A dental bleaching gel composition having a long shelf life for use with an activator system to cause accelerated bleaching action of a peroxide bleaching agent in the bleaching gel composition when applied upon a tooth surface and to a method for applying and activating a dental bleaching gel upon a tooth surface for cosmetically whitening the tooth and/or for the treatment of stains or discolorations over a shortened time period. The dental bleaching gel has a pH independent thickening agent, a stabilizing agent for the peroxide bleaching agent and a FD and C approved dye. The activator system comprises an activator for accelerating the bleaching action of the peroxide bleaching agent and an applicator for storing the activator in a dry form separated from the bleaching gel composition such that upon contacting the applicator to the bleaching gel composition the peroxide bleaching agent contained in the gel is activated with the applicator being used to substantially simultaneously apply the bleaching gel to the tooth or teeth to be bleached.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a dental bleaching gel composition having a long shelf life for use with an activator system and to an activator system for a bleaching gel to cause accelerated bleaching action upon a tooth surface over a relatively short time period and to a method for applying and activating a dental bleaching gel upon a tooth surface for cosmetically whitening the tooth and/or for the treatment of stains or discoloration over a shortened time period.
2. Relevant Technology
Conventional bleaching formulas containing a peroxide-bleaching agent such as hydrogen peroxide run the risk of poor shelf life unless the formulation includes a stabilizer for the bleaching agent. The stabilizer functions to inhibit the breakdown of the peroxide bleaching agent by slowing down the dissociation of the peroxide thereby prolonging its potency over a longer time period. Although shelf life is extended by slowing down the bleaching action the effectiveness of the bleaching composition to whiten teeth is substantially reduced. This, in turn, necessitates repeated applications to achieve a cumulative effect and may require as many as ten applications or more to visually notice any change particularly with low concentration peroxide formulations. Professional treatment on the other hand, generally performed in the dental office, utilizes a high concentration of peroxide bleaching agent of up to 35 wt % of the formulation. Although this is more effective than that of lower peroxide formulations the higher concentration of peroxide requires a proportionally higher concentration of stabilizer to satisfy the shelf life requirements of the regulatory authorities in different countries and, as such, still relies on numerous repeated office visits of from 2 to 6 visits to ultimately cause a sufficient clinically effective cumulative effect satisfactory to the patient. In the United States a peroxide bleaching agent formulation must have a shelf life of at least six months at room temperature. Accordingly, all conventional in-office-bleaching formulations presently depend upon lengthy repeated office visits of over two and more generally over four or more visits to produce whitening satisfactory to a patient. The need for so many applications and/or visits is most undesirable to the patient and uneconomical to a professional practitioner, and as such, most dentists prefer to utilize home bleaching methods.
In-office bleaching compositions are presently categorized as being either a xe2x80x9cone-partxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system. The distinction is based upon whether all of the components of the bleaching composition are self-contained in a desired pre-mixed proportion or if the active ingredients are isolated and need to be mixed and proportioned before use. In the xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system the components which would otherwise interact with the peroxide bleaching agent are physically separated from one another. The xe2x80x9cone-partxe2x80x9d system making is much more attractive based upon convenience of application and in sharp contrast to the xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system which is associated with the prior art requirement of both mixing and proportioning the isolated components prior to use. In fact a xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system which relies upon using an aqueous solution for the bleaching composition is also subject to dangerous splattering. Another serious problem with the two part systems of prior art is that the concentration of the peroxide is reduced by 50% when a 1:1 ratio is mixed together. However, in reality, the distinction between a xe2x80x9cone-partxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system has no significance clinically or upon the end result. Accordingly, what should be of concern is the ability to independently control the activity of the peroxide bleaching agent to minimize the need for repeated applications and or office visits while at the same time achieving extended shelf life.
The present invention is directed to a bleaching composition in the form of a gel for use with an activator system which combines the features of both the xe2x80x9cone-partxe2x80x9d system and the xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system for providing enhanced and independent control over the rate of activity of the peroxide bleaching agent to whiten teeth without affecting shelf life. Moreover the bleaching composition of the present invention permits an FD and C (xe2x80x9cFederal Drug and Cosmeticxe2x80x9d) approved dye to be combined together with a peroxide bleaching agent in the bleaching composition so that a visual indication of the bleaching material in contrast to the tooth and gingiva is possible thereby providing greater control over the bleaching procedure. The bleaching action and rate of activity of the peroxide bleaching agent is controlled by the activator system which is simultaneously applied to the tooth or teeth to be bleached. Commercially available bleaching gels cannot tolerate an FD and C approved dye together with the bleaching agent particularly at higher concentrations of bleaching agent because the dye would be bleached. The peroxide bleaching agent should preferably be in a concentration of at least about 15 wt %.
The bleaching composition of the present invention is a gel formulation, which is used in conjunction with an activator system which gives the user and professional practitioner the look, feel and handling characteristics of a xe2x80x9cone partxe2x80x9d system in that no mixing and proportioning of any ingredients is involved. The bleaching gel of the present invention provides significant control over the bleaching operation both in terms of the rate of bleaching and the visual color indication due to the presence of an FD and C approved dye together with the bleaching agent and most important provides significant reduction in the number of office visits necessary because of the high rate of bleaching action. The bleaching action is controlled by the activator system, which accelerates the dissociation of the peroxide bleaching agent into hydroxyl and perhydroxyl free radicals to provide quick and highly efficient whitening of the tooth or teeth surfaces under treatment. Moreover, in accordance with the present invention since the activation of the peroxide bleaching agent occurs essentially simultaneously with the direct application of the bleaching gel to the tooth or teeth surfaces to be bleached a simulated xe2x80x9cone-partxe2x80x9d system is achieved with the convenience of use of the xe2x80x9cone-partxe2x80x9d system and the attributes of the xe2x80x9ctwo-partxe2x80x9d system.
The present invention relates to a dental bleaching composition comprising of a peroxide bleaching agent, a thickening agent to form a viscous gel, at least one FD and C approved dye and at least one bleaching agent stabilizer with the bleaching composition having a pH of less than 7 for use with an activator system including an activator selected from the group consisting of Manganous Chloride, Manganous Citrate, Ferrous Sulfate, Sodium Carbonate or Bicarbonate and Catalase.
The present invention also relates to an activator system for activating a bleaching composition in the form of a gel containing a stabilized peroxide bleaching agent in which the activator system comprises an activator for accelerating the bleaching action of the peroxide bleaching agent and an applicator for storing the activator in a dry form separated from the bleaching composition such that upon contacting the applicator to the bleaching composition the peroxide bleaching agent is activated. The activator preferably consists of particles of a dried compound selected from either a catalyst, an enzyme or a pH modifier to increase the pH to above at least 7. The most preferred activator is a compound selected from the group consisting of Manganous Chloride, Manganous Citrate, Ferrous Sulfate, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate and Catalase.
The present invention further relates to a method for applying and activating a dental bleaching gel upon a tooth surface for cosmetically whitening the tooth and/or for the treatment of stains or discolorations comprising the steps of:
formulating a stabilized dental bleaching composition comprising a peroxide bleaching agent, a thickening agent to form a viscous gel, at least one FD and C approved dye and at least one stabilizer for said peroxide bleaching agent with the bleaching composition having a pH of less than 7;
forming an activator system to accelerate the bleaching action of the bleaching composition with the activator system comprised of an applicator and an activator of dried particles stored in the applicator with the particles selected from the group consisting of a catalyst, an enzyme or a pH modifier adapted to increase the pH of the bleaching composition upon contact to a pH of above at least 7;
contacting the applicator containing the stored dried particles of activator to the stabilized dental bleaching composition; and
applying the applicator substantially immediately following contact with the bleaching composition to the tooth or teeth surfaces to be bleached.

Dental bleaching gel composition, activator system and method for activating a dental bleaching gel


Molten matte or slag is water granulated by feeding molten matte or slag through a launder to a granulator tank. The tank includes sloping walls and is equipped with adjustable overflow weirs and one or more of spray nozzles. These nozzles are positioned such that the water that they emit impacts on substantially all of the molten matte or slag that is fed to the granulator tank. The granulation tank is optionally coated with a polymeric material to reduce the potential for phreatic explosions. The granulator is also optionally equipped with a gas offtake which can be connected directly to a quench tower which in turn can be connected to an induced ventilation system.

This invention relates to water granulation. In one aspect, this invention relates to an apparatus useful for the water granulation of molten matte or slag while in another aspect, this invention relates to a method of water granulating matte or slag. In yet another aspect this invention relates to an apparatus and method of water granulating matte or slag in an environmentally safe manner and with minimal, if any, phreatic explosions.
In the various pyrometallurgical processes, particularly nonferrous processes, molten matte and slag are generated as intermediate product and by-product, respectively. Efficient handling of these materials favors their reduction to a flowabie, particulate state. Many methods are known for making this reduction, and these include water granulation, air granulation, grinding, rotary atomization (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,521 which is incorporated herein by reference) and the like. For reasons of convenience, safety and cost, water granulation is often a preferred method of size reducing matte and slag. One representative water granulation method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,279 which is incorporated herein by reference.
While all of the above techniques are effective to one degree or another, all are subject to improvement, particularly with respect to environmental and safety considerations. With respect to water granulation in particular, improvements in gas emission capture and reduction in phreatic explosions are the targets of a constant quest.

