A metallic nanoparticle composition includes copper nanoparticles, a first non-aqueous polar protic solvent (boiling point in a range of 180° C. to 250° C. and viscosity in a range of 10 cP to 100 cP at 25° C.), and a second non-aqueous polar protic solvent (boiling point in a range of 280° C. to 300° C. and a viscosity of at least 100 cP at 25° C.). The concentration of copper nanoparticles in the composition is in a range of 32 wt % to 55 wt %, and the concentration of the second non-aqueous polar protic solvent in the composition is in a range of 4 wt % to 10 wt %. There is polyvinylpyrrolidone present on the copper nanoparticles surfaces. The composition's viscosity is at least 250 cP at 25° C.

Metallic nanoparticle compositions suitable for use in additive manufacturing processes have been under development. There is demand for metallic nanoparticle compositions that can be used to produce conductive features with line widths in a range of about 1 m to several hundred m. In addition to the required line width, homogeneity and height of the conductive feature, and wettability of the composition on the substrate are also important.
Among metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles are attractive because of the high electrical conductivity of silver and copper. Copper costs less than silver and copper is less susceptible to migration than silver during high-temperature sintering (generally in a range of 300° C. to 500° C.). In the case of copper deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO), ITO acts as a barrier layer and there is no observed diffusion of copper. Improved metallic nanoparticle compositions containing silver or copper nanoparticles are desired.


A method for forming a dual interlayer dielectric layer, which is capable of preventing an interlayer delamination phenomenon generated between an etch stop layer and an interlayer dielectric layer is provided. An interlayer dielectric layer of a dual structure is formed such that a first interlayer dielectric layer and a second interlayer dielectric layer are sequentially stacked on the etch stop layer. The etch stop layer is formed on a substrate, the substrate having a source/drain region and a gate formed therein. The dual interlayer dielectric layer is selectively etched, and a conductive material is deposited thereon, thereby forming a contact. The O3-TEOS layer and the PE-TEOS layer used as the first interlayer dielectric layer can relieve a compressive stress and improve adhesion force, respectively, thereby preventing the interlayer delamination phenomenon.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for forming a dual interlayer dielectric layer capable of preventing an interlayer delamination phenomenon generated between an etch stop layer and an interlayer dielectric layer.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the current trend in semiconductor devices change toward high integration and smaller sizes, a borderless contact (BLC) technique has been suggested in order to assure a margin capable of compensating for a misalignment in a contact process. Such a technique refers to a method in which a contact is self-aligned by means of a sidewall spacer of a gate when the contact is formed inside the interlayer dielectric layer (ILD) so as to connect with a source/drain region of a silicon substrate. Thus, the borderless contact technique is referred to as a self-aligned contact (SAC) method.
However, such a contact may partially overlap an isolation layer due to mask misalignment. Therefore, the borderless contact technique typically requires an etch stop layer in order to protect an isolation layer in an anisotropic plasma etching process forming a contact hole. This is because the isolation layer may be physically damaged by the contact hole etching process which causes a leakage current, thereby deteriorating the qualities of the semiconductor device.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a structure of an interlayer dielectric layer of a semiconductor device according to the related art.
As shown in FIG. 1, a gate insulating layer 12 and a gate 13 are formed on a silicon substrate 10 including an isolation layer 11. A sidewall spacer 14 is formed on both sidewalls of gate 13, respectively, and a source/drain region 15 is formed in silicon substrate 10. A silicide (not shown) is formed on source/drain region 15 and gate 13, respectively. Etch stop layer 16 is formed in such a manner as to cover the entire structure, and an interlayer dielectric layer 17 is sequentially formed on etch stop layer 16. A contact hole is formed by etching interlayer dielectric layer 17, and then a conductive material (e.g., tungsten) is deposited in the contact hole, thereby forming a contact 18.
In such a conventional structure, etch stop layer 16 is made of silicon nitride, and interlayer dielectric layer 17 includes an oxide layer formed using high-density plasma chemical vapor deposition (hereinafter, refers to as a "HDP-CVD") having superior gap fill capacity. However, an interlayer delamination phenomenon is frequently generated since the adhesion force between etch stop layer 16 and interlayer dielectric layer 17 is weak. Further, compressive stress of etch stop layer 16 and interlayer dielectric layer 17 stacked on etch stop layer 16 accumulates, causing the interlayer delamination phenomenon. When such interlayer delamination phenomenon is generated, the contact material penetrates into the etched region during the subsequent process, i.e., a contact material deposition process, causing an electric short and deteriorating the product yield of the semiconductor device.

Method for forming a dual interlayer dielectric layer of a semiconductor device


A hot air producing system produces and stores hot air, and applies the stored hot air to a human body. The system includes a heating apparatus to heat the air, a temperature setting gauge to allow a user to set a desired temperature, a pressure gauge to measure a pressure of the air in the container, a pump to pump the hot air, a fill connection, an expandable container for receiving and storing the hot air, with a valve to connect to the fill connection such that the expandable container can receive the hot air, an adjustable flow release mechanism to allow a user to adjust an amount of flow of hot air out of the expandable container, and a flexible hose connected to the adjustable flow release mechanism, with a nozzle to direct the hot air to a portion of the human body.

Urinary retention is a condition where a human can't pass urine even though the person may have a full bladder. This condition can have many causes, such as certain infections or medication, weakened bladder muscles, an injury to the pelvic or genital regions, any surgery requiring sedation or recent surgery in the genital, prostrate, rectal, pelvic or lower abdominal areas. There are also times when passing urine is required, however a person may not be able to void on command, such as for medical samples or after sexual intercourse to test for or avoid urinary tract infections. A know method of treatment of this condition is to apply heat to the genital area using water or a warm compress. However, applying heat using a heated air device is not common practice and while using such a device it is essential to produce heated air of the correct temperature which can be difficult. While certain conventional heated air devices could be used in non-conventional ways, these devices often produce unregulated heated air in excess of 140 degrees Fahrenheit, which could easily cause burns or discomfort to this very sensitive area of the human body.
Accordingly, a new apparatus is needed to apply heated air to this sensitive genital area of the human body.


A bookbinding apparatus includes a coating device for moving relatively to a sheet bundle in the longitudinal direction thereof and for coating an adhesive on the spine of the sheet bundle, a driving device for the relative movement of the coating device, and a control device for controlling the driving device, and according to the thickness of a booklet, changes the number of times of coating of the coating device for one booklet, thereby controls the amount of coating of adhesive.

The present invention relates to a bookbinding apparatus and an image forming system having the bookbinding apparatus and more particularly to an art for adhering a plurality of sheets of paper with an adhesive, thereby preparing a booklet.
In the field of light printing, for example, an image forming system is in wide use, in which an image forming apparatus having a high-speed image forming performance such as an electrophotographic image forming apparatus and a bookbinding apparatus are connected, thereby performing a process from printing to bookbinding at one step, and preparing a booklet.
Such an image forming system, unlike a conventional general book manufacturing step for executing separately the printing step and bookbinding step, although the printing speed and bookbinding speed are low, is comprehensively a highly efficient image forming system having an advantage that print contents can be changed easily as required and is used as a POD (print on demand) system.
The characteristic of the POD system is that it is highly flexible such that print contents can be changed as required, thus by the POD system, for example from a booklet of ten and several pages to a booklet of several hundreds pages and various kinds of sheets of paper are used.
On the other hand, the POD system is often installed in an environment such as an office, so that it is required to be small. Therefore, in a bookbinding apparatus composing the system, as a binding step capable of forming booklets by a comparatively simple binding step, a binding step for binding sheets of paper using an adhesive is often used.
Such a bookbinding apparatus is disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2.
In Patent Document 1, by changing the height of a scraper roller for controlling the thickness of an adhesive layer coated and formed on the spine of the booklet in correspondence with the thickness of a booklet to be prepared, the amount of coating of adhesive is controlled in correspondence with the thickness of the booklet.
In Patent Document 2, an adhesive is coated by a coating roller moving along the spine of a booklet in the longitudinal direction thereof and by selection of the rotational direction of the coating roller, the amount of coating corresponding to the thickness of the booklet is controlled.
As the POD system, in order to coat uniformly an adhesive of an amount of coating corresponding to a booklet with a greatly different thickness and moreover to respond quickly as required, the coating amount control by changing the height of the scraper roller and changing the rotational direction of the coating roller like Patent Documents 1 and 2 is not sufficient.
Patent Document 1: Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2000-168265
Patent Document 2: Unexamined Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-209753

Bookbinding apparatus and image forming system

Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc.


A bus master for a bus for connection of sensors and/or an ignition means device, which has at least two bus driver arrangements allowing data to be received independently of one another. For this purpose a polling operation, specifically using a multiplexer or a demodulator associated through one of the particular bus driver arrangements, is used. Furthermore, a state machine is provided, which also alternatingly determines the system status on the basis of the measured quantities determined on the bus conductor for the particular bus driver arrangement. In a refinement, a particular bus driver may have a dedicated processor for system status determination.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,815 describes a bus system having a bus master or bus controller. An ignition arrangement and sensors are connectable to the bus.
The Airbag 2000 conference lecture K. Balzer et al.: BST Deployment and Sensor Bus, Dec. 5, 2000, reproduced in the Conference Proceedings, p. 12-1 through 12-5, describes another bus system, to which sensors and/or ignition means are connectable. This is a master/multislave system, a two-wire line being used as a bus. In addition, the power supply is modulated by the slaves, and the modulation is transmitted by the master via the bus when the slaves transmit their data via the bus. The master transmits a request to a slave to receive data from the slave. The slave then modulates its power consumption to generate the response to the master.

