The present disclosure is directed to a filter support having a surface with a plurality of perforations therein. At least one spray bar may be substantially fixed adjacent to the surface of the filter support. A spray bar may include a plurality of nozzles for directing a pressured fluid toward the filter support. The filter support may further include a motor for causing the filter support to move in a cyclical manner while the spray bar directs pressurized fluid toward the filter support.

Phosphoric acid has a variety of industrial, medical, and other uses. It may be produced with a "wet process," using various acids to dissolve phosphate in source rock. The three types of acids typically used to accomplish the dissolution are: nitric, hydrochloric and sulfuric. Phosphates may be found in two rock types, igneous and sedimentary. Phosphate-bearing sedimentary rock is typically composed primarily of Francolite: Ca10(PO4)6-x(CO3)x(F,OH)2+x. The phosphate in the rock may require concentrating before it is of marketable quality. Reacting the phosphates in the rock with sulfuric acid may yield phosphoric acid and calcium sulfate (Gypsum) [Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4→2H3PO4+3CaSO4].
The gypsum may precipitate out of the solution as an insoluble salt that may be removed by filters to prevent the gypsum salt from coating the phosphate rock thereby inhibiting or halting the reactive process. Various types of filters may be used to remove the gypsum from the phosphate rock/acid solution; including belt filters, table filters, and tilting pan filters. Such filters may use a cloth filter to trap the gypsum particles as the liquid is pulled or drawn through the cloth by a vacuum process. The cloth filter may be removed and easily cleaned or replaced; however, it may be difficult to clean the filter supporting structure during operations. Such cleaning difficulty may result from gypsum crystal growth and solids plugging the openings through which the vacuum is applied. Cleaning may be beneficial since clogged openings in the filter support may reduce the efficiency of the filter during operation.
A current method of cleaning the filter support structure involves having at least one person manually direct a pressurized cleaning fluid, such as water, into contact with the filter structure. While this method may provide some level of cleaning, it also may consume a large amount of time and manpower; the operators of the associated cleaning apparatus may fail to clean portions of the filter structure; and the amount and time of contact of the water with the filter structure may be inconsistent, leading to non-uniform results.

Method of filtering phosphate utilizing a rotary table filter or horizontal table filter


According to one embodiment, an antenna apparatus includes a first phase shifter to shift a phase of a left-hand circularly polarized signal representing a left-hand circularly polarized wave; a second phase shifter to shift a phase of a right-hand circularly polarized signal representing a right-hand circularly polarized wave; a control circuit determining a first phase shift amount of the first phase shifter and a second phase shift amount of the second phase shifter based on a difference between a phase shift amount of the first phase shifter and a phase shift amount of the second phase shifter; and a radiating element radiating the left-hand circularly polarized wave and the right-hand circularly polarized wave based on the left-hand circularly polarized signal of which the phase is shifted by the first phase shift amount and the right-hand circularly polarized signal of which the phase is shifted by the second phase shift amount.

An antenna apparatus includes an antenna element that transmits and receives a right-hand circularly polarized wave and a left-hand circularly polarized wave, and phase shifters change a phase of a signal of the right-hand circularly polarized wave and a phase of a signal of the left-hand circularly polarized wave. To perform satisfactory communication, it is necessary to align a polarization plane on a transmission side and a polarization plane on a receiver side. Therefore, the antenna apparatus changes an angle of each of the polarization planes in some cases. It is desirable to provide an antenna apparatus that can control phase shift amounts of the respective phase shifters to change the angles of the polarization planes.

Antenna apparatus, method, and electronic apparatus


A spacer discharging apparatus and method of a field emission display (FED) are disclosed. The spacer discharging apparatus of an FED includes a first resister connected between an anode electrode of the FED and a high voltage power source unit applying a high voltage to the anode electrode, and a switch unit connected to the anode electrode and the first resister and selectively connecting the anode electrode and the spacer ground electrode of the FED.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a field emission display (FED) and more particularly, to a spacer discharging apparatus and method of a field emission display (FED).
2. Description of the Background Art
In general, as the information processing systems are developed and widely spread, a display device as a time information transmission means has increasing importance. Of display devices, researches are actively ongoing on a flat panel display such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display panel (PDP) and the FED or the like, to accomplish a large screen, flatness, high luminance and high efficiency.
Especially, the FED, which is anticipated to be commercialized in the near future, receives much attention as a flat panel display for a next-generation information communications, which overcomes shortcomings of the flat display devices.
The FED includes a front substrate having a fluorescent material and an anode electrode and a back substrate having a gate electrode and a cathode electrode. In the FED, the distance between the front substrate and the back substrate is approximately 1˜2 mm, short, so a high electric field is formed by a high voltage applied to the anode electrode. Accordingly, in the FED, electrons discharged by a difference between voltages applied to the gate electrode and the cathode electrode formed on the back substrate are drawn by the electric field formed by the high voltage-applied anode electrode, to excite the fluorescent material so as to be emitted.
The construction of the FED in accordance with the conventional art will now be described with reference to FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the construction of the FED in accordance with the conventional art.
As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional FED includes a back substrate 110 having a cathode electrode 107, a dielectric layer 106 and a gate electrode 105 sequentially stacked on a lower glass substrate 108; and a front substrate 100 having an anode electrode 102 and a phosphor 103 sequentially stacked on an upper glass substrate 101.
A spacer 104 is positioned between the upper glass substrate 101 and the lower glass substrate 108 to maintain a certain distance therebetween. In addition, spacers 104 are distributively and evenly positioned on the entire surface of the front substrate 100 and the back substrate 110 so as to sufficiently tolerate a difference between an external atmospheric pressure and an atmospheric pressure according to high vacuum at the inner side thereof.
The conventional FED operates as follows.
First, when a certain voltage is applied to the gate electrode 105 and the cathode electrode 107, electrons are discharged from the cathode electrode 107 and the discharged electrons passes through the gate electrode 105 so as to be discharged by a quantum-mechanical tunneling effect. At this time, if the applied voltage is relatively high, the amount of electrons discharged from the cathode electrode 107 is increased, while if the applied voltage is relatively low, the amount of electrons discharged from the cathode electrode 107 is decreased.
Thereafter, the electrons discharged from the cathode electrode 107 are accelerated toward the anode electrode 102 with the phosphor 103 coated thereon by being influenced by the electric field formed by the high voltage applied to the anode electrode 102. Accordingly, electrons collide with the phosphor 103 to generate energy.
Electrons existing in the phosphor 103 are excited by the generated energy to emit visible light.
However, some of electrons discharged from the cathode electrode 107 are not accelerated toward the phosphor-coated anode electrode 102 but collide with the spacer 104 to electrostatically charge the surface of the spacer 104. Namely, the charged electrons can change distribution of a voltage around the spacer 104. In this case, since the change in the voltage distribution around the spacer 104 can distort flow of the discharged electrons, causing degradation of a display state such as appearance of noise on the screen and visible appearance of a position of the spacer 104 on the screen. In addition, the change in the voltage distribution around the spacer 104 can generate an electric arc between the spacer 104 and the cathode electrode 107.
FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the structure of the FED in accordance with the conventional art.
As shown in FIG. 2, the conventional FED includes a scan electrode 107A applying a scan voltage to the cathode electrode 107; a data electrode 105A applying a data voltage to the gate electrode 105; and a high voltage power source unit 200 applying a high voltage to the anode electrode 102.
The conventional FED constructed as described above operates as follows.
First, a high voltage is applied from the high voltage power source unit 200 to the anode electrode 102. And, a scan voltage is applied to the scan electrode. 107A and a data voltage is applied to the data electrode 105A.
The applied scan voltage and the data voltage are respectively applied in synchronization with each other to the scan electrode 107A and the data electrode 105A, so that pixels are selected and driven to display an image on a screen.
However, the conventional FED does not have a discharge path for discharging electric charge charged on the spacer 104, so a noise is generated with the image displayed on the screen for a certain time while the electric charge charged on the spacer 104 is being discharged. This will now be described with reference to FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing a change of a voltage applied to an anode electrode of the FED in accordance with the conventional art.
As shown in FIG. 3, the change of the voltage applied to the anode electrode of the conventional FED indicates that even after the high voltage applied to the anode electrode 102 is cut off or power applied to the scan electrode 107A is cut off, the voltage or the power is gradually reduced for a certain time, so that there is a high possibility that noise generated on the screen.
In order to solve such a problem, a spacer discharging apparatus of the conventional FED in which a ground electrode is formed at a lower end portion of the spacer 104 will now be described with reference to FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the spacer discharging apparatus of the FED in accordance with the conventional art.
As shown in FIG. 4, the spacer discharging apparatus of the conventional FED includes a spacer ground electrode 104A formed at a lower end portion of the spacer 104.
However, even though the spacer ground electrode 104A is formed at the lower end portion of the spacer 104 to discharge electric charge charged at the spacer 104, the electric charge is not quickly discharged from the spacer 104 and the spacer 104 is radiated for a certain time.
As mentioned above, the conventional FED has the following problems. That is, since the electrons discharged from the cathode electrode collide with and are accumulated in the spacer, noise is generated on the screen.

