A slider including a recording and reproducing separation type magnetic head includes that a proximal end of a first lead-out conductor is connected to a proximal end of a central winding portion of a coil sued for record, a distal end of the first lead-out conductor is connected to one terminal used for the record; a proximal end of second lead-out conductor is connected to a proximal end of the winding coil, and extended to an opposite direction against the first lead-out conductor along the upper surface of the slider, a distal end of the second lead-out conductor is connected to another terminal used for the recording device; a proximal end of a third lead-out conductor is connected to a reproducing device; a proximal end of a fourth lead-out conductor is connected to the reproducing device; the third lead-out conductor is extended along an air bearing surface of the slider in a lateral direction; the fourth lead-out conductor is extended along the air bearing surface of the slider in a direction opposite to the lateral direction; and the respective distal ends of the third and fourth lead-out conductors are connected to one and another terminals for the reproduction, making such an integrated circuit and the like connected to the terminals to be readily standardized and making an electrode for a reproducing device short.

The present invention relates to the positions of terminals of a recording/reproducing separation type magnetic head which copes with a high recording density, and the shape and structure of its lead-out conductors.
In connection with the pads of a magnetic head, there has been JP-A-6-103530 disclosing a layout method of bonding pads capable of freely setting lead-out directions of wires. This method contemplates to accomplish a smaller thickness and a smaller size by obliquely disposing the bonding pads to an air bearing surface.

Recording/reproducing separation type magnetic head


A dual-battery switch circuit associated with a load is provided. The switch circuit includes a primary battery, a secondary battery, a circuit disposed to apply energy from the primary battery to the load, and a controller which disposed to sense attempts to apply energy to the load. The controller is configured to couple the secondary battery to the primary battery with respect to the load when a predetermined number of attempts to apply energy to the load occur within a predetermined time period after a first attempt. Alternatively, a controller is provided which couples the secondary battery to the primary battery with respect to the load when an attempt is made to apply energy to the load and the temperature is below a predetermined level.

A partially or totally drained automotive battery is often unable to supply enough power to start an automobile. Further, certain charged batteries may not be able to supply the necessary cranking power to start an automobile under adverse environmental conditions. For example, at very cold temperatures, the potential across a charged battery can drop drastically, thus lessening its overall power output. For example, in cold weather the voltage of a normal 6cell, 12 volt automotive battery will typically drop to 5 to 7 volts. This lower voltage may not be able to supply a starting motor with sufficient cranking power. As a result, the engine may turn over at a lower RPM, or not at all.
The problem caused by the high current demand of the starting motor has prompted efforts to augment the power of an automobile battery during starting. In one known approach, an auxiliary battery is used to supply extra power at starting, but is otherwise isolated during main battery drain. Such a system is shown in European Patent Publication No. 398,691 issued to Witehira, in which the auxiliary battery is coupled in parallel to the main battery in response to an indication that the vehicle is being started. A disadvantage of this approach is that the auxiliary battery switches-in at starting whether or not a power boost is needed.
To alleviate this problem, some systems provide a manual switch to actuate the coupling of the auxiliary battery to the main battery. Such an approach is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,840 issued to Klebenow, et al. Under this approach, an operator is able to switch-in the extra battery whenever he desires. However, this approach also has significant disadvantages. For example, the manual switch is often located in an inconvenient place, such as under the hood, to avoid excessive wiring. Further, an operator does not always know when extra power is needed.
A further disadvantage of many of the present switch-in systems is that an open circuit between the main battery and the load is created during the switch-in. While the circuit remains open fur a relatively brief time, the voltage drop caused thereby, followed by the voltage surge that occurs when the switch is complete, may cause considerable wear on the electrical components of the power system.
In view of the forgoing, it would be desirable to provide a power control system which is capable of augmenting the power of a primary automotive battery at starting when the primary automotive battery alone is unable to supply sufficient power to start the engine.
It would further be desirable to provide a power control system which has a circuit capable of sensing when the primary automotive battery is unable to supply sufficient cranking power, and when such is the case, to automatically "switch-in" an auxiliary battery.


Methods include sequentially forming a first mold film, a first support film, a second mold film, and a second support film on a substrate, forming a contact hole through the second support film, the second mold film, the first support film and the first mold film, forming an electrode in the contact hole, and removing portions of the second support film, the second mold film and the first mold film to leave a portion of the first support film as a first support pattern surrounding the electrode and to leave a portion of the second support film as a second support pattern surrounding the electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The inventive subject matter relates to semiconductor devices and methods of fabricating the same and, more particularly, to electrode structures and methods of fabricating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the capacitance and integration density of semiconductor devices increase, the design rule is continuously being reduced. This trend is also noticeable in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) which are a type of memory semiconductor devices. More than a certain level of capacitance per cell is required for a DRAM to operate. Accordingly, research is being conducted to utilize a dielectric film having a high dielectric constant in a capacitor or increase a contact area between a bottom electrode and a dielectric film of a capacitor.

