventional ones, but magnetostriction is great. Therefore, it is difficult to improve soft magnetic characteristics, and a coercive force is great. If the coercive force is great, high frequency response is made worse. Thus, the coercive force must be minimized.
In Doc. 2, the FeCoNi alloy includes Ni, so the Bs of the plated film is reduced to less than 2.3 T. Therefore, a soft-magnetized FeCo alloy having the Bs of 2.3 T or more is required.
In Doc. 3, the Bs is 2.3 T or more, but a NiFe material is required as a base layer. Further, it is difficult to control crystal orientation due to narrow margins.

Soft magnetic thin film and magnetic recording head


A method for reducing electromagnetic radiation between devices in electrical communication, including processing signals within a first device in a manner tending to reduce EMR, and electromagnetically isolating the processed signals prior to communicating the signals to a subsequent device.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is emitted by every operating electric and/or electronic device. The power of EMR emission varies depending on the size and electrical strength of the device and the electrical current it carries or employs. In addition, unwanted currents on input and output cables to and from an electronic device may cause the cables themselves to become sources of undesirable EMR. EMR is problematic since it may interfere with components of electronic devices located in the vicinity of the source of EMR, causing electromagnetic interference (EMI). It is known that electronic components or products and devices in the vicinity of EMR sources may malfunction if subjected to certain levels of EMI. EMI generated and received by electronic devices must be attenuated not only to keep the devices functioning properly but also to bring the devices into compliance with applicable governmental regulations. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) promulgates regulations to limit the amount of radiation emitted from electronic equipment, and to provide for routine testing of manufactured products to ensure compliance. Similar administrative bodies perform the same function in Canada, Europe and other parts of the world.
One known solution used to contain or reduce unwanted EMR from products containing electronic devices is through the use of shielded cables. Unfortunately, shielded cables are expensive compared to unshielded cables. Shielded cables also contain a larger form factor, thus occupying much more space within a product enclosure. In addition, the integrity of shielded cables can be more easily compromised as the cables are flexed or moved because they are not as flexible as unshielded cables and the use of unshielded cables facilitates ease in manufacturing.
Another solution to contain or reduce unwanted EMR from products containing electronic devices is to place the equipment in encompassing metal enclosures. The encompassing conductive enclosure forms a Faraday shield which reduces radiated power by forcing the electric field component of an electromagnetic wave to be nearly zero at the surface of the conductor, thereby blocking wave propagation. Unfortunately, emissions through necessary openings in the enclosures for outputting signals, lessens the effectiveness of the enclosures. Additionally, the resulting package is bulky and relatively expensive.

Method and apparatus for reducing electromagnetic radiation


A tool is provided for notching an end of a pipe. A punch is provided with a first cutting edge opposite a second cutting edge. The punch is coupled to a punch holder which is configured to move vertically relative to a collar supported upon a base. A pipe support provides a preferred form of die to hold the pipe adjacent the punch. The pipe support includes a first edge, second edge, third edge and fourth edge which can be selectively presented for supporting the end of the pipe adjacent the punch. The first cutting edge and second cutting edge of the punch can be selectively provided for cutting the notch in the pipe. The punch and pipe support are preferably both re-orientable to select various different edges for supporting and cutting the pipe.

Pipes often require notches at ends thereof so that the pipes can be shaped to attach in a desired manner to adjacent structures. For instance, when the end of one pipe is to be welded to a midpoint of a second pipe, the end of one of the pipes is preferably notched in a semi-circular fashion with a radius of the notch similar to a radius of the second pipe to which the notched pipe end is to be attached. The notched end of the pipe is then ready for a welding procedure or other attachment procedure to connect the notched end of the pipe to the midpoint of the second pipe.
Tools exist in the prior art specifically designed to cut notches of various different shapes and sizes into the ends of pipes. For instance, the Vogel Tool and Die Corporation of West Chicago, Illinois provides various different notchers specifically to notch ends of pipe under the trademark "Arc-Fit."
Such prior art pipe notcher tools are effective in providing the desired notch into the end of a pipe. However, they suffer from numerous drawbacks. Specifically, prior art notchers include a punch which has a single cutting edge that does all of the pipe cutting. The life of this cutting edge is limited due to the high stresses associated with operation of the tool. Particularly when the tool is misused, damage to the cutting edge can occur, making the tool unfit for use until the punch is repaired or replaced. Even with proper use the cutting edge wears out over time, until repair or replacement is required.
Similarly, the prior art notchers include a die supporting the end of the pipe to be notched. This die includes an edge which can be damaged by misuse and which experiences significant stress, even during proper use. Over time this edge wears, becoming less effective in supporting the pipe during cutting with the punch. As with the cutting edge of the punch, once the edge of the die loses its desired contour, it must be either repaired or replaced.
Also, prior art notcher tools include a large punch which passes entirely through a holder. With such a large punch structure, a significant amount of material is lost when the punch is damaged beyond repair. Accordingly, a need exists for a pipe notcher which can achieve longer life from the various elements of the notcher tool, and particularly the punch and die, and which can continue to operate, even if the punch or die experience damage to cutting edges thereof.


A new and distinct cultivar of Azalea plant named ‘Lazamorink’, characterized by its semi-double type, deep pink-colored flowers, dark green-colored foliage, moderately vigorous, compact, upright-mounded growth habit and strong multi-seasonal reblooming, is disclosed.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Azalea plant botanically known as Rhododendron hybrid and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name 'Lazamorink'.
The new cultivar originated in a controlled breeding program in Independence, La. during the spring of 1997. The objective of the breeding program was the development of Azalea cultivars with attractive flower color with multi-seasonal blooming and that perform well in the garden.
The new Azalea cultivar is the result of open-pollination. The female (seed) parent of the new cultivar is Autumn Rouge 'Conlea', U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,438, characterized by its semi-double type, dark pink-colored flowers, dark green-colored foliage, and vigorous, semi-upright growth habit. The male (pollen) parent of the new cultivar is unknown however the female was outdoors and in close proximity to numerous proprietary hybrids that had cold hardiness, compact growth habit, and multi-seasonal blooming traits. The new cultivar was discovered and selected as a single flowering plant within the progeny of the above stated open-pollination during the fall of 2002 in a controlled environment in Independence, La.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar by terminal stem cuttings since the fall of 2002 in Independence, La. and later in Loxley, Ala. and Irvington, Ala. has demonstrated that the new cultivar reproduces true to type with all of the characteristics, as herein described, firmly fixed and retained through successive generations of such asexual propagation.


A resin for bonding polyarylene sulfides is disclosed, comprising a copolymer wherein a main constituent element of the repeating unit of the copolymer is --A--Z--R--Z--, wherein --Z--is an ester linkage; A is an arylene sulfide oligomer component block comprising one or more arylene groups; and R is an organic compound residue formed by removing one atom or one group attached to each of two carbon atoms among carbon atoms constituting either an aliphatic main chain or an aromatic ring and has at most a molecular weight corresponding to an oligomer, but is different from A. An adhesive comprising the resin and a pyrrolidone solvent is also disclosed.

It is known that crystalline polyarylene sulfides have high heat resistance. However, the maximum utilization of such property in combination with other materials can not be made as yet. This is because a suitable adhesive capable of bonding molded articles of crystalline polyarylene sulfides is not found as yet. In other words, crystalline polyarylene sulfides have resistance to solvents, and hence an appropriate solvent which can sufficiently dissolve crystalline polyarylene sulfides have not been found.
In this connection, .alpha.-chloronaphthalene is known as a solvent capable of dissolving the crystalline polyarylene sulfides when the crystalline polyarylene sulfides are polyphenylene sulfides. However, the smell thereof is not proper for industrial uses. Further, N-methylpyrrolidone can dissolve phenylene sulfide oligomers, but can not dissolve phenylene sulfide polymers.
When the polyarylene sulfides are non-crystalline copolymers comprising an m-dihalobenzene and a p-dihalobenzene, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform are known as solvents [see, JP-B-52-12239 (the term "JP-B" as used herein means an "examined Japanese patent publication")]. However, the heat resistance is poor because the copolymers are non-crystalline.
Further, concentrated sulfuric acid is known as a solvent when the polyarylene sulfides are polyphenylene sulfide ketones. However, it is the present condition that it is industrially difficult to remove the concentrated sulfuric acid. Furthermore, a mixed solvent of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and p-cholorophenol is known. However, there are problems with regard to smell and toxicity.
Accordingly, there has been proposed a method wherein a polyarylene sulfide is dispersed in a dispersion medium, the dispersion medium is then removed and the polyarylene sulfide is heated to a temperature of not lower than the crystalline melting point of the polyarylene sulfide. However, a film having a uniform thickness can not be obtained, and moreover a thin film can not be obtained by this method.

Resin for bonding polyarylene sulfide and adhesive


An inflator (40) for inflating an inflatable vehicle occupant protection device (14) includes structure that defines a chamber (220) and inflation fluid stored in the chamber. The inflation fluid includes in mixture a fuel gas, an oxidizer gas, and an inert gas mixture. The inflator (40) also includes an actuator for initiating a combustion reaction between the fuel gas and the oxidizer gas. The inert gas mixture includes at least two different inert gases and has a composition selected to produce desired performance characteristics of the inflator (40).

