A photonic chip based on periodical poling and waveguides circuits in ferroelectric crystals, the method is based on the integration of waveguide circuits, periodical poling and electro-optic modulator (EOM). The chip is illustrated by FIG. 1. The waveguide circuits guide the photons and makes linear operations like the beam splitting, filtering etc. on the photons. The periodical poling enables the efficient spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), resulting the generation of entangled photons. The EOM controls the phase of photons dynamically. The following directional coupler distributes the entangled photons and the quantum interference takes place, resulting different types of path-entangled states by controlling the voltage of EOM insides the chip.

Photonic entanglement is the key resource in quantum technologies such as quantum communication, quantum computing, therefore to engineer the entangled sources especially with controllability, high-efficiency, stability and portability has always been a popular topic in the quantum community. Traditionally the ways to generate entangled photons include: (1) the atomic transition [1]; (2) four-wave-mixing (FWM) in the atomic ensembles [2]; (3) FWM in silicon, silica-on-silicon [3,4] or fibers [5,6]; (4) Spontaneously parametric down conversion (SPDC) processes in quadratic nonlinear crystals [7,8]. The first way based on the cascaded atomic transition was adopted in the early stage of quantum optical experiments and eventually was abandoned since the generated two-photon state is not perfect. Nowadays people usually adopt the other three ways. Among them, the most commonly used way is the quadratic process in nonlinear optical crystals since it is involved with high photon-flux and simple setups. In the quadratic nonlinear crystals, a pump photon will split into a pair of down converted photons, namely the signal and idler or the entangled photon pair with lower frequencies. During this process, the energy conservation and momentum conservation must be satisfied. There are two types of momentum conversation or phase-matching ways according to different types of nonlinear crystals. One is the homogeneous birefringence phase-matching (BPM) crystal and the other one is the optical superlattice or quadratic nonlinear photonic crystal (NPC). The NPC is an artificial nonlinear optical crystalwhich is fabricated based by the domain-engineering technique in the ferroelectric crystals like lithium niobate (LN) or lithium tantalate (LT). Due to the large nonlinear coefficient being used, it can produce entangled photons with high-photon flux at desirable wavelength [9-12]. Particularly the SPDC efficiency can be further enhanced when the NPC is fabricated into waveguides [13,14].
However, from the BPM crystal, NPC and waveguide NPC, usually only one single entangled source can be generated. In addition a lot of external optical elements should be used to manipulate the entangled photons including interfering, filtering, collecting etc. which will bring challenges to the size, stability and scalability of the entangled sources.

On-chip path-entangled photonic sources based on periodical poling and waveguide circuits in ferroelectric crystals


An acoustic and thermal energy management system and method comprising a microprocessor and a thermal mass positioned at a distance from the microprocessor, the microprocessor and thermal mass being thermally connected to the microprocessor in a manner to transfer thermal energy from the microprocessor to the thermal mass. The acoustic and thermal energy management system transferring heat from the microprocessor to a thermal mass for dissipation reducing the level of heat at the microprocessor, thereby limiting the operation of or the operation level of a fan.

Computer systems typically include an input/output (I/O) port, a central processing unit (CPU), a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), and address bus, and a data bus. Computers systems may include numerous other hardware devices and software applications. Regardless of the construction of the electronic device the CPU produces large amounts of heat during operation.
It is necessary to control and maintain the operating temperatures of a computer system below certain levels to ensure performance and reliability of the computer system. Most integrated circuits have specified maximum operating temperatures above which the integrated circuit may fail or slow down as temperatures rise. Therefore the prior art systems typically provide a method and system for dissipating the heat emitted to maintain the integrity and operation of the computer system.
Prior art methods of dissipating heat commonly include a fan that promotes convection type reduction of the heat emitted by the computer system. The fan may be mounted proximate the CPU and may include a fan heat sink. The fan engages once a set temperature proximate the CPU is reached to reduce the heat of the CPU. The fan may have variable speed controls, to increase the convective air flow across the heat sink and to more quickly reduce the heat proximate the CPU.
The heat sink may be the printed circuit board or a heat exchanger such as a fin or fluid flow device positioned proximate the CPU, or other heat producing device, for substantially immediate transfer of thermal energy from the CPU and substantially immediate dissipation of the thermal energy. These prior art heat sinks require operation of the fan to reduce the temperature of and/or proximate the CPU. Utilization of the fan increase the acoustic signature of the electronic device and increases the use of energy for operation of the electronic device.
Several drawbacks are noted with these prior art cooling systems. First, many of the systems require convection cooling provided by the fan. Operation of the fan increases power consumption and the noise level of the computer system.
It is thus a desire to provide an acoustic and thermal energy management system that addresses the drawbacks of these prior art systems. It is a further desire to provide an acoustic and thermal energy management system that transfers heat from the heat sensitive and heat producing components of a computer system to a thermal mass for storage and dissipation. It is a still further desire to provide an acoustic and thermal energy management system that transfers thermal energy for storage and dissipation to a thermal mass to reduce the use of a fan, thus reducing the acoustic signature of the electronic device and reducing the use of energy.

Acoustic and thermal energy management system

International Business Machines Corporation


An information processing apparatus includes in its body at least a power supply unit, a disk type storage and a printed circuit board arranged in a predetermined order and further has a keyboard unit which can be sandwiched between the display unit and a keyboard unit supporting portion extending from the body by pivotally moving the display unit. A detector for detecting the detachment of the keyboard unit from the body may be provided to restrict the range of pivotal movement of the display unit in accordance with a detection signal of the detector. Further, the display unit may be provided with pilot light emitting portions, thereby making it possible to recognize a condition of the information processing apparatus.

The present invention relates to a space-saving information processing apparatus, such as a personal computer or a work station which performs an office work processing or the like.
At the present time, an aim is taken at a shift to new office configurations because of demands for the improvement in workship environments backed by demands for the improvement in quality of life. In recent years, one principal subject in an office planning is to form a functional and comfortable living space where a creativity is demonstrated and the work makes progress with a high efficiency. Especially, the effective utilization of a space is requested for the purpose of structuring a comfortable office. In order to satisfy such a request, it is necessary to review information processing equipments, such as computer equipments or work stations which are used in large numbers at offices.
A typical construction of an information processing apparatus such as a computer equipment or a work station is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,571,456 by Grid Systems Corporation.

Space-saving information processing apparatus

Hitachi Video & Information System, Inc.


A moisture-absorbable hat includes: a crown made of a woven fabric including warp and weft textured charcoal fiber yarns, warp and weft non-charcoal fiber yarns which are not elastic and are not textured, and weft elastofiber yarns, the elastofiber yarns extending along a circumferential direction of the crown; and a sweatband attached to and extending along a circumferential open end of the crown and including warp and weft textured charcoal fiber yarns, and weft elastofiber yarns.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a hat, more particularly to a moisture-absorbable hat.
2. Description of the Related Art
As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional hat includes a crown 1, a visor 2 projecting from a circumferential bottom end of the crown 1, and a sweatband 3 attached to and extending along the circumferential bottom end of the crown 1. Generally, the crown 1 and/or the sweatband 3 are made from leather, a plastic material, or a woven fabric (for example, a fabric including elastofiber yarns and cotton yarns). The sweatband 3 can be stretched to fit various head sizes of hat wearers. Furthermore, the crown 1 and the sweatband 3 that are made from the woven fabric can absorb the sweat of a wearer.
However, the humidity inside the hat would still undesirably increase with time, thereby resulting in user discomfort.


In order to control of dimming of solid state lighting devices (SSL) a driver circuit drives the SSL subject to an input voltage using a phase-cut dimmer. The driver circuit comprises a transistor operable in two modes, either alternating between on/off states or continuously controlling a current through the transistor. A power converter network provides a switched-mode power converter in conjunction with the transistor when operated in the first mode generating a drive voltage for the SSL. The control unit controls the transistor to selectively operate in one of the two modes; to control the transistor to determine that the input voltage exceeds an input voltage threshold; and to control a drive current through the SSL based on a measurement of a phase-cut angle thereby controlling an illumination level of the SSL device.

