A radiation generation apparatus includes a radiation generator which generates radiation, an arm which supports the radiation generator, and a column which supports the arm. The arm can open and close with respect to the column. The radiation generation apparatus includes a restriction unit which restricts the opening and closing angle of the arm with respect to the column in accordance with the length of the arm.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radiation generation apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, a radiation generation apparatus which has a radiation generator mounted on a moving mechanism and is movable has been widely used as a radiation generation apparatus for home medical care and health care. The radiation generation apparatus has two kinds of arrangements, namely an arrangement for image capturing by generating radiation from the radiation generator and an arrangement for movement using the moving mechanism.
When performing radiography, for example, it is necessary to use a supporting mechanism for supporting the radiation generator at a sufficiently high position so as to capture an image of an object lying on the bed. In addition, when the extremities of an object are image capturing regions, the supporting mechanism is required to have a wide range of movement so as to hold the radiation generator and the radiation detector at proper positions regardless of the position on the bed.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,754,306 discloses an apparatus including an arm as a supporting mechanism for supporting a radiation generator, a column supporting the arm, and a supporting leg unit supporting the column and the arm, and the wheels of a moving mechanism.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 6,754,306, however, in a case in which the arm is designed to be extendable, after performing image capturing while the arm is extended longer than the column, when the operator tries to close the arm in an extended state toward the column to set the arm in a state at the time of movement, the radiation generator interferes with the ground or the supporting leg unit of the apparatus. In order to prevent such interference, it is necessary to shorten the length of the arm to a position where no interference occurs and then fold the arm. When repeatedly performing image capturing and movement, such a manipulation of the arm can impose a heavy load on the operator.
The present invention provides a radiation generation apparatus which can facilitate a manipulation of an arm without interfering with the ground (horizontal surface).

X-ray radiation generation apparatus with arm angle restriction unit


A fixed-focus lens including a first lens group and a second lens group is provided. The first lens group having a negative refractive power includes a first lens, a second lens and a third lens arranged in sequence from an object side to an image side, in which refractive powers of the first, second and third lenses are negative, negative and positive in sequence. The second lens group having a positive refractive power is located between the first lens group and the image side, and the second lens group includes a fourth lens, a fifth lens and a sixth lens arranged in sequence from the object side to the image side, in which refractive powers of the fourth, fifth and sixth lenses are positive, negative and positive in sequence. The first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth lenses are separated from each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to a lens, and more particularly to a fixed-focus lens.
2. Description of Related Art
With advances in optical-electronic technologies, an image apparatus such as digital video camera (DVC) and digital camera (DC) has been widely applied in daily life. Lens is one of main elements in the image apparatus, and configured to render images clearly on a screen or a charge coupled device (CCD). In case the image apparatus are applied in specific fields, a wide angle lens is adopted to increase a field of view (FOV). For instance, the wide angle lens is needed and adopted in a car back-up camera, a driving assistance camera, or a security surveillance camera. Generally, cameras for cars or the security surveillance camera are used in outdoor operations, thus, besides using of the wide angle lens, a certain degree of temperature tolerance is also required.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,301,578, 7,869,141, 7,283,312, 7,023,628, US patent application No. 20120113532 and Japanese Patent No. 2007139985, different wide-angle lenses are respectively disclosed, and most of the wide-angle lenses utilize at least one set of cemented lens. Although the cemented lens is conducive in reducing an aberration and a chromatic aberration of the wide-angle lens, a cost thereof is relatively higher. Also, when operating in a high temperature environment, the cemented lens is not conducive in the outdoor operations due to risks in glue failure. Based on above, how to design a lens capable of maintaining in low manufacturing cost while providing high temperature tolerance is one of research focuses for the person skied in the art.


Herbicide combinations which contain components (A) and (B) have synergistic herbicidal effects on:

