In the image detector according to the present invention, a signal processing block generates a video signal by processing a pickup image signal corresponding to an image of an object which is picked up by an image pickup block and a motion detection block detects variations per unit time of luminance or a color of a portion or a whole of an image formed on the basis of the video signal as character variables of the image. A character analyzing block divides the video signal generated by the signal processing block into signals at durations each having the same character variable of the image detected by a motion detection block, and adds, to each of the divided video signals, an importance degree determined according to the character variables of the image and a duration of the signal, thereby making it possible to save memory capacities, accelerate retrieval of pickup images and enhance utilization efficiencies of transmission systems for lessening loads.

A large number of methods have conventionally been proposed for reducing amounts of information in recording image data obtained with image pickup devices such as TV cameras into storage devices such as memories.
Image compressing techniques which are typically represented by JPEG and MPEG are currently known as techniques for reducing amounts of image data. Images can be compressed on the order of 1/30 without remarkably degrading image qualities by using, for example, the MPEG technique.
Further, a data reducing technique adopted for an image recorder disclosed by Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-217786 can be mentioned as another technique for reducing amounts of image data. This image recorder is configured, as shown in FIG. 10, to lead a video signal 1 picked up by a monitor camera or similar means into a comparison input of a comparator circuit 7, and into a subrecording block 5 and a main recording block 12 through a switch 4 and another switch 6. Furthermore, the video signal is added from the sub-recording block 5 to a standard input of the comparator circuit 7 and an output from the comparator circuit 7 is input into a control block 2. The control block 2 is caused to control the switches 4 and 6 as well as readout from the sub-recording 5 by inputting a synchronous signal which is extracted by a synchronous extraction circuit 13, into the control block 2. An image signal picked up by the sub-recording block 5 is recorded temporarily as a previous value, the recorded image signal is compared with an image signal which is subsequently picked up and an image signal differentiated according to a comparison result is recorded in the main recording block 12. A recording capacity of the main recording block is reduced as described above.
A data reducing technique used in a theft-preventive monitor disclosed by Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-231442 can be mentioned as still another technique for reducing amounts of image data. In this theft-preventive monitor, as shown in FIG. 11, input image data from video camera 1 of a theft-preventive unit, which is installed at a location under the monitor, is input into a motion judging block 2 and an image encoding block 3. The motion judging block 2 detects motion data and judges whether or not an object under the monitor moves. Only when the motion judging block 2 judges that the object moves, the image encoding block 3 outputs image data reproduced by a local image decoding block 4 to a data recording block 5 for recording the image data. Only when the object under monitor moves, the image encoding block 3 transmits encoded data to the theft-preventive unit disposed at the location under monitor. An abnormal event judging block 6 receives this data and generates an alarm signal when it judges the movement as an abnormal event. Simultaneously, an image decoding block 8 decodes the encoded data, and a recording block 7 on a monitor side records an image and displays the image on a monitor block 9. The theft-preventive monitor reduces amounts of image data to be recorded as described above.
However, the known image detectors have defects which are described below.
First, the method which reduces amounts of image data using the compressing technique represented by MPEG must process data in an amount of 4 Mbps even in a compressed condition on the order of 1/30 since an original amount of image data is remarkably large and requires, for example, a memory of approximately 43 G bytes for recording the data continuously for a period of 24 hours. Such a large memory requirement hardly allows an image detector to be manufactured at a low cost using a random access memory under the present conditions.
Further, continuity in time is lost in data recorded by a method that records only differentiated images or moving images like those adopted for the image recorder as shown in FIG. 10 and disclosed by Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-217786, or the theft-preventive monitor as shown in FIG. 11 and disclosed by Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-231442. Although the method effectively reduces amounts of image data. The importance of images on a divalent basis, i.e., whether or not the images are different from each other or whether or not an image moves, presents a problem in that it may allow important data to be effaced when an attempt is made to record new data while automatically effacing data in the event where a capacity of the recording medium is exceeded.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Disclosed is a protective lamp-shade consisted of a cylindrical shell molded from polycarbonate resin, and two silicone rubber end caps mounted on the lamp tube of a lamp assembly at two opposite ends to hold the cylindrical shell in place, wherein the cylindrical shell has parallel teeth around the inside or outside wall to refract the light of the lamp tube of the lamp assembly, and is peripherally and partially coated with a layer of white zinc coating along its length for reflecting the light of the lamp tube of the lamp assembly.

The present invention relates to lamp-shades, and more specifically the present invention relates to a protective lamp-shade for protecting the lamp tube of a lamp assembly.
Various lighting fixtures have been proposed for use in different situations, or for different purposes. Among conventional lighting fixtures, fluorescent lamps are commonly used in offices and houses for illumination. However, a fluorescent lamp may flash, more particularly after a length of time in use, and the lamp tube of a fluorescent lamp is fragile. If the lamp tube of a fluorescent lamp is broken, the fragments may go off in all directions to injure people therebelow.


A rotation speed is feedback controlled to a target rotation speed during idle running of an engine. When an automatic transmission is in a travel range, a brake is being operated and a vehicle speed is less than a predetermined value, the target rotation speed is decreased. A required vehicle creep force is different according to whether the vehicle has substantially stopped such as when it is waiting on a crossing, or whether it is moving in the idle running state as when it is being garaged or is following a vehicle in front of it in a traffic jam. By decreasing the target rotation speed according to the vehicle speed, an optimum creep force is obtained in both cases.

In a vehicle engine, in order to prevent the speed from falling due to load changes when the engine is running idle, a type of control is known where the idle rotation speed is feedback controlled so that the real rotation speed is identical to a target rotation speed. However when the idle rotation speed is fixed at a predetermined level, the engine rotation speed (idle rotation speed) may be too high when the brake is operated in order to decelerate, and the driver experiences discomfort during the deceleration.
In this regard, Tokkai Sho 62-233429 published by the Japanese Patent Office in 1987 proposes an engine idle rotation controller which, when the brake is operated, drops the target rotation speed as compared to the case when the brake is not operated. Herein the operation of the brake refers to the depression of a brake pedal or operation of a parking brake.
However, if the brake pedal is depressed and released as when, for example, the vehicle is being garaged or is following a vehicle in front of it in a traffic jam, the vehicle moves at a low speed. In the case of the aforesaid controller, even under these conditions, the target rotation speed decreases every time the brake is depressed. When the brake pedal is next released, therefore, creep force of the vehicle is insufficient so that either the vehicle does not start or starts only very sluggishly. As a result, the accelerator pedal must again be depressed to start the vehicle, hence the accelerator pedal must be operated frequently. The creep force refers to the force tending to move the vehicle when the automatic transmission is within traveling range and the accelerator pedal is not at all depressed. Herein traveling range refers to a range other than the parking and neutral ranges.
However, when the driving force is set so that sufficient creep force is obtained even when the target rotation speed has decreased, the creep force is then excessive when the automatic transmission is in traveling range and the brake is depressed to prevent the vehicle from moving.
The above case occurs frequently especially when the vehicle is in a short stop or waiting to start on a crossing, so the brake pedal must be strongly depressed to suppress the creep force.
Further in the aforesaid controller, the target rotation speed is decreased without considering the situation when the engine is warming up or the air conditioner is operating. When the engine is cold or the air conditioner is operating, the idle rotation speed easily tends to fall, so decreasing the target rotation speed under these conditions is undesirable from the viewpoint of preventing speed fluctuations.


A magnetic stimulation probe is provided to produce a probe electromagnetic field within a patient. The magnetic stimulation probe has a first generally planar magnetic field generating coil having a first coil trace having a decreasing radial spiral which passes about a first central portion, the first coil trace having a first electric current traveling in a first direction and having a first plurality of separated portions each having a first respective set of different radii from the first central portion along a bisecting line. The first planar coil has a second coil trace having a second electric current traveling in a second direction which is parallel to the first direction, and having a second plurality of separated portions each having a second respective set of different radii from the first central portion along the bisecting line along the bisecting line. Two such coils can be arranged to produce a high intensity focused magnetic field at a distance from the probe. The probe electromagnetic field is operable to induce a current in a conductive material.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Magnetic stimulation procedures can be performed on a patient for various purposes. Because many diagnostic, investigative, therapeutic and other procedures are performed within or affect a patient's internal anatomy, it is desirable to provide a system that provides a strong and localized magnetic field to affect the patient during a procedure. Additionally, certain procedures such as moving magnetically-tagged pharmaceuticals to a specified region of the body, or activating magnetically-tagged pharmaceuticals may be facilitated by such a magnetic field.
In the case of stimulation of a patient's internal anatomy, a principal requirement is the establishment of an internal electric field in the area of stimulation which generally results in an electric current associated therewith depending on the conductivity of the medium in which the electric field is present. The principal governing equation for such electric field generation is the Maxwell-Faraday Equation:∇×E=−∂B/∂t which states that an electric field E is established due to the time rate of change of a magnetic field B. Thus the faster the magnetic field varies (rises or falls) the stronger the resulting electric field, and thus the induced current.
The time rate of change of the magnetic field produced by an electromagnetic coil is dependent on the rate of change of the electric current in the coil. The factor which prevents fast rise or fall times of the electric current in magnetic coils is the termed the inductance of the coil. The inductance of the coil is dependent on several factors including the geometric configuration of the coil windings or traces. The typical method of winding a magnetic coil well known in the art is to employ a single conductor wound in a loop or loops from one terminal to the other. This winding configuration results in a relatively large inductance in general. This relatively large inductance requires relatively increased electric current to power the coils and thus reduces power efficiency.
In 1894, N. Tesla taught (U.S. Pat. No. 512,340) that an interleaved winding configuration would greatly reduce the inductance of magnetic coils and specifically planar spiral coils which are generally used in the production of magnetic fields in a patient's internal anatomy. The interleaved winding configuration of U.S. Pat. No. 512,340 consists of two insulated conductors wound side-by-side in a flat spiral and so interconnected as to increase the inter-turn capacitance, thus reducing the effective inductance of the coil.
Magnetic stimulation procedures can be performed with the magnetic field being produced by a single coil or adjacent pairs or multiples of coils. Typical coils known in the art however, due to the time required to establish or collapse a magnetic field, have limited electric field-producing efficiency and effective distance and focality. Various coil configurations have been proposed to overcome these problems with limited success. It is desirable, therefore, to provide a more efficient coil design whose benefits include faster rise and fall times of the magnetic field, lower driving current required to power the coils, increased penetration distance and increased focality.