Apparatus for and process of water granulating matte or slag


A method of writing data on a storage medium that takes into account a condition of the storage medium. The method includes receiving data to be written on a portion of a storage medium and encoding the data based on a condition of the portion of the storage medium. The encoded data is written on the portion of the storage medium. A data storage system that includes a storage medium having defects is also provided. The data storage system utilizes a coding scheme that comprises coding bit patterns configured to address the defects on the storage medium.

Data storage systems typically include storage media, supplementary electronic components, mechanical parts, software and other components. Storage media in such data storage systems can include, for example, an array of conventional solid state cells, one or more magnetic discs, one or more optical discs, or an advanced collection of nano-devices. Production of storage media is not perfect and consequently defects still remain after the storage media are produced. Such residual media defects can cause errors during operation of the data storage system.
Aspects of the present disclosure provide solutions to these and/or other problems, and offer other advantages over the prior art.

Coding technique for correcting media defect-related errors and random errors


An expansion cartridge (200) and a method for deduplicating the data chunks stored at a client device (100) using the expansion cartridge (200), (300) are claimed herein. As per the invention, the expansion cartridge (200) is attachable, externally, to client devices (100) carrying the electronic data files to be transferred, wherein the expansion cartridge (200) is characterized by a file management component (220), a chunk management component (240), a storage component (260), and a mirroring component (280), and wherein, the expansion cartridge (200) on being attached with the client devices (100) interfaces with a client side data historian (125) and a client side processor (150) in the client device (100) using interfacing options, including without limitation, Small Computer System Interfaces (SCSI), Fibre Channel (FC) Interface, Ethernet Interface, Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) Interface or a combination thereof.

The proliferation of intranets, extranets and the internet has made way for efficient networked environments based on Information & Communication Technology which allow authorized persons and/or entities to work towards the development, completion and execution of projects, irrespective of their geographical locations. In these networked environments, usually, the projects to be executed are broken down into smaller aspects which are then co-dependently and co-ordinatively, executed by the persons and/or the entities authorized thereof. Thus in this context, person skilled in the art would appreciate that prompt and timely sharing of data/information relevant to the project sought to be developed, completed and executed (henceforth called "electronic data file") between the authorized persons and/or the entities becomes indispensable, because not doing so leads to failure of co-ordination between the authorized persons and/or the entities, which in turn, leads to complete or partial failure of the project itself.
The prompt and timely transferring of the electronic data files is achieved by creating, at the client device bearing the electronic data file to be transferred, data chunks corresponding to the electronic data file to be transferred, and transmitting the data chunks to those other client device(s) in the networked environment wherefrom a request to receive the electronic data file to be transferred, is made. Person skilled in the art would appreciate that creation and transmission of data chunks is preferred over transmission of the electronic data file in its entirety, because the later suffers from various problems that the former successfully overcomes. The transferring of the electronic data file in its entirety may suffer from problems such as lags in transfer, degradation of quality of content, and distortion of content, and in certain exceptional cases, may also fall victim to complete failure to transfer. Such exceptional cases may arise when the client devices requesting to receive the electronic data files to be transferred have a cap on the size of the electronic data files that they would be able to receive in one instance of transfer, and the electronic data file to be transferred therein exceed that size cap. For instance, client devices with FAT 32 file systems have a size cap of 4 GB and therefore any electronic data file whose size is in excess of 4 GB, would not get transferred at such client devices having FAT 32 file systems, in a single instance of transfer.
The creation and transferring of data chunks, despite being the preferred way of transferring electronic data files, may suffer from the problem of duplicate and/or redundant generation of data chunks which when stored at the client devices where they are generated, may unnecessarily consume storage space therein. For instance, if a request to receive an electronic data file "ABC.txt" from a client device C1 is made by client devices C2 and C4, all of which are interspersed in the networked environment, then under normal circumstances, two sets of identical data chunks of "ABC.txt" would be created at the client device C1, which when stored therein would unnecessarily consume the storage system. Person skilled in the art would understand that it would be more space efficient to store one set of data chunks of the electronic data file "ABC.txt" in the client device C1 and create their copies whenever a request for the electronic data file to be transferred is received, instead of storing two sets of data chunks of the file "ABC.txt" for client devices C2 and C4, each.
This invention, therefore, is directed to address the aforesaid problem and offer a solution that easily and efficiently, deduplicates and/or eliminates the redundancy of the data chunks at the client devices where they are generated.

Expansion cartridge for deduplication of data chunks in client devices interspersed in networked environments


An information system, comprising a workstation, a database, and connection means for providing access to the database from the workstation. The database comprises a plurality of predefined attributes arranged into a predefined hierarchical order, each attribute corresponding to an assessable factor. The connection means are configured to receive from a user a set of values, the values describing the user's perception on the valued attributes, update the received values into consensus values of the attributes, and provide the user with access to the consensus values of the attributes valued by him. An advantage of the method and arrangement of the invention is that it provides a new enhanced tool for collecting and distributing consensus information.

By definition, consensus reflects an agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole. This means that consensus is essentially associated with human perception and, contrary to the more axiomatic conclusions, typically involves a semantic aspect. This has traditionally made consensus very difficult to manage and practical tools for modeling and thereby utilizing consensus information do not currently exist.
As an example, in the equity market, the decisions whether to sell or buy are typically made quickly, primarily based on the latest information available on the company in question and often through an intuitive and instantaneous interpretation on the validity of that information.
The listed companies are strictly obliged to release defined types of news directly to the markets, but most of this information deals with economical fundamentals and technical analysis, which are inherently numeral facts and therefore quite easily applicable in comprehensive analysis. With a brief look at the values of the stock it is, however, clear that valuation of a listed company must be based on a considerably larger amount of factors than the purely metric criteria currently in use.
Price Waterhouse Coopers publication Eccles, Herz, Keegan, Phillips: "The Value Reporting Revolution", ISBN 0-471-39879-9, pages 123-142, summarizes a list of value drivers prioritized by the analysts from several countries and from different types of operators. From the results, it may be determined that several of the most valued criteria relate to factors that are not directly related to the fundamentals or neither derivable thereof. On the contrary, they typically represent the intangible and immaterial factors that do not inherently translate into numeral values but, nevertheless, form a continuously increasing portion of the total value of the company. Examples of such other relevant factors comprise the competitive position of the company, turnover of employees, versatility of product map, performance of logistic system, appreciation of the brand, performance of the management, strategic policies, customer satisfaction, quality record, etc. Furthermore, reflecting the general attitude, most of the respondents considered themselves well informed on the fundamentals but significantly less informed on the other relevant factors. This disadvantage works actually in two ways: the companies are not aware of the factors that the interested parties would consider relevant and thus do not actively publicize such material.
The common aspect of these factors is that, even though they do not directly lend themselves for numerical computations, in one way or another they involve the human perception, and therefore can be approached and/or approximated by means of consensus information.
Similar type of application areas, where opinions and perceptions are relevant, and thus consensus information is applicable, cover a lot of areas. Collection and analysis of consensual opinion information of multiple properties and for a variety of purposes may be used for evaluating, for example products (such as cars, appliances, tools, equipment, books etc.), services (hotels/lodging, restaurant/dining, attorney/legal, airline/transport, ad-agency/design etc.), organizations (business companies, educational institutes, political parties etc.), and individual persons (skillset, work history etc.)
Prior art solutions for collecting and distributing consensus information comprise essentially two categories: research and questionnaires. In the first type the consensus is essentially based on recommendations released by banking companies and other interest groups. The information in the public and/or purchased recommendations, and interviews is collected from a variety of sources and compiled into a research result. This procedure is extremely laborious and a produces one-time result that wears quickly off in the course of time. In the second type, the consensus is based on questionnaires that are provided in an electronic format (typically a table) to a defined interest group, for example subscribers of a professional magazine. The responses are compiled into numerical representations illustrating the consensus or the respondents. Also these questionnaires provide only one-time results that begin to expire right after their release. Furthermore, the people of profession are focused and tend not to be keen on spending time and energy on targets and factors they are not interested in, and thus ignore a lot of questionnaires that continuously flow in.
Consequently, an essential problem in the prior art solutions is the overall validity of the consensus information. Validity in this context has several aspects, which tend to be compromised in various ways. Firstly, the relevance of the consensus corresponds directly with the number of the members of the group that provides the assessments. A consensus of one is merely an opinion and a consensus of two may represent an understanding or a disagreement; thus only with several evaluators the consensus can be considered to truly reflect the general perception on the evaluated factor.
Secondly, the contentual validity of the information deals with semantics and scopes of interest. Lacking the axiomatic basis, the interesting factors may be, and often are, described and defined differently by different entities or interest groups. For example, banking companies typically utilize their own in-house parameters and criteria that do not directly correspond with questions posed by external researchers. It is clear that giving heuristic opinions on constantly varying and obscure definitions is neither productive nor interesting to the people of profession. The same disadvantage concerns the validity in terms of scope of interest: the most skilled evaluators with the best knowledge are often very busy and do not want to waste their time on evaluating or analyzing companies or factors that they personally do not have any interest in. Additionally, the evaluation of relevance of the topics is typically based on the perception of the party that releases the research. Due to the wide variety of the evaluated subjects and the complex nature of the cumulative conceptions of the participators, the validity of the topics may often be questionable from the point of view of the majority of the participators.
Thirdly, the representativeness of the consensus values decreases with time, gradually as well as in response to abrupt changes in the operative environment or internal operations. Immaterial factors and intangible information has typically no regulated posts where it officially should be mandatorily released. For example, the numerical information related to the fundamentals is distributed at least annually, but there is no obligation to the company to inform, for example, on a walkout of the marketing department, or dissolution of long-term co-operation with a recognized expeditor. For truly valid consensus information there should thus be means for effectively control the lifetime of the utilized assessments.