Bus master for a bus for connection of sensors and/or ignition means


The methylase selection method was used to clone the BslI methylase gene (bslIM) from Bacillus species. A partially active BslI methylase lacking the 17 amino acid residues at the N-terminus was cloned in E. coli using expression vector pRRS. Inverse PCR was used to clone the missing portion of the BslI methylase. After cloning the complete BslI methylase gene and its upstream DNA sequences, a RadC homolog was found upstream of the BslI methylase. Because methylase gene and restriction endonuclease gene are located in proximity to each other in a particular restriction-modification system, efforts were made to clone the downstream DNA by inverse PCR. After two round of inverse PCR reactions two open reading frames (ORF) were found downstream of the BslI methylase gene. Expression of the first ORF (ORF1) in a T7 expression vector did not yield any active BslI endonuclease. Expression of the second ORF (ORF2) in E. coli and assay of the crude cell extract indicated that this gene product has DNA nicking activity. The gene product of ORF2 alone does not constitute BslI endonuclease activity. Expression of ORF1 and ORF2 in the same E. coli cell produces BslI endonuclease activity. BslI endonuclease activity can be reconstituted in vitro by mixing gene product of ORF1 and ORF2 together.

The present invention relates to recombinant DNA which encodes the BslI restriction endonuclease as well as BslI methylase, and the production of BslI restriction endonuclease from the recombinant DNA.
Type II restriction endonucleases are a class of enzymes that occur naturally in bacteria. When they are purified away from other bacterial components, restriction endonucleases can be used in the laboratory to cleave DNA molecules into small fragments for molecular cloning and gene characterization.
Restriction endonucleases act by recognizing and binding to particular sequences of nucleotides (the `recognition sequence`) along the DNA molecule. Once bound, they cleave the molecule within, to one side of, or to both sides of the recognition sequence. Different restriction endonucleases have affinity for different recognition sequences. Over two hundred and eleven restriction endonucleases with unique specificities have been identified among the many hundreds of bacterial species that have been examined to date (Roberts and Macelis, Nucl. Acids Res. 24:223-235, (1996)).
Restriction endonucleases typically are named according to the bacteria from which they are derived. Thus, the species Deinococcus radiophilus for example, produces three different restriction endonucleases, named DraI, DraII and DraIII. These enzymes recognize and cleave the sequences 5'TTTAAA3', 5'PuGGNCCPy3' and 5'CACNNNGTG3' respectively. Escherichia coli RY13, on the other hand, produces only one enzyme, EcoRI, which recognizes the sequence 5'GAATTC3 '.
A second component of bacterial restriction-modification (R-M) systems are the methylases. These enzymes are complementary to restriction endonucleases and they provide the means by which bacteria are able to protect their own DNA and distinguish it from foreign, infecting DNA. Modification methylases recognize and bind to the same recognition sequence as the corresponding restriction endonuclease, but instead of cleaving the DNA, they chemically modify one particular nucleotide within the sequence by the addition of a methyl group (C5 methyl cytosine, N4 methyl cytosine, or N6 methyl adenine). Following methylation, the recognition sequence is no longer cleaved by the cognate restriction endonuclease. The DNA of a bacterial cell is always fully modified by virtue of the activity of its modification methylase. It is therefore completely insensitive to the presence of the endogenous restriction endonuclease. It is only unmodified, and therefore identifiably foreign DNA, that is sensitive to restriction endonuclease recognition and cleavage.
With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, it is now possible to clone genes and overproduce the enzymes in large quantities. The key to isolating clones of restriction endonuclease genes is to develop a simple and reliable method to identify such clones within complex `libraries`, i.e. populations of clones derived by `shotgun` procedures, when they occur at frequencies as low as.10.sup.-3 to 10.sup.-4. Preferably, the method should be selective, such that the unwanted majority of clones are destroyed while the desirable rare clones survive.
Type II restriction-modification systems are being cloned with increasing frequency. The first cloned systems used bacteriophage infection as a means of identifying or selecting restriction endonuclease clones (EcoRII: Kosykh et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 178:717-719, (1980); HhaII: Mann et al., Gene 3:97-112, (1978); PstI: Walder et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 78:1503-1507, (1981)). Since the presence of restriction-modification systems in bacteria enable them to resist infection by bacteriophages, cells that carry cloned restriction-modification genes can, in principle, be selectively isolated as survivors from libraries that have been exposed to phages. This method has been found, however, to have only limited value. Specifically, it has been found that cloned restriction-modification genes do not always manifest sufficient phage resistance to confer selective survival.
Another cloning approach involves transferring systems initially characterized as plasmid-borne into E. coli cloning plasmids (EcoRV: Bougueleret et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 12:3659-3676, (1984); PaeR7: Gingeras and Brooks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:402-406, (1983); Theriault and Roy, Gene 19:355-359 (1982); PvuII: Blumenthal et al., J. Bacteriol. 164:501-509, (1985)).
A third approach, and one that is being used to clone a growing number of R-M systems are now being cloned by selection for an active methylase gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,333 and BsuRI: Kiss et al., Nucl. Acids. Res. 13:6403-6421, (1985)). Since R-M genes are often closely linked, both genes can often be cloned simultaneously. This selection does not always yield a complete restriction system however, but instead yields only the methylase gene (BspRI: Szomolanyi et al., Gene 10:219-225, (1980); BcnI: Janulaitis et al., Gene 20:197-204 (1982); BsuRI: Kiss and Baldauf, Gene 21:111-119, (1983); and MspI: Walder et al., J. Biol. Chem. 258:1235-1241, (1983)).
A more recent method, the "endo-blue method", has been described for direct cloning of restriction endonuclease genes in E. coil based on the indicator strain of E. coli containing the dinD::lacZ fusion (Fomenkov et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,535; Fomenkov et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 22:2399-2403, (1994)). This method utilizes the E. coli SOS response following DNA damages caused by restriction endonucleases or non-specific nucleases. A number of thermostable nuclease genes (Tth111I, BsoBI, Tf nuclease) have been cloned by this method (U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,535).
Because purified restriction endonucleases, and to a lesser extent, modification methylases, are useful tools for creating recombinant molecules in the laboratory, there is a commercial incentive to obtain bacterial strains through recombinant DNA techniques that produce these enzymes in large quantities. Such overexpression strains would also simplify the task of enzyme purification.

Method for cloning and producing the BS1I restriction endonuclease in E. coli


A transverse element for a drive belt, includes a recess on either side for at least partially accommodating a ring assembly of the drive belt. The transverse element includes a base part lying radially inside the recesses, a connecting piece lying between the recesses, and a head part lying radially outside the recesses, the base part on either side of the connecting piece being provided with a radially outwardly directed saddle surface for contact with a ring assembly, and between a saddle surface and the connecting piece a notch being provided, in which notch a convexly curved part connects to the respective saddle surface, and in which notch a concavely curved part connects to a respective substantially axially directed side face of the connecting piece. The concavely curved part on either side of a radially most inward lying part thereof has a mutually differing degree of curvature.

The present invention relates to a transverse element for a drive belt for a continuously variable transmission having two pulleys, each composed of two pulley sheaves with an at least partially conical contact face for wedging in the drive belt in pairs. The known drive belt comprises two assemblies of endless, i.e. self-contained ribbon-shaped rings on which a large number of transverse elements are fitted more or less continuously and so as to be movable around the circumference of said rings. For this purpose, the transverse elements are provided on either side with a recess for at least partially accommodating the ring assemblies. Such a drive belt is also sometimes called a Van Doorne push belt.
Each transverse element is composed of a base part lying radially inside said recesses, a connecting piece lying between the recesses, and a head part lying radially outside the recesses. Furthermore, the base part comprises two pulley sheave contact faces which diverge radially outwards from each other and form the axial ends of said base part, which contact faces are intended for frictional contact with the pulley sheaves, and comprise two ring assembly contact faces, in short saddle surfaces, directed substantially radially outwards, which contact faces are situated on either side of the connecting piece and are intended for frictional contact with the ring assemblies. Furthermore, between the individual saddle surfaces and the connecting piece the base part is in each case provided with a notch, at the position of which the surface of the base part in a convex curvature connects to the saddle surface and in a concave curvature connects to a substantially axially directed side face of the connecting piece.
Such a drive belt and transverse element are generally known and are disclosed in, for example, European patent application number EP-A-1570191. It is also generally known that the so-called local stress-increasing or notch effect of the notches in the base part makes the transverse elements susceptible to a fatigue fracture of their base parts. On the basis of general theory on the notch effect phenomenon, it can be expected that such fatigue fracture will generally start in or near the most radially inward lying part, in other words the bottom, of the notch. This is in fact confirmed by a theoretical 2D FEM analysis of the stresses occurring in the base part of the drive belt during its operation as a result of the radial forces exerted upon the saddle surfaces by the ring assemblies, combined with the axial clamping forces exerted on either side of the base part upon the pulley sheave contact faces of said base part. Clearly, the strength, i.e. the load-bearing capacity, of the known transverse element can be improved by reducing the stress-increasing effect of the notches. A known measure to this effect is to reduce the concave curvature of the abovementioned bottom of the notches, or to increase their radius of curvature, as already disclosed in greater detail in patent publications JP-A-2003/269546 and JP-A-2004/353755.
The object of the present invention is to improve the load-bearing capacity of the transverse element according to the prior art by optimizing its geometry, more particularly that of its notches, to that end. This object is achieved according to the invention with the transverse element according to Claim 1.