A laboratory centrifuge has a centrifuge rotor supported on a stator and rotatable on a bearing about an axis of rotation. An electric motor drives the rotor and has pole pieces at a stationary part mounted on the stator and a rotatable part directly attached to the rotor, the stationary part having pole pieces with drive coils. The pole pieces magnetically act through a gap between the pole pieces and the rotatable part, and the gap lies in a surface which is perpendicular to the axis of rotation or forms a shallow frustocone opening either upwardly or downwardly.

A centrifuge of this general type is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,684 in which a rotatable motor part is directly fixed to the rotor instead of being attached to it by means of an intermediate shaft as in older designs. As a result, high compactness is achieved, which is especially appropriate for small laboratory centrifuges.
In the known device, the static part of the electric motor is mounted radially inside the rotor. The consequence is a conventional motor with a cylindrical gap concentric with the axis of rotation, however in this instance entailing substantial drawbacks.
If for high motor efficiency the gap is made narrow, then rotor vibrations caused by imbalances relative to the stator must be suppressed. Therefore the known design provides a bearing rigidly joined to the stator. All the generated vibrations are transferred to the stator. This design offers no way to spring-dampen the vibrations inside the centrifuge.
Moreover the entire electric motor is concentrically enclosed by the rotor. Heat problems arise on that account. Because of long and high motor loads, the heat generated inside the rotor essentially can only be dissipated through the rotor. Test samples present inside the rotor will be heated: this feature in general is unacceptable.
The conventional motor design with a cylindrical gap moreover constrains the electric motor within the available space inside the rotor: for instance, the coils must be wound in a complex manner onto the pole pieces. In addition, the radially inward space available for the pole pieces and the coils decreases rapidly and considerable problems of mounting space and size arise, entailing heat problems and limits on motor output. Therefore only those electric motor designs are applicable that offer high efficiency, but these are also complex and costly.

Laboratory centrifuge with electric motor


A method for removing contaminants from a substrate surface having a pattern formed on the surface. The method involves rinsing the substrate and pattern with water to remove acid reactive material. The substrate and pattern are then washed with an acid whose concentration is too low to attack the material that forms the pattern. Then the substrate is washed with water to remove the acid.

The present invention relates to the manufacture of photomasks and phase-shift masks. In particular, the invention relates to methods for forming chrome photomasks and for forming phase-shift masks without producing chrome opaque defects.
A conventional photomask comprises a patterned light-shielding film of opaque material, typically a metal such as chromium, on a transparent mask substrate, typically silica (quartz). In photomask manufacture, a photoresist is applied to the opaque-material side of a mask blank comprising a layer of the opaque material on a transparent mask substrate. The photoresist is patterned by an image-wise exposure and wet developed to produce a pattern of photoresist over the opaque layer. The mask blank containing the imaged photoresist is either wet or dry etched to remove the opaque material revealed by removal of the photoresist. When the photoresist is stripped after etching, a patterned layer of opaque material remains on the transparent substrate.
Typically, a positive-tone, novolac-type photoresist is exposed by a laser tool and developed with TMAH: a dilute solution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. TMAH developer is a strong base. The exposed portions of the opaque layer are wet etched with a ceric salt, typically ceric ammonium nitrate in 10% nitric acid or a ceric salt in 10% perchloric acid. An acidic solution of a ceric salt is a strong oxidizing agent.
When a wet etch is used, it is common practice to perform both the develop step and wet etch step sequentially in the same process chamber of the process tool. These steps are typically carried out using a spray process in which the developer and wet etchant are sequentially sprayed onto a rotating mask substrate in a single process chamber. The usual sequence is: develop, rinse with deionized water, wet etch, rinse with deionized water, and dry.
The ceric ion is soluble in the acidic etch solution. Basic ceric salts precipitate in neutral solution or in the basic developer solution, however, and form small particles across the entire mask blank. Over time, a steady build up of yellow ceric hydroxide particles, orange ceric ammonium nitrate particles, and mixtures of these cerium-containing particles forms and deposits throughout the process chamber. The nozzles that spray the rinse water also become contaminated with cerium. The rinse water contains cerium in both soluble and insoluble forms.
If a dry etch is used in place of a wet etch, the mask blank containing the patterned photoresist is developed with TMAH, washed with deionized water, dried, and transferred to a reactive ion etch system for the dry etch of the chrome layer. Although the dry etch does not use a cerium etchant, the process tool used to develop the photoresist is typically contaminated with cerium from other processing. Consequently, the mask blank is contaminated with cerium-containing particles during development. These particles are not removed by the deionized water rinse; rather, they produce chromium opaque defects on the resulting photomask due to micro-masking by the cerium-containing particles during dry etch of the chromium layer.
Most process tool manufacturers recommend a once-a-month manual washdown of the process tool with concentrated hydrochloric acid to remove the cerium compounds from the process tool. In addition to causing downtime, manual washdown is time consuming and inconvenient. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive and the precipitated cerium compounds and hydrochloric acid can react to produce chlorine gas and nitrogen dioxide.
Thus, a need exists for methods for removing precipitated particles of ceric salts from mask blanks prior to wet or dry etching to form photomasks and for methods for removing cerium deposits from process tools.
To meet this and other needs, and in view of its purposes, the present invention provides a method for forming a photomask on a mask blank having a transparent substrate and a chrome layer. When a dry etch is used to etch the chrome layer, the method comprises, in order, the steps of:
a) applying photoresist to the chrome layer of the mask blank, the mask blank either (i) having the chrome layer on the transparent substrate, or (ii) comprising, in order, the chrome layer, a phase-shift mask layer, and the transparent substrate;
b) patterning the photoresist;
c) wet developing the photoresist and removing a portion of the photoresist, revealing a portion of the underlying chrome layer;
d) rinsing the mask blank with water;
e) rinsing the mask blank with dilute acid;
f) rinsing the mask blank with water;
g) drying the mask blank;
h) dry etching the chrome layer and removing the portion of the chrome layer revealed in step c); and
i) stripping the photoresist from the mask blank.
When a wet etch is used to etch the chrome layer, the method comprises, in order, the steps of:
a) applying photoresist to the chrome layer of the mask blank, the mask blank either (i) having the chrome layer on the transparent substrate, or (ii) comprising, in order, the chrome layer, a phase-shift mask layer, and the transparent substrate;
b) patterning the photoresist;
c) wet developing the photoresist and removing a portion of the photoresist, revealing a portion of the underlying chrome layer;
d) rinsing the mask blank with water;
e) wet etching the chrome layer with an acidic solution of a ceric salt and removing the portion of the chrome layer revealed in step c);
f) rinsing the mask blank with water;
g) rinsing the mask blank with dilute acid;
h) rinsing the mask blank with water; and
i) stripping the photoresist from the mask blank.
The dilute acid does not attack the transparent substrate, the chrome layer, the phase-shift mask layer, or the photoresist, and cerium salts are soluble in the dilute acid. The dilute acid is preferably nitric acid or perchloric acid, more preferably nitric acid. The transparent substrate is preferably silica.
This method decreases the number of defects per photomask as well as the mask-to-mask variation in the number of defects. In addition, the acid rinse does not affect the photoresist so it is unnecessary to modify or change any other part of the overall process. The acid spray also prevents or removes the buildup of cerium-containing deposits in the process tool. This advantage reduces the number of times that the process tool must be cleaned to remove the buildup of cerium-containing deposits.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, but are not restrictive, of the invention.

