A precision PLL based transceiver having a single precision SAW or crystal resonator is configured to lock onto multiple different input frequencies and output generated clocks at the multiple different frequencies. The input reference frequency may be higher or lower than the resonator frequency. A fraction of two whole numbers describing a ratio of the resonator frequency to a given input frequency reference is first obtained. One of the numerator or denominator in the fraction is used to set the divide value of a first frequency divider coupling a VFO based on the resonator to a feedback input on a PFD. The other of the numerator or denominator is used to set a second frequency divider coupling the input frequency reference signal to the PFD. A first frequency multiplier is given a multiplication factor matching the divide value of the second frequency divider, and used to couple the output of the first frequency divider to the output of the PLL. Alternatively, a second frequency divider may be inserted between the reference frequency input and the PFD to match the frequency, or a multiple thereof, of the VFO output, which may bypass the first frequency divider in the feedback path to the PFD.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to clock synthesizers based on digital phase locked loops (PLL) and more particularly to clock synthesizers for serial digital communications systems which may actively be switched to using a base frequency and a forward error correction (FEC) frequency.
2. Description of the Related Art
Serial data communication systems use phase lock loop (PLL) clock generators locked to a reference frequency input (or reference clock input) to generate internal clocks. For example, serial data communication systems use PLL clock generators locked to a reference frequency input to generate local (i.e. internal) transmit clocks. In a wireless system, this clock defines both the modulation and broadcast frequency. In a wireline system, e.g. SONET/SDH, it defines the bit rate of the transmitter. All wireline systems define both a base bit rate and a forward error correction, FEC, rate. This FEC rate is necessarily higher than the basic data bit rate to allow for the inclusion of additional forward error correcting code redundancy bits into the base transmitted data, i.e. into the same time window used to send one data unit (or packet) at the basic rate. Thus, a different transceiver (with a different operating frequency) is typically needed for systems that operate at the basic bit rate without error correction code, and for systems that include FEC and thus operate at a higher bit rate.
With reference to FIG. 1, a typical PLL based frequency synthesizer 11, such as those used in high precision transceivers, use a SAW or crystal based oscillator 13. That is, oscillator 13 includes a precision variable frequency oscillator, VFO, 15 whose precision operation is based on the resonant quality of SAW or crystal resonator 17. A reference clock input provides a nominal system frequency whose long term average value is to be used for generating the local output clock. A combination phase and frequency detector, PFD, and charge pump unit 19 compares in phase and frequency the reference clock input to a feedback signal based on the output from oscillator 13, i.e. the internal output clock from VFO 15. PFD and Charge Pump unit 19 produces a control signal dependent upon the comparison result, and the control signal is used to adjust VFO 15 accordingly. A loop filter 21, such as a low pass filter, assures that the average of the comparison result is used to control the oscillator so as to avoid spurious comparison results due to, for example, momentary glitches or spikes.
Sometimes, the desired frequency of the local, i.e. internal, output clock is much higher than the frequency of the reference clock input. Therefore, a frequency divider 23 may be inserted between the output of oscillator 13 and the feedback input of PFD and Charge Pump unit 19. In this case, the reference clock input is compared to a frequency-divided, down-converted output from precision VFO 15. The filtered control signal (voltage or current) is used to set the frequency of oscillator VFO 15, which provides the local output clock signal.
Different reference clock input frequencies may be used to produce the same output clock frequency (and thus use the same SAW or Crystal resonator 17) by configuring divider block 23 to divide by different integer values. For example, it is common practice to generate a 622.08 MHz local output clock for SONET/SDH applications by using either a 622.08 MHz reference input clock or a 155.52 MHz reference input clock by setting frequency divider block 23 to a value of divide by 1 or 4, respectively. It is to be understood that if the frequency of the input reference clock (i.e. 622.08 MHz) matches the frequency of the local clock output (i.e. 622.08 MHz), frequency divider block 23 is ideally not needed.
Thus, a conventional PLL can have binary dividers in the feedback path to lock the VFO output to a reference clock input whose frequency is an integer multiple of the VFO output frequency. Another technique well known in the art is to use a dual modulus divider with a division ratio of either n or n+1 [e.g. 31 and 32] and switching between the two values dynamically in a relationship fixed by the desired output frequency. But this technique introduces spurious signals into the clock output spectrum which makes it unsuitable for precision clocks for e.g. SONET/SDH.
Although different reference clock inputs may be used to produce the same local clock output by use of appropriate frequency division in the feedback path, the same SAW or Crystal resonator 17 cannot typically be used to produce different output clocks since operation of VFO 15 is directly tied to the fixed frequency of the SAW or Crystal resonator 17. That is, a precision PLL based frequency synthesizer requires a different resonator 17 for each different output clock frequency.
It would be highly desirable to use the same transceiver module in both systems with error correction coding and in systems without error correction coding. Using a single transceiver for both systems would reduce cost in design, material procurement, and manufacturing. This would mean however, that the clock generator within the transceiver module should be able to alternate between at least two precise output operating frequencies (preferably under electronic control), and the transceiver should be capable of selectively generating either the FEC operating frequency or the base operating frequency.
Wireline systems, especially SONET/SDH long haul service, have stringent frequency stability requirements that require the use of a stable frequency reference in the oscillator. The need for stringent frequency stability means that the frequency reference is typically a precision variable frequency oscillator using a SAW resonator, a quartz crystal resonator, or other precision resonator.
With reference to FIG. 2, an example of PLL based frequency synthesizer 31 suitable for use in a precision transceiver module capable of electronically selecting between two output frequencies (i.e. a base operating frequency and an FEC operating frequency) utilizes two oscillators 13a and 13b, and a multiplexer 33 for selecting between the two oscillators 13a and 13b. All elements similar to those of FIG. 1 have similar reference characters and are explained above. Preferably, the first oscillator 13a is designed to produce a first output frequency, i.e. the base frequency, and the second oscillator 13b is designed to produce the second output frequency, i.e. the FEC frequency. As a result, duplicate VFO's 15a and 15b (each based on a different frequency resonator 17a and 17b, respectively) are required to create oscillators 13a and 13b. The frequency control voltage from PFD and Charge Pump unit 19 is fed to both variable frequency oscillators 15a and 15b, each of which oscillates at respective first and second frequencies. Multiplexer 33 selects the output according to the state of a Frequency Select control signal.
Unfortunately to maintain a high precision of operation, two different precision resonators 17a and 17b are required in this design. Precision resonators, such as 17a and 17b, are typically relatively expensive discrete components that add to system cost and space requirements. It is therefore highly desirable that the transceiver which operates at both FEC and base data rates use only one such precision resonant device to generate both output frequencies.

System and method for synthesizing a clock at digital wrapper (FEC) and base frequencies using one precision resonator


Methods and apparatus for joining two or more tables are disclosed. A query including a join query is received, where the join query requests that a new table be generated from data obtained from two or more tables, where the two or more tables are stored at two or more data sources. One or more columns for each of the tables for which data is to be obtained are identified from the query. A query plan to execute the query to obtain data for the identified columns from the two or more tables is then generated.

The present invention relates to computer-implemented systems and methods for querying two or more tables associated with two or more different data sources. More specifically, the invention relates to systems and methods for joining two or more tables associated with two or more different data sources.
Typically, a user submits a query to retrieve data from a data source. Queries may be formatted in a variety of languages such as the SQL (Structured Query Language). Data that is queried is often stored in what is referred to as a "table."
A query is often used to retrieve data from a single table. In many circumstances, it may also be desirable to retrieve data from multiple data sources (e.g., tables). This may be accomplished by separately querying each of the data sources. However, the user may wish to retrieve the results of the query in the form of a single result set (e.g., table).
A join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables. It is possible to join two or more tables from the same data source together, resulting in a result set (e.g., table) representing the results of the query.
In view of the above, it would be beneficial if multiple tables from different data sources could be joined in an effective and efficient manner.