Transverse element for a drive belt for a continuously variable transmission


A pointer structure including: a pointer main body having a pointer visualizing portion closer to a pointer tip and a pointer neck portion continuing to the pointer visualizing portion extending along from an edge region of a dial plate to a backside thereof; a main cover having a first sidewall having a bend piece portion covering an inner corner of the pointer bend portion and a second sidewall continuing to and confronting the first sidewall, having trough to sandwich the pointer main body; and a sub-cover having an L-shaped cover portion formed with a window through which the pointer visualizing portion is exposed and covering both side faces of the pointer visualizing portion, an outer corner of the pointer bend portion and both side faces of the pointer neck portion, wherein the L-shaped cover portion continues with a lid portion closing an opening between the first and second sidewalls.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a pointer structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is a known vehicular pointer device having a display, such as a liquid-crystal display (LCD), arranged in a center of a dial plate for a rotary pointer. In the case such a display is disposed frontward of a dial plate for the ordinary rotary pointer, the display can be laid out at or around a center of the dial plate without interfering a view of the display with the pointer.
However, in the case where the dial plate is to indicate important information such as vehicle speed and the display is to show comparatively less significant information such as current time or so, the dial plate is desirably disposed frontward of the display in a manner improving the visibility of the dial plate.
In the pointer device in a type as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, an LCD 610 is provided backward of the dial plate 600 formed thereon with an indicator showing, for example, vehicle speeds so that the LCD 610 backward is exposed through an aperture 601 formed in a center of the dial plate 600. Furthermore, the pointer device includes a pointer 620 for pointing an indicator on the dial plate 600, a circuit board 630 carrying electronic components thereon, and an internal mechanism 640 mounted on the circuit board 630 to rotate the pointer 620 (see Patent Document 1, for example).
The pointer 620 is provided extending along from the internal mechanism 640 to the back and main surfaces of the dial plate 600 through, in order, a backside of the LCD 610, an outer periphery of the LCD 610 and a gap between the LCD 610 and the dial plate 600. Namely, the pointer 620 is in a generally S-shape that is folded through between the dial plate 600 and the LCD 610. With this structure, the pointer 620 is not obstructive to a view of the LCD 610 despite the LCD 610 is disposed backward of the dial plate 600.
In the meanwhile, the pointer 620 desirably emits light spontaneously in order to improve the visibility. In this case, it can be contemplated that a plurality of LED light sources are provided on the circuit board 630 in a manner surrounding a rotation shaft of the internal mechanism 640 and, moreover, the pointer 620 has a pointer main body formed of a light transmissive material so that the light received from the light sources provided on the side of the internal mechanism 640 can be guided to a pointer visualizing portion located at a tip of the pointer main body. The pointer main body used in such a spontaneous light pointer device is structurally surrounded with a light-shielding cover in order to prevent light from leaking.
FIG. 6 is an essential-part exploded perspective view showing a reference example of a spontaneous light pointer whose pointer main body is surrounded by a cover.
The spontaneous light pointer shown in FIG. 6 is structured that a pointer main body 501 is coved by three members, i.e. a visualizing-portion cover 503, a main-body cover 505 and a lid cover 507.
The pointer main body 501 has a pointer visualizing portion 515 arranged extending along a surface of the dial plate 600 shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, a pointer neck portion 513 continuing to the pointer visualizing portion 515 through a pointer bend portion 511 and extending along from an inner surface of the dial plate 600 to a backside thereof, and a U-shaped bend portion 514 continuing from the pointer neck portion closer to a pointer base end, so that a generally S-shape is formed at a tip of the pointer main body.
The visualizing-portion cover 503 is formed in a generally L-shape with a window 517 through which the pointer visualizing portion 515 is exposed. The main-body cover 505 has in a first sidewall 521 a bend piece portion 519 covering an inner corner of the pointer bend portion 511, and is formed in a trough form having a second sidewall 523 continuing to the first sidewall 521 through a bottom wall 525 in a manner sandwiching the pointer main body 501. The lid cover 507 closes the opening 527 spanning between the first sidewall 521 and the second sidewall 523.
According to this pointer structure, the pointer neck portion 513 and U-shaped bend portion 514 of the pointer main body 501 is housed in the main-body cover 505, the lid cover 507 is secured in the opening 527 of the main-body cover 505 and the visualizing-portion cover 503 is covered over the pointer visualizing portion 515 of the pointer main body 501, whereby light is prevented from leaking from the pointer main body 501.


Systems and methods for protecting a virtualization environment against malware. The methods involve intercepting an event in a kernel mode of the virtualization environment, suspending execution of the event, and transmitting the event to a user mode security module that determines whether the event should be blocked, allowed, or redirected. Events may be intercepted from any level of the virtualization environment, including an interrupt request table, device driver, OS object manager, OS service dispatch table, Portable Execution (P/E) import/export table, or binary code, among others. In one embodiment, an event may trigger a chain of related events, such that interception of an event without first intercepting an expected antecedent event is one indication of malware. The method also involves securing a virtual storage device against unauthorized access and providing for secure communication between guest OS and virtualization environment security modules.

1. Statement of the Technical Field
The present invention relates to computing systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for providing secure virtualization system software.
2. Description of the Related Art
Virtualization software is transforming the way many companies provision and manage their computer systems and applications. Server and workstation virtualization software enables multiple operating systems and applications to execute on a single physical platform by sharing hardware resources. A virtualization environment, also known as a host operating system, master control system, or hypervisor, creates at least one virtual machine upon which a virtualized operating system (or "guest operating system") executes. The virtualization environment manages resources including, but are not limited to, processing units, storage devices, graphics devices, and the like. The virtualized operating system is executed on a virtual machine through the use of hardware abstraction provided by the virtualization environment.
Despite the advantages of virtualization technology, there are certain drawbacks. For example, the virtualization environment does not protect data accessed, updated and transferred in a virtual machine against hackers and malware. The phrase "malware", as used herein, refers to software executing on a user device that performs operations solely to the benefit of an unauthorized third party or otherwise harmful to the user device. The virtualization environment also does not protect virtualized operating systems against hackers and malware.
As such, there is a need for systems and methods for protecting data accessed, updated and transferred in a virtualization environment. There is also a need for systems and methods for protecting virtualized operating systems against hackers and malware.


An image forming apparatus including: a first body including a developing unit to perform an image forming operation on a print medium, and a second body provided above the first body to pivot between a closed position and an open position in relation to the first body, the second body including a light emitting unit, wherein the light emitting unit is directly above the developing unit when the second body is in the closed position, and the developing unit is exposed to an outside of the image forming apparatus when the second body is in the closed position. A user can place the image forming apparatus on a desktop, which increases convenience in using the apparatus. Additionally, a specialized image forming apparatus can be provided to a user who mainly wants to print and copy in small quantities.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the present invention relate to an image forming apparatus, and more particularly, to a compact image forming apparatus that can be used on a desktop.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, the size of an image forming apparatus is determined by the size of sheets of usable paper. Moreover, image forming apparatuses for use in offices are designed so that large capacity paper cassettes, network printing functions, and various sizes of paper can be used. As a result, the size of image forming apparatuses has increased.
On the other hand, image forming apparatuses for use in the home are designed for compactness and low noise rather than high speed and powerful functions, because such image forming apparatuses are used less frequently than image forming apparatuses for office use.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional multifunction peripheral (MFP) as an example of an image forming apparatus. The conventional MFP includes a scanning unit and a printing unit. Referring FIG. 1, the MFP includes a first body 10 in which the printing unit is mounted, and a second body 20 in which the scanning unit is mounted.
The first body 10 is configured such that, if needed, an electrophotographic type image forming apparatus or an inkjet type image forming apparatus may be provided. The first body 10 of FIG. 1, in which an electrophotographic type image forming apparatus is provided, includes a paper cassette 11, a pickup unit 12, a feeding unit 13, a developing unit 14, a transferring unit 15, a fixing unit 16, a discharging unit 17, and a light emitting unit 18.
The second body 20, which is provided above the first body 10, is the scanning unit and includes a plate 21 on which a document is placed, a charge coupled device (CCD) module 22 that is mounted on a bottom surface of the plate 21 so as to move from side to side, and a plate cover 23 that is designed to cover the plate 21.
However, the conventional MFP has been developed without taking into consideration the need for miniaturization. As a result, the dimensions of conventional MFPs are too large to fit on desktops. Accordingly, a separate space is required for the MFP, resulting in an inconvenience to a user.