Method of minimizing contaminating deposits using dilute acid rinse

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention is a method for performing multi-hop peer-to-peer telecommunications on a wireless network, the topology of which changes moment by moment and which includes a plurality of radio terminals. The present invention makes possible correct routing control even on a network with severe topology changes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a protocol for performing multi-hop peer-to-peer telecommunications in a wireless network, and a radio terminal telecommunications method.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Internet Protocol (IP) is known as a data telecommunications protocol using a network. This protocol is widely used on the Internet.
Recently, wireless networks using protocols such as IEEE802.11x and Bluetooth have been coming into widespread use, along with the provision of data telecommunications using wireless networks. Systems for this purpose are equipped with a central server or central point and do not have the purpose of carrying out peer-to-peer telecommunications.
In order to perform multi-hop peer-to-peer telecommunications on a wireless network, each terminal on the route must correctly perform routing control of the packets. However, in the conventional routing control technology on the Internet, it is thought to be highly probable that the routing information updates cannot stay current on networks with severe topology changes. On a wireless network, because Node=Device moves within a broad area, the connection point to the network changes frequently. It also sometimes seems as if the terminal itself has disappeared due to a shutdown or going out of radio range.
An object of the present invention is to provide a protocol making possible correct routing control in a network with such severe topology changes and a radio terminal telecommunications method.

Multi-hop peer-to-peer telecommunications method in a wireless network, radio terminal telecommunications method, and medium recording a program for causing a processor to implement the radio terminal telecommunications method

Abstract: The present invention comprises the following steps:

Abstract: each radio terminal exchanges the link state with radio terminals capable of direct communication (this link state includes only information on radio terminals within a predetermined number of hops), and constructs a routing table;

Abstract: a packet is prepared including the routing stack for storing intermediate routing information whenever the packet passes through the terminals;

Abstract: the sender terminal designates a destination terminal and broadcasts the abovementioned packet;

Abstract: the radio terminals on the route, which receive the packet, write the intermediate routing information to the routing stack while transferring the packet to all radio terminals based on the routing table;

Abstract: the destination terminal which receives said packet returns said packet to said sender terminal through the route followed by said packet based on information in said routing stack; and

Abstract: said sender terminal which receives said packet unicasts a message to said destination terminal through the radio terminals on said route based on information in said routing stack included in said packet.


A method of user-selecting a custom wiping rate using a windshield wiper control system is provided. The method includes activating a wiper motor connected to a windshield wiper by moving control stalk to a first switching position providing the windshield wiper with a first wiping rate. The control stalk is moved repeatedly to a second switching position, wherein successive movements of the control stalk to the second switching position define one or more tap intervals. The one or more tap intervals are determined using an analyzing and control system. Speed of the wiper motor is changed to set a second wiping rate different from the first wiping rate using the analyzing and control system based on the one or more tap intervals.

Windshield wipers are known for removing visual obstructions, such as rain, snow, dirt, mud, etc. from the windshield of a vehicle. Typically, the windshield wipers sweep across the windshield at a factory-selected rate in order to push or otherwise remove the visual obstruction from the windshield.
Operation of the windshield wipers are frequently operator controlled using a wiper stalk located at a steering column of the vehicle. The wiper stalk may allow the operator to choose between Hi, Lo and intermittent settings, the wiping rates of which are preselected by the vehicle manufacturer. However, such limited setting selections may not be satisfactory for a particular driver under particular driving conditions. Thus, the ability to customize the wiping rate of the windshield wipers is desired.

Control systems and methods for customizing windshield wiper speed settings

Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.


An apparatus for the metered removal of bulk material from a bin, the apparatus having a top bulk-material-filling opening, bottom bulk-material-removal opening, and a rotor that is connected in a driven manner to at least one sweeping arm disposed inside the bin near the bin's rotationally symmetrical floor and directed towards the removal opening. In order to create an apparatus for the removal of bulk material from a bin in which the mass of the removed bulk material not only can be metered very precisely, but which is also of simple design and easy to maintain, provision is made whereby the sweeping arm is attached on the bottom side of a separating element connected in a driven manner to the rotor, and whereby a settling zone is provided below the separating element in front of the sweeping arm, this zone only being open on one side to the bulk material through a feed opening, and on the other side to the removal opening.

The invention relates to an apparatus for the metered removal of bulk material from a bin, the apparatus having a top bulk-material-filling opening and bottom bulk-material-removal opening, comprising a rotor that is connected in a driven manner to at least one sweeping arm disposed inside the bin near the bin's rotationally symmetrical floor and directed towards the removal opening.
Document DE 39 42 558 A1 describes a bin comprising a discharge apparatus in which a mesh bottom plate is disposed over a driven sweeping arm that is continually swept by an arm of an actuator device. Metering of the bulk material removed from the bin is not possible with the known discharge apparatus since the requisite bridging of the bulk material over the discharge openings that have not just been swept is not ensured and is also dependent on the material.
Document DE 33 33 115 C2 discloses a bunker that is clearable by a sweeping device in which compression of the bulk material is counteracted by an inwardly tilted cone-like bin floor. Here the gradient in the region of the tilted floor supports the conveying action of the sweeping arm, while also relieving the pressure on the bulk material. However, an apparatus of this type is unsuited for preventing the uncontrolled outflow of fluidized material.
Finally, document DE 35 03 993 A1 discloses a discharge apparatus for a bin in which a labyrinth seal is provided to increase the flow-through resistance relative to flowable masses. The seal closes the periphery of the central cone and keeps open a labyrinth gap only in the region in front of the clearing arms. However, this arrangement is disadvantageous in that compression-prone bulk materials are compressed by the long conveyance path and are therefore discharged in a nonuniform manner.
The fundamental problem to be solved by the invention is to create an apparatus for removing bulk material from a bin in which the mass of the removed bulk material can not only be metered very precisely, but which is also of simple design and very easy to maintain.

Device for the metered removal of bulk material


The invention relates to a polysilicon resistor made by forming a film of polysilicon doped with an impurity on a dielectric film on a semiconductor substrate and patterning the polysilicon film. An object of the invention is to provide a polysilicon resistor which has a low resistance value and occupies a small area. A slot is formed in the dielectric film and is filled with the polysilicon film. The dielectric film and the patterned polysilicon film are overlaid with a second dielectric film, and a pair of contact windows are opened in the second dielectric film such that each contact window is partly over an end section of the slot. A plurality of parallel slots can be formed in the first dielectric film to further lower the resistance value or to further reduce the area of the patterned polysilicon film. As an alternative, at least one slot is formed in the substrate and is filled with a polysilicon film after depositing a dielectric film on the substrate surface including the surfaces in the slot(s).

This invention relates to a polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) resistor which is useful as a low resistance resistor in semiconductor integrated circuits and a method of producing the resistor.
In conventional semiconductor integrated circuits, resistors are usually made by patterning a planar and homogeneous film of polysilicon which is deposited on a dielectric film and is doped with an impurity such as phosphorus or boron.
In the accompanying drawings, FIGS. 8 and 9 show a conventional polysilicon resistor. A dielectric film 52 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 50, and a rectangular pattern of a doped polysilicon film 54 is formed on the dielectric film 52. The dielectric film 52 and the polysilicon film 54 are overlaid with another dielectric film 56. A pair of contact windows 60 are opened in the dielectric film 56, and aluminum contacts 62 are provided by using the contact windows 60. The resistance (R) of this resistor depends on the dopant concentration in the polysilicon film 54 and the dimensions of the patterned polysilicon film, the thickness (D), width (W) and the effective length (L). The resistance R is given by the equation (1). EQU R=.rho.L/WD=.rho..sub.s L/W (1)
where .rho. is the resistivity of the film 54, and .rho..sub.s is the sheet resistance of the film 54.
To increase the resistance R, it is conceivable to enhance the resistivity of the polysilicon film by lowering the dopant concentration. However, if the polysilicon film is very lightly doped, the temperature dependence of the resistivity is substantially increased. The resistance R can be increased by increasing the length L of the resistor, but in this case the resistor occupies an increased area.
JP-A 63-229744 (1988) shows a polysilicon resistor which can have a high resistance value without increasing the resistor area. FIGS. 10 and 11 of the accompanying drawings show a resistor according to JP-A 63-229744. A dielectric film 52 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 50, and slots 58 in a parallel arrangement are formed in the dielectric film 52 by anisotropic etching. A polysilicon film 54 is deposited on the dielectric film 52 including the dielectric surfaces in the slots 58, and an impurity is introduced into the polysilicon film 54. The doped polysilicon film 54 is selectively etched to form a rectangular resistor pattern which traverses the slots 58. After that, another dielectric film 56 is deposited over the dielectric film 52 and the polysilicon film 54, and contact windows 60 for aluminum contacts 62 are opened in the dielectric film 56. In this resistor, the effective length of the polysilicon film is increased by using the surfaces in the slots 58 instead of increasing the distance between the two contacts 62.
To lower the resistance R of a polysilicon resistor, the resistivity of the polysilicon film is lowered by increasing the dopant concentration in the film. However, there is a limit to the lowering of resistivity by this method because when the dopant concentration exceeds the solid solubility limit the excess dopant segregates at the grain boundaries. Also there is a limit to shortening of the effective length of the patterned polysilicon film since the possible minimum length is determined by the resolution of photolithography for patterning the contact windows 60 in FIG. 8. It is undesirable to enlarge the width of the patterned polysilicon film because the resistor occupies an increased area.
JP-A 57-88757 (1982) shows a method of transforming a polysilicon film into a single crystal silicon film in producing a conductor pattern including a resistor region and interconnect regions. One reason for this transformation is that the single crystal silicon film provides much lower in resistivity than the polysilicon film.
FIG. 12 of the accompanying drawings illustrates an example in JP-A 57-88757. A dielectric film 74 is formed on a p-type silicon substrate 70 in which n-type regions 72 are formed. Contact windows 78 and a number of parallel grooves 76 are formed in the dielectric film 74. A polysilicon film 80 is deposited on the dielectric film 74 so as to fill the grooves 76 and contact windows 78, and the polysilicon film is patterned by photolithography and subsequent etching to form a pattern including a resistor region 80a, interconnect regions 80b and contact regions 80c. Then, an impurity is introduced into the polysilicon film 80 by ion implantation. In the resistor region 80a the impurity concentration is regulated according to the aimed resistance value. In the interconnect regions 80b and contact regions 80c the impurity concentration is made higher so as to slightly exceed the solid solubility limit. After that, the resistor region 80a and interconnect regions 80b of the doped polysilicon film are irradiated with a high-density energy beam such as a laser beam or an electron beam to activate the implanted impurity and to transform polysilicon in these regions 80a, 80b into single crystal silicon. At this stage the grooves 76 provide artificial nuclei for crystal growth. In consequence, the resistor region 80a of the silicon film is transformed into a relatively high resistance region of single crystal silicon film, and the interconnect regions 80b are transformed into low resistivity regions of single crystal silicon film. In the contact regions 80c, the low resistivity polysilicon film remains unchanged.
The method according to JP-A 57-88757 may be used to produce a silicon resistor having a very low resistance value. However, from a practical point of view this method is not favorable because of the intricacy of irradiating the polysilicon film with a high-density energy beam.