Spacer discharging apparatus and method of field emission display


A sheet ejection device includes: a sheet ejection tray adapted to stack a sheet ejected thereon; an alignment member which aligns a position in a width direction and a direction perpendicular to a sheet ejection direction of the sheet on the sheet ejection tray; and a supporting unit which supports the alignment member so that the alignment member is displaced in a direction intersecting the sheet ejection direction when outer force is applied to the alignment member.

The present invention relates to a sheet ejection device that aligns a position of a sheet in its width direction on a sheet ejection tray, an image forming apparatus equipped with the sheet ejection device and a sheet finisher equipped with the sheet ejection device.
In a sheet ejection device that ejects a large quantity of sheets, the large quantity of sheets are ejected on a sheet ejection tray and are stacked, and after that, a bundle of sheets is given processing treatment. Therefore, the plenty of sheets are sometimes conveyed to another processor. In that case, a bundle of sheets prior to the processing treatment is required to have high compatibility. Accordingly, there is known a sheet ejection device equipped with an alignment member that aligns a bundle of sheets stacked on the sheet ejection tray.
Further, there is available a sheet ejection device by which a bundle of sheets is moved through shifting to a different position in the direction perpendicular to a sheet ejecting direction in a unit of one set of sheets so that dividing of sheets stacked on the sheet ejection tray in a unit of one set may become easy. In the sheet ejection device having the shifting function of this kind, high compatibility is required for each bundle of sheets at each shifting position.
Further, an image forming system that contains an image forming apparatus and is capable of processing at high speed is in a trend to be used as a shortrun printing apparatus, and when it is used as a shortrun printing apparatus, there is a growing trend wherein the image forming system is required to have capabilities to align a sheet on which an image has been formed with a sheet which has been processed by another apparatus to eject them.
In Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-211829, there is proposed to shift under the highly-aligned configuration and thereby to integrate by providing a shifting function on a sheet ejection tray.
In the case of a high-speed image forming apparatus and an image forming system composed of a high-speed image forming apparatus and a sheet finisher, a large quantity of sheets are integrated on a sheet ejection tray.
An integrated sheet is conveyed from a sheet ejection tray to another processing station, to be sent to the succeeding processing progress.
When conveying a sheet from a sheet ejection tray to the succeeding processing progress, the sheet is taken out of the sheet ejection tray manually in many cases.
However, handling of a sheet having a large volume and large mass is not easy, and there are sometimes generated accidents including destroyed alignments caused by contact between aligned sheets and surrounding mechanical parts, and injuries caused by contact between an operator's hand and mechanical parts.
In particular, when an alignment member is provided at the position near a sheet ejection tray, the number of chances to come in contact with the alignment member grows greater.
The alignment device disclosed in Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-211829 is not equipped with a safety device for the aforesaid accidents.

Sheet ejection device, image forming apparatus and sheet finisher provided therewith

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.


In accordance with the present invention, a vending machine includes a number of failure control devices that monitor and control the functioning of the various components in the vending machine to ensure uniform quality of food products to be sold to a customer. One specific embodiment includes plurality of oven failure control devices, a freezer failure control device and a power failure control device. When a microcontroller in the vending machine determines the occurrence of a failure, the microcontroller displays a failure message on a customer display and discontinues vending food until the failure is corrected, for example, by an operator. In another aspect of this invention, the vending machine includes a mechanism for operating a door of a refrigeration compartment of the vending machine. The mechanism includes a motor driven rotary link coupled to a roller that moves in a slot of the door.

Vending machines for storing and distributing food and other items to customers upon payment of a specified sum of money are known. In some vending machines, hot food can be dispensed to customers. Such vending machines typically include a refrigerator for storing food, an oven for cooking food, a mechanism for transferring food between the refrigerator and oven, and a mechanism for dispensing the food from the vending machine. One previous vending machine is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,210,387 to Smith et al., entitled "Food Handling System." Such vending machines have experienced problems, however, particularly in the storage area where the packages which contain the food items are typically stacked so high that packages at the bottom of the stack become crushed.
Moreover, if a component of a vending machine malfunctions, the vending machine can dispense food that is not of a quality expected by a consumer consistent with normal functioning of the vending machine For example, a vending machine may dispense coffee that is too hot to drink, or that is barely lukewarm, if a heat source in such a vending machine fails, with attendant consumer dissatisfaction and/or injury especially in the absence of indication of the heat source failure.

Vending machine with mechanised freezer door and failure control devices


A printhead assembly include a carrier, a first plurality of printhead dies each mounted on the carrier and adapted to print a first color, and a second plurality of printhead dies each mounted on the carrier and adapted to print a second color. Each of the first plurality of printhead dies are offset from and partially overlap an adjacent one of the first plurality of printhead dies, and each of the second plurality of printhead dies are offset from and partially overlap an adjacent one of the second plurality of printhead dies.

An inkjet printing system, as one embodiment of a fluid ejection system, may include a printhead, an ink supply which supplies liquid ink to the printhead, and an electronic controller which controls the printhead. The printhead, as one embodiment of a fluid ejection device, ejects ink drops through a plurality of orifices or nozzles and toward a print medium, such as a sheet of paper, so as to print onto the print medium. Typically, the orifices are arranged in one or more arrays such that properly sequenced ejection of ink from the orifices causes characters or other images to be printed upon the print medium as the printhead and the print medium are moved relative to each other.
In one arrangement, commonly referred to as a wide-array inkjet printing system, a plurality of individual printheads, also referred to as printhead dies, are mounted on a single substrate. As such, a number of nozzles and, therefore, an overall number of ink drops which can be ejected per second is increased. Since the overall number of drops which can be ejected per second is increased, printing speed can be increased with the wide-array inkjet printing system.
An inkjet printing system may print a number of different ink colors. In one arrangement, the different ink colors include black, cyan, yellow, and magenta from which a wide gamut of colors and/or shades of colors may be produced. One such system may include a different printhead or print cartridge for each color ink, thereby resulting in at least four different components for the four ink colors. Another such system may use one printhead or print cartridge for black ink and a different multi-color printhead or print cartridge for cyan, yellow, and magenta inks. While the black printhead or print cartridge may be identical to that of the previous system, the multi-color printhead or print cartridge is different, thereby resulting in at least five different components between the two systems. A manufacturer which sells both of these systems, therefore, will need to supply these five different components.
In addition, a color shade is often dependent on the order in which the various different color ink drops which form the shade are deposited on the print medium. Some systems with printheads or print cartridges as described above may produce undesirable results since the order of ink drop deposition may vary between one portion of the print medium printed to be a given color shade and another portion of the print medium printed to be the same color shade.
For these and other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A method for facilitating alignment measurements in a semiconductor fabrication process that uses a combination of underlying and latent images on a substrate to indicate alignment between a lithographic mask and the substrate. In an example embodiment of the method for measuring alignment, a substrate has a layer of photoresist disposed on it is illuminated through a reticle element resulting in the formation of a first plurality of underlying grating images. The first plurality of images has a repetitive and symmetrical pattern with equal spacing between images. A second plurality of latent grating images is formed in the photoresist having substantially the same pattern of images as the first plurality of images. The second plurality of images is disposed above from the first plurality of images, the first and second plurality of images serving as an indicator of alignment between the mask and the substrate when the combined images forming a repetitive pattern. The system includes an energy source, an optical element and a reticle element for forming the plurality of images on the substrate to aid in alignment.