For many decades GLS (General Lighting Service) or incandescent lamps have been the first choice for illumination in residential applications. These light sources could easily be dimmed using so called phase-cut dimmers. This has led to a large installed base of such dimmers. These dimmers are designed to work on relatively large loads with a substantial effective power over apparent power.
New types of light sources like CFL (Compact Fluorescent Lamp) or LED lamps offer very small loads (typical a factor of 10 less than the equivalent GLS lamp) in combination with a highly nonlinear behavior and a large capacitive impedance due to the presence of EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) filter networks. Due to these aspects, LED based lamp and CFL assemblies cannot be dimmed inherently using existing phase-cut dimmers. With advanced electronics it is possible to emulate dimming functionality. However, due to technical/physical limitations, the dimming range as well as the range of supported dimmers and configurations in terms of the number and mix of parallel lamps operated with a particular dimmer is limited. Furthermore, the additional circuits typically lead to increased costs and, in most cases, to additional power losses in the lamp assemblies.
The present document addresses the above mentioned problems. In particular, the present document describes a method and system which allow for a reliable determination of the phase of a mains power submitted to a phase-cut dimmer, thereby reliably and efficiently controlling the illumination of a Solid State Lightening (SSL) lamp

Solid state lightening driver with mixed control of power switch


A portable electronic apparatus includes an acceleration detection unit, an evaluation-signal generation unit, and a control unit. The acceleration detection unit is configured to detect an acceleration generated in the portable electronic apparatus. The evaluation-signal generation unit is configured to carry out a predetermined process based on the acceleration detected by the acceleration detection unit in order to generate an evaluation signal representing the amplitude and positive or negative polarity of the acceleration. The control unit is configured to produce a result of determination as to whether or not the portable electronic apparatus has been driven to make a predetermined movement on the basis of the evaluation signal and carrying out a predetermined operation on the basis of the result of determination.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable electronic apparatus, an operation control method adopted by the portable electronic apparatus and an operation control program implementing the operation control method. More particularly, the present invention relates to a portable electronic apparatus having an acceleration detection unit configured to detect an acceleration, an operation control method usable in the portable electronic apparatus and an operation control program implementing the operation control method. In addition, the present invention also relates to an evaluation-signal generation apparatus for generating an evaluation signal on the basis of an acceleration detected by the acceleration detection unit as a signal optimum for detection of a predetermined movement of the portable electronic apparatus and relates to a signal generation method adopted by the evaluation-signal generation apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
The reader is suggested to refer to Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2006-17874 used as Patent Document 1 and Japanese Patent Laid-open No. Hei 2-69693 used as Patent Document 2.
In some cases, the number of operation components that can be employed in an electronic apparatus or, in particular, a portable electronic apparatus, is deliberately limited and a design requirement of the apparatus. For example, some portable music players or the like employ only basic-operation components such as playback, stop and volume-adjustment buttons. In the case of such a portable electronic apparatus, the user carries out operations other than the basic operations by typically making use of a menu appearing on a display screen of the apparatus. In this way, the portable electronic apparatus allows the user to carry out operations other than the basic operations while having a compact size and an improved design. If the user has to carry out a specific operation other than the basic operations on the portable electronic apparatus by making use of a menu appearing on a display screen of the apparatus, however, the user may have to go through a number of hierarchical menu layers till the user reaches a desired menu item representing the specific operation. Thus, the designer of the portable electronic apparatus has to consider fear of the deteriorated operatability of the apparatus.
On the other hand, some portable electronic apparatus designed in recent years employ an interface for detecting an operation carried out by the user by making use of an acceleration sensor. For example, Patent Document 1 describes a portable electronic apparatus capable of detecting a movement caused by the user as a movement of the apparatus on the basis of a signal generated by an acceleration sensor employed in the apparatus and issuing a predetermined instruction on the basis of a result of the detection (an example of the movement caused by the user is a movement caused by hand shaking or hand striking). On the other hand, Patent Document 2 describes a portable electronic apparatus capable of detecting a movement caused by the user as a movement of the apparatus on the basis of a signal generated by an acceleration sensor employed in the apparatus in the same way as the apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 1 and changing the mode of a clock on the basis of a result of the detection. Since the portable electronic apparatus is capable of detecting a movement caused by the user as a movement of the apparatus on the basis of a signal generated by an acceleration sensor employed in the apparatus as described above, the number of operation components to be provided in the apparatus can be reduced by a quantity according to the capability.

Portable electronic apparatus, operation control method, operation control program, signal generation apparatus and signal generation method


An absorbent sheet of cellulosic fiber typically includes at least about 15% by weight of high coarseness, generally tubular and lignin-rich cellulosic fiber based on the combined weight of cellulosic fiber in the sheet. Lignin-rich high coarseness, generally tubular fiber employed may be characterized by a coarseness of at least about 20 mg/100 m and an average length of 2 mm. The sheet is prepared by way of a process including applying a dewatered web to a heated rotating cylinder and creping the web from the heated cylinder with an undulatory creping blade. Preferred lignin-rich, high coarseness, generally tubular fibers include thermo and chemi mechanical pulps. A particularly preferred embodiment is a sheet including at least about 15% BCTMP.

The use of recycled cellulosic furnish to make towel and tissue products is increasingly desirable in view of the rising costs of virgin fibers, especially for facilities which use large volumes of absorbent products. Products made from recycle furnish tend to be relatively stiff, having relatively high tensiles and relatively low bulk leading to poor absorbency and properties. Moreover, these products tend to have relatively low wet/dry strength ratios. Various methods have been employed to increase the bulk and softness of products made from recycle furnish, including the use of softeners, debonders and the like as well as anfractuous fibers and/or new processing techniques; some of which require significant capital investment and cannot be readily adapted to existing production capacity such as conventional wet-press paper machines with Yankee dryers.
There is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,551 to Farrington, Jr. et al. throughdried tissues made without the use of a Yankee dryer. The typical Yankee functions of building machine direction and cross-machine direction stretch are replaced by a wet end rush transfer and the throughdrying fabric design, respectively. According to the '551 patent it is particularly advantageous to form the tissue with chemi-mechanically treated fibers in at least one layer. Resulting tissues are reported to have high bulk and low stiffness. Furnishes enumerated in connection with the Farrington, Jr. et al. process include virgin softwood, hardwood as well as secondary or recycle fibers. Col. 4, lines 28-31. In the '551 patent it is further taught to incorporate high-lignin content fibers such as groundwood, thermomechanical pulp, chemimechanical pulp, and bleached chemithermomechanical pulp. Generally these pulps have lignin contents of about 15 percent or greater, whereas chemical pulps (Kraft and sulfite) are low yield pulps have a lignin content of about 5 percent or less. The high-lignin fibers are subjected to a dispersing treatment in a disperser in order to introduce curl into the fibers. The temperature of the fiber suspension during dispersion can be about 140° F. or greater, preferably about 150° F. or greater and preferably about 210° F. or greater. The upper limit on the temperature is dictated by whether or not the apparatus is pressurized, since the aqueous fiber suspensions within an apparatus operating at atmosphere cannot be heated above the boiling point of water. Interestingly, it is believed that the degree of permanency of the curl is greatly impacted by the amount of lignin in the fibers being subjected to the dispersing process, with greater effects being attainable for fibers having higher lignin content. Col. 5, lines 43 and following. Lignin-rich, high coarseness, generally tubular fibers are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,725 of Lau et al. as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,527 of Hsu et al. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,287,422; 6,162,961; 5,932,068; 5,772,845; 5,656,132. The so-called uncreped, through-dried process of the '551 patent requires a relatively high capital investment and is expensive to operate inasmuch as thermal dewatering of the web is energy intensive and is sensitive to fiber composition.
Considerable commercial success has also been achieved in connection with U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,788 to Marinack et al. In accordance with the '788 patent there is provided biaxially undulatory single ply and multiply tissues, single ply and multiply towels, single ply and multiply napkins and other personal care and cleaning products as well as novel creping blades and novel processes for the manufacture for such paper products. Generally speaking, there is provided in accordance with the '788 patent a creping blade provided with an undulatory rake surface having trough-shape serrulations in the rake surface of the blade. The undulatory creping blade has a multiplicity of alternating serrulated sections of either uniform depth or a multiplicity of arrays of serrulations having non-uniform depth. The blade is operative to impart a biaxially undulatory structure to the creped web such that the product exhibits increased absorbency and softness with a variety of furnishes. Specifically disclosed are conventional furnishes such as softwood, hardwood, recycle, mechanical pulps, including thermo-mechanical and chemithermomechanical pulp, anfractuous fibers and combinations of these. Col. 20, line 41 and following. There is noted in example 20 of the '788 patent the improved properties obtained when using the undulatory blade in the manufacture of towels including up to 30 percent anfractuous fiber (HBA). The high bulk additive (HBA) is a commercially available softwood Kraft pulp sold by Weyerhauser Corporation that has been rendered anfractuous by physically and chemically treating the pulp such that the fibers have permanent kinks and curls imparted to them. Inclusion of the HBA fibers into the base sheet will serve to improve the sheet's bulk and absorbency. A significant advantage of the invention of the '788 patent over other advanced processing techniques is that it can be implemented with relatively low capital investment, and is compatible with processes employing mechanical dewatering.
The disclosure of the foregoing references incorporated herein by reference.
Despite many advances in the art, there is an ever present need for further improvements to products which incorporate cellulosic fiber such as recycle fiber, especially those improvements which do so on a cost-effective basis in terms of required capital and operating costs. It has been found in accordance with the present invention that there is a surprising synergy between the use of an undulatory creping blade and the incorporation of certain high yield fibers into the web as described hereinafter.

