The multilevel memory device has a memory section containing cells that can be programmed with a predetermined number of levels greater than two, i.e., a multilevel array, and a memory section containing cells that can be programmed with two levels, i.e., a bilevel array. The multilevel array is used for storing high-density data, for which speed of reading is not essential, for example for storing the operation code of the system including the memory device. On the other hand, the bilevel array is used for storing data for which high speed and reliability of reading is essential, such as the BIOS of personal computers, and the data to be stored in a cache memory. The circuitry parts dedicated to programming, writing of test instructions, and all the functions necessary for the operation of the memory device, can be common to both arrays.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a memory device. The invention is applicable to a flash memory, and may also be used in any type of memory; for example, it can advantageously be applied to a nonvolatile memory, such as an EPROM, EEPROM, and other types of memories.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is known, multilevel flash memories allow storing more than one bit inside each memory cell. Thereby, the capacity (storage density) of the memory is increased, the dimensions of the memory are reduced, and the storing cost per megabit is reduced.
Currently commercially available multilevel memories have dimensions of up to 256 Mbits (memories with NAND configuration), and up to 128 Mbits (memory with NOR configuration). The currently used multilevel memories have 2 bits per cell, allowing the threshold voltage of the cell to be modified within four separate distributions, as shown in FIG. 1. Devices have been proposed, some of which are at the design stage, that can store 6 or more bits, corresponding to 64 or more separate distributions.
Despite the advantages associated with the greater data capacity, present multilevel flash memories have the problem that data reading is difficult. In particular, when the number of bits per cell is increased, the performances are correspondingly deteriorated, as regards to access time and reliability. In fact, the need to distinguish more distributions than bilevel devices, (which have only two storage slates) requires greater sensitivity of the reading system, which must be able to distinguish two currents differing for a few micro Amps, compared with the tens of micro Amps of bilevel cells. This results in a longer access time, irrespective of the adopted reading system, whether parallel or serial, of the current or threshold type. FIG. 2 shows for example the current distribution as a function of gate-source voltage of memory cells programmed with two bits, read using a current system with a constant gate voltage (Vr), wherein the two bits stored in a cell to be read are detected by comparing the current supplied by the cell to be read, with three current references Irif1, Irif2, Irif3.
Consequently, reading a multilevel cell is intrinsically slower than reading a bilevel cell, specifically because of the greater accuracy required during reading. For example, the access time for a bilevel, 32 Mbit flash memory is less than 80 ns, whereas the access time for a multilevel memory with the same dimensions, with two bits per cell, is approximately 120 ns.
Consequently, the advantage due to the reduction of dimensions and costs of multilevel memories is obtained at the expense of speed and reliability. This situation is particularly disadvantageous in case of memories designed to store both information, for which a high speed and reliability is required, and information, for which a high capacity is more important. This is the case, for example, of memories storing both device operating codes, and data.
It should be noted that multilevel devices produced specifically for reducing storage costs per Mbit are advantageous only for large memory reductions; in fact, the additional circuitry necessary for accomplishing the greater accuracy required for carrying out memory reading and programming reduces the efficiency xcex7ar of the device defined as:       η    ar    =            A      cel              A      dev
wherein Acel is the area occupied solely by the memory cells of the device, and Adev is the area occupied by the entire device.
With the present technologies, to obtain good efficiency, it is therefore necessary for the device to have dimensions of at least 64 Mbits. These devices are advantageous in particular for storing codes, which can be read sequentially and not randomly, for example by burst reading, which, at the expense of an initial delay known as latency, can subsequently reach reading speeds higher than 50 MHz. In this case, however, the data reading, which takes place randomly, is disadvantageous.
Another example of devices having conflicting requirements in different parts, are boot devices, which generally have a sector read directly when the system that includes the memory is switched on, such as for the BIOS of personal computers. In this case, it is important for the reading time to access the sector of the BIOS to be as short as possible, without however reducing the data storage capacity. The same applies to memory devices provided with an operative part such as a cache memory, for which a high reading speed is required, and with a part designed for storing large data or codes information.
According to principles of the present invention, a memory device allowing rapid, reliable reading of information stored in part of the memory, and yielding a high information storage density in another part of the memory is provided.
According to the present invention, a nonvolatile memory device is provided having a memory matrix with two portions, a first portion in which memory cells store M bits, and a second memory portion in which memory cells store N bits. The relative size of each portion can be established at manufacture or, preferably, a circuit is provided so that the relative size of each portion can be modified as selected by a user. For such a memory device, some of the memory access circuitry is common to both portions of the array, thus conserving space over having two separate memories. For example, the common portions may be the input and output pads. For increased savings in space, the common portions may also include one or more of the row decoder, the column decoder, the sense amplifier circuitry, the program and erase circuitry, and the input and output logic.

Nonvolatile memory device, having parts with different access time, reliability, and capacity


Methods, apparatus, and processor-readable storage media for incorporating data into search engines using deep learning mechanisms are provided herein. An example computer-implemented method includes extracting one or more features from a search query by applying one or more machine learning algorithms to the search query; generating one or more word vectors by applying at least one deep learning technique to the one or more extracted features; mapping the one or more generated word vectors to one or more words from a corpus of data by implementing at least one deep similarity network; and outputting one or more results in response to the search query, wherein the one or more results are based at least in part on the one or more words from the corpus to which the one or more generated word vectors were mapped.

The Internet's potential as a significant revenue-generating tool can be more efficiently realized if users can receive more precise and relevant results from Internet search queries. However, conventional query processing approaches face various challenges in providing precise and relevant results. For example, users performing Internet searches related to computer-related products or services may possess varying ranges of technological know-how, resulting in search queries that can contain a wide variety of terminology. Additionally, even in search queries that contain technologically-accurate terminology, the user may include additional language that can be unnecessary and/or irrelevant, which can also lead to inaccurate results.

Incorporating data into search engines using deep learning mechanisms


A detachable seat includes an elongate support bar including a first bracket and a second bracket each positioned adjacent opposing ends of the elongate support bar, a seat support frame including a first support member and a second support member affixed to the first support member, a hinge pivotally connecting the first support member to the elongate support bar, a seat mounted on the second support member, the seat support frame and the seat pivoting around the elongate support bar upon pivotal movement of the first support member, and a retaining arm affixed to and extending from the elongate support bar adjacent the first bracket, the retaining arm including a plurality of alignment apertures formed along a length thereof.

It is often desirable or necessary to be positioned at an elevated location for periods of time; for example, when working or hunting from an elevated location. In order to be comfortable and to function effectively for relatively long periods of time, it may be preferable to be in a seated position. However, it may also be necessary or desirable to be able to turn or pivot while sitting in an elevated location. For example, when hunting from an elevated position, one may wish to turn bodily to position himself to view different areas. It is also desirable that any seat or similar support be portable, and configured for attachment to a rigid support at multiple locations. Thus, there exists a need for a seat that is readily attachable to a rigid upright member, such as the leg of a ladder that allows a seated individual to turn without dismounting the seat.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Midkine (MK), which is a retinoic acid-inducible heparin-binding growth factor, enhances neutrophilic migration and exists in an inflammatory state at a high concentration. The midkine or its inhibitors can be used for treating neutrophilic functional disorders or inflammatory diseases.

Neutrophils, which is a type of granulocytes, have migratory, phagocytic, and microbicidal activities, and play important roles in biological protection against infectious agents such as bacteria or fungi. There are some diseases associated with neutrophils.
Neutrophilic functional disorders, in which one or more of the above-mentioned biological activities of neutrophils are impaired, include, for example, lazy-leukocyte (chemotaxis-deficient leukocyte) syndrome, one of the neurotaxis deficient diseases. In patients affected with this syndrome, neutrophils are markedly decreased in number in the peripheral blood, and their migratory activity is impaired, although they are present at a normal level in the bone marrow. Patients suffering from neutrophilic functional disorders are very few, and drugs applicable to the disorders are so far not commercially available.
Another example of the diseases associated with neutrophils is inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory reaction is a biological protection to tissue damages caused by inflammatory stimulation (e.g., foreign bodies such as bacteria or others, and physicochemical stimulation, etc.). The inflammatory reaction basically removes harmful stimulation from the living body and restores local tissue structures and functions. The activated inflammatory system is, however, toxic to normal tissues and cells, and the strongly expressed inflammatory reaction should be suppressed.
The inflammatory reaction includes three major processes; 1) increment of blood supply to infected sites; 2) enhancement of vascular permeability due to the reaction in vascular endothelial cells; and 3) mobilization of leukocytes, specifically, neutrophils and some macrophages, from capillaries to tissues, and subsequent migration to infected sites. These processes result in accumulation and infiltration of neutrophils as well as macrophages at their target sites. Thus repressing the neutrophilic functions has been believed to be effective for controlling the inflammatory reaction.
Various anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed. They are categorized into two groups, non-specific anti-inflammatory drugs (steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and specific anti-inflammatory drugs (anti-rheumatic drugs, anti-podagric drugs, immunosuppressants, etc.). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) are used mainly, and anti-rheumatic drugs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, DMARDs) and steroidal drugs are used secondarily, in chemotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, NSAIDs cause acute gastric mucosal lesions (AGML), and are thus often used in the form of prodrugs to avoid AGML.
Recently, midkine (MK) has been identified as a heparin-binding polypeptide with the molecular weight of 13 kDa and a retinoic acid-inducible gene product. Reported midkine functions include maintaining and differentiating embryonic nerve cells and enhancing neurite extension; promoting division of specific cell lines (Muramatsu, H. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177: 652-658, 1991; and Michikawa, M. et al., J. Neurosci. Res. 35: 530-539, 1993; Muramatsu, H. et al., Dev. Biol. 159: 392-402, 1993); regulating embryonic development (Kadomatsu, K. et al., J. Cell. Biol. 110: 607-616, 1990; Mitsiadis, T. A. et al., Development 121: 37-51, 1995); etc. Furthermore, anti-midkine antibody reportedly inhibits dentition in vitro (Mitsiadis, T. A. et al, J. Cell. Biol. 129: 267-281, 1995).
It has been revealed that midkine plays crucial roles in restoration of damaged tissues and some diseases. The expression patterns of midkine were investigated in various human carcinomas. The studies revealed that midkine expression is elevated in various cancers including stomach cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, thoracic cancer, and liver cancer (Tsutsui, J. et al., Cancer Res. 53: 1281-1285, 1993; Aridome, K. et al., Jap. J. Cancer Res. 86: 655-661, 1995; and Garver, R. I. et al., Cancer 74: 1584-1590, 1994). The high-level expression of midkine correlates with unfavorable prognoses in patients affected with neuroblastoma (Nakagawara, A. et al., Cancer Res. 55: 1792-1797, 1995). Midkine accumulates in senile plaques of most patients with Altzheimer's disease (Yasuhara, O. et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192: 246-251, 1993). Midkine is expressed in regions with edema at early stages of cerebral infarction (Yoshida, Y. et al., Dev. Brain Res. 85: 25-30, 1995). These findings indicate that midkine may be associated with restoration of damaged tissues and tissue abnormalities that are signs of some diseases.