This invention relates to the field of fabricating semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to maintaining accuracy in their fabrication using step and repeat systems for projecting lithographic object images on a wafer substrate to create an array.
The electronics industry continues to rely upon advances in semiconductor technology to realize higher-functioning devices in more compact areas. For many applications, realizing higher-functioning devices requires integrating a large number of electronic devices into a single silicon wafer. As the number of electronic devices per given area of the silicon wafer increases, the manufacturing process becomes more difficult.
Recent developments in the field of semiconductor wafer fabrication have led to advancements in the size reduction of devices present on die of a semiconductor wafer. Such advancements have lead to increasing density of circuit elements in the die structure. As feature sizes and devices become smaller, there is a need to more precisely align the lithographic masks with the wafer during masking steps, minimizing misalignment between layers.
A typical alignment technique will require the use of alignment targets that are defined on a wafer layer preceding the layer to be deposited. With recent microcircuit devices of semiconductor wafers, a large number of patterns are deposited, for example, to form patterned regions of insulative, conductive and differing conductivity materials. For multiple layers, where successive metallized layers are separated by an insulation layer such as an oxide layer, there is a need to align the topography of each layer over the previous layers.
One way of aligning the plurality of layers to be deposited involves the use of alignment patterns comprising an array of alignment markings that are defined on the wafer on each previous layer. In order to ensure alignment between successive layers, it becomes necessary to replicate the positioning of the alignment markings from one layer to the next. The placement of successive circuit structures, in layers, is dependent on the precise placement of a lithographic mask and the alignment markings on the previous layer.
Another way of aligning the plurality of layers to be deposited involves the use of alignment patterns comprising alignment marks, or markings, that are defined on the wafer on an original base layer, with all subsequent layers being aligned with respect to these alignment marks. For example, fabricating integrated circuit structures on a wafer involves successively forming a series of metallized and insulative layers on the wafer, with the aid of the alignment markings. Typically, an insulative layer separates each pair of metallized layers. The use of alignment markings when depositing the layers ensures alignment between layers, enabling replication of a desired topography from layer to layer.
One such system uses a lithographic process that includes a step-and-repeat aligning system with a reticle to form each individual die on a wafer, successively across the wafer. The wafer is usually secured onto a movable stage and the stage is stepped to a new position each time that the image is projected onto the wafer. The process is repeated until all the desired elements of that particular layer are imprinted on the wafer. In creating various layers, the same step and repeat process is used in order that elements at various levels can be properly aligned for proper interconnection. Consequently, stepper systems are monitored frequently for precise and reproducible stage movement and placement. Alignment corrections need to made regularly on the x and y offsets and on the rotation of the stage, to name a few.
One method to measure alignment correction is to use the xe2x80x9cbox in a boxxe2x80x9d approach. In this approach, determining the alignment between successive layers includes printing a first box on one layer into a larger frame of a second box in a lower level or layer. The amount that the inner box is off center relative to the outer frame represents the misalignment from one layer to another. Although the latent image of a box or frame can be used to determine alignment from the top layer to an underlying layer, the contrast is generally poor and/or irreproducible. Attempts have been made to calibrate alignment by processing the dark field image of a latent image superimposed on an alignment artifact. However, the biggest difficulty with this approach has been that the contrast is generally too poor to make this technique sufficiently accurate.
Therefore, there is a need to develop an alignment correction method that is easy to implement and allows for visual verification of proper alignment.
For many years, there has been a recognized need to be able to measure the alignment of an exposed but undeveloped resist onto a prior layer. With this capability, steppers could virtually calibrate themselves by exposing a small portion of the wafer, measuring the alignment of the latent image and adjusting the pattern placement with this information. Accordingly, a method is described herein that addresses this need by measuring alignment in step and repeat systems. The method includes providing a substrate that has a layer of photoresist disposed on it and then forming a first plurality of underlying grating images in the photoresist. The first plurality of images has a repetitive and symmetrical pattern with equal spacing between images. A second plurality of latent grating images is formed in the photoresist having substantially the same pattern of images as the first plurality of images. The second plurality of images is disposed above and offset from the first plurality of images, the first and second plurality of images serving as an indicator of alignment between the step and repeat system and the substrate when the combined images form a series of equally spaced lines.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method for measuring alignment in a step and repeat system includes providing a substrate with a photoresist thereon and a forming a first plurality of underlying grating lines in the substrate, the lines having a predetermined line pitch. A second plurality of latent grating lines is then formed in the photoresist, having substantially the same pattern of lines as the first plurality of lines, the second plurality of lines being disposed above and offset from the first plurality of lines. The first and second plurality of lines combine to form a regular line-space pitch pattern to indicate that the step and repeat system and the substrate are aligned. In another application, for example, in connection with calibrating an alignment system, the grating lines can be formed in the photoresist rather than the substrate.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a stepper apparatus for projecting images on a semiconductor substrate includes a source of energy for generating an energy beam, a reticle element located in the path of the beam and a lens disposed between the beam and the energy beam. The reticle element has a first region with a pattern for generating a first plurality of underlying images on a semiconductor substrate, the pattern is then transferred into the substrate (e.g., by etching), and a second region with a pattern for generating a second plurality of latent images on the semiconductor substrate. The second plurality of images is disposed above and offset from the first plurality of images after formation. The apparatus also includes a mechanism for inspecting alignment of the first and second plurality of images, alignment being indicated by the formation of a pattern of equally spaced lines when the first and second plurality of images are combined.
In yet another aspect of the invention, a system for measuring alignment in a step and repeat system includes an energy beam generator, a substrate positioner for positioning a photoresist coated substrate under the energy beam and an imaging mechanism adapted to receive the energy beam and form images on the substrate. The imaging system forms a first plurality of underlying grating images in the photoresist, the pattern is then transferred into the substrate (e.g., by etching), the images having a repetitive and symmetrical pattern with equal spacing therebetween, and forms a second plurality of latent images on the semiconductor substrate, the second plurality of images disposed above and offset from the first plurality of images. The system also includes an inspection mechanism for inspecting alignment of the first and second plurality of images, alignment being indicated by the formation of a pattern of equally spaced lines when the images are combined.
The above summary is not intended to provide an overview of all aspects of the present invention. Other aspects of the present invention are exemplified and described in connection with the detailed description.

Method to measure alignment using latent image grating structures


Methods and apparatus for datacenter power management optimization are disclosed. Metrics, including workload data, thermal measurements and the like are collected from numerous endpoints within a datacenter. System profiles of a plurality of servers, and application workload profiles for various workloads, are stored. Based on analysis of collected metrics, power optimization operations comprising either workload scheduling operations, power configuration change operations, or both, are initiated.

More and more computing applications are being implemented using large data centers, some of which may contain thousands of servers with different performance and power consumption characteristics. At any given data center, time-varying workloads from hundreds or thousands of clients may be executed, and as a result the resource consumption levels may vary substantially over time. At some points in time, a given subset of the computing resources housed a data center may be heavily used, while at other times, the same resources may be lightly used. Some provider networks may support numerous network-accessible multi-tenant services at dozens or hundreds of data centers distributed around the world, where at least some of the services may rely on utilizing each other's resources, making predictions about resource usage hard.
Power costs (e.g., the costs of electrical power consumed by various computing devices, and by the cooling infrastructure at the data center) can comprise a substantial proportion of the operating expenses for data center maintenance. In addition to purely financial considerations, data center operators may also wish to reduce power consumption as much as possible for environmental reasons, while still providing the best possible service to the clients utilizing the data center. For at least some types of applications, tradeoffs may be possible between power consumption at various computing devices (which may correspond to the utilization levels of the devices) and application performance.
Some data centers may house many different types of computing equipment and related infrastructure components, and the equipment may typically change over time, as may the cost of obtaining electrical power. The dynamic nature, complexity and size of a data center's workload, when combined with the complexity and size of the inventory, may often complicate attempts to reduce or optimize power usage.
While embodiments are described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments are not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit embodiments to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope as defined by the appended claims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word "may" is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words "include," "including," and "includes" mean including, but not limited to.

Datacenter power management optimizations


TASK

As a drill used for, for example, drilling in machining processes, there is known a drill having a chisel edge formed in a tip of the drill. Since the chisel edge has a wedge shape with a very small rake angle and a small chip pocket, a very large thrust load is generated, compared to a cutting edge. In a drill having a chisel edge, since components of force in directions orthogonal to a thrust are generated, biting capability and centering capability are reduced. Therefore, a technique to improve chip discharging capability from a center part, or so-called thinning, is conducted by shortening the chisel edge to add a rake angle. However, when the chisel edge is shortened by thinning, there is a problem that rigidity of an edge is reduced. Also, since the chisel edge still remains, vibration and whirling of the drill is not avoidable, and there is a limit in hole accuracy.
Therefore, Patent Document 1 disclosed a technique to prevent components of force in directions orthogonal to a thrust of a drill from being generated by providing a conical projecting part integrally with a body at a chisel position of the drill. However, in the drill, a cutting edge is not formed in the conical projecting part. Thus, centering capability is obtained, but an enormous thrust load is generated, which is likely to cause buckling. In addition, since a distance from a tip end of the drill, namely, an apex of the conical projecting part, to a shoulder (i.e., a tip length) is extended, a region where process is unstably done, that is, a distance until the whole tip of the drill enters a work piece, is increased, thereby deteriorating hole accuracy. Moreover, since the conical projecting part is added to the tip of the drill, it is not possible to manufacture the drill by existing drill grinding or the like, thereby causing an increase in manufacturing costs.

Abstract: TASK

Abstract: An inexpensive drill with high processing accuracy is provided.

Abstract: MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM

Abstract: A chisel edge 11 of a tip 12 is removed, and a pyramid 1 is formed in that part, in which an inclination angle θ1 of each edge 4 extending from an apex P relative to a center line of the drill CL is formed to be larger than an angle θ2 that is one-half of a drill tip angle θ0, and so chisel steps are resolved and stable cutting becomes possible, thereby improving hole accuracy. Also, it is possible to form the pyramid 1 by grinding a tip of an existing drill by a grinder, so that a drill can be realized at a low cost.


The invention is directed to a use of a polymer composition comprising an ethylene polymer for producing a crosslinked article, a process for producing a crosslinked article and to a crosslinked article comprising a crosslinked polymer composition which comprises a crosslinked ethylene polymer.