The invention is in the field of the crop protection products which can be employed against harmful plants in plant crops and which comprise, as herbicidally active substances, a combination of two or more herbicides.
The publication WO 95/M29899 discloses acylated aminophenylsulfonylureas and their salts, and their use as herbicides and/or plant growth regulators. Compounds of this structural class which are of particular interest are the compounds of the formula (I) and their salts
in which
R1 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl, in particular methyl,
R2 is hydrogen or (C1-C4)alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl, in particular methyl,
R3 is H, (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C2-C4)alkenoxy, (C2-C4)alkynoxy, (C3-C6)cycloalkyl, each of the 5 last-mentioned radicals being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, (C1-C4)alkoxy and (C1-C4)alkylsulfonyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, methoxy or ethoxy, preferably hydrogen, methyl or methoxy, in particular hydrogen,
one of the radicals X and Y is halogen, (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy, (C1-C4)alkylthio, where each of the three last-mentioned radicals is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals from the group consisting of halogen, (C1-C4)alkoxy and (C1-C4)alkylthio,
and the other of the radicals X and Y is (C1-C4)alkyl, (C1-C4)alkoxy or (C1-C4)alkylthio, where each of the three last-mentioned radicals is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals from the group consisting of halogen, (C1-C4)alkoxy and (C1-C4)alkylthio, in particular X and Y are each methoxy, and
Z is CH or N, in particular CH.
The efficacy of these herbicides against harmful plants in the plant crops is high, but generally depends on the application rate, the preparation in question, the harmful plants to be controlled or the harmful plant spectrum, the climatic conditions, the soil conditions etc. Another criterion is the duration of action, or the degradation rate of the herbicide. If appropriate, changes in the sensitivity of harmful plants, which may occur upon prolonged use of the herbicides or within a geographically limited area, must also be taken into consideration. The loss of action against individual plants can only be compensated for to some extent by higher application rates of the herbicides e.g. because the selectivity of the herbicides is thereby frequently adversely affected or improved efficacy is not achieved even at relatively high application rates. Sometimes, the selectivity in crops can be improved by the addition of safeners. In general, however, there is always a demand for methods to achieve the herbicidal effect with lower application rates of active substances. A lower application rate not only reduces the amount of an active substance required for application, but as a rule also reduces the amount of formulation auxiliaries required. Both reduce the economic outlay and improve the eco-friendliness of the herbicide treatment.
One possibility for improving the use profile of a herbicide may consist in combining the active substance with one or more other active substances which contribute the desired additional properties. However, the combined use of a plurality of active substances does not infrequently lead to phenomena of a physical and biological incompatibility, for example lacking stability of a coformulation, decomposition of an active substance or antagonism of the active substances. In contrast, what is desired are combinations of active substances with a favorable profile of action, high stability and as synergistic an increased action as possible, which allows the application rate to be reduced in comparison with the individual application of the active substances to be combined.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that active substances from the group of the abovementioned herbicides of the formula (I) or their salts in combination with specific structurally different herbicides interact especially favorably when they are employed in plant crops which are suitable for the selective use of the herbicides, if appropriate with the addition of safeners.
The invention therefore relates to herbicide combinations having an active content of components (A) and (B), wherein
(A) is one or more herbicides from the group of the abovementioned compounds of formula (I) or their salts, and
(B) is one or more herbicides from the group of the compounds which consists of
(B1) foliar- and soil-acting herbicides which are effective selectively in cereals and some dicotyledonous crops against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants,
(B2) herbicides which are effective selectively in cereals and some dicotyledonous crops against predominantly dicotyledonous harmful plants, and
(B3) herbicides which are to be employed nonselectively or in specifically tolerant crops and are effective against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants.
The herbicide combinations according to the invention can contain other components, e.g. other types of crop protection active substances and/or adjuvants and/or formulation auxiliaries conventionally used in crop protection, or are used together with the latter.
The synergistic effects are observed when the active substances (A) and (B) are applied together, but can also frequently be observed upon split application (splitting). Another possibility is to apply the herbicides or herbicide combinations in several portions (sequential application), for example after pre-emergence applications, followed by post-emergence applications or after early post-emergence applications, followed by applications at medium or late post-emergence. Preferred is the simultaneous or nearly simultaneous application of the active substances of the combination in question.
The synergistic effects allow the application rates of the individual active substances to be reduced, a more potent action with the same application rate, the control of species to which the action has hitherto not extended (zero effect), an extended application period and/or a reduced number of required individual applications andxe2x80x94as a result for the userxe2x80x94economically and ecologically more advantageous weed control systems.
For example, the combinations of (A)+(B) according to the invention allow synergistically increased effects which far and unexpectedly exceed the effects which can be achieved with the individual active substances (A) and (B).
Said formula (I) encompasses all stereoisomers and their mixtures, in particular also racemic mixtures andxe2x80x94if enantiomers are possiblexe2x80x94the particular enantiomer which has a biological action. Examples of active substances of the formula (I) are compounds of the formula (A1) and their salts
in which R3 is defined as in formula (I) and Me is methyl, preferably the compounds (A1.1) to (A1.6)
Further examples of active compounds of the formula (I) are compounds of the formula (A2) and their salts
in which R3 is defined as in formula (I) and Me=methyl and Et=ethyl, preferably the compounds (A2.1) to (A2.6)
Further examples of active compounds of the formula (I) are compounds of the formula (A3) and their salts
in which R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in formula (I) and Me=methyl and R4=methoxy, chlorine or methyl, preferably compounds (A3.1) to (A3.5)
Said herbicides of the formula (I) and their salts inhibit the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) and thus protein synthesis in plants. The application rate of the herbicides of the formula (I) can vary within a wide range, for example between 0.001 and 0.5 kg of a.s./ha (a.s./ha means here and in the following xe2x80x9cactive substance per hectarexe2x80x9d=based on 100% active compound). In the case of applications at application rates of 0.01 to 0.1 kg of a.s./ha of the herbicides of the formula (I), preferably of the formulae (A1), (A2) or (A3), in particular (A1), pre- and postemergence a relatively broad spectrum of annual and perennial weeds, weed grasses and Cyperaceae is controlled. The application rates in the case of the combinations according to the invention are, as a rule, lower, e.g. in the range from 0.5 to 120 g of a.s./ha, preferably 2 to 80 g of a.s./ha. As a rule, the active compounds can be formulated as water-soluble powders (WP), water-dispersible granules (WDG), water-emulsifiable granules (WEG), suspoemulsions (SE) or oil suspension concentrate (SC).
For use of the active substances of the formula (I) or their salts in plant crops, it is expedient, depending on the crop, to apply a safener from certain application rates in order to reduce or to avoid damage to the crop plants. Examples of suitable safeners are those which, in combination with sulfonylurea herbicides, preferably phenylsulfonylureas, display safener action. Suitable safeners are disclosed in WO-A-96/14747 and the literature cited there.
The following groups of compounds are suitable, for example, as safeners for the abovementioned herbicidal active substances (A):
a) compounds of the dichlorophenylpyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid (S1) type, preferably compounds such as ethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylate (S1-1), and related compounds, such as are described in WO 91/07874,
b) derivatives of dichlorophenylpyrazolecarboxylic acid, preferably compounds such as ethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylate (S1-2), ethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-isopropylpyrazole-3-carboxylate (S1-3), ethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxylate (S1-4), ethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-phenylpyrazole-3-carboxylate (S1-5) and related compounds, such as are described in EP-A-333 131 and EP-A-269 806.
c) compounds of the triazolecarboxylic acids (S1) type, preferably compounds such as fenchlorazole, i.e. ethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-trichloromethyl-(1H)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (S1-6), and related compounds (see EP-A-174 562 and EP-A-346 620);
d) compounds of the 5-benzyl- or 5-phenyl-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylic acid, or of the 5,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylic acid type, preferably compounds such as ethyl 5-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylate (S1-7) or ethyl 5-phenyl-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylate (S1-8) and related compounds, such as are described in WO 91/08202, or of ethyl 5,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazolinecarboxylate (S1-9) or n-propyl (S1-10) 5,5-diphenyl-2-isoxazolinecarboxylate or of ethyl 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-phenyl-2-isoxazoline-3-carboxylate (S1-11), such as are described in the German Patent Application (WO-A-95/07897).
e) compounds of the 8-quinolinoxyacetic acid (S2) type, preferably 1-methylhex-1-yl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-1), 1,3-dimethylbut-1-yl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-2), 4-allyloxybutyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-3), 1-allyloxyprop-2-yl (5-chloro-8-quinol inoxy)acetate (S2-4), ethyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-5), methyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-6), allyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-7), 2-(2-propylideneiminoxy)-1-ethyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-8), 2-oxoprop-1-yl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)acetate (S2-9), and related compounds such as are described in EP-A-86 750, EP-A-94 349 and EP-A-191 736 or EP-A-0 492 366.
f) compounds of the (5-chloro-8-quinoloxy)malonic acid type, preferably compounds such as diethyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)malonate, diallyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)malonate, methyl ethyl (5-chloro-8-quinolinoxy)malonate, and related compounds such as are described in EP-A-0 582 198.
g) active substances of the phenoxyacetic or propionic acid derivatives or of the aromatic carboxylic acids type, such as, for example, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (ester) (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxypropionic acid ester (mecoprop), MCPA or 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (ester) (dicamba).
For active compounds of group (B), the abovementioned safeners are frequently also suitable. Moreover, the following safeners are suitable for the herbicide combinations according to the invention in cereal crops:
h) active substances of the pyrimidines type, which are used as soil-active safeners in rice, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cfenclorimxe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 511-512) (=4,6-dichloro-2-phenylpyrimidine), which is known as a safener for pretilachlor in sown rice,
i) active substances of the pyrimidines type, which are used as soil-active safeners in rice, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cfenclorimxe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 511-512) (=4,6-dichloro-2-phenylpyrimidine), which is known as a safener against damage by pretilachlor in sown rice,
j) active substances of the dichloroacetamides type, which are often used as pre-emergence safeners (soil-active safeners), such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cdichlormidxe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 363-364) (=N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide),
xe2x80x9cR-29148xe2x80x9d (=3-dichloroacetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidone from Stauffer),
xe2x80x9cbenoxacorxe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 102-103) (=4-dichloroacetyl-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazine).