A method for processing squint-mapped synthetic aperture radar data of the present invention. The inventive method includes the steps of effecting range compression of the data; deskewing the data; performing a Fourier transform with respect to the deskewed data; providing a range migration interpolation of the transformed data; effecting a frequency remapping of the range interpolated data; and performing an inverse Fourier transform with respect to the deskewed data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to radar. More specifically, the present invention relates to systems and methods for synthetic aperture radar signals.
2. Description of the Related Art
Radar systems are used for a variety of applications. For certain applications, certain types of radar are preferred. For example, for numerous aircraft and satellite applications, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is frequently used. A synthetic aperture radar images targets on the ground from the air. (See xe2x80x9cRadarxe2x80x9d Microsoft(copyright) Encarta(copyright) Encyclopedia 2000) A SAR system uses the movement of an airplane or satellite carrying it to make the antenna seem much larger than it is. The ability of radar to distinguish between two closely spaced objects depends on the width of the beam that the antenna sends out. The narrower the beam, the better its resolution. A narrow beam requires a large antenna. A SAR system is limited to a relatively small antenna with a wide beam because it must fit on an aircraft or satellite. SAR systems are called synthetic aperture, however, because the antenna appears to be larger than it is. This is because the moving aircraft or satellite allows the SAR system to repeatedly take measurements from different positions. An on-board or ground based processor processes these signals to make it seem as though they came from a large stationary antenna instead of a small moving one. This is the principle by which a SAR achieves its fine resolution in along-track. To achieve a fine resolution in the cross-track, a pulse compression technique is usually employed. This technique enables high signal-to-noise ratio by transmitting long wide-band pulses and achieves a high range resolution by pulse compression to effectively converting long pulses into short ones.
Synthetic aperture radar resolution can be high enough to pick out individual objects as small as automobiles. Typically, an aircraft or satellite equipped with SAR flies past the target object. In inverse synthetic aperture radar, the target moves past the radar antenna.
SAR mapping is typically performed over an angle of 90xc2x0 degrees relative to the velocity vector of the vehicle. An angle of greater or less than 90xc2x0 is referred to as a xe2x80x9csquint anglexe2x80x9d. SAR mapping with a squint angle is often necessary to overcome a flight path restriction in an airborne SAR or an orbit constraint in a space-borne SAR. Processing SAR data collected with a squint angle has been a challenging task due to the constantly changing distance between the radar and a ground target. This so called xe2x80x98range walkxe2x80x99 effect makes the line-like azimuth response of the targets skewed with respect to the along-track direction.
Two decades ago, the main problems associated with processing this data were the cost of large memory required to store the intermediate two-dimensional data and the degraded impulse response due to lack of processing algorithms designed for squint mapping. In recent years, memory cost has been dramatically reduced and high quality processing algorithms have been proposed. Prior approaches for processing squint mode SAR data include the (1) polar format algorithm, (2) range-Doppler algorithm (RDA) and RDA with secondary range compression, (3) range migration algorithm (RMA), and (4) chirp scaling algorithm (CSA).
Unfortunately, there are many disadvantages associated with these prior approaches. For example, the disadvantages associated with polar format algorithm in squint mode processing include (1) a discontinuity of pixel amplitude and phase among image subpatches and (2) considerable complexity associated with the subpatch approach. Further, the range-Doppler algorithm with secondary range compression can handle squint mode data up to certain angle limit. Beyond that limit, the performance of its impulse response is greatly reduced.
In the RMA and CSA approaches, azimuth compression involves two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). To achieve optimal efficiency, range compression is usually integrated with azimuth compression. This makes it very difficult to efficiently integrate other processes including autofocus, impulse response weighting, and radiometric compensation into the processing chain.
In short, these algorithms have been difficult to optimize with respect to the efficiency of the entire processing chain including autofocus processing, impulse response weighting, coordinate rotation, and radiometric compensation. In addition, due to the complexity of these algorithms, the cost associated with software development and maintenance has been relatively high.
Hence, a need remains in the art for an improved system or method for processing squint-mapped synthetic aperture radar data.
The need in the art is addressed by the system and method for processing squint-mapped synthetic aperture radar data of the present invention. The inventive method includes the steps of effecting range compression of the data; deskewing the data; performing a Fourier transform with respect to the deskewed data; providing a range migration interpolation of the transformed data; effecting a frequency remapping of the range interpolated data; and performing an inverse Fourier transform with respect to the deskewed data.
After the data deskew operation, it might appear that one could perform azimuth compression in the azimuth dimension using a range-Doppler algorithm. However, targets lying in the same range bin but different azimuth angles are associated with different focusing parameters. Therefore, a unique azimuth reference function will not be able to focus all targets in the same range bin. In accordance with the present teachings, this problem is addressed by performing a frequency remapping process for the azimuth spectra after the range migration interpolation and an azimuth reference multiply operation. This removes the quadratic phase term associated with each target such that after inverse azimuth FFT focused impulse response will be achieved.
For some SAR systems where the focusing parameter difference in one range bin is significant such that a single range migration curve cannot approximate all targets, slight degradation would occur on the final impulse response. In accordance with the present teachings, a spatial variant filter, with a small two-dimensional spatial kernel, may be added to provide post impulse compression.

System and method for processing squint mapped synthetic aperture radar data


Complementary DNA and genomic clones for three variants of GST-.pi. are disclosed. It is demonstrated that certain of these variants are overexpressed in gliomas, thereby indicating an involvement with that form of cancer. This permits the detection and treatment of certain classes of tumors using new compositions such as GST-.pi. genes, oligonucleotides, peptides and antibodies.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention involves the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment. More specifically, the present invention relies on the identification and targeting of polymorphic forms of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in tumor cells.
B. Related Art
The glutathione S-transferases, or GSTs are a family of proteins whose best known function is the catalysis of the neutrophilic attack of the sulfur atom of glutathione by electrophilic groups of a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds, including many mutagens, carcinogens, alkylating anticancer agents and electrophilic products of xenobiotic metabolism (Mannervik and Danielson, 1988; Pickett and Lu, 1989; Hayes and Pulford, 1995; Commandeur et al., 1995). The currently known human soluble GSTs are classified into four groups, .alpha., .mu., .pi. and .theta. according to their N-terminal amino acid sequence homology, enzymatic substrate specificity, and antigenicity (Mannervik et al., 1992).
GSTs are involved in many cellular functions, the best characterized of which is their role as phase II enzymes in which they catalyze the S-conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide variety of electrophilic compounds, including many mutagens, carcinogens, anticancer agents and their metabolites (Mannervik, 1985; Mannervik and Danielson, 1988; Pickett and Lu, 1989; Daniel, 1993; Boyland and Chasseaud, 1969; Coles and Ketterer, 1980; Ketterer and Sies, 1987; Sato, 1989; Morrow and Cowan, 1990; Waxman, 1990; Tsuchida and Sato, 1992; Commandeur et al., 1995).
Significant over-expression of the GST-.pi. gene is associated with malignant transformation, tumor drug resistance, and poor patient survival (Sato, 1989; Morrow and Cowan, 1990; Waxman, 1990; Tsuchida and Sato, 1992; Commandeur et al., 1995; Tidefelt et al., 1992; Muramatsu et al., 1993; Gilbert et al., 1993; Tew, 1994), and in many human tumors and pre-neoplastic lesions, the GST-.pi. protein is over-expressed, even though, in the corresponding normal tissues the protein is either absent or expressed at very low levels.
The GST-.pi. gene has been mapped to a relatively small region of chromosome 11q13 which contains a number of cancer-associated genes and proto-oncogenes, including, bcl1/prad1, int2 and hstf1, some of which have been reported to be co-amplified with the GST-.pi. gene in some tumors (Lammie and Peters, 1991; Saint-Ruf et al., 1991). In human malignant gliomas, a positive correlation has been demonstrated between the level of GST-.pi. expression (by immunocytochemistry) as well as both the histological grade of the tumor and patient survival (Saint-Ruf et al., 1991; Hara et al., 1990). An association between high GST-.pi. protein expression and 2-chloroethylnitrosourea resistance in some human glioma cell lines also has been demonstrated (Ali-Osman et al., 1990).
The nucleotide sequences of the complete human GST-.pi. cDNA and GST-.pi. gene reported to date from a variety of sources (Kano et al., 1987; Moscow et al., 1988; Cowell et al., 1988; Morrow et al., 1989) suggest that only one human GST-.pi. gene exists (Mannervik et al., 1992). The isolation of two different GST-.pi. proteins (Ahmad et al., 1990) from human placenta, however, strongly suggests that genetic polymorphism may exist in the human GST-.pi. gene locus. Whether or not this putative polymorphic nature plays a role in tumorigenesis remains unclear, and thus it is important to explore both the structural and functional variation in this gene locus.