Image forming apparatus having pivotable upper body


In some embodiments, the present invention pertains to a method for conjugating a first compound to a second compound wherein the conjugation involves an electrophilic moiety. The method comprises reacting the first compound with the second compound to form a conjugate. The improvement in embodiments of the present invention comprises adding a nucleophilic reagent to the conjugate wherein the nucleophilic reagent forms a neutral product upon reaction with unreacted electrophilic moieties of the conjugate. In some embodiments, the nucleophilic reagent is substantially non-reactive with disulfide bonds in the event that the conjugate comprises disulfide bonds. The conjugate formed is doubly deactivated because the other moiety for linking to the electrophilic moiety is also deactivated.

In the fields of medicine and clinical chemistry, many studies and determinations of physiologically reactive species such as cells, proteins, enzymes, cofactors, nucleic acids, substrates, antigens, antibodies, and so forth are carried out using conjugates involving specific binding pair members or labels or the like. Various assay techniques that involve the binding of specific binding pair members are known. These assay techniques generally also involve a label used in the detection part of the assay.
The use of enzyme labels for the determination of analytes in immunoassays has shown substantial promise and numerous immunoassays have been developed, which are dependent upon the accurate measurement of enzymatic activity from an assay medium.
Numerous enzyme immunoassay methods are known for the determination of the presence in a sample of an analyte. The assays include both homogeneous and heterogeneous assays. Some homogeneous approaches comprise determining the effect that the sample containing the analyte has on the binding between a conjugate of the analyte (ligand) and an enzyme and a receptor for the analyte. When the conjugate and the receptor bind, a modulation of the enzymatic activity occurs. The presence of analyte in the sample can be determined from the effect that the analyte has on the modulation of the enzymatic activity when compared to that obtained in the absence of analyte or in the presence of known amounts of analyte. Heterogeneous assays include sandwich format assays. The aforementioned assays are discussed in more detail below.
Polypeptides can be conjugated with enzymes using preactivated enzymes such as, for example, enzymes preactivated with a maleimide or a haloacetyl moiety. The polypeptides may comprise free sulfhydryl (—SH) groups or may be treated to introduce such groups. In the latter circumstance, linking groups may be employed to link to the polypeptide to introduce sulfhydryl groups. Accordingly, the linking group may have an amine-reactive functionality in addition to the sulfhydryl group where the amine reactive functionality reacts with free amine groups on the polypeptide. Maleimide-activated enzyme is reacted with free sulfhydryl (—SH) groups present in, or introduced into, the polypeptide to form a stable thiol ether linkage.
In another approach, amino groups of a polypeptide are acylated with a heterobifunctional crosslinking agent such as N-succinimidyl 4′-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate. This crosslinking agent has a N-hydroxysuccinimide group at one end of the molecule that reacts with amino groups. The maleimide moiety at the other end of the heterobifunctional agent reacts with free sulfhydryl groups of a polypeptide.
In the above reactions, it is standard practice to terminate the conjugation reaction with a quench reagent that deactivates one of the reactive groups that is used to form the conjugate, namely, free sulfhydryl groups remaining on the product after the conjugation reaction has taken place. The sulfhydryl groups are deactivated by adding a reagent reactive with the sulfhydryl groups such as, for example, a sulfhydryl receptor, e.g., a maleimide, and so forth.
There remains a need for methods for producing ligand binder-polypeptide conjugates such as, for example, enzyme-polypeptide conjugates, polynucleotide-polypeptide conjugates, and so forth, that exhibit good stability, activity, sensitivity, and the like.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Deactivation of linking moieties in antibody-enzyme conjugates


A screen wiper for a motor vehicle windshield comprises a screen wiper arm which is articulated about an articulation axis (X--X) on a drive head for driving the wiper arm. The wiper includes a cam connected to the drive head and a cam follower element which is connected to the screen wiper arm and which is displaced along the cam profile as a function of the relative angular displacements between the wiper arm and the drive head about the articulation axis (X--X), so as to apply to the arm a complementary torque such as to cause the value of the wiping torque to vary.

In order to obtain correct wiping of the swept surface, it is necessary that the wiping strip of the wiper blade should be applied on the swept surface with a substantial pressing or wiping force. To this end at least one spring is usually provided, for example a helical tension spring which is disposed between the drive head and the remainder of the wiper arm, and which applies to the wiper arm a wiping torque the nominal value of which is substantially constant, so as to urge the wiper blade strip against the swept surface.
With this design of wiper, the wiping strip is in contact with the swept surface not only during the actual wiping movement, but also when the wiper is in its rest or parked position. Due to the fact that the nominal value of the wiping force which is applied to the wiping strip when the wiper is at rest is constant, it is found that the wiping strip retains a residual deformation resulting from the flexing of its profile against the swept surface, so that the wiping effect obtained from the wiping strip is not effective enough. It is therefore desirable to be able to reduce the value of the wiping force which is applied to the wiping strip when the wiper itself is at rest.
In addition, the quality of the wiping of the swept surface depends in operation on proper control of the wiping force which is applied to the wiping strip, especially having regard to the travelling speed of the vehicle, the frequency of the wiping movement of the wiper itself, and the position of the wiping strip on the windshield.
In this connection, and having regard to the curvature of the swept surface, the wiping strip is not applied with a substantially constant wiping force over its whole length in the various positions which it occupies during one wiping cycle. It is therefore desirable to be able to guarantee that the wiping strip is applied with a sufficiently large wiping force against the swept surface in all its various positions during the wiping operation.
Finally, in the course of one wiping cycle, it is also desirable to be able to reduce the wiping force at the two extreme positions occupied by the wiper during the cycle, in order, especially, to facilitate reversal of its motion.

Screen wiper including means for adjusting the wiping torque


A gyroscope comprises a substrate and a guided mass system. The guided mass system comprises proof masses and guiding arms disposed in a plane parallel to the substrate. The proof masses are coupled to the guiding arm by springs. The guiding arm is coupled to the substrate by springs. At least one of the proof-masses is directly coupled to the substrate by at least one anchor via a spring system. The gyroscope also comprises an actuator for vibrating one of the proof-masses in the first direction, which causes another proof mass to rotate in the plane. Finally, the gyroscope also includes transducers for sensing motion of the guided mass system in response to angular velocities about a single axis or multiple input axes.

Sensing of angular velocity is frequently performed using vibratory rate gyroscopes. Vibratory rate gyroscopes broadly function by driving the sensor into a first motion and measuring a second motion of the sensor that is responsive to both the first motion and the angular velocity to be sensed.
Frequently, a mass, usually referred to as a proof mass, within the sensor is driven into oscillation by an actuator. Rotation of the sensor imparts a Coriolis force to the oscillating mass that is proportional to the angular velocity (or rotation rate), and depends on the orientation of the angular velocity vector with respect to the velocity vector of the proof mass. The Coriolis force, the angular velocity vector, and the proof-mass velocity vector are mutually orthogonal. For example, a proof-mass moving in an X-direction within a sensor rotating about a Y-axis, experiences a Z directed Coriolis force. Similarly, a proof-mass moving in an X-direction within a sensor rotating about a Z-axis, experiences a Y directed Coriolis force. Finally, a proof-mass moving in an X-direction within a sensor rotating about the X-axis experiences no Coriolis force. Coriolis forces imparted to the proof-mass are usually sensed indirectly by measuring motions within the sensor that are responsive to the Coriolis forces.
Conventional gyroscopes that sense angular velocity about an in-plane axis (i.e. X-axis or Y-axis) can be driven out-of-plane, and the Coriolis response is sensed in-plane or vice versa. Out-of-plane drive tends to be less efficient than in-plane drive, requires additional fabrication steps, and is limited by nonlinearities. For example, driving the proof-mass out-of-plane might require a large vertical gap or a cavity underneath the proof-mass to provide sufficient room for the proof-mass to oscillate. Forming a cavity under the proof-mass requires additional fabrication steps, thus increases cost. Typically electrostatic actuators of the parallel-plate type are used to drive the proof-mass out-of-plane. The actuators are formed between the proof-mass and the substrate. The electrostatic force depends on the gap between the proof-mass and the substrate. Because the proof-mass oscillates out-of-plane, the electrostatic force is nonlinear which tends to limit the device performance. Additionally, the electrostatic force is reduced because of the requirement to have large vertical gaps or a cavity under the proof-mass. Achieving large amplitude oscillation requires large force and that might require high-voltage actuation. Adding high-voltage actuation increases the fabrication cost and complexity of the integrated circuits.
Furthermore a conventional multi-axis gyroscope might use multiple structures that oscillate at independent frequencies to sense angular rates. Each structure requires a separate drive circuit to oscillate the respective proof-masses. Having more than one drive circuit increases cost and power consumption.
Accordingly, what is desired is to provide a system and method that overcomes the above issues. The present invention addresses such a need.

Micromachined gyroscope including a guided mass system


Echo canceling method including the steps of determining an Euclidean norm of an echo-replica signal, determining an Euclidean norm of an input signal, determining a gradient step size, correcting the coefficients of an adaptive filter, deriving an updated echo-replica signal, and determining an updated error signal by subtracting the updated echo-replica signal from the input signal.