Agents comprising midkine or an inhibitor thereof as active ingredient


The present invention relates to a toy device designed for illustrating mathematical concepts, with the toy device made from any of a variety of flexible materials. The toy device will have at least one outer edge and at least one inner edge, as well as, two cuts, so that when the toy device is played with by a child, various mathematical concepts can be illustrated.

Mathematics can be a difficult subject to teach children, as the material is rather abstract and difficult to understand. In particular, concepts such as lines, squares, and tangents can be abstract and not easily understood by children. Additionally, mathematical concepts such as length, width, parameter, area, circumference, radius, diameter, and parallel segments are not easily understood by children. Therefore, it would be desirable to have a device which would be useful in teaching children different mathematical concepts.
Toys are entertaining devices and games which provide pleasure to children and adults. In particular, children often play with toys for entertainment, but can also learn from such play activities. As such, it would be desirable to have a toy which could be educational, and in particular teach children and adults mathematical concepts while providing them with pleasure and entertainment.

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A toy washing and disinfecting device for washing and disinfecting a variety of toys, particularly at locations such as doctors waiting rooms and child care facilities where large numbers of children can come in contact with the toys. To increase the likelihood of use, the toy washing and disinfector device functions automatically in the manner of a dishwasher.

Because disease can be transmitted through contact with physical items such as toys, it would be desirable to have a toy washing and disinfecting device for washing and disinfecting a variety of toys, particularly at locations such as doctors waiting rooms and child care facilities where large numbers of children can come in contact with the toys. To increase the likelihood of use, it would of course be a benefit to have a toy washing and disinfector device that functioned automatically in the manner of a dishwasher.


A state machine is provided with outputs that have programmable delays that enable the state machine to be compatible with a number of different devices. The state machine uses shift register look up tables (SRLs) to provide variable output delays. The state machine can be provided in the BRAM of an FPGA, and can be used to provide control logic in a multi-port memory controller (MPMC). The MPMC with such a state machine can then connect to multiple different types of memory devices either simultaneously or separately.

1. Technical Field
Embodiments of the present invention relate to features of a versatile Multi-Port Memory Controller (MPMC) that can be included in a system to control access to memory from processors, devices, or buses.
2. Related Art
A conventional processor-based system includes a processor along with a memory, and one or more peripheral devices. The memory stores data and instructions for the computing system. The peripheral devices can include components such as graphics cards, keyboard interfaces, and network interface cards. The computing system can include a system bus to facilitate communication among the processor and peripheral devices and the memory.
With memory access provided through a system bus providing for processor and peripheral devices, arbitration must be performed to gain access to ports of the bus. However, on a shared bus, arbitration is a serial process. That is, a component must request bus access, be granted bus access to the exclusion of all other components, and then perform a memory transaction. The bus arbitration overhead may not allow the full bandwidth capabilities of the memory to be utilized. For instance, the memory is not being kept busy during the time when components are requesting and receiving access to the system bus.
Conventional processor-based systems use some form of memory controller in order to access memory devices and provide arbitration to the memory for the processor and peripherals. Requirements for a memory controller to communicate with different type components and bus structures can decrease bandwidth from the normal operation of a bus-based system. To address the need to configure a memory controller to provide maximum bandwidth when used with various processor systems, a programmable logic device such as an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has been used to create the memory controller. FPGAs can be used to provide a wide variety of these memory controllers, including single port and multi port memory controllers.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an FPGA 102 that can be used as a memory controller. The FPGA 102 illustratively comprises programmable or configurable logic circuits or "blocks," shown as CLBs 104, I/O Blocks (IOBs) 106, and programmable interconnects 108, as well as configuration memory 116 for determining the functionality of the FPGA 102. The FPGA 102 may also include an embedded processor block 114, as well as various dedicated internal logic circuits, illustratively shown as blocks of random access memory ("BRAM 110"), and digital clock management (DCM) blocks 112. For a memory controller, the components of the FPGA 102 can be used to control an external memory 150. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the FPGA 102 may include other types of logic blocks and circuits in addition to those described herein.
The IOBs 106, the CLBs 104, and the programmable interconnects 108 may be configured to perform a variety of functions. Notably, the CLBs 104 are programmably connectable to each other, and to the IOBs 106, via the programmable interconnect 108. Each CLB slice in turn includes various circuits, such as flip-flops, function generators (e.g., look-up tables (LUTs)), logic gates, and memory. The IOBs 106 are configured to provide input to, and receive output from, the CLBs 104.
Configuration information for the CLBs 104, the IOBs 106, and the programmable interconnect 108 is stored in the configuration memory 116. The configuration memory 116 can include static random access memory (SRAM) cells. A configuration bit stream to program the configuration memory 116 can be produced from the program memory 120.
The IOBs 106 can include transceiver circuitry configured for communication over any of a variety of media, such as wired, wireless, and photonic, whether analog or digital. The DCM blocks 112 provide well-known clock management circuits for managing clock signals within the FPGA 102, such as delay lock loop (DLL) circuits and multiply/divide/de-skew clock circuits.
The processor block 114 comprises a microprocessor core, and typically associated control logic. Notably, such a microprocessor core may include embedded hardware or embedded firmware or a combination. A soft microprocessor 134 may be implemented using the programmable logic of the FPGA 102 (e.g., CLBs 104 and IOBs 106).
As one example, the FPGA used to make an MPMC can be one selected from the Virtex-4 family of products, commercially available from Xilinx, Inc. of San Jose, Calif.
To enable high data-rate communications (e.g., 1200 megabits per second full duplex), the FPGA can be configured as an MPMC with built-in arbitration logic. A typical MPMC will have a fixed number of ports to communicate with components connecting to a memory device. For example, the MPMC may include a port for communicating directly with a central processing unit (CPU) (e.g., an instruction-side processor local bus) and/or a port for communicating with a system bus.
Current MPMC designs have performance issues because of their fixed or non-flexible implementation or architecture. Notably, the systems have a fixed implementation because the port types cannot be changed, and the number of ports remains fixed. Further, they have a fixed arbitration scheme. The systems tend to have port connections to two buses, one for high-speed entities, and one for low-speed entities. The implementation of each of these entities affects the performance such that the lowest performing device on each bus sets the highest frequency possible on that bus. Some system ports are typically dedicated for connection to a CDMAC to allow for direct memory access. Current systems therefore can suffer performance degradation depending on design constraints.
It is desirable to define topologies to efficiently use the components of an FPGA to develop a memory controller. In particular, it is desirable to provide an MPMC that can allow source code to be efficiently changed dynamically to handle a desired number of ports, while maximizing system performance and providing compatibility with a number of different components including peripherals and memory devices that can be connected to the memory controller.


A method and apparatus for manufacture of duckbill valves in which the opposed lips of the valve are split by applying a high fluid pressure inside the valve. This pressure causes the valve to balloon and burst. Preferably, the valve is supported over all of its outer surface except the end to be split by a die. The system is particularly suited to duckbill valves made of thermoplastic elastomer.

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing duckbill valves, and more particularly to a method of splitting such valves.
Duckbill valves are non-return valves which have a generally tubular body portion, from which two opposed lips extend. The opposed lips contact each other at the ends away from the tubular body. When the fluid pressure at the tubular end of the valve exceeds that outside the lips, the opposed lips open, allowing fluid to flow forwards through the valve. When the fluid pressure is greater outside the lips than inside the tubular body, the lips are pressed tightly in contact with one another, by the fluid pressure, and so prevent fluid from flowing backwards through the valve.
Cross-linked polymer duckbill valves are formed by compression transfer moulding and the polymer is cross-linked in the mould with the opposed lips integrally formed with each other, being joined by a land. The cross linking of the polymer results in an excessive cycle time.