Method of identifying inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression

The Board of Regents, The University of Texas System


Methods and apparatus to measure an angular position of craft components are disclosed. An example apparatus includes an opening to receive a component along a first plane, and a first magnetic coupler positioned along a first exterior side of the apparatus to removably couple an inclinometer to the apparatus at a first angle relative to the first plane.

Effective operation and maintenance of a craft, such as an aircraft or a watercraft, involves properly configuring and orienting components of the craft. Trim tabs are often used to adjust and/or stabilize an orientation of a component of a craft. For example, trim tabs are often used on helicopters and other rotocraft that use one or more rotor blades coupled to a rotor to provide lift and thrust. In such instances, a trim tab is attached to a trailing edge of one or more of the rotor blades to assist in aligning tracking paths or planes of rotation of the individual rotor blades with each other so that all of the rotor blades are in track.
Configuring and adjusting a trim tab involves measuring an angle or inclination of the trim tab relative to, for example, the trailing edge of the corresponding rotor blade. Crafts on which the trim tabs are implemented benefit from accurate and precise measurement of the angle of the trim tab. The more accurately and precisely the angle of the trim tab is measured, the better the corresponding rotor blades can be aligned. Moreover, operators measuring the trim tab angle benefit from more convenient measurement processes and/or devices.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Clamps and methods of using clamps to measure angular positions of components


Successive workpieces of a series of identical and/or different workpieces are measured at a monitoring station to which the workpieces are delivered by a conveyor serving to advance the workpieces along and/or against one or more orienting devices. A workpiece at the monitoring station is engaged by a clamping device which can enter an axial passage of the workpiece, or can engage a coaxial stud of the workpiece, and is mounted on an elevator which can shift a properly engaged workpiece above or below the transporting level. The workpiece is thereupon monitored by one or more sensors in suspended condition and is returned onto the conveyor. The monitoring operation can involve a single step or a number of steps, for example, to ascertain the condition and/or the shape of the peripheral surface of a cylindrical or polygonal workpiece, to determine the axial length of a workpiece, to determine the inner and/or outer diameter of a workpiece, to determine the inclination of the end faces of a workpiece relative to each other and/or relative to the rotational axis of the workpiece and/or other parameters. The workpiece may but need not rotate and/or move axially in the course of a monitoring operation.

The invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for measuring workpieces, for example, cylindrical workpieces which have axial bores or holes and/or axially extending projections in the form of stubs or the like (hereinafter called stubs).
It is often necessary to machine and/or otherwise finish workpieces with a high, very high or extremely high degree of precision. For example, such precision finished workpieces will be put to use in many types of aircraft, automobiles and/or other categories of vehicles, and at least some of their dimensions must match the desired or optimal dimensions without any or without any presently detectable tolerances. Heretofore known measuring techniques, such as statistical process controlling methods, which have been developed by scientific and industrial establishments are not entirely satisfactory because they are not sufficiently versatile. One of presently known methods involves statistical control of wear upon tools which are subject to gradual wear and are used in many branches of the processing industries. One of the problems which cannot be adequately solved by resorting to presently known techniques is attributable to the continuously increasing utilization of hot- or cold-formed, cast, injection molded, extruded and similarly produced parts. Such mass-producing methods are becoming increasingly popular because they entail considerable savings in material, energy and man hours. On the other hand, extruded, cast, molded or similarly produced parts must be subjected to material removing secondary or finishing treatments if their dimensions are to match the prescribed or desired optimal dimensions. The secondary treatment often involves engagement of successive workpieces by a chuck or the like. The material which is removed from a workpiece, while the workpiece is held by a chuck or a like tool, is often in the form of shavings, dust or other minute particles which float in the air at the material removing station and are likely to penetrate between a workpiece and the chuck to thus affect the accuracy at which a workpiece is being held during removal of material therefrom. A workpiece is further likely to be improperly held by a chuck for any one of several other unforeseen reasons. All this results in the production of a number of defective objects which cannot be readily detected or cannot be detected at all, for example, if the detection of defective or presumably defective objects is dependent on statistical determination of wear upon the material removing tool or tools. The only presently available solution is to monitor each of a short or long series of finished objects or products in a time-consuming operation by resorting to complex and expensive testing equipment. For example, such equipment should be capable of detecting products which are defective due to improper engagement by a chuck because their inner diameter and/or their outer diameter departs from a required value, because their internal surfaces are not concentric with their external surfaces, because the end faces of a solid cylindrical, frustoconical, frustopyramidal, sleeve-like or ring-shaped product are not exactly parallel to each other and/or because the central axes of the products are not exactly normal to their end faces. The just outlined measurements contribute significantly to the cost of such products as well as to the cost of instruments, machines, apparatus and/or other devices in which the products are put to use.
Numerous presently utilized measuring apparatus are designed to carry out statical measurements in accordance with the same principle as manual measurements on measuring tables or measuring stands. Such apparatus employ various work transporting, depositing or positioning and holding or clamping instrumental devices. Particularly the holding or clamping instrumental devices are apt to interfere with the measurements. Reference may be had, for example, to German patent application No. 34 17 741 of Krempel et al. (published Nov. 14, 1985) which discloses a method of and an apparatus for measuring and/or transferring workpieces from a position of readiness to a position for treatment, particularly in a lathe or in a machining center. The measuring unit includes a sensor which can be moved against a workpiece while the workpiece rests on a measuring table. The published patent application of Krempel et al. further proposes to replace the sensor with a clamping or gripping device which is to be used for transfer of workpieces from the positions of readiness to the positions for treatment.
German patent application No. 37 38 165 of Badtke et al. (published May 24, 1989) discloses a work transferring apparatus which employs a lower work carrier and an upper work carrier. The upper work carrier has claws which can engage a workpiece while the latter is supported by the lower work carrier. Once the workpiece is transferred onto the upper work carrier, it is held against rotation relative to the upper carrier. The apparatus of Badtke et al. is not designed to perform measurements upon and/or to facilitate measurement of workpieces on the upper and/or lower carrier.
German Pat. No. 36 13 027 to Weiss (published Sep. 17, 1987) discloses controlled removal and return movement of cylindrical and like workpieces. More particularly, the patent to Weiss discloses a method of fixedly mounting a workpiece in a chuck with assistance from a clamping mandrel. The patentee desires to avoid jamming of the mandrel in the axial bore of the workpiece. To this end, the patentee employs a work clamping device which secures the workpiece to the chuck during extraction of the mandrel. Once the mandrel is extracted, the clamping device is ready to be disengaged from the chuck but not from the workpiece, and the clamping device is thereupon manipulated to separate the workpiece from the chuck.
Presently known measuring apparatus are not suited for dynamic measurement of various parameters of precision finished workpieces, such as the exact contour of a cylindrical peripheral surface, the concentricity or absence of concentricity of the peripheral surface with an internal surface, the inclination of end faces of a ring-shaped, cylindrical or like workpiece relative to each other, the inclination of such end faces relative to the rotational axis of the workpiece and/or the eccentricity or absence of eccentricity of the peripheral surface relative to the axis of rotation. In most instances, dynamic measurement of cylindrical, ring-shaped or like workpieces involves the utilization of mechanical centering devices which must be provided in addition to the work clamping and/or shifting and/or rotating or indexing means. Many conventional measuring apparatus employ turntables with work clamping devices thereon. This interferes with the monitoring of certain parameters of a workpiece on the turntable. Still further, the versatility of presently known measuring apparatus, particularly for dynamic measurement of cylindrical or like workpieces, is unsatisfactory, i.e., it is necessary to design a different measuring apparatus for each of a large number of various workpieces which must be monitored in order to ascertain whether or not their dimensions and/or other parameters match those of an ideal workpiece. The need for a number of specially designed measuring apparatus contributes significantly to the cost of the workpieces and of the machines, apparatus and/or other devices which must employ precision finished parts.

Method of and apparatus for measuring workpieces


A recording system technology for image data for stereoscopic viewing of electronic animation, that is inexpensive and simple, includes a left-eye image and a right-eye image for stereoscopic viewing that are both sized to take up one frame in display. An optical image conversion device is in front of a camera. The left-eye and right-eye images are arranged side by side, and the optical image conversion device optically reduces the width of the images by half to form two virtual images. The virtual images are projected to the camera so that they are distinctly arranged side by side within one frame of the display. The resulting image is recorded using, for example, CCD technology.

The present invention relates to a method for recording stereoscopic images and a device for the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a method and device for recording stereoscopic images that allows the inexpensive and simple recording of stereoscopic animation by using one camera.
Electronic animation games that use electronic displays such as video games and personal computer games have become popular. Animation of this type uses color in the images to provide a three-dimensional effect, similar to the effect of viewing television images. However, no processing is done to the images to provide a true three-dimensional effect, where images of animals or objects would appear to actually project out the screen.
Many types of these games have been created, including ones that allow the user to change the contents of the game itself. This has created a demand for stereoscopic images. For example, if a rocket is fired, the rocket should appear to fly from the display screen toward the viewer.
Conventionally, there has been something called stereoscopic photography. These photographs are taken with two cameras arranged side by side and the two images are superimposed during exposure. When the resulting photograph is viewed from two different angles, there is a sense of depth.
Using this principle, it is possible to use two cameras to obtain images that would be seen by the left and right eyes. The images would then be displayed on a single screen. However, in electronic animation, unlike static images, there are restrictions based on the display screen and the fact that the images change over time.
One currently known method involves using a video format where the screen is divided in half vertically and an image is given one half of the screen area. When the image is to be displayed, the image for the left eye and the image for the right eye are displayed in sequence over fixed intervals. A goggle having liquid crystal shutters is synchronized with the switching of the images so that the left and right images are kept distinct. The after-image on the retina of the viewer provides a three-dimensional effect.
This system requires the use of shutters, however, so that the flickering of the screen tends to result in eye fatigue. Also, since both eyes are viewing the same screen, the resolution is decreased. Furthermore, it is not possible to capture stereoscopic images with a single camera.