It is well known that crosslinking of polymers, e.g. polyolefins, substantially contributes to an improved heat and deformation resistance, creep properties, mechanical strength, chemical resistance and abrasion resistance of a polymer. Therefore crosslinked polymers are widely used in different end applications, such as in pipe applications. In a crosslinking reaction of a polymer i.a. interpolymer crosslinks (bridges) are primarily formed. Crosslinking can be effected by radical reaction using i.a. irradiation or free radical generating agents, such as peroxides, which both free radical forming methods are well documented in the literature. An alternative crosslinking technology is e.g. so-called silane crosslinking technology, wherein silane groups are introduced to the polymer by copolymerisation or grafting and the crosslinking is effected by first hydrolysing silane groups which then crosslink in the presence of a crosslinking catalyst as described in patent WO2002096962.
Ethylene polymer is one of the commonly used polymers for crosslinking. It is known that certain properties of ethylene polymer, including properties which can have an effect on the crosslinking efficiency, i.a. on crosslinking rate and degree, may vary i.a. depending on                the type of polymerisation process, such as high pressure polymerisation or a low pressure polymerisation process,        process conditions, and,        especially in case low pressure polymerisation, the catalyst used in the process. For instance polyethylene has typically a characteristic molecular weight distribution (MWD=Mw/Mn), comonomer distribution, so-called long chain branching (LCB) and/or degree of unsaturation depending on the type of the catalyst, such as Ziegler Natta, Cr or single site catalyst, used in polymerisation. Of these variable properties i.a. MWD, and degree of unsaturation may have an effect on the crosslinking efficiency.
The degree of unsaturation, e.g. the amount of double bonds between two carbon atoms (referred herein as carbon-carbon double bonds), e.g. —CH═CH— or vinyl, i.e. CH2═CH—, moiety, present in the ethylene polymer is known to contribute to the crosslinking efficiency of the ethylene polymer, especially when crosslinking by radical reaction.
Normally, ethylene polymer which is polymerised using Ziegler Natta catalyst has a low degree of unsaturation (typically less than 0.18 vinyls/100° C.). Moreover, typical Ziegler Natta based ethylene polymers are lack of measurable LCB. Therefore ethylene polymer produced using Ziegler Natta catalyst has not been used for crosslinked articles.
Also ethylene polymers produced using conventional single site catalyst have typically a low degree of unsaturation and, furthermore, have usually a narrow MWD which sacrifices the processing of the polymer. Specific single site catalysts are also known in the prior art which produce ethylene polymer with vinyl groups and with Long Chain Branching (LCB). E.g. WO2005103100 of Basell, describes a single site catalyst which provides an ethylene polymer which has more than 0.5 vinyl groups/1000 carbon atoms and also LCB and can be further modified, e.g. crosslinked. Another specific single site catalyst, so called Constrained Geometry Catalyst (CGC), polymerises polyethylene which contains LCB and can be crosslinked, see e.g. in WO9726297 and EP885255 of Dow.
Therefore ethylene polymers produced using Cr catalyst (referred herein as Cr polyethylene), have conventionally been used in crosslinked articles, since Cr catalyst provide relative high degree of unsaturation to the resulting polyethylene (typically more than 0.5 vinyls/100° C.) and are industrially processable.
The current Cr polyethylene has i.a. the drawback that the MWD is very broad. As a consequence the typical Cr polyethylene contains a considerable low molecular weight (Mw) fraction which decreases the mechanical properties, such as strength, of the polymer and also decreases the crosslinking efficiency, since very low molecular weight chains do not provide sufficient crosslinking. The low Mw fraction can also provide inhomogeneities to the Cr polyethylene product which affect adversely to the processability of the polymer and to the quality of the final product. Moreover, the low Mw fraction may cause smoke and fume problems during the processing thereof as well as taste and odour (T&O) problems to the final product. The Cr polyethylene is conventionally produced in a unimodal process which usually limits the tailoring of the Mw and thus MWD.
Low density polyethylene produced in a high pressure process (referred herein as LDPE) is highly branched and can also have beneficial unsaturation for crosslinking. Therefore also LDPE has been used for crosslinking of articles i.a. in applications where "softer" low density polyethylene is desired.
One further known means to increase the unsaturation and thus crosslinking efficiency is to polymerise ethylene together with polyunsaturated comonomers, such as dienes, and/or to add crosslinking promoting agents. However, both means increase the complexity and cost of the production process of the crosslinked article.
There is a continuous need in the polymer field to find alternative polymer solutions suitable for demanding crosslinkable polymer applications, and particularly, where the crosslinked articles must meet high requirements and stringent authority regulations.

Polymer composition for crosslinked articles


A multipoint videoconference system which efficiently delivers video and voice information along with various types of material data to realize a more realistic teleconferencing environment. The system comprises a plurality of videoconference terminals, a videoconference server, and a videoconference administration server. Each videoconference terminal transmits a video signal, a voice signal, and a material data signal over an ATM network. The videoconference server rearranges the video signals, the voice signals, and the material data signals received from the plurality of videoconference terminals. It sends the rearranged signals back to the videoconference terminals via the ATM network. The videoconference administration server controls network connections between the videoconference server and the videoconference terminals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to multipoint videoconference systems, and more particularly, to a videoconference system, as well as to its constituent devices, in which a plurality of videoconference terminals, a videoconference server, and a videoconference administration server are interconnected via an ATM network.
2. Description of Related Art
Videoconference systems provide both voice and video communications between remotely located multiple parties. One of the key aspects of today's increasing market demands for videoconference systems is the provision of more realistic conference environments with a greater channel bandwidth.
Conventional videoconference systems realize multipoint teleconferencing by using the ITU-T H.261 videoconferencing coding standards and the narrow band ISDN (N-ISDN) communication channels for signal transmission. In such systems, audio and video information is transferred between a plurality of conference rooms over a single or multiple 64 kbps ISDN transmission channels.
However, the quality of video information reproduced at the receiving ends is not satisfactory at all because of its slow frame rate. The conventional systems are unable to represent detailed expression and smooth motion of participants of a conference.
Furthermore, the conventional videoconference can only send voice and video information, but during the session of a videoconference, it cannot transfer materials such as text, photos, illustrations, and graphs that the participants prepared for the conference. Although it is possible to transmit visual images of such documents via the video camera, instead of sending pictures of the participants, the system does not support realtime distribution of material data in the middle of a conference concurrently with the audio and video information.
The above-described problems may be solved by adding more capacity, or bandwidth, to the communications channels allocated. However, this cannot be a practical solution because it will cause an unacceptably high communication cost.
Delivery of a variety of reference materials, particularly when it occurs concurrently with the voice and video information, will require separate channels having different bandwidths each suitable for their properties. However, such a system is not feasible because it leads to inefficient usage of communication channels in the existing network technologies. Therefore, new videoconference systems that meet the above-described requirements have been demanded.


A machining system comprised of a computer controlled milling machine and a manual lathe mounted on the mill table provides an improved combination that will be advantageous for many machining operations. The machining system preserves the full functionality of both machines and allows them to work cooperatively together. The computer control capability of the milling machine can be used to machine complex surfaces on a workpiece rotating in the lathe. The workpiece can also be locked in a given rotational position so that traditional milling operations can be performed by the computer controlled milling machine. By sensing the rotational speed and position of the workpiece the system is able to provide the functionality of a computer controlled lathe at a fraction of the cost. The lathe can be easily and accurately mounted on the mill and easily removed from the mill to serve as a fully functional independent machine.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to milling machines, and in particular to the use of a computer controlled milling machine in combination with a lathe.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Computer controlled milling machines are well known devices in the machine tool art. They are used extensively to perform a variety of machining operations including drilling and cutting. In milling machines a removable tool, typically vertically oriented, is secured in and projects downward from the lower end of a power driven spindle which is movable along one axis. This tool is used to perform machining operations on a workpiece which is typically held on a horizontal table capable of movement along two or more different axes.
Lathes are also well known devices in the machine tool art. Lathes utilize a chuck and a rotatable spindle to hold a workpiece, typically in a horizontal position. A removable tool is secured to a table capable of movement in two or more directions and used to engage the rotating workpiece to perform various operations including cutting, drilling, reaming, and threading.
Both milling machines and lathes are separately and independently operable and many machine shops find it necessary to purchase both machines. Computer controlled machines are expensive and it is desirable to avoid the expense of purchasing both a computer controlled milling machine and a computer controlled lathe. In addition, it is desirable to perform multiple machining operations on a workpiece without the need to move the workpiece between different machines. Moving a workpiece between machines can result in loss of accuracy and also consumes time and effort.
Due to the expense associated with purchasing computer controlled machines there exists a need, especially in smaller shops or prototype shops, to achieve the functionality of a computer controlled lathe without incurring the expense of purchasing one. There also exists a need, in both small and large shops, to avoid the time, effort, and possible reduction in accuracy resulting from the need to move a workpiece between different machines to perform multiple operations.
These needs have been recognized in the prior art. The prior art includes different methods for mounting the components of a lathe on a mill. U.S. Pat. No. 4,057,893 (Smith) describes a lathe head and tail stock separately mounted to the table of a conventional computer controlled milling machine. In the Smith patent the tool holder and support are fixed to the stationary base of the mill. Positioning of the cutting tool relative to a workpiece held in the lathe head stock is achieved by moving the mill table while the cutting tool is held stationary. The lathe described in Smith is not capable of functioning as a lathe separately from the mill.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,405 (Maker) describes a milling machine lathe attachment consisting of a lathe head and a means for mounting the lathe head to the stationary base of the mill. In the Maker patent the cutting tool is attached to the movable lathe table and positioning of the cutting to relative to a workpiece held in the lathe head stock is achieved by moving the tool connected to the mill table. The lathe described in Maker is not capable of functioning as a lathe separately from the mill.
As discussed above, in the prior art the lathe components do not constitute a separately functional lathe. The lathe components are only functional when mounted to the mill. In addition, in the prior art the lathe components when mounted on a mill cannot provide complete computer controlled lathe capability. They are not capable of coordinating the movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece with the rotational speed and rotational position of the workpiece. Finally, the prior art requires the mounting and careful alignment of numerous lathe components on the mill. This requires time and effort and can result in loss of accuracy.