Echo cancellation and suppression systems and methods therefor are known in the art. A speech transmission oriented system, such as a speech communication system, includes a sound production unit such as a speaker and a sound detection unit such as a microphone. The speaker produces sounds received from a remote source and the microphone detects voice sounds which are provided by the user. It is noted that the microphone also detects sounds from other sources such as noise and sounds, which are produced by the speaker (echo), after traveling through and acoustic path therebetween.
Methods and systems for "emphasizing" the voice portion over the noise and echo are known in the art. The common approaches use adaptive filtering to derive a replica of an echo-signal, which is further subtracted from the microphone signal. As a result, a level of the echo-signal is decreased significantly. Speech communication systems, especially hand-held devices, are limited in their processing and storage resources. This fact forces developers to search for new approaches for robust and high quality echo cancellation and echo suppression methods, which can function within these limited conditions.
In the article by A. Hirano et al. "A noise-robust stochastic gradient algorithm with an adaptive step-size suitable for mobile hands-free telephones", Proc. ICASST-95, v.5, pp. 1392–1395, 1995, an adaptive step-size algorithm is proposed. The algorithm controls the step size of the standard NLMS method, based on the reference input signal power and the noise power.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,804 to Hirano, entitled "Method of and apparatus for identifying a system with adaptive filter" is directed to a method of and an apparatus for estimating characteristics of an unknown system, using an adaptive filter, in an echo canceller. A gradient step size, which is controlled dynamically, is a function of the power of the reference input signal. The gradient step size monotonously increases if the power of the reference input signal is smaller than a threshold and monotonously decreases if the power of the reference input signal is greater than the threshold.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,546,459 to Sih, et al., entitled "Variable block size adaptation algorithm for noise-robust acoustic echo cancellation" is directed to an apparatus for acoustic echo cancellation using an adaptive filter. The apparatus updates coefficients of the adaptive filter using a signal block of length L. The block size is adjusted in response to the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio.


Systems and methods are disclosed for a brokerage operations support system to facilitate international shipping of goods into a country. The system receives information pertaining to a shipment and rates the shipment for a specific country by applying rules defined for the country's customs regulations. Status information of the shipment is received by the system, including whether the shipment has cleared the importing country's customs process. If the shipment has not cleared, the handling systems ensure the shipment is withheld from delivery until clearance is obtained. A flexible system architecture comprising a server and both attended and unattended workstations for a core system that can be modified to allow rating and processing of shipments occur in various modes to accommodate the procedures for each importing country.

Trade globalization and modern manufacturing processes result in many businesses involved in an international supply chain of goods. A given manufacturer frequently obtains assembly components from suppliers located in various countries and each of the suppliers, in turn, may obtain subcomponents from suppliers in other countries, and so on. It is the norm that products may have subcomponents made in various countries. Coupled with the prevalence of 'just-in-time' inventory management, timely international shipping of parts is a critical aspect of maintaining orderly and efficient supply chain management. Facilitating importation of such shipments is critical to modern manufacturing processes and providing an efficient global trade economy.
However, importing goods of a shipment is a complicated process involving many regulations that vary from country to country. For example, many countries restrict the type of goods that can be imported under the auspices of international trade agreements or unilateral regulation by the importing country. Special permits may be required for importing particular goods to a particular consignee. Finally, each country has different documentation requirements that must be met and these typically based on the type of good being imported (e.g., machine products, textiles, agricultural goods). To facilitate processing, most countries have adopted an international goods classification scheme for categorizing goods. The scheme provides a classification number along with a description of the goods. The importing country assigns a duty rate based on the classification of the goods. Thus, the duty rate in conjunction with the value of the goods (and other factors) allows calculation of the duties and taxes to be paid to customs for the imported goods.
Although a basic business function, determining the cost of importing goods (i.e., costs other than the purchase prices of the goods) is a complicated process. Obtaining an accurate cost of importing goods has been, and still is, a difficult endeavor, frequently filled with estimates. Because ascertaining an accurate cost prior to shipping is so difficult, initial estimates are often used and the final cost is 'trued up' after the goods are imported and the actual cost of importation is determined afterwards.
The cost of importing goods is often referred to as the 'landed cost' of a shipment. This involves the total cost of delivering the goods from origination (shipper) to destination (consignee) and comprises transportation (shipping) costs and various duties and taxes. The transportation costs are associated with transferring, loading, and unloading the goods along the route (frequently involving costs associated with air or marine transportation, portage, short term storage, transfers, local shipping, etc.). The other major components of landed cost are the regulatory costs of duties and taxes that are dependent on the destination country. These costs may include various value added taxes (VAT), import duties, custom (tariff) charges, and surcharges assessed based on the type and value of good. For example, a raw product and a processed product of the same basic material (e.g., spooled wool fiber versus woven wool fabric) are taxed and tariffed differently. Alternatively, a single consumer product, such as a wrist watch, may be tariffed and taxed as multiple commodity items, e.g., a watch band, watch works, and watch case. As expected, taxes for a jeweled, gold-metal watch case are less than taxes for a plain, steel-metal watch case.
It is readily evident that consistent assessment of tariffs and duties requires a well-defined international goods classification scheme. That is the purpose of the Harmonized System of Goods. Manufacturers, transporters, exporters, importers, customs officials, statisticians, and others use the system for classifying goods for international trade under a single commodity code. The system contains approximately 5,000 headings and subheadings of goods, generally organized by industry segments. While the scheme is international in nature and authority, the treatment for goods of a given classification is national in nature and varies by each importing country. Some countries may define sublevels of classifications. Determining the duties and tariffs associated with a shipment (a process called 'rating') requires knowledge of not only the importing country's regulatory requirements, but the rules of how that country applies the international classification system.
Once the shipment has been rated (and assuming none of the items are restricted from importation), the required duties and tariffs must be paid to the appropriate governmental agencies, typically the Customs Office. Information for each good being imported must be detailed to the Customs Office in a document called a Declaration. The creation of the Declaration can be divided into two activities. In the first activity, the carrier typically communicates information regarding the shipment to a broker. The information includes description of the items, values, quantities, shipper, etc. In many instances, the carrier obtains this information from the shipper when the shipment originates. The second activity involves the broker classifying each of the items in the shipment that generates the amount due for the duties and taxes. Once completed, the Declaration can be communicated to the Customs Office by either party along with the amount due. Once the amount due is collected by the Customs Office and has reviewed the Declaration, the Customs Office issues a "customs clearance" to the carrier indicating that delivery to the consignee may proceed. Usually, if goods have arrived at that importing port or terminal, the imported goods are temporarily stored until clearance is obtained, and then local delivery of the goods continues. To minimize storage costs and delays, it is desirable to provide accurate and complete information to the Customs Office to facilitate a timely clearance response for a shipment.
Rating is based on a "Declaration" indicating the goods shipped. The Declaration includes, among other information, the quantity of items, their description, part number, and value. The items may be further decomposed into 'commodities' correlating with internationally recognized commodities for customs processing and which are identified by tariff codes. For example, an imported wristwatch may be listed as commodities comprising a watchband, case, and watch mechanism. The Declaration provided by the originator may detail the commodities and associated tariff codes, and if provided, this simplifies customs processing. Frequently, the item description provided by the shipper does not directly comport to an international commodity description, or if it does, no tariff codes are provided. This significantly complicates rating as the carrier or customs broker must determine the appropriate commodities and tariff codes for the identified goods.
Often, a shipper exports the same type of goods to a given importer over time. The absence of a tariff code on the initial shipment may often necessitate research and determination of the tariff code by the carrier or customs broker. However on subsequent shipments, once the carrier has determined the tariff code, it would be preferable for the carrier to utilize previously obtained knowledge of tariff codes to quickly determine the tariff code on subsequent shipments.
It is well recognized that computer systems are well adapted for handling complex logistics operations. For the carrier(s) shipping the goods, the myriad regulations, which also vary from country to country, present a complicated logistics operation that could benefit from the application of computer systems. Specialized brokerage agents exist in various countries to facilitate importation of goods and these agents may use computerized systems to assist them. However, each of these systems typically is developed for the specific importing country.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,460,020, Universal Shopping Center for International Operation, discloses an integrated system that allows the selection and purchase of goods internationally and computes the associated taxes and fees given the commodity code of the goods being shipped, but it does not disclose a system facilitating brokerage operations independent of the purchase of the goods. Nor does it disclose how the integrated system is adapted to interact with each of the different countries' regulations or how the Custom's clearance status impacts handling shipments at the point of entry.
Similarly, the prior art disclosed in PCT Application WO 00/70519, titled Network Accessible Quotation and Shipping System, based on U.S. Patent Application 60/134,593; Ser. Nos. 09/464,543; and 09/464,537, discloses using the tariff code to calculate duties and taxes, but does not disclose how the system is adapted to interact with each of the country's Customs Offices nor how the customs clearance status affects the shipper's processing of the shipment or package.
The aforementioned systems determine duties and taxes based on knowledge of the tariff code, which in turn point to the appropriate databases. However, complete and accurate tariff codes for all items in a shipment are not always provided to a carrier. Frequently, an originator provides only a description and part number of the goods shipped. The part number has no global significance, and the description may not comport with internationally recognized goods descriptions. Since the carrier may be responsible for navigating the maze of regulatory requirements and determining the taxes, duties, and fees, the carrier has a need to readily determine the appropriate tariff code for the commodities being shipped.
Thus, there is a need for a system performing brokerage operations for international shipments that accommodates shipments, where the originator provides less than complete tariff codes identifying the goods. While such a system for a single importing country could be implemented on a single, large scale computer system, this system would have to be scalable to accommodate additional countries, or such as system would have to be replicated for each importing country. For example, a system designed to manage a carrier's shipments between the United States and Canada would not necessarily have the capacity to manage a carrier's shipments also involving the United States and Germany. Such a computer system would be required to maintain the rules and associated data (comprising rates, fees, duties, etc.) for each importing country. It is obvious that every time a country's regulations change (e.g., new rules or altering duties, etc.), the system would have to be modified to reflect those changes. Depending on the regulatory changes and how a brokerage computer system is structured, the regulatory changes could require altering existing data values or altering procedures for processing a shipment. Consequently, there is a need for a flexible, efficient, and scaleable computing system to facilitate management of international trade to provide rating and clearance status information.