Method of making creped towel and tissue incorporating high yield fiber


A valve nozzle for introducing a flowable liquid into a mixing chamber through which flows a gas includes a nozzle head having defined therein the mixing chamber and having a gas delivery conduit which communicates with the mixing chamber, the mixing chamber having at least one nozzle opening through which a mixture of the gas and the flowable liquid pass from the nozzle head; driving device for opening and closing the at least one nozzle opening; closing spring connected to the driving device; an actuating device connected to the closing spring; a closure body which is disposed on the outflow side of the at least one nozzle opening, which is supported on the actuating device, and which is axially movable; a distribution chamber which discharges into the mixing chamber and has a valve seat for the closure body so that the interstice between the valve seat and the closure body, in an open position of the closure body, forms the at least one nozzle opening; a delivery conduit for the flowable liquid which terminates in a calibrated inlet bore that discharges into the distribution chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a valve nozzle for introducing a flowable medium into a mixing chamber, which nozzle is provided with a delivery conduit with which at least one nozzle opening in a nozzle head is associated and which nozzle has an axially movable closure body, which is disposed on the outflow side of the nozzle opening and is supported on an actuating means that is connected to a closing spring and a driving means.
2. Description of the Related Art
Valve nozzles of this kind, as are needed for instance for fuel injection valves, are known for instance in the conception shown in German Patent Disclosure DE-A 19 33 489 with a closure body located on the inside, and in which nozzles there is a closure body disposed between the delivery conduit and the nozzle opening in the interior of the nozzle head, so that between the valve seat for the closure body on the one hand and the nozzle opening on the other, a relatively large residual chamber remains, with the result that such injection valves dribble after injection.
From European Patent Disclosure EP-A 0 599 168, a device for combined blow-injection of fuel and air is known, in which a plurality of nozzle openings for the delivery of fuel, which are closable via a central closure body, discharge into a mixing chamber formed by an air conduit. The air conduit in turn is likewise closable via a central, second closure body, which cooperates with the first closure body for the nozzle openings. Not only is the production cost high, but the two closure bodies also have a relatively large mass which, given the mass forces to be controlled, demands considerable actuation forces both for the closing spring and for the driving means, such as an adjusting magnet, if short opening times and a high actuation frequency are to be attained.
With this last apparatus as its point of departure, the object of the invention is to create a valve nozzle of the type referred to at the outset which is designed more favorably with respect to manufacture and the mass forces to be controlled.