System for adopting a manual lathe for use with a computer controlled milling machine


A power drill with a saw blade transmission including a motor fastened inside a housing to turn a drill, a driven gear meshed with a drive gear mounted on the output shaft of the motor, a channel bearing disposed inside the housing, a transmission gear disposed inside the housing and driven by the driven gear, the transmission gear having an eccentric transmission shaft driven by the driven gear to impart a reciprocating movement to the channel bearing, and a linking shaft fixed to the channel bearing and driven to reciprocate a saw blade for cutting.

The present invention relates to a power drill adapter for sawing operation, and more particularly to a power drill adapter for sawing operation with a saw blade transmission which can be alternatively used to drive a saw blade.
Power drills and power saws are two different types of motor-driven hand tools separately prepared for different working purposes. A power drill can only be used to drive a bit through a rotary motion while a power saw can only be used to reciprocate a saw blade. Therefore, the more power tools used, the more storage space needed, and more money will have to be spent on different power tools for different purposes.

Power drill adapter for sawing operation with a saw blade transmission


Disclosed is a method of increasing libido in a woman, said method comprising administering to said woman an effective amount of an estrogenic component selected from the group consisting of: substances represented by the following formula (I) in which formula R1, R2, R3, R4 independently are a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group or an alkoxy group with 1-5 carbon atoms; each of R5, R6, R7 is a hydroxyl group; no more than 3 of R1, R2, R3, R4 are hydrogen atoms; precursors capable of liberating a substance according to the aforementioned formula when used in the present method; and mixtures of one or more of the aforementioned substances and/or precursors.

The presence of a normal libido, defined as the urge to engage in sexual activity and intercourse, is an important component of an individual's well-being. Low or decreased libido is a common complaint in women. Such complaints are observed in pre peri- as well as post-menopausal women.
A low libido is characterised by a lack of interest in sexual intercourse and/or the lack of ability to achieve orgasm. A decreased libido may be accompanied by a decrease in intensity of orgasm. It is important to note that a decrease in libido is often associated with a profound sense of loss of a once normal and active interest in sexual activity.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,284,263 (Place) is concerned with a method of treating sexual dysfunction in female individuals, comprising bucally administering a therapeutically effective amount of an androgenic agent, a progestin and an estrogen. The US-patent specifically mentions the following estrogens: 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, pharmaceutically acceptable esters and ethers of 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, estriol, estriol succinate, polyestrol phosphate, estrone, estrone acetate, estrone sulfate, piperazine estrone sulfate, quinestrol, mestranol and conjugated equine estrogens. As explained in the US-patent, vaginal atrophy and dyspareunia are a common cause of sexual dysfunction.
In an article by Grio et al., Minerva Ginecol, "Sexuality in menopause. Importance of adequate replacement therapy" (1999), 51(3), 59-62, it is observed that estrogen deficiency in menopause is responsible for reduced libido and uncomfortable trophic disorders of the urogenital tract leading to reduced vaginal lubrication and severe alterations affecting sexual function. The authors treated 102 menopausal patients who presented reduced libido and orgasmic difficulties, as well as other menopausal problems, with 17-β estradiol and norethisterone acetate using a transdermal route. It is noted in the article that the main advantage offered by the transdermal route is that estrogens bypass the liver and reach the target organs in an unmodified manner. The authors conclude that the use of 17-β estradiol and norethisterone acetate can effectively modify menopausal symptoms, improving both quality of life and sexual function.
Well-known estrogens, in particular biogenic estrogens (i.e. estrogens that occur naturally in the human body), are eliminated from the blood stream very quickly. For instance, for the main human biogenic estrogen 17β-estradiol the half-life is around 1 hour. As a result, between separate administration events, blood serum levels of such biogenic estrogens tend to fluctuate considerably. Thus, shortly after administration, the serum concentration is usually several times higher than the optimum concentration. In addition, if the next administration event is delayed, serum concentrations will quickly decrease to a level where the estrogen is no longer physiologically active.
The most important synthetically altered estrogenic steroid is 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE). This estrogen is dominant in oral hormonal contraception. Apart from EE, mestranol has been used in a few cases; mestranol is a "prodrug" that is metabolised to EE in the organism. The liver is a target organ for estrogens. The secretion activity that is affected by estrogens in the human liver includes increased synthesis of transport proteins CBG, SHBG, TBG, several factors that are important for the physiology of blood clotting, and lipoproteins. The strong hepatic estrogenicity of ethinyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol (DES), especially their effect on haemostasis factors, may explain why these synthetic estrogens have been associated with the enhanced risk of thromboembolism. Other undesirable side-effects that have been reported in relation to the use of synthetic estrogens include, fluid retention, nausea, bloating, chlolelithiasis, headache, breast pain and an enhanced risk of breast cancer with longer term usage.
The aforementioned deficits are of considerable clinical significance when commonly known biogenic or synthetic estrogens are applied. Consequently, there is an as yet unmet need for estrogens that do not display these deficits and which can suitably be employed in a method of increasing libido in women.

Use of estrogen compounds to increase libido in women


A quick-operating locking fastener assembly for use in connecting members together, the fastener assembly comprising a fastener having a threaded shank, and a lock nut assembly receivable on the shank. The lock nut assembly includes a retainer having a passage for receiving the shank, and a seat formed in the retainer. An insert is held in the passage and has internal threads formed thereon for mating with threads of the shank. The insert is radially contractible and expandable between an engaged position in which the insert is threadably engaged with the shank and a disengaged position in which the insert is free to move axially along the shank without engagement of the insert with the shank. A generally deformable lock is disposed in the seat of the retainer and is sized and shaped such that the lock is not in contact with the threads of the shank when the lock is in an undeformed condition so that the lock nut assembly may be rapidly slid onto the shank to a location in which the nut assembly is ready to be tightened to a locked position by relative rotation of the lock nut assembly and fastener with the insert in its engaged position. The lock is deformed upon engagement with one of the members and tightening of the lock nut assembly into locking engagement with the shank thereby to lock the lock nut assembly in place on the fastener.

This invention relates generally to fasteners and, more particularly, to a fastener with a locking feature.
Fasteners which are used to connect structural members together in critical applications often require a locking feature to prevent the fastener from becoming loose, or the structural members from becoming separated. A locking feature is typically required where the fastener is subject to vibration, cyclic motions, or other environmental effects. A locking feature is also used for applications in which an accurate preload is required to maintain joint integrity, eliminate gaps between joined members, and increase the life of the fastener and structural members. Loosening of the fastener is not only a problem due to possible detachment of the structural members, but on vehicles such as spacecraft or aircraft, loose parts of the fastener and associated components may cause a hazard by interfering with the operation of equipment.
One such fastener having a locking feature comprises a bolt and a nut having a groove formed in one end for receiving a sealing insert. The sealing insert is internally threaded for mating with a threaded shank of the bolt. The forming of threads on the soft material of the sealing insert and matching of the threads on the insert with internal threads formed on the metal portion of the nut typically require manufacturing techniques which are time consuming and expensive. Another type of locking nut includes a sealing insert having a smooth inner diameter formed without threads. The threads are instead formed in the insert upon the first application of the nut on the shank. The insert is not as effective during subsequent installations as during its initial use.
Moreover, if the groove for receiving the sealing insert is formed in the head or a load carrying portion of the nut, the strength of the fastener is significantly reduced. The addition of material to the fastener to increase its strength increases the weight and cost of the fastener.
In addition to the drawbacks discussed above, these fasteners all require the nut to be threaded over the entire length of the threaded shank of the bolt which requires significant installation time for bolts having large diameter or long length threads.
Rapid-assembly nuts (commonly referred to as "Zip-Nuts") reduce installation time by allowing the nut to slide axially onto the bolt until seated against a base. An example of a rapid-assembly nut is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,187. These nuts are advantageous where long travel is required to seat the nut. The threaded nut can be quickly positioned on a threaded bolt by application of translational force to position the nut along the bolt. Once the nut is seated, the internal threads of the nut engage the external threads of the shank of the bolt so that the nut may be torqued to its tightened position. The design of the rapid-assembly nut, however, is not conducive to common locking features such as applying adhesives, lacquer, or special sealants to the mating threads of the nut and bolt, since the sealant leaves residue on the internal surfaces of the nut and may have adverse effects on subsequent usage and functionality of the assembly. Furthermore, these sealants impact torque tension relationships which make it difficult to determine tension in the bolt by application of a torque wrench.


A permanent magnet assembly used for creating a uniform magnetic field across a portion of an air gap has a permanent magnet grouping, including a first, principal magnet, a pole piece contacting said principal magnet, and a set of auxiliary magnets extending about the periphery of the pole piece. Two such magnet groupings are positioned within a test chamber, separated a spacer, with the magnet groupings and the chamber defining the air gap across which the magnetic field extends. The strength and uniformity of the magnetic field is adjusted by including a second set of auxiliary permanent magnets or a set of electromagnetic shim coils positioned within the air gap surrounding and overtapping a portion of the air gap. Further adjustment of the magnetic field is accomplished shaping the front surfaces of the pole pieces, thus affecting the shape and direction of the resulting magnetic field.

