A detachable case assembly is disclosed to include a case body, which has front and rear angled slots, a partition plate, which separates the case body into a front and a rear holding space, a front cover, which covers the front half of the top side of the case body and which has locating rods for engaging into the front angled slots of the case body and a rear edge supported on the protruded bearing portions of the partition plate, and a rear cover, which covers the rear half of the top side of the case body and which has locating rods for engaging into the rear angled slots of the case body, a front flange supported on the partition plate and spaced below the rear edge of the front cover, raised contact portions maintained in close contact with the rear edge of the front cover.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a computer server and more particularly, to a detachable case assembly for computer server, which comprises a front cover and a rear cover respectively detachably covered on the front and rear halves of the top side of the case body thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Different firms for the advantage of standardized machine size convenient for management in a machine room to fully utilize the limited floor space of the machine room popularly accept computer servers.
A regular computer server has many parts on the inside and a big horizontal area. Conventional computer servers commonly have two covers, namely, the front cover and the rear cover that have the outer part of the computer server well packed and maintain sufficient rigidity of the case.
However, the front and rear covers of a conventional computer server are not separately detachable, i.e., both the front and rear covers must be removed from the case of the computer server when wishing to repair component parts in the front or rear part of the inside space of the computer server's case. This inconvenience design complicates maintenance work.

Detachable case assembly for computer server


A terminal, multipoint control unit, system and method for implementing high definition multiple pictures are provided by the present invention. The method comprises the following steps of: a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) calculating a high definition video code stream format according to video conference control information, and sending a capability set containing the high definition video code stream format to a selected terminal; based on the high definition video code stream format in the capability set, the selected terminal encoding a high definition video image and sending the encoded high definition video code stream to the MCU; according to the video conference control information, the MCU synthesizing the received high definition video code stream image into multiple pictures, and obtaining the high definition multi-picture video code stream image and sending it to the terminals attending the conference.

Multipicture application has the advantage of large amount of information, and is a very common application in a video conference system. Currently, the video format adopted in multiple pictures is generally 263 series and 264_CIF, 264—4CIF in 264 series, and the multipicture technologies adopting these video capabilities are already quite mature.
With the continuous increase of the user's requirements on image quality, many video conference factories releases high definition video systems of 720P, 1080I, 1080P in 264 series, and use of these high definition video formats in the multi-picture application is the target pursued by each factory. However, the encoding and decoding ability of the video processing plate in the MCU (Multipoint Control Unit) device has to be greatly improved if a universal method for implementing multiple pictures is used such that the requirements on encoding and decoding of the high definition multi-picture video can be met. In order to improve the capability of the video codec, the MCU device producers have to invest much time and many funds, which, however, is not allowable in the current intense market competition.

Terminal multipoint control unit, system and method for implementing high definition multiple pictures


A display device is provided that controls, considering affection due to a watcher's age and his viewing distance as human-visual characteristics, a display-screen brightness level at which the watcher does not feel glare. The display-screen brightness is most suitably set by simple calculation using relationships among watcher's ages, display sizes, glare levels, and screen-illuminance levels, etc. obtained by a subjective-assessment experiment. According to this display device, considering watcher's various conditions such as the age, the visual acuity, and the viewing distance, even if the watcher watches the display for a relatively long time, the watcher does not feel tiredness; thus, comfortable watching can be achieved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to image display devices.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Recently, in television sets used in general homes, a flat-panel display such as a liquid-crystal display device or a plasma display device has become popular instead of a Braun-tube display. The technology of a high-luminance flat-panel display has progressed with the improvement of device performance. However, although the technology of a high-luminance display device improves the visibility thereof, the technology has also led an important cause of tiredness or eye-fatigue due to glare feeling.
Moreover, a problem has also occurred that the cost of electric-power consumption increases with the high luminance of the liquid-crystal display device or the plasma display device.
Accordingly, a method is generally used in which, by installing into a display device a light receiving element for measuring the brightness level of the environment thereof, the display luminance of its screen is controlled with the environmental brightness. When the environment is relatively dark, the display luminance is set lower, while when the environment is relatively light, the display luminance is set higher. Thus, the visibility can be secured in the light environment, the glare feeling can be prevented, and the electric-power consumption can also be reduced.
For example, in a conventional display device, based on the peripheral light of the display screen, the screen luminance is automatically controlled to a brightness level at which an observer can comfortably see the screen. Specifically, the light receiving element is placed, towards the observer, close to the display screen. The brightness level dose to the display screen is measured by this light receiving element. The range of the display-screen luminance is calculated based on this measurement result, and the brightness level of the display device is controlled. The luminance of the display screen is calculated from the brightness level dose to the display screen and a constant number (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 1994-308891).
Moreover, in another conventional display device, the brightness is adjusted to personal preference. In this control method, any one of plural functions is selected, which have been preset to calculate the luminance where the environmental illuminance is set as a parameter. The luminance corresponding to the environmental illuminance is obtained based on the selected function. Back light is lightened with the obtained luminance. The environmental brightness is measured using a brightness sensor similarly to the method disclosed in Patent Document 1, and by selecting a predetermined luminance-control setting value, comfortable environment that is matched to the personal preference is set (Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-323690).


A method for delivering media content over a network includes transcoding the media content to generate multiple copies of the media content, each of the multiple copies having a different destination type or a different source type or both, storing the multiple copies in a cache, receiving requests for the media content, and selecting and delivering a copy of one of the multiple copies in response to each of the requests. A further method for providing media content transcoding services includes fetching media content, selecting one of multiple transcoders for transcoding from multiple source types to multiple destination types, wherein the one transcoder is selected based at least on the destination type, sending the media content to the selected transcoder, transcoding the media content to the destination type, thereby generating transcoded media content, and transmitting the transcoded media content.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for transcoding information. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system and method for transcoding media content.
2. Related Art
The rapid publication of media content has been sought throughout human history. Publishers strive to deliver media content faster to larger audiences. As used herein, the term "media content" refers to any information, including audio, video, data, ideas, images, story, sound, text, or other content, that is perceived by one or more human senses.
The digital representation of media content combined with computing and networking technologies now provide a powerful way to publish. According to this new mode of publishing, networking technology permits the delivery of digitized media content over a network to end user computers. Communication protocols define how the digitized media content is exchanged over the network. A media player runs on the end user computer to allow the user to play or otherwise experience the media content.
Digital representations of media content come in different types. These types are generally defined according to a series of publishing variables which can include, but are not limited to, the file format, bit rate, communication protocol(s), physical medium, compression algorithm, and/or digital rights management information associated with the media content. The type of digitized media content which is used will depend upon a number of factors, such as, the computing and/or networking technology used in the process of publishing and the nature of the content itself.
For example, many types of digitized media content are defined according to a file format. Common file formats include QUICK TIME, MPEG, AVI, MP3, REAL, WINDOWS MEDIA, H.263 video coding, and PALM-compatible formats. A format can define media content as a file or in a data stream. See, for example, the graphics file formats and other formats described by J. D. Murray and W. vanRyper, The Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats, Second Edition (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.: Sebastopol, Calif.), 1996, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
Digitized media content types can also be categorized according to the type of encoding or compression technique that is used to reduce the physical size of the media content, or according to the type of physical medium that supports the storage of the media content. Different kinds of physical medium are used in publishing media content, such as magnetic or optical storage devices, memory devices, and wireless mediums.
Digitized media content types may also be categorized by the type of communication protocol or protocols used to transmit the media content. In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, many layers of protocols are used. Such protocols can include network and transport protocols and application protocols. Network and transport protocols are in part responsible for delivering packets of digital data. Examples of network and transport protocols are Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP). Application protocols are higher level protocols that run on top of the network and transport protocols. Among other things, application protocols provide services that support digital media publishing. Examples of application protocols used in World Wide Web technology are HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) and Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP).
The emergence of a fast-growing number of media players has created a widening gap between the richness of the various types of media content and the diverse capabilities of the client devices to handle the content. As a result, the technology selection process for the end user has become quite complicated. For example, the user often cannot be certain that a given media player will be able to play the type of media content in which he or she is interested. Also, the user may be required to frequently download new media playing software in order to access desired content.
Furthermore, because users employ a wide variety of client media players, content providers are required to publish original media content in a number of source types in order to deliver the content to a large number of users. Content providers with archived media content also face a burden of having to publish archived media content into new or updated source types.
Transcoders convert certain types of media content (source type) to another type of media content (destination type). This conversion is known as "transcoding." Transcoding can involve a number of different conversion operations. The particular conversion operations used depend upon what publishing variables are being converted. For example, transcoding can involve a conversion operation from one encoded data format to another encoded data format (such as, converting CCITT Group 3 encoded data to RLE-encoded data.) See, Murray and vanRyper, p. 1095.
Conventional multi-type transcoding services are provided off-line, before the content provider publishes media content, adding an undesirable and unavoidable delay to the publishing process. Although arrangements for the real-time transcoding of media content are known, (e.g., transcoding and delivery of live media events over the Internet), these arrangements are limited in that they only allow for media content to be transcoded into a single destination type, and do not permit for the delivery of media content in multiple destination types.
Also, because off-line multi-format transcoding services are expensive, content providers can only afford to have their media content transcoded into a limited number of destination types. Users with media players incapable of accommodating the destination type of the transcoded files simply cannot access the content. Accordingly, conventional media production is limited to a "push" process in which content providers are forced to speculate about which media player users will employ to play their media files.
As a further result of this rapid development in media publishing technology, new internet and wireless device manufacturers must also invest heavily in the transcoding of media content so that a variety of content can be experienced on new media playing devices as new destination types. Thus, new internet and wireless device manufacturers experience the same setbacks and disadvantages from conventional transcoding schemes as described above.