It is known to provide an inflator for inflating an inflatable vehicle occupant protection device. One particular type of inflator is a heated gas inflator in which a volume of inflation fluid in the form of a combustible mixture of gases is stored under pressure in a gas storage chamber. The heated gas inflator is actuatable to ignite the inflation fluid to create a flow of heated inflation fluid that is discharged through an outlet of the inflator.


Embodiments of the present invention provide client-side scene movement using imagery generated by a game server. Embodiments of the present invention predictively render additional imagery surrounding the present field of view. The predictive scene imagery may be on all sides of the current field of view. Embodiments of the present invention determine the amount of predictive scene imagery generated according to a likelihood of use. In addition to client-adjusted rotation, embodiments of the present invention may predictively translate the field of view. Translation is moving the point of view forward, backward or side-to-side. Predictive translation imagery may be communicated to the game server for use in local translation functions.

Game servers allow players to connect from different client devices and play together within a multiplayer game. The game servers run game code that is manipulated based on controller input received from the different clients. Game state information is periodically updated and communicated to the individual game clients that render video game images.

Client side processing of player movement in a remote gaming environment


A yeast expression system is provided for expressing novel protein sweeteners. The construct provides for secretion of the protein sweeters into a form which can be readily purified and isolated, providing an active product.

Monellin is an intensely sweet material present in the sap of "Serendipity Berries," the fruit of the West African plant, Dioscoreophyllum comminisii. The material has been purified to homogeneity and shown to be a basic protein with a molecular weight of about 1.1.times.10.sup.4 and is completely free of carbohydrate. Monellin is the first well characterized material among several sweet or taste modifying substances found in tropical plants. It has been characterized and shown to have two subunits of about the same size held together by non-covalent bonds. The two subunits are not identical and the flavor modifying ability of monellin is dependent upon the presence of both subunits and a single mercaptan group, which if blocked abolishes the sweetness.
Because of the uncertainties and cost of extracting natural products from plant sources, an alternative route to the production of protein sweeteners is of substantial interest. Recombinant techniques offer an opportunity to synthesize proteins of varying types. However, in employing recombinant techniques, one is required to develop a strategy for producing the gene, demonstrate successful expression of the protein in a cellular host, and isolate a product which is shown to have physiological activity. In many instances, it is necessary or desirable to modify the naturally occurring sequence, which substantially increases the uncertainties of success of the production of a useful product.
Relevant Literature
Morris et al., J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248:534-439 describe the characterization of monellin. See also Cagan, Science (1973) 181:32-35; Wlodawer and Hodgson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1975) 72:398-399; Bohak and Li, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (1976) 427:153-170; Hudson and Bieman, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1976) 71:212-220; Jirgenson, Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 446:255-261; and Van der Wel and Loeve, FEBS Lett. (1973) 29:181-183 for further characterization. U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,798 describes the preparation of natural monellin.
Yeast leader sequences are described by Stack et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1984) 12:6011-6030 and Julius et al., Cell (1984) 37:1075-1089. The GAL upstream activating sequence, a cis-acting DNA element, is described in Johnston and Davis, Mol. Cell. Biol. (1984) 4:1440-1448, while the transcription initiation region of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is described by Holland and Holland, J. Biol. Chem. (1979) 254:5466-5475; 9839-9845; and Holland et al., ibid., (1983) 258:5291-5299.

Expression of proteinaceous sweeteners in yeast


A semiconductor read only memory of this invention includes a plurality of word lines disposed in parallel. The read only memory has a plurality of units. Each of the plurality of units includes: a first bit line which crosses the word lines; a plurality of first virtual ground lines disposed substantially in parallel with the first bit line, each of the plurality of first virtual ground lines having a first end and a second end; a plurality of second virtual ground lines corresponding to the plurality of first virtual ground line, each of the plurality of second virtual ground lines having a first end and a second end; second bit lines, each provided between two adjacent ones of the plurality of second virtual ground lines, each of the second bit lines having a first end and a second end; memory cell columns, each constituted by a plurality of memory cells connected in parallel between one of the second virtual ground lines and one of the second bit lines adjacent thereto; and bank select switching elements for selecting one of the memory cell columns. In the read only memory, the second ends of the plurality of first virtual ground lines are respectively connected to the second ends of the second virtual ground lines, and the first ends of the second bit lines are respectively connected to the bank select switching elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor read only memory, and more particularly to a semiconductor read only memory in which MOSFETs constituting memory cells are connected in parallel.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 4 shows an equivalent circuit of a semiconductor read only memory (hereinafter, sometimes referred to simply as "a ROM") which is conventionally and widely used. This ROM is a lateral ROM constructed in such a manner that memory cells 3 of MOSFETs are connected in parallel with respect to a plurality of bit lines 2 which cross word lines 1. Conventionally, each of the bit lines 2 is made of metal (hereinafter, referred to as a metal bit line). Alternatively, a diffused layer may function as a bit line (hereinafter, referred to as a diffusion bit line).
In order to dispose memory cells more densely, a hierarchical system (hereinafter, referred to as a hierarchical bit line system) has been proposed (Japanese Patent Application No. 63-75300), as is shown in FIG. 5. In the system, main bit lines Mb.sub.l, Mb.sub.l+1, . . . , etc. and sub-bit lines Sbm.sub.2l, Sbm.sub.2l+1, . . . , etc. are hierarchically provided In the hierarchical bit line system, each of the memory cells Mm.sub.21.n is connected between two adjacent sub-bit lines Sbm.sub.21 and Sbm.sub.2l-1. The plurality of memory cells Mm.sub.2l.k (1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.n) of each row are connected to a common word line WL.sub.k. The memory cells Mm.sub.21.n are alternately assigned into two groups of odd-numbered banks such as Bm.sub.2l-1 and even-numbered banks such as Bm.sub.2l. For the selection of these banks, bank select MOSFETs Q0.sub.m.21, QE.sub.m.2l, . . . , etc. are provided on both ends of the sub-bit lines, respectively. Bank select lines B0.sub.m and BE.sub.m are connected to these bank select MOSFETs, respectively. The main bit lines Mb.sub.l, Mb.sub.l+1, . . . , etc. are connected to sense amplifiers such as SA.sub.l, or connected to GND via MOSFETs such as Q.sub.l+1.
In the ROM with the hierarchical bit line system, the wired pitch of the main bit lines can be made double as compared with the conventional lateral ROM shown in FIG. 4. The ROM with the hierarchical bit line system can advantageously reduce the parasitic capacitance on bit lines, and especially when the diffusion bit lines are used, the wiring resistance on bit lines can be greatly reduced
However, when the diffusion bit lines are used in the hierarchical bit line system shown in FIG. 5, there arises a problem in that the diffusion resistance greatly varies depending on the position of a memory cell in a bank, which is described below, so that the value of discharge current for the read of information greatly varies depending on the position of the memory cell.
There is another problem in that since the value of the diffusion resistance is large and hence the value of the discharge current is small, such a ROM is not suitable for a high-speed read operation.
For example, a case where information is read out from a memory cell Mm.sub.2l-1.1 by setting the bank select line B0.sub.m High, the other bank select line BE.sub.m Low, and the word line WL.sub.1 High is considered. In this case, a control signal VG for a transistor Q.sub.1 (not shown) connected to the main bit line Mb.sub.l is made Low. A control signal VG for a transistor Q.sub.l-1 connected to the adjacent main bit line Mb.sub.l-1 is made High. As a result, the main bit line Mb.sub.l-1 is connected to the GND. The circuit in the above-mentioned state is shown in FIG. 6. A discharge current i flows through a path formed by the main bit line Mb.sub.l, the bank select MOSFET Q0.sub.m.2l-1, the sub-bit line Sb.sub.m2l-1 the memory cell Mm.sub.2l-1.1, the sub-bit line Sb.sub.m2l-2, a bank select MOSFET Q0.sub.m.2l-2, and the main bit line Mb.sub.l-1, in this order. The total value of diffusion resistance of the sub-bit lines Sbm.sub.2l-1 and Sbm.sub.21-2 in this path is 2r, where r indicates the diffusion resistance between respective two memory cells. The total diffusion resistance value varies depending on the position of the selected memory cell, and the possible largest value of the total diffusion resistance is 2nr.
As described above, in the ROM shown in FIG. 5, the value of diffusion resistance greatly varies depending on the position of a memory cell from which information is read out. Moreover, the discharge current flows through three transistors, so that the ROM shown in FIG. 5 has a poor discharge ability as compared with a system without bank select MOSFETs (in such a system, the discharge current flows through only one transistor).