This invention relates generally to permanent magnets and, more particularly, to configurations of permanent magnets used to produce a magnetic field having a required strength and flux alignment at a specified situs. This application is related to pending application Ser. No. 904,000 entitled "Instrument For Non-Invasive Testing For Glucose And Other Body Fluid Constituents", filed Sep. 4, 1986.
The use of permanent magnets to produce and maintain magnetic fields of predetermined characteristics has found wide-spread application throughout varied areas of technology. As one example, the use of permanent magnets in loudspeakers makes possible the accurate reproduction of sound and music.
Permanent magnets offer numerous advantages over electromagnets, the most prominent of which is the creation of a magnetic field without electrical energy, or an external power source. This is an important consideration in designing portable apparatus, and also results in constructions requiring little or no maintenance beyond initial assembly.
The present invention utilizes particular arrangements and configurations of permanent magnets to create strong, uniform magnetic fields. Although the uses to which the present invention may be put are described herein as principally in connection with medical diagnostic equipment, it should be understood that the invention may be utilized wherever a magnetic field is required.
The present application also discloses means and methods for adjusting and enhancing the magnetic fields produced by permanent magnets.
As described in the above-mentioned patent applications, the use of magnetic fields makes possible the non-invasive testing of human body systems to detect the presence of certain substances. In particular, permanent magnets are used to create a first, or biasing magnetic field to align initially randomly oriented .sup.1 H protons present in the nuclei of the substance in the sample being tested. Thereafter, a second energy field is applied to increase the energy level of said nuclei. When the second energy field is allowed to collapse, the nuclei return to their original, unaligned state, releasing energy which is detected and analyzed in the form of an image or spectrum. Certain of such spectra have been found to be characteristic of individual substances, and this technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy may be used to establish the presence and identity of such substances and the concentrations in which such substances are present.
In utilizing NMR diagnostic techniques, creating and maintaining the primary or first magnetic field is of critical importance. The ability of the field to resolve the signal that occurs when the secondary field collapses can be characterized as the ratio of overall field strength to the field gradient present across the portion of the primary field within which the test sample is held. As an example, if the primary field strength is 10,000 gauss, and the change in field strength across the test region is 0.01 gauss, the field is said to have a resolution of 0.01/10,000, or one part per million (ppm).
Heretofore, the use of NMR has called for the construction of large, expensive machinery to produce and maintain the magnetic fields necessary for such testing. To make NMR equipment compact and portable, the primary magnetic field which is uniform in strength and direction, and which has a relatively dense magnetic flux, must be created by a relatively light and compact arrangement of magnets. Visually, such a field may be defined by the lines of flux which indicate not only the strength of the magnetic field, but its uniformity and orientation as well.
Ideally, the lines of magnetic flux should be parallel or nearly parallel and uniform in strength throughout i.e., that portion of the magnetic field used for diagnostic purposes (identified herein as the "test region"). It is efficacious to produce the first or primary magnetic field with permanent magnets rather than electromagnets.
The use of magnets and magnetic energy to diagnose and treat biological disfunctions is well known. As an example, in French Patent No. 2,562,785 (Jeandey, et al.) a permanent magnet system for NMR imaging medical diagnostics uses pole pieces separated by stacked permanent magnets to form an open examination area with the pole pieces "bridging" both stacks of magnets. Jeanday, et al. also teach the use of electromagnetic coils to adjust the resulting magnetic field.
Japanese Patent No. 56-14145 (Nippon Denshi K.K.) teaches an arrangement of permanent magnets held within a cylinder. A spacer is placed within the cylinder and sandwiched about the spacer are a pair of cylindrical pole pieces. The entire assembly is held together by placing magnets outside the pole pieces (separated from the pole pieces by a buffer) and utilizing the attraction of the magnets for each other to hold the entire assembly in place. Nippon Denshi also teaches the use of pole pieces having raised central portions, that is, flat faces which extend into the air gap between the pole pieces and from which the operative flux emanates. Nippon Denshi fails to teach any use of auxiliary magnets in combination with the principal magnets.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,635,643 (Brown) teaches the use of NMR equipment to perform in vivo measurement of the mineral content of bone. Brown, however, teaches no arrangement of permanent magnets in constructing a test chamber for NMR use.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,395 (Davis) the patentee teaches the use of a permanent magnet to detect diseased body parts by observing the effect of a magnetic field on the muscles of the legs. Davis also describes the physical characteristics of a bar magnet showing the extent and shape of the magnetic field produced by such a magnet.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,467,076 (Frisch, et al,) discloses a magnet arrangement used to produce a field of high magnetic flux within which the effect of magnetic energy on living things may be observed. Frisch, et al., use a centrally-located electromagnet sandwiched between ferromagnetic pole pieces which extend beyond the edges of electromagnet to form an air gap within which the magnetic flux is produced.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,358,676 (Frei, et al.), a method of treatment is taught which requires the use of an extremely large and cumbersome magnet structure. The size and complexity of magnets required to utilize the phenomenon of NMR in making diagnoses is also exemplified in an article appearing in the December, 1977 issue of Popular Science magazine, entitled "Damadian's Supermagnet". The author discusses the use of NMR to detect cancer cells: the size and strength of the magnetic field required to perform this diagnostic technique, and the size and complexity of the magnet used to produce such a field are well described.


The present invention relates to the fields of medical microbiology and vaccines. In particular the invention relates to a process wherein the spontaneous release of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMV) of Gram-negative bacteria is stimulated by application of a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) that is higher than a physiological DOT. The thus produced OMVs are for use in vaccines. The invention further relates to OMV obtainable by said process, and to a pharmaceutical composition comprising such OMV. The present invention further relates to the use of OMV of the present invention as a medicament in particular for use in a method for eliciting an immune response.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally produced by Gram-negative bacteria and play a role in pathogenesis, cell-to-cell communication and stress responses (Kulp and Kuehn 2010). Membrane vesicle formation has been shown recently in Gram-positive bacteria and archaea as well (Ellen et al. 2009; Rivera et al. 2010). OMVs are spherical nanoparticles and the vesicle consist of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the lumen of the vesicle contains periplasmic components of the bacterium (Kulp and Kuehn 2010; Schwechheimer and Kuehn 2015).
Since the OMVs are highly similar to the outer membrane of the bacteria, non-replicating, and characteristically full of pathogen associated molecular patterns, these vesicles have been used successfully as vaccine (Gorringe and Pajon 2012; Holst et al. 2009). These vaccines have been produced by extraction of vesicles from the bacterial outer membrane. In this way, the LPS could be detoxified and vesicles are artificially formed (Fredriksen et al. 1991; Zollinger et al. 1979). However, extraction of vesicles is disadvantageous since differences in the proteome of extracted OMVs (eOMV) and spontaneous OMVs (sOMVs) were found (Lappann et al. 2013; van de Waterbeemd et al. 2013a). Furthermore, extraction methods are not required anymore for detoxification since the possibility of molecular detoxification (van der Ley et al. 2001), which is the basis for the use of spontaneous released OMVs. The use of spontaneous released vesicles simplifies the purification of OMVs since it obsoletes the extraction step in the down-stream processing of the vaccine product (Lappann et al. 2013; van de Waterbeemd et al. 2013a).
Feasible sOMV production has not been straightforward. Despite the research on OMVs over the past 4 decades, the exact mechanism triggering the release of OMVs by a bacterium remains unknown. Because the composition of OMVs differs from the outer membrane of the bacteria, it is generally thought that the release of vesicles is not a stochastic process (Schwechheimer et al. 2013). Biogenesis of OMVs has been described by several models although it remains unclear whether a shared mechanism exists. OMV biogenesis is hypothesized to be based on small peptidoglycan accumulation in the periplasm, less anchoring of the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer, or O-antigen charge repulsion. These models are reviewed in (Haurat et al. 2015) and (Schwechheimer and Kuehn 2015). sOMV production by Neisseria meningitidis can be increased by deleting the rmpM gene that anchors the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer (van de Waterbeemd et al. 2010). Reducing the linkage between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer has been used to improve the sOMV production of E. coli (Bernadac et al., J Bacteriol. 1998,180(18):4872-8).
Recent work by Van de Waterbeemd et al. (2013b) showed that cysteine depletion triggers OMV release by N. meningitidis. Van de Waterbeemd et al. showed that the cysteine depletion-triggered release of OMVs is probably mediated through oxidative stress that is caused by cysteine depletion. Indeed, oxidative stress induced by additions peroxide pulses to the medium had a similar but transient effect since sOMVs are released temporarily after each peroxide addition. The addition of hydrogen peroxide, however, is not feasible for scalable OMV production processes since hydrogen peroxide addition to a bacterial culture will result in significant cell death and lysis of bacteria.
There is therefore still a need for more efficient and scalable processes for producing sOMVs.