Method for recording stereoscopic images and device for the same


The present invention relates to new cure accelerators for anaerobic curable compositions. These anaerobic cure accelerators are generally sulfonimide derivatives and sulfonamide derivatives.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to new cure accelerators for anaerobic curable compositions. These anaerobic cure accelerators are generally sulfonimide derivatives and sulfonamide derivatives.
2. Brief Description of Related Technology
Anaerobic adhesive compositions generally are well-known. See e.g., R. D. Rich, "Anaerobic Adhesives" in Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 29, 467-79, A. Pizzi and K. L. Mittal, eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1994), and references cited therein. Their uses are legion and new applications continue to be developed.
Conventional anaerobic adhesives ordinarily include a free-radically polymerizable acrylate ester monomer, together with a peroxy initiator and an inhibitor component. Oftentimes, such anaerobic adhesive compositions also contain accelerator components to increase the speed with which the composition cures.
Desirable anaerobic cure-inducing compositions to induce and accelerate cure may include saccharin, toluidines, such as N,N-diethyl-p-toluidine ("DE-p-T") and N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidine ("DM-o-T"), acetyl phenylhydrazine ("APH"), maleic acid ("MA"), and quinones, such as napthaquinone and anthraquinone. See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,218,305 (Krieble), 4,180,640 (Melody), 4,287,330 (Rich) and 4,321,349 (Rich).
Saccharin and APH have been used as standard cure accelerator components in anaerobic adhesive cure systems since the inception of the technology, and has been well studied in that connection. Hitherto, it was believed that the nitrogen-hydrogen bond off the heterocycle ring was necessary to achieve performance under anaerobic conditions, as early studies substituting the hydrogen with an alkyl group proved to be ineffective. See F. J. Boerio et al., "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Model Acrylic Adhesive Systems", Langmuir, 6, 721-27 (1990), in which it is stated "[t]hese salts [of saccharin] are thought to be important factors in the curing reaction of the adhesive."
And while anaerobic curable compositions having cure components including saccharin, DE-p-T and cumene hydroperoxide ("CHP") display good performance on metal substrates, such compositions do not display as impressive performance on glass substrates. Thus, there exists a specific need to tailor anaerobic curable compositions to perform well on such substrates.
Recently, Henkel Corporation was granted U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,762 (Klemarczyk), which defines an invention directed to an anaerobic curable composition, comprising:                (a) a (meth)acrylate component;        (b) an anaerobic cure-inducing composition; and        (c) an anaerobic cure accelerator compound having the linkage —C(═O)—NH—NH— and an organic acid group on the same molecule. The composition is substantially free of acetyl phenyl hydrazine and maleic acid, and the anaerobic cure accelerator compound excludes 1-(2-carboxyacryloyl)-2-phenylhydrazine.
There continues to be an on-going desire to find alternative technologies for accelerating the cure of anaerobic curable compositions, to differentiate existing products and provide supply assurances in the event of shortages or cessation of supply of raw materials. Accordingly, it would be desirable to identify new materials, which function as accelerators in the cure of anaerobic curable compositions.

Cure accelerators for anaerobic curable compositions


An animal feeder comprising a circular trough having a raised platform at its center which is positioned directly below the lower end of a vertically disposed feed supply tube. The raised platform includes a first inclined wall which terminates in a substantially vertically disclosed wall portion having a second inclined wall extending downwardly and outwardly from the lower end thereof. A U-shaped water receiving portion is provided at the lower end of the second inclined wall and has an outer side wall extending upwardly therefrom. A moisture sensor is mounted on the second inclined wall above the U-shaped water receiving portion to halt the flow of water to a water nozzle mounted on the second inclined wall, when moisture comes into contact with the moisture sensor. Divider panels are secured to the trough and the feed supply tube to define eating spaces and to import movement to the feed supply tube to prevent bridging of the feed. The movement of the divider panels is caused by the animals coming into contact therewith. The method by which the animals are fed is also disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an animal feeder and more particularly to a wet/dry animal feeder having means for controlling the supply of water thereto.
2. Background Information
Many types of animal feeders have been previously provided and are generally considered to be dry feeders, wet feeders, or wet/dry feeders.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,057 (VanGlist) discloses a circular feeder which has an inclined inner surface and a vertical side wall of the trough which converge and join at a flat annular base of the trough. Feed is dumped from a central supply duct to the top of the rear surface but falls directed therefrom into the base portion of the trough. Water is supplied to the feeder also at drinking nipples positioned at a height above the trough, in which case some water may dribble from the drinking action of the animal into the trough to wetten the feed in the trough.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,907 (Blicher) discloses a trough which has both water and feed deposited onto an upper part of an inclined surface and the animal can satisfy its rooting instinct by moving the feed material and water across the inclined surface which has a shallow curved step. The surface is divided into separate sections by vertical divider plates which are fixed relative to the trough. The feed and water is supplied through vertical tubes and it is stated that the materials are dispensed slowly at a constant rate while the animal is feeding.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,273 (Peterson) discloses a feeder which has an annular trough surrounding a cylindrical drum, on the top of which is received dry feed from a hopper. The trough is filled with water to a level measured by a sensing device. Feed from the top of the drum is deposited into the trough by a sweeping action caused by a rotation of the water supply pipe. The trough is a flat bottom trough. The animal is not allowed to access the material on the top of the drum since it is shielded by a sleeve shaped shroud.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,812 (Deloach) discloses a feeder having a trough into which dry feed and water is dispensed with the level of water being detected by a pair of electrodes attached to the surface of the trough.
Canadian Patent No. 471,126 (Grindstaff) discloses a feeder for rabbits which includes a circular trough having a flat base and a vertical side wall on which is mounted a guide tube for dispensing the feed into the trough centrally of the trough. The guide tube is mounted on the side wall of the trough by a plurality of radially extending divider plates.
Prior to the availability of the hog feeder described in U.S Pat. No. 4,660,508, issued Apr. 28, 1987, pigs were generally fed dry feed in a trough and were separately supplied with water at a location remote from the trough. In the '508 feeder, a feed shelf is positioned above a trough having water nipples positioned adjacent thereto. In the '508 feeder, the pig may either eat dry feed from the shelf or may brush the feed from the shelf into the trough so as to be able to mix the feed with water.
Although the feeder of the '508 patent has met with considerable success, it has been found that in some situations, it is desirable to have the feed closer to the supply of water, especially for young pigs. It has also been found that it is highly desirable to provide a hog feeder wherein the animal may feed on wet and dry materials on a continuously inclined surface with the dry materials being fed at the top of the surface. Water is supplied to a trough at the bottom of the inclined surface so that the animal is able to move the feed from the top of the inclined surface to the trough to provide wetting of the feed material.


A CT scanner according to the present invention is particularly useful for scanning the spine and extremities, such as knees, and ankles, especially while the patient is in an upright position. The CT scanner generally includes a source and detector that are rotatable about a generally upright axis. The source and detector are also moved along the upright axis during rotation to perform a helical scan. The source and detector are mounted to an inner ring, which is rotatably mounted within an outer ring. The outer ring is fixedly mounted to a carriage that is movable along an upright rail.

This invention relates generally to CT scanners and more particularly to a CT scanner that is particularly useful for scanning the spine and extremities, such as knees, and ankles, especially while the patient is in an upright position.
Conventional CT scanners require the patient to be horizontal. The scan cannot be obtained while the patient is in a standing position. As a result, for a patient who only experiences back (or hip or knee etc) pain while standing, the doctor cannot analyze the actual conditions under which the patient is experiencing pain (or other symptoms).


A surface-mount fuse for protecting a circuit, which includes a substrate having first and second surfaces, each surface having first, second, third, and fourth ends, the substrate also having first, second, third, and fourth sides. The fuse includes a metal strip attached to the first surface of the substrate with a layer of adhesive material, the layer of adhesive material being disposed between the metal strip and the first surface of the substrate, the metal strip having a first connection region, a second connection region, and a non-linear fuse link therebetween. The fuse further includes first and second wire leads, the first wire lead being conductively connected to the first connection region and horizontally projecting away from the first connection region, the second wire lead being conductively connected to the second connection region and horizontally projecting away from the second connection region, for connecting the fuse to the remainder of the circuit. Alternatively, the wire leads can include clip leads or other terminal leads. The fuse also includes a protective layer disposed on the fuse link. A method for making the fuse is also disclosed.