Methods and apparatus for processing a query joining tables stored at different data sources


A mobile communication terminal device, capable of implementing large screen and displaying stereoscopic images, includes: a first case and a second case; a first and a second display part mounted on the first case and the second case, respectively; lens modules mounted in front of the first and second display parts for producing virtual images for images of the first and second display parts; and a rotation member for rotating the first case and the second case on the same rotation axis. The mobile communication terminal device further includes: a first case and a second case; a rotation member for rotating the first case and the second case on the same rotation axis; and a viewfinder unit mounted on one side of at least one of the first case and the second case.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile communication terminal device, and more particularly, to a mobile communication terminal device which is capable of implementing large screen and displaying stereoscopic images.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Usually, a mobile communication terminal device includes a body equipped with a program inside, and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) modules electrically connected to the body for displaying information.
A mobile communication terminal device is generally divided into a flip type in which an LCD is integrally coupled thereto to be exposed to the outside, and a folder type in which an LCD is coupled to be relatively rotated against the body.
As an example of the folder type mobile communication terminal device, U.S. Pat. No. 6,396,924 (date of patent: May 28, 2002, titled "Information Communication Terminal Device") has been disclosed.
The device disclosed in the above patent includes a first display/operation part and a second display/operation part mounted on an upper and a lower case, respectively. Also, it has a housing member accommodating a video camera therein, and a support mechanism supporting rotatively the first display/operation part and the second display/operation part on the same rotation axis. The first and second display/operation parts, mounted rotatively at least 180 degrees about the housing member, are structured so as to be opposed to one another when the mobile communication terminal device is in an opened condition and overlapped with one another when the mobile communication terminal device is in a closed condition. With the above construction, the mobile communication terminal device can have excellent portability, deal a moving image, and realize multifunction.
Recently, a mobile communication terminal device demands high performance due to the advancement of multimedia functions, and also demands large screen display and a stereoscopic image display unit for satellite Digital Media Broadcasting (DMB) or digital broadcasting. However, the miniaturization tendency in a mobile communication terminal device makes it difficult to mount a large screen display. Although a screen size has been enlarged or a projection system has been employed in order to solve the above problems, it is difficult to make a practical product with the existing technology.


The present invention provides a method of forming a opening in a semiconductor dielectric layer. In an advantageous embodiment, the method comprises the steps of forming a hardmask layer on the dielectric layer wherein the hardmask layer has an etch rate less than an etch rate of the dielectric layer, forming a guide opening through the hardmask layer, forming a spacer within the guide opening that reduces a diameter of the guide opening and forming the opening in the dielectric layer through the guide opening. The method may further include the steps of depositing a conductive material in the opening and guide opening and over at least a portion of the hardmask layer that extends beyond the guide opening, and removing the hardmask layer and the conductive material layer that extend beyond the guide opening. In certain embodiments, the contact opening may be formed to a width equal to or less than 0.25 .mu.m.

It is well known that microcircuit fabrication requires the formation of precisely controlled openings, such as contact openings or vias, which are subsequently interconnected to create components and very large scale integration (VLSI) or ultra large scale integration (ULSI) circuits. Equally well known is that the patterns defining such openings are typically created by optical lithographic processes, which involve the use of a mask and radiation, such as ultraviolet light, electrons or x-rays, to expose a pattern in the photoresist material. The exposed patterns in the photoresist are formed-when the wafer undergoes the subsequent development step. The exposed portion of the photoresist is removed and unexposed portions of the photoresist remains to protect the substrate regions that it covers. Locations from which photoresist has been removed can then be subjected to a variety of subsequent processing steps.
Formerly, in technologies involving features of greater than 0.5 microns, the degree of resolution was not as critical and longer wavelengths, such as those around 600 nm could be used. Accordingly, the equipment used in these conventional lithographic processes was developed to accommodate these design parameters.
In today's deep sub-micron technologies, however, the degree of resolution that can be achieved by such lithographic processes factor in consistently printing minimum size images has become even more critical in deep sub-micron circuits with features less than 0.5 .mu.m. Thus, the fabrication of increasingly smaller features on VLSI or ULSI relies on the availability of increasingly higher resolution lithography equipment or processes. This higher resolution may be achieved in several ways. For example, the illuminating wavelength can be decreased, or the numerical aperture of the system lens can be increased. The contrast of the photoresist can also be increased, by modifying the photoresist chemistry, by creating entirely new resists, or by using contrast enhancement layers, which allows a smaller modulation transfer function to produce adequate images. Alternatively, the coherence of the optical system can be adjusted.
As features sizes have become smaller, difficulty in controlling the appropriate amount of photoresist exposure has increased due to stray light problems associated with patterning these smaller features. In some cases, over exposure of the desired photoresist area may occur, and in other cases, under exposure of the photoresist area may occur. In either case, critical dimension (CD) line width control becomes more difficult.
Accordingly, optical lithography for deep sub-micron integrated circuits with feature sizes less than 350 nm (0.35 .mu.m) requires shorter wavelength exposure (365 nm or 248 nm) of the photoresist materials used for defining circuits. Most recently, new stepper lithography equipment has become available that uses shorter wavelengths to allow more precise exposure of a photoresist that is sensitive to the shorter wavelengths. With this new technology, smaller contact opening and via sizes can be obtained. However, this new stepper equipment is expensive and thus substantially increases the overall manufacturing cost of semiconductors.
Therefore, it is highly desirable to achieve the smaller contact openings and vias required by today's deep sub-micron technologies without the additional start-up costs associated with the new stepper technology and yet avoid the problems with inconsistent exposure of the photoresist.

Method for using a hardmask to form an opening in a semiconductor substrate


According to an example, printed media stack alignment may include actuating a belt and a paddle to shift first and second sheets to a stopper position represented by register of the first and second sheets against a stopper. The stopper may be actuated to shift the first and second sheets to an eject position, where the eject position is intermediate to a sheet deposit position and the stopper position. The belt and the paddle may be actuated to shift the first sheet, the second sheet, and a third sheet received at the sheet deposit position to the stopper position. The stopper may be actuated to shift the first, second, and third sheets to the eject position. Further, an ejector may be actuated to eject a stack including the first, second, and third sheets from the eject position.

A printer may be described as a peripheral which is used to make a persistent human readable representation of graphics or text on physical media such as paper. Examples of printer mechanisms include black and white, and/or color laser printers used for documents, and black and white, and/or color inkjet printers which may be used to produce high quality photograph output.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A method for judging feature of malignant tumor is described. The method comprises obtaining step, first comparing step, second comparing step and judging step. The obtaining step comprises obtaining a first parameter based on activity and expression level of a first cyclin dependent kinase (first CDK) contained in a tumor cell of the malignant tumor, a second parameter based on activity and expression level of a second cyclin dependent kinase (second CDK) contained in the tumor cell, a third parameter based on the first parameter and the second parameter, and a fourth parameter based on expression level of a cyclin contained in the tumor cell. The first comparing step comprises comparing a first threshold value with the third parameter. The second comparing comprises comparing a second threshold value with the fourth parameter. The judging step comprises judging the feature of the malignant tumor based on the comparison results of the first comparing step and the second comparing step.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for judging a feature of a malignant tumor based on an analysis result obtained through analysis of protein of a tumor cell of the malignant tumor collected from a patient.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is conventionally known that feature of malignant tumor can be judged when an expression level of cyclin of malignant tumor cell is measured.
For example, according to the literature by Keyomarsi K. et al. (The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, No. 20, 2002, pages 1566-1575), an expression level of cyclin E is used in the prognosis of breast cancer. The literature by Keyomarsi K. reports that the expression level of the cyclin E in the tumor cell obtained from a breast cancer patient is measured, and a survival rate is low when the expression level of the cyclin E is high, in other words, a poor prognosis is exhibited. However, the malignant tumor in which the expression level of the cyclin E is low may be recurrent in some cases. Therefore, prognosis of the malignant tumor and judgment of a risk of recurrence thereof based on the expression level of the cyclin E is not accurate enough.
Further, according to the literature by Hisanori Kawamoto and colleagues (American Journal of Pathology, vol. 150, No. 1, 1997, pages 15-23), expression levels of a cyclin B1 and CDK1 in nonmalignant and malignant human breast lesions are measured. The literature by Hisanori Kawamoto and colleagues reports that the benign/premalignant lesions and the breast carcinomas can be discriminated from each other when the expression levels of the cyclin B1 and CDK1 are used. However, the relevant literature merely reporting the measurement of the expression levels of the cyclin B1 and CDK1 fails to include any recitation relating to a method for judging the feature of the malignant tumor such as the risk of recurrence thereof.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method for judging feature of malignant tumor