Distributed on-demand media transcoding system and method


A method of forming a stable type of dielectric film of flash EEPROM by preventing forming of unusual type of oxide film. The method of manufacturing dielectric film comprising the steps of: forming a first polysilicon film, a first dielectric film and a second polysilicon film on the active region of a semiconductor substrate sequentially; patterning said second polysilicon film, the first dielectric film and the first polysilicon film in the same size respectively; forming a curved surface on the side wall of the first dielectric film using wet etching technique in order to accelerate the growth of second dielectric film on the side wall of the first polysilicon film during the subsequent oxidation process; and forming the second dielectric film on the exposed surfaces of the patterned first polysilicon film, first dielectric film, and second polysilicon film using thermal oxidation process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the method of manufacturing semiconductor device, more specially to the method of forming dielectric film of triple polytype flash electrically erasable programmable read only memory (hereinafter, refer to as EEPROM) cells displaying a multiple layer structure.
2. Description of Prior Art
A conventional method of forming triple poly type of EEPROM cells can be explained with reference to FIG. 1.
First, a gate oxide film (which is not shown) is formed on the active region of a semiconductor substrate (10), which has been divided into active and field regions, and the a first polysilicon film for making a floating gate is formed on the gate oxide film. The first polysilicon film is to remain on the active region by patterning it through photolithography. Then ONO (oxide/nitride/oxide, 12,13,14) forms as a first dielectric film and a second polysilicon film forms thereon subsequently, and the control gate (15) forms by patterning the second polysilicon film through photolithography. The first dielectric films (12,13,14) and the first polysilicon film are etched sequentially through a so-call self-aligned etch so that a structure consisting of the floating gate (11), the first dielectric film (12,13,14) and the control gate (15) forms on the semiconductor substrate. Thereafter, the second dielectric film (16) forms outside the entire structure through an oxidation process, and a third polysilicon film (17) forms in order to create a select gate outside the entire structure.
In the conventional method stated above, ONO film forms as first dielectric film (12,13,14) as the first polysilicon film undergoes through a thermal oxidation process. However, in order to forbid the overgrowth of the dielectric film because of the reduction of capacitance which occurs when the dielectric film grows excessively thick, impurities are not fully implanted to the first polysilicon film. Accordingly, when the second dielectric film (16) forms through the oxidation of polysilicon film after the first dielectric film and the first polysilicon film are etched through the self-aligned etch, then the oxide film near the first polysilicon film do not grow thick enough to the extent necessary and changes into an unusual type of oxide film (so-called, Dog ear, de). FIGS. 2 and 3 show TEM (tunneling electron microscope) of a sample formed in accordance with conventional method as mentioned above, and also SEM (scanning electron microscope), which illustrates the section of EEPROM cells formed in a conventional semiconductor manufacturing process. These Figures show that the unusual type of oxidation(de), which is made from the first polysilicon film, forms at the side walls parts of the floating gate (11).
Also, after the second polysilicon film has been etched through the conventional method, overetching should be implemented to get rid of nitride portion existing in the first dielectric film consisting of ONO film in the field region. This causes the loss of oxide film in the field region, which does not have the first polysilicon film during the self-aligned etch, thereby a defect results since the thickness of the oxide film decreases.

Method of forming dielectric film of semiconductor memory device

Hyundai Electronics Industries Co., Ltd.


A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag using a monopole antenna is provided, in which an antenna structure is disposed on a metal plate, two ends of an RFID chip are electrically connected to the antenna structure, and the antenna structure and the RFID chip form a loop structure. The RFID tag can be disposed on a surface of an object to be measured, or disposed in an inner accommodation space of the object to be measured, so it is widely used in various applications. Additionally, the RFID tag is easily manufactured, so the production cost can be reduced. Furthermore, the RFID tag has a larger readable distance, and an electromagnetic wave emitting direction of the RFID tag is adjustable according to different included angles between the metal plate and the antenna structure, thereby causing signals to be read easily and identification ability to improve, two desirable effects.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an identification tag, and more particularly to a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag using a monopole antenna.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an RFID tag disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,562. The conventional RFID tag 1 includes a packaging wall 11, two conductive tabs 12, an RFID device 13, and a radio frequency reflecting structure 14. The conductive tabs 12 and the RFID device 13 are disposed on a surface of the packaging wall 11, and the RFID device 13 is electrically connected to the conductive tabs 12. There are two feed points 15 and 16 between the RFID device 13 and the conductive tabs 12. The radio frequency reflecting structure 14 is disposed on the other surface of the packaging wall 11. In the conventional RFID tag 1, the radio frequency reflecting structure 14 is a metal plate.
The impedance of the conventional RFID tag 1 varies by means of adjustment of the positions of the conductive tabs 12 and the feed points 15 and 16. The conventional RFID tag 1 is disposed on different package structures or containers, but a readable distance of the conventional RFID tag 1 is not improved.
The conventional RFID tag 1 is applicable to a metal object to be measured and is flatly disposed on a surface of the object to be measured. As known in common practice, in order to prevent the conventional RFID tag 1 from approaching the metal too closely and reducing the radiation efficiency, the packaging wall 11 (a dielectric material) may have a certain thickness, so as to reduce the interference with the metal object to be measured; otherwise, the real part impedance in the Smith Chart (an impedance chart in a complex coordinate system) will be too small to emit an electromagnetic wave efficiently. Furthermore, the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,914,562 explicitly discloses that, at UHF frequencies, defined as a band in the range of 860 MHz to 950 MHz, a dielectric thickness of about 3 millimeters to 6 millimeters of the packaging wall 11 is required, so the entire thickness is quite substantial and the production cost is rather high (i.e., requiring more materials), and meanwhile, the readable distance is not improved.
Therefore, there is a need for an RFID tag using a monopole antenna that meets the novelty and inventiveness requirements and solves the above problems.


In a color laser printer, the amount of reversely transferred developing agent on the surface of a developing roller is estimated based on the operating time of the color laser printer, the surface area of an image, and the charging amount of developing agent. When the estimated amount of reversely transferred developing agent reaches a predetermined value, a solid image is formed on a photoconductor drum. By transferring the solid image onto recording paper, a conveyer belt, or an intermediate transfer belt, the reversely transferred developing agent is removed. Alternatively, by rotating the developing roller in a state in which the developing roller is separated from the photoconductor drum, the reversely transferred developing agent on the surface of the developing roller is collected into a developing agent hopper.

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus, such as a cleanerless color laser printer, configured to collect and reuse a developing agent.
In a color laser printer, a color image as obtained by forming an electrostatic latent image on a photoconductor drum, applying developing agents of a plurality of colors to the photoconductor drum with developing rollers to form developing agent images, and then sequentially transferring the developing agent images onto a transfer target medium, such as recording paper or an intermediate transfer belt. During transfer of the developing agent images in such a color laser printer, so-called reverse transfer sometimes occurs. Reverse transfer is a phenomenon that part of the developing agent already transferred onto the transfer target medium is transferred from the transfer target medium onto the photoconductor drum. Occurrence of reverse transfer leads to a problem that the reversely transferred developing agent is mixed with a developing agent of a color to be originally transferred from the photoconductor drum at the next image formation, which results in color mixture and thereby a deteriorated quality of a color image to be formed.
To prevent such a problem, a technique has been presented, in which a property that reverse transfer depends on the ratio (the coverage) of a surface area of the developing agent covered with an outer additive to a surface area of developing agent particles is utilized. Specifically, color mixture due to reverse transfer is prevented in order to obtain an image without undesirable changes in color, by appropriately adjusting the ratio of a surface area of spherical developing agent particles covered with an outer additive to a surface area of the spherical developing agent particles, or appropriately adjusting the shapes of spherical developing agent particles (the deviation from spheres and the unevenness of the particle surfaces).
An example of such a technique is disclosed in the Publication of Japanese Patent No. 3248047.

Image forming device that prevents reverse transfer and color mixture


An edge scraper device for the inboard edge of a belted track-type vehicle removes debris from the track edge as the vehicle operates in muddy or trash-laden environments by close-proximity relationship to the track edge. Spring biasing and adjustment devices retain the scraper device in a functionally close proximity to the track edge. The edge scraper device is mounted substantially above the track to prevent fallen debris from accumulating on the device.

On track-type work machines such as belted agricultural tractors and combines, debris such as mud, trash and crop residue often accumulate on the outside of the track belts and fall onto the frame structure supporting the track assembly. Debris build-up causes problems with the track assembly such as belt misalignment, slippage and improper tensioning. Round bar scrapers have been found to be somewhat effective in removing the debris before it gets above the frame structure. However, the bar scrapers must be supported and the more convenient way to support the scraper is to support it at its bottom end. With the scraper supported in this manner, the debris falls onto the scraper support and there builds up.
The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above.