Method and apparatus for the manufacture of duckbill valves


The present disclosure describes a system, method, and computer readable medium for providing information to a receiving party in a communications network. The method includes receiving a message from a sending party and performing a lookup of information relating to the sending party in a database via an Internet Protocol connection. The lookup is based on an identifier of at least one of the sending party and the receiving party. Subsequently, the information is provided to the receiving party based on the availability of the information in the database.

Automatic Number Identification (ANI) is a system utilized by telephone companies to identify the Directory Number (DN) of a calling subscriber. ANI serves a function similar to Caller ID, but may utilize different underlying technology. It is possible that the Caller ID can be blocked by prefixing a call with *67. ANI was originally developed for telephone company billing purposes and is now offered to commercial customers who may benefit from knowing who is calling them. In addition, ANI is one of the core technologies behind the 911 emergency services.
In commercial applications, a user may have an integrated or extraneous display affixed to a telephone. Such a display presents the ANI or telephone number of the calling party. In addition, the display may present the caller's name or calling name, also known as CNAM. The calling party may call or send a message such as a Short Messaging Service (SMS) to a called party. As such, a need exists for providing the calling party information, including the calling party's name along with other information via at least a message or text based service to the called party.

Delivering additional information to receiving parties for text messaging based caller ID


A heavy-duty, harsh environment coaxial connector assembly includes a mounting shell connector including a cylindrical body and an electrically conductive mounting flange extending from the cylindrical body, a plurality of mounting apertures formed in the flange to support the mounting shell connector via a plurality of fasteners extending through the respective mounting apertures, and wherein each of the plurality of fasteners is electrically isolated from the mounting flange.

The field of the invention relates generally to heavy duty, coaxial cable connector assemblies for industrial electrical power systems, and more particularly to a mounting shell assembly for heavy duty, harsh environment coaxial connector assemblies having an isolated electrical ground path.
Conventional heavy duty coaxial cable connector assemblies are known to include a plug coupled to a receptacle each having electrical contacts which are in turn used to interconnect electrical cables in a power system. Certain types of heavy duty coaxial connector assemblies are also specifically configured for use in harsh operating environments, including but not necessarily limited to mines, refineries and petroleum chemical plants, and aerospace applications. Mounting shells are sometimes utilized with such connector assemblies to fix one of the mating connectors to a support such as an electrical panel or chassis which may be electrically grounded. The support or chassis may sometimes be electrically grounded.
While known mounting shells of the type described above are satisfactory in many cases in certain end use applications, they remain disadvantaged in some aspects and improvements are desired.

Heavy duty coaxial cable connector assembly systems and methods with mounting shell ground isolation


A rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun has a pressing tube, an adjusting unit, and a gun body. The pressing tube has a pressing block, a cushion hole, and an abutting portion. The pressing block is formed on and protrudes radially inward from a top portion of the inner surface of the pressing tube. The cushion hole is formed through the top portion of the pressing tube. The abutting portion is formed at the top portion of the pressing tube and is formed on the pressing tube above the cushion hole. The adjusting unit is mounted around the pressing tube and has a force ring and a control knob. The force ring is mounted around the pressing tube, and the control knob is mounted through the force ring. The gun body has an inner barrel mounted through the pressing tube.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a rotation-force adjusting device, and more particularly to a rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun that may prevent a pellet rubbing against and damaging a pressing block of the rotation-force adjusting device.
2. Description of Related Art
With reference to FIGS. 7 and 8, a conventional rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun has a pressing tube 70, an adjusting unit 80, and a gun body 90. The pressing tube 70 is a hollow tube and has an ejecting end 701, a gas inlet end 702, a pressing block 71, and an abutting portion 72. The pressing tube 70 is made of rubber. The pressing block 71 is formed on a top portion of an inner surface of the pressing tube 70 and between the ejecting end 701 and the gas inlet end 702 of the pressing tube 70. The abutting portion 72 is formed on a top portion of the pressing tube 70 and above the pressing block 71.
The adjusting unit 80 is mounted around the pressing tube 70 and has a force ring 81 and a control knob 82. The force ring 81 is mounted around the abutting portion 72 of the pressing tube 70. The force ring 81 has an adjusting block 811 and a screw hole 812. The adjusting block 811 is formed on and protrudes radially from a bottom portion of an outer surrounding surface of the force ring 81. The screw hole 812 is formed through the adjusting block 811. The control knob 82 is a screw, has a rotating disk and a screw rod, the screw rod is formed on and protrudes from a top surface of the rotating disk, the screw rod of the control knob 82 is mounted through the force ring 81 and extends upward into the screw hole 812, and this makes the screw rod of the control knob 82 screwed with the screw hole 812 of the adjusting block 811.
The gun body 90 is mounted around the pressing tube 70 and the adjusting unit 80, and the gun body 90 is positioned with the adjusting unit 80. The gun body 90 has an inner barrel 91, two half-shells 92, and an outer barrel 93. The inner barrel 91 is mounted in the pressing tube 70 via the ejecting end 701 of the pressing tube 70, and this makes an internal of the inner barrel 91 communicate with an internal of the pressing tube 70. The inner barrel 91 is made of metal.
The two half-shells 92 cover a back half segment of the inner barrel 91, the adjusting unit 80, and the pressing tube 70. Each one of the two half-shells 92 has a positioning groove 921, a communicating groove 922, and an adjusting groove 923. The positioning groove 921 is transversely formed through a middle section of the two half-shells 92, and the rotating disk of the control knob 82 is positioned in the two positioning grooves 921 of the two half-shells 92. The communicating groove 922 is formed in the half-shell 92 and communicates with the positioning groove 921, and the adjusting block 811 of the force ring 81 and the screw rod of the control knob 82 are positioned in the two communicating grooves 922 of the two half-shells 92.
The adjusting groove 923 is concaved inward from an upper half segment of the half-shell 92 and communicates with a corresponding communicating groove 922. The adjusting groove 923 is formed on the half-shell 92 above the positioning groove 921 and is arc-shaped, and the force ring 81 of the adjusting unit 80 is located in the two adjusting grooves 923 of the two half-shells 92. The outer barrel 93 is mounted around the two half-shells 92, and the inner barrel 91 is located in the outer barrel 93.
With reference to FIGS. 7 and 9, when the conventional rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun ejects a pellet 60, as the pressing tube 70 is made of rubber and the control knob 82 is mounted through the force ring 81 and extends into the screw hole 812, the rotating disk of the control knob 82 is positioned in the two positioning grooves 921 of the two half-shells 92. When the control knob 82 rotates, as the screw rod of the control knob 82 is screwed with the screw hole 812, this makes the rotating disk of the control knob 82 move upwardly relative to the pressing tube 70 until the control knob 82 abuts a top side of the two positioning grooves 921. The force ring 81 moves toward the control knob 82, and the force ring 81 presses against the abutting portion 72 of the pressing tube 70, so the pressing force is transmitted to the pressing block 71 via the abutting portion 72. When the pellet 60 is ejected and passes through the pressing tube 70, the pellet 60 is forced downwardly when passing through the pressed pressing block 71, and a rotation force is formed with an ejection force and a downward force. Therefore, the pellet 60 is ejected out of the inner barrel 91 in a rotating manner, and this may increase the ejecting length and accuracy of the pellet 60.
However, since a surrounding wall of the pressing tube 70 is solid, when the pressing tube 70 is forced by the force ring 81, a deformation of the abutting portion 72 would affect the pressing block 71 directly, and the pressing block 71 deforms downward. So the pellet 60 is pressed by the pressing block 71, and a rigid contact is formed between the pressing block 71 and the pellet 60. Because the pressing block 71 is made of rubber, in the procedure of ejecting the pellet 60, the pressing block 71 is easily to be damaged due to the friction between the pellet 60 and the pressing block 71. And this would influence the accuracy of the pellet 60 and decrease the ejecting length of the pellet 60, so the conventional rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun should be improved.
To overcome the shortcomings of the conventional rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun, the present invention provides a rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun to mitigate or obviate the aforementioned problems.

Rotation-force adjusting device for a toy gun


The present invention relates to a process for producing crystalline trans-N-[1-(2-fluorophenyl)-S-pyrazoly]-3-ox-ospiro[6-azaisobenzofuran-1(3H),1′-cyclohexane]-4′-carboxamide and novel salts, hydrates and polymorphs thereof.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,345 (issued Jan. 1, 2002) discloses the compound of structural formula I.

Compound I, and its novel polymorphic forms, are NPY5 antagonists useful as agents for the treatment of various diseases related to NPY, including, but not limited to, cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension, nephropathy, heart disease, vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, central nervous system disorders, such as bulimia, depression, anxiety, seizure, epilepsy, dementia, pain, alcoholism, drug withdrawal, metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hormone abnormality, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sexual and reproductive dysfunction, gastrointestinal disorder, respiratory disorder, inflammation and glaucoma.
A novel process for the preparation of Compound I was disclosed in WO 01/14376 (published 1 Mar. 2001). The disclosed coupling process employed EDC-HCl and required the separate free base formation step of the pyrazole salt prior to use. Safety and cost concerns associated with the EDC-HCl route led to the development of the present route, which uses thionyl chloride as an improved reagent for the transformation and in which the free base step is performed in-situ. The yield of the improved streamlined process is comparable to the original process.
The original process for the preparation of Compound I, as disclosed in WO 01/14376, yielded Compound I as a mixture of crystalline Form A and amorphous compound. However, the instability of Form A at room temperature complicated the development of solid dosage formulations for compound I. It is therefore desirable to have available other crystalline forms of Compound I having improved stability for the preparation of a solid pharmaceutical dosage form containing Compound I as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. There is no specific disclosure or discussion of pure crystalline Form A, crystalline Form C or the crystalline mesylate and fumarate salts of compound I in U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,345 or WO 01/14376.