Printed circuit (PC) boards have found increasing application in electrical and electronic equipment of all kinds. The electrical circuits formed on these PC boards, like larger scale, conventional electrical circuits, need protection against electrical overloads. In particular, circuit boards and other electrical circuits within the telecommunications industry need protection against electrical overload. This protection can be provided by subminiature fuses that are physically secured to the PC board.
One example of such a subminiature, surface-mount fuse is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,656 (the "'656 patent"). The fusible link of this surface-mount fuse is covered with a three layer composite which includes a passivation layer, an insulating cover, and an epoxy layer to bond the passivation layer to the insulating cover. See '656 patent, column 6, lines 4-7. Typically, the passivation layer is either chemically vapor-deposited silica or a thick layer of printed glass. See '656 patent, column 3, lines 39-41. The insulating cover may be a glass cover. See '656 patent, column 4, lines 43-46. The fuse from the '656 patent has three layers protecting its fusible link. In addition, the fuse from the '656 patent has relatively thick glass covering. There are several other features in the '656 patent fuse which are unnecessary in the present invention.
One additional previous fuse is disclosed in European Patent Application No. 270,954. This "chip-type" fuse includes a conducting member 3 and electrodes 4a and 4b that wrap around an insulating member. The electrodes are not unitary with the conducting member, however, and the connection to the circuit board takes place on the lower surface of the substrate. In addition, several steps are required to create the electrodes. Furthermore, the protecting member is spread across the entire upper surface of the fuse. This fuse includes several other disadvantages.
The present invention is designed to solve these and other problems.

Surface-mount fuse and the manufacture thereof


A backset adjustable deadbolt for mounting in a lock cylinder is provided. A deadbolt assembly includes an actuator connected to and movable by the movement of the lock cylinder through the lock cylinder connector. A link bar connects the actuator to the deadbolt at a plurality of attachment points. The deadbolt, lock cylinder connector, actuator, link bar form the deadbolt assembly and are mounted in a housing. A releasable connector extends through the housing. In the engaged position, a releasable connector contacts the actuator to lock the actuator remote end in one of the plurality of attachment points in the link bar. In the disengaged position, the releasable connector releases the actuator remote end from the link bar to allow the link bar move relative to the actuator from one of the plurality of attachment points to a different point for reengagement with the actuator remote end.

Different types of deadbolts are commercially available. Deadbolts are thrown and retracted by a key-operated cylinder which passes through a hub of the deadbolt assembly. Turning the key turns the hub, which causes an actuator to throw or retract the bolt. Some deadbolts are operated by a single cylinder, wherein the deadbolt is actuated by a key from outside the door and by a turn piece from inside the door. Other deadbolts are operated by a double cylinder, wherein the deadbolt is thrown or retracted by a key from both sides of the door.
Deadbolts are thrown and retracted into a doorpost through a metal plate called a strike. The distance between the strike and the center of the hub is called the backset. In the United States, standard backsets are generally 60 mm or 70 mm. The throw of the deadbolt varies from one lock to another, with the maximum generally being 1 inch.
Deadbolts with an adjustable backset are known. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,526 (Markbreit). However, such deadbolts have to be disassembled to change the backset.


An aspect of the present invention relates to a brightness enhancement film, wherein a high refractive index layer and a low refractive index layer with an average refractive index that is lower than that of the high refractive index layer are directly laminated, and which includes a concavo-convex shape including concave portions and convex portions in an interface shape of an interface between the high refractive index layer and the low refractive layer, with the high refractive index layer including a lyotropic liquid-crystalline compound, and an outermost surface on the low refractive index layer side being a flat surface.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a brightness enhancement film, a polarizing plate comprising the brightness enhancement film, and an image display device.
Discussion of the Background
Image display devices such as liquid crystal display devices (also referred to as "LCDs" hereinafter) normally comprise at least an image display element such as a liquid crystal cell and a backlight unit.
As the energy consumption of backlight units has been reduced, it has been proposed that an optical sheet capable of enhancing brightness (the degree of brightness per unit area) be disposed between the backlight unit and the image display element to increase the rate of use of the light emitted by the light source contained in the backlight unit. Such an optical sheet is called a brightness enhancement film. The brightness enhancement film is expected to become core parts of low power image display devices as mobile devices increase in number and the power consumption of household appliance products decreases.
An optical sheet, commonly called a prism sheet, in the surface of which is formed a concavo-convex shape through which light that has entered through a backlight unit exits, has been proposed as a brightness enhancement film (for example, see Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) Heisei No. 8-190806, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Such prism sheets are available in the form of commercial products.

Brightness enhancement film, polarizing plate and image display device


There is provided a device having a function of browsing contents obtained through a network. The device includes a display unit, an operation unit, a storing unit configured to store a thumbnail corresponding to a part of a captured image of contents as a bookmark, and a thumbnail rearrangement control unit configured to form a screen displaying stored thumbnails on the display unit while arranging the thumbnails in a ring shape, to accept user designation of a target thumbnail to be moved through the operation unit, to rotate the thumbnails arranged in the ring shape on the screen in response to a user operation through the operation unit while keeping a potion of the target thumbnail at a predetermined position in the screen, and to accept user designation of a target position to which the target thumbnail is to be moved through the operation unit.

The present invention relates to a device such as a mobile phone having a function of managing thumbnail images as bookmarks.
Web browsers having a function of managing thumbnail images as bookmarks have been proposed. By managing thumbnail images as bookmarks, a user of the web browser is able to select one of the bookmarks (thumbnail images) while visually recognizing the selectable bookmarks (thumbnail images) which the user has stored in the user's device. Examples of such a browser are disclosed in Japanese Patent Provisional Publication Nos. P2002-132828A and P2002-288199A. In these publications, bookmarks (thumbnail images) are arranged in a matrix or in a line in a horizontal or vertical direction. Hereafter, the thumbnail image managed as a bookmark is referred to as a "bookmark thumbnail".
Frequently, the user of the device wants to rearrange the bookmark thumbnails in a particular order. In this case, the user needs to operate the device to select a bookmark thumbnail and to move the selected bookmark thumbnail to a desirable position. More specifically, if the device does not have a pointing device, the user needs to designate a bookmark thumbnail to be moved and to move only a focus to a position to which the designated bookmark thumbnail is to be inserted. If the number of bookmark thumbnails stored in the device increases to the extent that all of the bookmark thumbnails can not be displayed on a display of the device simultaneously, the user needs to decide a position to which the designated bookmark thumbnail is to be inserted in a situation where the selected bookmark thumbnail is offscreen. Even if the device has a pointing device, the user can not avoid such an inconvenient situation.

Device having bookmark thumbnail management function


There is provided an ironing table of adjustable height and adapted to be collapsed during storage. This table is made up of a table member of predetermined width, having means for adjusting its height attached to its lower surface, as well as front and rear support means. These are made of a continuous piece of rigid tubing and are conveniently designated as three separate segments, namely a hollow tubular upper and lower leg member and a transverse hollow tubular foot member. One of the upper leg members is pivotally attached to said lower surface of the table member, the other being pivotally attached to the adjusting means. Both of the members being outwardly displaced from the longitudinal axis of the table member. The upper leg member, the lower leg member and the foot member of the rear support means lie in a common plane. Both of the support means are pivotally attached to each other at a point near where the upper and lower leg members join each other. The sides of the upper leg members and the lower leg members distal to the longitudinal axis of the table member subtending an angle of between about 130.degree. and about 170.degree. to each other and the sides of the lower leg members proximal to the longitudinal axis of the board and said foot members subtending an angle of between about 40.degree. and about 80.degree. to each other, provided the former of these angles shall be 90.degree. greater than the latter.

1. Field of the Invention
Collapsible, height adjustable ironing boards.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Ironing tables of adjustable height which can be collapsed during storage have been well known for decades. Tables which have been disclosed in the last 20 years generally include a table member of predetermined width, a front leg and a rear leg for supporting the table member connected thereto and a means for adjusting the height of the table. Many inventions have been made directed to the height adjusting means. Typical of these inventions are U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,974,431 and 3,126,845 to Ribaudo, 3,030,716 and 3,039,215 to Boardman 3,152,561 to Munson and 3,151,579 to Steinwedel. In all of these inventions the device further includes a transverse hollow tubular foot member for at least one of said legs wherein one of the legs is connected to the outer circumferential surface of said foot member, at a point proximate to but laterally displaced from the mid-point between the ends of said member. The reason for the lateral displacement will be clear from the illustrations of these inventions. The leg members must be collapsible on either side of the longitudinal axis of the table.
Due to the tedious nature of ironing many persons would like to watch television while ironing, and would prefer to do so whilst seated. This cannot be done with ironing tables having leg of conventional structure. It would be desirable therefor to provide such a table. Previous designs of tables to meet this requirement either had four legs or two legs in a T shaped design, which required welds or similar inconveniences of construction. Heretofore a two legged "non-T" structure has not been available.


The invention relates to novel cinnamamides, a process for their manufacture and their use as UV absorbers. The cinnamamides of the invention may be used as UV absorbers in a variety of engineered resins such as polyamides (especially nylon 6 and 6,6), polycarbonates, polyacetals, polysulfones, polyimides, polyaryletherketones, and polyesters, (especially PET and PBT), as well as, other polymers such as polyvinylchloride and polyolefins (polyethylenes and polypropylenes).