The present invention is a modular frequency division filter having an antenna port that connects to two or three transmission paths. Each transmission path includes either a band pass filter or a duplexer to separate the received signal by frequency. Frequency phase shifters or shunt inductors may be included to further enhance the frequency separation. Following frequency separation, the separated signal is transceived by a device operating at the respective separated frequency.

Cellular phones (handsets) are increasing in complexity as handsets incorporate more types of service. In most of the world, the trend is for a handset to work with numerous frequency division transceivers as well as time division transceivers. Handsets will combine both radio bands designed for high speed handovers from cell site to cell site, as well as fixed stations such as wireless local area networks (WLAN). There are also location services, e.g. Global Positioning Satellite (GPS), which require support from the handsets. Depending upon requirements, these functions can be separated using switches, separate antennas, filters, or some combination of these.
These bands can be global, e.g. GPS and Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) bands, or can be regional, e.g. PCS and DCS. Table 1 details some of the frequencies of interest. TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Standard Use Frequencies Cellular Band (US) Cellular Phone 824 to 849 MHz Transmit voice and data 869 to 894 MHz Receive EGSM (non-US) Cellular Phone 880 to 915 MHz Transmit voice and data 925 to 960 MHz Receive GPS (global) Location 1575.42 MHz (L1) & service 1227.60 MHz (L2) DCS (non-US) Cellular Phone 1710 to 1785 MHz Transmit voice and data 1805 to 1880 MHz Receive PCS (US) Cellular Phone 1850 to 1910 MHz Transmit voice and data 1930 to 1990 MHz Receive UMTS (non-US) Cellular Phone 1920 to 1980 MHz Transmit voice and data 2110 to 2170 MHz Receive ISM (worldwide) Fixed data links, Portions of 902 to 928 MHz, with transmit and 2400 to 2500 MHz (ISM b/g), receive at the & 5000 to 6000 MHz (ISM a) same frequencies.
TABLE 1StandardUseFrequenciesCellular Band (US)Cellular Phone824 to 849 MHz Transmitvoice and data869 to 894 MHz ReceiveEGSM (non-US)Cellular Phone880 to 915 MHz Transmitvoice and data925 to 960 MHz ReceiveGPS (global)Location1575.42 MHz (L1) &service1227.60 MHz (L2)DCS (non-US)Cellular Phone1710 to 1785 MHz Transmitvoice and data1805 to 1880 MHz ReceivePCS (US)Cellular Phone1850 to 1910 MHz Transmitvoice and data930 to 1990 MHz ReceiveUMTS (non-US)Cellular Phone1920 to 1980 MHz Transmitvoice and data2110 to 2170 MHz ReceiveISM (worldwide)Fixed data links,Portions of 902 to 928 MHz,with transmit and2400 to 2500 MHz (ISM b/g),receive at the& 5000 to 6000 MHz (ISM a)same frequencies.

Avago Technologies Wireless IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


A new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant named ‘Yorichmond’, characterized by its upright and uniformly mounded plant habit; freely branching and vigorous growth habit; dark green-colored foliage; uniform flowering response; early flowering habit, seven-week response time; freely flowering habit; daisy-type inflorescences with dark red-colored ray florets; and good postproduction longevity.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Chrysanthemum plant, botanically known as Chrysanthemum×morifolium, commercially grown as a potted Chrysanthemum and hereinafter referred to by the name 'Yorichmond'.
The objective of the breeding program is to create new potted Chrysanthemum cultivars that are suitable for year-round production with freely branching habit, uniform plant growth habit, good vigor, desirable inflorescence form and floret colors, fast response time and excellent postproduction longevity.
The new Chrysanthemum originated from a cross-pollination made by the Inventor in February, 2003, in Salinas, Calif. of a proprietary Chrysanthemum×morifolium seedling selection identified as code number YB-A3803, not patented, as the female, or seed, parent with a proprietary Chrysanthemum×morifolium seedling selection identified as code number YB-5465, not patented, as the male, or pollen, parent. The new Chrysanthemum was discovered and selected in December, 2003, by the Inventor as a single flowering plant within the progeny of the stated cross-pollination in a controlled environment in Fort Myers, Fla. The selection of this plant was based on its uniform plant growth habit, freely branching habit, vigor, desirable inflorescence form and floret colors, fast response time and excellent postproduction longevity.
Asexual reproduction of the new Chrysanthemum by vegetative tip cuttings was first conducted in Fort Myers, Fla. in March, 2004. Asexual reproduction by cuttings has shown that the unique features of this new Chrysanthemum are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.


A lamp assembly for use in a water treatment system. The lamp assembly includes a bulb assembly, a reflector assembly and a conduit carring liquid, such as water, through the lamp assembly. The reflector assembly is configured to reflect and focus light emitted from the bulb assembly on the conduit, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the lamp assembly. The reflector assembly can include reflectors including one or more diminishing radii of curvature, which terminate and form a peak near a bulb of the bulb assembly and/or conduit.

The present invention minimizes or overcomes several problems associated with previous point-of-use home or office water treatment system (WTS) units. A first problem is that conventional WTS units, utilizing lamp assemblies with UV bulb assemblies therein, are energy inefficient. When a conventional lamp assembly is turned on, it takes a significant amount of start-up time before gases within a UV bulb assembly are sufficiently excited to output light of an intensity level required to insure adequate destruction of microorganisms within the WTS unit. Water which is discharged from the WTS unit before a UV bulb assembly is sufficiently excited and microorganisms properly irradiated may carry an unacceptably high level of live microorganisms. Consequently, conventional lamp assemblies are left continuously running which uses a significant amount of energy. Also, with the lamp assembly left running continuously, such as overnight, water residing within a WTS unit can become uncomfortably warm. Finally, the life expectancy of a lamp assembly which is kept running continuously is significantly reduced relative to a lamp assembly which is only activated when water is to be treated.
A second problem is with the design of reflector assemblies within WTS units. In an attempt to increase lamp efficiency, reflector assemblies may be placed about UV bulb assemblies and water carrying conduits in which the microorganisms are irradiated. Light emitted from a UV bulb assembly which misses striking water carrying conduits is reflected back from the reflectors walls and has a chance to again impinge upon the water carrying conduits. These reflector assemblies may be circular in cross-section. Unfortunately, a lot of the UV light produced by these circular reflector designs never reaches the water carrying conduits. Rather, a significant portion of reflected light is reabsorbed by the UV bulb assembly and never reaches the water carrying conduit.
A third problem involves the electrical coupling of the lamp assemblies to WTS units. Every time a lamp assembly is installed in or removed from a WTS unit, the lamp assembly must be mechanically and electrically coupled and uncoupled relative to the WTS unit. This often required complicated and expensive electrical mounting assemblies. Further, care must be taken to insure that the electrical connections are not exposed to moisture while electrical power is passing through the WTS unit.
Coaxially aligned lamp assemblies and filter assemblies are sometime used to minimize the size of WTS units. A lamp assembly and filter assembly in a particular WTS may or may not be simultaneously removed from the WTS unit. If these assemblies are simultaneously removed, they are often very quite heavy as they may have substantial weight on their own and may be filled with water. Alternatively, even if the lamp and filter assemblies are separably removably from a WTS unit, quite often problems exist of water spilling from one of these assemblies during handling.
Another problem faced by WTS units having UV lamp assemblies is that complicated monitoring systems are needed to monitor the lamp assemblies. As a lamp assembly ages, the intensity of UV light output from the lamp assembly generally diminishes. Eventually, the intensity falls below a level necessary to effect a desired microorganism kill rate. The lamp assembly should be replaced before the desired minimum intensity is reached. Accordingly, a monitoring system is required to check on the UV light intensity within the WTS unit. These monitoring systems are typically expensive. They often require costly UV light sensors with quartz windows.
Point-of-use water treatment systems are typically left running continuously due to microorganism growth that would otherwise occur if the systems were shut down. Lamp assemblies in typical WTS units require a relative long time to reach a threshold value of emitted radiation intensity needed to attain a desired kill rate. Accordingly, water containing unacceptably high levels of live microorganisms may be delivered from a WTS unit before that threshold value of light intensity is reached.
Other problems and deficiencies that typical WTS units have include complicated assembly and locking mechanisms for mounting filter and lamp assemblies which may include nuts, bolts and O-rings which must be manually installed.
These and other deficiencies in prior WTS units employing lamp assemblies and filter assemblies are overcome by the present invention.


A valve assembly for a water circulation system includes a bypass valve with an inlet and an outlet that permits recirculating flow of water from a hot water line of the water circulation system. The valve assembly also includes a shut-off valve with a valve body having a hot water inlet and a hot water outlet configured to be coupled to a fixture of the water circulation system. The shut-off valve is located proximate the fixture and operating in an open position allowing water to flow to the hot water outlet and a closed position restricting water from flowing to the hot water outlet. The shut-off valve is configured to move automatically from the open position to the closed position in a controlled manner to limit discharge, from the hot water outlet, of water having a temperature below a desired level.