A method of fabricating a semiconductor device including sequentially forming a polysilicon layer, a first insulating layer, and a photoresist layer over a gate oxide film positioned on a semiconductor substrate. A photoresist pattern with a first groove is formed by selectively patterning the photoresist layer to partially expose a surface of the first insulating layer. A second insulating layer is formed over the photoresist pattern with the first groove and over the exposed surface of the first insulating layer. A sacrificial spacer is formed on each inner wall of the first groove by etching back the second insulating layer and forming a second groove in the first insulating layer in communication with the first groove to expose a surface of the polysilicon layer at the bottom of the second groove. The photoresist pattern is removed, and an arbitrary layer pattern is formed over the polysilicon layer at the bottom of the second groove. The sacrificial spacers and first insulating layer are removed, and a gate electrode is formed by etching the polysilicon layer using the arbitrary layer pattern as a mask.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates, in general, to a method of fabricating a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to a method of fabricating a transistor capable of realizing a gate electrode in a fine pitch structure.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Market competitiveness in semiconductor technologies depends to some extent on how many logic devices can be mounted on a small area. Accordingly, one of the most important issues in developing and manufacturing semiconductor products is the downsizing of semiconductor chips. Currently, the downsizing of semiconductor devices is being heavily researched.
When a semiconductor device is highly integrated and downsized, it is difficult to realize a desirable small-sized pattern profile because the minimum allowable line width is reduced. For example, a width of a gate electrode is 500 nm in a 16 MB D-RAM and is reduced to 350 nm in a 64 MB D-RAM. Similarly, the width of the gate electrode is reduced to 250 to 300 nm in a 256 MB D-RAM and to 100 nm or less in a 512 MB D-RAM.
Conventional methods of forming a gate electrode include directly etching a polysilicon layer under a photoresist pattern (hereinafter, referred to as 'PR pattern') using the PR pattern as a mask. However, these conventional methods are only applicable to a gate size with a width of 200 nm or more or a gate oxide structure having a thickness of 50 Å or more. This is because it is difficult to control a pattern profile during the etching process because the profile deformation phenomenon of the PR pattern (e.g. collapse of the PR pattern) occurs at 160° C. or higher, and also an overetching phenomenon occurs, in which a portion of the gate oxide is etched when the polysilicon layer is etched, because an etching selectivity to the gate oxide is not sufficiently secured.
Therefore, the above-described conventional method is not suitable for the formation of a thin gate oxide and a small pitch structure except in some special cases.
In other conventional methods the gate electrode is formed using a hard mask made of SiN or SiON. Unlike the conventional method directly using the PR pattern as the mask to form the gate electrode, an etching process using the hard mask includes forming the hard mask using a PR pattern as a mask, and then forming the gate electrode using the hard mask.
According to the conventional etching technology. using the hard mask, a thickness of the gate oxide can be reduced to less than 50 Å (e.g. 10 to 20 Å) and a sectional profile can be controlled in a small-sized gate process while designing the semiconductor device because the etching selectivity of the gate oxide to the PR mask is sufficiently high during etching of the polysilicon layer.
FIGS. 1 to 4 show steps of a conventional method of forming a gate electrode of a transistor using a hard mask. As shown in FIG. 1, a gate oxide 20 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 10, and then a polysilicon layer 30 is formed on the gate oxide 20.
An insulating layer 40 made of Si(O)N which is to be used as a hard mask layer is formed on the polysilicon layer 30. A PR pattern 50 is formed on the insulating layer 40 using a photolithography process. The insulating layer 40 has a thickness of h.
As shown in FIG. 2, a hard mask 40a is formed by etching the insulating layer 40 using the PR pattern 50 as a mask.
As shown in FIG. 3, the PR pattern 50 on the hard mask 40a is removed by an ashing and strip process, with only the hard mask 40a remaining on the polysilicon layer 30.
As shown in FIG. 4, a gate electrode 30a is formed by etching the polysilicon layer 30 using the hard mask 40a. The thickness of the hard mask 40a is reduced to h′ after the completion of the etching process. The reason for the reduction in thickness is that the hard mask 40a is partially consumed when the polysilicon layer 30 is etched.
When a general deposition thickness of the polysilicon layer 30 is 1500 to 2000 Å and an initial deposition thickness (h) of the insulating layer 40 is about 800 Å, a remaining thickness (h′) of the insulating layer is about 200 Å. As a result, the gate electrode 30a with a width of  is formed. The width  that can be realized using this conventional process is about 100 nm.
The hard mask 40a remaining on the gate electrode 30a is then removed using an etchant having a desirable etch selectivity to the polysilicon layer, for example, an ARL (anti-reflective layer) etchant (NAE), thereby accomplishing the process.
The gate electrode 30a may be directly used in subsequent processing or after a silicide layer is formed on the gate electrode 30a. Subsequent processing may include, for example, deposition of an interlayer dielectric (ILD) film or a self-aligned contact (SAC) process without removing the hard mask 40a after the gate electrode 30a is formed.
Although the above-mentioned process can secure an etching selectivity to the thin gate oxide film, it cannot obtain a gate electrode in a fine pitch structure with a width of 100 nm or less. This is because the conventional method cannot form a PR pattern used as a masking layer during the formation of a hard mask with a width of 100 nm or less because of limits in the photolithography process.
Accordingly, there is a need for a process that can fabricate a gate electrode with a width of 100 nm or less to accommodate increased integration of semiconductor devices.

Method of fabricating a semiconductor device


A lubricant has the formula X:Y, wherein X is a layered material selected from the group consisting of layered transition metal dichalcogenides and graphite. Y is a magnetic inclusion between layers of X. The lubricant is made by adding X to a solution containing ions of Y. The solution is continuously mixed and dried. The Y is then reduced to a metallic form.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to modified and improved layered lubricants, such as molybdenum disulfide and graphite.
2. Description of Related Art
Layered substances such as molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide and graphite have been used in the past, both as dry lubricants and as additives dispersed in liquid lubricants to reduce the friction and wear between moving surfaces. These materials initially improve the anti-wear properties and lower the friction when used as a solid lubricant. However, as the two surfaces continue to move against each other, the lubricating particles tend to spread away from the asperity contact points. This results in an increase in the friction.
An example is the case of a drill bit rotating against a metal surface while drilling a hole. Within seconds of drilling, the rotating action makes a solid lubricant move away from the tip of the drill and thus increases the friction between the surfaces in contact. It would be desirable to provide some means for maintaining solid lubricants in position between the moving surfaces where they help to reduce the friction instead of being dispersed away from this area.


Disclosed is a method of forming a primer coating and an opaque coating on an integrated circuit or multichip module. First a primer coating composition is applied to a surface of the integrated circuit device or multichip module to form a primer coating that increases the resistance of the surface to thermal and mechanical damage that may occur as a result of the application of the opaque coating. An opaque coating composition is then heated to a molten state and the molten opaque coating composition is applied over the primer coating to form an opaque coating that overlies active circuitry on the surface, to prevent optical and radiation based inspection and reverse engineering of the active circuitry.

This invention relates to opaque coatings for electronic devices. In particular, the present invention is an opaque protective coating with primer and method of applying the coating and primer to integrated circuits and multichip modules. The coating and primer inhibit inspection and reverse engineering of integrated circuits and multichip modules.
Opaque coatings and methods of applying opaque coatings to electronic devices to inhibit inspection and reverse engineering are generally known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,441 to Bearinger et al. discloses one such method of forming an opaque coating on an integrated circuit. In Bearinger et al., an opaque ceramic coating is formed on an integrated circuit by a process which includes selectively applying a coating composition comprising a silica precursor resin and a filler onto the surface of the integrated circuit. A liquid mixture that includes the silica precursor resin and the filler is selectively applied to the integrated circuit by (1) masking the circuit, applying the liquid mixture and removing the mask, (2) selectively "painting" the circuit or (3) silk screening the circuit.
The coated integrated circuit is then heated at a temperature sufficient to convert the coating composition (i.e., liquid mixture) to a silica containing ceramic matrix having the filler distributed therein. Preferably, the integrated circuit with coating composition thereon is heated in a Lindberg furnace at a temperature within the range of about 50.degree. C. to 425.degree. C. for generally up to six (6) hours, with less than about three (3) hours being preferred, to convert the coating composition to a silica containing ceramic matrix. In Bearinger et al. the preferred silica precursor resin is hydrogen silsesquioxane resin (H-resin). To achieve a coating opaque to radiation, a filler comprising insoluble salts of heavy metals is combined with the silica precursor resin. To achieve a coating impenetrable to visual light, an optically opaque filler is combined with the silica precursor resin.
Because the method of applying the opaque coating to an integrated circuit of Bearinger et al. requires an extensive heating time period to transform the coating composition to a silica containing ceramic matrix, Bearinger et al.'s method is not particularly cost effective or efficient on a mass production level. In addition, the process of Bearinger et al. may not be usable with all types of integrated circuits since the method by which the opaque coating is applied and the extensive heating required to cure the opaque coating may cause mechanical and/or thermal damage to those integrated circuits having extremely delicate electronics. Also, the Bearinger, et al coating does not provide full protection since the liquid mixture is applied to the integrated circuit at the wafer level and before assembly of the actual devices into integrated circuit or multichip module packages. Therefore, protection is not provided for packaging components such as wire bonds, bond pads, and interconnects.
The U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,334 to Lantz, II discloses another process of applying an opaque ceramic coating to an integrated circuit. In Lantz, II, visual access to the topology of an integrated circuit is denied via an opaque ceramic produced by first mixing opaque particulate with a silica precursor. This mixture is then applied to the surface of the integrated circuit. The coated integrated circuit is then heated to a temperature in the range of 50.degree. C. to 450.degree. C. in an inert environment for a time within the range of one (1) second to six (6) hours to allow the coating to flow across the surface of the integrated circuit without ceramifying. The coated integrated circuit is then heated to a temperature in the range of 20.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C. in a reactive environment for a time in the range of two (2) to twelve (12) hours to allow the coating to ceramify. As with the above described Bearinger et al. patent, the method of applying the opaque coating of Lantz, II is time consuming and therefore not particularly cost effective or efficient on a mass production level. In addition, the process of Lantz, II may not be usable with all types of integrated circuits for the same reasons as outlined above in regards to the Bearinger et al.'s process. Likewise, as with the above described Bearinger et al. patent, the resulting coating does not provide full protection since the liquid mixture is applied to the integrated circuit at the wafer level and before assembly of the actual devices into integrated circuit or multichip module packages. Therefore, protection is not provided for packaging components such as wire bonds, bond pads, and interconnects.
There is a need for improved protective coatings for integrated circuits and multichip modules. In particular, there is a need for an improved protective coating that is both radiopaque and optically opaque to prevent inspection and/or reverse engineering of the topology of the integrated circuits and multichip modules. The protective coating should be capable of being applied to even electronically delicate integrated circuits and multichip modules without causing thermal and/or mechanical damage to the integrated circuits and multichip modules. In addition, the protective coating should be capable of being applied to integrated circuits and multichip modules in a time efficient and cost effective process to permit coating application on a mass production level. Finally, there is a need to apply the protective coatings to the wire bond and interconnects in integrated circuit and multichip module packages. These areas are unprotected using a wafer level coating.