Synthesis and crystalline forms of NPY5 antagonist


A harness for placing on a patient's chest allows ECG measurements to be quickly made. The harness includes a strip of nonconductive film having a connector terminal at one edge for connection to an ECG measuring devise. The strip has a number of electrodes formed on it, each having leads extending to the connector terminal. At least some of the electrodes are grouped into sets. Each of the sets has a pattern of electrodes spaced for placement on a patient of a different size. Each of the electrodes within the sets has a corresponding electrode in another of the sets with which it is in electrical common. A backing layer may be peeled-off to expose the electrodes. The backing layer has separate zones, one for each of the sets of electrodes.

Electrocardiograph measurements ("ECG") are commonly made to provide information about a patient's heart performance. Typically a technician will place sensors on a patient's chest. The sensors are electrodes having an adhesive gel for adhering to the skin of the patient as well as for providing electrical conductivity. The technician then clips leads from an ECG monitor to a terminal on each of electrode pads. The technician will monitor voltage differential to provide a chart indicating the condition of the patient's heart.
It is important to place the electrode pads at fairly precise anatomical positions. These positions have been established so as to provide adequate comparisons with ECG measurements that have been taken across a wide variety of patients. However, varieties in patient size makes this placement a difficult task. Normally, six of the electrode pads must be positioned, then clipped to the leads. Furthermore, the technician has to be careful to clip the proper leads to the proper electrode pads.
Skill and care are required to be able to properly position the sensors for an ECG measurement. This become a more difficult task during emergencies. For example, ECG measurements made in an ambulance or with a portable ECG device at a field site are very informative. With time of the essence, it is a difficult task to properly and quickly place and connect the electrode pads.
Prior art patents show a variety of devices for facilitating ECG measurements. Generally these devices include some type of strip or harness with the electrodes being prewired to a connector terminal on an edge of the strip. Preconnecting the electrode pads to a connector terminal reduces the chances for a technician to switch the leads inadvertently. Also, some of the devices place the electrodes in the general vicinity of the desired anatomical position. However, because of the differences in patient size, a variety of sizes of these strips may need to be kept on hand. Some of the devices shown would appear to be expensive. For one reason or another, such prewired strips are not commonly used.


An injection device for metering a fluid, having the following: a valve, which has a valve needle and a valve seat; a nozzle shaft, which surrounds the valve needle and which holds a volume of the fluid; and an inlet chamber, which adjoins the nozzle shaft on the side of the nozzle shaft facing away from the valve and which has a flow connection to the nozzle shaft. The injection device has at least one compressible volume compensation element, which is filled with a gas and which, within the injection device, is in contact with the fluid.

An injection device for metering a liquid or gaseous medium, in particular a urea solution, is known from DE 2008 041 544 A1, for example. With such injection devices, there is the problem that the fluid may freeze and destroy the injection device by the associated expansion in its volume. For example, urea solution freezes at a temperature of −7° C.
Hitherto, the procedure has been, for example, to spray all the liquid out of the injection device when switching off the engine in an attempt to largely remove the urea solution from the injection device so as to prevent damage to the injection device due to an expansion in volume when the solution freezes. However, it is not possible to spray all the liquid out of the injection device in all cases and this is also not necessarily desired.

Injection device for metering a fluid and motor vehicle having such an injection device


This invention relates to solutions for packaging ophthalmic devices comprising at least one antimicrobial metal salt which prevent the loss of said antimicrobial metal salt during autoclaving and storage.

Contact lenses have been used commercially to improve vision since the 1950s. The first contact lenses were made of hard materials. They were used by a patient during waking hours and removed for cleaning. Current developments in the field gave rise to soft contact lenses, which may be worn continuously, for several days or more without removal for cleaning. Although many patients favor these lenses due to their increased comfort, these lenses can cause some adverse reactions to the user. The extended use of the lenses can encourage the buildup of bacteria or other microbes, particularly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on the surfaces of soft contact lenses. The build-up of bacteria and other microbes can cause adverse side effects such as contact lens acute red eye and the like. Contact lenses comprising antimicrobial metal salts have been disclosed for preventing or retarding bacterial and microbial buildup. However, for these lenses to be effective commercially, it is necessary for the amount of antimicrobial metal salt in the lens to be consistent from lot to lot.

Antimicrobial lenses, processes to prepare them and methods of their use


A first projecting portion is disposed between a head portion of an external terminal and a gasket body of a gasket, the first projecting portion projecting toward the gasket body from a first opposedly-facing surface which opposedly faces a case of the head portion, the first projecting portion surrounding the shaft portion, the first projecting portion having a pressing surface which directly or indirectly presses the gasket body in a projecting direction of the first projecting portion. The gasket has the second and third opposedly-facing surfaces, the second opposedly-facing surface opposedly facing the head portion, the third opposedly-facing surface opposedly facing the case. A second projecting portion is disposed in a region of at least one of the second and third opposedly-facing surfaces which correspond to the first projecting portion, the second projecting portion surrounding the shaft portion and being in a state where the second projecting portion is compressed toward the second or third opposedly-facing surface by the pressing surface.

Conventionally, there has been known a sealed battery which includes an electrode lead-out pin, and an insulating member disposed between the electrode lead-out pin and a metal plate (see JP 2009-181782 A). To be more specific, as shown in FIG. 16 to FIG. 18, the sealed battery is configured such that a header 104 which is formed by integrally mounting the insulating member and the electrode lead-out pin 103 on the metal plate 101 is mounted on an opening portion of a battery outer casing 105 by welding.
The insulating member is formed of; an outer insulating member 102A which faces an outer surface of the sealed battery 100; and an inner insulating member 102B positioned on an inner surface of the sealed battery 100. The header 104 is formed such that a columnar portion 1031 of the electrode lead-out pin 103 is made to pass through a hole formed in a center portion of the outer insulating member 102A, a conductive tab connecting plate 106 is disposed on the inner insulating member 102B disposed on an inner side of the metal plate 101, and a distal end of the columnar portion 1031 is caulked. The outer insulating member 102A has a plate-like portion 1021 having a pressure contact surface which is brought into contact with a head portion 1032 of the electrode lead-out pin 103, an upper projecting portion 1022 having an annular shape is formed around a hole formed in the plate-like portion 1021, and a lower large wall thickness portion 1023 having an annular shape is formed around the plate-like portion 1021 having a pressure contact surface which is brought into contact with the metal plate 101. The upper projecting portion 1022 and the lower large wall thickness portion 1023 formed on the outer insulating member 102A are compressed at the time of caulking the columnar portion 1031 of the electrode lead-out pin 103 so that it is possible to enhance gas tightness between the outer insulating member 102A and a member which is brought into contact with the outer insulating member 102A.
However, recently, in view of a use environment having a lot of vibrations such as an environment where the sealed battery 100 is mounted on a vehicle or the like, the sealed battery 100 is required to satisfy further enhancement of gas tightness between the electrode lead-out pin 103 and the metal plate 101.

Energy storage device, energy storage apparatus and method of manufacturing energy storage device


The apparatus is used for driving a mechanically-driven device in an electrical vehicle having at least one electrical traction motor. The apparatus comprises an auxiliary electrical motor mechanically connected to the device. The device is driven by the auxiliary motor when enabling conditions are not met, such as when the traction motor has a rotation speed which is slower than a pre-set rotation speed. When the proper conditions are met, the mechanical connection between the auxiliary motor and the traction motor is engaged and the auxiliary motor is electrically disconnected to save energy. The mechanical connection is disengaged when the proper conditions are no longer met. The apparatus is particularly suitable for use with a power steering pump.