Polysilicon resistor and method of producing same


A wireless power transfer system is disclosed that allows for directed power distribution. A power station that transmits the power can also transmit a distribution instruction that authorizes and/or prohibits various systems/components within a receiver device to receive power. A manager and power router within the receiver device route the power as directed by the distribution instruction. When multiple components/systems are authorized to receive the power, the receiver device can monitor power need and route as needed between authorized components/systems. In addition, the receiver device can act as a transmitter to wireless flash power to another device. The flash consists of bursting a large amount of power over a relatively short time. Several constraints, configurations, and considerations are required to perform this function.

Field of Invention
The disclosure relates to a wireless charging station and a wirelessly-chargeable receiver and specifically to directing power distribution in the receiver and performing power flashing by the receiver.
Related Art
Wireless power transfer stations, such as power pads, have recently become known. These wireless power transfer stations are able to wirelessly transmit power to a capable receiving device using magnetic coupling between a coil of the power transfer station and a coil of the receiving device. In this manner, the receiving device is able to receive power, for charging, operation, etc., without a wired connection to the power station.
Conventional power pads indiscriminately provide wireless power to a capable receiving device. In other words, the power station transmits power without concern for its use at the receiving device. Typical receiving devices then will default to sending the received power to a rechargeable battery. Although this will allow the device to charge, this default power distribution fails to account for other components that may have a greater need for the power, which then must wait for the battery to sufficiently charge before performing their operations. In addition, conventional receiving devices are configured only to receive power from a power transmitter, and therefore are unable to transmit power to another device that may have a need for the power.

Power transmitting system capable of power flashing and selective power distribution


The invention provides a cost-effective method for making a silicone hydrogel contact lens having an LbL coating thereon that is not covalently attached to the lens and has good hydrophilicity, intactness and durability. The method comprises LbL coating at high temperature.

In recent years, soft silicone hydrogel contact lenses, for example, Focus NIGHT & DAY™ and O2OPTIX™ (CIBA VISION), and PureVision™ (Bausch & Lomb) become more and more popular because of their high oxygen permeability and comfort. "Soft" contact lenses conform closely to the shape of the eye, so oxygen cannot easily circumvent the lens. Soft contact lenses must allow oxygen from the surrounding air (i.e., oxygen) to reach the cornea because the cornea does not receive oxygen from the blood supply like other tissue. If sufficient oxygen does not reach the cornea, corneal swelling occurs. Extended periods of oxygen deprivation cause the undesirable growth of blood vessels in the cornea. By having high oxygen permeability, a silicone hydrogel contact lens allows sufficient oxygen permeate through the lens to the cornea and to have minimal adverse effects on corneal health.
However, a silicone hydrogel material typically has a surface or at least some areas of its surface which is hydrophobic (non-wettable). Lipids or proteins from the ocular environment can be adsorbed onto hydrophobic surface or surface areas of a silicone hydrogel contact lens. The hydrophobic surface or surface areas of a silicone hydrogel contact lens may cause it be adhered to the eye. Thus, a silicone hydrogel contact lens will generally require a surface modification to increase surface hydrophilicity. High hydrophilicity and lubricity of an LbL coating on a contact lens may enhance wearer's comfort and/or ocular health.
A known method for modifying the hydrophilicity of a relatively hydrophobic contact lens material is through the use of a plasma treatment, for example, commercial lenses such as Focus NIGHT & DAY™ and O2OPTIX™ (CIBA VISION), and PureVision™ (Bausch & Lomb). Advantages of a plasma coating is its durability, relatively high hydrophilicity (or good wettability), and low susceptibility to lipid and protein deposition and adsorption. But, plasma treatment of silicone hydrogel contact lenses may not be cost effective, because the preformed contact lenses must be dried before plasma treatment and because of relative high capital investment associated with plasma treatment equipments.
Another method for modifying the hydrophilicity of a relatively hydrophobic contact lens material is a layer-by-layer (LbL) polyionic material deposition technique (see for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,451,871, 6,717,929, 6,793,973, 6,884,457, 6,896,926, 6,926,965, 6,940,580). Although this technique can provide a cost effective process for rendering a silicone hydrogel material wettable, it may require relatively long time and laborious steps to apply an LbL hydrophilic coating which can impart hydrophilicity and lubricity to a silicone hydrogel contact lens. The reported methods for applying an LbL coating to a silicone hydrogel contact lens may not provide a surface with desired hydrophilicity, lubricity, durability, and/or full surface coverage (i.e., intactness).
Therefore, there is still need for methods of efficiently applying a hydrophilic coating to a silicone hydrogel contact lens.

Method for applying a coating onto a silicone hydrogel lens


A system for returning a robot to a charger includes: a homing signal transmitter, including at least first, second, and third signal transmitters, each adapted to be provided at a front side of the charger and to respectively transmit signals which are different from each other in at least one of a code and a transmission distance, and a fourth signal transmitter, adapted to be provided on at least one lateral side of the charger and to transmit a signal which is different from the signals of the first, second, and third transmitters in code; a homing signal receiver provided at the robot and to receive at least one signal transmitted from the homing signal transmitter; and a controller adapted to identify the at least one signal and to control the robot to return to the charger based at least in part on the at least one signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a robot cleaner capable of autonomous travel and cleaning. In particular, the present invention relates to a system and a method for returning a robot cleaner with a rechargeable battery to a charger.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a robot cleaner cleans by suctioning dust, dirt, and other debris (collectively, "dirt") from a surface while traveling. Such a robot cleaner may determine the distance to an obstacle, such as a piece of furniture, an office machine, a wall or the like, that may be in the area. By determining the distance between objects, the robot cleaner may avoid collision with such obstacles. However, it is possible that the robot cleaner may not be able to locate a charger, or that the robot cleaner's battery may die before the robot cleaner reaches the charger.

System and method for returning robot cleaner to charger


A system for informing a function of a vehicle includes a plurality of electronic control units (ECUs) to control a corresponding function. A telematics multimedia system center (TMS) terminal receives signal values and state changed values input/output to/from the ECUs and transmits the received signal values and state changed values to outside. A function informing controller controls the TMS terminal and output function informing. A TMS center receives various signal values and state change values through the TMS terminal. A vehicle customer relation management (VCRM) platform provides information about a usage frequency of the corresponding function based on the signal values and the state changed values received. A usage analysis controller controls the VCRM platform and the TMS center so as to transmit the information provided from the VCRM platform to the function informing controller.

Various functions are installed in recent vehicles, but there are many cases where drivers rarely use all the functions or are unskilled in using corresponding functions.
For example, a driver driving a vehicle in which a paddle shift function providing sport transmission while driving is installed, may not be accustomed to the paddle shift function, or may not aware of the function performed by the paddle shift, so that the driver rarely uses the paddle shift function.
For another example, regarding an intermittent wiping function of a wiper system of a vehicle, there are several intermittent periods, but drivers, who are not familiar with the vehicle, are not aware of the function, so that the drivers do not effectively use the intermittent periods.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the disclosure, and therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