Systems and methods for international shipping and brokerage operations support processing


To provide a laser scanning microscope including a laser beam source for stimulation that emits a laser beam for stimulation for applying photostimulation to a sample, a scanner that performs scanning with the laser beam for stimulation, a control device that controls the scanner, and an objective lens that condenses the laser beam for stimulation used for scanning by the scanner to the sample. The scanner has at least one acoustooptic device arranged on an optical path of the laser beam for stimulation. The control device determines a plurality of frequencies on the basis of the position and the range of a photostimulation region, and simultaneously applies the high-frequency signals of the determined plurality of frequencies to a vibrator attached to the acoustooptic device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laser scanning microscope. In particular, the present invention relates to a laser scanning microscope and a microscopic observing method for scanning a laser beam for stimulation with an acoustooptical effect.
This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-148258, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, a laser scanning microscope having a scanning optical system for observation that observes a sample and a scanning optical system for stimulation that applies photostimulation to a sample is well known (e.g., refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Hei 10-206742).
With this laser scanning microscope, a laser beam for stimulation emitted from a laser beam source for stimulation is two-dimensionally scanned by a scanner using a galvano mirror, and is emitted to the sample, thereby applying photostimulation to a photostimulation region.
Preferably, this photostimulation is simultaneously applied to the entire photostimulation region. However, with this conventional laser scanning microscope, the sample is two-dimensionally scanned with the laser beam for stimulation by the galvano mirror for photostimulation and it takes some time from the start of photostimulation to the end.

Laser scanning microscope and microscopic observing method


A power driven abrading or polishing tool is provided that includes a motor having a rotor; a carrier part having a shaft and a key extending from the shaft; and an abrading or polishing head attached to the carrier part. The rotor includes an outer body of a first material and a core of a second material having a resistance to wear greater than the first material. The core includes an inner passage with a keyway which receives the key on the shaft of the carrier part such that a rotation of the rotor is transmitted to the carrier part and the head.

A known orbital abrading or polishing tool includes a motor having a rotor, which transmits a rotational force to a carrier part having an abrading or polishing head attached thereto. In this tool, a key extends from the carrier part and engages a keyway in the rotor, such that rotation of the rotor causes a corresponding rotation of the carrier part and the abrading or polishing head.
The rotors of such tools are typically made of steel or other suitable wear-resistant metals, although plastic or resinous materials have also been used. When a rotor is made of plastic or resinous materials, however, the keyway formed in the rotor wears easily. As such, the rotor must be replaced relatively frequently. Accordingly, a need exists for an improved rotor for an orbital abrading or polishing tool.

Rotor with wear-resistant core for a power abrading or polishing tool


An optical device for aligning an instrument so that active zones in the instrument are the same distance from the plane of a remote object comprising a lens attached to the instrument, the lens having a curved outer surface and a mirrored back surface. When the active zones in the instrument are aligned parallel to the plane of the remote object and the remote object is illuminated, the proper alignment is indicated by light emanating from the object being focused on a preselected spot.

The present invention relates to a device for aligning two planes spaced a distance from each other parallel relationship to each other. In particular, the present invention relates to a device for aligning optical measuring equipment.
In order to determine the optical correction that a patient requires, the patient views an image located twenty feet away while a series of lenses are positioned in front of the patient's eyes. To select the preferred correction the patient must indicate which lens or combination of lenses results in the clearest image. The lenses or lens combinations, sometimes referred as active zones, are usually located in an instrument referred to as a refractometer, Phoropter being one of the tradenames used on such devices. Different refractometer operators often arrive at slightly different sets of corrective lenses (a different eye glass prescription) for the same patient and the selected prescription may not be the optimum prescription for the patient. Additionally, the same patient may select a different combination of lenses at a different time. This inconsistency in prescription arrived at by operators or at different times can result from several different factors. However, it has been found that a part of the error results from not positioning the two sets of lenses in the refractometer parallel and in axial alignment with the image, i.e., the same distance from the image, being observed by the patient. This is a particularly difficult and time-consuming task as the refractometer and the image are frequently twenty feet apart.
Thus, there is a need for a simple, reliable and accurate method of aligning the refractometer parallel to and in axial alignment with the image. Further, this alignment method should be easily performed in as short a time as possible.


A sheet holding structure comprises a container for holding fanfold paper layered by being alternately folded every predetermined length as a sheet. The container has upper and lower sections that are fixed to each other so as to be non-movable relative one another and that collectively form an accommodation portion that accommodates the fanfold paper. The lower section of the container has an inner wall surface formed in a concave shape along a lengthwise direction of the fanfold paper so that the fanfold paper curves in an inward direction and exerts an expanding force acting, at least in part, against the self-weight of the fanfold paper and in a direction opposite to the inward direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet holding structure and a printer for an electronic voting apparatus including the sheet holding structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional election in a self-governing body or the like has been conducted in such a manner that voters write person names or the like on voting slips and put the slips into a ballot box. Vote counting has been carried out in such a manner that in the presence of election administrators, the ballot box is opened and the voting slips are taken out from the box and are visually read and counted one by one. The conventional election has been entirely conducted through manual work in the manner described above, which elongates a time for counting and confirming a result of the vote counting and increases an effort expended by workers.
Therefore, in recent years, the use of electronic voting computers is being adopted. A fundamental construction of an electronic voting system includes electronic voting terminals respectively arranged in voting booths and a server to which the respective electronic voting terminals are connected. Each electronic voting terminal includes a display apparatus (display) for displaying the names or the like of candidates, and an input apparatus, with which voters cast their votes. There is also a case where a touch panel obtained by integrating the display apparatus and the input apparatus is used.
In the case of the electronic voting, vote counting is performed by compiling at the server electronic data (vote contents) inputted from the input apparatus of each electronic voting terminal. Here, it is desired to carry out inspection in order to confirm whether any fraud or tampering, such as rewriting of the electronic data, has been done to the votes or not. In order to conduct such inspection, it is required that the contents of each vote are not only stored as electronic data but also are printed by a printer to thereby enable storage in the form of a paper medium. That is, it is required to provide a printer connected to the electronic voting terminal.
Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose an electronic voting apparatus in which a printer is connected to an electronic voting terminal, thereby making it possible to visually confirm a result of printing by the printer in a voting booth. With this construction, the contents of a vote inputted by a voter using an input apparatus are not only transmitted to a server as electronic data but also are printed on paper by the printer, thereby allowing the voter to confirm the vote contents by seeing a result of the printing on the paper through a window portion.
[Patent Document 1] JP 2002-230610 A
[Patent Document 2] JP 2002-279126 A
It is expected that many and unspecified voters votes one after another at the electronic voting apparatus, so it is desired to avoid a situation, in which the printer connected to the electronic voting terminal is out of paper, as much as possible. Accordingly, Patent Documents 1 and 2 adopt a construction in which the printing is performed on a long roll paper and printed portions of the paper are sequentially taken up in a roll manner after the contents of the printing (vote contents) have been confirmed by the voters. When such a take-up system is used, however, results of the voting by the respective voters are printed in the order of the voting, so it is possible to know the contents of the voting by seeing the taken-up roll paper based on the order of the voters, which raises a problem from a privacy standpoint. Also, it is required to prevent a portion, in which the contents of voting by a previous voter has been printed, from being seen by the next voter, which leads to a necessity to convey the printed portion to the outside of the window portion.
With a conceivable measure against this problem, the roll paper is cut off in succession after the printing. In this case, recording sheets generated through the cutoff may be collected, with the collected many recording sheets being scattered to some extent and being taken out relatively at random. Accordingly, the problem in terms of privacy is solved. Also, the portion, in which the contents of the voting of the previous voter have been printed, is cut off from the roll paper and is collected, which prevents a case where the contents of the voting by the previous voter are seen by the next voter.
In the case of adopting a construction in which the roll paper is used and cutting of the roll paper is performed after printing in the manner described above, however, many conveyance rollers that convey the roll paper are required. In the case of adopting a construction in which it is possible for voters to see results of printing through a window portion in the manner described above, it is preferable that the window portion be provided between a print portion of a printer and a roll paper discharge portion, and the size of the window portion be increased in order to make it easy to see the results of the printing. The roll paper is held in a roll manner, so the roll paper has a tendency to be curled. In addition, a leading end of the roll paper is set as a free end. Therefore, it is difficult to convey the roll paper smoothly over a long distance of the window portion described above, which makes it necessary to provide multiple conveyance rollers in the window portion. As a result, a constructive complication, a size increase, and a cost increase of an electronic voting apparatus including a printer become inevitable.