The invention relates to a novel class of cinnamamides, a process for their manufacture and their use as ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers. Ultraviolet light (wavelengths between 280 nm and 400 nm) is known to degrade exposed organic matter. Materials used in exterior applications as well as interior applications (where there is exposure to UV rays through glass) such as fibers and fabrics for use in applications including marine sails and ropes, awnings, tents, flags, upholstery (including interior automotive fabrics), carpet, sports equipment, soft-sided luggage, seatbelt webbing, animal control webbing and clothing!, molded plastic parts for use in applications including automobile parts (such as mirror housings, door handles, body panels and bumpers), as well as, sports equipment and tool housings!, plastic films for applications including agricultural applications (such as greenhouse coverings, crop protection and food packaging), and packaging for chemical products (such as pesticides and fertilizers)!, and plastic coatings for applications including paint! are susceptible to photochemical degradation.
Specifically, polymers develop undesirable color or haze and subsequently lose their transparency and physical properties such as tensile strength, flexibility, gloss and impact resistance. Dyed, pigmented and mineral and glass filled plastics and textiles (e.g., carpet fibers) and color containing plastics e.g. aliphatic and aromatic polyamides including nylon 6 and nylon 6,6; polycarbonate; polyesters such as poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) and poly(butyleneterephthalate) (PBT); polyolefins such as poly(ethylene), poly(propylene); aramids; acrylates; acetates; polyvinylchloride; polyimides; fluoropolymers; polyurethanes; polyacetals; polysulfones and polyaryletherketones! fade, become brittle, lose their elasticity and eventually completely deteriorate.
As a result, the plastics industry has developed a broad range of stabilizers to prevent UV degradation. These include, radical scavengers such as hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), phosphites and phenolic antioxidants (AOs), thioethers, metal dithiolates, sulfoxides, among others and ultraviolet light absorbers such as benzotriazoles (BZTs), hydroxybenzophenones (HBPs), cinnamates, benzylidene malonates and nickel chelates. A broad review of these and other stabilizers can be found in J. F. Rabek, "Photostabilization of Polymers; Principles and Applications", Elsevier Applied Science, NY, 1990.
In addition to protecting against the damaging effects of UV light in the plastic itself, UV absorbing stabilizers can be used in transparent packaging to absorb UV light and thereby prevent damage to the package contents (such as food where light induced oxidation can occur in natural oils leading to undesirable odors and rancidity or drugs).
In order to be useful in plastics applications, a candidate UV light absorber must have a strong UV light absorptivity at wavelengths between 280 and 400 nm, be colorless, photostable, nonvolatile under processing and end use conditions, chemically inert during storage, processing and application conditions, and have an efficient mechanism for the conversion of light energy to heat without initiating radical or other degradation processes. Low volatility, chemical inertness, and thermal stability are particularly important considerations for the "engineering plastics" such as polyesters, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyacetals, polysulfones, polyimides, and polyaryletherketones where melt processing conditions often reach or exceed temperatures of 300.degree. C. with lengthy melt residence times. Few of the commercially available UV stabilizers can withstand these processing conditions for reasons discussed below.
The two dominant classes of commercially available UV absorbers are benzotriazoles (BZTs) and hydroxybenzophenones (HBPs). Both utilize an excited state intramolecular proton transfer from a hydroxyl group to dissipate light energy following absorption of ultraviolet light. Neither is without problems. The requisite hydroxyl groups of both the BZTs and the HBPs often result in severe color formation, especially in pigmented and filled plastics such as glass and mineral filled polyamides or polyesters. Often the color formation is a result of complexation with pigments, colorants, catalysts or fillers. In basic media, deprotonation of the phenolic hydroxyl groups of these compounds results in formation of strong yellow colors. Additionally, in hydrogen bonding plastics such as polyamides, the hydroxyl group is tied up via hydrogen bonding with the polymeric substrate which decreases the absorption strength of the stabilizer and narrows the absorption band, thus reducing the effective wavelength for the stabilizer and eliminating the mechanism for excited state energy dissipation.
In addition, many of the commercially available benzotriazoles are too expensive (at the typical required loadings in plastics) and/or volatile, and fume during processing. The lower volatility, higher molecular weight BZT dimers are costly and those that are connected via ester linkages can cause loss of molecular weight during melt processing of polyesters as a result of ester--ester interchange reactions.
For applications in which plastics are exposed to wavelengths below 320 nm, the BZTs are less effective because their absorption strength drops off below 315 nm, a critical absorption region for undyed polyester and polycarbonate stabilization. HBPs which absorb strongly in the general region of 340-360 nm also have a lower absorption strength in the general region of 290 to 330 nm. Many commercial HBPs are also too volatile for processing in many high temperature engineering resins and cause yellowing in polyesters. Finally, many commercial HBPs cause chain scission thereby degrading the molecular weight of polyesters such as PET and PBT during processing (e.g. spinning).
Two other general classes of absorbers are sold commercially. These are the oxanilides and cinnamates (esters of cinnamic acid). The oxanilides are thought to dissipate UV light energy by an intramolecular excited state proton transfer from an amide nitrogen to an amide carbonyl. These absorbers therefore can potentially be rendered ineffective by hydrogen bonding with the polymer resin in e.g. polyamides. The absorption strength of oxanilides is also somewhat low compared to other UV absorbers. The cinnamates (used as sunscreens) do not suffer from these same drawbacks since they have high absorption strengths and dissipate excited state energy through cis-trans isomerization of the cinnamate double bond (and therefore cannot readily be rendered ineffective by hydrogen bonding polymers). However, these materials are generally either too volatile to withstand processing at 250-315.degree. C. or they are oily liquids which cause lubrication in processing equipment (e.g. screw lubrication in extruders) and phase separation.
Ester--ester interchange is a problem for the monomeric cinnamates and prevents them from being used in melt-processed polyester objects such as fibers since the molecular weight of the polyester polymer is drastically reduced. In melt extruded polyamides, the basic cinnamate chromophore is destroyed, by a mechanism that most likely involves nucleophilic attack at the .beta.-position of the unsaturated cinnamate ester. It is also well known that cinnamates can undergo various photochemically induced cyclization reactions of which 2+2 photodimerization is a prime example. The dimerization destroys the chromophore necessary for UV stabilization.
Various cinnamamides have been used in the art as UV stabilizers for engineering resins. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,174,937 ('937 patent) and 3,272,855 ('855 patent) to General Aniline & Film Corporation and U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,653 ('653 patent) to Olin Corporation. The cinnamic acid amide dimers of the '653 patent have only hydrogen substitution in the .alpha. and .beta. positions. Thus, these molecules are susceptible to chromophore destruction via both nucleophilic conjugate addition and 2+2 photodimerization. The same is true of the cinnamic acid dimers disclosed in the '937 patent. The alkoxy substitution (RO) present in the compounds disclosed in the '855 patent yields base absorption maxima at ca. 335 nm, well into the UV-A region. Since the X.sub.1 substituents in the '855 patent are chosen to cause bathochromic (red shifts) or auxochromic (red shift and increased absorption strength), these materials are unable to effectively block UV-B wavelengths in contrast to the molecules of the present invention.
The compounds disclosed in the '937 patent suffer both from .beta.-hydrogen substitution, making them susceptible to nucleophilic conjugate addition during processing and from an inability to effectively block the UV-B region (methoxy substituted naphthyl chromophore).
The unique bis-.alpha.,.beta.-disubstituted cinnamic acid amides! (cinnamamides) of the invention are useful as stabilizers for engineering resins and other polymers which are processed at high temperatures (typically above 200.degree. C., most typically above 250.degree. C. and specifically from 275.degree.-325.degree. C.). Unlike the commercially available stabilizers, these cinnamamides have high UV absorption strength (including the UV-B range around 295 nm, a critically important portion of the action spectrum for engineered resins such as undyed polyesters and polycarbonates), low volatility, are thermally and chemically stable, do not undergo ester-ester interchange, and utilize a cis-trans photoisomerization as a light dissipation mechanism that does not involve an intramolecular proton transfer. The cinnamamides of the invention are sterically blocked via substitution in the .beta. position to prevent reactivity with nucleophilic end groups and additives, especially bases, found in the plastics being stabilized. The steric hindrance by functional groups attached to such a stabilizer double bond would also serve to prevent photodimerization.

Cinnamamides and their use as stabilizers


Methods and systems are provided for radio frequency (RF) coil arrays for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. In an embodiment, a RF coil array assembly for a MRI system includes a compressible body; an upper posterior RF coil array including a first plurality of RF coils embedded in the compressible body; a lower posterior RF coil array including a second plurality of RF coils embedded in the compressible body; and a head and neck RF coil array removably coupled to the upper posterior RF coil array. The head and neck RF coil array includes a third plurality of RF coils embedded in the compressible body, and one or more neck straps configured to fold over a neck of a subject to be imaged by the MRI system.