The subject matter herein relates generally to methods and systems for controlled release of hot water from a fixture, and more particularly, to shut-off valves for controlling the flow of hot water to a fixture.
Home and industrial water distribution systems distribute water to various fixtures, including sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers and washing machines, that are located throughout the house or industrial building. The typical water distribution system brings water in from an external source, such as a city main water line or a private water well, to the internal water distribution piping system. The water from the external source is typically either at a cold or cool temperature. One segment of the piping system takes this incoming cold water and distributes it to the various cold water connections located at the fixtures where it will be used (e.g., the cold water side of the faucet at the kitchen sink). Another segment of the piping system delivers the incoming cold water to a water heater which heats the water to the desired temperature and distributes it to the various hot water connections where it will be used (e.g., the hot water side of the kitchen faucet). At the fixture, cold and hot water either flows through separate hot and cold water control valves that are independently operated to control the temperature of the water into the fixture by controlling the flow rate of water from the separate valves, or the water is mixed at a single valve that selectively controls the desired water temperature flowing from the fixture.
A problem with most home and industrial water distribution systems is that hot water is not always readily available at the hot water side of the fixture when it is desired. This problem is particularly acute in water use fixtures that are located a distance from the hot water heater or in systems with poorly insulated pipes. When the hot water side of these fixtures is left closed for some time, such as overnight, the hot water in the hot water segment of the piping system sits in the pipes and cools. As a result, the temperature of the water between the hot water heater and the fixture lowers until it becomes cold or at least tepid. When opened again, it is not at all uncommon for the hot water side of such a fixture to supply cold water through the hot water valve when it is first opened and for some time thereafter. At the sink, bathtub or shower fixture located away from the water heater, the person desiring to use the fixture will either have to use cold or tepid water instead of hot water or wait for the distribution system to supply hot water through the open hot water valve. Most users have learned that to obtain the desired hot water, the hot water valve must be opened and left open for some time so that the cool water in the hot water side of the piping system will flow out ahead of the hot water. For certain fixtures, such as virtually all dishwashers and washing machines (which are not usually provided with a bypass valve), there typically is no method of "draining" away the cold or tepid water in the hot water pipes prior to utilizing the water in the fixture.
The inability to have hot water at the hot water side of the fixture when it is desired creates a number of problems. One problem is having to utilize cold or tepid water when hot water is desired. This is a particular problem for the dishwasher and washing machine fixtures in that hot water is often desired for improved operation of those appliances. Certain dirty dishes and clothes are much easier to clean in hot water as opposed to cold or tepid water. Even in those fixtures where the person can let the cold or tepid water flow out of the fixture until it reaches the desired warm or hot temperature, there are certain problems associated with such a solution. One such problem is the waste of water that flows out of the fixture through the drain and, typically, to the sewage system. This good and clean water is wasted (resulting in unnecessary water treatment after flowing through the sewage system). Water waste is compounded when the person is inattentive and hot water begins flowing down the drain and to the sewage system. Yet another problem associated with the inability to have hot water at the hot water valve when needed is the waste of time for the person who must wait for the water to reach the desired temperature.
The use of bypass valves and/or water recirculation systems in home or industrial water distribution systems to overcome the problems described above have been known for some time. However, these water recirculation systems have problems and limitations. For example, these water recirculation systems are typically operated by a pump and the pump must be operated for a certain cycle time to dispel all of the cooled water from the hot water pipe system before hot water is available at the fixture. Problems arise when hot water is desired at the fixture before the end of a cycle, or when the pump is not running. However, constantly running the pump so that hot water is always available is not economical. Accordingly, the above mentioned problems (e.g. waste of water) are still prevalent in water recirculation systems today.

Method and system for controlled release of hot water from a fixture


The present invention provides methods and compositions for (a) enhancing resistance to myocardial ischemia associated dysfunction, including contraction (systolic), relaxation (diastolic) and metabolic dysfunction, comprising the step of administering to a human determined to be susceptible to myocardial ischemia an effective amount of an insulin sensitizer; and (b) reducing hypertension comprising the step of administering to a hypertensive human determined to have normal insulin sensitivity, an effective amount of an insulin sensitizer. In a particular embodiment, the sensitizer comprises a thiazolidinedione compound, such as triglitazone.

Ischemic heart disease remains the most common cause ofdeath in the United States. For many years, metabolic protection of the ischemic heart has been an important but elusive goal in the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Acute myocardial ischemia adversely alters both myocardial energy substrate metabolism and contractile function; in fact, these abnormalities are related, suggesting the potential importance of metabolic intervention in ischemic heart disease.
The abnormalities of myocardial substrate metabolism observed during ischemia and during reperfusion are different. During ischemia, myocardial oxygen supply is limited and anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism becomes a relatively more important mechanism of ATP synthesis. The energy sources for anaerobic glycolysis are exogenous glucose and myocardial glycogen. In experimental models of low-flow ischemia, interventions that increase availability and myocardial uptake of exogenous glucose and/or pre-ischemic myocardial glycogen content result in greater postischemic recovery of contractile function (1,2).
During reperfusion, an adequate supply of oxygen is delivered to the myocardium, but glucose oxidation remains depressed (3). The hallmark of this abnormality is that a disproportionate fraction of myocardial glucose uptake continues to undergo anaerobic glycolysis to lactate (4). In the absence of irreversible ischemic injury, oxidation of fatty acids and oxygen consumption by reperfused myocardium usually remains normal, or even increased (5). These findings indicate preserved flux through the TCA cycle and electron transport chain. Therefore, the most likely explanation for the characteristic depression of glucose oxidation in reperfused myocardium is diminished activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Fatty acids contribute to the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the myocardium. Uptake of FFA is proportional to circulating FFA concentrations (6), which rise in acute myocardial infarction (7). Myocardial uptake of FFA and accumulation of FFA metabolites during ischemia may exert a direct, deleterious effect on mitochondrial function, ion channels, and the recovery of contractile function after reperfusion (8). Furthermore, there is a reciprocal relation between myocardial oxidation of FFA and carbohydrates: Increased utilization of FFA increases mitochondrial acetyl-CoA and NADH, both of which inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (9). Therefore, an intervention that reduces circulating FFA concentrations, myocardial FFA uptake and metabolism will indirectly promote oxidation of glucose. In sum, an ideal metabolic intervention would promote myocardial glucose uptake prior to and during ischemia, promote myocardial glucose oxidation during reperfusion, and reduce circulating FFA concentrations and/or myocardial FFA uptake during ischemia.
Among the pharmacologic interventions that have been employed to improve myocardial metabolism during and following acute ischemia are glucose and insulin, agents that stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (e.g., pyruvate, dichloroacetate), other agents that enhance glucose oxidation and/or reduce FFA oxidation (e.g., ranolazine, trimetazidine, L-camitine), and inhibitors of FFA oxidation (e.g., oxfenicine, etomoxir). Several of these agents have yielded initial positive results in experimental myocardial ischemia and/or clinical studies in patients with ischemic heart disease; however, their further development and application have been limited by discordant findings in isolated heart versus in vivo models or by difficulties in administering the agent in the clinical setting.
Infusion of glucose and insulin (`GIK` when used with potassium in vivo) is the prototype metabolic intervention in myocardial ischemia. Pre-ischemic treatment with glucose and insulin increases myocardial glycogen stores, treatment during ischemia enhances anaerobic glycolytic energy generation, and treatment during reperfusion may also enhance myocardial glucose metabolism (10). GIK has been shown to limit experimental myocardial infarct size and to improve recovery of contractile function after ischemia in isolated, perfused hearts (11).
Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that GIK significantly improves recovery of both systolic and diastolic function following regional low-flow ischemia in vivo in pigs (12). GIK appeared promising in several early clinical trials (13), but its clinical application has not advanced because it cannot be applied in an anticipatory manner and requires careful monitoring to avoid excessive hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Dichloroacetate and pyruvate stimulate the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, increase carbohydrate oxidation, and improve post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function in animal models (14). However, clinical application of these agents has been impeded by short half life and the requirement for millimolar blood concentrations to achieve optimal treatment effect (15).
Ranozaline and trimetazidine both increase myocardial glucose oxidation and reduce FFA oxidation after ischemia in isolated perfused rat hearts, and appear to limit angina and exercise-induced ECG changes in small clinical trials of patients with ischemic heart disease (16-19). These drugs appear to increase glucose oxidation and reduce FFA oxidation, perhaps through an effect on PDH. However, neither of these agents has been effective in reducing post-ischemic myocardial contractile dysfunction or infarct size in large animal in vivo models (20,21).
L-carnitine has been shown to augment myocardial glucose metabolism during and following experimental ischemia, and to attenuate left ventricular dilatation and remodeling after myocardial infarction in patients (22,23). However, this agent also has been disappointingly ineffective in attenuating contractile dysfunction after experimental low-flow ischemia in vivo (24).
Inhibitors of FFA metabolism such as oxfenicine have been shown to attenuate post-ischemic dysfunction in some in vivo studies (25) but not others (26) and have been shown to promote potentially deleterious accumulation of myocardial lipid and to cause chronic mitochondrial dysfunction (27,28).
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Previously Employed Metabolic Strategies in Myocardial Ischemia Treatment Drawbacks for Clinical Application ______________________________________ GIK IV administration Difficult to use in anticipatory fashion Careful monitoring required Dichloroacetate IV administration Pyruvate Difficult to use in anticipatory fashion Millimolar concentration required Ranolazine no convincing evidence of improved post-ischemic Trimetazidine recovery of LV function in vivo L-carnitine Inhibitors of FFA no consistent evidence of improved post-ischemic metabolism function accumulation of myocardial lipid possible chronic mitochondrial damage ______________________________________
Thus, despite the interest in and potential importance of metabolic intervention in ischemic heart disease, there is currently no clearly effective and readily applicable agent for clinical use in acute myocardial ischemia.
The present invention relates to a new use for a series of known compounds, including thiazolidinedione compounds, oxazolidinedione compounds, isoxazolidinedione compounds and oxadiazolidinedione compounds, in the treatment of myocardial ischemia and reduction or prevention of myocardial ischemia associated dysfunction. We have now surprisingly discovered that the class of compounds now known as "insulin sensitizers", and which includes various thiazolidinedione compounds, oxazolidinedione compounds, isoxazolidinedione compounds and oxadiazolidinedione compounds, has the ability to reduce mechanical (systolic and diastolic) and/or metabolic dysfunction consequent to myocardial ischemia. In addition, we have found these compositions effective for enhancing insulin sensitivity to supranormal levels and reducing hypertension in hypertensive patients determined to be non-diabetic and/or have normal insulin sensitivity.