System for informing functions of vehicle


A finger actuated pump dispenser employs a first upper hollow vertical cylinder with a first diameter and open upper and lower ends and a second lower hollow vertical cylinder with a second and smaller diameter and a closed lower end with a central opening. The lower end of the first cylinder is joined to an open upper end of the second cylinder. The inner wall of the second cylinder has a horizontal annular recess. A first vertical hollow piston has openings in top and bottom ends and extendings slidably above and within first cylinder. The first piston has an enlargement intermediate its ends peripherally engaging and defining a first unbroken seal with the inner surface of the first cylinder. A second vertical piston has a central vertical bore extending therethrough and is disposed slidably within the second cylinder. The second piston peripherally engages and defines a second seal with the inner surface of the second cylinder. The second seal is unbroken except when the second piston is aligned with and spaced from the annular recess. A vertical stem is disposed slidably within the first piston with an outwardly extending central horizontal flange secured thereto intermediate its ends. The bottom opening of the first piston engages and defines a third seal with the flange. The third seal is broken when the bottom opening of the first piston is separated from the flange. A portion of the stem below the flange extends vertically and slidably downwards through the central bore of the second piston. The portion engages and defines a fourth unbroken seal with said bore. A spring extends within the second cylinder between its lower end and the lower end of the second piston.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,038,965 and 5,147,073 disclose fluid pump dispensers for pharmaceutical applications wherein fluids are discharged at a predetermined pressure and wherein a predetermined dosage is delivered regardless of the method of actuation. These dispensers have outlet ports through which the fluid is discharged and have inlet ports through which the fluid to be dispensed is fed into the dispensers from a container supplying the fluid. To ensure delivery of a predetermined dosage, a pharmaceutical dispenser is designed so that its exit port is held closed during actuation until a predetermined point on the down stroke is reached. At this point the outlet port is opened and the discharge of the predetermined dosage is initiated. The dispensers disclosed in the above identified patents employ an additional spring, other than the conventional return spring, which is used to hold the outlet port closed during part of the actuation. The elimination of the additional spring is most desirable, since such simplification decreases manufacturing difficulties, thus increasing performance and quality of the product.
The present invention is directed toward pharmaceutical dispensers which eliminate the additional spring and enable the outlet port to be held closed solely by the use of hydraulic forces, thus resulting in reduction of manufacturing difficulties and in enhanced performance.

Pharmaceutical pump dispenser having hydraulically closed outlet port


One implementation provides a computer system that allows front-end software applications to use multiple versions of a data mining model during execution of analytical tasks. In this implementation, the computer system includes a model version selection module that is operable to use a task name in a task request received from a front-end software application to determine a specific version of a data mining model to be used during execution of an analytical task. The computer system also includes a mapping module that is operable to map input data included in the task request received from the front-end software application into a format usable by the specific version of the data mining model.

In a real-time analytics system, various front-end software applications provide customer transaction data directly to an analytical software application that is capable of executing analytical tasks. An example of such an analytical software application is a prediction application that provides useful, predictive output relating to a transaction with a customer. An analytical software application is capable of processing real-time data from a customer to execute analytical tasks and to generate output. In many instances, the analytical software application will use the real-time data in coordination with a data mining model to generate a predictive output. A data mining model is typically derived from historical data that has been collected, synthesized, and formatted. In many instances, a predictive output generated upon execution of an analytical task is fed into a business rule engine. The business rule engine will use the predictive output in conjunction with its rule set to determine if certain events should be triggered in a given front-end application. For example, the business rule engine may determine that a special promotional offer should be provided to a particular customer given the content of the predictive output and the nature of the transaction with that customer. In some instances, the front-end applications may directly process the predictive output.
During operation of the real-time analytics system, new data needs to be considered by the data mining model. For example, a data mining model that is used to predict the customer churn probability must take into account the latest behavior of customers. Therefore, new data must be used to "re-train," or update, an existing data mining model. The updated model then can be used during the execution of subsequent analytical tasks. As multiple front-end software applications may want to use the same model, but with different timeliness of data used to train the models, the applications have to deal with a large set of different mining model "versions." For example, a front-end software application may want to use a first version of a mining model that is trained with customer data from 2002, but may later want to use a second version of the mining model that is trained with customer data from 2003. Typically, however, front-end software applications maintain direct interfaces to the analytical software applications that utilize these models for predictions during task execution. In maintaining these interfaces, the front-end software applications often need to have detailed knowledge of the specific types of analytical software applications and data mining model versions that are used. For instance, a front-end application may need to provide specific input information that is specific to the model version used by the analytical software application when executing analytical tasks. In the example above, the front-end application may need to provide different types of input information depending on whether the first model version (trained with customer data from 2002) or the second model version (trained with customer data from 2003) is used.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A tire is provided comprising a cellulose ester/elastomer composition wherein the cellulose ester/elastomer comprises at least one cellulose ester, at least one elastomer, and at least one additive selected from the group consisting of at least one compatibilizer and at least one plasticizer.

This invention relates to the dispersion of cellulose esters in elastomers as small particles to improve the mechanical and physical properties of the elastomer. Polar cellulose esters (CE) are incompatible with non-polar elastomers. In addition, high melting cellulose esters do not melt at typical melt processing temperature of elastomers. These factors make dispersion of cellulose esters into elastomers difficult via most industrially utilized melt mixing process. Due to the above problems, cellulose esters are not an obvious choice as an additive to non-polar elastomers.
This invention can overcome these difficulties by using plasticizers where necessary to help reduce the melt temperature of cellulose esters and by using compatibilizers to help improve mixing and compatibility of cellulose esters and elastomers. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the compatibilizers used can also improve mechanical and physical properties of the cellulose ester/elastomer compositions by improving the interfacial interaction/bonding between the cellulose ester and the elastomer. These cellulose ester/elastomer compositions can be used in rubber/elastomeric applications ranging from tires, hoses, belts, gaskets, automotive parts, and the like.
A process of dispersing cellulose esters in elastomers involves melting or softening cellulose esters so that the cellulose esters can flow and subsequently break down into small particles (dispersion) under shear processing. After dispersion, the cellulose esters can re-solidify upon cooling to room temperature to reinforce the rubber. Therefore, the incorporation of cellulose ester into elastomeric compositions can lower Mooney viscosity which can help with the processing of the composition through equipment, such as, mixers, calenders, extruders, and molding equipment. It can also provide longer scorch safety which provides for a longer safety time during processing. Shorter cure times can also be obtained which allows for faster turnaround time in curing molds and presses. The addition of the cellulose ester to the elastomer can also provide for higher break stress/strain, higher low strain modulus, and higher tear strength providing a tougher and stiffer composition. Finally, the addition of the cellulose ester can provide a lower tan delta at 30 C which allows for lower heat buildup and lower hysteresis.

Tires comprising cellulose ester/elastomer compositions


A method in a network node for supporting a predetermined set of aggregation levels for configuration of a downlink control channel for one of a slot Transmission Time Interval (TTI) and a subslot TTI. The method includes determining an aggregation level to be monitored by a wireless device (WD) in a communication network; and determining a number of downlink control channel candidates for the WD to monitor within each of the one of the slot TTI and the subslot TTI, the number of downlink control channel candidates based upon the aggregation level. A wireless device and corresponding method for supporting a predetermined set of aggregation levels and for implementing at least one aggregation level and at least one downlink control channel candidate for configuration of a downlink control channel for one of a slot TTI and a subslot TTI are also provided.