MRI is a medical imaging modality that can produce images of an interior of a patient without x-ray radiation or other types of ionizing radiation. An MRI system is a medical imaging device utilizing a superconducting magnet to create a strong, uniform, static magnetic field within a designated region (e.g., within a passage shaped to receive a patient). When a body of a patient (or portion of the body of the patient) is positioned within the magnetic field, nuclear spins associated with the hydrogen nuclei that form water within tissues of the patient become polarized. The magnetic moments associated with these spins become aligned along the direction of the magnetic field and result in a small net tissue magnetization in the direction of the magnetic field. MRI systems additionally include magnetic gradient coils that produce spatially-varying magnetic fields of smaller magnitudes relative to a magnitude of the uniform magnetic field resulting from the superconducting magnet. The spatially-varying magnetic fields are configured to be orthogonal to each other in order to spatially encode the region by creating a signature resonance frequency of the hydrogen nuclei at different locations in the body of the patient. RF coil arrays are then used to create pulses of RF energy at or near the resonance frequency of the hydrogen nuclei. The pulses of RF energy are absorbed by the hydrogen nuclei, thereby adding energy to the nuclear spin system and adjusting the hydrogen nuclei from a rest state to an excited state. As the hydrogen nuclei relax back to the rest state from the excited state, they release the absorbed energy in the form of an MR signal. This signal is detected by the RF coil arrays of the MRI system and is transformed into an image using reconstruction algorithms.
As mentioned, RF coil arrays are used in MRI systems to transmit RF excitation signals ("transmit coil"), and to receive the MR signals emitted by an imaging subject ("receive coil"). Coil-interfacing cables may be used to transmit signals between the RF coils of the RF coil arrays and other aspects of the processing system, for example to control the RF coils and/or to receive information from the RF coils. However, conventional RF coils tend to be bulky, rigid, and are configured to be maintained at a fixed position relative to other RF coils in an array. This bulkiness and lack of flexibility often prevents the RF coil loops from coupling most efficiently with the desired anatomy and make them very uncomfortable to the imaging subject. Further, coil-to-coil interactions dictate that the coils be sized and/or positioned non-ideally from a coverage or imaging acceleration perspective.
Accordingly, many traditional RF coil arrays are not designed for imaging small/young patient, e.g., infants and children. In particular, young children and/or infants are often incapable of controlling their movements, and as such, must often be stabilized by a practitioner during an MRI scan. Typically, a practitioner trying to stabilize a young patient during an MRI scan may actually cause the young patient to be moved farther away from the RF coil array than if the patient were to remain still on their own.

Flexible radio frequency coil array with detachable straps for MR imaging


A digit grip sensor for measuring the grip strength of the human hand. The digit grip sensor comprises a post support having a first and a second sensor therein. A first post extends through the first sensor and a second post extends through the second sensor. A crossbar spaced from the post support extends between the first post and the second post. Each sensor has a plurality of strain gages mounted thereon for measuring the deflection of the sensor. The crossbar can have a plurality of individual digit sensors mounted thereon for measuring the contributions of each finger to the grip force. The crossbar and the individual digit sensors can be adjusted for various hand and finger sizes.

The present invention relates to the measurement of the grip or grasp strength of the human hand and, in particular, to an apparatus that measures the grip strength of the human hand. Such an apparatus has numerous benefits including medical uses such as the diagnosis of motor function weaknesses in the hand and ergonomic uses such as aiding in the design of tools that are more responsive to the forces applied by a hand.
Current similar devices for the measurement of grip strength generally use hydraulics to sense the magnitude of the force applied. A problem with this method of sensing force is that the hydraulic fluid will absorb some of the force, resulting in an inaccurate measurement. In addition, some new electromechanical devices use handles that deflect substantially when placed under a large grip load. The result is that these devices also absorb some force and are therefore not isometric in the measurement of grip strength.
During the gripping of the device, more than one grip load is simultaneously applied to the device. The ability to accurately distinguish between the primary load and cross loads is extremely important to a precise evaluation of grip strength. A problem with the current devices for measuring grip strength is that they do not distinguish between the various components of the grip load. The result is a decrease in the accuracy of their measurement.
In addition, currently used devices are not capable of determining the location of the resultant force acting on the device and do not measure the contribution of each digit to the total grip load.


For migration or de-duplication of a file system having a large number of files, a utility program traverses the file system to create a log of file-specific information about the file system. For identification of duplicates, the utility program produces a signature for each file. Respective instances of the utility program are started on multiple nodes upon which the file system is mounted. A fully qualified pathname is compiled during transfer of the log to a database. Multiple databases can be produced for the file system such that each database contains the file-specific information for a specified range of inode numbers. The database also maintains classification state for each file. For example, for a migration or replication process, the classification state identifies whether or not the file has been untouched, copied, linked, secondary-ized, source deleted, or modified.

In recent years, the data storage industry has been immensely successful in providing ever increasing amounts of data storage at decreased cost. This has permitted customers to keep vast numbers of business and technical documents in data storage for convenient access. Unfortunately it has also permitted software vendors to sell applications that generate many electronic documents that have identical or virtually identical content. These applications not only waste storage space but also waste processing time and reduce primary cache efficiency when multiple copies are recalled from storage pursuant to a search. For example, the Microsoft Outlook™ electronic mail system ordinarily results in multiple copies of an attachment being kept in data storage of a business enterprise when a document is sent by electronic mail to multiple recipients in the business enterprise.
In an attempt to solve the problem of multiple copies of a file being kept in a storage volume, Microsoft Corporation introduced a Single Instance Storage (SIS) feature in its Microsoft Windows® 2000 server. See William J. Bolosky, "Single Instance Storage in Windows® 2000," USENIX Technical Program, WinsSys, Aug. 3-4, 2000, Seattle, Wash., USENIX, Berkeley, Calif. SIS uses links to the duplicate file content and copy-on-close semantics upon these links. SIS is structured as a file system filter driver that implements the links and a user level service that detects duplicate files and reports them to the filter for conversion into links.
SIS, however, will not reduce the data storage requirements or performance degradation due to virtually identical files. For example, an E-mail application such as the Microsoft Outlook™ electronic mail system may produce virtually identical files in a business enterprise when an E-mail is sent to multiple recipients in the business enterprise. Data de-duplication techniques similar to SIS have been developed for reducing the data storage requirements of virtually identical files. These data de-duplication techniques determine file segments that are identical among virtually identical files, so that the data content of each shared file segment need be stored only once for the virtually identical files. The shared data content is placed in a common storage area, and each identical segment is removed from each of the virtually identical files and replaced with a corresponding link to the shared data content.
Because customers have kept vast numbers of business and technical documents in data storage for convenient access, many customers have been surprised by the cost of producing their electronic documents for regulatory compliance and for responding to discovery requests in litigation. For regulatory compliance, electronic document retention techniques have been developed so that critical documents are retained in disk storage until a specified expiration time.
SIS, de-duplication, and electronic document retention techniques are specific examples of information lifecycle management (ILM) strategies to facilitate efficient storage and selective recall of electronic business and technical documents. Many of these techniques involve classification and indexing of information in the electronic documents.

Object classification and indexing of very large name spaces using grid technology


A cutter for producing face gears, comprising a disc-shaped cutter body with cutting teeth (23) fitted on the periphery. The cutting edge (24) of each cutting tooth lies in a surface of revolution which is produced by turning an imaginary gear wheel of infinitely low thickness about the axis (20) of the cutter and simultaneously about its own axis. Each cutting tooth (23) of the cutter is of such a shape that the cutting tooth is re-grindable, without the shape of the cutting edge of the cutting tooth changing as a result. This is achieved through the fact that the profile of each cutting tooth shifts in planes (22, 22a, 22b...) from the cutting edge (24) of the cutting tooth to the rear side thereof in the direction of the axis (20) of the cutter.

The invention relates to a cutter for producing face gears, in particular a hob.
Face gears are gears which are used in angle drives with axes which may or may not intersect each other and may or may not form an angle of 90 degrees with each other. In this drive a cylindrical pinion meshes with a face gear whose teeth shape corresponds to the teeth shape of the cylindrical pinion.
The angle drive with face gear gearing has a number of special advantages compared with the generally known and used bevel gear drive, such as, inter alia, the absence of axial forces on the cylindrical pinion when it is designed with spur teeth, a greater transmission ratio being possible, the relatively simple adjustment, and a great transverse contact ratio which can be achieved without special facilities.
The absence of an economically feasible, and in addition accurate, manufacturing method was, however, hitherto one of the greatest problems for general use of the face gear gearing in highly loaded constructions. The absence of suitable manufacturing equipment played a major role in this.
The use of generating tools, by means of which face gears can be produced in a continuous process, is in practice a condition for the economic production of face gears and for a wider use of face gears in highly loaded and/or fast-running constructions.
A hobbing cutter for producing face gears is known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,304,586 (Miller). This cutter is a disc-shaped cutter body with cutting teeth provided on the periphery. The cutting edges of these cutting teeth are situated in a surface of revolution which is produced by turning an imaginary gear wheel of infinitely low thickness about the axis of the cutter body and simultaneously about its own axis, during which the imaginary gear wheel on one revolution about the axis of the cutter body turns about its own axis through an angle which is equal to a whole number of times the pitch angle of the imaginary gear wheel, and the plane of the imaginary gear wheel always extends in the radial direction of the cutter body and at right angles to the path described by the teeth of the imaginary gear wheel.
The cutting teeth are provided with clearance faces in the same way as ordinary cutting teeth of a cutter.
The known cutter has, however, the disadvantage that during the re-grinding of the cutting teeth the shape of the cutting edge of the cutting teeth changes, so that the shape of the face gear teeth formed with the re-ground cutter will also change. This is undesirable.