A lighting module for a motor vehicle including: a support plate; at least one source of light which is arranged on a first face of the support plate; a heat dissipater which is arranged on a second face of the support plate, opposite the first face; a fan which is arranged between the heat dissipater and a plenum, the fan being designed to aspirate a flow of hot air which is dissipated by the heat dissipater, and is obtained from an incoming flow of air; a plenum which is designed to cover the fan, the plenum including a peripheral skirt which is designed to surround the heat dissipater; an optical assembly which cooperates with rays of light of the at least one source of light, in order to produce a light beam.

A lighting module for a motor vehicle comprises in a manner known to persons skilled in the art:
a support plate;
at least one source of light which is arranged on the said support plate;
a heat dissipater which is designed to dissipate the heat given out by the said at least one source of light;
a fan which is designed to convey a flow of ambient air to the said heat dissipater via an air duct by blowing on the said flow of ambient air;
an optical assembly which cooperates with the rays of light of the said at least one source of light, in order to produce a light beam.
A disadvantage of this prior art is that when a plurality of sources of light exists in the said lighting module, it is necessary to have very good dissipation of heat from the said sources of light. This prior art is not efficient enough to cool the said sources of light.
In this context, the present invention aims to eliminate the disadvantages previously mentioned.


A reclaim system frees previously allocated, but currently unused, storage space in a thin or virtual provisioning environment. The reclaim system may be used in connection with a maintenance operation performed upon determining that significant allocated space of a thin device is no longer being used or may be performed periodically to analyze a thin device and free appropriate space back to a thin device storage pool. In an embodiment, the reclaim system may run online while user applications are accessing a target storage volume.

Host processor systems may store and retrieve data using storage devices containing a plurality of host interface units (host adapters), disk drives, and disk interface units (disk adapters). Such storage devices are provided, for example, by EMC Corporation of Hopkinton, Mass. and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,939 to Yanai et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,394 to Galtzur et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,845,147 to Vishlitzky et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,208 to Ofek, which are incorporated herein by reference. The host systems access the storage device through a plurality of channels provided therewith. Host systems provide data and access control information through the channels of the storage device and the storage device provides data to the host systems also through the channels. The host systems do not address the disk drives of the storage device directly, but rather, access what appears to the host systems as a plurality of logical volumes. Different sections of the logical volumes may or may not correspond to the actual disk drives.
Thin provisioning (also referred to as virtual provisioning) storage systems present a large amount of storage capacity to a host, but consume space only as needed from a shared pool. The devices of thin provisioning are known as thin devices or thin LUNs. With thin devices, the host visible capacity (e.g., storage perceived by the applications) is larger than the actual allocated space on the storage system. This simplifies the creation and allocation of storage capacity. Thin devices may be sized to accommodate growth without regard for currently available assets. Physical storage is assigned to the server in a capacity-on-demand fashion from a shared pool.
Thin devices may be expanded as a file system runs, but may not be easily shrunk. Once allocated, storage spaces may not be later recycled even if they are freed by the file system. Known systems and techniques for reclaiming space, such as the Solutions Enabler product by EMC Corporation of Hopkinton, Mass. and use of the "symconfigure" command, include checking all the storage chunks allocated for a specified thin device and unmapping or otherwise freeing the allocated, but unwritten, storage chunks only if the storage chunks contain all zeroes. Space reclamation may not occur if any byte of a storage chunk is not zeroed. Utilities, such as SDelete from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., may be used to fill unused spaces of a volume with zeroes; however, such utilities may generate a large number of write I/Os that may have a disadvantageous impact on the system and other applications.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a system that provides for efficient reclaiming of unused storage space in thin or virtual provisioning storage systems.

Storage space reclaiming for virtual provisioning


An integrated safety control system comprises a controller unit, driver unit, first transmitter/receiver unit, and a second transmitter/receiver unit. The controller unit outputs control signals respectively based on input signals received thereto to control the entire system. The driver unit drives the entire system in accordance in accordance with the control signals from the controller unit. The first transmitter/receiver unit is equipped in the driver unit and is serving to receive the control signals from the controller unit and to transmit data from the driver unit to the controller unit. The second transmitter/receiver is equipped in the controller unit and is serving to transmit the controls signals from the controller unit to the driver unit and to receive data transmitted from the driver unit.

Although a variety of safety control systems have been known, they have no function to automatically check the entire user's gas conduit including the gas meter. They can check only a particular gas conduit portion. In accordance with conventional gas leakage checking methods, the gas leakage can be checked only when the internal pressure of the gas conduit is decreased to a certain pressure. For this reason, where gas is leaked in a low rate, one hour or more is taken to sense this gas leakage.
Taking into consideration the fact that the gas supplied to the home has a pressure ranging from 100 to 250 mmH.sub.2 O, the reference pressure for checking the gas leakage is typically determined to range from 50 to 80 mmH.sub.2 O. Since the actual average gas supply pressure is about 200 mmH.sub.2 O, a lot of time is taken for the pressure of the entire gas conduit to decrease from 200 mmH.sub.2 O to 50 mmH.sub.2 O.
In accordance with the conventional methods, gas leakage can be checked only after the user closes the gas valve because this checking is based on the internal pressure of the gas conduit. As a result, there is a problem that the user cannot use the gas while checking for leakage. This makes it impossible to check the gas leakage for a long period of time.
For systems having a function to check the hose connected between the gas conduit and the gas range, it is possible to achieve the checking in a short period of time. However, these systems cannot achieve the gas leakage checking for the entire gas conduit because the checking is limited to a particular gas conduit portion such as the hose or the gas range. For this reason, these systems are insufficiently safe.

Integrated safety control system for user's gas facility and gas leakage recognizing method


Provided is a brush seal in which the leakage of a sealed fluid is small. The brush seal includes: a brush formed of a bunch of a plurality of bristles; and an annular back plate arranged at a low-pressure side of the brush and provided with a plurality of grooves into which a sealed fluid is to be introduced. In the brush seal, the plurality of grooves are inclined with respect to a circumferential direction of the back plate and with respect to an extending direction (B) of the brush.

A seal is used in a rotary machine such as a turbine in order to prevent gas from leaking along a circumference of a rotor from a high-pressure side to a low-pressure side. It is desired that the seal follows variations of a clearance between a stator and the rotor of the rotary machine or follows the eccentricity of the stator and the rotor to exert sealing performance. From this aspect, a brush seal formed of a bunch of ultrathin bristles has been adopted instead of a labyrinth seal.
As shown in FIG. 7, a conventional brush seal 100 mainly includes: a brush 102 which is formed of a bunch of ultrathin bristles; a side plate 105 at a high-pressure side H; and a back plate 107 at a low-pressure side L. The brush 102 is pushed against the back plate 107 by the pressure of a sealed, fluid when a rotary machine is operating. Accordingly, if a clearance is generated between the rotor 109 and an end of the brush 102 due to the heat expansion or eccentricity of the rotor 109, the brush. 102 may not smoothly move and thus the follow-up ability which the brush seal 100 originally has cannot be fully exerted. For this reason, a circumferential groove 108 is formed in the back plate 107 and the sealed fluid is introduced into the circumferential groove 108. Consequently, balance pressure is applied from the side of the back plate 107 to the brush 102 to reduce the force by which the brush 102 is pushed against the back plate 107, thereby enabling the foregoing follow-up ability to be retained. Such a conventional brush seal has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Citation 1).


A mounting system providing protection to the mounting surface and flexibility to accommodate movement of the mounted structures. In one application, a pipe mounting system for rooftop mounting which provides a base conforming to the roof and protects the roof from penetration of the roof membrane by the base. The pipe mounting system providing freedom of motion in every direction to prevent damage to the roof structure. The pipe mounting system designed to withstand weather extremes.