xe2x80x9cPPG-1292xe2x80x9d (=N-allyl-N[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl]dichloracetamide from PPG Industries),
xe2x80x9cDK-24xe2x80x9d (=N-allyl-N-[(allylaminocarbonyl)methyl]dichloracetamide from Sagro-Chem),
xe2x80x9cAD67xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cMON 4660xe2x80x9d (=3-dichloroacetyl-1-oxa-3-aza-spiro[4,5]decane from Nitrokemia or Monsanto),
xe2x80x9cdiclononxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cBAS145138xe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cLAB145138xe2x80x9d (=3-dichloroacetyl-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane from BASF) and
xe2x80x9cfurilazolexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cMON 13900xe2x80x9d (see PM, 637-638) (=(RS)-3-dichloroacetyl-5-(2-furyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidone)
k) active substances of the dichloroacetone derivatives type, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cMG 191xe2x80x9d (CAS Reg. No. 96420-72-3) (=2-dichloromethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane from Nitrokemia), which is known as a safener for corn,
l) active substances of the oxyimino compounds type, which are known as seed dressing agents, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9coxabetrinilxe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 902-903) (=(Z)-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethoxyimino(phenyl)acetonitrile), which is known as a seed dressing safener against damage by metolachlor,
xe2x80x9cfluxofenimxe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 613-614) (=1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-ethanone-O-(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)oxime, which is known as a seed dressing safener against damage by metolachlor, and
xe2x80x9ccyometrinilxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cCGA-43089xe2x80x9d (PM, p. 1304) (=(Z)-cyanomethoxyimino(phenyl)acetonitrile), which is known as a seed dressing safener against damage by metolachlor,
m) active substances of the thiazolecarboxylic acid esters type, which are known as seed dressing agents, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cflurazolexe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 590-591) (=benzyl 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate), which is known as a seed dressing safener against damage by alachlor and metolachlor,
n) active substances of the napahthalenedicarboxylic acid derivatives type, which are known as seed dressing agents, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cnaphthalic anhydridexe2x80x9d (PM, p. 1342) (=1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride), which is known as a seed dressing safener for corn against damage by thiocarbamate herbicides,
o) active substances of the chromanacetic acid derivatives type, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cCL 304415xe2x80x9d (CAS Reg. No. 31541-57-8) (=2-(4-carboxychroman-4-yl)acetic acid from American Cyanamid), which is known as a safener for corn against damage by imidazolidinones,
p) active substances, which in addition to a herbicidal action against harmful plants also have safener action on crop plants such as rice, such as, for example,
xe2x80x9cdimepiperatexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cMY-93xe2x80x9d (PM, pp. 404-405) (=S-1-methyl-1-phenylethyl piperidine-1-thiocarboxylate), which is known as a safener for rice against damage from the herbicide molinate,
xe2x80x9cdaimuronxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cSK 23xe2x80x9d (PM, p. 330) (=1-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-3-p-tolylurea), which is known as a safener for rice against damage from the herbicide imazosulfuron,
xe2x80x9ccumyluronxe2x80x9d=xe2x80x9cJC-940xe2x80x9d (=3-(2-chlorophenylmethyl)-1-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)urea, see JP-A60087254), which is known as a safener for rice against damage from some herbicides,
xe2x80x9cmethoxyphenonexe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cNK 049xe2x80x9d (=3,3xe2x80x2-dimethyl-4-methoxy-benzophenone), which is known as a safener for rice against damage from some herbicides,
xe2x80x9cCSBxe2x80x9d (=1-bromo-4-(chloromethylsulfonyl)benzene) (CAS Reg. No. 54091-06-4 by Kumiai), which is known as a safener against damage from some herbicides in rice.
The active substances (A) are suitable, if appropriate in the presence of safeners, for controlling harmful plants in a number of plant crops, for example in economically important crops such as cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, millet), sugarbeet, sugar cane, rapeseed, cotton and soybeans. Of particular interest here is use in cereals such as wheat and corn, in particular corn. For the combinations (A)+(B), these crops are likewise preferred. For the combinations (A)+(B3), mutant crops tolerant to the herbicides (B3) or tolerant transgenic crops are especially of particular interest, preferably corn and soybeans, in particular corn which is resistant to glufosinate or glyphosate, or soybean crops which are resistant to imidazolinones.
Suitable combinations (B) are, for example, the following compounds of the subgroups (B1) to (B3) (the herbicides are largely designated by the common name, if possible according to reference source xe2x80x9cThe Pesticide Manualxe2x80x9d 11th Ed., British Crop Protection Council 1997, abbreviated xe2x80x9cPMxe2x80x9d):
(B1) foliar- and soil-acting herbicides which are effective selectively in cereal and some dicotyledonous crops against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants, for example
a) herbicides which are selective in corn, for example
(B1.1) from the group of the acetanilides or chloracetanilides such as
(B1.2) from the triazines group such as
(B1.3) from the sulfonylureas group, such as
(B1.4) from the group having different structural types, such as
(B1.5) from the triazolopyrimidines group, such as
b) herbicides which are selective in rice, for example
(B1.6) from the group having different structural types, such as
c) herbicides which are selective in wheat, rye, oats or barley, for example
(B1.7) from the group having different structural types, such as
(B2) herbicides which are effective selectively in cereals and some dicotyledonous crops against predominantly dicotyledonous harmful plants, for example
a) herbicides which are selective in corn, for example
(B2.1) from the growth hormones group of the auxin type, such as
(B2.2) from the hydroxybenzonitriles (HBN) group, such as
(B2.3) from the group having different structural types, such as
(B2.4) from the sulfonylureas group, such as
b) herbicides which are selective in rice, for example
(B2.5) from the group having different structural types, such as
c) herbicides which are selective in wheat, rye, oats or barley, for example
(B2.6) from the group having different structural types, such as
(B3) herbicides which are effective against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants for use in a nonselective area or in specifically tolerant crops, such as
(B3.1) glufosinate (PM, pp. 643-645), D,L-2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinyl]butanoic acid and its salts and esters, for example
(B3.2) glyphosate (PM, pp. 646-649), N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine and its salts and esters, for example
(B3.3) imidazolinones and their salts such as
When the short form of the common name is used, all customary derivatives are included thereby, such as the esters and salts, and isomers, in particular optical isomers, in particular the commercially available form or forms. The chemical compound names indicated designate at least one of the compounds included by the common name, frequently a preferred compound. In the case of sulfonylureas, the term salts also includes those which are formed by replacement of a hydrogen atom on the sulfonamide group by a cation.
Preferred herbicide combinations are those of one or more compounds (A) with one or more compounds of the group (B1) or (B2) or (B3).
Further preferred combinations are those of compounds (A) with one or more compounds (B) according to the scheme:
(A)+(B1)+(B2), (A)+(B1)+(B3), (A)+(B2)+(B3) or (A)+(B1)+(B2)+(B3)
Those combinations are also novel here to which one or more further active substances of different structure [active substances (C)] are additionally added, such as
(A)+(B1)+(C), (A)+(B2)+(C) or (A)+(B3)+(C),
(A)+(B1)+(B2)+(C), (A)+(B1)+(B3)+(C), (A)+(B2)+(B3)+(C)
or
(A)+(B1)+(B2)+(B3)+(C).
For combinations of the last-mentioned type with three or more active substances, the preferred conditions explained below, in particular for two-substance combinations according to the invention, likewise primarily apply if the two-substance combinations according to the invention are contained therein and with respect to the two-substance combination concerned.
The application rates of the herbicides (B) can vary strongly from herbicide to herbicide. As a rule of thumb, for preferred application rates for some mixture components of group (B), the following details [in g of a.s. (active substance)/ha (hectare)] can apply, it also being possible in the combinations according to the invention for amounts below the lowest amount to be useful:
for compounds (B1.1.1), (B1.1.2), (B1.1.3), (B1.1.4), (B1.2.1), (B1.2.2), (B1.2.3), (B1.2.4), (B1.2.5):
100-4000, preferably 500-4000, g of A.S./ha pre- and post-emergence against weeds and especially weed grasses,
for compounds (B1.2.6):
10-200, preferably 75-150, g of A.S./ha pre- and post-emergence against weeds and weed grasses,
for compounds (B1.2.7):
10 (in particular 100)-500, preferably 100-600, g of A.S./ha pre- and post-emergence against weeds and weed grasses,
for compounds (B1.3):
1-60, preferably 5-60, g of A.S./ha pre- and post-emergence against weeds and weed grasses; usually foliar action, in some cases soil action,
for compounds (B1.4):
10 (in particular 25)-2500, preferably 50-2500, g of A.S./ha against weeds and weed grasses post-emergence, but also pre-emergence, for compounds (B2.1):
10 (in particular 100)-3000 g of A. S./ha predominantly against weeds and Cyperaceae post-emergence,
for compounds (B2.2):
10 (in particular 50)-1000 g of A.S./ha predominantly against weeds post-emergence,
for compounds (B2.3.1):
50 (in particular 500)-2500 g of A.S./ha predominantly against weeds post-emergence,
for compounds (B2.3.2):
50 (in particular 300)-1500 g of A.S./ha predominantly against weeds post-emergence,
for compounds (B2.3.3):
100 (in particular 150)-1500 g of A.S./ha predominantly against weeds post-emergence,
for compounds (B2.4):
0.5-180, preferably 5-80, g of A.S./ha predominantly against weeds post-emergence,
for compounds (B3.1) and (B3.2):
20 (in particular 100)-2000 g of A.S./ha in plantation crops and in uncultivated land for controlling weed grasses and weeds post-emergence; moreover in tolerant, transgenic crops for controlling weed grasses and weeds post-emergence;
for compounds (B3.3):
10-500, preferably 100-200, g of A.S./ha in plantation crops and in uncultivated land for controlling weed grasses and weeds pre- and post-emergence; moreover in tolerant, mutant/transgenic crops for controlling weed grasses and weeds pre- and post-emergence.
Ranges of suitable quantitative ratios of the compounds (A) and (B) follow from the application rates mentioned for the individual substances. In the combinations according to the invention, as a rule, the application rates can be reduced.
Preferred quantitative ranges (in g of A.S./ha)/mixing ratios (A):(B), preferably (A1):(B), for the combinations according to the invention are listed below:
Of particular interest is the use of herbicidal agents containing the following compounds (A)+(B):
(A1.1)+(B1.1.1), (A1.1)+(B1.1.2), (A1.1)+(B1.1.3), (A1.1)+(B1.1.4), (A1.1)+(B1.1.5),
(A1.1)+(B1.2.1), (A1.1)+(B1.2.2), (A1.1)+(B1.2.3), (A1.1)+(B1.2.4),
(A1.1)+(B1.2.5), (A1.1)+(B1.2.6), (A1.1)+(B1.2.7), (A1.1)+(B1.2.8),
(A1.1)+(B1.3.1), (A1.1)+(B1.3.2), (A1.1)+(B1.3.3),
(A1.1)+(B1.4.1), (A1.1)+(B1.4.2), (A1.1)+(B1.4.3), (A1.1)+(B1.4.4),
(A1.1)+(B1.4.5), (A1.1)+(B1.4.6), (A1.1)+(B1.4.7),
(A1.1)+(B1.5.1), (A1.1)+(B1.5.2), (A1.1)+(B1.5.3), (A1.1)+(B1.5.4),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.1), (A1.1)+(B1.6.2), (A1.1)+(B1.6.3), (A1.1)+(B1.6.4),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.5), (A1.1)+(B1.6.6), (A1.1)+(B1.6.7), (A1.1)+(B1.6.8),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.9), (A1.1)+(B1.6.10), (A1.1)+(B1.6.11), (A1.1)+(B1.6.12),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.13), (A1.1)+(B1.6.14), (A1.1)+(B1.6.15), (A1.1)+(B1.6.16),
xe2x80x83(A1.1)+(B1.6.17), (A1.1)+(B1.6.18), (A1.1)+(B1.6.19), (A1.1)+(B1.6.20),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.21), (A1.1)+(B1.6.22), (A1.1)+(B1.6.23), (A1.1)+(B1.6.24),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.25), (A1.1)+(B1.6.26), (A1.1)+(B1.6.27), (A1.1)+(B1.6.28),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.29), (A1.1)+(B1.6.30), (A1.1)+(B1.6.31), (A1.1)+(B1.6.32),
(A1.1)+(B1.6.33), (A1.1)+(B1.6.34), (A1.1)+(B1.6.35), (A1.1)+(B1.6.36),
(A1.1)+(B1.7.1), (A1.1)+(B1.7.2), (A1.1)+(B1.7.3), (A1.1)+(B1.7.4),
(A1.1)+(B1.7.5), (A1.1)+(B1.7.6), (A1.1)+(B1.7.7), (A1.1)+(B1.7.8),
(A1.1)+(B1.7.9),
(A1.1)+(B2.1.1), (A1.1)+(B2.1.2), (A1.1)+(B2.2.1),
(A1.1)+(B2.3.1), (A1.1)+(B2.3.2), (A1.1)+(B2.3.3), (A1.1)+(B2.3.4), (A1.1)+(B2.3.5), (A1.1)+(B2.3.6),
(A1.1)+(B2.4.1), (A1.1)+(B2.4.2), (A1.1)+(B2.4.3), (A1.1)+(B2.4.4),
(A1.1)+(B2.4.5), (A1.1)+(B2.4.6),
(A1.1)+(B2.5.1), (A1.1)+(B2.5.2), (A1.1)+(B2.5.3), (A1.1)+(B2.5.4),
(A1.1)+(B2.5.5), (A1.1)+(B2.5.6), (A1.1)+(B2.5.7), (A1.1)+(B2.5.8),
(A1.1)+(B2.5.9), (A1.1)+(B2.5.10), (A1.1)+(B2.5.11), (A1.1)+(B2.5.12),