Use of thiazolidinediones to ameliorate the adverse consequences of myocardial ischemia on myocardial function and metabolism

The Regents of the University of California


An ink jet recording method which can inhibit feathering or bleeding in a print and provide a sharp color image is disclosed. The ink jet recording method according to the present invention comprises the steps of: ejecting a droplet of an ink composition, comprising a colorant, a thermoplastic resin, and water, onto a recording medium to deposit the ink droplet on the recording medium, and heating the recording medium with the ink droplet deposited thereon at the softening temperature of the thermoplastic resin or higher temperature so as to effectively inhibit feathering or bleeding of the ink.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ink jet recording method and more particularly to a "color" ink jet recording method.
2. Background Art
Ink jet recording methods should generally satisfy the following requirements.
1) Realization of a high-quality image free from feathering or bleeding.
2) Rapid drying and fixation of ink composition.
3) High print density.
4) Stable ejection of an ink composition through a nozzle and an ink passage without clogging.
5) High storage stability and safety of an ink composition.
In particular, printing without feathering is more important in color image printing than in monochrome color printing. In the color printing, a plurality of color ink compositions are printed on an identical recording medium. In order to provide a color print free from an uneven color, the boundary of the colors should be clear. Thus, the spread and mixing of ink compositions at the boundary region thereof should be prevented.
The use of an ink composition having a high viscosity may be effective for preventing feathering or bleeding. The ejection and feeding of such an ink composition having a high viscosity, however, may require high energy, resulting in unsatisfactory efficiency.
Various proposals have been made in order to realize printing free from feathering or bleeding. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No.288042/1987 discloses a method in which printing is carried out with heating a recording medium. This publication, however, does not disclose any ink composition containing a thermoplastic resin.

Ink jet recording method and apparatus therefor


A computer readable storage medium in an example has a computer program stored thereon and represents a set of instructions that when executed by a computer during MR imaging causes the computer to: acquire a B1 field map for each transmit coil of a parallel RF transmit coil array; determine with a computational algorithm an excitation pulse scheme for a target excitation profile based on at least one effective B1 field map for a plurality of transmit coils of the parallel RF transmit coil array; and generate at least one SAR-reduced RF pulsing sequence for a respective transmit coil of the plurality of transmit coils of the parallel RF transmit coil array. The parallel RF transmit coil array is capable of having any parallel RF transmit coil array geometry. Each effective B1 field map reflects inductive coupling effects present between a transmit coil and at least another transmit coil.

The present invention relates generally to MR imaging and, more particularly, to parallel excitation by a transmit coil array to realize a desired excitation profile. The present invention further relates to a parallel excitation pulse design that reduces RF power deposition on a subject.
When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field (polarizing field B0), the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue attempt to align with this polarizing field, but process about it in random order at their characteristic Larmor frequency. If the substance, or tissue, is subjected to a magnetic field (excitation field B1) which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, or "longitudinal magnetization", MZ, may be rotated, or "tipped", into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment Mt. A signal is emitted by the excited spins after the excitation signal B1 is terminated and this signal may be received and processed to form an image.
When utilizing these signals to produce images, magnetic field gradients (Gx, Gy, and Gz) are employed. Typically, the region to be imaged is scanned by a sequence of measurement cycles in which these gradients vary according to the particular localization method being used. The resulting set of received MR signals are digitized and processed to reconstruct the image using one of many well known reconstruction techniques.
Spatially selective excitation is widely used in MR imaging to induce transverse magnetization while limiting the size of the signal-contributing volume. Slice-selective excitation, the most commonly used, confines the signal-contributing volume to a fixed slice and thereby simplifies spatial encoding during signal acquisition and reduces scan time. Multi-dimensional excitation that produces localization along more than one dimension has been used to further this reduction in scan time. Its applications include, for example, localized spectroscopy, reduced-FOV scan of a region of interest, imaging of a target anatomy of unique shape, and echo planar imaging (EPI) with a shortened echo train length. In addition, profile (flip, phase and frequency) control across a sizeable volume with selective excitation has been exploited to improve excitation profile fidelity in the presence of B0 inhomogeneity or gradient non-linearity, and to reduce susceptibility artifacts.
Selective excitation is commonly implemented with a single transmit coil that transmits across an entire volume and produces a relatively uniform B1 field, e.g., a birdcage coil. Highly efficient pulse algorithms have been developed for designing excitation pulses that suit such a configuration. Notwithstanding the advantages achieved by these pulse design tools, technical difficulties remain. Issues with excitation pulse duration, excitation profile accuracy, and RF power absorption (SAR: specific absorption rate; measure of the rate of absorption of RF energy in the body) represent some of the outstanding challenges in a variety of applications. Compared to 1D excitation, flexible profile control along multiple dimensions with 2D or 3D excitation entails intensified pulsing activity and often requires powerful gradients to keep pulse duration in check. This limitation hinders applications of multi-dimensional excitation on scanners with general-purpose gradients. Substantial subject-dependency of B1 field, resulting from increased wave behavior and source-subject interaction at high frequencies, may also contribute to the difficulty of excitation profile control. An elevated rate of RF power deposition at high frequencies represents yet another factor that has a significant impact on the design and application of RF transmit modules and/or excitation pulses.

SAR reduction in MR imaging with parallel RF transmission


In this vehicle body strength control apparatus, a control unit estimates the collision energy that will be generated when a host vehicle collides or makes contact with another object based on various signals input from an external sensor and from a vehicle quantity of state sensor. At a point in time when it is determined that there is a possibility of a collision or of contact occurring between the host vehicle and another object, or, alternatively, at the point in time when a collision or contact between the host vehicle and another object is actually detected, actuators are driven in a strength mode that corresponds to the strength that it is considered is required by a strength varying device for the previously estimated collision energy to be absorbed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vehicle body strength control apparatus that controls the strength of a frame or the like of a vehicle body such that collision energy corresponding to the collision mode and the collision object is suitably absorbed.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-157695, filed May 27, 2004, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-117033, filed Apr. 14, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, a body strength control apparatus for controlling the strength of a vehicle body is known that, in order to alter the force resisting a collision load that is received from the front of a vehicle by frames that are aligned in the left-right direction of the vehicle, detects a collision mode using a piezoelectric element or a shape memory alloy as an actuator, or using a movable stiffener or the like, and changes the strength of the frame to correspond to different collision loads (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. H11-291951). Specifically, in a collision mode in which the collision occurs over an entire front surface of a vehicle (i.e., a full-wrap collision), this apparatus decreases the strength of the frames, while, in a collision mode in which the collision load is concentrated in one frame (i.e., an offset collision), the apparatus increases the strength of the frame.
Moreover, an apparatus is known (for example, refer to Published Japanese Translation No. 2001-504413 of the PCT International Application) that determines whether or not a collision has occurred based on, for example, detection results from an acceleration sensor or the like. When a collision has occurred, in order to accelerate the deformation of the frame, this apparatus damages a portion of a frame so that the strength of the frame is lowered.
However, in the above types of body strength adjusting apparatuses according to the conventional technology, because there is only a short time between the determination of the existence of a collision occurrence or from the result of the detection of the collision mode and a predetermined force opposing a collision load, namely, until the force changes to a collision load, a considerable amount of power is required in order to operate the actuator at high speed, and a rapid response capability is also necessary in the actuator. Because of this, the problem arises that the size of the actuator itself becomes considerable. In addition, because it is essential that the power transfer has low resistance in order to improve the response, in particular, the diameter of the power supply cable is large, and the electrode surface area increases. As a result, the problem also arises that the size of the power battery that supplies power to the actuator is increased.
Moreover, in an apparatus that damages a portion of a frame that relate to the above described conventional technology, when a collision occurs, the strength of the frames is only reduced by a constant predetermined amount, and the problem arises that the strength of the frame cannot be suitably changed in accordance with the extent of the collision and the object of the collision.