Process for coating an integrated circuit device with a molten spray


There is provided a rubber composition for a tire tread having a remained despersibility of reinforcing agents without increased rubber hardness, an improved performance on snow and ice road, and an improved abrasion resistance, and inhibited from increasing in hardness or inhibited from increasing in hardness with the passage of time. A rubber composition for a tire tread, which comprises (a) a diene rubber, (b) glass fibers, (c) a reinforcing agent, and 1 to 15 parts by weight of (d-1) inorganic powders having a Mohs hardness of less than 6.5 and an average particle-size of less than 25 μm and/or (d-2) silicone rubber powders based on 100 parts by weight of the diene rubber.

The present invention relates to a rubber composition for a tire tread, and particularly relates to a rubber composition for a tire tread improving a tire in a performance on snow and ice road without decreasing in abrasion resistance.
A large number of patents disclosed that mixing short fibers (synthetic fibers, natural fibers, glass fibers, carbon fibers and the like) with a rubber improves the performance on snow and ice road and the abrasion resistance. Among these short fibers, inorganic fibers, for example, glass fibers can improve the performance. This is caused by that glass fibers are harder than ice and scratch ice. On the contrary, organic fibers (pulp, polyethylene, polyester, nylon and the like) are softer than ice and not expected to scratch ice.
However, inorganic fibers are hard materials, and tend to lead the rubber composition to hard in proportion to the amount thereof.
Generally, the hardness is adjusted by using liquid components such as petroleum softeners (aromatic oil, naphthene oil, paraffin oil, and the like) and low temperature plasticizers (dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and the like).
An increased amount of the liquid components are expected to decrease dispersibility of reinforcing agents (carbon black, silica and the like). The decreased dispersibility of reinforcing agents does not provide rubber property as planed, and provide decreased performance on ice road and decreased abrasion resistance.
For example, it is known that a spike tire is increased in performance on snow and ice road and abrasion resistance by using a rubber composition for a spike pin obtained by mixing polyamide short fibers or aramide short fibers with a rubber (e.g., Japanese unexamined patent publication No. 109618/1997). However, the tire of the rubber composition comprising polyamide short fibers or aramide short fibers is a spike tire having a problem in damage of a road surface. Further, organic fibers require a step for cutting long fibers to short fibers. Furthermore, organic fibers have a large number of problems in work environment or the like because of a low specific gravity and tendency to easily splash, and a problem of insufficient dispersion because of difficulty in dispersing in a mixing step.
Those are known that a tire showing a high friction force on snow and ice road, a low damage on a road surface, and a high tire performance can be produced from a rubber composition obtained by mixing cured powders of a hardening resin with a rubber (Japanese unexamined patent publication No. 278941/1997), that a studless tire having an excellent grip performance on ice road can be produced from a tread rubber composition obtained by mixing a silicone polymer with a rubber (Japanese unexamined patent publication No. 241427/1997), that a pneumatic tire having an excellent performance on snow and ice road and wet skid characteristics can be obtained by forming a foam rubber layer of a rubber composition comprising silica, carbon black or the like (Japanese unexamined patent publication No. 258469/1995).
However, the tire of a rubber composition obtained by mixing cured powders of a hardening resin has an insufficient performance on snow and ice road and a decreased abrasion resistance because the powders fall easily from the rubber composition. The tire of the tread rubber composition comprising a silicone polymer has a lower performance on snow and ice road than that comprising glass fibers.
The tire with a foam rubber layer of a rubber composition comprising silica, carbon black or the like has a problem of increasing in rubber hardness and decreasing in performance on snow and ice road with the passage of time when the ultrafine powders of reinforcing agents (carbon black, or silica) are used for improving the decreased abrasion resistance.


There is provided a method of manufacturing a conductive layer of in a signal transmission substrate. The method includes sewing conductive thread in sheet-like material having an insulating property so as to form one of a plurality of low resistance regions using the conductive thread in a high resistance region formed by the sheet-like material, moving the conductive thread from an end point of a previously sewed low resistance region to a start point of a low resistance region to be sewed subsequently, repeating the sewing and moving steps to form the plurality of low resistance regions in the high resistance region, and forming a plurality of holes in the conductive layer by press working so that an electrical component attached to at least one of the plurality of holes is able to transmit a signal between neighboring ones of the plurality of low resistance regions.

The present invention relates to a configuration of a conductive layer to be employed in a signal transmission substrate for transmitting a signal in accordance with a two dimensional Diffusive Signal-Transmission technology.
Recently, a technology for transmitting a signal (a packet) to a destination via a plurality of DST (Diffusive Signal-Transmission) chips has been proposed as described in Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 2004-328409 (hereafter, referred to as JP 2004-328409A) and on a web site "http://www.utri.co.jp/venture/venture2.html" (retrieved in November, 2005) by CELLCROSS Co., Ltd (the same contents are also available on the website http://www.cellcross.co.jp/technology.html). Hereafter, such a technology is referred to as a 2D-DST (two-dimensional DST) technology.
In JP 2004-328409A, a communication device having a conductive layer configured to include a plurality of low electrical resistance layers and high electrical resistance layers is disclosed. A signal transmission substrate of the communication device is formed of a flexible thin member. By using the 2D-DST technology, it is possible to form communication circuits on fabric. Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 2001-46357 discloses a diagnostic vest formed of a substrate employing the 2D-DST technology.
The diagnostic vest needs to have extensibility as well as flexibility because the diagnostic vest is used as clothes. However, if a member having extensibility (e.g., fabric) is used for each layer of the diagnostic vest, a yield of diagnostic vests may decrease because of a trouble which may be caused in a manufacturing process of diagnostic vests. For example, if a low electrical resistance layer is formed of fabric having conductivity and extensibility and a high electrical resistance layer is formed of fabric having an insulating property and extensibility, it is difficult to exactly align the low electrical resistance layer with the high electrical resistance layer to laminate these layers together because these layers do not have rigidity.
Therefore, a manufacturer of diagnostic vests is required to reduce the accuracy of alignment between the low and high electric resistance layers, or to conduct a screening test for screening out defectives.

Conductive layer, manufacturing method of the same, and signal transmission substrate


An adapter for a sterilization cassette type apparatus in the form of a cassette is mounted in the cassette clamping members and is constructed as a fluid distributor with a plurality of funnel-shaped receiving openings each having a cylindrical outer wall for receiving of medical or dental instruments to be cleaned and/or sterilized.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a sterilization chamber in the form of a cassette slidable into a sterilization apparatus and having fluid inlet and venting ports, with a bottom tray and an upper lid for the efficient holding of medical and/or dental instruments with fluid channels to be cleaned and/or sterilized.
2. Description of the Related Art
As experience has shown, there are special difficulties in cleaning and/or sterilizing long-extended medical and/or dental instruments with fluid channels, such as hand and angle pieces, after their use, to make them germ-free for the next usage. The cleaning and/or sterilization fluid must, namely, be led through all the cavities and channels in a sufficient manner.
A further difficulty is presented from the fact that instead of autoclaves having large-volume sterilization chambers, are therewith consuming much energy, there are now in use sterilization apparatuses the sterilization spaces of which are constructed as two-part cassettes slidable into the sterilization apparatus, having a bottom tray and an upper lid, the low volume of which makes possible an economical working requiring little time.
Thus, from EP 0 638 297 A1 is known a sterilization apparatus for the insertion of such sterilization vessels in the form of cassettes which have several adapters for the reception of elongated medical and/or dental instruments with fluid channels. Each of these adapters contains a connecting pin which is constructively adapted to the construction of the instruments. On the end facing away from the instrument, each adapter is constructed so that it can be easily detachable affixed to the back wall of the lower part of the cassette, for which purpose a rest lug is provided which cooperates with annular groove on the back wall of the lower part of the cassette. In each adapter there is present a slidable switching plunger which is activated by the sliding of an instrument onto the adapter against the force of a spring, and in the process frees the needed fluid channels. Such a construction is complicated and requires provisions on the cassette itself, so that cassettes of different construction type become necessary, and cassettes already present cannot subsequently be equipped with such adapters.