(A1.1)+(B2.5.13), (A1.1)+(B2.5.14), (A1.1)+(B2.5.16), (A1.1)+(B2.5.17),
(A1.1)+(B2.6.1), (A1.1)+(B2.6.2), (A1.1)+(B2.6.3), (A1.1)+(B2.6.4),
(A1.1)+(B2.6.5), (A1.1)+(B2.6.6), (A1.1)+(B2.6.7),
(A1.1)+(B2.6.8), (A1.1)+(B2.6.9), (A1.1)+(B2.6.10), (A1.1)+(B2.6.11),
(A1.1)+(B2.6.12), (A1.1)+(B2.6.13), (A1.1)+(B2.6.14),
(A1.1)+(B3.1.1), (A1.1)+(B3.2.1),
(A1.1)+(B3.3.1), (A1.1)+(B3.3.2), (A1.1)+(B3.3.3), (A1.1)+(B3.3.4), (A1.1)+(B3.3.5), (A1.1)+(B3.3.6) and (A1.1)+(B3.3.7),
(A1.2)+(B1.1.1), (A1.2)+(B1.1.2), (A1.2)+(B1.1.3), (A1.2)+(B1.1.4),
(A1.2)+(B1.1.5),
(A1.2)+(B1.2.1), (A1.2)+(B1.2.2), (A1.2)+(B1.2.3), (A1.2)+(B1.2.4),
(A1.2)+(B1.2.5), (A1.2)+(B1.2.6), (A1.2)+(B1.2.7), (A1.2)+(B1.2.8),
(A1.2)+(B1.3.1), (A1.2)+(B1.3.2), (A1.2)+(B1.3.3),
xe2x80x83(A1.2)+(B1.4.1), (A1.2)+(B1.4.2), (A1.2)+(B1.4.3), (A1.2)+(B1.4.4),
(A1.2)+(B1.4.5), (A1.2)+(B1.4.6), (A1.2)+(B1.4.7),
(A1.2)+(B1.5.1), (A1.2)+(B1.5.2), (A1.2)+(B1.5.3), (A1.2)+(B1.5.4),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.1), (A1.2)+(B1.6.2), (A1.2)+(B1.6.3), (A1.2)+(B1.6.4),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.5), (A1.2)+(B1.6.6), (A1.2)+(B1.6.7), (A1.2)+(B1.6.8),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.9), (A1.2)+(B1.6.10), (A1.2)+(B1.6.11), (A1.2)+(B1.6.12),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.13), (A1.2)+(B1.6.14), (A1.2)+(B1.6.15), (A1.2)+(B1.6.16),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.17), (A1.2)+(B1.6.18), (A1.2)+(B1.6.19), (A1.2)+(B1.6.20),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.21), (A1.2)+(B1.6.22), (A1.2)+(B1.6.23), (A1.2)+(B1.6.24),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.25), (A1.2)+(B1.6.26), (A1.2)+(B1.6.27), (A1.2)+(B1.6.28),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.29), (A1.2)+(B1.6.30), (A1.2)+(B1.6.31), (A1.2)+(B1.6.32),
(A1.2)+(B1.6.33), (A1.2)+(B1.6.34), (A1.2)+(B1.6.35), (A1.2)+(B1.6.36),
(A1.2)+(B1.7.1), (A1.2)+(B1.7.2), (A1.2)+(B1.7.3), (A1.2)+(B1.7.4),
(A1.2)+(B1.7.5), (A1.2)+(B1.7.6), (A1.2)+(B1.7.7), (A1.2)+(B1.7.8),
(A1.2)+(B1.7.9),
(A1.2)+(B2.1.1), (A1.2)+(B2.1.2), (A1.2)+(B2.2.1),
(A1.2)+(B2.3.1), (A1.2)+(B2.3.2), (A1.2)+(B2.3.3), (A1.2)+(B2.3.4),
(A1.2)+(B2.3.5), (A1.2)+(B2.3.6),
(A1.2)+(B2.4.1), (A1.2)+(B2.4.2), (A1.2)+(B2.4.3), (A1.2)+(B2.4.4),
(A1.2)+(B2.4.5), (A1.2)+(B2.4.6),
(A1.2)+(B2.5.1), (A1.2)+(B2.5.2), (A1.2)+(B2.5.3), (A1.2)+(B2.5.4),
(A1.2)+(B2.5.5), (A1.2)+(B2.5.6), (A1.2)+(B2.5.7), (A1.2)+(B2.5.8),
(A1.2)+(B2.5.9), (A1.2)+(B2.5.10), (A1.2)+(B2.5.11), (A1.2)+(B2.5.12),
(A1.2)+(B2.5.13), (A1.2)+(B2.5.14), (A1.2)+(B2.5.16), (A1.2)+(B2.5.17),
(A1.2)+(B2.6.1), (A1.2)+(B2.6.2), (A1.2)+(B2.6.3), (A1.2)+(B2.6.4),
(A1.2)+(B2.6.5), (A1.2)+(B2.6.6), (A1.2)+(B2.6.7),
(A1.2)+(B2.6.8), (A1.2)+(B2.6.9), (A1.2)+(B2.6.10), (A1.2)+(B2.6.11),
(A1.2)+(B2.6.12), (A1.2)+(B2.6.13), (A1.2)+(B2.6.14),
(A1.2)+(B3.1.1), (A1.2)+(B3.2.1),
(A1.2)+(B3.3.1), (A1.2)+(B3.3.2), (A1.2)+(B3.3.3), (A1.2)+(B3.3.4), (A1.2)+(B3.3.5), (A1.2)+(B3.3.6) and (A1.2)+(B3.3.7),
xe2x80x83(A1.5)+(B1.1.1), (A1.5)+(B1.1.2), (A1.5)+(B1.1.3), (A1.5)+(B1.1.4),
(A1.5)+(B1.1.5),
(A1.5)+(B1.2.1), (A1.5)+(B1.2.2), (A1.5)+(B1.2.3), (A1.5)+(B1.2.4),
(A1.5)+(B1.2.5), (A1.5)+(B1.2.6), (A1.5)+(B1.2.7), (A1.5)+(B1.2.8),
(A1.5)+(B1.3.1), (A1.5)+(B1.3.2), (A1.5)+(B1.3.3),
(A1.5)+(B1.4.1), (A1.5)+(B1.4.2), (A1.5)+(B1.4.3), (A1.5)+(B1.4.4),
(A1.5)+(B1.4.5), (A1.5)+(B1.4.6), (A1.5)+(B1.4.7),
(A1.5)+(B1.5.1), (A1.5)+(B1.5.2), (A1.5)+(B1.5.3), (A1.5)+(B1.5.4),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.1), (A1.5)+(B1.6.2), (A1.5)+(B1.6.3), (A1.5)+(B1.6.4),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.5), (A1.5)+(B1.6.6), (A1.5)+(B1.6.7), (A1.5)+(B1.6.8),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.9), (A1.5)+(B1.6.10), (A1.5)+(B1.6.11), (A1.5)+(B1.6.12),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.13), (A1.5)+(B1.6.14), (A1.5)+(B1.6.15), (A1.5)+(B1.6.16),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.17), (A1.5)+(B1.6.18), (A1.5)+(B1.6.19), (A1.5)+(B1.6.20),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.21), (A1.5)+(B1.6.22), (A1.5)+(B1.6.23), (A1.5)+(B1.6.24),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.25), (A1.5)+(B1.6.26), (A1.5)+(B1.6.27), (A1.5)+(B1.6.28),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.29), (A1.5)+(B1.6.30), (A1.5)+(B1.6.31), (A1.5)+(B1.6.32),
(A1.5)+(B1.6.33), (A1.5)+(B1.6.34), (A1.5)+(B1.6.35), (A1.5)+(B1.6.36),
(A1.5)+(B1.7.1), (A1.5)+(B1.7.2), (A1.5)+(B1.7.3), (A1.5)+(B1.7.4),
(A1.5)+(B1.7.5), (A1.5)+(B1.7.6), (A1.5)+(B1.7.7), (A1.5)+(B1.7.8),
(A1.5)+(B1.7.9),
(A1.5)+(B2.1.1), (A1.5)+(B2.1.2), (A1.5)+(B2.2.1),
(A1.5)+(B2.3.1), (A1.5)+(B2.3.2), (A1.5)+(B2.3.3), (A1.5)+(B2.3.4),
(A1.5)+(B2.3.5), (A1.5)+(B2.3.6),
(A1.5)+(B2.4.1), (A1.5)+(B2.4.2), (A1.5)+(B2.4.3), (A1.5)+(B2.4.4),
(A1.5)+(B2.4.5), (A1.5)+(B2.4.6),
(A1.5)+(B2.5.1), (A1.5)+(B2.5.2), (A1.5)+(B2.5.3), (A1.5)+(B2.5.4),
(A1.5)+(B2.5.5), (A1.5)+(B2.5.6), (A1.5)+(B2.5.7), (A1.5)+(B2.5.8),
(A1.5)+(B2.5.9), (A1.5)+(B2.5.10), (A1.5)+(B2.5.11), (A1.5)+(B2.5.12),
(A1.5)+(B2.5.13), (A1.5)+(B2.5.14), (A1.5)+(B2.5.16), (A1.5)+(B2.5.17),
(A1.5)+(B2.6.1), (A1.5)+(B2.6.2), (A1.5)+(B2.6.3), (A1.5)+(B2.6.4),
(A1.5)+(B2.6.5), (A1.5)+(B2.6.6), (A1.5)+(B2.6.7),
xe2x80x83(A1.5)+(B2.6.8), (A1.5)+(B2.6.9), (A1.5)+(B2.6.10), (A1.5)+(B2.6.11),
(A1.5)+(B2.6.12), (A1.5)+(B2.6.13), (A1.5)+(B2.6.14),
(A1.5)+(B3.1.1), (A1.5)+(B3.2.1),
(A1.5)+(B3.3.1), (A1.5)+(B3.3.2), (A1.5)+(B3.3.3), (A1.5)+(B3.3.4), (A1.5)+(B3.3.5), (A1.5)+(B3.3.6) and (A1.5)+(B3.3.7),
(A2.1)+(B1.1.1), (A2.1)+(B1.1.2), (A2.1)+(B1.1.3), (A2.1)+(B1.1.4),
(A2.1)+(B1.1.5),
(A2.1)+(B1.2.1), (A2.1)+(B1.2.2), (A2.1)+(B1.2.3), (A2.1)+(B1.2.4),
(A2.1)+(B1.2.5), (A2.1)+(B1.2.6), (A2.1)+(B1.2.7), (A2.1)+(B1.2.8),
(A2.1)+(B1.3.1), (A2.1)+(B1.3.2), (A2.1)+(B1.3.3),
(A2.1)+(B1.4.1), (A2.1)+(B1.4.2), (A2.1)+(B1.4.3), (A2.1)+(B1.4.4),
(A2.1)+(B1.4.5), (A2.1)+(B1.4.6), (A2.1)+(B1.4.7),
(A2.1)+(B1.5.1), (A2.1)+(B1.5.2), (A2.1)+(B1.5.3), (A2.1)+(B1.5.4),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.1), (A2.1)+(B1.6.2), (A2.1)+(B1.6.3), (A2.1)+(B1.6.4),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.5), (A2.1)+(B1.6.6), (A2.1)+(B1.6.7), (A2.1)+(B1.6.8),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.9), (A2.1)+(B1.6.10), (A2.1)+(B1.6.11), (A2.1)+(B1.6.12),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.13), (A2.1)+(B1.6.14), (A2.1)+(B1.6.15), (A2.1)+(B1.6.16),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.17), (A2.1)+(B1.6.18), (A2.1)+(B1.6.19), (A2.1)+(B1.6.20),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.21), (A2.1)+(B1.6.22), (A2.1)+(B1.6.23), (A2.1)+(B1.6.24),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.25), (A2.1)+(B1.6.26), (A2.1)+(B1.6.27), (A2.1)+(B1.6.28),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.29), (A2.1)+(B1.6.30), (A2.1)+(B1.6.31), (A2.1)+(B1.6.32),
(A2.1)+(B1.6.33), (A2.1)+(B1.6.34), (A2.1)+(B1.6.35), (A2.1)+(B1.6.36),
(A2.1)+(B1.7.1), (A2.1)+(B1.7.2), (A2.1)+(B1.7.3), (A2.1)+(B1.7.4),
(A2.1)+(B1.7.5), (A2.1)+(B1.7.6), (A2.1)+(B1.7.7), (A2.1)+(B1.7.8),
(A2.1)+(B1.7.9),
(A2.1)+(B2.1.1), (A2.1)+(B2.1.2), (A2.1)+(B2.2.1),
(A2.1)+(B2.3.1), (A2.1)+(B2.3.2), (A2.1)+(B2.3.3), (A2.1)+(B2.3.4),
(A2.1)+(B2.3.5), (A2.1)+(B2.3.6),
(A2.1)+(B2.4.1), (A2.1)+(B2.4.2), (A2.1)+(B2.4.3), (A2.1)+(B2.4.4),
(A2.1)+(B2.4.5), (A2.1)+(B2.4.6),
xe2x80x83(A2.1)+(B2.5.1), (A2.1)+(B2.5.2), (A2.1)+(B2.5.3), (A2.1)+(B2.5.4),
(A2.1)+(B2.5.5), (A2.1)+(B2.5.6), (A2.1)+(B2.5.7), (A2.1)+(B2.5.8),
(A2.1)+(B2.5.9), (A2.1)+(B2.5.10), (A2.1)+(B2.5.11), (A2.1)+(B2.5.12),
(A2.1)+(B2.5.13), (A2.1)+(B2.5.14), (A2.1)+(B2.5.16), (A2.1)+(B2.5.17),
(A2.1)+(B2.6.1), (A2.1)+(B2.6.2), (A1.5)+(B2.6.3), (A2.1)+(B2.6.4),
(A2.1)+(B2.6.5), (A2.1)+(B2.6.6), (A2.1)+(B2.6.7),
(A2.1)+(B2.6.8), (A2.1)+(B2.6.9), (A2.1)+(B2.6.10), (A2.1)+(B2.6.11),
(A2.1)+(B2.6.12), (A2.1)+(B2.6.13), (A2.1)+(B2.6.14),
(A2.1)+(B3.1.1), (A2.1)+(B3.2.1),
(A2.1)+(B3.3.1), (A2.1)+(B3.3.2), (A2.1)+(B3.3.3), (A2.1)+(B3.3.4), (A2.1)+(B3.3.5), (A2.1)+(B3.3.6) and (A2.1)+(B3.3.7).
The abovementioned application ranges and quantitative ratios here are in each case preferred.
In individual cases, it may be meaningful to combine one or more, preferably one, of the compounds (A) with more than one compound (B) from amongst classes (B1), (B2) and (B3).
Moreover, the combinations according to the invention can be employed together with other active substances, for example from the group of the safeners, fungicides, insecticides and plant growth regulators, or from the group of the additives and formulation auxiliaries conventionally used in crop protection. Additives are, for example, fertilizers and colors.
The combinations according to the invention (=herbicidal compositions) have an outstanding herbicidal activity against a broad spectrum of economically important monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous harmful plants. The active substances also act efficiently on perennial weeds which produce shoots from rhizomes, rootstocks or other perennial organs and which are difficult to control. In this context, it does not matter whether the substances are applied before sowing, pre-emergence or post-emergence. Post-emergence application, or early post-sowing pre-emergence application, is preferred.
Specifically, examples may be mentioned of some representatives of the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed flora which can be controlled by the compounds according to the invention, without the enumeration being a restriction to certain species.
Examples of weed species on which the herbicidal compositions act efficiently are, from amongst the monocots, Avena spp., Alopecurus spp., Brachiaria spp., Digitaria spp., Lolium spp., Echinochloa spp., Panicum spp., Phalaris spp., Poa spp., Setaria spp. and Cyperus species from the annual group and, amongst the perennial species, Agropyron, Cynodon, Imperata and Sorghum and also perennial Cyperus species.
In the case of the dicotyledonous weed species, the spectrum of action extends to species such as, for example, Abutilon spp., Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium spp., Chrysanthemum spp., Galium spp., Ipomoea spp., Kochia spp., Lamium spp., Matricaria spp., Pharbitis spp., Polygonum spp., Sida spp., Sinapis spp., Solanum spp., Stellaria spp., Veronica spp. and Viola spp., Xanthium spp., amongst the annuals, and Convolvulus, Cirsium, Rumex and Artemisia in the case of the perennial weeds.
If the compounds according to the invention are applied to the soil surface before germination, then the weed seedlings are either prevented completely from emerging, or the weeds grow until they have reached the cotyledon stage but then their growth stops, and, eventually, after three to four weeks have elapsed, they die completely.
If the active substances are applied post-emergence to the green parts of the plants, growth likewise stops drastically a very short time after the treatment and the weed plants remain at the growth stage of the point of time of application, or they die completely after a certain time, so that in this manner competition by the weeds, which is harmful to the crop plants, is eliminated at a very early point in time and in a sustained manner.
The herbicidal compositions according to the invention are distinguished by a rapidly commencing and long lasting herbicidal action. As a rule, the rainfastness of the active substances in the combinations according to the invention is advantageous. A particular advantage is that the dosages of the compounds (A) and (B), which are used in the combinations and are effective, can be adjusted to such a low quantity that their soil action is optimally low. This does not only allow them to be employed in sensitive crops in the first place, but groundwater contaminations are virtually avoided. The active-substance combination according to the invention allows the application rate of the active substances required to be reduced considerably.
When herbicides of the type (A)+(B) are used jointly, superadditive (=synergistic) effects are observed. This means that the effect in the combinations exceeds the expected total of the effects of the individual herbicides employed. The synergistic effects allow the application rate to be reduced, a broader spectrum of broad-leaved weeds and grass weeds to be controlled, the herbicidal action to take place more rapidly, the duration of action to be longer, the harmful plants to be controlled better while using only one, or few, applications, and the application period which is possible to be extended. In some cases, use of the compositions also reduces the amount of harmful constituents, such as nitrogen or oleic acid, and their entry into the ground. The abovementioned properties and advantages are necessary under practical weed control conditions to keep agricultural crops free from undesired competing plants and thus to guarantee and/or increase the yields from the qualitative and quantitative point of view. These novel combinations markedly exceed the technical state of the art with a view to the properties described.
While the combinations according to the invention have an outstanding herbicidal activity against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds, the crop plants are damaged only to a minor extent, or not at all.
Moreover, some of the compositions according to the invention have outstanding growth-regulatory properties on the crop plants. They engage in the plants"" metabolism in a regulatory manner and can thus be employed for provoking directed effects on plant constituents and to facilitate harvesting such as for example by triggering desiccation and stunting of growth. Moreover, they are also suitable for the general control and inhibition of undesired vegetative growth without simultaneously destroying the plants. An inhibition of vegetative growth is very important inca large number of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops since lodging can thus be reduced, or prevented completely.