Process for producing outer membrane vesicles


An improved bracket clamps a cutting tool to the wheel of a stump cutting apparatus and includes a channel defined between a leading bracket half and a trailing bracket half. The trailing bracket half includes an extension extending outwardly beyond an outermost edge of the leading bracket half. The channel encloses at least two-thirds of the cutting tool, and the extension has a planar surface in engagement with the surface of the cutting tool proximate to the cutting tip when the other end of the cutting tool is aligned with the opposing end of the channel. The extension provides rearward support for the cutting tip.

This invention relates generally to a bracket used in securing a cutting tool to a device used in removing tree stumps.
A tree stump cutting device typically comprises a rotatable wheel having a plurality of cutting tools mounted radially about the wheel. The cutting tools act as teeth, chipping away portions of the tree stump. The conventional cutting tool comprises a uniformly-shaped alloy steel shaft and a carbide tip that provides the actual cutting surface. These cutting tools are clamped to the rotating wheel by use of brackets, known also as "pockets" in the industry. When clamped to the wheel, the cutting tool extends radially outwardly beyond the bracket to place the carbide tip into a proper cutting orientation.
Due to normal wear and the rough conditions to which these cutting tools are subjected, the cutting tool must be continually replaced. In addition, the shaft of the cutting tool may shear if the cutting tool encounters a particularly hard material, as often happens.
Several efforts have been made to reinforce and enlarge the shaft portion of the cutting tool to perform heavy duty stump cutting operations. These modifications to the cutting tool have proven successful in extending the life of the cutting tool, but result in a significantly more expensive cutting tool. Due to normal wear of the carbide tip, all cutting tools need regular replacement.
Although there have been several efforts in reinforcing the cutting tool itself, few efforts have been made to provide a bracket which serves to reinforce the conventional cutting tool. A reinforcing bracket would permit the conventional cutting tool to perform under heavy duty conditions. Additionally, the reinforcing bracket need not be replaced frequently. Reinforcing brackets will need replacement far less than reinforced cutting tools, and allow the use and periodic replacement of relatively inexpensive non-reinforced cutting tools.


A wheel includes a central holding member, a wheel member, a shell secured around the central holding member, a shaft partly received in the central holding member, a bearing around the shaft inside the central holding member, an upper cover tightly pressed against the bearing, a braking plate mechanism, and a pressing plate mechanism; the upper cover has a connecting extension section having first and second pivotal holes; the braking plate mechanism and the pressing plate mechanism are pivoted on the first and the second pivotal holes of the upper cover respectively; the pressing plate mechanism includes a big pressing plate, and a second pressing plate; when the big pressing plate is depressed, it will press the braking plate mechanism against the wheel member to stop the wheel member; the little pressing plate is used to move the big pressing plate away from the braking plate mechanism.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improvement on a wheel structure, more particularly one, which is relatively easy to assemble; the wheel structure includes an upper cover having a connecting extension section for allowing a braking mechanism to pivot on.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Hospital beds are usually equipped with wheels so that they can serve substantially the same purpose as wheelchairs to transfer patients rapidly and easily from sick chambers to other divisions of a hospital such as an examination division.
Hospital beds and wheelchairs are further equipped with a brake mechanism for stopping/immobilizing the wheels.
A kind of wheel for use with hospital beds/wheelchairs includes a wheel supporting member, a shaft, a wheel member pivoting on the wheel supporting member, a bearing fitted on the wheel support member, a toothed disk arranged under the bearing, and a straightforward motion limiting device, a braking device.
The wheel supporting member has protruding ear portions on two sides thereof. The straightforward motion limiting device includes a straightforward motion limiting board facing the toothed disk, a straightforward motion limiting pedal, and a releasing board pivoted on the protruding ear portions of the wheel supporting member. The braking device includes a brake motion limiting board, and a brake pedal, which is pivoted on the protruding ear portions of the wheel supporting member like the releasing board of the straightforward motion limiting device.
The toothed disk has a straightforward motion limiting cavity, and a brake motion limiting cavity. The straightforward motion limiting board has at a front portion thereof an upward limiting protrusion to pass into the straightforward motion limiting cavity of the toothed disk. Furthermore, the brake motion limiting board has at a front portion thereof several upward protrusions to pass into the brake motion limiting cavity of the toothed disk.
The above wheel has the following drawbacks: It is difficult and takes much time to pivot the brake pedal of the braking device to the protruding ear portions of the wheel supporting member because there is only a small space between the protruding ear portions and the body of the wheel supporting member. And, the brake pedal is prone to shake. Third, the manufacturing cost of the wheel supporting member is relatively high owing to the existence of the protruding ear portions. Because the bearing is only held in position by means of a bearing holder and a fixing sleeve, which is pressed against a top of the bearing holder, it will tilt easily when the shaft is swaying left and right; consequently, the bearing can get damaged after it is used for a certain length of time.


Disclosed are a hybrid multiplex synchronizing method and apparatus therefor, in which, when time-shared multiplexed data having different frame patterns and different frame lengths are inputted in different phases every time slot, the data are transmitted upon making the phases of the data in each time slot identical. The apparatus stores in advance, in correlation with the time slots, types of frame patterns and frame lengths of time-shared multiplexed data allocated to each time slot, and performs frame-pattern detection processing in correspondence with each of the different frame patterns. A synchronized-phase detection signal is output in response to detection of the frame pattern, and when the synchronized-phase detection signal is generated in response to detection of the frame pattern of the time-shared multiplexed data allocated to each time slot, the time-shared multiplexed data in the each time slot is rearranged in memory, taking into consideration the frame length of these data, based upon the synchronized-phase detection signal. The phases of the data in each of the time slots are then identical to one another.

This invention relates to a hybrid multiplex synchronizing method and an apparatus therefor. More particularly, the invention relates to a hybrid multiplex synchronizing method and apparatus in which a connection can freely be made to communication networks having different frame patterns and different frame lengths.
Data communication equipment is adapted to accept and process a number of items of frame data which arrive from a plurality of various nodes (data communication equipment) via a time-sharing multiplex communication line. Since each item of frame data arrives in a different phase, however, synchronizing processing must be executed in the receiving data communication equipment before the prescribed processing is executed.
In order to perform multiplex synchronizing processing, it is known to use a multiplex synchronizing processing apparatus which has a multiplex synchronizing processor 11 and a frame aligning RAM 12, as illustrated in FIG. 1. When one frame period T is partitioned into N (e.g., 64) time slots TS1.about.TS64, as illustrated in FIG. 2, time-shared multiplexed data of 64 channels allocated to respective ones of the time slot enter the multiplex synchronizing processor 11. Each item of time-shared multiplexed data is composed of eight bits, in which the first bit is a synchronizing bit (a frame bit), the eighth bit is a status bit (which indicates validity/invalidity), and the remaining bits are data. In a case where one frame has a period of 8K, the frame data (parallel data) has a speed of 512K. Furthermore, one sub-rate frame is composed of 20 frames.
In an ideal case in which synchronization has been achieved, as shown in FIG. 3 (where the frame length is assumed to be 20), the frame bit of all data in time slots TS1.about.TS64 in a first frame FP1 is S1, the frame bit of all data in time slots TS1.about.TS64 in a second frame FP2 is S2, the frame bit of all data in time slots TS1.about.TS64 in a third frame FP3 is S3, . . . , and the frame bit of all data in time slots TS1.about.TS64 in a 20th frame FP20 is S20. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 4, a synchronization pattern (referred to as a frame pattern) of 20 bits synchronized to the sub-rate frame (which is equivalent to 20 frames) is constructed by lining up the 20 frame bits in the manner EQU S1, S2, S3, . . . , S20.
The multiplex synchronizing processor 11 (FIG. 1) rearranges the 20 frames of data (64 time slots.times.20 items of data), which are inputted in different phases, every time slot TS in the order of the frame bits and stores these data in the frame aligning RAM 12. For example, when the data of 64 time slots in each of frames FP1.about.FP20 enter in respectively different phases, as shown in FIG. 5A, these data are arranged by synchronizing processing in the frame aligning RAM 12, as shown in FIG. 5B, and the data eventually are rearranged and stored in the frame aligning RAM 12 as illustrated in FIG. 3. Thereafter, data of 64 time slots each are outputted every frame starting from the first frame of the frame aligning RAM 12.
More specifically, as depicted in FIG. 5B, the frame aligning RAM 12 has an address space composed of time-slot addresses (TS addresses) 1.about.64 of 64 time slots along the horizontal axis and sub-rate addresses 0.about.19 of 20 frames along the vertical axis. The multiplex synchronizing processor 11 identifies the frame-bit position of the inputted data in each time slot, subsequently outputs data of 64 time slots of the first frame bit S1 (namely data stored at sub-rate address 0, these data being indicated by the hatching), and then successively outputs the data of 64 time slots of the second frame bit S2, the data of 64 time slots of the second frame bit S3, . . . , and so on.
FIG. 6 illustrates the overall time chart of synchronizing processing and shows a frame synchronizing clock (512K), the data in each time slot, timing FAIN of data input to the frame aligning RAM, and timing FAOUT of data readout from the frame aligning RAM. The multiplex synchronizing processor 11 accepts the frame data, applies synchronizing processing and inputs the result to the frame aligning RAM 12 in the first half-period of the frame synchronizing clock, and reads the synchronized frame data out of the frame aligning RAM 12 and outputs the data in the second half-period of the frame synchronizing clock.
FIG. 7 is an overall view of the system in a single frame pattern network (an X.50 network, by way of example). Numerals 1.about.3 denote X.50 networks recommended by the CCITT, 4 a data multiplex communication apparatus, and PT1.about.PT3 time-sharing multiplex communication lines. In the data multiplex communication apparatus 4, numerals 4a.about.4c denote interface networks, 4d an internal bus, and 4e a multiplex synchronizing processing apparatus (see FIG. 1).
Time-shared multiplexed data strings TSD1.about.TSD3 of N channels (ch1.about.chN) per frame are inputted to the data multiplex communication apparatus 4 from the X.50 networks via the lines PT1.about.PT3, respectively. The numerals 1.about.20 in each of the time-shared multiplexed data strings TSD1.about.TSD3 indicate the positions of the respective frame bits EQU S1, S2, S3, . . . , S20.
It should be noted that, with regard to the same channel (time slot) of each frame in the time-shared multiplexed data strings, the frame bits are always arranged in the manner .fwdarw.S1.fwdarw.S2.fwdarw.S3.fwdarw. . . . S20.fwdarw.S1.fwdarw.S2.fwdarw. . . . in the order of arrival.
In the data multiplex communication apparatus 4, if the data of ch2 on line PT1, ch1 on line PT2, ch1 on line PT2, . . . are accepted and outputted upon being subjected to multiplex synchronizing processing, the data are successively extracted from each of the interfaces 4a.about.4c, arranged as shown in FIG. 8 and inputted to the multiplex synchronizing processing apparatus 4e. The frame patterns of the data allocated to the time slots TS1, TS2, TS3, . . . differ in phase in the manner
S19, S20, S1, . . .
S1, S2, S3, . . .
S7, S8, S9, . . .
Accordingly, through the method described in FIGS. 1 through 6, the multiplex synchronizing processing apparatus 4e aligns the phases of the frame patterns of the data allocated to the time slots.
In accordance with the conventional multiplex synchronizing method, as set forth above, if the data are data received from identical networks (e.g., X.50 networks) having the same frame pattern and the same frame length, the phases can be made to conform by synchronizing processing if the phases of the data differ.
With the conventional multiplex synchronizing method, however, the phases cannot be made to conform if the data are received in different phases from networks (multiplex networks) having different frame patterns and different frame lengths.
Consequently, it is necessary to newly and individually provide multiplex synchronizing processing apparatuses corresponding to the frame patterns and frame lengths which are specific to networks other than the X.50 networks. As a result, there is an increase in the amount of hardware and a flexible network configuration is not possible.