There are several design considerations involved in pipe mounting systems. For example, in rooftop mounting of plumbing, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, some of the design considerations include the weight of the pipes on the roof and the possible damage to the roof surface due to expansion and contraction of the pipes. Mounting systems which do not provide a secure and adequate surface area will damage the roof, and potentially cause leakage and further damage to the interior of the building.
Other design considerations for mounting systems include the materials used for the mounting system. Some materials are more susceptible to deterioration than others. For example, in climates where snow and rain are common, these elements can deteriorate some mounting structures. Unprotected metal structures will rust and wood mounting structures will rot. In locations where extreme heat or humidity are common, the mounting structures may also deteriorate. Once the mounting structure becomes damaged, it is likely to cause significant damage to the roof.
One attempt at mounting pipes has been to use wood mounting blocks located at spaced intervals along the pipe. The pipe is secured to the mounting block and then the entire assembly rests on the roof. One disadvantage of this system is that expansion and contraction of the pipes results in translation of the mounting blocks over the surface of the roof, which is likely to damage the roof. Another disadvantage is that wood mounting structures tend to rot and disintegrate, adding further possibility of damaging the roof. Additionally, different sized wood blocks may be needed for mounting on slightly irregular surfaces, so that the weight of the pipes is distributed to each wood block.
Another attempt at a pipe supporting device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,653 by Marvin R. Curtis, Jr. This structure has a flat bottom and an upwardly tapered structure with a pocket for positioning a pipe and roller positioned in a receiving trough. As the pipe expands or contracts, it rides on the roller which rotates within the trough, however, this structure does not provide a means to secure the pipe, nor does it provide for lateral motion of the pipe.
Another attempt at mounting pipes is called a QUICK "PIPE" BLOCK by Nelson-Olsen, Inc of Plymouth, Minn. The QUICK "PIPE" BLOCK is a 12".times.6".times.3.5" high density polyethylene block which rides on a 3/4" STYROFOAM pad. A pipe is laid on the rigid block and a metal strap laid over the pipe is attached at each end by inserting fasteners into the rigid block. One disadvantage is that the block uses predrilled holes to receive the fasteners. If the predrilled holes do not provide adequate pipe placement the rigid block must either be drilled again or not used at all, frustrating rapid installation of piping. If the block detaches from the STYROFOAM pad, or the STYROFOAM pad deteriorates, the block may damage a roof due to repeated expansion and contraction of the piping. Another disadvantage is that different sized blocks may be needed for mounting on slightly irregular surfaces, so that the weight of the pipes is distributed to each block. This further frustrates rapid installation of piping. Another disadvantage of this system is that the holes in the rigid block limit the number and type of pipe fasteners which may be used, and the number of pipes which may be mounted to a single block are limited thereby.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a mounting system which permits motion of the mounted structures but protects the mounting surface from damage. The mounting system should also provide flexibility in mounting structures so that a number of mounts and mounting positions are available, especially for the mounting of more than one structure. The mounting system should provide flexibility in mounting structures on slightly irregular surfaces. The mounting system should be durable and resilient to the weather elements. The mounting system should also be relatively low cost and easy to use.

System for mounting elongate structures and wiring


A radio communication device capable of specifying an arbitrary antenna gain even when an antenna having such an arbitrary antenna gain is connected is configured as follows. The radio communication device includes: a first connector for connecting a first antenna having any given antenna gain; a second antenna having a known antenna gain; a reception circuit receiving radio waves; and a control circuit that specifies a relative antenna gain of the first antenna with respect to the second antenna using a first intensity of radio waves received by the reception circuit using the first antenna connected to the first connector and a second intensity of radio waves received by the reception circuit using the second antenna, and controls the reception circuit based on a third intensity of radio waves corrected from the first intensity of radio waves based on the relative antenna gain.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an antenna gain specifying device and a radio communication device, and more particularly to an antenna gain specifying device and a radio communication device capable of appropriately calculating an antenna gain.
2. Description of the Background Art
Conventionally, an apparatus for communicating signals by radio waves has an antenna attached thereto so that antenna power in transmission can be increased by an antenna gain. In reception, such an apparatus operates as if a receiver sensitivity was apparently increased by the antenna gain. As a result, the apparatus can receive a weaker signal. By making use of this phenomenon, devices that control such an apparatus in various ways have been developed.
Specifically, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 9-148973 discloses a diversity reception device for selecting an antenna receiving radio waves with the highest intensity by integrating or averaging multiple values representing intensities of received radio waves. Furthermore, Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-151318 discloses a peripheral level detecting device in which a time constant is changed, based on whether a peripheral level signal specified by a radio wave received by an antenna is synchronized with a radio signal, in order to improve accuracy of detecting received field intensity.
However, in the case where an antenna is selected by integrating or averaging multiple values representing intensities of received radio waves, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 9-148973, an antenna with radio waves having the actually highest intensity may not be selected. This problem arises in a radio apparatus to/from which an external antenna can be attached/removed using an external connector.
Such an apparatus can be provided with any antenna if the shape of the external connector fits. This is very convenient to apparatus-users since they can use any antenna. On the other hand, to apparatus-designers, this may result in that an arbitrary antenna, that is, an unspecific antenna having an arbitrary antenna gain will be attached.
When an arbitrary antenna is attached, it becomes impossible to develop accurate gain designs. In particular, in the case of an apparatus sensing carriers by measuring a magnitude of a signal level using an antenna terminal, a signal level appearing at the antenna terminal varies depending on a gain of an antenna as attached. Varied signal levels make it impossible to determine a signal level accurately. Therefore, a proper operation cannot be ensured.
In order to solve this problem, the apparatus having the aforementioned problem has been actually configured such that only an antenna having a known antenna gain can be used, even though an arbitrary antenna can be attached in nature. Such an apparatus is configured to operate properly according to the following method when an antenna is to be replaced. Specifically, that method includes setting the gain of the attached antenna by operating a switch or the like as separately provided.
The aforementioned problem is especially significant for an apparatus having an antenna diversity function to allow antennas to be used in a switched manner. This is because, in the structure in which a plurality of antennas can be externally attached, all the gains of a plurality of antennas to be attached may be different. Such an apparatus cannot ensure a proper operation when the antennas are switched over by the diversity function. In order to solve such a problem, an antenna gain must be individually set for each of the connected antennas. This operation is too complicated to be put into practical use.
The similar problem as described above arises in the case where a time constant is changed based on whether a peripheral level signal specified by a received radio wave is synchronized with a radio signal, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2000-151318.

Antenna gain specifying device and radio communication device


A liquid crystal device comprising: a first lens array that is provided to be closer to a light incident side of the liquid crystal device than the light shielding portion, a second lens array that is provided between the first lens array and the light shielding portion. The second lens array includes a plurality of first lenses each of which has a surface convex toward the light shielding portion, and the second lens array includes a first slit which is provided between two first lenses adjacent to each other among the plurality of first lenses of the second lens array so as to extend toward the light shielding portion.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal device, an electronic apparatus, and a method of manufacturing the liquid crystal device.
2. Related Art
In an image display region of a liquid crystal device used as a light valve of a projector, there are provided pixel portions and an inter-pixel region. The pixel portions emit light. In the inter-pixel region, wires, which supply electrical signals to the corresponding pixel portions, are formed. For example, in the liquid crystal device, the corresponding inter-pixel region is covered by a light shielding portion, and light is not transmitted through the light shielding portion.
In such a liquid crystal device, it is preferable that an amount of light emitted from the pixel portions is as large as possible, that is, the light is as bright as possible. Thus, it is necessary to achieve high light use efficiency. In contrast, for example, the following configuration has been known: by forming microlenses on the counter substrate of the liquid crystal device or the like, light incident into a portion, which does not contribute to display of the liquid crystal panel, is converged on the pixel portions of the liquid crystal panel, and thus an actual aperture ratio of the liquid crystal panel is improved.
The following configuration has also been known: in order to further increase the actual aperture ratio, a plurality of microlenses is provided (for example, Japanese Patent No. 3071045, JP-A-2009-63888, JP-A-2011-158755, JP-A-2011-22311, and the like). With such a configuration, light, which is incident into the liquid crystal device, is concentrated through the microlenses, whereby the light can be transmitted to avoid the light shielding portion. Further, through other microlenses, the concentrated light is collimated into substantially parallel light, whereby a large amount of light can be made to be incident through a projection lens which is disposed on the rear side.
However, even in the configurations of Japanese patent No. 3071045, JP-A-2009-63888, JP-A-2011-158755, and JP-A-2011-22311, light, which is incident into the liquid crystal panel at a large angle to a line normal to a substrate, is not completely concentrated through microlenses, is incident on the light shielding portion in the inter-pixel region, and is not transmitted through the liquid crystal panel. In order to improve the actual aperture ratio, a structure, in which the light can be emitted toward the projection lens, is preferable.

Liquid crystal device, electronic apparatus, and method of manufacturing liquid crystal device


The end groups of an aliphatic polyamide may be changed by reacting a polyurea with a molten aliphatic polyamide at temperatures of about 260.degree. C. or more. Carboxyl end groups are controllably converted to amine end groups. This is especially useful for controlling the dyeability of fibers spun from such aliphatic polyamides.

Aliphatic polyamides, often referred to as "nylons," are commercially important materials that, for example, may be used to make fibers or molded articles. The properties of such polymers can be significantly affected by their end groups, one such property being dyeability. For example, after a nylon is formed into a fiber, it is often dyed. The end groups of the nylon can affect the amount of dye that is adsorbed by the fiber and the rate at which the adsorption occurs. For many dyes, the greater the amount of amine end groups in the nylon, the greater the amount of dye that will be adsorbed. In order to obtain fibers with consistent coloration, therefore, it may be desirable to modify and control the polymer end groups. The end groups on an aliphatic polyamide can also affect its other properties such as adhesion of the aliphatic polyamide to other materials.
British Patent 1,553,617 describes the use of polyureas for improving the properties of filled, particularly glass fiber filled, nylon molding resin compositions. Modification of the nylon end groups is not mentioned.

Process for modifying aliphatic polyamides with polyurea


A multi-layer golf ball includes a core formed from an ionomer, an intermediate layer surrounding the core, and a cover surrounding the intermediate layer. The core has a material hardness measured on the JIS-C scale of from about 34 to about 70, and has an outer surface that includes a plurality of land portions aligned on a common sphere, and a plurality of grooves separating the respective land portions and extending radially inward from the sphere. The plurality of grooves includes both a first set of grooves, and a second set of grooves that are perpendicular to each other. The intermediate layer is formed from a rubber material and has a radial thickness measured from the common sphere of from about 4.0 mm to about 9.0 mm. Additionally, the core has a 10-130 kg compression deformation of from about 3.5 to about 5.5 mm.