Sterilization vessel in the form of a cassette


Embodiments of the disclosure provide a method for keeping a session table alive in a Network Address Translation (NAT) apparatus, includes creating a hello session table by an Access Border Gateway Function (A_BGF) apparatus, creating a hello message by the A_BGF apparatus according to the hello session table, sending the hello message by the A_BGF apparatus to the NAT apparatus, receiving the hello message by the NAT apparatus, and updating a session table corresponding to the hello message by the NAT apparatus. Embodiments of the disclosure also provide a system and apparatus for keeping a session table alive in an NAT apparatus. Application of the embodiments of the disclosure keeps the session table alive in the NAT apparatus of an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) ensures an unblocked registration path and prevents the user conversation being interrupted due to an aged session table of the NAT apparatus.

An IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a system which supports Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services. The IMS has been proposed by the 3G mobile network with support of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The IMS is related to services and applications and enables telecommunication companies, mobile network operators, and other service providers to provide a rich variety of multimedia services via a next generation packet switch network. At present, the IMS has been extended to cable networks and serves as a key technique in fixed networks and mobile networks.
The IMS is based on a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The SIP is a key technique in the communication control of the Next Generation Network (NGN) based on the IP. Referring to FIG. 1, an IP network telephone using the SIP under a private network is taken as an example to describe the structure of a conventional IMS system networking. A User Equipment (UE) of the IP network telephone under the private network is registered on a Proxy-Call Session Control Function (P_CSCF) via a Network Address Translation (NAT), an Access Border Gateway Function (A_BGF), and other apparatuses. A registration path acquired by the UE after a successful registration is: UE-NAT-A_BGF-P_CSCF. SIP signals are forwarded by the registration path.
A plurality of entries for stream forwarding, i.e. session tables, is stored in such stream forwarding apparatuses as the NAT and the A_BGF. When a message is forwarded, a session table is obtained first by searching according to a key value which includes a source IP address, a destination IP address, a source port, a destination port, and a protocol number. After the session table is found, i.e. the session table is hit, an outbound interface index is obtained by searching in a fast Forwarding Information Base (FIB) entry according to the destination IP address in the session table, a next hop information is obtained by searching in a routing table, and a destination Media Access Control (MAC) address is obtained by searching in an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) entry. The message is forwarded according to the destination IP address, the outbound interface index, the next hop information, and the destination MAC address.
An aging_time and a time_stamp are included in the session table. The aging_time denotes a time when that the session table is aged. The time_stamp is a time counter and counts from 0 when the session table is created. When the value of the time_stamp is greater than that of the aging_time, i.e., the entry has been aged, the session table is erased.
Since the NAT, the A_BGF, and the like all are stream forwarding apparatuses, the registration path of the UE is unique. Throughout the duration of the user's conversation, the session tables in the A_BGF and the NAT have to be kept alive to ensure that the registration path is unblocked. In the IMS system, since the P_CSCF periodically sends a command for keeping session table alive to the A_BGF, the session table in the A_BGF is kept alive. Throughout the duration of the user's conversation, the session table in the NAT apparatus has to be kept alive to ensure that the registration path is unblocked.
At present, when the IMS technique is used, there are two methods for keeping the session table alive in the NAT apparatus. An IP network telephone under a private network is taken as an example.
A UE of the IP network telephone under the private network sends a re-registration message to a P_CSCF via the NAT apparatus. After a session table in the NAT apparatus is hit by the re-registration message, the NAT apparatus refreshes the time_stamp in the session table to prevent the session table from being aged during the conversation, thus keeping the registration path unblocked.
However, the time when the UE of the IP network telephone sends the re-registration message is set by the manufacturer of the UE and varies with the manufacturer who configures the time. In addition, the time when a product sends the re-registration varies with the performance of the product. Since the time when the UE of the IP network telephone sends the re-registration message cannot be set flexibly, it is quite possible that the session table of the NAT apparatus has already been aged before the UE sends such a message.
Therefore, it is necessary to prolong the life of the session table, i.e., make the aging_time of the session table in the NAT apparatus longer than the user's conversation duration, thus keeping the registration path unblocked.
However, on the one hand, since there is a considerable difference between the conversation durations of the users, it is difficult to determine the value of the aging_time, and it cannot be ensured that the prolonged aging_time in the session table is definitely longer than the conversation durations of the users. On the other hand, over-prolonging the aging_time in a session table will inevitably affect the performance of the NAT apparatus.

Method, system and apparatus for keeping session table alive in net address translation apparatus


In the present invention, the processing sequence of a microprocessor for restructuring the recording parameters when changing the recording in an optical disk recording apparatus from a constant angular velocity (CAV) mode to a constant linear velocity (CLV) mode is as follows: (1) interrupt the recording process; (2) calculate a linear velocity at a point where the recording linear velocity becomes constant; (3) calculate a third recording parameter in the linear velocity by a linear interpolation based on first and second recording parameters which are corrected by test writing, replacing all the recording parameters for an outer circumference of an optical disk from a radius position where the linear velocity becomes Cx, with the third recording parameter; and (4) restart the recording with the third recording parameter as a recording condition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical disk recording apparatus, and more particularly to a recording control method for an optical disk recording apparatus capable of quickly dealing with a change in the recording system.
2. Description of the Related Art
The optical disk recording apparatus is an apparatus for recording information on an optical disk using a laser beam. Examples of the optical disk recording apparatus that are currently marketed include rewritable ones such as DVD-RAM, DVD-RW and CD-RW, as well as recordable ones such as DVD-R and CD-R. Examples of the disk recording system include a CAV (Constant Angular Velocity) system that controls the disk rotation speed to be constant, a CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) system that controls the recording linear velocity to be constant, and a PCAV (Partial Constant Angular Velocity) that uses both the CAV system and the CLV system together.
The CAV system is not necessary to change the disk rotation speed when seeking and capable of providing high-speed access. However, because the linear velocity becomes higher as it approaches the outer circumference of the disk, there is a disadvantage that the lower power is insufficient and the recording quality degrades. The CLV system controls the disk rotation so that the linear velocity is kept constant, which makes it possible to realize the maximum recording capacity without any waste occurring in the recording area. Meanwhile, the rotation speed substantially increases when recording on the inner circumference of the disk, so that the apparatus vibrates and the recording quality degrades. In the worst case, the disk could be damaged due to centrifugal force. The PCAV system is a system that employs the CAV system (i.e., CAV mode of operation) as long as the linear velocity does not exceed the maximum linear velocity from the inner circumference of the optical disk toward the outer circumference thereof, and that switches from the CAV mode to the CLV system (i.e., CLV mode of operation) when the linear velocity exceeds the maximum linear velocity at the outer circumference of the optical disk in order to realize high-speed access and large recording capacity.
In Japanese Patent Publication Laid-Open No. 2003-141732 there is described a control method in a PCAV system to monitor the recording state in real time and switch the rotation system at a time when the recording state deteriorates, from the CAV mode to the CLV mode regardless of the laser capability.

Recording control method for optical disk recording apparatus and optical disk recording apparatus


A device and method for increasing the safety of an extracorporeal blood treatment machine are based on monitoring transmembrane pressure. The transmembrane pressure measured by a measuring device during the treatment is compared with an upper limit transmembrane pressure L1 and a lower limit transmembrane pressure L2 which define a monitoring window. If the transmembrane pressure is outside this monitoring window, an alarm is triggered by an alarm device. The monitoring window is shifted as a function of the ultrafiltration rate. To determine the window limits, the transmembrane pressure is established after a change in the ultrafiltration rate is calculated. Thereafter, the window limits are determined on the basis of the expected transmembrane pressure.