A flash memory and a program method of the flash memory include applying a pass voltage to word lines to boost a channel voltage, which is discharged to a ground voltage. A program voltage is applied to a selected word line and a local voltage is applied to at least one word line supplied with the pass voltage while the program voltage is being applied to the selected word line. The local voltage is lower than the pass voltage and equal to or higher than the ground voltage. The boosted channel voltage may be discharged before the program voltage is applied to the selected word line.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a non-volatile semiconductor memory device and, more particularly, to a flash memory device and a program method of the flash memory device in which a program voltage is applied to a selected word line while a local voltage is applied another word line.
2. Description of the Related Art
A flash memory device known as a flash Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) has a memory cell array that may include memory cells having floating gate transistors. The memory cell array may consist of memory blocks, each of which includes bit lines arranged in parallel and multiple strings (e.g., referred to as "NAND strings") respectively corresponding to the bit lines. Each of the strings has a string select transistor, a ground select transistor and multiple floating gate transistors connected in series between the select transistors. The multiple floating gate transistors in each string are formed on the same substrate, and are configured to share a source-drain terminal with adjacent floating gate transistors. Multiple word lines are arranged so that they intersect with the strings. Each word line is connected to control gates of the multiple floating gate transistors in each of corresponding rows.
In order to program memory cells having floating gate transistors, the memory cells are first erased to have a given threshold voltage (e.g., −3V). A program operation may then be carried out with respect to selected memory cells by applying a high voltage (e.g., 20V) to a word line connected to the selected memory cells. During the program operation, threshold voltages of the selected memory cells may be shifted to a higher threshold voltage, while threshold voltages of unselected memory cells may remain unchanged.
However, because control gates of the floating gate transistors in the same row are connected to a corresponding word line, a program voltage may be applied to both selected and unselected memory cells when the program voltage is applied to a selected word line. Accordingly, the unselected memory cells positioned along the same word line, especially memory cells adjacent to the selected word line, may be unintentionally programmed. Unintended programming of unselected memory cells may be called "program disturbance."
Techniques for preventing program disturbance may include, for example, program-inhibit methods using a self-boosting scheme and a local self-boosting scheme. Exemplary program-inhibit methods using a self-boosting scheme are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,873, entitled "METHODS OF PROGRAMMING FLASH EEPROM INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MEMORY DEVICES TO PREVENT INADVERTENT PROGRAMMING OF NONDESIGNATED NAND MEMORY CELLS THEREIN," and U.S. Pat. No. 5,991,202, entitled "METHOD FOR REDUCING PROGRAM DISTURB DURING SELF-BOOSTING IN A NAND FLASH MEMORY." Exemplary program-inhibit methods using a local self-boosting scheme are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,715,194, entitled "BIAS SCHEME OF PROGRAM INHIBIT FOR RANDOM PROGRAMMING IN A NAND FLASH MEMORY," and U.S. Pat. No. 6,061,270, entitled "METHOD FOR PROGRAMMING A NON-VOLATILE MEMORY DEVICE WITH PROGRAM DISTURB CONTROL." The program-inhibit method using the local self-boosting scheme may be suitable for increasing a channel boosting voltage of a program-inhibited memory cell transistor, as compared to the program-inhibit method using the self-boosting scheme. Therefore, the program-inhibit method using the local self-boosting scheme has been widely used to program multi-level cells.
However, despite utilization of the above-referenced program-inhibit methods, program disturbance remains a factor as flash memory devices become more highly integrated. This is because the intervals between memory cells and between signal lines are reduced when the degree of integration increases. In other words, the probability increases that coupling may arise. As a result, the program disturbance may affect not only selected memory cells and unselected memory cells in the same word line, but also memory cells in the same string as selected memory cells.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Flash memory device and program method of flash memory device using different voltages


In one embodiment, a user of a client device may selectively share personal data with web companies. The personal data may be shared directly via transmission by the client device to the web companies. Alternatively, the personal data may be shared with the web companies via a personal data sharing system that collects and maintains personal data associated with users. The personal data sharing system may reward the user for sharing their personal data with the web companies.

The disclosed embodiments relate generally to computer-implemented methods and apparatus for sharing personal information.
Most Internet users browse online without concern for their electronic privacy. However, web sites can collect a vast amount of personal information on Internet users. For example, web sites may obtain information such as the location, name, email address, and shopping habits of users. Often, web sites acquire this information through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses or Web browser cookies.
Personal information collected by web sites is extremely valuable. Web sites may use the personal information they acquire to develop new products, as well as guide marketing decisions for existing products. Without access to this personal information, many companies would struggle to determine the interests and preferences of their online audience and customers.

Method and system for sharing personal information with web sites


An application development assistance system in which optimal security measures can be taken at positions in need of security measures under an application development environment using a flow diagram analyzes an input application description file and outputs application data information and module information. A data importance level judgment unit decides importance levels of data exchanged between modules on the basis of the application data information. A module exploitability judgment unit decides an exploitability score of each module on the basis of the module information and exploitability information read out from a module exploitability database; and a security function disposal position judgment unit decides disposal positions of security functions on the basis of data importance level information decided by the data importance level judgment unit, the exploitability score of each module decided by the module exploitability judgment unit, and security measure information read out from a security measure information database.

The present invention relates to technologies for assisting application developments under a software development circumstance using flow diagrams, and particularly to a technology effective for security measures of applications.
In software developments, it becomes possible to realize an environment under which even an inexperienced programmer can develop applications comparatively easily by adopting a programming language in which descriptions are made using flow diagrams. On the other hand, because appropriate security measures are not taken, how to secure the securities of developed applications is an important problem to be solved.
As a background art in this technological field, there is Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-331383, for example. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-331383 discloses a system security design/evaluation assistance tool deriving an assurance level of security for each of components of a subject system operating on an information processing apparatus and made up of one or more components, the system security design/evaluation assistance tool including: a threat-to-component correspondence table storing therein association relations between threats assumed by the subject system and security functions provided by the target system; a risk-value table storing therein information about risk values showing the magnitudes of the risks of the respective threats; a component contribution ratio table storing therein information about the magnitudes of the effects of the security functions provided by the components that counters the respective threats; a risk-to-assurance level association relation table storing therein association relations between risk values and assurance levels required corresponding to the risk values; a table link/usage unit specifying the coordination relations among the threat-to-component association relation table, the risk-value table, the component contribution ratio table, and the risk-to-assurance level association relation table on the basis of duplicated items among the respective tables; and a component assurance level derivation unit deriving the assurance levels of the respective components corresponding to the risk values of the threats that the security functions of the components counter by weighting the risk values of the threats with the component contribution ratios on the basis of the coordination relations among the respective tables.
In addition, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2019-148859 discloses a computer program for causing a computer apparatus to execute: (A) presenting one or more second node candidates, which are one or more candidates of a second node, in the case where a first node is selected regarding a flow being edited under a model development environment using a flow diagram, wherein the first node is any node corresponding to one type of the type of an input node and the type of an output node, and the second node is a node corresponding to the first node among nodes corresponding to any type of the other type of the type of the input node and the type of the output node and the type of an input/output node which can serve as both input node and output node; and (B) presenting one or more partial flow candidates, which are one or more candidates of a partial flow between the first node and the second node in the case where any second node candidate is selected as the second node from the one or more second node candidates.
Furthermore, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2017-522667 discloses an apparatus including: a communication module in which at least one of a memory and a processor is implemented and that is configured to electronically communicate with a client device and a set of resources; a policy definition module configured to define a resource reliability criterion for each resource of the set of resources on the basis of (1) a threat reliability vector associated with a set of risk mitigation scores corresponding to each threat of a set of threats and (2) a set of resource exploitability scores corresponding to each threat of the set of threats; and a policy application module configured to (1) receive each signal showing an authentication request associated with each resource of the set of resources via the communication module and (2) define a resource reliability value for each resource of the set of resources on the basis of the threat reliability vector associated with the authentication request and the set of resource exploitability scores, wherein the policy application module is configured to (1) compare the resource reliability value for each resource of the set of resources with the resource reliability criterion for each resource of the set of resources and (2) transmit a signal showing an affirmative authentication via the communication module when the resource reliability criterion for each resource of the set of resources is satisfied so that the client device is allowed to access to each resource.

Application development assistance system and application development assistance method


A method for anomaly detection in process control environments is provided. The method includes receiving a first information from first field devices located within a process control environment, and transmitting a first vector based on the first information, to a first detector implemented within an edge node that provides gateway access to the environment. The first detector implements a first classifier model. When the first detector detects an anomaly event based on the first vector, a second vector is transmitted to a second detector implemented within a cloud based server. The second vector, different from the first vector, is generated based on second information from second field devices located within the process control environment. The second detector implements a second classifier model different from the first classifier model. An anomaly event alert is generated when one of the first detector and the second detector detects an anomaly event.