The game of golf is an increasingly popular sport at both the amateur and professional levels. To account for the wide variety of play styles and abilities, it is desirable to produce golf balls having different play characteristics.
Attempts have been made to balance a soft feel with good resilience in a multi-layer golf ball by giving the ball a hardness distribution across its respective layers (core, intermediate layer and cover) in such a way as to retain both properties. A harder golf ball will generally achieve greater distances, but a poor feel when hit. On the other hand, a softer ball will generally give a good feel, but will lack distance. Additionally, certain design characteristics may affect the "feel" of the ball when hit, as well as the durability of the ball.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A power conversion circuit uses smaller, cheaper, and faster analog and digital circuits, e.g., buffers, comparators, and processing circuits, to provide the information necessary to control a multilevel power converter faster, cheaper, and with a smaller footprint than conventional techniques. For example, a current detection circuit indirectly measures a direction of a current through an inductor connected between midpoint node and an output node of a multilevel power converter based on comparisons between voltages associated with the multilevel power converter. A capacitor voltage detection detects a capacitor voltage across the flying capacitor to generate a logic signal based on a comparison between the capacitor voltage and a first reference voltage. A control circuit selects an operating state of the multilevel power converter to regulate a first capacitor voltage across the first capacitor based on the indirectly measured direction of the inductor current, the logic signal, and an input command signal.

The invention disclosed herein generally relates to voltage regulation, and more particularly relates to switched mode power converter, e.g., as implemented by an N-level Buck architecture.
Multilevel converter structures are known in power converter applications. For example, flying-capacitor converter topology, hereafter noted FCC, was introduced in 1992 for inverter applications. See, e.g., T. A Meynard, H. F. (1992) "Multilevel Conversion: High Voltage Choppers and Voltage-Source Inverters," Power Electronics Specialists Conference (pp. 397-403); Toledo: IEEE. FCC topology provides a lower output voltage ripple, reduced harmonic distortion, and lower electromagnetic concerns. See, e.g., A. Shukla, A. G. (June 2007); "Capacitor Voltage Balancing Schemes in Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverters," Proc. IEEE Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 2367-2372.
An exemplary FCC power converter, e.g., shown in FIG. 1, includes four power switches (two high side switches and two low side switches, all of which are serially connected between VBAT and ground), an inductor L, and a Flying capacitor CMID. The inductor is connected between an output node and a midpoint node located between the high and low side switches. The capacitor is connected in parallel with two of the power switches. The FCC power converter can be configured in four operational configurations or states, e.g., those shown in Table 1 below, when the voltage across the flying capacitor VCMID equals ½VBAT. Both states S1 and S2 generate the level ½VBAT on the LX node located at the midpoint between the power switches, e.g., between the two high side switches and the two low side switches. States S1 and S2 are hereafter called redundant states, and thus this FCC converter is commonly referred to as a 3-level FCC converter.
TABLE 1Multilevel power converter ConfigurationsSTATEM0M1M2M3V(LX)S0ONONOFFOFFVBATS1OFFONOFFON½ VBATS2ONOFFONOFF½ VBATS3OFFOFFONON0The functionality of the FCC converter relies on correct balancing of the flying capacitor. For a 3-level FCC converter, the flying capacitance is maintained at a voltage of ½VBAT. Several techniques exist to address this requirement.
"Self-Balancing of the Clamping-Capacitor-Voltages in the Multilevel Capacitor-Clamping-Inverter under Sub-Harmonic PWM Modulation" by X. Yuan, H. S. (March 2001, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 256-263) explores "natural-balancing" techniques for FCC. Active regulation techniques, such as modifying the duty-cycle or redundant state selection (RSS), have also been described in literature. For example, "A Soft-Switching High-Voltage Active Power Filter with Flying Capacitors for Urban Maglev System Applications by B. M. Song, J. S. (2001, Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, vol. 3, pp. 1461-1468) maintains the flying capacitor voltage by adjusting the duty cycle according to the error between the measured voltage and a reference. "Active Capacitor Voltage Balancing in Single-Phase Flying Capacitor Multilevel Power Converters" by M. Khazraei, H. S. (February 2012, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59) presents a regulation technique for an N-level FCC using RSS. In this regulation scheme, the presence of redundant states for generating some voltage levels (VBAT/2 in the 3-level case) is leveraged for the regulation of the flying capacitor. When several states are available to generate a given output level, some of the states will charge the flying capacitance while other states will discharge the flying capacitor. The charging/discharging property of a given state is dependent on the current polarity in the inductor. Thus, based on the voltage level of the flying capacitor, the direction of the current in the coil, and the voltage level to be generated at the output, it is possible to select the best operational state for maintaining the desired flying capacitor voltage level.
Conventional power converters were mainly developed for power inverters, and thus for applications running with discrete switching elements operating under hundreds of volts and at switching frequencies of 1-10 kHz. Further, conventional power converter solutions use discrete Hall Effect sensors, which tend to be large and require a large footprint on a circuit board, to implement the requisite current sensing in the coil. When using power converters in mobile communication devices, however, the control system requires higher speeds (e.g., switching frequencies in the range of 50-200 MHz), lower cost, and smaller footprints.

Efficient regulation of capacitance voltage(s) in a switched mode multilevel power converter


A semiconductor memory device in which a storage electrode of a storage capacitor of a memory cell is formed by a selective chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. A lithography process is not required when forming the storage electrode. There is no narrowing of the storage electrode pattern and the minimum distance between adjacent storage electrodes can be made smaller than the minimum wiring dimension. The storage capacitance of the semiconductor memory device can be increased and a high storage capacitance is obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device and more particularly to a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and its production method.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A semiconductor memory device of the prior art is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 61-208255.
FIG. 6 shows a memory cell of a prior art semiconductor memory device. The memory cell comprises an access transistor and a storage capacitor which are formed on a p-type silicon substrate 101 with a element isolation region 102. The access transistor comprises n-type diffused regions 103, a gate oxide film 104 formed on the p-type silicon substrate 101, and a gate electrode 105 formed on the gate oxide film 104. The storage capacitor 109 comprises a cell plate 106 formed over the p-type silicon substrate 101, a dielectric film 108 formed on the cell plate 106, a storage node 107 formed on the dielectric film 108 and connected to one of the n-type diffused regions 103. The storage node (storage electrode) 107 is formed by deposition of a conductive film and patterning the conductive film into the storage node by lithography and etching steps.
In the prior art semiconductor memory device, as the device elements becomes smaller, the lateral dimension L of the storage node 107 becomes smaller (distance between wiring patterns also decreases). However, to obtain a capacitance greater than some prescribed value, the storage capacitor 109 must have a larger surface area than some prescribed value. Therefore, to increase the surface area of the storage node 107, the height T of the storage node 107 should become larger. An increase in the height T of the storage node 107 results in an increase in the etching time in the dry etching process for patterning the storage node 107. This causes a narrowing effect of the pattern of the storage node 107. Further, as the lateral dimension L of the storage node 107 becomes smaller, an optical interference between adjacent cells occurs in the lithography process. This interference also has a narrowing effect of the pattern of the storage node 107. As described above, in the prior art semiconductor memory devices, it was difficult to form a large number of storage nodes 107 each having a large surface area.