Packet data latency is one of the performance metrics that vendors, operators and also end-users (via speed test applications) regularly measure. Latency measurements are done in all phases of a radio access network system lifetime, when verifying a new software release or system component, when deploying a system and when the system is in commercial operation.
Shorter latency than previous generations of 3GPP RATs was one performance metric that guided the design of Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is also now recognized by the end-users to be a system that provides faster access to internet and lower data latencies than previous generations of mobile radio technologies.
Packet data latency is important not only for the perceived responsiveness of the system; it is also a parameter that indirectly influences the throughput of the system. HTTP/TCP is the dominating application and transport layer protocol suite used on the internet today. According to HTTP Archive (http://httparchive.org/trends.php) the typical size of HTTP based transactions over the internet are in the range of a few 10's of Kbytes up to 1 Mbyte. In this size range, the TCP slow start period is a significant part of the total transport period of the packet stream. During TCP slow start the performance is latency limited. Hence, improved latency can rather easily be showed to improve the average throughput, for this type of TCP based data transactions.
Radio resource efficiency can be positively impacted by latency reductions. Lower packet data latency can increase the number of transmissions possible within a certain delay bound; hence higher Block Error Rate (BLER) targets can be used for the data transmissions freeing up radio resources, potentially improving the capacity of the system.
One area to address when it comes to packet latency reductions is the reduction of transport time of data and control signaling, by addressing the length of a transmission time interval (TTI). In LTE release 8, a TTI corresponds to one subframe (SF) of length 1 millisecond. One such 1 ms TTI is constructed by using 14 OFDM or SC-FDMA symbols in the case of normal cyclic prefix and 12 OFDM or SC-FDMA symbols in the case of extended cyclic prefix.
Currently, work in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) (see RP-161299) is ongoing to standardize "short TTI" or "sTTI" operation, where scheduling and transmission can be done on a faster timescale. Therefore, the legacy LTE subframe is subdivided into several sTTIs. Supported lengths for sTTI of 2, 4 and 7 OFDM symbols are currently discussed. Data transmission in the downlink (DL) may happen per sTTI via the short physical downlink shared channel (sPDSCH), which may include a control region short downlink control channel (sPDCCH). In the uplink (UL), data is transmitted per sTTI via short physical uplink shared channel (sPUSCH); control can be transmitted via the short physical uplink control channel (sPUCCH).
Different alternatives are possible to schedule an sTTI in the UL or DL to a wireless device. In one alternative, individual wireless devices receive information about sPDCCH candidates for sTTI via RRC configuration, telling the wireless device where to look for the control channel for sTTI, i.e., sPDCCH. The DCI for sTTI is actually included directly in sPDCCH. In another alternative, the DCI for sTTI is split into two parts, a slow DCI sent in PDCCH and a fast DCI sent in sPDCCH. The slow grant can contain the frequency allocation for a DL and an UL short TTI band to be used for short TTI operation, and it can also contain refinement about sPDCCH candidate locations.
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is a mobile broadband wireless communication technology in which transmissions from base stations (referred to as eNBs) to mobile stations (also referred to as user equipment (UE)) are sent using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM splits the signal into multiple parallel sub-carriers in frequency. The basic unit of transmission in LTE is a resource block (RB) which in its most common configuration consists of 12 subcarriers and 7 OFDM symbols (one slot) in the case of normal cyclic prefix. In the case of extended cyclic prefix, a RB consists of 6 OFDM symbols in the time domain. A common term is also a physical resource block (PRB) to indicate the RB in the physical resource. Two PRBs in the same subframe that use the same 12 subcarriers are denoted a PRB pair. This is the minimum resource unit that can be scheduled in LTE.
A unit of one subcarrier and 1 OFDM symbol is referred to as a resource element (RE) see FIG. 1. Thus, a PRB consists of 84 REs. An LTE radio subframe is composed of multiple resource blocks in frequency with the number of PRBs determining the bandwidth of the system and two slots in time as shown in FIG. 2
In the time domain, LTE downlink transmissions are organized into radio frames of 10 ms, each radio frame consisting of ten equally-sized subframes of length Tsubframe−1 ms.
Messages transmitted over the radio link to users can be broadly classified as control messages or data messages. Control messages are used to facilitate the proper operation of the system as well as proper operation of each wireless device within the system. Control messages could include commands to control functions such as the transmitted power from a wireless device, signaling of RBs within which the data is to be received by the wireless device or transmitted from the wireless device and so on.
In Rel-8, the first one to four OFDM symbols, depending on the configuration, in a subframe are reserved to contain such control information, as shown in FIG. 2. Furthermore, in Rel-11, an enhanced control channel was introduced (EPDCCH), in which PRB pairs are reserved to exclusively contain EPDCCH transmissions, although excluding from the PRB pair the one to four first symbols that may contain control information to wireless devices of releases earlier than Rel-11. See an illustration in FIG. 3.
Hence, the EPDCCH is frequency multiplexed with PDSCH transmissions, contrary to PDCCH which is time multiplexed with PDSCH transmissions. The resource allocation (RA) for PDSCH transmissions exists in several RA types, depending on the downlink control information (DCI) format. Some RA types have a minimum scheduling granularity of a resource block group (RBG), see 3GPP TS 36.211. An RBG is a set of adjacent (in frequency) resource blocks and when scheduling the wireless device, the wireless device is allocated resources in terms of RBGs and not individual RBs.
When a wireless device is scheduled in the downlink from an EPDCCH, the wireless device assumes that the PRB pairs carrying the DL assignment are excluded from the resource allocation, i.e., rate matching applies. For example, if a wireless device is scheduled PDSCH in a certain RBG of size 3 adjacent PRB pairs, and one of these PRB pairs contain the DL assignment, the wireless device assumes that the PDSCH is only transmitted in the two remaining PRB pairs in this RBG. Note also that multiplexing of PDSCH and any EPDCCH transmission within a PRB pair is not supported in Rel-11.
The PDCCHs and EPDCCHs are transmitted over radio resources that are shared between several user equipments (UE). Each PDCCH consists of smaller parts, known as control channel elements (CCE), to enable link adaptation (by controlling the number of CCE a PDCCH is utilizing). It is specified that for PDCCH, a wireless device has to monitor four (4) aggregation levels of CCEs, namely, 1, 2, 4, and 8, for wireless device-specific search space and 2 aggregation levels of CCEs, namely, 4 and 8, for common search space.
In 3GPP TS 36.213, Section 9.1.1, a search space Sk(L) at aggregation level L ϵ {1,2,4,8} is defined by a contiguous set of CCEs given by(Zk(L)+i)mod VCCE,k  (1)
where NCCE,k is the total number of CCEs in the control region of subframe k, Zk(L) defines the start of the search space, i=0, 1, . . . , M(L)·L−1 and M(L) is the number of PDCCHs to monitor in the given search space. Each CCE contains 36 QPSK modulation symbols. The value of M(L) is specified by Table 9.1.1-1 in 3GPP TS 36.213, as shown below:
TABLE 1Number ofSearch space Sk(L)PDCCHAggregationSize [incandidatesTypelevel LCCEs]M(L)Wireless166device-2126specific4828162Common41648162
With this definition, search space for different aggregation levels may overlap with each other regardless of system bandwidth. More specifically, wireless device-specific search space and common search space might overlap and the search spaces for different aggregation levels might overlap. See one example shown below where there are 9 CCEs in total and very frequent overlap between PDCCH candidates:

Search space configuration for short transmission time interval


The present invention aims to prevent formation of defect or break-off at ridges of fixing grooves of optical fiber-fixing substrates, when an optical fiber is received in the fixing groove or when an end surface of the substrate is polished by a grinding work. For that purpose, the ridges of the fixing grooves of the substrate have a curvature of radius of not less than 5 .mu.m over the entire portion of the ridges viewed in the lateral cross-sectional view of the fixing grooves. Preferably, the bottoms of the fixing grooves of the substrate have a curvature of radius of not more than 5 .mu.m viewed in the lateral crass-sectional view of the fixing groove. The fixing grooves may be produced by press forming.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical fiber-fixing substrate having a fixing groove for receiving and fixing an optical fiber therein, and a method of producing the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Various substrates are known for fixing an optical fiber having a diameter of, for example, around 125 .mu.m. In any type of substrate, a light beam transmission loss between the optical fiber and another light beam transmitting means becomes large, if the axis of the optical fiber is displaced from a desired position. Thus, working of a very high precision of the fixing groove, such as not over than 0.5 .mu.m, is required for fixing the optical fiber. FIG. 1(a) is a perspective view of an example of such a substrate, wherein a main body 2 of a substrate 34 for fixing an optical fiber is made of a glass or ceramics. A plural number of so-called V grooves 12 extend in the upper surface of the substrate main body 2 from an end towards the opposing end of the upper surface. The grooves 12 are formed parallel to each other. In the V groove 12, an inclined surface 7 extends substantially linearly between the ridge 43 and the bottom 11. Thus, the V grooves 12 have a V shaped cross-section. The respective V groove 12 is minute having a depth of around a hundred and several tens .mu.m, for example.
In producing such a substrate for fixing an optical fiber, the V grooves may be formed by a method of etching a silicon material. However, the method has a limit in the working precision and could hardly produce the V grooves of a high precision of more than a certain extent. Thus, in order to accomplish such a high precision, a method of forming the V grooves has been used wherein, alumina, agate, zirconia or the like ceramics is worked by grinding. In such a case, the V grooves are formed by, for example, sintering a shaped ceramic body to prepare a sintered body, plane grinding the sintered body to prepare a flat surface, and then grinding the flat surface by a diamond grinding wheel. At that time, when the grinding is effected by a diamond grinding wheel, the grinding is effected in a constant direction, so that each V groove 12 extends respectively linearly and parallel to each other from an end towards the opposing end of the flat surface of the main body 2, as shown in FIG. 1(a).
The substrate 34 having the optical fibers 9 received and fixed in the respective V groove 12 has to be optically coupled to other light beam transmitting devices. Namely, if an optical fiber is used as another light beam transmitting device, a separate optical fiber is prepared, the end surface of the optical fiber fixed in the V groove 12 is contacted with the end surface of the separate optical fiber, and the contacted portions of the optical fibers are heated and melted to connect the optical fibers. Thereafter, the connected optical fibers are removed from the respective fixing groove.
As an alternative example, if an optical guide wave is used as another light beam transmitting device, an optical waveguide substrate having provided an optical waveguide is prepared. Each optical fiber 9 is fixed in the respective V groove 12, and an adhesive agent layer 8 is formed around the optical fibers 9 to firmly join each optical fiber 9 to the main body 2 of the substrate 34. A lid 32 is joined onto the substrate 34 to prepare an assembly as shown in FIG. 1(b). Thereafter, the end surface 33 of the substrate 34 is polished by grinding and the end surface of the optical waveguide is polished by grinding to a high precision, the polished end surfaces of the two substrates are joined to each other, and the other end surface of the respective optical waveguide is optically coupled to the end surface of the corresponding respective optical fiber.
The substrate 34 is applicable also to a core wire selecting device as described in I. Nakanishi et al "Study of an Optical Fiber Movable Type Core Wire Selecting Device" reported in Electro Information Communication Society, Communication Society General Meeting B-651, 1995. In this case, an optical fiber is fixed until the middle of the V groove, and the end surface of the optical fiber is optically polished. A master optical fiber is received in the V groove to oppose the optically polished end surface of the already fixed optical fiber. In such a state, light beams can be passed and guided from the master optical fiber to the respective optical fiber. By this means, experiments can be performed, such as, detection of trouble of the optical core wire.
The inventors have found out the following problem in the process of studying the form of such an optical fiber-fixing substrate. Namely, when the respective optical fiber 9 is received in the respective V groove 12 of the substrate 34 as shown in FIG. 1(a) and the surface of the substrate 34 is carefully observed by a survey type electron microscope, a minute defect or fragmented portion 30 is found sometimes at a portion of the top 10 of the ridge 43 or a portion 10A of the flat surface as exaggeratedly shown in FIG. 1(a). Such a defect 30 is likely formed when the optical fibers 9 is received in the respective V groove 12. Formation of the defect 30 may have an adverse influence over the optical fiber 9, so that the substrate 34 having the defect 30 has to be discarded as a rejected part resulting in the increase in production costs.
Particularly, in case when the optical fiber is coupled to an optical waveguide, the end surface 33 of the substrate 34 of the assembly shown in FIG. 1(b) has to be polished by grinding as described above. However, subsequent study of the polished surface revealed sometimes a minute defect 31 at the edge of the ridge 10 or 10A. Such a defect also should not be formed, because a situation is considered that the precision of the coupled portion of the end surface of the optical waveguide and the end surface of the substrate 34 is decreased by the fragment 35 produced by the defect when coupling the both end surface to each other, or a situation is considered that deterioration of the substrate 34 proceeds from the defect 30 when the coupled article of the optical waveguide and the substrate 34 is used in a strict environmental condition for a long period of time.
In addition, in the aforedescribed optical fiber movable type core wire selecting device, the master optical fiber is inserted in the inlet or opening of the respective V groove and moved in the respective V groove towards the respective optical fiber. However, the respective master optical fiber is likely damaged when the respective master optical fiber is collided against the respective ridge at the neighborhood of the opening of the V groove. Such a damage of the master optical fiber is a problem because the inspection of the trouble of the optical core wires can not be performed.