Process control systems seek to implement comprehensive and cost effective strategies for improving process efficiencies and controlling product output quality. In absence of continuous monitoring of a process environment, process deviations or anomalies within the process environment can result in catastrophic consequences either in terms of damage suffered by the process environment, or in terms of failure to maintain product or process quality (which failures may eventually only be detected during product quality control testing—by which time significant irrecoverable expenditures of manufacturing and manpower resources have already been made).
Industrial plants respond to this need by implementing solutions such as a distributed control system (DCS) to control process operations by the use of control elements placed throughout the process environment. The DCS may be connected to various field devices such as measurement and control devices for pressure, temperature and flow in order to measure various parameters related to a process environment. The DCS is operated by operators who monitor real-time values transmitted from field devices and control these devices and the process environment. The DCS may also rely on field operators who perform various tasks in physical equipment present in the industrial plant, and are responsible for identifying risks and mitigating them in physical equipment present in the plant.
A significant drawback with approaches such as the one described above is that they rely on human monitoring and human attention to potential anomalies or error events, to determine whether readings from field devices/sensors are in fact reflective of an error state. Given the size of process environments within a typical industrial plant and given the complexity of equipment involved, this is increasingly difficult to ensure.
There is accordingly an on-going need in the process control industry for reducing the reliance on human intervention for detecting error states, and for improving machine intelligence based detection of anomalies and error states within process environments.
Further, previous solutions for implementing machine intelligence based anomaly detection have typically relied on centralized server based implementations of classifier algorithms—which have a large computing footprint, and result in significant communication overhead arising from bandwidth requirements for ensuring real time data communication between field devices within the process environment and classifier models implemented on the centralized server or cloud.
While edge computing offers potential solutions for reducing communication overhead in comparison with a typical cloud based server-client model, the overall computing overheads (especially processor and memory overheads) involved in implementing machine learning methods at edge nodes makes such implementations unrealistic and difficult to achieve and replicate at each edge node.
There is accordingly also a requirement for machine learning based anomaly detection solutions that reduce the overall computing overheads while simultaneously improving accuracy of such anomaly detection.

Systems, methods and computer program products for anomaly detection


A fabrication method of an optical fiber using as a core material tellurite glass. The method includes a first process of molding a tellurite glass melt into a mold, the mold having a plurality of convex portions defining an inner wall, which portions run parallel to each other in a longitudinal direction in order to make a polygon columnar glass preform, and a second process of inserting the glass preform into a cylindrical jacket tube made of tellurite glass and carrying out fiber-drawing under pressure so as to maintain or enlarge air holes which are gaps generated between the glass preform and the jacket tube.