Provided is a system and method for notifying completion of a network re-entry procedure in a communication system. In the system, a mobile station (MS) completes the network re-entry procedure with a base station (BS), and then notifies the completion of the network re-entry procedure to the BS.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a communication system, and in particular, to a system and method for notifying completion of a network re-entry procedure in a communication system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the next generation communication system, active research is being conducted to provide service capable of transmitting/receiving high-speed, high-capacity data to/from mobile stations (MSs). A typical example of the next generation communication system is an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16e communication system.
Referring to FIG. 1, herein is a description of an MS performing a process of a network re-entry procedure with a target base station (BS) after performing connection switching, e.g., handover, from a serving BS to the target BS in a general IEEE 802.16e communication system.
FIG. 1 is a signaling diagram illustrating a process of performing a network re-entry procedure in a general IEEE 802.16e communication system.
Referring to FIG. 1, following handover from a serving BS to a target BS 150, an MS 100 obtains downlink synchronization with the target BS 150, and receives parameters to be used in an uplink and a downlink, in step 111. Thereafter, the MS 100 should obtain uplink synchronization by performing a ranging operation with the target BS 150, and perform an operation of adjusting transmission power. Therefore, the MS 100 transmits a Ranging Request (RNG-REQ) message to the target BS 150 in step 113, and the target BS 150 transmits a Ranging Response (RNG-RSP) message to the MS 100 in response to the RNG-REQ message in step 115.
Upon performing the ranging operation as described above, the MS 100 transmits a Subscriber Station Basic Capability Request (SBC-REQ) message to the target BS 150 to request the basic capabilities of the target BS 150 and the MS 100 in step 117. The SBC-REQ message, which is a Medium Access Control (MAC) message that the MS 100 transmits to the target BS 150 to request the basic capabilities, includes therein information on a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level supportable by the MS 100. Upon receipt of the SBC-REQ message from the MS 100, the target BS 150 detects an MCS level supportable by the MS 100, included in the received SBC-REQ message, and transmits a Subscriber Station Basic Capability Response (SBC-RSP) message to the MS 100 in reply to the SBC-REQ message in step 119.
Upon receipt of the SBC-RSP message, the MS 100 transmits a Privacy Key Management Request (PKM-REQ) message to the target BS 150 for MS authentication and key exchange in step 121. The PKM-REQ message, a MAC message for MS authentication, includes a certificate (unique information) of the MS 100. Upon receipt of the PKM-REQ message, the target BS 150 performs authentication with an Authentication Server (AS) (not shown) using the certificate of the MS 100, included in the received PKM-REQ message. If the MS 100 is an authenticated MS as a result of the authentication, the target BS 150 transmits a Privacy Key Management Response (PKM-RSP) message to the MS 100 in response to the PKM-REQ message in step 123. The PKM-RSP message includes an Authentication Key (AK) and a Traffic Encryption Key (TEK) allocated to the MS 100.
Upon receipt of the PKM-RSP message, the MS 100 transmits a Registration Request (REG-REQ) message to the target BS 150 in step 125. The REG-REQ message includes MS registration information for the MS 100. Upon receipt of the REG-REQ message, the target BS 150 detects MS registration information included in the received REG-REQ message, registers the MS 100 therein using the MS registration information, and transmits a Registration Response (REG-RSP) message to the MS 100 in response to the REG-REQ message in step 127. The REG-RSP message includes the registered MS registration information. The MS 100 receives the REG-RSP message, completing its network re-entry procedure to the target BS 150 in step 129. As the MS 100 receives the REG-RSP message, a normal operation is performed between the MS 100 and the target BS 150, completing the network re-entry procedure. The process of performing the network re-entry procedure in the general IEEE 802.16e communication system has been described above with reference to FIG. 1. Next, with reference to FIG. 2, a description will be made of a process of performing a network re-entry procedure based on Handover Process Optimization Type/Length/Value (TLV) in a general IEEE 802.16e communication system.
FIG. 2 is a signaling diagram illustrating a process of performing a network re-entry procedure based on Handover Process Optimization TLV in a general IEEE 802.16e communication system.
Referring to FIG. 2, following handover from a serving BS to a target BS 250, an MS 200 obtains downlink synchronization with the target BS 250, and receives parameters to be used in an uplink and a downlink, in step 211. The MS 200 transmits an RNG-REQ message to the target BS 250 in step 213, and the target BS 250 transmits an RNG-RSP message to the MS 200 in response to the RNG-REQ message in step 215. The RNG-RSP message includes HO Process Optimization TLV, and the HO Process Optimization TLV, an Information Element (IE) included using a TLV encoding scheme, is an IE of a connection switched MS, for example, a handover-processed MS, used for supporting a fast network re-entry procedure with the target BS. That is, the HO Process Optimization TLV is an IE written to make it possible to omit some or all of the message transmission/reception processes that should necessarily be performed in the general network re-entry procedure for the fast network re-entry procedure of the MS 200.
When the MS 200 performs general handover or idle mode handover, the target BS 250 can acquire information on the MS 200 via a backbone network from the system having the information on the MS 200, like the serving BS or a paging controller, before the MS 200 performs the general handover or idle mode handover. The information on the MS 200 can be equal to the information acquired in the process of performing by the MS 200 the network re-entry procedure after its handover from the serving BS to the target BS 250. In this case, by acquiring the information on the MS 200 via the backbone network, the target BS 250 can omit a particular message transmission/reception process in the network re-entry procedure due to the handover of the MS 200, and can not only save the air link resources necessary for the particular message transmission/reception process but also advance a normal communication restart time with the MS 200. Therefore, the target BS 250 includes the HO Process Optimization TLV in order to transmit to the MS 200 a notification indicating the message transmission/reception process omittable in the process of performing the network re-entry procedure. A format of the HO Process Optimization TLV is shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1HO ProcessFor each Bit location, a value of '0' indicates theOptimizationassociated re-entry management message shall berequired, a value of '1' indicates the re-entrymanagement messages may be omitted.Bit #0: Omit SBC-REQ management message duringcurrent re-entry processingBit #1: Omit PKM Authentication phase except TEKphase during current re-entry processingBit #2: Omit PKM TEK creation phase during currentre-entry processingBit #3: BS shall transmit an unsolicited SBC-RSPmanagement message with updated capabilitiesinformation in case capabilities of Target BS aredifferent from the ones of Serving BSBit #4: Omit REG-REQ management message duringcurrent re-entry processingBit #5: BS shall transmit an unsolicited REG-RSPmanagement message with updated capabilitiesinformationBit #6: BS supports virtual SDU SN. If Bit#6 = 1 andMS supports SDU SN, it shall issue SN Report headerupon completion of HO to this BS.
In Table 1, the HO Process Optimization TLV is a type of bitmap information indicating whether it is possible to omit transmission/reception of a message in the current network re-entry procedure. That is, the HO Process Optimization TLV IE is expressed in the form of; for example, a 7-bit bitmap. Below is a description of each bit of the HO Process Optimization TLV bitmap.
(1) Whether it is possible to omit transmission of an SBC-REQ message is indicated by a first bit Bit#0. Bit#0=0 indicates that the MS 200 should necessarily transmit the SBC-REQ message, and Bit#0=1 indicates that the MS 200 can omit transmission of the SBC-REQ message.
(2) Whether it is possible to omit a PKM authentication process is indicated by a second bit Bit#1. Bit#1=0 indicates that the MS 200 should perform the PKM authentication process including a TEK process, and Bit#1=1 indicates that the MS 200 can omit the PKM authentication process except for the TEK process.
(3) Whether it is possible to omit the TEK process is indicated by a third bit Bit#2. Bit#2=0 indicates that the MS 200 should necessarily perform the TEK process, and Bit#2=1 indicates that the MS 200 can omit the TEK process.
(4) Whether it is possible to omit transmission of an SBC-RSP message is indicated by a fourth bit Bit#3. Bit#3=0 indicates that the target BS 250 should necessarily transmit an unsolicited SBC-RSP, and Bit#3=1 indicates that the target BS 250 can omit transmission of the SBC-RSP message by transmitting the information included in the SBC-RSP message along with the RNG-RSP message using the TLV encoding scheme.
(5) Whether it is possible to omit transmission of a REG-REQ message is indicated by a fifth bit Bit#4. Bit#4=0 indicates that the MS 200 should necessarily transmit the REG-REQ message, and Bit#4=1 indicates that the MS 200 can omit transmission of the REG-REQ message.
(6) Whether it is possible to omit transmission of a REG-RSP message is indicated by a sixth bit Bit#5. Bit#5=0 indicates that the target BS 250 should necessarily transmit an unsolicited REG-RSP, and Bit#5=1 indicates that the target BS 250 can omit transmission of the REG-RSP message by transmitting the information included in the REG-RSP message along with the RNG-RSP message using the TLV encoding scheme.
(7) Whether the target BS 250 supports a virtual Service Data Unit (SDU) Sequence Number (SN) is indicated by a seventh bit Bit#6. If the Bit#6 is set to '1' and the MS 200 also supports the virtual SDU SN, the MS 200 should transmit an SN Report header to the target BS 250 after completing the network re-entry procedure with the target BS 250.
When Bit#3 and Bit#5 of the HO Processor Optimization TLV included in the RNG-RSP message are both set to '1', the TLV included in the RNG-RSP message is shown in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2If (HO ProcessOptimization [bit#3] == 1)SBC-RSP encodingSBC-RSP TLV items for HO optimizationIf (HO ProcessOptimization [bit#5] == 1)REG-RSP encodingREG-RSP TLV items for HO optimization
In Table 2, if Bit#3 of the HO Process Optimization TLV is set to '1', it indicates SBC-RSP encoding information included in the RNG-RSP message. If Bit#5 of the HO Process Optimization TLV is set to '1', it indicates REG-RSP encoding information included in the RNG-RSP message.
Thereafter, the MS 200 and the target BS 250 perform the network re-entry procedure according to the HO Process Optimization TLV. For example, if the HO Process Optimization TLV bitmap is set to '1110100', the MS 200 omits transmission of an SBC-REQ message in step 217, the target BS 250 transmits an unsolicited SBC-RSP message to the MS 200 in step 219, the MS 200 omits transmission of a PKM-REQ message in step 221, the target BS 250 omits transmission of a PKM-RSP message in step 223, the MS 200 omits transmission of an REG-REQ message in step 225, and finally, the target BS 250 transmits an unsolicited REG-RSP message to the MS 200 in step 227.
As another example, if the HO Process Optimization TLV bitmap is set to '1111110', the target BS 250 should transmit the information included in both the SBC-RSP message and the REG-RSP message along with the TLV of the RNG-RSP message. In this case, the MS 200 and the target BS 250 can normally complete the network re-entry procedure in step 229, even though they omit all the message transmission/reception processes shown in steps 217 to 227.
As described above, in the course of performing the network re-entry procedure, the MS and the target BS can omit some or all of the message transmission/reception processes in the network re-entry procedure according to the HO Process Optimization TLV.
Although the MS fails to normally receive the RNG-RSP message from the target BS, it is impossible for the target BS to recognize the MS's failure to normally receive the RNG-RSP message. In this case, though the target BS performs the network re-entry procedure according to the HO Process Optimization TLV, the MS may perform the general network re-entry procedure, causing mis-synchronization of the message transmission/reception process between the MS and the target BS.
In addition, if the target BS transmits an unsolicited SBC-RSP message or an unsolicited REG-RSP message without a request of the MS, i.e., if the target BS unilaterally transmits the message to the MS without performing the general message transmission/reception process, it is impossible for the target BS to recognize whether the MS has normally received the unsolicited SBC-RSP message or the unsolicited REG-RSP message.
Therefore, there is a need for a scheme in which the target BS can recognize whether the MS has normally received an unsolicited message that the target BS transmitted without the request of the MS, or a message included in the HO Process Optimization TLV, while the MS and the target BS are performing the network re-entry procedure according to the HO Process Optimization TLV.

System and method for notifying completion of network re-entry procedure in a communication system


Disclosed is a method of altering a nucleic acid. The method includes fragmenting a parent nucleic acid strand to generate nucleic acid fragments. At least a subset of the fragments are ligated to generate shuffled nucleic acid strands. A selected strand is identified from the shuffled nucleic acid strands for a criterion.

Proteins and nucleic acids employ only a small fraction of the functionality available to the modern chemist yet solve with ease chemical problems in binding, specificity, and catalysis that are well beyond the reach of current rational chemical design. These biopolymers can be diversified to generate numerous variants from which molecules with desired properties can be selected by Nature or by researchers in the laboratory. The sequence space of a 50 residue protein includes 1065 variants, while that of a 50 base oligonucleotide contains 1030 molecules.
In vitro molecular evolution efforts include diversification of a starting molecule into related variants from which desired molecules are chosen. Methods used to generate diversity in nucleic acid and protein libraries include whole genome mutagenesis (E. A. Hart et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1999, 121, 9887-9888.), random cassette mutagenesis (J. F. Reidhaar-Olson et al. Methods Enzymol 1991, 208, 564-86), error-prone PCR (R. C. Caldwell and G. F. Joyce. PCR Methods Applic. 1992, 2, 28-33), and DNA shuffling (Stemmer. Nature 1994, 370, 389-391). After diversification, biopolymers can be selected with novel or enhanced properties.

President and Fellows of Harvard College


A magnetoresistive read sensor based on the spin valve effect in which a component of the read element resistance varies as the cosine of the angle between the magnetization directions in two adjacent magnetic layers is described. The sensor read element includes two adjacent ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic metallic layer, the magnetic easy axis of each of the ferromagnetic layers being aligned along the longitudinal axis of the ferromagnetic layers and perpendicular to the trackwidth of an adjacent magnetic storage medium. The sense current flowing in the sensor element generates a bias field which sets the direction of magnetization in each ferromagnetic layer at an equal, but opposite, angle .theta. with respect to the magnetic easy axis thus providing an angular separation of 2.theta. in the absence of an applied magnetic signal. The magnetizations of both ferromagnetic layers are responsive to an applied magnetic field to change their angular separation by an amount 2.delta..theta..