Method of making a semiconductor memory device

Fukaehon-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo-ken


A method and apparatus for providing a gateway for IPv6 packet transmission in a WLAN system are provided, in which a gateway takes over a TCP/IP protocol stack from a legacy 6LoWPAN node for providing a gateway for IPv6 packet transmission in a WLAN system. One or more service request messages for data communications are received from a plurality of 6LoWPAN nodes, and a virtual interface is generated for allocating IPv6 addresses to the 6LoWPAN nodes by adding a predetermined IPv6 address prefix to addresses of the 6LoWPAN nodes set in the service request messages. A socket adaptation layer is interfaced for receiving the IPv6 addresses from the virtual interface and transmitting data packets to the 6LoWPAN nodes, and when data packets are transmitted and received to and from the 6LoWPAN nodes, an on-going file is controlled and managed, and the data packets are routed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an Internet Protocol version 6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) for transmitting an IPv6 packet over an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 network. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a gateway for IPv6 packet transmission in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system, for simplifying the protocol stack of a 6LoWPAN node.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, 6LowPAN has attracted a great deal of interest, as manufacturers see a market with large potential for growth.
FIG. 1 illustrates a network configuration in which a 6LoWPAN protocol stack is applied to a conventional IEEE 802.15.4 network. Referring to FIG. 1, in a 6LoWPAN network, a 6LoWPAN host 112, a 6LoWPAN node 114, and a host 110 within an external IP network are interconnected, so that wireless personal communications or data communications with the external network can occur. In the 6LoWPAN network, one of a plurality of 6LoWPAN nodes connected to the IEEE 802.15.4 network serves as a host and performs a TCP/IP communication protocol by 6LoWPAN network processing. Hence, the 6LoWPAN host 112 allocates IPv6 addresses to a plurality of 6LoWPAN nodes connected thereto, so that the 6LoWPAN nodes can exchange data with the host 110 within the external IP network. As IPv6 usually uses a 126-bit address system, the use of these addresses in a sensor network enables IP allocation to each sensor node.
Hence, conventional communication protocols for the Internet, such as IPv6 and TCP/UDP, can be used as higher layers above IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control/Physical (MAC/PHY) layers. Since an IPv6 address is allocated to each sensor node in the 6LoWPAN network, data communication is possible between a 6LoWPAN node and the host within the external IP network and the 6LoWPAN host within the 6LoWPAN network can control each sensor node.
The IEEE 802.15.4 network uses a physical packet of up to 127 bytes and a MAC frame of 102 bytes. However, up to 1280 bytes can be transmitted in IPv6. This means that the 6LoWPAN network should fragment packets. For a maximum transmission traffic amount in the 6LoWPAN network, considering a physical packet size of 127 bytes, a maximum overhead per frame of 15 bytes, and a link layer security overhead, only 81-bytes of data can be transmitted in the IEEE 802.15.4 network. Since the header of an IPv6 packet is 40 bytes, 41 bytes are available, but a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) header occupies 8 bytes. Thus, in actuality, only 33 bytes are available, and the result is that header compression is required.
Packet fragmentation and the header compression take place in an adaptation layer of the communication protocol stack of the 6LoWPAN host 112. The TCP/IP stack responsible for the packet fragmentation and the header compression is already designed in a legacy host. Hence, the 6LoWPAN host 112 fragments a packet and compresses a header in a TCP/IP layer, thereby increasing power consumption and decreasing the lifetime of the 6LoWPAN node. This is against the development trend of 6LoWPAN nodes toward low power, small size, and small memory.
Moreover, because all operations based on network processing, including TCP SYN, ACK, and ICMP packets (ping, unreachable packet), are carried out in 6LoWPAN nodes, traffic increases between the 6LoWPAN network and the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless network.
Accordingly, the following IPv6 packet headers should be delivered uncompressed between the 6LoWPAN node 112 and the 6LoWPAN node 114 in the 6LoWPAN network, thus increasing overhead.                HOP-by-HOP Options Header        Routing Header        Fragment Header        Destination Options Header
Although more advanced network technologies are required along with the increased performance of a 6LoWPAN network system aiming at low power and small size, the existence of a TCP/IP protocol stack for packet transmission in a legacy 6LoWPAN host and a small-size memory leads to a traffic increase between networks and a load increase in 6LoWPAN nodes. As a consequence, reliable data communications are not guaranteed.

Method and apparatus for providing gateway to transmit IPv6 packet in a wireless local area network system

Maetan-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do


Apparatus and method for air/fuel ratio control for smoothening variation of air/fuel ratio among a plurality of cylinders of an internal combustion engine including a sensor for measuring output of the internal combustion engine. A device calculates a correlation function of each cylinder by taking cross-correlation of values measured by the sensor and a reference signal for each cylinder. A device then calculates a smoothing target value which is common for all of the cylinders. Cylinder controllers produce control input to the respective cylinders such that the correlation function converges to the smoothing target value.

The amount of intake air into a plurality of cylinders deviates from a target value due to aging deterioration of parts of an intake system and a valve gear system of an internal combustion engine. Errors from such deviation are attributed to mechanical elements and vary from cylinder to cylinder, since the cylinders are uniformly controlled such that a uniform air/fuel ratio is realized, the amount of fuel injection into cylinders does not vary. Although each cylinder receives the same target value, the air/fuel ratio differs from cylinder to cylinder.
Especially under a low load condition such as idling operation, influence of error on the intake air amount increases. And the air/fuel ratio largely varies from cylinder to cylinder, deteriorating the exhaust gas purifying rate of a catalyst, which leads to a lower emission performance. If a cylinder receives excessively lean or rich air/fuel ratio, the cylinder may suffer a misfire. Or, since torque largely varies among the cylinders, drivability deteriorates relative to idling vibration and surging. Therefore, there is a need for a control technique capable of detecting variation of intake air amount among the cylinders and of compensating the variation quickly.
Japanese Patent No. 2689368 discloses an observer control for compensating variation of intake air amount based on output of an LAF sensor (air/fuel ratio sensor) mounted on an exhaust system. According to this technique, however, stability with respect to modeling error and dead time is low, and it is difficult to apply this technique when the response of the LAF sensor varies or aging deterioration is large. It is also difficult to apply this technique to a high output/high torque exhaust system (4-2-1 total exhaust system) which includes a large dead time in measuring the air/fuel ratio.

Air/fuel ratio control apparatus of an internal combustion engine


In an example embodiment, signals are collected from one or more first channels in a communication network. The one or more first channels may include at least one of organic search, paid search, or social media. Based on the collected signals, a recommendation is made with respect to a campaign within a second channel.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to the optimization of internet-based campaigns.
2. Related Technology
Companies and individuals may desire to improve the volume and/or quality of traffic to a given webpage or other Internet site to increase sales, brand recognition, dissemination of their product, advertising, or for any other purpose. These companies and individuals may perform campaigns in an attempt to improve the volume and/or quality of traffic. The campaigns may be performed over a number of channels.
The subject matter claimed herein is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one example technology area where some embodiments described herein may be practiced.


A new and distinct variety of pear tree rootstock tree that exhibits resistance to Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, no suckering, and is compatible with all pear varieties.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct variety of pear tree that is solely used as a rootstock and known by the varietal name 'ViruTherm-1'. The new variety was discovered and selected by the breeder in a cultivated field trial environment in Bavendorf, Germany in 2014 as a naturally occurring whole plant mutation amongst a population of unpatented and unnamed pear tree plants. As such, the exact parentage is unknown. The new variety was selected and first asexually reproduced by in-vitro propagation in Cesena, Italy in 2019.
When compared to Pyrus communis variety named 'Kirchensaller Mostbirne' (unpatented), both varieties are stable in the ground and do not exhibit calcium chlorosis. However, 'ViruTherm-1' exhibits more elongated leaves, much fewer thorns, and weaker growth when compared to 'Kirchensaller Mostbirne'. Further, the new variety exhibits resistance to Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri—a distinguishing characteristic of the new variety from other pear tree varieties known to the breeder.
The new variety has not been evaluated under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary with variations in environment without a change in the genotype of the plant. The new variety has been trial and field tested and has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics and remain true to type through successive asexual propagations.


A method of photodynamically diagnosing or treating a contoured surface includes topically applying 5-aminolevulinic acid to the contoured surface and irradiating the contoured surface with substantially uniform intensity visible light from a plurality of light sources generally conforming to the contoured surface. The plurality of light sources may comprise fluorescent tubes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to photodynamic therapy using an illuminator that provides a uniform distribution of visible light. In particular, the present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for photodynamic treatment (PDT) or diagnosis (PD) of actinic keratosis of the scalp or facial areas of a patient. The present invention is also directed to an apparatus and method for PDT and PD of other indications (e.g., acne) and other areas of the patient (e.g., arms, legs, etc.).
As they are used here, the term "visible light" refers to radiant energy in the visible range of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, and the term "light" refers to radiant energy including the ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR) and visible ranges of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
2. Description of Related Art
Photodynamic therapy or photochemotherapy is currently being proposed to treat several types of ailments in or near the skin or other tissues, such as those in a body cavity. For example, PDT is being proposed to treat different types of skin cancer and pre-cancerous conditions. In PDT, a patient is administered a photoactivatable agent or precursor of a photoactivatable agent which accumulates in the tissue being diagnosed or treated. An area of the patient which includes the tissue being diagnosed or treated is then exposed to visible light. The visible light causes chemical and/or biological changes in the photoactivatable agent which in turn selectively locate, destroy or alter the target tissue while at the same time causing only mild and reversible damage to other tissues in the treatment area.
General background information on PDT using 5-aminolevulinic acid ("ALA") as the precursor of a photoactivatable agent can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,262, entitled "Method of Detection and Treatment of Malignant and Non-Malignant Lesions Utilizing 5-Aminolevulinic Acid," issued to James C. Kennedy et al. on Jan. 7, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,938, entitled "Method of Detection of Malignant and Non-Malignant Lesions by Photochemotherapy of Protoporphyrin IX Precursors," issued to James C. Kennedy et al. on May 18, 1993. The contents of these patents are incorporated herein by reference. The publication of James C. Kennedy et al. in the Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine and Surgery on Nov. 5, 1996, entitled "Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Photodiagnosis (PD) Using Endogenous Photosensitization Induced by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA): Mechanisms and Clinical Results," is also incorporated herein by reference. The "First Phase III" 1996 Annual Report by DUSA Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Tarrytown, N.Y.) contains pictures and examples of use of the invention, and is also incorporated herein by reference.
As they are used here, the terms ALA or 5-aminolevulinic acid refer to ALA itself, precursors thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the same.
Most conventional, non-laser light sources are comprised of just three basic functional blocks: an emission source to generate photons (e.g., a light bulb); coupling elements to direct, filter or otherwise conduct the emitted light so that it arrives at the intended target in a usable form; and a control system to start and stop the production of light when necessary. The common office fluorescent lighting fixture is a good example of such a system. In these fixtures, white visible light is produced by a controlled mercury arc discharge which excites inorganic phosphor materials inside a glass tube. Energy transfer from the arc causes visible white light emission from the tube. The emitted visible light is directed toward the work space by reflectors in the lamp housing; the distribution of visible light to the target is often further increased by using a diffusing system. In the typical office setting, visible light production is controlled by a simple snap switch which interrupts the flow of power to the lamp.
For therapeutic reasons it is desirable to have a power output which is uniform in intensity and color. In particular, it is highly desirable to have an illuminator with a spectral output that overlaps to a large extent with the optical activation spectrum of the target photosensitizer. According to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, blue light having wavelengths exceeding 400 nm (nanometers) is particularly advantageous for certain diagnostic purposes and treatments, especially when ALA is the photoactivatable agent used for PD and PDT of actinic keratosis. However, visible light in other ranges of the spectrum, particularly in the green and red ranges between 400 and 700 nm, may also be used.
Conventional illuminators do not produce visible light that is sufficiently uniform in intensity over a contoured surface.