The energy consumption in an electrical vehicle is a very important issue because batteries that are hitherto used do not provide an autonomy that is equivalent to the gas-powered vehicles. The main source of power of an electrical vehicle is generally the batteries. Such batteries are usually provided in a large number and are distributed in various locations throughout the vehicle. A major development in the field of batteries may some day allow the use of a reduced number of batteries, or perhaps a single battery, that would considerably make the vehicle lighter and with an enhanced autonomy. Meanwhile, the issue of energy consumption is still very significative for the automobile industry.
An electrical vehicle comprises an electrical traction motor that is connected to a front or rear wheel of the vehicle by means of a main axle. Depending on the design of the vehicle, the traction motor may power more than one wheel, either front or rear wheels. Some vehicles may also have a traction motor on each wheel. Very compact designs have even allowed the possibility of providing the traction motor as a motor wheel, where the motor is embedded within the rim of a wheel without any gear box.
Hybrid vehicles are also electrical vehicles by extension. Some hybrid vehicles use an auxiliary engine driving a generator to charge to main batteries. The driven generator provides additional power during specific conditions, such as high speed or loads. Other hybrid vehicles use a conventional engine with direct mechanical connection to the wheels for high speed and the electrical traction motor or motors for urban travelling or during a dense traffic. The conventional engine is switched off and disconnected from the wheels when the electrical traction motor or motors are used.
The traction motor or motors are usually not the only systems that use power since an electrical vehicle comprises many other electrical equipments or mechanically-driven devices, depending on the options. Examples of electrical equipments are the electric or electronic controls, the blower fan, the wiper motor, the interior and exterior lights, the powered windows or door locks, the defroster, etc. Typical examples of mechanically-driven devices are a power steering pump for a power steering system or a compressor for an air conditioning unit. The power steering pump is a major problem on the electrical vehicles.
In general, the electrical equipments are connected to a "low" voltage DC circuit, of 12 or 24 volts for instance, itself connected to an auxiliary battery of the vehicle. The main batteries supply power at a relatively "high" voltage for driving the traction motor or motors. The high voltage is about 72 to 144 Volts DC for instance. It may be higher for specific applications. The low voltage DC circuit is usually powered by the main batteries with the use of a DC-DC converter and an auxiliary low voltage battery. A very common problem with DC-DC convertor is that the output low tension tends to fluctuate as the input high tension changes. For instance, the voltage of the main batteries drops whenever the vehicle accelerates. The fluctuation is often felt in the electrical equipments connected to the low voltage DC circuit, as for instance, the intensity of the lights changes or the speed of the wiper motor varies. These fluctuations are very disturbing over time for both the driver and the passengers. One way to resolve the problem is to use a highly efficient DC-DC convertor. However, the high cost of such convertors is a major inconvenient.
The mechanically-driven devices in an electrical vehicle, which generally comprise a power steering pump, are driven by an auxiliary motor. The auxiliary motor usually runs continuously whenever a corresponding device needs to be driven, regardless of the speed of the vehicle. As a result, the traction motor or motors and the auxiliary motor are often driven simultaneously when the vehicle is in motion. Some electrical energy is thus wasted, partly because the auxiliary motor is not perfectly efficient and is usually less efficient than a traction motor. Moreover, the operation of the auxiliary motor in addition to the traction motor or motors adds unnecessary noise.

Apparatus and method for driving a mechanically-driven device in an electrical vehicle


In a dishwashing system, a dishwashing machine (10) is provided to wash a rack holding thereon tableware in a washing chamber, a wagon (W) is provided to have therein plural stages of horizontal storage shelves in an up-and-down direction, and an elevator (E) is disposed between the wagon and the dishwashing machine. On the elevator (E), a drive control device is provided to move a ramp (56) of the elevator by a driving mechanism (60) toward a position facing to one of shelves of the wagon after the rack has been placed at a reference position of the ramp (56) by way of timing belts (57i) (57l), to drive the timing belts by a timing belt mechanism (57) so as to store the rack onto the shelf, to stop the timing belt mechanism upon completing storage of the rack and to drive the driving mechanism till the ramp reaches the reference position. These operations are repeated by the drive control device.

In a conventional dishwashing system, a heavy rack which retains thereon tableware is placed in a washing chamber of a dishwashing machine, and the tableware is washed and rinsed when a door of the washing chamber is closed. When the door is opened after rinse of the tableware, the rack which retains thereon the rinsed tableware is taken out of the washing chamber onto a work table. When the work table becomes full of racks during repetition of the above-mentioned works, the individual racks which retains thereon rinsed tableware are sequentially carried to a proper place.
With the above construction, it is performed wholly with hands to place each of the racks in the washing chamber, to move each of the racks from the washing chamber onto the work table and to carry away each of the racks from the work table to the proper place. If those works are done by a single worker, the worker is forced to overwork, causing undesired results and inevitably dropping the rate in operation of the dishwashing machine. The surface area of the work table is also required to be wider in accordance with the number of racks. These defects are recognized especially remarkable in case the aforementioned individual works are done together with washing and rinsing of many tableware at a time in a large-scale restaurant facility in a hotel and the like.


A dummy for use as a sham passenger can be fastened to the passenger side of the front seat of a car by means of a safety belt, The dummy can be properly dressed and furnished with a wig. In addition, the dummy is provided with a driving device and a circuit, which are capable of causing the dummy to move in a manner that it appears to be talking to the driver or looking out through the car window located by the passenger side of the front seat. The dummy is used as an effective means to deter an assault made on a lone driver and to give the lone driver a timely sense of security as well as peace of mind.

The present invention relates to a dummy for use as a sham passenger in a car.
An automobile has become an indispensable means of transportation in a modern society. As people are driving more often than ever, various problems associated with the driving have surfaced inevitably. We have often read the reports in the newspapers and the magazines on such incidents that persons who drove alone without an accompanying passenger were assaulted, or robbed, or molested sexually. Such incidents often take place in a remote and sparsely-populated area, especially at night. A lone female driver is especially vulnerable to an assault.


In a color marking assembly, a series or plurality of ROS-imaging station units are aligned above an endless image transfer belt. Since there are a plurality of units, image alignment between the several station units is important. To accomplish this, skewing of each of the stations is necessary. The present invention involves a fixed ROS unit and a movable or skewable imaging station. This imaging station is movable on at least three spheres, one sphere below the imaging station and on its inboard side, the other spheres are located on a track below the imaging station and on its outboard side. This arrangement reduces vibration of these stations while at the same time providing an easily skewable xerographic imaging station.

There is known a color system where an array or series of different color imaging stations are aligned above an endless belt. Each station contains an upper positioned raster output scanner (ROS), and below the ROS an imaging station comprising a photoreceptor drum, development station, and cleaning station. The ROS emits an electronic beam (laser) which impinges on the rotating photoconductive drum, thereby causing that location on the drum to undergo a change in electrical charge. As the drum continues to rotate past the development station, toner particles of a color which is unique to that imaging station will attach to the drum at the location charged by the ROS. This colored image is then transferred to an intermediate transfer belt that is passing by, and in contact with, the photoreceptor drum. As the intermediate belt passes by the different imaging stations (each usually containing a different color) it picks up subsequent color layers to create a complete color image which is then transferred to media.
Each colored beam must be in substantial registration with the other beams deposited on the belt for a final color copy. This registration is monitored by a sensor(s) to ensure proper alignment. If any color needs to be re-aligned or skewed, the ROS or imaging station is moved accordingly. In one embodiment there are also two sensors (Mark On Belt, or MOB sensors) that are fixed in position to a point on the machine frame, such that the colored images pass within view of these sensors. These sensors serve to detect the misregistration or misalignment between colors. The actuation of the deskew portion of the correction is performed via either a ROS mechanism or with an imaging station deskew mechanism, as in this invention. Each ROS unit and imaging station has its own motor so that they could independently be skewed for image alignment. This type of color system having an array of ROS units is generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,418,286 and is incorporated by reference into this disclosure.
Also, in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/053,704 and 12/053,753 structures and systems for deskewing the movable ROS unit are disclosed. The present invention involves a stationary ROS unit and a movable imaging station below said ROS (Raster Output Scanner). The disclosures of Ser. Nos. 12/053,704 and 12/053,753 are incorporated herein by reference.
As noted above, the color image deposited on the drum is subsequently deposited onto the belt. As the drum continues to rotate, it passes through the development station with a latent image which causes toner to stick to the drum where the electrical discharging (by the ROS) has taken place. The drum further rotates until the image is in contact with this intermediate transfer belt where the image is transferred from the drum to the belt. Each of the six or plurality of imaging stations deposits its own color and subsequently movement of the belt is moved past each of the imaging stations and allows each of the color separations to be deposited in turn. Thus, when the colors are out of alignment as indicated by sensors, the image needs to be skewed as does the image beam. By placing registration images side by side on the intermediate belt, the MOB sensors will indicate (to a controller or to a motor adjacent each unit), how much each imaging station needs to be skewed to provide the optimum color-to-color registration deposited on the belt by the six or several ROS-imaging station units.
When these units in the prior art are not robust to vibration sources within the imaging system, they cause "banding". These prior art units are susceptible to vertical vibration which generally causes imprecise image deposition. By "banding" is meant a series of dark and light image lines causing image quality defects or color variations. The present invention involves an improved ROS fixed mounting and a movable imaging station skew adjustment mechanism.


A process which provides for the creation of regions of source and drain having different doping, wherein the doping, and thus the capacitance, of the drain regions is lower than that of the source regions.