The present invention relates generally to magnetic transducers for reading information signals recorded in a magnetic medium and, more particularly, to an improved magnetoresistive read sensor which utilizes a multilayered, spin valve structure and the sensor sense current to set the non-signal operating point of the sensor.
The prior art discloses a magnetic read transducer referred to as a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor or head which has been shown to be capable of reading data from a magnetic surface at great linear densities. An MR sensor detects magnetic field signals through the resistance changes of a read element fabricated of a magnetic material as a function of the strength and direction of magnetic flux being sensed by the read element. These prior art MR sensors operate on the basis of the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect in which a component of the read element resistance varies as the square of the cosine.sup.2 (cos ) of the angle between the magnetization and the direction of sense current flow through the element. A more detailed description of the AMR effect can be found in "Memory, Storage, and Related Applications", D.A. Thompson et al., IEEE Trans. Mag. MAG-11, p. 1039 (1975).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,235 entitled "Magnetic Transducer Head Utilizing Magnetoresistance Effect", granted to Takino et al on Jan. 23, 1990, discloses a multilayered magnetic sensor which utilizes the AMR and comprises first and second magnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic layer in which at least one of the magnetic layers is of a material exhibiting the AMR effect. The easy axis of magnetization in each of the magnetic layers is set perpendicular to the applied magnetic signal such that the MR sensor element sensor current provides a magnetic field in the magnetic layers parallel to the easy axis thus eliminating or minimizing Barkhausen noise in the sensor. "Thin Film MR Head for High Density Rigid Disk Drive" by H. Suyama et al, IEEE Trans. Mag., Vol. 24, No. 6, 1988 (pages 2612-2614) discloses a multilayered MR sensor similar to that disclosed by Takino et al.
More recently, a different, more pronounced magnetoresistive effect has been described in which the change in resistance of a layered magnetic sensor is attributed to the spin-dependent transmission of the conduction electrons between the magnetic layers through a non-magnetic layer and the accompanying spin-dependent scattering at the layer interfaces and within the ferromagnetic layers. This magnetoresistive effect is variously referred to as the "giant magnetoresistive" or "spin valve" effect. Such a magnetoresistive sensor fabricated of the appropriate materials provides improved sensitivity and greater change in resistance than observed in sensors utilizing the AMR effect. In this type of MR sensor, the in-plane resistance between a pair of ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic layer varies as the cosine (cos) of the angle between the magnetization in the two layers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,039 to Grunberg describes a layered magnetic structure which yields enhanced MR effects caused by antiparallel alignment of the magnetizations in the magnetic layers. As possible materials for use in the layered structure, Grunberg lists ferromagnetic transition metals and alloys, but does not indicate preferred materials from the list for superior MR signal amplitude. Grunberg further describes the use of antiferromagnetic-type exchange coupling to obtain the antiparallel alignment in which adjacent layers of ferromagnetic materials are separated by a thin interlayer of Cr or Y.
Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/625,343 filed Dec. 11, 1990, assigned to the instant assignee, discloses an MR sensor in which the resistance between two uncoupled ferromagnetic layers is observed to vary as the cosine of the angle between the magnetizations of the two layers and which is independent of the direction of current flow through the sensor. This mechanism produces a magnetoresistance that is based on the spin valve effect and, for selected combinations of materials, is greater in magnitude than the AMR.
Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/652,852, filed Feb. 8, 1991, assigned to the instant assignee, discloses an MR sensor based on the above-described effect which includes two thin film layers of ferromagnetic material separated by a thin film layer of a non-magnetic metallic material wherein at least one of the ferromagnetic layers is of cobalt or a cobalt alloy. The magnetization of the one ferromagnetic layer is maintained perpendicular to the magnetization of the other ferromagnetic layer at zero externally applied magnetic field by exchange coupling to an antiferromagnetic layer.
The spin valve structures described in the above-cited U.S. patent applications require that the direction of magnetization in one of the two ferromagnetic layers be fixed or "pinned" in a selected orientation such that under non-signal conditions the direction of magnetization in the other ferromagnetic layer is oriented perpendicular to the pinned layer magnetization. When an external magnetic signal is applied to the sensor, the direction of magnetization in the non-fixed or "free" layer rotates with respect to the direction of magnetization in the pinned layer. The output of the sensor then, is proportional to the cosine of the angle that the magnetization of the free layer rotates through. In order to maintain the magnetization orientation in the pinned layer, a means for fixing the direction of the magnetization is required. For example, as described in the above-cited patent applications, an additional layer of antiferromagnetic material can be formed in contact with the pinned ferromagnetic layer to provide an exchange coupled bias field. Alternatively, an adjacent magnetically hard layer can be utilized to provide hard bias for the pinned layer.

Current biased magnetoresistive spin valve sensor

International Business Machines Corporation


To provide a lighting unit which: does not greatly affect the design of a light guide plate; and has a long lifetime, high efficiency, and a wide color reproduction range by means of a phosphor. In view of the foregoing, the lighting unit of the present invention is constituted in such a manner that a phosphor bead or a phosphor film is arranged on at least one of the light irradiation plane of a light guide plate, the rear surface of the light guide plate, and the light incidence plane of the light guide plate. In addition, a phosphor film is constituted by using: a phosphor bead formed of a phosphor particle and a water-impervious material with which the phosphor particle is coated so that the particle is confined in the material; and a polymer film holding the phosphor bead.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device used for a portable information equipment, a portable phone, and the like, a lighting unit such as a front light or a back light for irradiating a non-self light emitting display element with light, and for a phosphor bead or a phosphor film for converting a wavelength of light from a light source.
2. Description of the Related Art
Liquid crystal display devices providing high-definition color images at low power consumptions have been frequently used as display devices for recent portable phones, mobile computers, and the like. A light source employing a high-luminance white LED has been used as the light source for the lighting units, for illuminating liquid crystal devices used in those liquid crystal display devices.
In particular, a bright reflection type liquid crystal display device or a double-side visible type liquid crystal display device in which image information can be displayed on both front and rear surfaces, has been used in a portable phone. The white LED used for lighting such the display devices has such a construction that a resin having dispersed thereinto a green phosphor or a yellow phosphor is provided onto the light-emitting surface of a blue LED. As a result, green light or yellow light, and the original blue light are mixed, thereby being capable of obtaining white light.
FIG. 15 is an XY chromaticity diagram explaining the color reproduction range of a conventional white LED. A color triangle obtained by connecting the points shown by R, G, and B in the figure is that of a color CRT. Adjusting the luminance of each of those R, G, and B pixels enables all the colors present inside the color triangle to be represented. When the area of the color triangle of the color CRT is set to 100%, the area of a color triangle possessed by a color display device except a CRT is defined as an NTSC ratio, and the ratio is an indicator for color reproducibility. The conventional white LED can reproduce a color only on a straight line connecting chromaticity coordinates 101 of only a blue LED with excitation light and chromaticity coordinates 102 of only yellow light obtained by wavelength conversion, so a color reproduction range is extremely narrow. Of course, a yellow phosphor can reproduce a red color and a green color (although the chroma of each of the colors is low) as well as a yellow color because a green light component and a red light component are also produced by wavelength conversion. An oxide phosphor such as yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) added with a rare earth element or a chalcogenide compound has been frequently used as a phosphor.
Meanwhile, the intensity of light applied to a phosphor is large when the phosphor is used in the same manner as in the conventional white LED. JP 07-176794 A (Patent Document 1) discloses that a phosphor is applied to and formed on the rear surface of a light guide plate at a predetermined formation density with a view to preventing the light degradation of the phosphor.
Furthermore, JP 10-269822 A (Patent Document 2) discloses that a laminar wavelength converter is arranged between a blue LED and the light incidence plane of a light guide plate so that wavelength conversion can be performed by means of a phosphor with a lower area than that in the method disclosed in the above patent document.
However, a conventional oxide phosphor has a problem in that light conversion efficiency is low. The use of the so-called chalcogenide compound such as a sulfide, a selenide, or a telluride each having high light conversion efficiency for solving the problem involves the emergence of a new problem in that it is difficult to lengthen the lifetime of each of these phosphors owing to the poor moisture resistance of each of the phosphors.
In addition, a conventional lighting unit in which a conventional blue LED, and a green phosphor or a yellow phosphor are combined to provide white light has a problem in that a color reproduction range is narrow owing to a reduction in luminous intensity of a red color.
In addition, a conventional lighting unit in which a phosphor is applied to the rear surface of a light guide plate has a problem in that application conditions must be conformed every time the specifications of the light guide plate are changed because an application concentration must be conformed to a light intensity distribution inside the light guide plate. Furthermore, applying the phosphor to the rear surface of the light guide plate involves the emergence of a problem in that it becomes difficult to design the light guide plate because light propagation property inside the light guide plate changes.
Furthermore, a conventional lighting unit in which a laminar wavelength converter is arranged between a light source and the light incidence plane of a light guide plate has a problem in that color mixing property is bad because a distance between the light source and the wavelength converter is so short that the intensity distribution of light applied to the wavelength converter is large.