Owing to their herbicidal and plant-growth-regulatory properties, the compositions can be employed for controlling harmful plants in known plant crops, or in tolerant or genetically engineered crop plants still to be developed. As a rule, the transgenic plants are distinguished by particular, advantageous properties, in addition to resistances to the compositions according to the invention, for example, by resistances to plant diseases or pathogens of plant diseases such as particular insects or microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria or viruses. Other particular properties relate, for example, to the harvested material with regard to quantity, quality, storability, composition and specific constituents. Thus, transgenic plants are known whose starch content is increased or whose starch quality is altered, or those where the harvested material has a different fatty acid composition.
Conventional methods of generating novel plants which have modified properties in comparison to plants occurring to date consist, for example, in traditional breeding methods and the generation of mutants. Alternatively, novel plants with altered properties can be generated with the aid of genetic engineering methods (see, for example, EP-A-0221044, EP-A-0131624). For example, the following were described in several cases:
the modification, by genetic engineering, of crop plants with the aim of modifying the starch synthesized in the plant (for example WO 92/11376, WO 92/14827, WO 91/19806),
transgenic crop plants which exhibit resistances to other herbicides, for example to sulfonylureas (EP-A-0257993, U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,659),
transgenic crop plants with the capability of producing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins (Bt toxins), which make the plants resistant to certain pests (EP-A-0142924, EP-A-0193259),
transgenic crop plants with a modified fatty acid composition (WO 91/13972).
A large number of techniques in molecular biology with the aid of which novel transgenic plants with modified properties can be generated are known in principle; see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; or Winnacker xe2x80x9cGene und Klonexe2x80x9d [Genes and Clones], VCH Weinheim 2nd Edition 1996 or Christou, xe2x80x9cTrends in Plant Sciencexe2x80x9d 1 (1996) 423-431.
To carry out such genetic engineering manipulations, nucleic acid molecules which allow mutagenesis or sequence changes by recombination of DNA sequences can be introduced in plasmids. For example, the abovementioned standard methods allow base changes to be carried out, subsequences to be removed, or natural or synthetic sequences to be added. To connect the DNA fragments to each other, adaptors or linkers may be added to the fragments.
For example, the generation of plant cells with a reduced activity of a gene product can be achieved by expressing at least one corresponding antisense RNA, a sense RNA for achieving a cosuppression effect or by expressing at least one suitably constructed ribozyme which specifically cleaves transcripts of the abovementioned gene product.
To this end, it is possible to use, on the one hand, DNA molecules which encompass the entire encoding sequence of a gene product inclusive of any flanking sequences which may be present, as well as DNA molecules which only encompass portions of the encoding sequence, it being necessary for these portions to be long enough to have an antisense effect on the cells. The use of DNA sequences which have a high degree of homology to the encoding sequences of a gene product, but are not completely identical to them, is also possible.
When expressing nucleic acid molecules in plants, the protein synthesized can be localized in any desired compartment of the plant cell. However, to achieve localization in a particular compartment, it is possible, for example, to link the encoding region with DNA sequences which ensure localization in a particular compartment. Such sequences are known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Braun et al., EMBO J. 11 (1992), 3219-3227; Wolter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 (1988), 846-850; Sonnewald et al., Plant J. 1 (1991), 95-106).
The transgenic plant cells can be regenerated by known techniques to give rise to whole plants. In principle, the transgenic plants can be plants of any desired plant species, i.e. not only monocotyledonous, but also dicotyledonous, plants. Thus, transgenic plants can be obtained whose properties are altered by overexpression, suppression or inhibition of homologous (=natural) genes or gene sequences or the expression of heterologous (=foreign) genes or gene sequences.
The invention therefore also relates to a method of controlling undesired vegetation, preferably in plant crops such as cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, millet), which comprises applying one or more herbicides of the type (A) and one or more herbicides of the type (B) to the harmful plants, parts of these plants, or the area under cultivation.
The invention also relates to the use of the novel combinations of compounds (A)+(B) to control harmful plants, preferably in plant crops.
The active substance combinations according to the invention can exist not only as formulation mixes of the two components, if appropriate together with other active substances, additives and/or conventional formulation auxiliaries, which are then applied in the customary manner after dilution with water, but also as so-called tank mixes by jointly diluting the separately formulated, or partially separately formulated, components with water.
Compounds (A) and (B) or their combinations can be formulated in different ways, depending on the biological and/or chemico-physical parameters which prevail. The following are examples of general possibilities for formulations: wettable powders (WP), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), aqueous solutions (SL), emulsions (EW) such as oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, sprayable solutions or emulsions, oil- or water-based dispersions, suspoemulsions, dusts (DP), seed-dressing materials, granules for soil application or for broadcasting, or water dispersible granules (WG), ULV formulations, microcapsules or waxes.
The individual formulation types are known in principle and are described, for example, in: Winnacker-Kxc3xcchler xe2x80x9cChemische Technologiexe2x80x9d [Chemical engineering], Volume 7, C. Hauser Verlag Munich, 4th Edition, 1986; van Valkenburg, xe2x80x9cPesticide Formulationsxe2x80x9d, Marcel Dekker N.Y., 1973; K. Martens, xe2x80x9cSpray Drying Handbookxe2x80x9d, 3rd Ed. 1979, G. Goodwin Ltd. London.
The formulation auxiliaries required, such as inert materials, surfactants, solvents and other additives are also known and are described, for example, in Watkins, xe2x80x9cHandbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriersxe2x80x9d, 2nd Ed., Darland Books, Caldwell N.J.; H.v. Olphen, xe2x80x9cIntroduction to Clay Colloid Chemistryxe2x80x9d; 2nd Ed., J. Wiley and Sons, N.Y. Marsden, xe2x80x9cSolvents Guidexe2x80x9d, 2nd Ed., lnterscience, N.Y. 1950; McCutcheon""s, xe2x80x9cDetergents and Emulsifiers Annualxe2x80x9d, MC Publ. Corp., Ridegewood N.J.; Sisley and Wood, xe2x80x9cEncyclopedia of Surface Active Agentsxe2x80x9d, Chem. Publ. Co. Inc., N.Y. 1964; Schxc3x6nfeldt, xe2x80x9cGrenzflxc3xa4chenaktive xc3x84thylenoxidadduktexe2x80x9d [Surface-active ethylene oxide adducts], Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1976, Winnacker-Kxc3xcchler, xe2x80x9cChemische Technologiexe2x80x9d, Volume 7, C. Hauser Verlag Munich, 4th Edition 1986.
Based on these formulations, combinations with other pesticidally active substances, such as other herbicides, fungicides or insecticides, and with safeners, fertilizers and/or growth regulators, may also be prepared, for example in the form of a readymix or a tank mix.
Wettable powders (sprayable powders) are products which are uniformly dispersible in water and which, besides the active substance, also comprise ionic or nonionic surfactants (wetters, dispersants), for example polyoxethylated alkylphenols, polyethoxylated fatty alcohols or fatty amines, alkanesulfonates or alkylbenzenesulfonates, sodium lignosulfonate, sodium 2,2xe2x80x2-dinaphthylmethane-6,6xe2x80x2-disulfonate, sodium dibutylnaphthalenesulfonate or else sodium oleoylmethyltauride, in addition to a diluent or inert material.
Emulsifiable concentrates are prepared by dissolving the active substance in an organic solvent, for example butanol, cyclohexanone, dimethylformamide, xylene or else higher-boiling aromatic or hydrocarbons with addition of one or more ionic or nonionic surfactants (emulsifiers). Examples of emulsifiers which may be used are: calcium salts of alkylarylsulfonic acids, such as calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, or nonionic emulsifiers such as fatty acid polyglycol esters, alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, propylene oxide/ethylene oxide condensates, alkyl polyethers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters or polyoxethylene sorbitol esters.
Dusts are obtained by grinding the active substance with finely divided solid materials, for example talc, natural clays such as kaolin, bentonite and pyrophyllite, or diatomateous earth.
Granules can be prepared either by spraying the active substance onto adsorptive, granulated inert material or by applying active substance concentrates to the surface of carriers such as sand, kaolites or granulated inert material with the aid of binders, for example polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate or else mineral oils.
Suitable active substances may also be granulated in the manner conventionally used for the production of fertilizer granules, if desired in a mixture with fertilizers. As a rule, water-dispersible granules are prepared by processes such as spray drying, fluidized-bed granulation, disk granulation, mixing with high-speed mixers and extrusion without solid inert material.
As a rule, the agrochemical preparations comprise 0.1 to 99 percent by weight, in particular 2 to 95% by weight, of active substances of the types A and/or B, the following concentrations being customary, depending on the type of formulation: The active substance concentration in wettable powders is, for example, approximately 10 to 95% by weight, the remainder to 100% by weight being composed of customary formulation constituents. In the case of emulsifiable concentrates, the active substance concentration may amount to, for example, 5 to 80% by weight.
Formulations in the form of dusts comprise, in most cases, 5 to 20% by weight of active substance, sprayable solutions approximately 0.2 to 25% by weight of active substance.
In the case of granules such as dispersible granules, the active substance content depends partly on whether the active compound is present in liquid or solid form and on which granulation auxiliaries and fillers are being used. As a rule, the content amounts to between 10 and 90% by weight in the case of the water-dispersible granules.
In addition, the abovementioned active substance formulations may comprise, if appropriate, the conventional adhesives, wetters, dispersants, emulsifiers, preservatives, antifreeze agents, solvents, fillers, colors, carriers, antifoams, evaporation inhibitors, pH regulators or viscosity regulators.
For example, it is known that the effect of glufosinate-ammonium (A1.2) and of its L-enantiomer can be improved by surfactants, preferably by wetters from the series of the alkyl polyglycol ether sulfates which contain, for example, 10 to 18 carbon atoms and which are used in the form of their alkali metal salts or ammonium salts, but also as the magnesium salt, such as sodium C12/C14-fatty alcohol diglycol ether sulfate ((copyright)Genapol LRO, Hoechst); see EP-A-0476555, EP-A-0048436, EP-A-0336151 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,196 and Proc. EWRS Symp. xe2x80x9cFactors Affecting Herbicidal Activity and Selectivityxe2x80x9d, 227-232 (1988). Moreover, it is known that alkyl polyglycol ether sulfates are also suitable as penetrants and synergists for a series of other herbicides, inter alia also herbicides from the series of the imidazolinones; see EP-A-0502014.
For use, the formulations, which are present in commercially available form, are optionally diluted in the customary manner, for example using water in the case of wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, dispersions and water-dispersible granules. Preparations in the form of dusts, soil granules, granules for broadcasting and sprayable solutions are usually not diluted further prior to use with other inert substances.
The active substances can be applied to the plants, parts of the plants, seeds of the plants or the area under cultivation (soil of a field), preferably to the green plants and parts of the plants and, if appropriate, additionally to the soil of the field. One possible use is the joint application of the active substances in the form of tank mixes, the concentrated formulations of the individual active substances, in optimal formulations, jointly being mixed with water in the tank and the resulting spray mixture being applied.
A joint herbicidal formulation of the combination according to the invention of the active substances (A) and (B) has the advantage of being easier to apply since the quantities of the components are already presented in the correct ratio to each other. Moreover, the adjuvants in the formulation can be matched optimally to each other, while a tank mix of different formulations may lead to undesired combinations of adjuvants.