In the accomplishment of ROM memory cells organized according to NOR logic the starting point is typically a substrate of semiconductor material. A complex is formed, for example, by a layer of gate oxide-polysilicon-tungsten silicide. There follows an n-implantation, for example of phosphorus, suitable for creating the extension regions of source and drain, followed by a further n+ implantation, for example of arsenic, of part of the regions of source and drain.
After the execution of these operations it is possible to proceed to the programming of the memory cell, carried out by the patterned implantation of a dopant of type p, for example boron, which has the effect of raising the voltage threshold of each implanted cell, from a voltage Vt of less than 1 V for an unprogrammed cell to a voltage Vt=6 V for a programmed cell.
Due to the large thicknesses of the polysilicon (2000 .ANG.) and of the tungsten silicide (2500 .ANG.) such implantation of programming dopant requires a high energy, which causes the dopant itself to concentrate in the semiconductor substrate at the n+/substrate junctions of the regions of source and drain. In such a way, while the doping of the junction's n+ side is not altered, that of the substrate, already of the p type, rises considerably.
While the high doping of the substrate in the vicinity of the source junction does not create any problems (since the source lines are always grounded in the operation of the ROM), the doping of the substrate in the vicinity of the drain junction causes a drain capacitance of the programmed cell that is higher than that of the unprogrammed cell: the values measured in the two cases are 2.9 fF/bit (unprogrammed cell) and 6.4 fF/bit (programmed cell).
In particular, the drain capacitance of each cell affects the bit line capacitance of the memory which, together with the metallizing resistance, the polysilicon resistance and the word line capacitance, determines the total access time of the memory cell.
Such unbalance in the capacitance between a programmed cell and an unprogrammed cell is unacceptable because it cannot be corrected by means of a circuit: the number of programmed cells in an ROM can vary by as much as 100% (all cells are programmed/no cell is programmed) and this prevents an optimization of the circuit.
It is thus desirable to eliminate or, at least to substantially reduce, this large difference of capacity between a programmed cell and an unprogrammed cell.
The object of the present invention is to realize an ROM memory cell having a low drain capacity when the cell is programmed.

Process for manufacturing a ROM cell with low drain capacitance


A thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate has a plurality of pixel units. A plurality of signal lines and a plurality of scanning lines are formed on the substrate. Each of the plurality of paired and adjacent signal lines and each of the plurality of scanning lines are arranged in a matrix form to define each pixel unit. Each pixel unit includes at least two pixels, which are abreast of the paired and adjacent signal lines. This structure thereby provides a TFT array substrate with high aperture ratio pixel structure.

(A) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate. In particular, the present invention relates to a TFT array substrate with high aperture ratio pixel structure.
(B) Description of Related Art
Currently, liquid crystal display (LCD), having the advantages of low power consumption, being thin type, light weight and having low driving-voltage, has been put to practical use, such as in personal computers, archival treatments, navigation systems, projectors, view finders and portable machines (watches, electronic calculators and televisions). The applied electric field on the LCD changes the alignment of liquid crystals that possess the characteristics of dielectric anisotropy and conducting anisotropy, and then the accompanied optical effects will be transformed into visional variation. A LCD employing a thin film transistor (TFT) as an active device is named TFT-LCD, which is good for low power consumption, is thin type, light weight and has low driving-voltage.
FIG. 1A is a top view showing a pixel structure of conventional TFT-LCD. The scanning lines 110 and the signal lines 120 are arranged in a matrix form. Thin film transistor (TFT) 130 is disposed over the scanning line 110, and a pixel electrode 140 is electrically connected to the TFT 130. A black matrix 150 (as shown in FIG. 1B) has a window 152 pervious to light. FIG. 1B is a sectional view showing the structure along the line A–A′ of FIG. 1A. The scanning line 110 (not shown in FIG. 1B), signal lines 120 and pixel electrode 140 are formed on the lower substrate 102. The black matrix 150 and the window 152 are formed on the upper substrate 104. Because the light passing through the edge of the pixel electrode 140 is shielded by the black matrix 150 to avoid light leakage, the transmittance area I is only just as broad as The window 152. In other words, the aperture ratio is reduced. Therefore, another proposal of improved pixel structure is disclosed.
FIG. 2A is a top view showing another pixel structure of conventional TFT-LCD. Two floating electrodes 160 are disposed on the lower substrate 102 (as shown in FIG. 2B) to shield the leakage light passing through from the edge of the pixel electrode 140 near the signal lines 120. FIG. 2B is a sectional view showing the structure along the line B–B′ of FIG. 2A. Therefore, the window 154 of the black matrix 150 is broader than the window 152 shown in FIG. 1B. In another word, the transmittance area II is bigger than the transmittance area I (as shown in FIG. 1B) so the aperture ratio of pixel structure is improved. Moreover, the aperture ratio of the pixel structure shown in FIG. 2A is increased about 3% comparing to the pixel structure shown in FIG. 1A.
However, the aperture ratio of FIG. 2A is still decreased under a misalignment assembly process. FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing a state of misalignment assembly of conventional TFT-LCD. The upper substrate 104 is shifted along the direction of an arrow 180 under the misalignment assembly process, and the black matrix 150 following the upper substrate 104 is also shifted. Therefore, the transmittance area is decreased from II to II′, and the improved aperture ratio is reduced again. According to actual experiment result, shifting the black matrix 150 1 μm decreases the aperture ratio 1% the aperture ratio 1%. For this reason, if the black matrix 150 is shifted more than 3 μm, the aperture ratio will be reduced more than 3%. Consequently, the improved aperture ratio will be canceled out completely.


A method of controlling communication between a head-end system and a number of client systems through a network, wherein, for each receiver, only a nearest one of the multicast router systems in the network is configured to forward a copy of a message addressed to the multicast groups of which the receiver is a member directly to the receiver, includes: maintaining subscriber group information linking each registered one of the number of client systems to an associated one of a plurality of subscriber groups, and allocating registered client systems to at least one multicast group, such that all client systems associated with a particular subscriber group are in a common multicast group. Information uniquely identifying the nearest multicast router system nearest to a receiver for a first client system is obtained, and the first client system is assigned to a subscriber group including at least one further client system having the same nearest multicast router system.

WO 01/91465 describes a mechanism for broadcasting digital media content in a secure manner to a general group of end users, while still maintaining the desired degree of specificity in terms of those end users who actually use or access the digital media content. An end user device and a broadcaster head-end communicate through at least one channel. The security features for the content are provided by encrypting the content, such that access to the media content is only possible for authorized users. The access information is distributed through an ECM (control message), which enables the end user device to create the correct key. The end user device is only able to generate the key if the end user device also receives an EMM, or entitlement message, from the broadcaster head-end. The EMM could be sent to a plurality of different end user devices at one time, as a broadcast or multicast, such that a group of end user devices would receive the information at once. A particular EMM could be designated for one group of end user devices, according to a particular subscription plan or other type of payment structure and/or according to the network address of the members of the group of end user devices.
A problem with an approach using the network address of the members of the group of end user devices, is that it is not very effective in providing information regarding the network topology. This means that end user devices at disparate branches of a tree sourced at the head-end could end up in one group, which in turn results in a large amount of network traffic as multicast router systems close to the head-end system provide copies of the group message to several adjoining rnulticast router systems.

Method of controlling communication between a head-end system and a plurality of client systems