Lighting unit, display device, and phosphor film


The invention concerned is a money tray with casing whose lid contains an illuminated area, illuminable by at least one light medium which is located within the casing, and which has at one end of the casing a testing device for banknotes and/or credit cards. This design firstly offers the advantage of eye-catching advertising. At the same time it is possible to test the banknotes placed on it for their authenticity. The light sources required for this can have a shared electricity supply, so that only one electric cable is necessary and space on the counter is not unnecessarily restricted.

The invention concerns a money tray for shop counters and suchlike.
Conventional money trays made of acrylic or plastic usually have the required change dish and frequently have an advertisement printed on the surface. In this case the advertisement has only a limited effect because illumination is lacking. In addition the advertisement wears off in time through frequent handling. Furthermore it is a disadvantage that the advertisement is printed permanently on the money tray, meaning that it is not always up-to-date because the product is no longer sold or its presentation has been changed.
Another problem is that the use of forged banknotes is increasing. There are banknote testing devices in existence which are placed near the cash till and use ultraviolet light to distinguish between genuine and forged banknotes. However, in order to use these testing devices adequate space is required near the cash till to install them. Moreover, customers may find it unpleasant to have their banknotes checked in such an obvious manner with a movement of the hand towards the testing device.

MGC Manfred Gaus Creative Medien Marketing GmbH


Measuring current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a solar cell using a lamp that emits light, a substrate that includes a plurality of solar cells, a positive electrode attached to the solar cells, and a negative electrode peripherally deposited around each of the solar cells and connected to a common ground, an articulation platform coupled to the substrate, a multi-probe switching matrix or a Z-stage device, a programmable switch box coupled to the multi-probe switching matrix or Z-stage device and selectively articulating the probes by raising the probes until in contact with at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode and lowering the probes until contact is lost with at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a source meter coupled to the programmable switch box and measuring the I-V characteristics of the substrate.

1. Technical Field
The embodiments herein generally relate to solar processing and characterization, and more specifically, to a high throughput combinatorial characterization tool for combinatorial solar test substrates.
2. Description of the Related Art
Some exemplary solar processing operations include operations for adding (depositions) and removing layers (etch), defining features, preparing layers (e.g., cleans), doping, etc. However, solar companies conduct research and development (R&D) on full substrate processing, often on very large substrates and requiring a complete solar cell manufacturing line. This approach has resulted in high R&D costs and the inability to conduct extensive experimentation in a timely and cost effective manner. Combinatorial processing as applied to solar manufacturing operations enables multiple experiments to be performed on a single substrate and without a complete solar cell manufacturing line. Equipment for performing the combinatorial processing and characterization of the combinatorial test substrates must support the efficiency offered through the combinatorial processing operations.
Combinatorial processing enables rapid evaluation of solar processing operations. The systems supporting the combinatorial processing are flexible to accommodate the demands for running the different processes either in parallel, serial, or some combination of the two. A valuable component of the systems for combinatorial processing are the characterization tools used to produce the data from high throughput experimentation in such a way that the process does not slow down. High performance combinatorial characterization tools are needed to quickly process and characterize the combinatorial test substrates.
Conventional solar electrical characterizations, such as current vs. voltage measurements in an R&D environment, are performed independently of one another in a manual and sequential mode. However, the conventional process tends to be time consuming and resource demanding resulting in a significant loss in testing throughput. For example, when there is a need for measuring multiple sites per sample, the throughput and resources of the operators becomes a critical issue. Taking 32 sites per sample as an example, it takes several minutes to measure the current vs. voltage performance per site. To finish the characterization of each example, the operator has to move the sites every few minutes until every site on the sample has been tested. It is a lengthy and tiring test.

High throughput current-voltage combinatorial characterization tool and method for combinatorial solar test substrates


Automatically configurable dual regulator type circuits and methods are provided. On embodiment of the invention includes an automatically configurable dual regulator type circuit. The circuit comprises a high-side switching device (HS-SD) coupled to a low-side switching device (LS-SD) at an output node. The circuit further comprises a control logic device that turns on the HS-SD to provide an output current to a user selected circuit configuration through the output node, turns off the HS-SD after a voltage fed back from an output terminal of the user selected circuit configuration exceeds a first threshold and sets a regulator type configuration mode based on the presence or absence of a flyback period at the output node after the HS-SD has been turned off.

A switching regulator typically employs a high-side metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) (HS FET) and a low-side MOSFET (LS FET) to switch power between the HS FET and LS FET by a switching control signal and to provide current to an output inductor. In other cases, the MOSFETs can be replaced with bipolar transistors or other switching/linear pass devices. The switching regulator typically employs feedback of the output to an error amplifier where the feedback is compared to a stable reference voltage to maintain a constant output voltage. If the output voltage falls below or rises above the reference voltage, the switching frequency and/or duty cycle of the switching signal varies so as to maintain a constant output voltage. A low-dropout (LDO) regulator is a DC linear voltage regulator which can operate with a very small input-output differential voltage. The main components are a power FET and a differential amplifier (error amplifier). One input of the differential amplifier monitors a percentage of the output and the second input to the differential amplifier is from a stable voltage reference (bandgap reference). If the output voltage falls below or rises above the reference voltage, the drive voltage to the power FET changes so as to maintain a constant output voltage.
LDO regulators and switching regulators are widely used in integrated circuits (ICs). An LDO regulator may not be very power efficient but can have substantially low system implementation costs. A switching regulator can be power efficient, but because the circuit requires an inductor, it will be more expensive than an LDO regulator and need more printed circuit board (PCB) area than an LDO regulator. From a cost perspective, an LDO and a switching regulator would not likely be fabricated on the same IC chip. Also there are pin limitations to implementing both an LDO regulator and a switching regulator on the same IC chip. However, in certain situations, in certain applications, it is desirable to have a dual regulator type circuit that allows for configuring the dual regulator type circuit as either an LDO or a switching regulator. For example, some applications may require an LDO regulator for lower system cost and better noise performance, while other applications may require a switching regulator to have better power efficiency, especially in battery powered implementations. Usually an IC with a dual regulator needs an additional pin that can be used to define a particular mode of the regulator. This pin is either pulled to a particular voltage or connected to ground to define the setting. However, this implementation increases IC chip pin outs and costs.


A handbag for housing a cell phone/Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and containing a compartment for personal items is disclosed. The housing provisions include circuitry between inner lining and outer shell of handbag interconnecting various compartments therewithin, including backup battery compartment and a touch-operated screen (operable from the exterior). The handbag also has modular outlets to physically connect and integrate the cell phone/PDA system and an antenna to facilitate wireless connection.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the common cell phone/Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and its accessories that are combined with and are incorporated into a handbag.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Significant advancements have been made for the cell phone with respect to miniaturization. While a less bulky cell phone unit has the advantage of being easier to store and carry, it is not necessarily easier to use. Currently, cell phones as well as PDA's are stored loosely in handbags or in compartments fashioned from the inner lining. The size reduction of the contemporary cell phone results in the difficulty and awkwardness in accessing a ringing phone within a cluttered handbag in a timely fashion. Outside the handbag, the cell phone becomes even harder to locate.
Holding a cell phone while conversing encumbers one hand and distracts the user from performing other tasks. A headphone attachment successfully resolves this drawback as well as the concern radiation but does so at the expense of miniaturization, ease of handling and storability.