Herbicidal compositions with acylated aminophenylsulfonylureas

Abstract: (A) one or more herbicides of the formula (I) or their salts,

Abstract: xe2x80x83in which R1, R2, R3, X, Y and Z are defined as in claim 1, and

Abstract: (B) one or more herbicides from the group of the compounds consisting of

Abstract: (B2) herbicides which are effective selectively in cereals and some dicotyledonous crops against predominantly dicotyledonous harmful plants and


A semiconductor device includes a laminate, a first semiconductor chip at least partly embedded in the laminate, a second semiconductor chip mounted on a first main surface of the laminate, and a first electrical contact arranged on the first main surface of the laminate. The second semiconductor chip is electrically coupled to the first electrical contact.

Semiconductor devices may include one or multiple semiconductor chips that may be of different types. In addition, the design of a semiconductor device may be based on a laminate. Semiconductor devices and methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices constantly have to be improved. It may be desirable to improve a performance and a quality of the semiconductor devices. In particular, it may be desirable to increase a degree of integration and to improve an electrical performance of the semiconductor devices.

Semiconductor device including multiple semiconductor chips and a laminate


There are disclosed an information recording medium substrate having a surface roughness of Rmax 15 nm or less, and an information recording medium, particularly an information recording medium substrate and information recording medium in which for surfaces of the substrate and medium, a bearing area value (offset bearing area value) in a depth of 0.5 to 5 nm (predetermined slice level) from a bearing height (real peak height) corresponding to the bearing area value of 0.2% to 1.0% is 90% or less, and a manufacture method of the substrate and medium.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a management technique of a friction coefficient based on surface roughness, an information recording medium substrate, an information recording medium and a manufacture method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is a magnetic recording medium loaded with HDD as an information recording medium. A remarkably rapid increase of a recording capacity of a hard disk drive (HDD) in recent years is realized, for one thing, by lowering (lowering glide) a gap between a magnetic head (a head) and a magnetic recording medium (a medium) during recording/reproduction (head flying height). The lowering of the gap between the head and the medium is realized by an attempt to smooth a medium surface, but the smoothed medium surface causes an adsorption problem between the head and the medium. Therefore, design of the medium surface is always troubled with trade-off between the lowering of glide and avoiding of head adsorption.
In order to solve mutually contradictory problems of the smoothing of the medium surface required for the lowered glide, and the avoiding of an adsorption tendency accompanied by the smoothing (=tendency of increase of a friction coefficient), a precision surface design is necessary.
For shape management of the medium surface, from a point of view that process feedback is easy, surface roughness parameters such as Rmax and Ra by an atomic force microscope (AFM), normalized roughness Ra/Rmax, and the like have heretofore been used.
Herein, Ra and Rmax are defined by the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS B0601). Rmax is the above-mentioned maximum height (the distance from a highest peak to a lowest valley), Ra is the above-mentioned center-line-mean roughness (the average of an absolute value of a deviation from a center line of a roughness curve to the roughness curve.
However, by checking a relation between Rmax, Ra or Ra/Rmax measured by AFM and the friction coefficient, it has been found that in a low glide area (about 10 nm or less) requiring more precise surface design, such surface management technique is extremely bad in sensitivity. FIGS. 1 and 2 show the relation between the substrate surface roughness (Rmax (FIG. 1), Ra (FIG. 2)) measured by AFM and the friction coefficient. Even in the same Rmax (e.g. Rmax of about 7.5 nm) and the friction coefficient with a range of 0.7 to 2.2, and it is thus impossible to manage the friction coefficient with the parameters such as Rmax and Ra.
On the other hand, there is proposed a technique of taking a correlation between a bearing area (bearing ratio) and the friction coefficient to manage the friction coefficient. Specifically, in a magnetic recording medium constituted by forming texture on a medium surface, there is proposed a technique of forming the texture (concave/convex) in such a manner that the bearing area in a depth of 20 nm from a surface top portion is 20% or less, and defining the friction coefficient to be small (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 189756/1993). Additionally, the bearing area means a proportion occupied by an area appearing when the concave/convex in a measured area is cut on an arbitrary equal height surface (horizontal surface) in the measured area, and can be measured using the atomic force microscope (AFM) or the like.
However, the technique principally aims at the magnetic recording medium formed by polishing an aluminum alloy substrate surface with an NiP film formed thereon with a free abrasive grain and performing a texture processing, and uses the bearing area in the depth of 20 nm from the surface top portion as the parameter (i.e., a rough magnetic recording medium with a surface roughness of 20 nm or more is an object). Therefore, there is a problem that with respect to the magnetic recording medium having a surface roughness of Rmax 15 nm or less, the technique is completely useless as a friction-coefficient management technique.
Additionally, the technique is derived from an experiment, and is not derived based on theories such as a real contact area described later.
Furthermore, for example, when a texture forming method differs, the total number of protrusions, protrusion mode (protrusion curvature radius or horizontal sectional shape, protrusion height), and the like differ. Even with the same Rmax or Ra, the friction coefficient by the medium surface differs. Therefore, in this case, the aforementioned technique is completely useless as the management technique of the friction coefficient of the medium surface.

Management technique of friction coefficient based on surface roughness, substrate for information recording medium, information recording medium and manufacture method thereof


A vehicle anti-theft device disengages the ignition of the vehicles in which it is installed after a predetermined time has elapsed after a foot switch is pressed with the ignition system on. After a second period of time after the foot switch is pressed a horn is activated and tear gas is dispensed through the ventilation system of the vehicle into the passenger compartment.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to those devices designed to discourage and prevent the theft of automobiles. More particularly, the present invention pertains to those devices designed to shut the engine off after a predetermined amount of time has elapsed since the device was actuated. Furthermore, the device of the present invention sounds a horn and dispenses tear gas through the ventilation ducts of the automobile after a second predetermined amount of time has elapsed.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
Devices designed to prevent and/or discourage the theft of automobiles have used hidden switches to activate a timer. The timer disables the engine after a set amount of time has elapsed. Alarms, locks, or other mechanisms of the car may be activated as well.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,022,725 issued Dec. 23, 1934 to Alexander Lazarus et al discloses a theft prevention device using a hidden switch to cut off the fuel supply when activated.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,892,181 issued Jun. 23, 1959 to Ralph A. Benson et al discloses an anti-theft device which disables the ignition system of the car after a set amount of time has elapsed. A horn is also activated at that time.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,242,460 issued Mar. 22, 1966 to Benjamin A. Morrell discloses an automobile alarm system in which the thief is locked inside the vehicle while the horn and visual alarms are activated. The vehicle can be driven only a short distance before the ignition system is disabled.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,495 issued Nov. 17, 1981 to Carlos S. Trevino et al and U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,887 issued Dec. 4, 1984 to Michael W. Morano disclose time delay circuits for disabling the ignition system if a switch is not activated.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.


A method of user equipment (UE) indication of traffic-related information to network is provided. The method comprises a UE determining a traffic indicator and transmitting the traffic indicator to a base station. In one embodiment, the traffic indicator indicates either that default power consumption is preferred or low power consumption is preferred. For example, when the UE is in background traffic or sparse traffic, low power consumption is preferred. In another embodiment, the traffic indicator indicates a time pattern of the traffic history. From the network perspective, upon receiving and evaluating information contained in the traffic indicator, the network triggers a QoS modification procedure by applying one or more QoS modification algorithms.