Hybrid multiplex synchronizing method and apparatus therefor


The present invention provides a method for preparing 1,5-pentanediol via hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The catalyst used in the method is prepared by supporting a noble metal and a promoter on an organic polymer supporter or an inorganic hybrid material supporter, wherein the supporter is functionalized by a nitrogen-containing ligand. When the catalyst is used in the hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to prepare 1,5-pentanediol, a good reaction activity and a high selectivity can be achieved. The promoter and the nitrogen-containing ligand in the supporter are bound to the catalyst through coordination, thereby the loss of the promoter is significantly decreased, and the catalyst has a particularly high stability. The lifetime investigation of the catalyst, which has been reused many times or used continuously for a long term, suggests that the catalyst has no obvious change in performance, thus reducing the overall process production cost.

1,5-pentanediol is a dihydric primary alcohol with an odd number of carbon atoms. It is mainly used in the production of polyester polyols, esters used for synthesizing lubricants, polyurethane foam plastics, elastomer, plasticizers, saturated/unsaturated polyester resins, powder coatings, inks, perfumes, etc.
Patent CN1565728 discloses a process for preparing 1,5-pentanediol by hydrogenation reaction of dimethyl glutarate used as a raw material, under the action of copper-zinc-aluminium catalyst. Patent CN102320923 discloses a method for preparing the product 1,5-pentanediol. The method includes refining and separating a dibasic ester to obtain dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate and dimethyl adipate, preparing a crude product of 1,5-pentanediol by the hydrogenation reaction of dimethyl glutarate and hydrogen in a hydrogenation reactor, and decolorizing and filtering the crude product to obtain the product 1,5-pentanediol. In this method, the dimethyl glutarate is derived primarily from the esterification of glutaric acid which is a by-product of the preparation of adipic acid. Thus, it's limited not only by the adipic acid industry and the lack of sources, but also by the need for a lengthy process which includes several steps, comprising distillation, purification, hydrogenation, separation and refinement, etc.
Patents CN101225022 and CN101270032 disclose using supported Ni catalyst and supported Ru catalyst, respectively, for catalyzing the hydrogenation reaction of glutaraldehyde to 1,5-pentanediol. Currently, the glutaraldehyde is obtained by the catalyzed condensation reaction of vinyl ether and propenal followed by hydrolysis. Vinyl ether is very unstable and extremely explosive, and has a high security risk. In addition, glutaraldehyde as a raw material is not resourceful and its price is high.
The biomass derivative furfural can be prepared from agricultural wastes such as corn cob, bagasse, etc., which are produced in large quantities in North China and Shandong Province and have advantages such as wide variety of sources, large reserves, etc. Using furfural and its derivatives as raw materials in the synthesis of various chemicals is low in cost and environmental friendly, and it's gaining more and more attention. In recent years, a lot of studies have been carried out on the route of preparing 1,5-pentanediol by the catalytic hydrogenolysis of furfural, furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol that are cheap. They are specifically described as follows:
1) Furfural is preliminary hydrogenated to obtain furfuryl alcohol. After that, the furfuryl alcohol was hydrotreated by using copper chromite as a catalyst under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions (175° C., 10-15 MPa), and the reaction has a lower yield of about 30% for 1,5-pentanediol (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53, 1091). The research group of Lu Guanzhong successfully developed a method for preparing 1,5-pentanediol via catalytic hydrogenation under mild conditions (140° C., 1.5 MPa), using furfural as a raw material and Pt/Co2AlO4 as a catalyst, and after 24 h of reaction, 1,5-pentanediol was obtained with a yield of less than 40% and complex by-products (Chem. Comm., 2011, 47, 3924-3926 and CN102134180). Patent CN102872897 discloses preparing 1,5-pentanediol by using a hydrogen-type ultrastable Y molecular sieve (H-USY) supported Pt catalyst and using hydrochloric acid as a promoter in the reaction, and the reaction is carried out at 120° C. and 1.5 MPa; though 1,5-pentanediol is obtained with a yield of up to 82.6% after 24 h of reaction, the activity of the catalyst is still not high enough and the present of hydrochloric acid causes serious corrosion problems.
2) Tetrahydrofurfulyl alcohol can be obtained by complete hydrogenation. It's disclosed in earlier documents that the synthesis of 1,5-pentanediol from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol requires three steps: firstly, producing dihydropyran from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol under the action of Al2O3; then, hydrolyzing the dihydropyran to give 5-hydroxylvaleraldehyde; finally, hydrogenating the 5-hydroxylvaleraldehyde by using a copper chromite catalyst. The problem of low product selectivity is overcome by this method, but it requires separation and purification in each step, thus adding complexity to the reaction step (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1946, 68, 1646). It is first reported by the Japanese Tomishige research team that, in the preparation of 1,5-pentanediol via the one-step hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, which is carried out in a batch tank reactor under conditions of 120° C. and 8 MPa, a conversion rate of at least 90% and a selectivity up to 90% for 1,5-pentanediol can be achieved after a 24 h reaction time, using tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol as a raw material, and using Rh/SiO2 catalyst or Ir/SiO2 catalyst that is promoted by Re, Mo or W. However, the catalyst activity is significantly decreased in the process of reusing the catalyst. The conversion rate reaches 79% for the first use of the catalyst, while it is decreased to 64.5% for the fifth use of the catalyst (Chem. Commum., 2009, 45, 2035-2037, J. Catal., 2009, 267, 89-92, J. Catal., 2012, 294, 171-183). Patent CN103848719 discloses that Ir/SiO2 catalyst promoted by V, Nb or Ta has activity on the one-step hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to produce 1,5-pentanediol; the conversion rate is not higher than 60% with the selectivity of about 90% for 1,5-pentanediol, under the reaction conditions of 80° C. and 6 MPa in a fixed bed reactor. Compared with the above described process routes, the process route of preparing 1,5-pentanediol by the one-step hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is simple, and the conversion rate of raw material and the selectivity of the target product 1,5-pentanediol are high. The shortages of this process route are that the catalyst activity is still not high enough, and the promoter (Re, Mo or W, etc.) is lost during use, resulting in catalyst deactivation. Thus, the catalyst can't be reused for many times or used continuously for a long time, and the production cost of the whole process is too high. Patent CN103071512 uses Raney Co or Cu catalyst, which was promoted by Re, Mo or W, in the one-step hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to produce 1,5-pentanediol; although no noble metal is used, the performance of the catalyst is poor; after 24 h of reaction in a batch reactor at 120° C. and 8 MPa, the conversion rate is not higher than 10% and the selectivity for 1,5-pentanediol is 46.7%.

Catalyst for preparing 1,5-pentanediol via hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, method and application thereof