Optical fiber-fixing substrate, method of producing the same and optical device


A method and device for treating an infection of the nail or nail bed and adjacent tissues through non-thermal means is described. The device illuminates an area with light in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Preferably, light having wavelengths of from about 870 nm to about 930 nm will be used. Further, the device includes light emitting diodes that are capable of emitting ultraviolet light. These lights are intended to provide a sterile environment for a user using the apparatus.

The nails of many animals, including humans, are an excellent place for parasites, fungi, and other organisms to thrive. Nails provide an excellent place for these organisms to live because these organisms can be difficult to remove due to the difficulty and pain involved with removing said organisms from these areas. Of the aforementioned organisms, many types of fungi thrive particularly well in these environments. One such fungus is Trichophyton rubrum ("T. rubrum")—the most common cause of athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
Further, T. rubrum accounts for approximately 80% of cases of onychomycosis, a chronic condition caused by infection of a person's nail and nail bed. Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the toenails or fingernails that may involve any component of the nail unit, including the matrix, bed, or plate. Onychomycosis can cause pain, discomfort, and disfigurement in the nail and nail bed. Further, it may produce serious physical and occupational limitations, as well as reducing quality of life. In extreme cases, such as infections in patients with diabetes, onychomycosis can result in the loss of a digit.
Today, there are various estimates as to the prevalence of onychomycosis, but in the western world infection rates of up to 18% of the adult population have been cited. For people over age 60, the prevalence is 30% and the prevalence rate of onychomycosis is thought to be even higher in people with diabetes. As these ailments still afflict a large percentage of the world's population, logic dictates that even with modern technology, the field of nail fungus treatment leaves room for improvement.
One method for treating nail fungus is the use of topical agents. Throughout the history of onychomycosis and other nail and nail bed infections, many people have stated a preference for this type of treatment. These techniques do have some positive effect on onychomycosis; however topical agents are unable to penetrate the hyperkeratotic nail plate, which renders them incapable of fully eliminating a serious infection. Treatment using nail avulsion in combination with topical therapy has been somewhat more successful than topical ointment alone, but this approach can be time-consuming, temporarily disabling, and painful. Ciclopirox (Penlac) is an example of a topical agent, which is applied as a liquid or as a lacquer on the nail, for the treatment of mild to moderate onychomycosis caused by T. rubrum without involvement of the lunula. Although safe and relatively inexpensive, ciclopirox therapy is seldom effective. Newer topical agents include terbinafine (Lamisil®), itraconazole (Sporanox®), and fluconazole (Diflucan®). Terbinafine and itraconazole therapies are widely accepted while fluconazole is rapidly gaining acceptance in the market as topical and oral agents.
These new medications share characteristics that enhance their effectiveness: prompt penetration of the nail and nail bed, persistence in the nail for months after discontinuation of therapy and generally good safety profiles. Although published studies indicate good efficacy for these treatments, particularly with the oral forms of these agents when used to treat onychomycosis, the length of the treatments is equal to the time it takes for the nail to grow out, which is typically 4-9 months. Further, the associated side effects of these new drugs make them very unattractive for many potential users.
These pharmaceutical compounds exert their effect by inhibiting and halting the growth of the causative fungal organisms. While this method has also proved effective, ingesting these pharmaceutical compounds has proven to be toxic to a user's liver, and frequently results in expensive and burdensome monitoring of a patient's blood chemistry.
Current systems that are used to treat such nail fungi often employ either Class 3R or Class 4R lasers. One such laser is a Nd:YAG laser which produces burst of short pulses of laser light at 1064 nm. These bursts of light raise the temperature of the fungal hyphae, through selective absorption, the main mode of vegetative growth for fungi. If a temperature of 65° C. (149° F.) is maintained for 7 seconds, this is sufficient to denature the proteins of the fungi and cause permanent damage to the fungi. The light absorption is selective, which means that the temperature of the nail bed does not exceed 45° C. (113° F.) during the treatment and causes no damage to healthy tissue. These systems are highly effective at removing the fungi, however, they often cause pain to the receiver of the treatment. This pain is caused by the body of the receiver of treatment absorbing a large percentage of the laser's light, resulting in an increase in temperature which leads to pain. This means that whenever a patient wants to get their nail fungus removed via laser, they will have to experience great pain.
Thus, there is a need for a method and apparatus for an effective treatment of nail fungi that does not cause the user pain, does not subject the user to any potential harm, and does not result in the user incurring any undue expense.
There have been developments in anti-fungal treatments using Low Level Laser Therapy ("LLLT"). The attraction of this type of device is the inherent safety of the wavelengths in the near infrared and the low levels of energy and consequently lower temperatures used in the treatment. In addition, unlike Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), there is no requirement for a photosensitising agent. PDT has been proposed by many as a possible treatment for onychomycosis, but getting the photosensitising agent through the nail into the nail bed poses a significant challenge. The process of photodamage to the fungal hyphae using LLLT is a very complex one and not entirely understood, although there is clinical evidence to support its use. In a 1999 study by Neuman, it was discovered that two peaks at 870 nm and 930 nm in caused significant photodamage to E. coli. See Neuman et al., Characterization of Photodamage to Escherichia coli in Optical Traps, Biophysical Journal 77, November 1999.
Since then, the most notable development in this field is the Noveon laser produced by Nomir Technologies, Incorporated. The Noveon is a laser diode system which operates at two wavelengths—870 nm and 930nm—both of which have been shown to demonstrate anti-fungal properties. Several studies have been carried out, the most significant being by Landsman. There, a 180-day study of the effects of theses wavelengths on the treatment of onychomycosis. See Landsman, et al. Treatment of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Onychomycosis Using 870- and 930-nm Light Exposure, Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 100(3), May/June 2010. A subsequent 270-day follow up was also carried out. These studies demonstrated the selectiveness of these wavelengths to negatively affect only fungi and bacteria, not mammalian cells. The claimed embodiments are directed towards a method and apparatus capable of exploiting these phenomena to provide a safe and effective way to cure onychomycosis.
Review of Related Technology:
United States Patent Application Publication Number 2012/0283622 pertains to a dermatological treatment device primarily suitable for treating nail fungus. This publication discloses the use of a photochemically active substance, effectively controlling the fungus by irradiating it with light at a wavelength that has no ancillary effects on the patient's health. It is possible to use either a gas discharge lamp or light emitting diodes as an appropriate light source for the claimed method and apparatus. Preferably, a transparent shoe-shaped optical shielding housing that absorbs short-wave light is used.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,306,620 pertains to a method for the prevention and treatment of microbial infections that occur on, or just below, the skin and nails of a person. The treatment consists of irradiating an area of the skin and nails for a period of time long enough to kill the organisms causing the infection. Additionally, some optional features increase the safety of the treatment. These options achieve this by shielding non-infected areas from irradiation, and including a cover to prevent damage to sight which may result from viewing the electromagnetic radiation.
United States Patent Application Publication Number 2005/0256552 pertains to a battery-powered toenail fungus eradicator that can be comfortably worn while sleeping. Alternatively, this device can be worn continuously.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,140 pertains to a method and apparatus for therapeutic laser treatment. The apparatus comprises a portable, battery-operated, laser bandage having a plurality of hyper-red light emitting diodes. This laser bandage may be worn by a patient and applied to a specific treatment area. The patient may wear the device for up to a week in between visits to their prescribing physician. At the end of the prescribed treatment length, the physician may re-program the device for a different treatment regimen, if desired. Alternatively, the physician may substitute the battery contained in the apparatus and continue said prescribed treatment regimen. The disclosed device is small enough to be worn under clothes so that it will not interfere with the patient's normal activities.
International Application WO2003/077996, published under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, pertains to a device and method for treatment of the external surfaces of a body by utilizing a light-emitting container. The device is comprised of a patch or bandage, applied on or adjacent to a specific external surface of a human or animal body part. This device then delivers light of varying intensity, wavelengths, duration. The exposure to this varying light is intended to treat fungi, among other things.
Review of Present Invention in Light of the Prior Art:
None of the art described above addresses all of the issues that the present invention does. The claimed invention includes a power source, at least one light emitting diode capable of generating light with wavelengths between about 800 nm and 980 nm, configurable printable circuit boards, and a chamber with a digit-receiving area. Studies have shown that flooding the treatment area with light having wavelengths at or about 870 nm and about 930 nm provides an adequate means for treatment. Optionally, the chamber can be equipped with an interchangeable bottom plate, and at least one additional light source capable of generating ultraviolet light.
The present invention provides for more complete exposure of the treatment area and adjacent tissues with NIR light than has previously been contemplated. The present invention uses both light emitting diodes capable of producing NIR and ultraviolet light. No other device in the prior art contains both of these features. The combination of these features allows for multiple users to use the same device shortly after each other without compromising patient safety and while maintaining sanitary conditions within the chamber of the invention.
When compared with other devices of the same nature, the present invention provides a chamber containing an area capable of receiving a user's digits, allowing the area to be treated to be fully exposed to the treating light emitted by both an array of light emitting diodes and the ultraviolet light emitting diode(s). For instance, if a user wanted to treat an infection of T. rubrum, the fungus most often responsible for athlete's foot, the user would place the foot into the digit receiving area of the invention. This user's foot would then be exposed to light from the array of light emitting diodes ranging from about 840 nm to about 980 nm as well as a dose of ultraviolet light, optimally at about 383 nm, which is used to primarily sterilize the device between treatments. Research from the University of Tokushima in Japan shows the sterilisation effects in both air and water at wavelengths of 365 nm and 385 nm. This exposure will result in killing the fungus without causing the user to feel any heat or discomfort. The fact that the user experiences no discomfort is an improvement over the prior art which generated an overabundance of heat in the user.
Another feature that differentiates the present invention is the configuration of the light emitting diodes. In a preferred embodiment, the light emitting diodes are arranged an array on the top of the chamber as well as embedded in posts to be inserted in between a user's digits. The posts are adjustable so that the distance between these posts can be appropriately configured to optimally treat the user's digit. As the posts are adjusted, the light emitting diodes should be able to fully illuminate the treatment area of the user. These adjustable columns are a significant departure from the prior art.
Thus, the present invention solves a number of issues that other devices in the field do not and as such it is novel and unique to the field.