The exponential growth of mobile subscribers requires substantial increase of network capacity. Currently, network congestion is problematic on many third generation (3G) networks in a number of markets throughout United States and the world. The congested network causes dropped or failed calls, lower data rates and slow response times. Concurrent with this problem of rapid growth of number of users, there has been a rapid uptake of Smartphone subscribers, such as iPhone, Android phone and Blackberry phone users.
Long-term evolution (LTE) system, which offers high peak data rates, low latency and improved system capacity, is adopted by many operators to address the capacity issue. In the LTE system, an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) includes a plurality of evolved Node-Bs (eNBs) communicating with a plurality of mobile stations, referred as user equipment (UE), via LTE-Uu interface. The radio access network further connects with a core network (CN), which includes Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (S-GW), and Packet data Network Gateway (P-GW), to provide end-to-end services.
While LTE network increases system capacity, it is projected that LTE network may soon face capacity problems. In both traditional network and LTE, operators always prioritize real-time voice traffic over data traffic. Resources are held in reserve across the network for circuit-switched voice traffic. New wireless data network, such as 3G and LTE network, also optimizes support for large amount of data traffic, such as video conferencing. Such design, however, does not work well for applications with short, infrequent data sessions, such as chatty applications and keep alive messages. Many common applications such as news, weather, and social networking, periodically connect and disconnect to/from the network for updates. These applications contain small amount of user data while still require a large amount of signaling traffic to establish and tear down the session. It is estimated that with the growing number of Smartphone applications over the network, the signaling overhead outpaces the data traffic by 30% to 50%, if not higher. Therefore, using data network efficiently is essential to improve network capacity.
Besides improving network efficiency, maintaining quality of service (QoS) is an important area for the successful growth of wireless networks. Applications over the wireless network have various requirements in terms of delay, bandwidth and error rate that they desire for optimal performance or user experience. The LTE system has defined a set of QoS Class Identifier (QCI) values, each corresponding to characteristics of a service required. The goal of standardizing QCI values is to ensure that applications/services mapping to the same QCI receive the same minimum level of QoS in multi-vendor network deployments, as well as in roaming cases. In the access network, it is the responsibility of the eNBs to ensure the necessary QoS for a bearer over the radio interface. Each bearer has an associated QCI, and Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP).
Traditionally, one application associates with one QoS because it has a predefined QoS requirement. Unlike traditional applications, for today's popular interactive applications, the QoS requirement is dynamic in nature. Many Smartphone applications generate traffic regularly even when the Smartphone is in background mode, such as when the user is not actively using the device. It is, therefore, desirable to have different QoS associates with one application. For example, the system can associate one QoS with a running application when the user is in interactive mode, and lower the QoS requirement when the user is not using the device. Such dynamic QoS scheme allows the system to reduce resource usage for the background applications, resulting in lower core network signaling overhead and improved LTE-Uu efficiency. On the UE side, it lowers the UE power consumption, primarily by allowing UE to use sleep cycles to greater extent, where hardware can be turned off or in standby mode. Usage of long sleep cycles or long DRX affects the QoS performance by introducing additional latency.
In addition to rapidly increased data and signaling volume that puts pressure on LTE-Uu interface, the amount of signaling to the Core Network is also a major concern of the operators. Operators have strong hope that LTE will efficiently support real "always-on", which enables application updates. Such feature may lead to most UEs being in connected mode, which is quite different from today's wireless network. Especially for Smartphone, operators need to keep the core network load in control. The majority overhead in the Core Network signaling is due to initial connection establishments. We note also that while keeping a UE always in connected mode reduces the signaling needed for connection setup, it would generates instead additional signaling for handover, and furthermore using long DRX in connected mode for good battery consumption comes with the drawback of bad handover performance, due to low UE measurement periodicity of neighbor cells in long DRX. Thus, the problem of controlling and optimizing network signaling, resource usage and UE battery consumption for typical smart phones is complex. To reduce the overhead of initial setup, the network could be assisted in identifying "tricky" UEs, which utilizes "always-on" services, is moving, and frequently switches between Idle and connected modes. An efficient way of identify such UE enables operator to apply special algorithms with high complexity to such UEs to reduce the Core Network traffic, while applying simpler algorithms to non-problematic UEs.
In light of the exploding growth of the amount of mobile data and various mobile applications, coupled with the wide adoption of LTE by wireless network operators, it becomes important to find ways to improve network efficiency and to maintain the QoS of various applications. The embodiments of the present invention address various areas such as improving LTE-Uu interface efficiency, lowering Core Network signaling overhead and lower UE battery consumption.

Methods of UE indicating traffic-related information to network


A liquid ejection head unit has plural liquid ejection heads and a liquid droplet detection device that detects liquid droplets ejected from the heads. The liquid droplet detection device has LD arrays that are provided at one side surface in the longitudinal direction of the head unit and serve to emit light beams; photo diodes that are provided at the other side surface in the longitudinal direction of the head unit and serve to receive the light beams emitted from the LD arrays; and a light path forming unit that causes the light beams emitted from the LD arrays to pass through along a head surface as detection light beams from the outer side of an area capped by a cap of a maintenance and recovery mechanism of an image forming apparatus and that causes the emitted light beams to be incident on the light-receiving unit provided at the outer side of the area.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure generally relates to liquid ejection head units and image forming apparatuses and, in particular, to a liquid ejection head unit and an image forming apparatus capable of detecting liquid droplets ejected from a liquid ejection head.
2. Description of the Related Art
General image forming apparatuses, such as printers, facsimile machines, copiers, plotters, or multi-task machines having plural functions thereof, include a recording head composed of liquid ejection heads that eject liquid droplets of ink so as to form images. During image formation (used synonymously with recording, printing, and imaging), the image forming apparatuses cause the liquid droplets of the ink to adhere to a sheet, while transferring a medium (hereinafter referred also to as a "sheet," but it does not limit a material. Also, it is used synonymously with a print medium, a medium to be recorded, a recording medium, a transfer member, a recording paper, etc.).
Note that the "image forming apparatus" refers to an apparatus that ejects liquid onto a medium such as a paper, a thread, a fiber, a fabric, leather, metal, a plastic, glass, wood, and a ceramic so as to perform the image formation. Furthermore, the "image formation" refers to forming on the medium not only meaningful images such as characters and graphics, but also meaningless images such as patterns (merely, ejection of liquid droplets). Furthermore, the "ink" is not limited to narrowly-defined ink and is not particularly limited so long as it turns into liquid when ejected. For example, the ink refers also to a DNA sample, a resist, a pattern material, a resin material, etc.
In such a liquid-ejection-type image forming apparatus, liquid droplets are ejected from fine pores called nozzles of the liquid ejection head, thereby making it possible to form patterns on the medium in a non-contact manner. Therefore, the image formation is made possible in a single image forming process regardless of the types and shapes of the medium.
Each of the nozzles has a fine orifice having a diameter of 50 μm or smaller and ejects liquid droplets from the orifice. Therefore, it is very difficult to maintain the nozzle in a normal state. Particularly, in the case of a line-type head having nozzle arrays in which nozzles having a width equivalent to that of the medium are arranged side by side, there are an enormous number of (several hundred through several thousand) nozzles. Therefore, it is a significant problem to maintain all the nozzles in a normal state, while avoiding ejection failures, such as a case in which the liquid droplets cannot be ejected from the nozzles, a case in which the liquid droplets are not ejected in the direction approximately perpendicular to a nozzle surface, and a case in which a desired size of the liquid droplets cannot be ejected.
Thus, it is necessary to identify an ejection failure nozzle and recover its operation so as to maintain the nozzle in a normal state. Conventionally, in a personal ink jet printer, etc., a nozzle check pattern is printed on a sheet so as to visually confirm the states of nozzles. However, this method wastefully consumes a sheet and requires time for the user to get accustomed to visually confirm the pattern.
To address the above problem, as shown in Patent Document 1, an apparatus that optically confirms liquid droplets ejected from nozzles so as to confirm an ejection state is installed in a wide format ink jet printer, etc., and it has been put into practice.    Patent Document 1: JP-A-2006-187981
Furthermore, in a conventional serial-type image forming apparatus, as shown in Patent Document 2, a device for detecting an ejection state is provided near an idle-ejection receiver in which liquid droplets not contributing to image formation are ejected.    Patent Document 2: JP-A-2005-319698
As opposed to this, in a line-type image forming apparatus, it is not necessary for a head unit to move during its printing operation. Therefore, Patent Document 3 describes a liquid ejection recording apparatus that has an ejection detecting device in a cap member of a maintenance and recovery apparatus that maintains and recovers a head unit and detects liquid droplets when the head unit moves to the position for a maintenance and recovery operation.    Patent Document 3: JP-B2-2838894
Furthermore, Patent Document 4 describes an ink jet printer that has a device for detecting an ejection state on a path on which a head unit moves to the position for a maintenance and recovery operation.    Patent Document 4: JP-A-2005-199658
Furthermore, Patent Document 5 describes an apparatus that has a moving unit that makes it possible for a detector for detecting an ejection state to be moved relative to a head unit.    Patent Document 5: JP-A-2006-192789
Furthermore, Patent Document 6 describes an ink jet apparatus that provides detectors for respective nozzles.    Patent Document 6: JP-A-2006-213051
As for the apparatuses described in Patent Documents 3 and 4 that move the head unit to the maintenance position, thereby making it possible to detect an ejection state, it is necessary to move a head position during its printing operation so as to confirm the ejection state. Therefore, in order to confirm the ejection state, printing speed may be remarkably reduced.
On the other hand, according to the configuration described in Patent Document 5 that has the moving unit that makes it possible for the detector to be moved relative to the head unit, it is difficult to precisely move the detector. In addition, if there is a failure in the moving unit of the detector, a target head unit cannot be detected. Therefore, sufficient reliability is not obtained.
Furthermore, according to the configuration described in Patent Document 6 that has the detectors for the nozzles, it is possible to confirm an ejection state during a printing operation, thus attaining high speed and reliability. However, because the detector is provided for each nozzle, the interval between the detectors is small. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the detectors with high processing precision. In addition, with the provision of many detectors, a wiring circuit becomes complicated. Therefore, the costs of the head unit increase due to an ejection detecting mechanism. Furthermore, because the number of the detectors correspond to the number of the nozzles, it is necessary to maintain all the detectors in a normal state. Therefore, it is difficult to maintain the reliability of the detectors themselves. Moreover, in the case of optical detection, heat is generated when light-emitting elements drive as the detectors, thereby causing the rise of the temperature of the head unit and the reduction of the sensitivity of light-receiving elements. Accordingly, when the detectors are provided for the respective nozzles, a lot of heat is generated due to the accumulation of the light-emitting parts.