Sheet holding structure and printer for an electronic voting apparatus


The present invention provides a stable silicone oil-in-water emulsion substantially free of any additives. The emulsions of the invention can be stable for at least about fifteen (15) and preferably for at least about thirty (30) minutes. The emulsions of the invention are useful for the siliconization of glass container surfaces.

Siliconization of glass containers is often a necessary step prior to the packaging of pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. A concern when packaging preparations in glass containers, including bottles, injection cartridges, IV infusions, syringes, vials, etc., is that leaching of alkali from the glass components can occur. Sometimes described as "water attack", leaching can be a concern even for glass recommended for pharmaceutical preparations, viz., glass types I, II, and III. One of the most common causes of leaching is the extreme sterilization conditions that glass containers are generally subjected to prior to filling. Such conditions, for example, autoclaving, that requires heating the containers to about 121° C. using high steam pressure, and "baking" and/or oven sterilization, where glass containers can be subjected to temperatures exceeding 200° C., can result in considerable leaching of components from the glass. In addition, certain preparations, such as, for example, acidic drugs/cosmetics, can also promote leaching from glass. Thus, a common practice is to coat the surface of glass containers with silicone prior to their sterilization and filling. Silicone coating of glass containers, in addition to reducing the leaching of glass components, can also function as lubricants. Thus, a silicone coating can improve the drainage of fluids, and suspensions, especially viscous ones. The use of silicone coatings in containers is common for suspensions of steroids and combinations of penicillin and dihydrosterptomycin. Silicone can also be used in preparations in containers where the contents have high solid content, and formulation modifications cannot improve the drainage of the preparation from the containers. In addition, the inner surfaces of cartridges and syringes can be siliconized to allow free movement of the plunger through the cartridge or syringe. The outside of cartridges and syringes and other glass containers can also be siliconized to ease their transport through the steps in an assembly line, for example, through a sterilization setup. Siliconization typically involves application of, for example, by spraying, the silicone emulsion onto the surface of containers, usually as the last step of the cleaning protocol. After spraying with the emulsion, the containers are heat sterilized, which bakes the silicone oil onto the glass surface.
Several silicone oil-in-water emulsions are commercially available for the purposes of lubrication and siliconization of containers and delivery systems. However, the commercially available silicone oil-in-water emulsions usually contain several additives that may be of concern. The concerns arise because, a) these materials can degrade during heat sterilization, that often use temperatures in excess of 300° C., in the case of baking, and 121° C. with high steam pressure during autoclaving and b) the additives and the degraded components, could effect the stability of the preparation to be filled, and may also be incompatible with the preparations. In particular medicinal preparations, especially those containing peptides, proteins and alkaloids, may be highly susceptible to additives, as well as the degraded components, present in silicone-oil-in-water emulsions, For example, it is recommended that the baking conditions for the commonly used 35% Dimethicone NF emulsion not exceed 200° C. to avoid the possibility of oxidation and formation of formaldehyde. Over-baking an article treated with 35% Dimethicone NF emulsion can result in a cloudy appearance on the surface of the treated article.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,760 discloses an oil-in-water emulsion having a low HLB value. The compositions are prepared with silicone-oxyalkylene copolymeric surfactants.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,855 discloses a silicone oil-in-water emulsion containing a linear non-cross linked silicone copolymer prepared by polymerizing an OH endblocked polydimethylsiloxane monomer with an amine functional trialkoxysilane monomer in the presence of a metal catalyst. In the process the polymerization is interrupted by phase inversion emulsification of the copolymer, and addition of a carboxylic anhydride to avoid reverse depolymerization.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,442 discloses a process for making a cosmetically or pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsion or gel composition in which a reaction mixture comprising a vinyl monomer is heated in an oil solvent, such as silicone oil, in presence of a cross linking agent and an oil soluble surfactant, with agitation, in the presence of an inert gas, at about 40-150° C., followed by addition of water to form an form an oil-in-water, a water-in-oil or a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion or gel.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,144 describes a silicone oil emulsion stabilized with soap. The soap includes: one or more carboxylates of a fatty acid having from 8 to 18 carbon atoms; and a cation of a base, the soap being formed in situ from the fatty acid and the base during formation of the emulsion.
Published International Patent Application No. WO 2004/100862 discloses oil and water emulsions comprising silicone oil an electrosteric stabilizer and a polyol and/or hydroxy acid. The electrosteric stabilizer can be a copolymer of polyacrylate and alkylated polyacrylate.
Published International Patent Application No. WO 2005/105024 discloses silicone oil-in-water emulsions that are stabilized by a combination of silicone polyether and anionic surfactants. The resulting oil phase is dispersed in the emulsion as particles having an average size of less than 5 micrometers (μM).
Published International Patent Application No. WO 2003/011948 discloses emulsions of water, a volatile siloxane, long chain or high molecular weight silicone polyether, an optional co-surfactant such as, a monohydroxy alcohol, organic diol, an organic triol, an organic tetraol, a silicone diol, a silicone triol, a silicone tetraol and a nonionic organic surfactant.
Published International Patent Application No. WO 2003/064500 discloses compositions of silicone oil-in-water emulsions, having silicone polyethers that are stable in the presence of salts, alcohols and organic solvents. The silicone polyether can be the only emulsifier or in can be used in combination with other organic type surfactants.
Thus, there is a need for stable silicone oil-in-water emulsions wherein the emulsion is substantially free of any additives. In particular, there is a need for silicone oil-in-water emulsions, substantially free of any additives that are stable for an extended period of time.

Silicone oil-in-water emulsions formulation, production and use


In a microwave powered electrodeless lamp, a single rotary motor is used to a) rotate the bulb and b) provide rotary motion to a blower or pump means for providing cooling fluid to the magnetron and/or to a forced gas cooling for providing cooler gas to the bulb. The blower may consist of only of an impeller without the usual blower housing. The motor, bulb stem and bulb, or motor, bulb stem, bulb and blower may be formed as an integral unit so as to facilitate replacement.

The present invention is directed to an improved microwave lamp, and particularly to such a lamp which is compact and has improved reliability.
Microwave lamps are well known, and typically include a means for providing microwave power, such as a magnetron, a bulb containing a discharge forming fill, and a means for coupling the microwave power to the bulb. Additionally, in many microwave lamps, the bulb is rotated. This is because bulb rotation affords numerous advantages, including temperature equalization around the bulb surface, improved spatial emission properties, discharge stabilization, elimination of visual "wobble", increased efficiency, and better cooling in those lamps where forced air cooling is applied to the bulb. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,332, 4,695,757, 4,954,756, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,493,184, and co-pending U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/811,466 and 08/811,467.
It is also a requirement in microwave lamps to provide cooling of the magnetron, and this is usually done by using a blower to provide forced air cooling. In the microwave lamps of the prior art, separate motors are used to rotate the bulb and to operate the blower.
As mentioned above, in some microwave lamps, notably those which operate at high power density, the bulb is also cooled by forced air. In such lamps, a separate motor may also be used to operate a compressor which provides the forced air for bulb cooling.

Microwave lamp with multi-purpose rotary motor


The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus, and more particularly, to a plasma display apparatus for preventing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The plasma display apparatus of the present invention comprises a plasma display panel comprising an electrode, and at least one of a first capacitor connected between a sustain voltage source for supplying a sustain voltage to the electrodes and a first ground voltage source, a second capacitor connected between a scan voltage source for supplying a scan voltage to the electrodes and a second ground voltage source, and a third capacitor connected between a set-up voltage source for supplying a set-up voltage to the electrodes and a third ground voltage source.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma display apparatus, and more particularly, to a plasma display apparatus for preventing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).
2. Background of the Related Art
In general, a plasma display apparatus comprises a plasma display panel having a front panel and a rear panel. A barrier rib formed between the front panel and the rear panel forms one unit cell. Each cell is filled with an inert gas containing a primary discharge gas, such as neon (Ne), helium (He) or a mixed gas of Ne+He, and a small amount of xenon (Xe) . If the inert gas is discharged with a high frequency voltage, vacuum ultraviolet rays are generated. Phosphors formed between the barrier ribs are excited to implement images. The plasma display panel can be made thin, and has thus been in the spotlight as the next-generation display devices.
FIG. 1 illustrates a method of implementing gray levels of an image in a plasma display panel in the related art.
As shown in FIG. 1, to represent gray levels of an image of the plasma display panel in the related art, one frame is divided into several sub-fields having a different number of emissions. Each sub-field is divided into a reset period (RPD) for initializing the entire cells, an address period (APD) for selecting a cell to be discharged, and a sustain period (SPD) for implementing gray levels depending on the number of discharges. The sustain period is increased in the ratio of 2n (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) in each sub-field. Since the sustain period is varied every sub-field as described above, gray levels of an image are represented by controlling the sustain period of each sub-field, i.e., a sustain discharge number.
FIG. 2 illustrates a driving waveform of a plasma display apparatus in the related art.
Referring to FIG. 2, each of sub-fields (SF) comprises a reset period (RP) for initializing discharge cells of the entire screen, an address period (AP) for selecting discharge cells, and a sustain period (SP) for sustaining the discharge of selected discharge cells.
In a set-up period (SU) of the reset period (RP), a ramp-up waveform (PR) is applied to the entire scan electrodes Y at the same time. A weak discharge (a set-up discharge) is generated within cells of the entire screen by the ramp-up waveform (PR), thus generating wall charges within the cells. In the set-up period (SD) of the reset period (RP), a ramp-down waveform (NR), which falls from a positive (+) sustain voltage (Vs) lower than a peak voltage of the ramp-up waveform (PR) to a negative scan voltage (−Vy) at a predetermined slant, is applied to the scan electrodes Y at the same time. The ramp-down waveform (NR) generates a weak erase discharge within the cells to erase wall charges generated by the set-up discharge and unnecessary charges of spatial charges, thus allowing wall charges necessary for an address discharge to uniformly remain within the cells of the entire screen.
In the address period (AP), while a negative (−) scan pulse (SCNP) is sequentially applied to the scan electrodes Y, a positive (+) data pulse (DP) is applied to address electrodes X. As a voltage difference between the scan pulse (SCNP) and the data pulse (DP) and a wall voltage generated in the reset period (RP) are added, an address discharge is generated within cells to which the data pulse (DP) is applied. Wall charges are generated within cells selected by an address discharge.
Meanwhile, during the set-up period (SD) and the address period (AP), a positive (+) sustain voltage (Vs) is applied to sustain electrodes Z.
In the sustain period (SP), a sustain pulse (SUSP) is alternately applied to the scan electrodes Y and the sustain electrodes Z. Therefore, a sustain discharge is generated in a surface discharge form between the scan electrodes Y and the sustain electrodes Z in cells selected by the address discharge whenever the sustain pulse (SUSP) is applied as the wall voltage within the cells and the sustain pulse (SUSP) are added. The sustain pulse (SUSP) has the same voltage value as the sustain voltage (Vs).
Meanwhile, in the related art plasma display apparatus, as the driving waveform is applied, EMI is generated toward the font of the plasma display panel.
More particularly, a pulse of a high frequency and a high voltage is applied to the scan electrodes in each of the set-up period, the address period and the sustain period. Therefore, a problem arises because a great amount of EMI is generated in the front of the plasma display panel due to the peaking component of the high frequency current of the pulse.