Cell phone/personal digital assistant built into handbag


A process for preparing a molded article of fiber-reinforced plastic having an optional configuration and no tendency to deformation and cracks by using a plate material including a fibrous reinforcement and a thermoplastic resin, including the steps of previously setting-up, on the plate material and/or a mold, a sheet prepreg obtained by impregnating a unidirectionally arranged fiber or woven cloth with a thermoplastic resin in areas where the fibrous reinforcement does not follow the flow of the resin well or in areas where special reinforcement is required and successively carrying out integral molding to obtain said article; and a molded article obtained by the process.

a. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a molded article of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic which is light weight, has excellent mechanical strength, and can be utilized for various applications including automobile parts such as a bumper backup beam, door beam and seat shell, structural materials and machinery parts. The invention also relates to a process for preparing the material.
b. Description of the Prior Art
Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTP) are light weight and provide excellent mechanical strength. Hence, they are used in the form of molded articles for automobile parts, structural materials, machinery parts and other fields. The molded article is typically prepared by using a plate material essentially consisting of a thermoplastic resin and fibrous reinforcement as raw materials and by carrying out stamping and other molding processes.
In the stamping process, the plate material is heated above the melting temperature of the resin to provide fluidity for the plate material itself. Thereafter, the plate material is placed in a mold maintained at a temperature lower than the melting temperature of the resin, the mold is immediately closed, and cooling and forming are simultaneously carried out to obtain a molded article of an arbitrary form. The process, however, is liable to cause deformations or cracks in certain portions of the molded article particularly in the case of molding a complex shaped article. Consequently, restriction has been imposed upon the use of such materials.
Another process which has been tried, uses a sheet prepreg containing a unidirectionally arranged fiber, or a woven cloth impregnated with a thermoplastic resin, as a raw material of the molded article. However, a molded article prepared from the sheet prepreg cannot overcome the above problems of deformations and cracks, although strengths are generally higher than with articles prepared from the plate material. Additionally, the sheet prepreg is more expensive than the plate material. Constitution of the whole molded article with the sheet prepreg leads to higher production costs for the molded article.
In order to solve the problems of deformations and cracks, another process increases the overall strength of the molded article by selecting a specific resin and/or fibrous reinforcement for the plate material. For example, generation of deformations and cracks can be prevented by selection of high performance engineering plastics and/or carbon fiber. However, such plastics and fibrous reinforcement are very expensive. Consequently, it is unfavorable to prepare the whole molded article with such resin and fibrous reinforcement, because the portion required to prevent cracks and deformations is only a part of the molded article.

Process for preparation of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molded articles including special reinforcement


The attachment device for rifle slings comprises two eye parts (2) arranged on the stock or barrel (1) of the rifle, each with a transverse hole (3), through which a retaining pin (8) can be stuck. At each end of the rifle sling (4) there is provided a sling sleeve (5). In the middle of each sling sleeve (5) there is provided a recess (7) extending in the longitudinal direction of the sling and into which can the eye part (2) can be inserted. Each retaining pin (8) can be stuck directly through the sling sleeve (5) and has a transverse opening (9) in the vicinity of each of its two ends, through can be pulled a retaining thong (10) attached to the rifle sling (4).

In known attachment devices for rifle slings, a metal fitting is usually arranged at each sling sleeve and is for its part connectable to the respective eye part of the rifle. The fitting itself consists of an elongated metal ring, through which the rifle sling is passed to form a sling sleeve. The metal is in turn attached fixedly or with articulation to an essentially U-shaped tongue. The retaining pin is arranged slidably in transverse bores in the two arms of the tongue and has a head at one end. In the vicinity of this head and in the vicinity of its opposite end the retaining pin has indentations. A spring-loaded detent element is provided in one arm of the tongue. This metal fitting is relatively heavy and expensive to make, in addition to which it has to be matched accurately to the eye part. To fix the rifle sling to the rifle the eye part is fitted between the two U-arms of the tongue and the retaining pin is then pushed through the transverse bore of the eye part. When the retaining pin is pushed fully home, the detent element clicks into the indentation provided in the vicinity of the head. A disadvantage of this known attachment device is also that a clattering noise can occur when the tongue knocks against the barrel or there is too much play between the eye part and the tongue.
In another, similar known attachment device, the retaining pin is formed as a screw, which can be screwed in at one end into a thread in the one U-arm of the tongue. To remove the rifle sling from the rifle, the screw must be fully undone, so that a screwdriver is needed. The relatively small screws can easily be lost.
The invention is based on the object of providing an attachment device for a rifle sling of the kind initially referred to which is above all cheap to manufacture, does not create any clattering noise but nevertheless facilitates simple fitting and removal of the rifle sling.


A connector includes an insulating housing, a plurality of terminals, an actuator and a support member. The insulating housing defines a mouth and a plurality of cavities for receiving the corresponding terminals. The actuator is rotatably mounted to the mouth of the insulating housing and has a base. Two opposite sides of the base respectively define an incline slightly sloping inward from bottom to top. A top of the incline protrudes sideward to form an edge. The support member has a base section. A top of the base section bends sideward to form an arcuate section. A free end of the arcuate section extends downward to form an elastic section. While the actuator is at a closed position, the elastic section and the corresponding incline buckle with each other, the edge is held by the arcuate section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to an electrical connector, and more particularly to an electrical connector for a flexible printed cable or a flexible printed circuit (FPC hereinafter for simplification), having a pair of support members capable of making an actuator closed firmly.
2. The Related Art
An FPC connector shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,104 includes an insulating housing, a plurality of terminals, an actuator and a pair of support members. The insulating housing defines a plurality of terminal cavities. The terminal is received in the corresponding terminal cavity. The support members are respectively fixed at two opposite ends of the insulating housing. The support member has a base section, a soldering section bends sideward from a bottom of the base section and an inserting section extends rearward from a rear of the base section. The actuator is of rectangular shape and is rotatably mounted in the insulating housing.
After inserting an FPC in the connector, the actuator can stably pivot from an open position to a closed position. While at the closed position, the FPC connector holds the actuator by the base section of the support member. However, the compression strength between the actuator and the two support members can't hold the actuator firmly, so that the actuator is apt to open.


The document discloses a pre-distorter, which comprises: a pre-distortion module, which is configured to pre-distort a plurality of baseband input signals by an equal number of pre-distortion functions to obtain an equal number of pre-distorted signals respectively, wherein all of the baseband input signals input into every pre-distortion function, and each pre-distortion function has one output; an adder, which is configured to combine all of the pre-distorted signals output from every pre-distortion function into one combined signal; and a power amplifier (PA), which is configured to amplify the combined signal, wherein the cascade of the pre-distortion functions and the PA are linear overall. And the document also discloses a method for distorting. The document reduces the implementation cost of a pre-distorter.