The present disclosure provides a spectrophotometric colorimeter based on LED light source, wherein the spectrophotometric colorimeter includes an integrating sphere, a coupling light path, and a spectrometer. An inner wall of the integrating sphere is arranged with a composite light source consisting of eight LEDs; a sphere wall of the integrating sphere defines an incident aperture; light emitted from each LED enters an interior of the integrating sphere through the incident aperture and is irradiated onto the inner wall. The coupling light path is configured to couple light at a measurement caliber such that the light can enter an incident split and to eliminate stray light from the inner wall. After emitting out from an observation aperture of the integrating sphere, the light enters the incident split through the coupling light path and is irradiated onto a linear-array sensor after being split by a spectral light path; and different pixels of the linear-array sensor correspond to light radiation strengths at different wavelengths.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to technical fields of measurements of reflectance spectrum, and particularly, to a spectrophotometric colorimeter based on LED light source and a method for realizing the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Reflectance spectrum measurement is the basic way of color measurement, which calculates tristimulus values and other parameters of the color by obtaining the spectrum reflectance curve from the surface of the to-be-measured sample within the visible light range. Spectrophotometer is the predecessor of spectrophotometric color measurement instrument. Both the spectrophotometer and the spectrophotometric color measurement instrument are used to measure the spectrum reflectance or spectrum transmittance of the measured sample. Since various techniques about the spectrophotometer are relatively mature, the techniques are well applicable in different colorimeters. According to structures and measuring principles, the existing color measurement instruments are divided into three types:
photoelectric integrating color measurement instruments, spectral scanning color measurement instruments, and spectrophotometric colorimeters.
A photoelectric integrating color measurement instrument generally performs integral measurement of the whole visible wavelength using a single sensor without adopting light splitting principle.
A spectral scanning color measurement instrument has a structure similar to that of the spectrophotometer. This type of instrument generally adopts a 0: D geometrical condition. By rotating a grating, the instrument splits light emitted from a light source into monochromatic lights; the monochromatic lights are irradiated onto the measured sample, and then the reflection light signals are measured by a single sensor.
A spectrophotometric colorimeter does not split the light emitted from the light source. The light emitted from the light source is irradiated onto the measured sample. The reflection light from the sample is gathered and split, and is further detected by an array sensor. The spectrophotometric colorimeter can provide geometrical conditions including D:0 and 45:0. At present, most of portable color measurement instruments are spectrophotometric colorimeters.
Since color measurements have special applications and measurement features, following special considerations are required when spectrophotometric colorimeters are designed.
Firstly, spectral detection ranges of the spectrophotometric colorimeters are different. The spectral detection range of a regular spectrophotometric colorimeter mainly focuses on visible light. A spectral detection range recommended by CIE is 360-830 nm. Dividing the spectrum into a shortwave portion and a longwave portion has a small effect on the colorimetry calculation, thus, in the designs of most of color measurement instruments, the spectral detection range is set to be 380-780 nm. However, since measured samples are different, if the spectral detection ranges of the instruments are different, the measurement results may be greatly affected. Particularly, when material containing fluorescent matter is measured, whether the spectral distribution of the light source of the instrument includes UV light or not may greatly affect the measurement result.
Secondly, the shape of the reflectance spectrum from the surface of the object is generally relatively mild, and in the calculation of the tristimulus values of a color, compared with a spectrophotometer, requirement for a wavelength resolution of a spectrophotometric colorimeter is relatively low. The calculated wavelength resolution recommended by CIE is 1 nm. In applications, the wavelength resolution can be 10 nm. At present, the wavelength resolution chosen by most of spectrophotometric colorimeters is 10 nm.
Moreover, the measurement geometrical condition in the color measurement of the spectrophotometric colorimeter is much more complicate with respect to the spectrophotometer. CIE sets multiple kinds of geometrical conditions for the measurements of reflective samples and transflective samples. Different applications require different measurement geometrical conditions. Since the technical solutions of different device manufacturers are different from each other, design methods of the measurement geometrical conditions are correspondingly different. Different measurement geometrical conditions may cause differences among measurement results of these instruments. Thus, strict designs of measurement geometrical conditions are required in the designs of the instruments.
The measurement principle of the spectrophotometric colorimeter is as follows: the spectrophotometric colorimeter measures the spectrum reflectance or the spectrum transmittance of the measured object, selects the standard illuminant and the standard viewer from CIE, and obtains the tristimulus values of the color by integration. The spectrophotometric colorimeter is actually a physical colorimeter which measures the spectrum reflectance from the sample surface and calculates a series of psychological or physical parameters, including the tristimulus values X, Y, and Z of the color on the sample surface, according to the spectrum tristimulus function provided by the CIE standard color system. The spectrophotometric colorimeter mainly consists of a light source, a light splitting system, a photoelectric detecting system, an electrical control system, and a data processing system, etc.
A traditional spectrophotometric colorimeter generally adopts a tungsten halogen lamp or a xenon lamp as the test light source. The tungsten halogen lamp is the most commonly-used light source of the visible wavelength in the color measurement. Due to high stability, the tungsten halogen lamp is suitable to be used as an illumination light source or a radiometric calibration source in the color measurement. The most important characteristic of the tungsten halogen lamp is that the output spectrum line thereof is very smooth, without fractures, peaks, and depressions, as shown in FIG. 1. However, the energy of the spectrum distribution of the tungsten halogen lamp in the shortwave portion and the ultraviolet light portion is insufficient, which may cause two problems as follows. The first one is that the signal-noise ratio of the measurement signal of the shortwave portion is relatively low, which may affect the repeatability of the measurement; the second one is that the tungsten halogen lamp cannot provide ultraviolet light spectrum energy required in the measurement of the fluorescent material.
In addition, the power consumption of the tungsten halogen lamp is high, correspondingly shortening the working time of the instrument. If the tungsten halogen lamp is used as the test light source in the spectrophotometric colorimeter, optimizations should be considered aiming to the above situation. The xenon lamp has good spectrum energy distribution in the spectral ranges of visible light and ultraviolet light, as shown in FIG. 2. Many spectrophotometric colorimeters use pulse xenon lamps as illumination light sources. However, the pulse xenon lamp has high power consumption and thus has a shorter life.
With the development of the LED technology, more and more instrument manufacturers use LEDs as measuring light sources of portable spectrophotometric colorimeters. A LED light source has advantages including long life, rapid response, and low power consumption. In order to ensure that the illumination light source has sufficient spectrum distribution in the spectral range of visible light, multiple LED light sources are required to be combined to form a composite LED light source.
The State Bureau of Technical Supervision made JJG 867-1994 Verification Regulation of Spectrum Tester in 1994, and published JJG 595-20025 Verification Regulation of Colorimeter and Color Difference in 2002. The two verification regulations are respectively applied in the verifications of spectrum scanning color measurement instruments and photoelectric integrating color measurement instruments and respectively have specific test indicators. At present, no verification regulations are applied in spectrophotometric colorimeters. At present, in practical verifications, each metrological verification institution uses the verification regulation JJG 595-2002 to verify the spectrophotometric colorimeter. JJG 595-2002 provides requirements for the reproducibility detection of the colorimeter. The reproducibility detection is used for evaluating the uniformity of the illumination provided by the instrument on the surface of the measured sample. After the instrument is started and pre-heated, the instrument continuously measures a standard reference white plate eight times to verify the reproducibility. In each measurement, the instrument rotates about the white plate over 45 degrees. The indicator Δl of the reproducibility of the measurement result is calculated according to the following equation:Δl(u)=|uīū|max;wherein ui is the ith measurement value of each parameter (tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, color difference, etc.) of the instrument, and ū is the average value of the measurements.
The evaluation of the reproducibility of the instrument can be scaled as the following table:
ItemIndicatorScale oneScale twoReproducibilityΔl(Y)≦1.0≦2.0Δl(x), Δl(y)≦0.002 ≦0.006Δl(ΔE)≦0.5≦0.7
Taking the spectrophotometric colorimeter with the D:8 structure shown in FIG. 3 as an example, light emitted from the illumination light source is incident on the sample surface after becoming uniform in the integrating sphere. The reflection light from the sample surface enters the sensor (detector) 2. Ideally, the incident light uniformly irradiates the sample surface after becoming uniform in the integrating sphere, which is not relative to the position of dS; and the light intensity distribution of each spot on the sample surface satisfies the Lambert distribution. However, in practical applications, since the diffusion illumination environment provided by the integrating sphere is not ideal, the distribution of the light radiation power intensity or light intensity angle of the wavelength of the light source which is irradiated to the sample surface is not uniform. In this situation, when the sample with non-uniform surface color or texture rotates at the bottom thereof, through the reproducibility detection, the uniformity degree of the illumination provided by the illumination light source on the surface of the measured sample can be evaluated. However, in the metrological verification regulation, the used measured sample is the standard white plate. Since the surface color of the standard white plate is uniform and the surface texture of the standard white plate is also relatively uniform, the surface reflection spectrum is considered to be unchanged as the position of the sample changes. In this state, when the sample rotates at the bottom thereof, the target of the detection cannot be achieved.
Therefore, in the practical detection, measured samples with non-uniform surface colors need to be chosen to evaluate the reproducibility of the instrument. The samples as shown in FIG. 4 are designed, and then a couple of white and black semi-circles are printed on a common printing paper by a printer. The diameter of the circle is 10 mm.
The samples shown in FIG. 4 are tested by Minolta spectrophotometric colorimeter CM-700D and X-Rite spectrophotometric colorimeter SP-64, both of which have the D:8 structure. The tests are taken in the SCI condition. In each measurement, the center of the measured sample coincides at the center of the measurement caliber of the instrument, the sample is rotated over 45 degrees after each measurement, and total 8 measurements are performed to evaluate the reproducibility of the instrument. The measurement results are shown in FIG. 5 in which the reproducibility ΔL(Y) respectively reaches 4.88 and 4.96. The reproducibility cannot reach the verification requirement for the color measurement instrument set in JJG595-2002.
When the white plate in the BCRA series of color plates is used as the standard white plate to verify the reproducibility of the Minolta spectrophotometric colorimeter CM-700D and X-Rite spectrophotometric colorimeter SP-64, the test results are shown in FIG. 6. Since the surface of the white plate is relatively uniform, the reproducibility ΔL(Y) respectively reaches 0.62 and 0.56. From the measurement results shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, non-uniform samples can better detect the problem about the reproducibility of the instrument.
In technical solutions provided in prior art, optimization designs are not adopted aiming to the reproducibility of the instrument, which thus needs improvement.

Spectrophotometric colorimeter based on LED light source and method for realizing the same