A conveyance apparatus comprises a transformer having a core, a primary coil connected to an alternate power source and a secondary coil connected to an output coil, a holding section including a conductive member for heating fluid by high frequency induction heating based on magnetic field generated by the output coil, the holding section for supplying fluid heated by the conductive member and for holding a heating object by the fluid, wherein, the secondary coil is capable of relatively moving to or relatively swinging on the core while the holding section moves.

Conveyance technology for conveying material for optical elements such as a lens to a forming die by contact-adsorption using an adsorbing pad structured by Teflon (TM) or heat-resistant gum, etc., provided in a conveyance arm is known. The optical element material is heated and softened by a heating device, such as an infrared lamp provided around the forming die. The adsorbing pad is arranged to adsorb a formed optical element for collection after formation.
A forming time can be shortened if the optical element material is heated while it is conveyed. However, it is necessary to covey melting optical element material. Consequently, there is a problem that conveyance is difficult with abovementioned contact adsorption system. Further, in the case of conveying melting optical element material by putting it on a conveyance member equipped with a heater, it is necessary to have a conveyance member having anti-melting device thereon. Further, there is a problem that heating unevenness tends to occur with it. To solve this problem, Japanese Patent Application Open to public No. 2004-51291 discloses technology capable of conveying optical element material with a non-contact state.
According to the technology-disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Open to Public No. 2004-51291, it is possible to hold optical element material in a floating state by blowing high-speed air from the bottom of a supporting apparatus having a funnel shape. However, there is a problem that since the conveyance apparatus includes an electric heater to heat air, electric heater life tends to be rapidly shortened resulting in breaking wire when the temperature of the heater is high, such as 1000° C. Since magnesium oxide powder used for insulation of nichrome wire for the electric heater rapidly starts dielectric breakdown, when temperature reaches more than 900° C., the nichrome wire tends to be short cut. Accordingly, it reduces the operating rate of a conveyance apparatus. Further, it is necessary to pay attention to the safety of a conveyance apparatus and it is difficult to handle with the conveyance apparatus. Even though a case such as the sheath of an electric heater is structured by incoloy 600, etc., which is heat-resisting alloy, it is easily oxidized and blackened, when temperature is more than 700° C. As a result, there is a problem that phenomenon that the surface of the case comes off occurs and foreign matters tend to be generated. In the case of a heating system using gas, once a foreign matter is generated, the foreign matter get into the gas flow and there is a possibility that the foreign matter is easily conveyed to a heating object and adheres on the heating object. Since the foreign matter systematically pollutes the heating object, which is going to be a big problem, every efforts should be made to avoid this implementation. Particularly, a fine structure being a sub-micron order structure is formed on the surface of an optical element for an optical pickup apparatus. Accordingly, if foreign matter adheres on nitric material and the optical transcription surface of an optical element forming die, there is a possibility that the optical characteristics of a formed optical element deteriorates.


A crash determination device employed in a vehicle side impact passenger protection system uses logic circuits or microcomputers to correctly determine whether an impact is a crash with an obstruction such as another vehicle by making use of a phase difference between detected accelerations of a side acceleration sensor and a central acceleration sensor. By making use of the phase difference between detected accelerations of side and center acceleration sensors, a high-speed crash can be correctly distinguished from a low-speed impact and an erroneous determination resulting in the passenger protection system being operated in a side impact situation not necessitating operation of the passenger protection system can be avoided.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a side impact passenger protection system for a vehicle and to a crash determination device thereof.
2. Related Art
A passenger protection system for a vehicle of the related art is disclosed in for example Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H.8-67231. This passenger protection system has a central acceleration sensor mounted in the middle of a car and side acceleration sensors mounted in the vicinities of center pillars in the left and right sides of the car. The central acceleration sensor detects a crash between an obstruction and the front or sides of the car. The left side acceleration sensor detects a crash between an obstruction and the left side of the car, and the right side acceleration sensor detects a crash between an obstruction and the right side of the car.
When a detection signal of the central acceleration sensor exceeds the largest of a number of threshold values, or when it exceeds a threshold value smaller than the largest of a number of threshold values and also a detection signal of the side acceleration sensor exceeds a certain threshold value, the car is determined to be in a crash and the passenger protection system is operated.
In this kind of passenger protection system, for example when an impact not necessitating operation of the passenger protection system occurs at a front wheel of the car, as happens when a front wheel mounts a curb, this impact tends to be transmitted to the central acceleration sensor earlier than to the side acceleration sensors. Consequently, the rise of the acceleration that the central acceleration sensor detects is rapid and the detected acceleration itself is also high. As a result, when threshold values of the kind mentioned above are used alone there is a possibility of the passenger protection system operating erroneously.
In this connection, the present inventors have conducted various studies into car side crash situations. Generally, at the time of a car side crash the time available for making the crash determination necessary to operate the passenger protection system is extremely short. For this reason it is necessary to employ the kind of side acceleration sensor mentioned above. However, in the side acceleration sensor, even a slight impact (an impact not necessitating operation of the passenger protection system) directly hitting the vicinity of a side acceleration sensor produces a relatively large acceleration.
On the other hand, even if an impact is one necessitating operation of the passenger protection system such as that of another car crashing into a door of the present car diagonally from the front, when that impact does not hit the side acceleration sensor directly the acceleration occurring at the initial stage of the impact is of a level below the acceleration resulting from the above-mentioned slight impact directly hitting the side acceleration sensor vicinity.
Consequently, using an acceleration caused by this kind of impact it is not possible to determine correctly within the kind of short crash determination time mentioned above that the impact is a crash of the car.
When detailed studies into this kind of phenomenon were carried out, the following results were obtained.
Because as shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 11 each side acceleration sensor (hereinafter called the side acceleration sensor 1) is mounted in the vicinity of a center pillar in the side of the car, the side acceleration sensor 1 is disposed in a part of the car that is more rigid than other parts. It was found that in cases where this kind of mounting has been carried out, with a slight impact directly hitting the vicinity of the side acceleration sensor 1, there is almost no phase difference (see FIG. 10A) between the detected accelerations of the side acceleration sensor 1 and the central acceleration sensor (hereinafter called the central acceleration sensor 2). This is also the same in a case where another car crashes at low speed into the side of the present car as shown in FIG. 9. In FIG. 10A, P1 and R1 are graphs showing change of an integral output obtained by integrating the detection signal of a central acceleration sensor 2 and Q1 is a graph showing change of an integral output obtained by integrating the detection signal of a side acceleration sensor 1.
The rigidity of the doors of the car, on the other hand, is low compared with that of the above-mentioned center pillar vicinity. It was found that for this reason in a high-speed crash wherein another car crashes into a door of the present car diagonally from the front as shown in FIG. 11, the phase of the detected acceleration of the side acceleration sensor leads the phase of the detected acceleration of the central acceleration sensor and the phase difference between the two detected accelerations is large (see FIG. 12A). In FIG. 12A, P2 and R2 are graphs showing change of an integral output of the detection signal of a central acceleration sensor 2 and Q2 is a graph showing change of an integral output of the detection signal of a side acceleration sensor 1.

Side impact passenger protection system for vehicle and crash determination device of same