Method of photodynamically diagnosing or treating a contoured surface


A method for polishing a glass workpiece is provided that includes contacting the glass workpiece having an initial Ra with an abrasive article comprising a three-dimensional abrasive coating bonded to a backing, applying a liquid at an interface between the glass workpiece and the abrasive article; moving the glass workpiece and the abrasive article relative to one another; and reducing the initial Ra to a final Ra. The abrasive articles are capable of rapid removal of glass stock from a glass test blank and reducing the surface finish using an RPP test procedure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to an abrasive article for polishing glass and a method of using the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Glass articles are extensively found in homes, offices and factories in the form of lenses, prisms, mirrors, CRT screens, and other items. Many of these glass surfaces are used in optical components which require that the surface is optically clear and has no visible defects and/or imperfections. If present, defects, imperfections and even minute scratches can inhibit the optical clarity of the glass article. In some instances, these defects, imperfections and/or minute scratches can inhibit the ability to accurately see through the glass. Thus it is desired that the glass surface be essentially free of any defect, imperfection and/or scratch.
Many glass components are curved or contain a radius associated therewith. These radii and curves are generally generated in the glass forming process. However, as a result of the glass forming process, defects such as mold lines, rough surfaces, small points and other small imperfections, can be present on the outer surface of the glass. These defects and/or imperfections, however small, tend to affect the optical clarity of the glass. Abrasive means have been widely used to remove such imperfections and/or defects. The abrasive means typically fall within three main categories: grinding, fining and polishing.
The grinding step further perfects the desired curve or radius and removes any casting defects by rough grinding the glass component with an abrasive tool. Typically this abrasive tool contains a superhard abrasive particle such as a diamond, tungsten carbide or cubic boron nitride. The resulting glass surface is usually of the approximate curvature required. However, the abrasive tool in this rough grinding process will impart coarse scratches into the glass surface such that resulting glass surface is neither precise enough nor smooth enough to directly polish to an optically clear state.
The second step is called "fining." The purpose of the fining step is to refine the coarse scratches generated by the rough grinding process. In general, the fining process will remove the deep scratches from rough grinding and provide a substantially smooth, although not polished surface. The fining process should also result in sufficient removal of the coarse scratches such that the glass surface can be polished to an optically clear surface. If the fining process does not remove all the coarse scratches, then it can be extremely difficult for the polishing step to remove these scratches to obtain an optically clear surface.
This fining process is typically done with a loose abrasive slurry. The loose abrasive slurry comprises a plurality of abrasive particles dispersed in a liquid medium such as water. The most common abrasive particles used for loose slurries are pumice, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and the like. The loose abrasive slurry may optionally contain other additives such as dispersants, lubricants, defoamers and the like. In most instances, the loose abrasive slurry is pumped between the glass workpiece and a lap pad, such that the loose abrasive slurry is present between the glass workpiece and the lap pad. The lap pad can be made from any material such as rubber, foam, polymeric material, metal, steel and the like. Typically, both the glass workpiece and the lap pad will rotate relative to each other. This fining process typically comprises one or more steps, with each step generating a progressively finer and finer surface finish on the glass workpiece. A finer surface finish can be achieved by various means including utilizing a "softer" abrasive particle, a smaller abrasive particle, "softer" lap pad material and/or different machine conditions. The surface finish of the optical component after this fining process is typically anywhere from about 0.06 to 0.13 micrometer (Ra) and/or an Rtm greater than about 0.30 to 0.90 micrometer.
The roughness of a surface is typically due to scratches or a scratch pattern, which may or may not be visible to the naked eye. A scratch pattern can be defined as a series of peaks and valleys along the surface. Rtm and Ra are common measures of roughness used in the abrasives industry, however, the exact measuring procedure can vary with the type of equipment utilized in surface roughness evaluation. As used herein, Rtm and Ra measurements are based on procedures followed with the Rank Taylor Hobson (Leicester, England) profilometer, available under the trade designation SURTRONIC 3.
Ra is defined as an average roughness height value of an arithmetic average of the departures of the surface roughness profile from a mean line on the surface. Measurements are taken at points both above and below the mean line on the surface within an assessment length set by the Rank Taylor Hobson instrument. Ra and Rtm (defined below) are measured with a profilometer probe, which is a 5 micrometer radius diamond tipped stylus and the results are recorded in micrometers (.mu.m). These departure measurements are totaled and then divided by the number of measurements to arrive at an average value. Generally, the lower the Ra value, the smoother the finish.
Rt is defined as the maximum peak-to-valley height. Rtm is the average, measured over five consecutive assessment lengths, of the maximum peak-to-valley height in each assessment length. In general, the lower the Rtm value, the smoother the finish. A slight variation in the Ra and Rtm values can, but not necessarily, occur when the measurement on the same finished glass surface is performed on different brands of commercially available profilometers.
The third step of the overall process is the polishing step which generates the smoother, optically clear surface on the glass article. In most instances, this polishing step is done with a loose abrasive slurry, since the loose slurry typically provides the means to generate an optically clear surface that is essentially free of any defects, imperfections and/or minute scratches. Typically, the loose abrasive slurry comprises ceria abrasive particles dispersed in water.
Although loose abrasive slurries are widely utilized in the fining and polishing steps of providing an optically clear surface finish on glass articles, loose abrasive slurries have many disadvantages associated with them. These disadvantages include the inconvenience of handling the required large volume of the slurry, the required agitation to prevent settling of the abrasive particles and to assure a uniform concentration of abrasive particles at the polishing interface, and the need for additional equipment to prepare, handle, and dispose of or recover and recycle the loose abrasive slurry. Additionally, the slurry itself must be periodically analyzed to assure its quality and dispersion stability which requires additional costly man hours. Furthermore, pump heads, valves, feed lines, grinding laps, and other parts of the slurry supply equipment which contact the loose abrasive slurry eventually show undesirable wear. Further, the steps which use the slurry are usually very untidy because the loose abrasive slurry, which is a viscous liquid, splatters easily and is difficult to contain.
Understandably, attempts have been made to replace the loose abrasive slurry fining and polishing steps with lapping coated abrasives to some degree of success. In general, a lapping coated abrasive comprises a backing having an abrasive coating bonded to it. This abrasive coating comprises a plurality of abrasive particles dispersed in a binder. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,164 (Butzke et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,612 (Shukla et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,502 (Braun) and European Patent Application No. 650,803 disclose various abrasive articles and polishing processes. Other references that teach lapping coated abrasive articles include U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,703 (Kaczrnarek et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,773,920 (Chasman et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,468 (Ravipati et al.). However, lapping coated abrasives have not completely replaced loose abrasive slurries. In some instances the lapping coated abrasives do not provide a surface which is optically clear and essentially free of defects, imperfections and/or minute scratches. In other instances, the lapping coated abrasives require a longer time to polish the glass article, thereby making it more cost effective to use a loose abrasive slurry. Similarly in some instances, the life of a lapping coated abrasive is not sufficiently long to justify the higher cost associated with the lapping coated abrasive in comparison to loose abrasive slurries. Thus in some instances, lapping coated abrasives are not as economically desirable as loose abrasive slurries.
What is desired by the glass industry is an abrasive article that does not exhibit the disadvantages associated with a loose abrasive slurry, but that is able to effectively and economically polish a glass surface in a reasonable time to optical clarity such that the glass surface is essentially free of imperfections, defects and/or scratches.