Image forming apparatus having liquid droplet detection unit


An optical communication system includes a base station and an extended reality immersion device (XRID). The base station includes an optical transmitter assembly configured to convert an electrical signal to an optical beam, and emit the optical beam in free space, uncollimated and with a divergence angle greater than 0.1 degrees. The XRID includes an optical receiver assembly having an acceptance angle greater than 0.1 degrees. The optical receiver is configured to detect the optical beam in free space, convert the optical beam to a corresponding electrical signal, and reproduce information carried by the corresponding electrical signal. The XRID also includes a head-up display configured to present the information.

Various designs, methods and implementations, and systems for simulated and/or virtual/augmented/mixed reality environments exist in the literature. The majority of these describe a mobile user that may have an extended reality immersion device (XRID), and immobile base station that does the majority of the processing and a communication system between the two. The prior art includes patents surrounding XRID design, full system design and implementing wireless communications into various parts of the system. Full-design systems include an XRID, a base-station where the major audio/video processing occurs, and communications between the two. Various other patents focus on only the indoor communications pieces and include LiFi (light fidelity), RF (radio frequency) and MMW (millimeter wave) communications protocols. Prior art communications systems have sought to minimize the bandwidth required for such systems in order to make them practical for RF communications, including MMW. RF spectrum bandwidth available for such communications is a major limitation to the prior art. XRID and base station processing to achieve the compression needed to minimize this bandwidth also places major limitations on the prior art by increasing power, weight, and cost. Optical communications is known to solve these problems, but only in a limited way that introduces other limitations on numbers of users, bandwidths, complexity, weight, form factor, and cost.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,915 to Flood et al. discloses such a full system including a headset, base station, and wireless communication link between the two. Flood uses active tracking to point the transmitter at the receiver. The preferred embodiment for the transmitter is a laser with current modulator and the preferred embodiment for the tracking system is with tracking sensors on the headset that provide locations to the transmitter which is moved by a two-axis gimbal. Digital information is relayed via amplitude modulation (on-off keying) of the laser. The detector, whose preferred implementation is an APD with gain stage detects the presence or absence of a light pulse and amplifies and digitizes it. FIG. 1 shows one of the main figures from this patent showing an optical transceiver system with a computer and user headset. The user moves about the room and remains connected to the computer via the wireless communications system.
While Flood et al. describe the various pieces needed for simulation system based on wireless communications, they do not teach the various concepts needed to design such a system. These may include the shape, type, or divergence of the optical beam, how tracking mechanisms are implemented and their various options, and how different modulation schemes can be used for different performance metrics. Some of these topics are non-obvious in the context of typical wireless communication design. Furthermore, they briefly mention the option of having multiple users, but make no claims or statements teaching how this would be implemented.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,514,208 to Champion et al. discloses a method and apparatus for optical wireless communication digital video source and a display device. The focus of these teachings is on the protocol and control layer for sending video from a transmitter to a receiver with a shadow memory. While the optical wireless transmission using a laser is the preferred implementation, the patent's disclosures are not on the optical wireless system parameters or design, but on the video data transfer protocols.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,948,601 to Shar et al. discloses a method and system for indoor optical wireless bidirectional communications links between multiple user units and a centralized unit using collimated invisible light and a method for alignment between the users and the central unit using a visible light source on the central unit and windows on the user units to reflect it back. This patent teaches the use of collimated light beams, thus always requiring a tracking mechanism. Furthermore, it also does not teach a complete system for optical wireless including modulation techniques, beam shape or divergence, or receiver art.
Additionally, there are numerous patents surrounding LiFi (light fidelity) technology including U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0105134, U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2010/0209105, and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2009/0310971 which disclose visible light communication systems and methods using LEDs as the data transmission sources. Others include U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2014/0265920, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,902,076, which teach the use of LEDs for illuminating interior room and building spaces as well as non-visible modulation of those LEDs for higher rate data communications. These systems are limited to lower data rates due to the upper limit on modulation rate for current LED technology and could not be used for high definitely video transfer or HDMI.
Various other patents address pieces of the full simulation system, which include U.S. Pat. No. 9,880,619 which discloses a finger-wearable VR communication device for tracking and position sensing of the user using wireless optical communication and U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2017/0069217, which includes a full immersive system including limb and body movements using RF and 60 GHz communication frequencies.
Guelman et al. in IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 40(4):1239-1248 (2004) describe an acquisition and pointing control system for laser communications designed for inter satellites. Their device uses steering mirrors (fine and coarse) pointing, as well as a focusing mirror and quadrant detector. Their laser communication system beam's divergence is ˜50 microradians, putting it in the class of very fine pointing and tracking mechanisms with highly collimated beams. Additionally, they use a focusing mirror and fiber coupling collection.
Therefore, it would be desirable to have a system and method that takes into account and resolves at least some of the issues discussed above, as well as possibly other issues.

System for optical wireless communication to extended reality immersion device


The present disclosure provides a compressor with an oil equalizing pipe, a parallel compressor set, and an oil equalizing method. The compressor includes at least one oil equalizing pipe, an opening at one end of the oil equalizing pipe is formed in a target oil level of an oil sump, and the opening at the other end of the oil equalizing pipe is formed in a suction port; and when the oil level of the oil sump of the compressor is higher than the target oil level, the extra oil enters the suction port through the oil equalizing pipe. Compared with the prior art, the present disclosure has the advantages that, when the compressor is running, the gas in the suction port flows, so that the pressure at the suction port is less than the pressure on the surface of the oil sump; when the oil level of the oil sump of the compressor is higher than the target oil level, the extra oil enters the suction port through the oil equalizing pipe under the action of the above pressure difference, a part of the oil enters vortex and is discharged from the compressor via the exhaust port, and the oil discharged from the compressor returns to the other compressor lack of oil through a pipeline, thereby achieving oil balance between different compressors.

A compressor is a fluid machine that lifts a low-pressure gas into a high-pressure gas, and is the heart of a refrigeration system. The compressors connected in parallel in the refrigeration systems bring the advantages that it is convenient to adjust capacity, easy to maintain by single machine shutdown, low in cost and the like, and thus are widely used. Due to manufacturing differences of compressors, or different states of running or shutdown of different compressors, the distribution of oil output or oil return of the compressors is uneven, in this way, the oil masses of some compressors are increased and the oil masses of the other compressors are decreased after running, the compressors with too small oil masses may be damaged due to insufficient lubrication, so an oil balance design should be performed when the compressors are connected in parallel.
At present, the common practice for oil balance is to use an oil balance pipe to connect the oil sumps of two compressors. Although this method can play a role in oil balance to certain extent, it is easy to cause oil transfer between the two compressors due to the pressure difference between the compressors, resulting in imbalanced oil levels.

Compressor with oil equalizing pipe, parallel compressor set, and oil equalizing method

SUZHOU INVOTECH SCROLL TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.


A system for preventing objectionable large torque pulsations during the starting and synchronization of a line-start permanent magnet motor compares motor speed with motor synchronous speed and power source phase with the motor back-emf phasor. The motor starting armature is coupled to the power source and the PM armature is disconnected from the power source before motor speed has reached to within a predetermined margin of synchronous speed and before the back-emf phasor has dropped below a predetermined phase difference. After motor speed has approached synchronous speed to within the margin and the phase difference has dropped below the predetermined phase difference, connections are reversed so that the starting armature is disconnected from the power source and the PM armature is coupled to the power source.

In a line-start permanent magnet (PM) motor having a rotor cage and a starting armature in addition to a PM armature, the starting armature is wound with at least one fewer pole-pair than the PM armature, and thereby does not couple with the rotor magnets. The starting armature accelerates the motor rotor by induction action on the rotor cage, and when the motor obtains synchronous speed, the power source is switched to the PM armature. Since the rotor magnets do not couple to the starting armature, large torque pulsations arising from non-synchronous magnet interaction are precluded during the starting period.
It was originally desired to have a centrifugal relay transfer the power source from the starting armature to the PM armature. At the moment that a centrifugal relay operates, the alignment of the motor back-emf phasors with respect to the power source phasor is random by nature. Dynamic simulations indicate that there are preferable alignments of the back-emfs at the moment of connection, and that non-preferable alignments will produce large torque pulsations, little different from the torque pulsations that the starting armature was intended to prevent. The large torque pulsations can be acoustically objectionable, and can cause mechanical failure of components. The electromagnetic conditions that cause the torque pulsations can also cause demagnetization of the magnets.
Use of a centrifugal relay which only detects the frequency of the PM armature back-emf for the PM motor starting function is not sufficient because synchronization depends on a correct phase relationship between line voltage and the PM armature back-emf. To a first approximation, a preferable synchronization occurs when the back-emf phasor of the PM armature regular phase (the phase without a capacitor) is aligned with the source phasor, and the worst synchronization occurs when the back-emf phasor of the regular phase is 180 degrees out of alignment with the source phasor.

Starting and synchronizing system for line-start permanent magnet motor


There are provided a toilet cleaning apparatus having a bubble supply mechanism and a cleaning method thereof. The toilet cleaning apparatus having a bubble supply mechanism includes a mixture tank in which raw water supplied from a raw water supply unit, air introduced from an air supply unit, and a cleaning solution supplied from a cleaning solution supply unit are mixed and accommodated, a bubble generation unit provided in the mixture tank and generating bubbles with the raw water, air, and the cleaning solution by using an impeller, and a bubble discharging unit connected to the mixture tank and discharging bubbles generated by the bubble generation unit to the toilet bowl to cover water stored in the toilet.

In general, a toilet (i.e., a toilet bowl, a chamber pot, etc.) is a piece of equipment allowing a user to be seated to pass a bowl movement. The toilet may be equipped with a bidet to make using a restroom convenient and for sanitary purposes.
In this respect, even after a user uses a toilet and the toilet is flushed, water retained in the toilet may be contaminated due to foreign objects remaining therein, raising the possibility of the propagation of microbes (or microscopic organisms).
Also, the propagation of bacteria causes odors, while a bowel movement may also cause an odor from the toilet bowl, resulting in a failure of providing an agreeable environment to a toilet user.
Thus, a device for sterilizing and deodorizing a toilet after a user uses it is required.
Meanwhile, a bidet includes a movable cleaning nozzle for jetting water to the external organs of sex and excretion to clean the same and a movable bidet nozzle for jetting water to the pudenda of a woman.
However, when the nozzle is repeatedly used, erroneously used, or used for an extended period of time, it may be contaminated with excretion, and the excretion may be jetted together with washing water to the external organs of sex and excretion or may clog holes through which washing water is jetted, or bacteria may propagate in the nozzle due to the excretion.
Thus, in order to solve the problem, the nozzle is cleaned to remove excretion, but, in this case, the related art nozzle cleaning method requires a large quantity of washing water to remove excretion or has insufficient cleaning power to completely remove excretion from the nozzle.

Toilet cleaning apparatus having bubble supply mechanism and cleaning method of toilet cleaning apparatus