Various methods of surgical purification or treatment of blood are used on patients with chronic renal failure. Such methods are used to remove undesirable substances that typically pass through a healthy person's urine. The methods are also used to remove excess body fluid in the patients. Diffusive mass transport is the predominant mechanism in hemodialysis (HD), while convective mass transport through the membrane is involved in hemofiltration (HF). Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is a combination of both methods.
Removing excess body fluid by ultrafiltration is an essential component of dialysis therapy. With the standard form of therapy today, either a fixed ultrafiltration rate (UFR) or a fixed time characteristic of the ultrafiltration rate (UF profile) is selected. The ultrafiltration rate and the ultrafiltration volume during a treatment affect cardiovascular regulation and the fluid compartment of the patient's body. Therefore, ultrafiltration is critical for safety. With uncontrolled withdrawal of fluid at the rate of several liters/hour (L/h), a significant decrease in blood volume may be reached after a few minutes. Such a decrease may result in a severe drop in blood pressure necessitating intensive care measures.
The ultrafiltration rate UFR of a dialyzer increases in proportion to the prevailing transmembrane pressure TMP, where transmembrane pressure is the pressure difference between the average pressure on the blood end and the average pressure on the dialysate end. The ultrafiltration coefficient indicates the amount of fluid removal (ultrafiltration amount) that can be achieved per hour and per mm Hg transmembrane pressure (dimension: mL/h·mm Hg). The ultrafiltration coefficient UFK and the desired fluid removal thus yield the transmembrane pressure TMP to be established.
To increase the patient's safety, existing blood treatment machines typically have a safety device which monitors the transmembrane pressure during the blood treatment to determine whether it exceeds an upper limit or drops below a lower limit, said limits defining a window of safety. An alarm is triggered on leaving this window. Reaching the upper limit may indicate blockage of the dialyzer, and reaching the lower limit may indicate a leak in the fluid system. In a blood treatment with a constant ultrafiltration rate UFR, the window of safety is set manually before starting the blood treatment on the basis of measured transmembrane pressure values. However, if the ultrafiltration rate changes during the blood treatment, the window must be readjusted. Known blood treatment machines allow for a stepwise ultrafiltration profile to be selected so that the window may be automatically readjusted on the basis of new measured values. However, centering the window after a sudden change in ultrafiltration rate generally takes more than one minute with such known devices.
If the ultrafiltration rate is to be regulated continuously, the window must be readjusted constantly. However, if centering the window takes more than one minute, the protective function may be eliminated entirely or at least in part.
German Patent Application No. 34 16 057 A1 describes a hemodialysis machine having a program-controlled device for producing a variable composition of the dialysis fluid. A check is performed during the treatment to determine whether the conductivity of the dialysis fluid is within a predefined window. The conductivity monitoring window is shifted with a change in the composition of the dialysis fluid thereby necessitating readjustment.
German Patent No. 42 39 937 C2 discloses a monitoring a device for hemodialysis equipment intended to prevent ultrafiltration rates that would be harmful to a patient. The disclosed device monitors transmembrane pressure to determine the existence of an undesirable ultrafiltration rate. However, the disclosed device is not suited to reliably monitor transmembrane pressure when the ultrafiltration rate is not constant.

Safety device for a blood treatment machine and a method of increasing the safety of a blood treatment machine


A process for making energetic cured binders by making poly-tetrazoles to produce multi-functional tetrazole polyols for producing tetrazole base polymers. Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to a process for preparation of a monomer including reacting an effective amount of nitrile(s) with inorganic azide and a divalent zinc salt in a first solvent, cooling to room temperature producing poly tetrazole, purifying the poly tetrazole by precipitation in a second solvent, and reacting an effective amount of the purified poly tetrazole with a third solvent, a soluble reversible or non-reversible base, and 2-chloro-ethanol, cooling to room temperature producing tetrazole polyol.

There is a need for novel energetic binders to increase the performance of pyrotechnics, gun propellants, rocket propellants, air-bag gas generator propellants, and explosives. Depending on the application, these materials are typically 3-25% binder by mass. Therefore, improvements to the energy content, mechanical properties, or insensitive munitions properties of the polymeric binder can have significant affects on the performance of the energetic material in question.
In general many pyrotechnics, propellants, explosives are comprised of a polymeric binder that holds one or more energetic solids in a plastic matrix. The polymeric binder serves many roles in these materials. Initially the polymer can aid in processing. In fact, the properties of the polymer will significantly affect how a material is processed, whether it is cast or pressed or extruded. Furthermore, the polymer mechanically holds all the ingredients together, serving as a structural element literally binding together the final material. This role is especially critical in rocket propellants, because cracks and voids in the propellant will lead to motor grain failure, often with catastrophic results. The binder serves many safety functions. The binder physically coats the energetic solids in these materials, this provides a physical buffer to minimize the physical and chemical interaction of reactive solids with each other. This generally lowers the electrostatic discharge, impact, and friction sensitivity of the final material. In some materials, especially rocket propellants, the binder also serves as a fuel when the hydrocarbon polymer is combusted by the oxidizer. However, the binder generally diminishes the performance (detonation pressure and velocity) of most explosives. To improve the performance of explosives with significant binder content, and to increase the energy density of propellants energetic polymers are needed.
While there are energetic binders available (polyglycidyl nitrate (PGN), polyglycidyl azide (GAP), azidomethyl-methyl-oxetane (AMMO), bis((azido-methyl)oxetane) (BAMMO), nitratomethyl-methyloxetane (NMMO), etc.) the safety benefits of increasing binder content are lost because these materials contain either organic azides or nitrate esters (or both). These functional groups are chemically unstable, easily ignited, and generally create reactive fragments on aging. In fact, propellants that utilize nitrate esters generally require expensive monitoring programs throughout their life cycle to insure both adequate safety properties and performance as the propellant ages. The cost of such monitoring is often cited as one reason most modern explosives do not to use nitrate esters as binder materials. Furthermore, the energetic groups are pendant moieties attached to the polymer, but not incorporated into the polymer backbone. This impairs the physical properties of these polymers and causes the formulator to need a higher weight percent of binder in order to achieve adequate coating. In short, there is a need for improved energetic binders to address safety, performance, aging, and processing requirements.
While tetrazoles are somewhat less energetic than azides or nitrates, the bis-alkyltetrazoles of interest are more thermally stable and substantially less chemically reactive. Higher percentages of these binders could be used without anticipating negative safety consequences. Furthermore, the energetic functionality is built into the polymer backbone, minimizing the total moles of pendant atoms. This is anticipated to yield a binder with superior physical properties. A dihydroxy-terminated bis-tetrazole (2,2 Bis((2-ethanol)-1 or 2H-tetrazole)-propane or BETP) has been synthesized on the multigram scale. Initial differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) analysis shows this pre-polymer has promise as an energetic cured urethane binder for explosives and propellants and gas generatos.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,086 issued on Oct. 1, 1991 to Henry, et al., which teaches gas generating compositions containing energetic high nitrogen such as ammonium 5-nitraminotetrazole and 5,5′-bitetrazole. This work yielded polymeric binders that are too rigid and "glassy" for the intended application. The chemical structure of the present invention polymers builds more flexibility into the backbone, yielding improved elastomers. Further research by Demko teaches the addition of sodium azide to nitrites to give 1H-tetrazoles in water with zinc salts as catalysts. (Demko, Z. P.; Sharpless, K. B. "Preparation of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles from nitrites in water." J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 7945). This step is only one method to obtain the tetrazole intermediate. Further reaction is necessary to produce the alcohol-based monomers. The addition of the alkyl alcohol is two fold: first, the short alkyl chain adds flexibility, solubility; second, the alcohol group allows for the production of stable polyurethanes. Polymerization of the tetrazole would produce the less stable polyurea.
Tetrazole compounds have application in many fields including, but not limited to, chemistry, ligands, metabolically stable surrogate for a carboxylic acid group, and material sciences including explosives and propellants and air bag gas generators.
It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not to be viewed as being restrictive of the present invention, as claimed. Further advantages of this invention will be apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and in the appended claims.

Process for making multifunctional tetrazole polyols to produce tetrazole based polymers

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


An optical disk device that reads and/or writes information to or from an optical disk. The optical disk device includes a recording signal output unit to output a signal to be recorded on an optical disk, an illuminating device to illuminate a recording surface of the optical disk with a light beam, a light generation control unit to control the intensity of the light beam according to the signal to be recorded, a calculating unit to calculate a value according to the level of the signal to be recorded, a light detector to receive the reflected light from the optical disk and to convert the reflected light to an electrical signal, and a gain adjustment unit to adjust the level of the output signal from the optical detector, based on the gain according to the output value from the calculating unit, and a control unit to control the illuminating device according to the output signal from the gain adjustment unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical recording and replay device which performs recording and replay of data by illuminating an optical disk recording substrate with a light beam. In particular, the present invention relates to an optical disk device which performs an auto gain control (AGC) process on servo signals which perform illuminating control of the spot of the light beam on the recording surface of the optical disk.
2. Description of the Related Art
An example of a known device of this type of optical disk device is shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, a spindle motor 2 rotates an optical disk 1. An objective lens 3 causes focusing of a light beam (laser light) which is generated by a laser 10. The optical disk 1 is illuminated by this laser beam. An optical detector 4 detects the amount of reflected light of the light beam illuminating the optical disk 1.
The objective lens 3 is movable in a direction to follow the tracks (namely, a parallel direction with respect to the recording surface of the optical disk), or a direction transverse to the tracks of the optical disk 1, by an actuator 5. Moreover, the objective lens 3 is movable in a direction perpendicular to the recording surface of the optical disk 1 by an actuator 6.
A recording signal processing unit 7 processes the data which is to be recorded on the optical disk 1. The laser 10 is controlled by a laser control unit 8 and a laser drive unit 9. Moreover, an analog divider 11 performs analog division based on the difference signal (the tracking error signal TE, mentioned later) and the sum signal (entire amount of reflected light) of the reflected light detected by the optical detector 4. The analog divider 14 performs analog division based on the difference signal (the tracking error signal TE, mentioned later) and the sum signal of the reflected light detected by the optical detector 4.
In this manner, a prior art optical disk device, with analog dividers 11, 14, provides a focus error signal FE and a track error signal TE as respective wave inputs, and in addition provides a total amount of light (sum signal) as a divider input.
Then, by the gain of a first servo loop consisting of the analog divider 11, servo processing unit 12, amplifier 13 and actuator 5, tracking control of the light beam with respect to the track of the optical disk 1 is performed on the one hand, and by the gain of a second servo loop consisting of the analog divider 14, servo processing unit 15, amplifier 16 and actuator 6, focus control is performed which controls the focal position of the light beam with respect to the recording surface of the optical disk 1.
In this manner, in a prior art optical disk device, the gain of the autofocus servo or tracking servo or the like servo loops are set by an analog divider, independently of the amount of reflected light. However, in optical disks, because the reflectivity of the recording surface from each manufacturer is generally different, when the focus control or tracking control of each optical disk is performed by the servo loops of the prior art devices, scattering of the loop gain occurs due to scattering of the amount of reflected light. Thus, the problem existed that oscillation sometimes occurred in the servo loops.
Moreover, in such a prior art device, the responsiveness to changes in the amount of light was poor, and at the moment of beginning or ending data recording, gain errors arose due to not being able to follow the changes of the amount of light. A problem also existed that the servos did not operate stably. Furthermore, because an analog divider was used, there was a problem that offset voltages tended to arise due to the effects of temperature or power supply changes.