A secure transaction system apparatus and method provide for the auditing of secure messages in a computer network. The secure transaction system includes an electronic commerce service which is in communication with multiple consumer computers and multiple merchant computers. The consumer computers initiate consumer transactions between the consumer computers and the merchant computers. Each consumer transaction can include different items, different merchants, different shipping methods and different payment instructions. An order object within the consumer computer stores summaries about the different items, the different merchants, the different shipping methods and different payment instructions during creation of each commercial transaction. While generating transaction data, the consumer computer also generates related audit data. The consumer computers encrypt the transaction data and the audit data into different encryption formats and send the encrypted transaction data and the encrypted audit data to the electronic commerce service. The electronic commerce service decrypts the audit data and stores copies of the encrypted transaction data. The electronic commerce service also routes the encrypted transaction data to the merchant computers. The merchant computers decrypt the encrypted transaction data and complete the desired commercial transaction. Thus, the electronic commerce service can audit secure transactions while maintaining confidentiality.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to computer network communication systems and, more particularly, to a system for monitoring secure commercial transactions in a computer network.
2. Background
Electronic commerce is currently expanding at a rapid rate. With the proliferation of low-cost electronic communication techniques, consumers, purchasing agents, merchants, suppliers, manufacturers, credit companies, banks and other institutions continue to expand their use of electronic commercial transaction technology. Wide scale use of commercial transactions, however, require wide scale accessibility.
In order to cost-effectively provide wide scale accessibility, commercial transaction systems must not only operate with private communication networks, but also operate with general purpose publicly accessible networks such as the internet or publicly accessible network service providers. Because publicly accessible networks have much larger numbers of users, they often provide lower transmission costs than private communication networks. Unfortunately, eavesdroppers and other intermediaries have regular and easy access to electronic messages transported on publicly accessible networks.
As a result, publicly accessible networks are not secure. Accordingly, methods have been developed to create electronic documents which are private and secure from unauthorized use. In conventional systems, an electronic document is usually converted into a secret form before transmission over the publicly accessible network. The process of converting information into a secret form is called "encryption" and a converted document is called an "encrypted" document.
When the encrypted document arrives at its destination, the encrypted document is converted back to its original form. The process of converting an encrypted document into readable form is called "decryption" and the readable document is called a "decrypted" document. A basic introduction to encryption and decryption is described in the text written by Bruce Schneier entitled "Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms And Source Code In C," published by John Wiley & Sons, 1994, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Typically, secure documents rely on what are called "keys" to encrypt and decrypt secure documents in a particular manner. In encryption, the key is a word, number or encryption format which "locks" the document from unauthorized viewing. In decryption, a matching key is then used to "unlock" or translate the encrypted document back into readable form. Thus, an encryption key is analogous to a mechanical key which locks a door while the decryption key is analogous to a mechanical key which unlocks a door.
One technique called "public key/private key" encryption uses two different keys. The first key is called a public key and it is used to encrypt a document. The second key is called a private key and it is used to decrypt the encrypted document. This is analogous to a door lock with two keys, anyone who owns the public key can lock the door, but only the person who owns the private key can unlock the door. In conventional systems, the public key is publicly disseminated while the private key is kept private.
For example, assume that a computer user named Aaron wishes to receive encrypted information. Aaron first directs his computer to create a public key and a private key pair. Aaron then keeps his private key private while freely distributing his public key to other computer users. If another computer user named Barry wishes to send a document to Aaron, Barry directs his computer to encrypt the document with Aaron's public key and also directs his computer to send the encrypted document to Aaron. When Aaron's computer receives the encrypted document, it decrypts the encrypted document with Aaron's private key. Thus, while Barry and other computer users can send encrypted documents to Aaron, only Aaron can decrypt and read the document.
Besides providing security, current systems also use encryption techniques to authenticate or "digitally sign" a document. While digital signatures authenticate documents, digital signatures differ significantly from hand written signatures in that a digital signature "signs" a document by encrypting a portion of the document in a unique manner.
For example, if a computer user named Carl wishes to digitally sign an electronic document, Carl first directs his computer to create a public key private key pair. Carl's computer then digitally signs the electronic document by encrypting a portion of the document with Carl's private key. Carl can then direct his computer to send the document and Carl's public key to another computer user. In this example, the other computer user is named Doug. When Doug receives the electronic document and Carl's public key, Doug can direct his computer to verify Carl's digital signature by comparing the digitally signed portion of the document with Carl's public key to see if a predefined mathematical relationship exists. If so, the digital signature is authenticated. Because only Carl can properly encrypt the digital signature with his private key, other computer users cannot fraudulently sign the document.
Finally, the security techniques and digital signature techniques can be combined to create secure documents which contain digital signatures. For example, assume that two computer users named Eric and Frank wish to transmit digitally-signed secure documents. In this example, both Eric and Frank create public key/private key pairs. If Frank wishes to receive secure documents he sends his public key to Eric. Eric then directs his computer to generate an electronic document and digitally signs a portion of the electronic document with Eric's private key. Next, Eric directs his computer to encrypt the digitally-signed electronic document with Frank's public key. Eric then sends the encrypted, digitally-signed document and Eric's public key to Frank.
When Frank's computer receives the encrypted, digitally-signed document, it decrypts digitally-signed document with Frank's private key. Because only Frank's computer can decrypt the digitally-signed document, the document is secure. Frank can then verify Eric's digital signature by directing his computer to compare the encrypted digital signature to Eric's public key to see if a predefined mathematical relationship exists. If so, the digital signature is said to be authentic.
Such techniques are widely seen as an essential means for securing the privacy of consumers, and for authenticating the identity of consumers who exchange information on publicly accessible networks. These techniques, however, create a variety of maintenance problems for network service providers. For example, a network service provider needs information to route a secure document to its proper destination. In addition, a network service provider often desires to obtain audit information from the secure transmissions in order to properly bill transaction fees. Still further, in the event of a system crash or power outage, a network service provider needs an efficient means for locating secure documents which have been stored in a backup system.
Thus, while computer users wish to retain the privacy and the integrity of secure documents, providers of publicly accessible networks need the capability of monitoring the transmittal of secure documents to ensure proper routing, proper billing and the proper retrieval of secure documents from backup facilities. Consequently, current encryption and decryption techniques are not optimally adapted for publicly accessible networks. Accordingly, network providers need a cost-effective, flexible and secure system which can both provide secure audit information while maintaining the confidentiality of a secure document.

System and apparatus for monitoring secure information in a computer network


A multi-current-source comprises a voltage converter (VC), a first current source (CS1) with a first terminal (A1) which is adapted to be coupled to an output (OUT) of a voltage converter (VC) and with a second terminal (B1) which is adapted to be coupled to an input (IN) of the voltage converter (VC), at least a second current source (CS2) with a first terminal (A2) which is adapted to be coupled to the output (OUT) of the voltage converter (VC) and with a second terminal (B2) which is adapted to be coupled to the input (IN) of the voltage converter (VC), wherein the first current source (CS1) being adapted to provide a first load current (Il1) at its first terminal (A1) the first load current (Il1) being regulated to a first constant value and to provide a first unidirectional error current (Ierr1) at its second terminal (B1), wherein the at least one second current source (CS2) being adapted to provide a second load current (Il2) at its first terminal (A2), the second load current (Il2) being regulated to a second constant value and to provide a second unidirectional error current (Ierr2) at its second terminal (B2), such that a sum of the first unidirectional error current (Ierr1) and the second unidirectional error current (Ierr2) adjusts the first and the second load current (Il1, Il2).

In a conventional multi-current-source, each individual current source comprises one operational amplifier to generate a load current and a second operational amplifier to generate an error voltage signal. The load current is provided to an electrical load which is coupled to the respective current source. With its other terminal, the load is coupled to a voltage converter used as supply. The error voltage signal depends on the difference between a target and an actual value of the load voltage and is fed back to the voltage converter. Thereby, the voltage supplied by the voltage converter to the load and to the multi-current-source is regulated. As the feedback circuit adds a dominant pole because of a required low-pass filter to the existing pole of the voltage converter, the regulation bandwidth of the overall circuit is limited. Due to the two poles, the response of the circuit is oscillatory. To improve this behaviour, the external components of the low-pass filter in the feedback loop to the voltage converter have to be increased. Consequently, the circuit cannot be integrated completely.

Multi-current source and method for regulating current


This device consists of an encased, electrically powered motor housing unit with a first handle parallel in line to the height of the unit. Extending out from the top of the handle is a metal bar one inch in diameter which runs out forward from the motor housing unit to which is attached a second handle bar parallel in line to the first handle and the motor housing. Extending out from the bottom of this second handle is a metal rod with a spring and a bolt parallel in line to the metal bar. This metal rod has a hole in it for mounting one end of a metal hack-saw blade. The other end of the blade is to be mounted to a metal piece extending out from the bottom of the motor housing which when running moves back and forth, causing a sawing motion. Directly above the metal rod with a spring and directly above the metal piece is a metal bar to which is attached a roller to keep the hack-saw blade steady.

The technical field to which this device pertains would fall within the definition of metal sawing devices.
This specification describes a metal cutting device, more commonly referred to as a hack-saw, designed to be hand held and compact in size for portable use. The only known device in use at present time which would come close in description would be the portable band saw. This device, however, is bulkier in size, and consequently, in weight, and implements a a different method for cutting, i.e. a metal band attached to two common axes. While this device may be practical for cutting through larger sheets of metal, due to its size and weight, and hence cost, it is not practical for smaller operations such as cutting through metal pipe or rebar or for cutting bolts or screws. The device described herein is a lighter, more compact, and more economical approach with the same basic purpose in mind.

220 volt a.c. cord-operated, hand-held portable hack-saw


In a hybrid-drive electric vehicle, upon request of gear shifting of a transmission (2), a clutch (3) is first disconnected and the transmission (2) is set to a neutral position. The rotating electric generator 4 is then operated in a motor mode or a power generating mode so that a rotational speed of an input shaft of the transmission (2) reaches a region of a synchronizing rotational speed in accordance with a requested gear position. When the rotational speed of the input shaft of the transmission (2) reaches the region of the synchronizing rotational speed, the gear position of the transmission (2) is changed over from the neutral position to the requested gear position. Thus the rotation synchronizing time for the gear shifting in the transmission (2) is reduced, making it possible to perform the gear shifting for a short period of time.

In order to drive a vehicle, a hybrid drive system provided with an engine and a motor has been proposed by Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publications No. 10-304513 and No. 2001-103603.
In addition, it is known that a clutch is interposed between an engine and a transmission and a rotating electric machine having functions of an electric motor and an electric generator is coupled to an input side of the transmission.
In such a hybrid system, an inertia force caused by the rotating electric machine connected to an input shaft of the transmission is applied at the time of the gear shift of the transmission and therefore, synchronization of rotation needs longer time, thus increasing time required for the gear shift.

Gear shift control system of hybrid vehicle