Method for providing a clear surface finish on glass

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


Applicators for applying a masking material to a target surface, the applicators include a body, an applicator system attached to the body and configured to apply the masking material to the target surface with a substantially straight edge as the body is translated in an application direction, a dispenser system attached to the body, the dispenser system being configured to support a supply of the masking material and to dispense the masking material to the applicator system, and a guide member attached to the body proximate the applicator system in a trailing position and configured to press the masking material to the target surface after the applicator system applies the masking material to the target surface.

The present disclosure relates generally to applicators. In particular, applicators for applying masking material to surfaces are described.
Painting is an important part of any construction project, whether it is a new build or remodel. Paint protects the walls from moisture and damage while improving the aesthetics of the building itself. For these reasons, it is important to do a high quality paint job and cover an entire surface area, but in the least amount of time. Prior to most paint jobs, preparation work is done to protect other walls, surfaces, and objects that are not intended to be painted the same color as another area.
Presently, a masking process is done to delineate areas to be painted and areas to be protected from the paint being applied. The typical masking process involves adhering either paper or plastic to a surface or edge using tape. The masking process can be tedious and laborious and is usually performed by hand. Someone performing the masking preparation work must bend over or get on all four limbs to mask a floor or low area, and often, ladders or stilts are necessary to mask off a ceiling or high place.
Some hand tools have made the application of masking materials easier, whereby they dispense the tape and paper or plastic at the same time for the user. However, this process is still done exclusively by hand and is not sufficiently accurate or effective. Currently, there is not an automatic or mechanical tool to apply masking material to walls or surfaces that applies the masking material in an adequately straight line, or which does so quickly without straining the person applying the masking material.
Conventional masking material applicators are generally unable to manage corners effectively or seamlessly. Known applicators must generally stop applying masking material upon reaching a corner and then restart applying masking material anew on the adjacent wall. This stopping and starting is inefficient, and it would be desirable to have a device enabling seamless or continuous transitions between adjacent walls over corners.
Thus, there exists a need for masking material applicators that improve upon and advance the design of known masking applicators. Examples of new and useful masking material applicators relevant to the needs existing in the field are discussed below.

Applicators for applying masking material to surfaces


Provided is a monolayer type photoconductor superior in sensitivity characteristics that allows reliable production by easy confirmation of the sensitivity characteristics, and an image forming device using such a monolayer type photoconductor. A monolayer type photoconductor including a base body and a single photo sensitive layer formed on the base body, the single photo sensitive layer containing a charge generating agent, a hole transfer agent, an electron transfer agent and a binding resin, wherein a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of the photo sensitive layer is set to a value of below 850 nm and an absorbance (A850) of light at a wavelength of 850 nm per unit thickness of the photo sensitive layer is set to a value of 0.05 μm−1 or less.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a monolayer type photoconductor and an image forming device. In particular, the invention relates to a monolayer type photoconductor superior in sensitivity characteristics that allows reliable production while allowing easier confirmation of the sensitivity characteristics, and an image forming device using the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, an increasing number of organic photoreceptors have been used recently as electrophotographic photoconductors for electrophotographic devices such as a copying machine and a laser printer, because of the requirements for lower price, lower environmental pollution and others. Phthalocyanine pigments, which are sensitive to light at an infrared to near-infrared wavelength region that is irradiated, for example, from a semiconductor laser or infrared LED, have been used widely as charge generating agents for use in such organic photoreceptors.
The phthalocyanine pigments are grouped into non-metal phthalocyanine compounds, copper phthalocyanine compounds, titanyl phthalocyanine compounds, and others, depending on chemical structure, and it is known that each phthalocyanine compound can have various crystal forms based on the difference in its production condition.
Among the various phthalocyanine compound crystals different in crystal form currently available, electrophotographic photoconductors employing titanyl phthalocyanine in the Y-type crystal structure as the charge generating agent are known to have electrical properties more favorable than those employing titanyl phthalocyanine in another crystal form.
The Y-type titanyl phthalocyanine crystal is, for example, a titanyl phthalocyanine crystal having a maximum diffraction peak at a Cu—Kα Bragg angle 2θ of 27.3°±0.2° in the X-ray diffraction spectrum, and disclosed is a method of producing a titanyl phthalocyanine crystal in reaction of a phthalocyanine ring-forming organic compound and a titanium in a dialkylaminoalcohol containing added urea or ammonia at 130° C. for about 4 hours (see, e.g., Patent Document 1).
Also disclosed are methods of preparing a titanyl phthalocyanine crystal in direct reaction between o-phthalonitrile and titanium tetrabutoxide in the absence of a urea compound under the condition at 215° C. for about 2 hours (see, e.g., Patent Documents 2 and 3).
More specifically, disclosed is a method of producing a titanyl phthalocyanine crystal having peaks in predetermined ranges of the CuKα X-ray diffraction spectrum and having no temperature variation peak in the range of 50 to 400° C. in differential scanning calorimetry.
[Patent Document 1] JP-8-176456A (Examples)
[Patent Document 2] JP-3463032B (Claims)
[Patent Document 3] JP-2004-145284A (Claims)
However, although it is possible to prepare titanyl phthalocyanine crystals respectively having a desired crystal form according to the methods in Patent Documents 1 to 3, electrophotographic photoconductors prepared by using the titanyl phthalocyanine crystals obtained often show a significant difference in sensitivity characteristics.
The difference in sensitivity characteristics seems to be caused by fluctuation in dispersibility of the titanyl phthalocyanine crystal in a photo sensitive layer, which is in turn caused by a slight difference in the amount of impurities remaining in the crystal.
Thus, it is needed to measure the sensitivity characteristics actually for control of the fluctuation in quality, which is the reason of the low productivity of the electrophotographic photoconductor.

Monolayer type photoconductor and image forming device


A voltage dividing capacitor circuit includes a first capacitor voltage divider and a second capacitor voltage divider. The first capacitor voltage divider is connected to a second voltage node, the first capacitor voltage divider includes a first flying capacitor and a plurality of first switches, the second voltage node coupled to a second load capacitor, the plurality of first switches connected in series between a first voltage node and a ground node, the first voltage node coupled to a first load capacitor, and the ground node coupled to a ground voltage. The second capacitor voltage divider is connected between the first voltage node and the second voltage node, and includes a second flying capacitor and a plurality of second switches, the plurality of second switches connected in series between the first voltage node and the second voltage node.

Various example embodiments generally relate to voltage converters in integrated circuits, and more particularly to voltage dividing capacitor circuits, supply modulators, and/or wireless communication devices including the same, and/or methods of operating the same.
Wireless communication devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, etc., use WCDMA (3G), LTE, LTE Advanced (4G), 5G New Radio (NR), etc., technology for high speed communication. As communication technology has been increasingly advancing, transmission and/or reception signals having a higher peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and a greater bandwidth are desired and/or required. Thus, if a power supply of a power amplifier of a transmission end is connected to a battery, the efficiency of the power amplifier decreases. In order to increase the efficiency of a power amplifier having a high PAPR and a large bandwidth, average power tracking (APT) and/or envelope tracking (ET) is used. When using the ET technique, the efficiency and linearity of a power amplifier may be enhanced. A chip that supports the APT technique and/or ET technique is referred to as a supply modulator.

Voltage dividing capacitor circuits, supply modulators and wireless communication devices


The present invention relates to terminal equipment and a method for controlling uplink transmission power. The method, in which terminal equipment controls uplink transmission power in a wireless communication system, includes the steps of: determining uplink transmission power when at least one type of channel is employed for simultaneous transmission at a cell among a first type of channel corresponding to a plurality of PUCCHs, a second type of channel corresponding to PUSCHs including a UCI, and a third type of channel corresponding to PUSCHs excluding the UCI; and transmitting the at least one type of channel via the determined uplink transmission power, wherein the uplink transmission power is determined by applying a scaling factor to a power value of the at least one type of channel when the power value exceeds the maximum transmission power or remaining transmission power.

One of the most important requirements of a next generation wireless access system is that high data transmission rate should be supported. To this end, a variety of technologies including multiple input multiple output (MIMO), cooperative multiple point transmission (CoMP), and relays have been studied.
A conventional wireless access system mainly considered only one carrier even though bandwidth of uplink and bandwidth of downlink are differently configured. For example, a wireless communication system in which the number of carriers constituting uplink and the number of carriers constituting downlink are one, respectively, and bandwidth of uplink is generally symmetrical to bandwidth of downlink, based on a single carrier, has been provided.
Nonetheless, in consideration of saturated frequency resources, carrier aggregation (CA)/multiple cells for designing each of dispersed bands to satisfy basic requirements capable of operating an independent system and for aggregating a plurality of bands to one system has been introduced as a method for securing broad bandwidth in order to meet requirements for higher data transmission rate.
In this case, a carrier of a bandwidth unit available for an independent operation may be referred to as a component carrier (CC). To support increasing transmission capacity, bandwidth of a CC is extended to 20 MHz or more in a recent 3GPP long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) or 802.16m system. At this time, a broad band is supported by aggregating one or more CCS. For instance, if one CC supports a bandwidth of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, system bandwidth up to 100 MHz may be supported by aggregating a maximum of 5 CCs.

Terminal equipment and method for controlling uplink transmission power