Optical disk device which performs auto gain control process on servo signals which perform illuminating control of a light beam on the disk's recording surface


A system (19; 19, 35) for reducing an amount of a counterweight for a crane comprises a crane (2) having a founding structure (3) being disposed on a base (20), a coupling unit (4), and a superstructure (5) being coupled to the founding structure (3) via the coupling unit (4). The system (19; 19, 35) further comprises a suspension device (21; 21, 36) for suspending the crane (2) at the base (20), said suspension device (21; 21, 36) having a guiding structure (22; 22, 37) defining a guiding direction (23; 23, 38), said guiding structure (22; 22, 37) being attached to the base (20), a displacement device (24) being displaceably attached to the guiding structure (22; 22, 37) along the guiding direction (23; 23, 38), and at least one suspension element (29) being connected with a first end to the crane (2) and being connected with a second end to the displacement device (24).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,337 B1 discloses a maritime vessel with a stationary crane mounted thereon. The crane comprises a counterweight in order to counterbalance external and internal moments resulting from a load moment and to prevent tipping of the crane. A maritime vessel 1 according to the prior art is illustrated in FIG. 1, 2. A crane 2 is provided stationary on the vessel 1. The crane 2 comprises a founding structure 3 as a tower structure, a coupling unit 4 as a slewing ring and a superstructure 5 which is coupled to the founding structure 3 utilizing the coupling unit 4. The superstructure 5 comprises a base crane structure 6 which is directly connected via the coupling unit 4 to the founding structure 3. The superstructure 5 is slewably coupled to the founding structure 3 around a vertical axis 7. The superstructure 5, the coupling unit 4 and the founding structure 3 are coaxially aligned with the vertical axis 7. The superstructure 5 further comprises a main boom 8 and a derrick mast 9. The derrick mast 9 is also called superlift (SL) mast. The main boom 8 is pivotally hinged at a first end to the base crane structure 6. The derrick mast 9 is pivotally hinged at a first end to the base crane structure 6. The crane 2 enables lifting, holding and lowering a load 10 that is carried at a second end of the main boom 8. The main boom 8 is connected to the derrick mast 9 via a main stay 11. At a second end 12 of the derrick mast 9 a pendant 13 is provided for suspending a superlift counterweight 14. Further, the base crane structure 6 carries at least two superstructure counterweights 15 that are symmetrically aligned on both sides of the base crane structure 6. Further, the second end 12 of the derrick mast 9 is connected via pendants 16 to an A-frame 17 and to a boom hoist pulley 18.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,486 discloses a ring lift crane having a counterweight being radially displaceable connected to a base crane concerning a vertical slewing axis. In order to reduce an effective amount of the counterweight required for a safe operation of the crane, it is known from an article "Sarens goes to sea", dated Aug. 13, 2008 published in the magazine "Cranes today" to connect cables in order to detour the superlift counterweight forces away from the crane. Such connection cables are fixed to lugs welded onto the deck of a barge. US 2005/0211651 A1 discloses a stationary system for reducing the counterweight that needs to stay on a crane, whereby a derrick mast is connected via a connection cable directly to a stationary basement.
It is disadvantageous to the operation of a crane if it is either unflexible in its configuration thus its geometry due to tied down connection cables or if the overall crane structure itself becomes heavy due to the requirement to provide sufficient on board counterweight.

System for rearranging the counterweight of a crane operation


Disclosed herein are techniques to provide a unified display stream for multiple modes of a display specification. The display stream can include a link layer control protocol packet comprising link control information inserted between a set number of packets comprising display data. A packet can comprise indications of display data for a single stream or multiple streams.

Display streams are typically formatted according to a specification in which the display is operating to communicate the stream. For example, the DisplayPort specification provides details for both an interconnect and stream formation for communicating image and audio information via packetized data transmission. DisplayPort can be provided for both internal and external display connections. Modern DisplayPort specifications provides two modes of operation, single stream transport (SST) mode and multi-stream transport (MST) mode. Both SST and MST provide a 64-symbol packet. However, with MST, the first symbol of each packet is a header which serves multiple purposes. As such, the data stream must be formatted differently for SST mode and MST mode. Furthermore, the header in MST mode contributes about 1.5% overhead to each packet.

Single stream format for multiple display modes


An image generation request is received, where the image generation request includes an image format of an image for generation. A static image corresponding to the received image generation request is obtained. Based on the image format, a plurality of sub-images for generation and corresponding to the image awaiting generation based on the image format is determined. Description information is obtained for each sub-image of the plurality of sub-images. Based on the description information for each sub-image, the plurality of sub-images are sorted as a plurality of sorted sub-images. The image is generated by generating, pre-processing, and adding each particular sub-image of the plurality of sub-images to an image file corresponding to the image format.

In existing technologies, when a target image is being generated, a base image is first loaded or generated in a memory, then more image information is drawn on the base image until complete image information is formed in the memory, and finally the target image is generated based on the complete image information in the memory. However, when the target image is relatively large, the complete image information stored in the memory occupies massive memory space. For example, when the target image is a 1024×1024 true color image, the target image occupies memory space of more than 4 megabytes. It consumes memory resources of a computer.


A method of determining a path having an ordered set of waypoints to be visited by a mobile agent to accomplish a mission includes: producing candidate paths using a multi-objective optimization algorithm, subject to a path production heuristic; selecting a path from the candidate paths, subject to a path selection heuristic; instructing the mobile agent to move according to the selected path; modifying a maintained subset of the candidate paths to produce a new candidate path using the algorithm and subject to the path production heuristic; designating either the currently-selected path or the new candidate path as the newly-selected path, subject to the path selection heuristic; and instructing the mobile agent to move according to the newly-selected path. The method may further include iterating production of new candidate paths, either randomly or based on modifications of previous candidate paths, to continually update an operation plan for the mobile agent.

Technologies for the control of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) attempting to perform local path navigation while traversing unknown, off-road terrains permit simple longer-range path planning, such as navigation between human-specified waypoints. However, these technologies have yet to develop automated plan generation strategies toward achieving higher-level mission goals (e.g., reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition) in light of changing environmental conditions, evolving mission requirements, and a desire or need to coordinate movement of multiple vehicles.
Approaches that have been used to address path planning and routing have included traditional artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. For example, classical planning, hierarchical-task-network planning, and case-based planning use symbolic planning based on logic and reasoning. However, the problem of interest is essentially numeric, and hence less suited for reasoning about goals and sub-goals. Although AI planning techniques may be applied to a higher-level strategic planning problem—i.e., how to decide what the mission goals are—their utility is diminished in the context of tactical planning problems wherein the mission goals are already known.
Other approaches, such as coordinated robot planning, focus on collision avoidance as a primary criterion for path planning. In many contexts, there is so much space compared to the number of vehicles that the probability of collision is slim. Yet other multi-robot planning algorithms are primarily concerned with formations and moving of vehicles in unison, and not on balanced workload distribution. Investigations into coordinating robot behavior by dividing the workload have generally been reactive (local) rather than deliberative (global), losing the benefits of planning ahead for multiple goals. Furthermore, when assigning goals, path planning is treated as a separate problem, thus substantially ignoring an enemy or obstacle between a vehicle/robot and a nearby goal point.
One investigation into controlling UGVs is the Distributed Architecture for Mobile Navigation (DAMN), carried out at Carnegie Mellon University. DAMN includes behaviors such as "road following," "seeking the next navigation goal," "obstacle avoidance," and "avoid hazards." Each behavior provides a vote on the next direction to take. A command arbiter decides upon the best direction, which is then acted upon by the UGV. DAMN also includes a global navigator to determine a full path to a goal position. However, DAMN uses a D* (dynamic A*) search algorithm. This approach, however, does not accommodate as many criteria and as much information, at the deliberative planning level, that are generally at play, when determining mission assignments and paths that are not fooled by local gradients.