Method and apparatus for non-thermal nail, foot, and hand fungus treatment


A multimedia apparatus, such as a set top box for use with a television set, comprises a receiver for receiving program data from a communication channel and a processor which stores said program data with a file containing associated secondary program data, such as a promotional trailer. The processor compiles a menu of secondary program data files allowing a viewer to watch a trailer and decide whether to retrieve the full program or film. The secondary data may be broadcast in parallel with the program data. Alternatively, the processor may run an application for producing the secondary program data, e.g. using earmarked portions of the full program data.

Set top boxes can be used to receive satellite, terrestrial and cable transmissions and to process them into a format suitable for reception by a conventional television set. Recently, it has been proposed to include a hard drive in a set top box to allow digital satellite and cable transmissions to be recorded and played back later. The received program information may be in MPEG-2 format. The set top box receives a stream of digital data from the satellite or cable link, parses it, and feeds it through a processor, so that the program data is recorded digitally in files in a local storage medium, e.g. a hard drive or Winchester disc. The program data can then be accessed from the hard drive, relayed through a conventional video decoder and fed to the television set.
It is likely that the capacity of suitable hard discs will increase to hundreds of hours so that a set top box may be used to store one or more whole days of programming content broadcast on a communication channel. This is in marked contrast to the conventional use of a videocassette recorder (VCR), which can only store a few hours of programming content on videotape. Here, a viewer decides which programs they would like to watch in advance of their transmission and records a selected number. With an increased capacity, a set top box may store a large number of programs, allowing a user to make viewing decisions after the recording has been made.
Furthermore, when a viewer watches television broadcasts as they are transmitted, it is possible for a content provider to promote their programs using trailers, potentially raising the viewer's interest in programs of which they were unaware. However, where a large number of programs have been stored, such as a full day's output from a television channel, it is more difficult to raise the viewer's interest in programs that have been inadvertently or unintentionally recorded.
Proposals have been made previously for sending trailers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,541,738 discloses sending trailers in advance to a program guide and downloading them to a video recorder so that the recorder can be primed in advance to record a program broadcast later. U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,987 discloses sending trailers from a video on demand system to customers. The user can browse trailers and jump between them in real time before choosing and downloading an associated program.

Storage of audio/visual program data with associated promotional material


A wiring board has a substrate and an interconnect pattern formed on the substrate. The interconnect pattern includes a plurality of lands. Each of the lands includes a base section and an additional section extending from the base section, the base section of each of the lands having the same shape. When a spiral curve is rotated around an origin and disposed to pass over the base section, the additional section is formed to extend from the base section of any one of the lands in a direction along the spiral curve.

The present invention relates to a wiring board, a stacked wiring board and a method of manufacturing the same, a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, a circuit board, and an electronic instrument.
In the case of bonding a semiconductor chip face-down to a substrate, positioning of bumps of the semiconductor chip and lands of the substrate is important. As shown in FIG. 11A, a semiconductor chip 500 and a substrate 510 are designed so that the position of a bump 502 and a land 512 are coincided. The substrate 510 is formed of a resin or the like, and tends to expand or contract in comparison with a semiconductor. If the substrate 510 expands as shown in FIG. 11B, the position of the land 512 is moved. As a result, the position of the bump 502 and the land 512 cannot be positioned as shown in FIG. 11C.

Wiring board, stacked wiring board and method of manufacturing the same, semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same, circuit board, and electronic instrument


Methods are disclosed for minimizing laser induced damage to nonlinear crystals, such as KTP crystals, involving various means for electrically grounding the crystals in order to diffuse electrical discharges within the crystals caused by the incident laser beam. In certain embodiments, electrically conductive material is deposited onto or into surfaces of the nonlinear crystals and the electrically conductive surfaces are connected to an electrical ground. To minimize electrical discharges on crystal surfaces that are not covered by the grounded electrically conductive material, a vacuum may be created around the nonlinear crystal.

Nonlinear optical crystals are used extensively throughout the world in a great many optical applications. But for problems associated with radiation damage, their use would be even greater. Currently, the most common use of nonlinear crystals appears to be as second harmonic generators (SHGs) and as optical parametric oscillators (OPOs).
Most of the nonlinear crystals now being produced are capable of handling relatively high power radiation over a limited period of time. The useful lifetime of these nonlinear crystals is limited because the large electric fields associated with most crystal applications cause, over time, electrochromic and photochromic damage to the crystal. This progressive damage can severely limit the average-power use of these expensive crystals.
Single crystal KTiOPO.sub.4 (KTP) probably is the most widely used nonlinear optical material currently available. The excellent crystal stability and large nonlinear optical coefficient make KTP crystals the material of choice for both SHG and OPO applications. Because of the extensive use of KTP crystals, the radiation damage suffered by most nonlinear crystals is documented extensively for KTP crystals.
In the approximately twenty years which have elapsed since the commercialization of KTP crystals, a great deal of work has been devoted to understanding the origin of this radiation damage and developing effective methods for mitigating its effects. This radiation damage, also referred to as "photochromic damage" or "gray tracking," previously has been thought to occur when an oxygen-hole pair is generated and the electron is trapped on a Ti.sup.4+ ion, creating a stable Ti.sup.3+ ion. Optical absorption of Ti.sup.3+ ions occurs in the green region of the spectrum, and has been thought to be responsible for the gray tracking problem.
In SHG applications, the converted green light (.about.530 nm) was considered to be absorbed by the Ti.sup.3+, leading to heating and eventual fracture of the KTP crystal. It was postulated that the above-gap energy necessary for the creation of an oxygen-hole/electron pair can result from either sum-frequency mixing of the fundamental and second harmonic frequencies, sum frequency mixing of the Raman-shifted fundamental and second harmonic frequencies, or direct two-photon absorption of the generated green light.
Electrochromic damage in nonlinear crystals generally occurs when exposed to electric fields of a few kV/cm for a period of time. After a threshold field has been reached, the crystal breaks down, and green/black streaks appear in the material along the direction of the applied field. These streaked areas in the crystals exhibit absorption similar to the gray-tracked material, suggesting the conclusion that, in KTP crystals, the Ti.sup.3+ ions were associated with the damage.
When damaged crystals were cut open, an internal examination revealed an excess of Ti and K on the crystal's surface, and a deficiency of these elements in the internal regions. This finding led to the conclusion that Ti and K migrate under the application of a sufficiently strong electric field, and that the electrochromic damage was most likely a combination of bulk damage caused by this migration and the concomitant creation of Ti.sup.3+ ions in the KTP crystal. The present invention teaches that this is not the damage mechanism.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide methods for minimizing or preventing electrochromic damage to nonlinear crystals.
It is another object of the present invention to provide apparatus for allowing the electrical grounding of crystals.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

Minimizing radiation damage in nonlinear optical crystals

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