Currently, if one wishes to transmit two signals with high efficiency over two different bands, the dual band digital pre-distortion (DB-DPD) system shown in FIG. 1 may be used. Complex baseband signals BB1 101 and BB2 102 are centered at 0 Hz and have a bandwidth of B1 and B2 respectively. The intent of the DB-DPD system is that BB1 and BB2 will appear on the power amplifier's output centered at frequencies fc1 and fc2 respectively.
Signals BB1 101 and BB2 102 are sent into frequency shifters 103 and 104 respectively, and the frequency shifters 103 and 104 shift the frequencies of the signals BB1 101 and BB2 102 to f1 and f2 respectively. These two shifted signals are combined by an adder 105 and then forwarded to a pre-distortion module 106, which processes the combined signal by a pre-distortion function. The output of the pre-distortion module 106 is then sent to a final frequency shifter 107 which shifts the frequency by fu. It should be clear that f1+fu=fc1 and f2+fu=fc2. Also, fc2−fc1=f2−f1. In this application, a device which shifts the center frequency of a signal is called a 'frequency shifter'. Other equivalent terminology exists such as 'upconverter' and 'downconverter', but this application will use the term 'frequency shifter'.
The output of the final frequency shifter 107 is sent to a power amplifier (PA) 108, and the PA 108 produces the final signal which will be transmitted.
The power amplifier 108 is typically a low efficiency device and one method that can be used to improve its efficiency is to drive it into its nonlinear region. The problem is that the more the PA is driven into its nonlinear region, the higher the amount of distortion that is introduced by the PA.
The goal of the pre-distortion function, which is also a non-linear function, is to create a signal to be sent to the PA such that the output signal of the PA contains little or no distortion. In other words, although the pre-distortion function and the PA are individually non-linear, the cascade of the pre-distortion function and the PA produces a system that is linear overall.
Although many functions can be used for the pre-distortion function, one function that is often used is called the memory polynomial, which is shown in Eq 1:
                              pd_out                                (            n            )                          =                              ∑                          j              =              0                                      M              -              1                                                                    ∑                              k                =                0                                            L                -                1                                                                                h                                  j                  ,                  k                                                          pd_in                                            (                                  n                  -                  j                                )                                                                                                                          pd_in                                                                    (                                                  n                          -                          j                                                )                                                                                                  k                                .                                                                        Eq                                                  1
Wherein pd_in is the signal input into the pre-distortion function and pd_out is the signal produced by the pre-distortion function, n is the sample index, and M and L represent the memory depth and nonlinearity length of the above example of a pre-distortion function, respectively. The actual values used for M and L will vary based on the actual PA that is being used but typically, M will be a rather small number around 4 and L will be around 10.
One method that can be used to calculate the coefficients hj,k is the indirect learning architecture. The concept of the indirect learning architecture is that a model, which models the input of the PA based on the output of the PA, is created. Once such a model is created, the model is used directly as the pre-distortion function.
For example, suppose that several samples input into and output from the PA are captured and are denoted as pi for the samples input into the PA, and po for the samples output from the PA. The required number of samples varies from one PA to another PA but typically, the required number of samples is between 2000 and 10000.
These samples are typically observed using a capture buffer 111. The capture buffer 111 has two inputs. One input of the capture buffer 111 comes from the output of the pre-distortion module 106. The other input of the capture buffer 111 first comes from a coupler 110 which extracts a small portion (typically less than 1% of the output power) of the signal coming from the PA. The most important property of the coupler is that it produces a signal that very accurately represents the actual output of the PA, but at a significantly reduced power level. This extracted signal is forwarded to a frequency shifter 109 which shifts the signal back down in frequency by fu. The output of this frequency shifter 109 is connected to the other input of the capture buffer 111.
The capture buffer 111 is typically controlled by a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 112 which, through the use of a trigger signal, indicates when the capture buffer 111 should begin capturing data. Once the capture buffer 111 receives a trigger signal, it begins to capture data until the memory of the capture buffer 111 has been completely filled.
After the capture buffer's memory has been filled, the captured values for pi and po are typically read out of the capture buffer 111 by a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 112 which proceeds to solve for the coefficients ĥj,k in the following equation Eq 2 using least squares minimization.
                                          p            i                                          (            n            )                          =                              ∑                          j              =              0                                      M              -              1                                                                    ∑                              k                =                0                                            L                -                1                                                                                h                  ^                                                  j                  ,                  k                                                                                p                  o                                                                  (                                      n                    -                    j                                    )                                                                                                                                                  p                        o                                                                                (                                                  n                          -                          j                                                )                                                                                                  k                                .                                                                        Eq                                                  2
Specifically, the above equation Eq 2 can be expressed using matrix arithmetic as Eq 3:{right arrow over (p)}i=H{right arrow over (h)}.  Eq 3
Wherein the {right arrow over (p)}i, H, and {right arrow over (h)} in Eq 3 can be expressed as Eq 4, Eq 5, and Eq 6 respectively:
                                          p            →                    i                =                  [                                                                                p                    i                                                                          (                    1                    )                                                                                p                    i                                                                          (                    2                    )                                                                                …                                              ]                                    Eq                                                  4                                H        =                  [                                                                                p                    o                                                                          (                    1                    )                                                                              …                                                                                p                      o                                                                                (                      1                      )                                                                                                                                                        p                          o                                                                                (                          1                          )                                                                                                            L                                                                              …                                                                                p                    o                                                                          (                                          1                      -                      M                                        )                                                                              …                                                                                p                      o                                                                                (                                              1                        -                        M                                            )                                                                                                                                                        p                          o                                                                                (                                                      1                            -                            M                                                    )                                                                                                            L                                                                                p                    o                                                                          (                    2                    )                                                                              …                                                                                p                      o                                                                                (                      2                      )                                                                                                                                                        p                          o                                                                                (                          2                          )                                                                                                            L                                                                              …                                                                                p                    o                                                                          (                                          2                      -                      M                                        )                                                                              …                                                                                p                      o                                                                                (                                              2                        -                        M                                            )                                                                                                                                                        p                          o                                                                                (                                                      2                            -                            M                                                    )                                                                                                            L                                                                                …                                            …                                            …                                            …                                            …                                            …                                            …                                              ]                                    Eq                                                  5                                          h          →                =                              [                                                                                h                      ^                                                              0                      ,                      0                                                                                …                                                                                h                      ^                                                              0                      ,                      L                                                                                …                                                                                h                      ^                                                              M                      ,                      0                                                                                …                                                                                h                      ^                                                              M                      ,                      L                                                                                ]                    .                                    Eq                                                  6
The least squares minimization solution to the overdetermined equation Eq 3 is expressed as Eq 7:{right arrow over (h)}=(HHH)−1HH{right arrow over (p)}i.  Eq 7
The general operation of the DB-DPD system shown in FIG. 1 is that when the DB-DPD system is first turned on, h0,0 will be 1 and all other values of hj,k will be zero. Some data will be captured by the capture buffer 111 and analyzed by the DSP 112 so as to produce the vector {right arrow over (h)} and all of the values of ĥj,k. After these values have been calculated, all of the hj,k values will be simultaneously updated and replaced with the ĥj,k values. One can consider the hj,k values to be the 'old values' or the 'current values' which are updated all at once with the ĥj,k values which can be considered the 'new values' or the 'updated values'.
The process of capturing data, performing calculations, and finally updating the coefficients hj,k can be considered as one iteration. Typically, several iterations are performed so as to reach a final optimal solution. Also, if it is known that the characteristics of the PA will be changing in time, iterations may be performed continuously.
As shown in FIG. 2, the bandwidth of the signal input into the pre-distortion function is expressed as Eq 8 or Eq 9:
                              B                      PD            ,                          i                                                                                n                                      =                              f                                          c                                  2                                                                                -                      f                          c              1                                +                                    B              1                        2                    +                                    B              2                        2                                              Eq                                                  8                                          B                      PD            ,                          i                                                                                n                                      =                              B            1                    +                      B            2                    +                                    B              deadspace                        .                                              Eq                                                  9
Wherein the Bdeadspace is the amount of unused bandwidth between signals BB1 and BB2, which is expressed as Eq 10:
                              B          deadspace                =                              f                          c              2                                -                      f                          c              1                                -                                    B              1                        2                    -                                                    B                2                            2                        .                                              Eq                                                  10
It is well known to a person skilled in the art that the bandwidth of the signal output from the pre-distortion module 106 is significantly larger than the bandwidth BPD,in of the signal input into the pre-distortion module 106. The actual bandwidth required on the output of the pre-distortion module 106 so as to sufficiently linearize the PA 108 depends on the actual PA 108 in use, the center frequency of the PA 108, and the actual signal being transmitted through the PA 108. However, a general rule of thumb is that the bandwidth of the signal output from the pre-distortion module 106 must be about 5 to 7 times the bandwidth of the signal input into the pre-distortion module 106. Although the bandwidth expansion factor of the pre-distortion module 106 will vary based on the particular application, for the discussion in this application, the bandwidth expansion factor will be assumed to be 7. Thus the bandwidth BPD,out of the signal output from the pre-distortion module is expressed in Eq 11:BPD,out=7BPD,in.  Eq 11
The pre-distortion module will produce output samples at a sampling rate of at least BPD,out. Thus, the larger BPD,in is, the more stringent the requirements on the pre-distortion function are. Specifically, the sampling rate of the output of the pre-distortion module, and the minimum rate at which the pre-distortion module must calculate output samples, is:fs,PDout=7BPD,in=7(B1+B2+Bdeadspace).  Eq 12
Thus, although the final signal to be transmitted from the PA only contains energy over a frequency range totaling B1+B2, the sampling rate of the pre-distortion module is severely degraded by Bdeadspace. For example, suppose that B1 and B2 are 5 MHz and 10 MHz respectively and suppose further that Bdeadspace is 200 MHz. Although only 15 MHz of information will be transmitted by the PA, the output of the pre-distortion module will need to run at a frequency of about 1.5 GHz!
Note that typically, the sampling rate of the data input into the pre-distortion module will be equal to the sampling rate of the data output from the pre-distortion function:fs,PDout=fs,PDin  Eq 13
Furthermore, the sampling rate of all the processing before the pre-distortion function will also typically be at the same rate as fs,PDin.
It can be seen from the above description that the minimum sampling rate required by the related art is expressed in Eq 14:fs,min,prior—art=7(B1+B2+Bdeadspace)  Eq 14
And the implementation cost of the related art is related to fs,min,prior—art. The larger fs,min,prior—art is, the larger the implementation cost is.
Thus, the implementation cost of the related art depends on Bdeadspace and can become immense if Bdeadspace is very large. It would be beneficial if a solution existed to reduce the implementation cost of a dual band pre-distortion transmitter. Furthermore, it would also be beneficial if a solution existed such that the implementation cost of a dual band pre-distortion transmitter would not be a function of Bdeadspace.

Method for pre-distorting and a pre-distorter