The invention relates to a chain connecting link, which has two link brackets (4, 5) coupled via their limbs (6, 9), and a bar (14a-14c) that is inserted transversely between the limbs (6, 9) of the link brackets (4, 5). One limb (6) of each link bracket (4, 5) comprises a neck section (7) and a pin (8) thicker than the neck section, and a neck recess (10) and a pin recess (11) are provided in a matching fashion at the other limb (9) of the link bracket (4, 5). According to the invention, conically configured flank surfaces (12) with respect to the vertical central longitudinal plane (MLE) are provided at each pin (8) and at each pin recess (11).

The invention relates to a chain connecting link.
Chain connection links find particular application in high-performance round steel chains that are utilized in underground mining. It is known that, after usage, disassembly of chain connecting links in the Kenter configuration can be problematic since the long spring pin rusts into the bore which penetrates the opposite limbs of the two link halves and the bar, and which extends in an inclined manner in the chain connecting link plane. In addition, due to the loading stress of the two link halves of the chain connecting link, the spring pin and the bar, which is arranged between the link halves, are subjected to shearing. This additionally hampers driving the spring pin out of the long bore. Furthermore, a long spike is necessary to drive the spring pin out, during which process the long spring pike is exposed to high bending load that the spike can resist to a limited degree only.
The Kenter shackle known from DE-PS 201 224 has been further developed in various embodiments. In the further development according to DE 90 10 317 U, a chain connecting link, in particular for high-performance round steel chains, was proposed, in which a retaining ball is used as the locking element. The retaining ball can be fixed in its locking position by a spring pin that is driven in crosswise with respect to the chain link plane. A relatively short spring pin can be used which can be easily driven out of the bar to the other side with a short spike that is, accordingly, bending-resistant, even if the spring pin rusts into the bore of the bar. As a result, both assembly and disassembly are simplified. However, it is a disadvantage that the production expenditure is increased and that the retaining ball is an additional component which, therefore, increases the variety of components. The chain connecting link disclosed in DE 196 52 262 C2 has this disadvantage too. There, instead of the retaining ball, separate locking elements are used which are connected with each other via a pivoting bolt that penetrates the bar component. By pivoting by 90°, the locking elements encompass guiding areas at the limbs of the link brackets so that the bar component is secured against falling out of the chain connecting link. A locking pin, which is driven in parallel to the pivot axis, ensures the positional fixation of the ring element.


An improved spring clip retainer for a telescopic coupling such as the coupling between a fuel filter and a fuel line. The retainer comprises a first pair of opposed spring fingers which grasp and hold the male portion of the coupling and a second pair of opposed spring fingers which grasp and hold a longitudinally spaced portion of the female coupling element. The second set of fingers are longer than the first and are provided with a self-aiming, one-way latch which is readily operated by squeezing the longer fingers toward one another after association with the small diameter female fuel line coupling component. Through this operation the retainer can be effectively permanently associated with a fuel line subassembly which is joined to the fuel filter in a subsequent operation.

Male/female telescopic couplings are commonly used in fluid conduits such as the fuel line of an automotive vehicle; e.g., such a coupling is commonly found between the fuel line and the fuel filter. A characteristic of the coupling is a male component having a circumferential bead near the end and which fits telescopically into a female component of larger diameter. To prevent inadvertent separation a retainer clip is used to bridge the coupling. A prior art retainer clip comprises two sets of opposed resilient fingers spaced apart by a rigid integral bridge section of sufficient length that one set of fingers grasps the male component near the bead and the other set of fingers grasps the female component on the opposite side of the coupling. The coupling is, therefore, trapped between the two sets of retainer fingers and cannot be uncoupled.
Typically the clip-on retainer is attached to the female coupling component sometime prior to its engagement with the male coupling component; in fact, the combination of the fuel line with the female coupling component and the clip-on retainer may be shipped and handled several times before final assembly. During this time it is possible for the prior art clip-on retainer to become separated from the fuel line subassembly, thus requiring a supplementary supply of clip-on retainers at the assembly site.


A policy distribution server provides, on a subscription basis, policy updates to effect desired behaviors of network intermediary devices. The policy updates may specify caching policies, and may in some instances, include instructions for data collection by the network intermediary devices. Data collected in accordance with such instructions may be used to inform future policy updates distributed to the network intermediary devices.

Typically, when a client computer system requests content from a server, whether over the Internet or, in some instances, over a local and/or wide area network, the request is intercepted at one or more intermediary devices, each of which may alter the request in some way, according to rules installed on the intermediary device. The intent of these rules, and their embodiment, are commonly known as policies. Policies thus define behaviors of the intermediary devices in connection with the requests.
One common form of intermediary device is a cache: a device that maintains copies of requested information (e.g., web pages and the like) so that multiple requests for the same information can be satisfied at the cache. When requests for information are satisfied at a cache, server devices need not receive the requests, process them, and retransmit the same information over a communication channel that links the client devices and the server devices. In the context of typical web browsing, for example, the server devices can be web servers, the client devices can be web clients (e.g. browsers running on personal computers and the like), the communication channel can be an Internet Protocol (IP) network such as the Internet, and the requested information can be web pages and or objects (e.g. images, videos, etc.).
Not surprisingly, in light of the above, caches are often instantiated with or operated according to policies that affect their behaviors in the context of the requests received at the caches and the sites for which the requests are destined. In particular, caches generally are provided with caching polices. These caching polices are sometimes written according to well-established and published guidelines for how certain content is to be cached (e.g., RFC 2616 promulgated by the Internet Engineering Task Force), but such policies do not always work well in the context of certain web sites. For example, with some web sites, specially defined policies may be required in order to dictate caching behavior that optimizes bandwidth savings. Often this may be due to the web site designers not considering good cache efficiencies when designing their sites, but in other cases it may be due to the peculiarities of the content hosted at the site, the manner in which the content is stored at the servers, the physical or logical arrangements of the servers hosting the content of interest, or other factors.
In the past, in order to deal with these problematic (from a cache efficiency point of vim) web sites, cache providers would have to develop custom solutions or "fixes" as individual customers (e.g., Internet service providers, enterprise network managers, and the like) reported problems. These custom solutions were often only developed after tedious review of voluminous log files obtained from the cache devices and were then distributed somewhat haphazardly as custom configuration files and the like to the cache providers' individual customers. Such distribution occurred through technical briefs, e-mail transmissions or postings on forums, and it was up to the customers to use and install them or not. This of course required knowledgeable customers and there was no guarantee that installing such a custom configuration file would even cure the problem that was initially observed. Thus, each caching problem was treated as a separate instance, with separate and disparate solutions being developed by researchers and others working in isolation from one another.

System and method for distributing heuristics to network intermediary devices


The present invention discloses a multi-phase power supply dynamic response control circuit and a control method. When a rapid rise of the load is detected, an output PWM signal is temporarily adjusted to enter a second operation mode from a first operation mode to supplement energy to the load and prevent the output voltage from decreasing. The present invention requires little modification to the existing circuit, and adopts simple, explicit and efficient detection method, realizing rapid dynamic response by providing sufficient energy for the load when the load current is suddenly increased.

In high-current or high-power applications, multi-phase parallel power supply is generally adopted, and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals controlling different power phases can be synchronized or staggered by a certain phase. The multi-phase power supply control circuit consists of a multi-phase controller and multiple power processors (Powerstage IC or DrMOS). To optimize efficiency, auto-phase regulating (also known as auto-phase shedding) is often required. In a phase shedding mode, the multi-phase power supply control circuit determines the number of power processors performing power operation according to the magnitude of load current. When the load current is low, only part of the power processors in the multi-phase power supply control circuit performs power operation.
The existing multi-phase power supply control circuit mainly comprises: a multi-phase controller and a plurality of power processors. The multi-phase controller provides a corresponding number of PWM signals based on a load current to respectively control each power processor; the power processors are connected in parallel for providing an output voltage to the load. Since constant on time (COT) control method has fast dynamic response and good light load efficiency, a multi-phase power supply usually adopts this control method. Adopting a constant on time control method, the on time Ton_s of each phase is fixed or approximately fixed when input voltage and output voltage are fixed. Here the term "approximately fixed" means that the on time may vary slightly, e.g. in the frequency jitter mode. The on time Ton_s is consistent with the on time Ton_s at a steady state even when the load changes rapidly.
Through adopting the constant on time control method, when the load changes very quickly (i.e. when the load current surges), the response speed of the multi-phase power supply control circuit is not fast enough, the multi-phase power supply control circuit cannot respond to the change of the load in time, and a large undershoot on the output voltage occurs.

Multi-phase power supply dynamic response control circuit and control method

SHANGHAI BRIGHT POWER SEMICONDUCTOR CO., LTD.