Recently, studies of increasing capacity of optical communication systems have been made because of the explosive growth in communication demand due to a rapid proliferation of the Internet, and to the demand for cost reduction of optical communication systems. In addition to time division multiplexing transmission systems which have been studied as means for increasing the capacity, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems, which transmit signal lights with different wavelengths by multiplexing them onto a single optical fiber, have been developed and spread at an increasingly fast pace. The WDM transmission systems can multiplex signals with different modulation schemes, and expand the systems using new wavelengths, thereby being able to construct more flexible optical communication systems.
To expand the scale and to improve the functions of a WDM transmission network more flexibly, functional optical devices such as wavelength conversion devices, high-speed optical switches and supercontinuum lightwave sources are essential. In the development of the functional optical devices, nonlinear optical devices have been studied intensively which utilize the nonlinear effect in optical fibers.
The amount of production of the nonlinear effect in an optical fiber is proportional to a nonlinear optical coefficient γ. The nonlinear optical coefficient γ has the following relationship between an effective core cross sectional area Aeff and a nonlinear refractive index n2.γ∞n2/Aeff Accordingly, to achieve a large nonlinearity, it is necessary to use an optical material with a large nonlinear refractive index n2 and to make Aeff small. Here, the effective core cross sectional area Aeff is given by the following expression (for example, see non-patent document 1).
      A    eff    =                    (                              ∫                          -              ∞                        ∞                                                        ∫                              -                ∞                            ∞                                                                                                                      F                                                              (                                              x                        ,                        y                                            )                                                                                        2                                                          ⅆ                x                                                          ⅆ                y                                                    )            2                      ∫                  -          ∞                ∞                                    ∫                      -            ∞                    ∞                                                                                          F                                                  (                                      x                    ,                    y                                    )                                                                    4                                          ⅆ            x                                          ⅆ            y
Many of the silica glass nonlinear optical fibers currently reported increase the nonlinear refractive index of the silica glass itself by doping germanium or the like to the core to increase the nonlinearity, and decrease the effective core cross sectional area by increasing the relative refractive-index difference by doping fluorine to the cladding. In addition, to produce the nonlinear effect at high efficiency in the optical telecommunication window, the zero dispersion wavelength of the optical fibers must be set at 1.2 μm-1.7 μm to fulfill the phase matching conditions.
As for the silica fiber, however, its zero-material dispersion wavelength is about 1.2 μm, and it is difficult to shift the zero-material dispersion wavelength greatly by a dopant. Thus, a method is used which brings the wavelength dispersion value at the 1.55 μm band close to zero by optimizing the structural parameters of the optical fiber (see non-patent document 2, for example).
On the other hand, optical fibers called photonic crystal fiber (abbreviated to PCF from now on) or holy fiber (abbreviated to HF from now on) are now reported which mainly use silica glass and have many air holes formed in the longitudinal direction inside the silica fiber intentionally (see non-patent document 3, for example).
Employing the fiber structure having such air holes can provide a variety of characteristics that cannot be achieved by optical fibers with a conventional core-cladding structure, and hence applications to optical fibers with high nonlinearity are expected.
However, a silica based PCF or HF having a zero dispersion wavelength of 1.2 μm-1.7 μm and high nonlinearity has not yet been implemented. In addition, although the silica glass is superior in the transparency, since its nonlinearity is not so large, it generally lengthens the interaction length to ensure the interaction length needed for the nonlinear effect. For example, long optical fibers of several hundred meters are used sometimes. Thus, realizing more compact nonlinear optical devices with higher efficiency have been much needed which uses optical materials with higher nonlinearity.
Recently, on the other hand, technology development efforts have been conducted for applying tellurite EDFAs (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers) to an optical communication field. The tellurite refers to tellurite based glass that is predominantly composed of TeO2. The tellurite EDFA, which consists of a erbium-doped tellurite fiber formed by doping erbium to tellurite based glass, is an amplifier that amplifies light by guiding the light wave through the optical fiber by several tens of meters. Using the tellurite EDFA enables the lumped amplification of the wavelength band from 1.53 μm to 1.61 μm which is twice or more wider than the wavelength band from 1.53 μm to 1.56 μm that can be amplified by a conventional silica based EDFA or fluoride EDFA (see non-patent document 1). Furthermore, using the tellurite EDFA enables the fabrication of amplifiers at a wavelength in the 1.6 μm band (see non-patent document 4). Accordingly, the tellurite EDFAs attract attention to be EDFAs for future ultra large capacity WDM systems.
As shown in FIG. 1, the cross section of an optical fiber 4 for an optical amplifier composed of conventional tellurite glass includes a circular core 1 placed at its center, a cladding 2 covering the core's surroundings concentrically, and a jacket 3 further cloaking the cladding's surroundings concentrically. FIG. 2 shows a refractive-index profile of the optical fiber 4. Assume that the difference between the refractive index of the core 1 and the refractive index of the cladding 2 is Δ1, the difference between the refractive index of the core 1 and the refractive index of the jacket 3 is Δ3, and the difference between the refractive index of the cladding 2 and the refractive index of the jacket 3 is Δ2, then Δ1 is much greater than Δ2, thereby strongly confining the light within the core 1.
In the optical fiber 4, the core 1 is doped with a dopant so that the refractive index of the core 1 is sufficiently greater than the refractive index of the cladding 2. Thus, a light beam travels through the core 1 with carrying out total reflection at the interface between the core 1 and cladding 2. In addition, the dispersion can be controlled to some extent by varying the refractive index of the core 1 and the diameter of core 1. However, the single mode condition is not met when the diameter of the core 1 is increased. This results in a multi-mode optical fiber having a plurality of modes, which deteriorates the transmission characteristics. In contrast, when the diameter of the core 1 is decreased, matching of connection with other devices cannot be made. For these reasons, it is impossible for the conventional tellurite glass optical fiber to establish the control range of the dispersion.
Since the tellurite glass has large third order nonlinearity (see, non-patent document 5), it is expected to apply the tellurite glass to such as pulse compression, optical parametric amplification (OPA), and third harmonic generation (THG). Here, the wavelength at which the material dispersion value of the tellurite glass becomes zero is located at a wavelength band longer than 2 μm.
The wavelength dispersion value of a high NA (Numerical Aperture) fiber used for an optical amplifier at 1.55 μm band is usually of the order of −100 ps/km/nm. Accordingly, the wavelength dispersion value becomes a large value of the order of −1 ps/nm even when a short optical fiber of about 10 m is used.
To apply the optical fiber to a long distance, or to high-speed wavelength division multiplexing transmission, it is necessary to bring the wavelength dispersion value of the optical fiber as close to zero as possible. In contrast, the zero dispersion wavelength of the tellurite glass optical fiber is at the wavelength band beyond 2 μm as mentioned above. Accordingly, the tellurite glass optical fiber cannot make the wavelength dispersion value zero at the 1.55 μm band even if the optimum technique based on the well-known structural dispersion is used which is applied to silica fibers.
Therefore it is difficult to implement the foregoing application in the present optical fiber telecommunication window by utilizing the high nonlinearity of the tellurite glass.
The above-mentioned PCF (or HF) is divided into two types according to the waveguide principle. One of them is a photonic bandgap PCF that confines a light beam by a photonic bandgap. The PCF has a structure including a periodic air hole disposition and a uniform air hole size. The other of them is a refractive index waveguide PCF that confines a light beam by the total reflection achieved by effective refractive index of a medium having air holes. The refractive index waveguide PCF has a structure that does not necessarily have the periodic air hole disposition or the uniform air hole size.
Such PCF or HF can make the refractive index difference greater than the conventional optical fiber by an order of magnitude, thereby being able to achieve large structural dispersion. Because of the structural dispersion, the silica based PCF or HF has its zero dispersion wavelength shifted to a shorter wavelength side. M. J. Gander et al. empirically measured dispersion characteristics of a silica glass optical fiber consisting of a core without air holes and a cladding having air holes disposed hexagonally, and disclosed the results in the non-patent document 6. According to the document, the dispersion value at the 813 nm band was about −77 ps/km/nm. In addition, Birks et al. calculate the dispersion of a PCF, an optical fiber composed of a single material, and advocate the effect of the dispersion compensation of the PCF in the non-patent document 7. Thus, the PCF structure or HF structure is expected to be one of the dispersion compensation methods of tellurite glass optical fibers.
N. G. R. Broderick et al. disclosed fibers with a PCF structure or HF structure using multi-component glass in the patent document 1. The document refers to the tellurite glass as an example of the multi-component glass, and shows that it is a composition of components selected from Na2O, Li2O, Al2O3, CaO, Ga2O3, GeO2, As2O3, SrO2, Y2O3, Sb2O5, In2O3, ZnO, BaO, La2O3, TeO2 and TiO2. However, the patent document 1 does not refer to the thermal stability or nonlinear characteristics of the glass or to the dispersion of the tellurite fiber.
E. S. Hu et al. designed a PCF structure or HF structure using the tellurite glass, and disclosed fibers that shift the zero dispersion wavelength to 1.55 μm in the non-patent document 8. The document discloses that three different PCF structures or HF structures were formed using tellurite glass with a zero-material dispersion wavelength of 1.7 μm, and that each structure was able to shift the zero dispersion wavelength to 1.55 μm. As for the fibers disclosed in the non-patent document 8, however, since the tellurite glass used have low nonlinear susceptibility, and the zero-material dispersion wavelength is 1.7 μm, the optical confinement within the core region is insufficient, and hence it is impossible to obtain sufficiently large nonlinearity (the nonlinear coefficient γ reported was 260 W−1km−1 at the maximum).
The tellurite glass has large third order nonlinearity. Accordingly, systems utilizing optical fibers composed of the tellurite glass having the high nonlinearity have been studied. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, it has been proposed to utilize an optical fiber 8, which has a core 5 and a cladding 6 composed of tellurite glass, for optical amplification such as a Raman amplifier (see non-patent document 9, for example).
In addition, the limit at which the gain is achieved on the longer wavelength side of the tellurite EDFA is increased by 7-9 nm compared with a silica based EDFA or fluoride EDFA. This enables an amplifier at a 1.6 μm band wavelength which cannot be utilized conventionally (see non-patent document 4, for example). Consequently, the tellurite EDFAs attract attention as EDFAs in the future super large capacity WDM transmission systems.
Fibers using the tellurite glass have been applied to Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers or Raman amplifiers, and implement wideband amplifiers (see non-patent document 1 and non-patent document 8). The tellurite glass has nonlinear effect 10 or more times greater than that of the silica glass, and at the same time implements low loss fibers with a loss of 20 dB/km in the application to the Raman amplifier. Thus, the tellurite glass has wideband optical amplification characteristics and high transparency. In addition, the tellurite glass has large optical nonlinear susceptibility χ3 (see non-patent document 5, for example). Accordingly, nonlinear devices are expected which are more compact and have higher efficiency than ever.
However, it is difficult for the tellurite glass optical fibers to satisfy the phase matching condition between the pumping light and the 1.55 μm band signal light, which is the optical telecommunication window, because the wavelength at which the material dispersion becomes zero is located in a wavelength band longer than 2 μm, thereby making it difficult to utilize the nonlinearity positively. For example, the tellurite glass optical fibers used for optical amplifiers have a wavelength dispersion value of about −100 ps/km/nm at the wavelength 1.55 μm.
A dispersion-shifted optical fiber or dispersion compensation optical fiber controls the dispersion by increasing the relative refractive-index difference between the core and the cladding by applying the structure of the conventional optical fiber. Applying the method to the tellurite glass optical fiber, however, causes the zero dispersion wavelength to be further shifted to a longer wavelength side. Accordingly, it is very difficult for the tellurite glass optical fiber to implement the zero dispersion at the 1.55 μm band which is the optical telecommunication window. As a result, a communication system cannot be implemented which utilizes the optical fiber composed of the tellurite glass with high nonlinearity.
As for a fabrication method, an extrusion process is reported as a fabrication method of a photonic crystal fiber or holy fiber composed of oxide glass other than the silica-based glass (see non-patent document 10, and non-patent document 11). The extrusion process fabricates a preform having air holes by heating fabricated bulk glass to a high temperature at which it has deformable viscosity, and by pressing it into a mold, followed by extruding it. It is difficult for the extrusion process to fabricate a low loss fiber because the glass is kept at a high temperature for a long time and undergoes deformation, and hence crystal nuclei are apt to grow in the glass. Accordingly, loss values of fibers disclosed in the non-patent documents 10 and 11 each exceed 1000 dB/km, and no fibers have been implemented which have a loss usable as practical devices.
Patent document 1: EP1313676, USP2003/0161599 "Holy optical fiber of non-silica based glass" Southampton University.
Patent document 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2003-149464.
Patent document 3: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-356719.
Non-patent document 1: A. Mori, Y. Ohishi, M. Yamada, H. Ono, Y. Nishida, K. Oikawa, and S. Sudo, "1.5 μm broadband amplifier by tellurite-based DFAs", in OFC'97, 1997, Paper PD1.
Non-patent document 2: Shojiro Kawakami, Kazuo Shiraishi, and Masaharu Oohashi, "Optical fiber and fiber mold devices", Baifuukan, Inc. p. 97.
Non-patent document 3: A. Bjarklev, et al., "Photo Crystal Fibers The State of The Art", Holy fibers Symposium vol. 1.1, ECOC2002.
Non-patent document 4: A. Mori, Y. Ohishi, M. Yamada, H. Ono and S. Sudo, "Broadband amplification characteristics of tellurite-based EDFAs", in ECOC'97, vol. 3, 1997, Paper We2C.4, pp. 135-138.
Non-patent document 5: S. Kim, T. Yoko and S. Sakka, "Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of TeO2 Glass", J. Am. Ceram. Soc., Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 2486-2490, 1993.
Non-patent document 6: M. J. Gander, R. McBride, J. D. C. Jones, D. Mogilevtsev, T. A. Birks, J. C. Knigth, and P. St. J. Russell, "Experimental measurement of group velocity dispersion in photonic crystal fibre", Electron. Lett., January 1999, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 63-64.
Non-patent document 7: T. A. Birks, D. Mogilevtsev, J. C. Knight, P. St. J. Russell, "Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber" Opt. Lett. 22, 1997, pp. 961-963.
Non-patent document 8: ECOC2002 nonlinearity-Parametric Amplifiers 3.2.3 "Design of Highly-Nonlinear tellurite fibers with Zero Dispersion Near 1550 nm" Stanford University.
Non-patent document 9: "Journal of Lightwave Technology", 2003, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 1300-1306.
Non-patent document 10: P. Petropoulos, et al., "Soliton-self-frequency-shift effects and pulse compression in an anomalously dispersive high nonlinearity lead silicate holy fiber", PD3-1, OFC2003.
Non-patent document 11: V. V. Ravi Kanth Kunth, et al., "Tellurite glass photonic crystal fiber" PD3 ECOC2003.
Non-patent document 12: Gorachand Ghosh, "Sellmeier Coefficients and Chromatic Dispersions for Some Tellurite Glasses", J. Am. Soc., 78(10) 2828-2830, 1995.
Non-patent document 13: "Photonics Technology Letters", 1999, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 674-676.
Non-patent document 14: A. Mori, et al., "Ultra-wideband tellurite-Based Raman fibre amplifier", Electronics Letter vol. 37, No. 24, pp. 1442-1443, 2001.
Non-patent document 15: Govind P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear Fiber Optics", 2nd edition, Academic Press, pp. 42-43

Tellurite optical fiber and production method thereof

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