Methods of fabricating semiconductor devices with electrode support patterns


A breaker includes a housing (10) having two terminals (11, 12), two bars (17, 18) electrically coupled to the terminals (11, 12), an arm (30) supported in the housing (10) and movable to engage with the bars (17, 18) to electrically couple the terminals (11, 12) together. A control device (4) may control the arm (30) to engage with the bars (17, 18), and includes a lever (50) to maintain the arm (30) in engagement with the bars (17, 18). A spring (33) may bias the arm (30) away from the bars (17, 18), and another spring (53) may be engaged with the lever (50) to bias and disengage the lever (50) from the arm (30).

Various kinds of breaker devices have been developed and provided for switching off the electric facilities, and for protecting and preventing the electric facilities from being damaged when the electric power is stop supplying to the electric facilities suddenly, or when the electric power is unstable or is not good enough to energize the electric facilities.
However, when the electric power is supplied to the electric facilities again, a great voltage may be generated within the electric facilities, such that the electric facilities may be easily damaged after the termination of the electric power and when the electric power is supplied to the electric facilities again.

Breaker for protecting electric facilities


This invention relates to an ice fishing tip-up and more particularly to a means for activating an audible or visual indicator to alert a fisherman when a fish has engaged a hook of the ice fishing tip-up. The device is comprised of a switch which interconnects the audible or visual indicator to a power source. The switch has terminals normally biased toward a closed position whereby a first terminal is in contact with a second terminal. An insulator is placed between the terminals of the switch such that the terminals are not in contact. The insulator is then removed from between the terminals in response to an increase in tension in the fishing line when a fish strikes the hook. The removal of the insulator from between terminals causes the switch to close, thereby activating the audible or visual signal to alert the fisherman.

This invention relates to an ice fishing tip-up and more particularly to a means for activating an audible or visual signal to alert a fisherman when a fish has engaged the hook of the ice fishing device.
The prior art discloses a plurality of devices for alerting a fisherman that a fish has struck the hook of an ice fishing apparatus. Wieting et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,788 is directed to a ice fishing apparatus utilizing three distinct means for alerting the fisherman of a strike. The Wieting et al patent is directed toward a tip-up formed out of a transparent material to house an illumination means therein. In addition, upon activation of the tip-up, the device simultaneously relays an audible and an additional visual signal to the fisherman. The means for activating the audible and visual signal is comprised of an electrified coil spring which completes a circuit when the tip-up is in the signaling position.
Odney U.S. Pat. No. 3,739,514 shows a fishing device and a signaling system indicating the presence of a fish striking the bait. When the fish strikes the bait, the upward movement of the fishing line support member causes the closing of a switch element which activates the audible and visual signal.
In view of the prior art, it would be desirable to develop a more efficient means for activating the audible and/or visual signal alerting the fisherman that a fish has struck the bait.


A dynamic measuring system is described that comprises a measuring device. The measuring system has an acquisition unit and a post processing unit that is configured to post process the digital signal. The post processing unit has at least one signal correction filter being configured to be operated in at least two different modes for processing the digital signal. The signal correction filter has at least a first signal correction filter setting being used in a first mode and a second signal correction filter setting being used in a second mode. In addition, the measuring system has a switching unit that is configured to select the first mode or the second mode, the switching unit being configured to be operated dynamically based on an event in the data signal. The signal correction filter comprises time variable coefficients. Further, a method for probing a dynamic data signal is also described.

In the state of the art, measuring systems for probing digital signals are known which comprise different probes to be used for different operation modes of the device under test. Accordingly, the different probes are configured for a certain purpose. For instance, a fast probe is provided for a high speed mode of the measuring system. This fast probe may be established by a differential probe. In addition, a slow probe can be provided that is used in a low-power mode of the measuring system. The slow probe is established by a mass-referred probe, for instance.
In case the measuring system is used for probing a device under test that changes its characteristics dynamically during the probing, different measurements have to be carried out. For instance, at least two different measuring systems are used wherein these measuring systems are configured to be operated in different modes while using appropriate probes. The different measuring systems can be used simultaneously or sequentially.
Alternatively, the device under test is measured by a single measuring system several times in a sequential manner while using different corrections being adapted to the operation mode of the device under test. For instance, de-embedding with a certain source impedance in a high speed mode and de-embedding with another source impedance in a low-power mode. The different source impedances are set manually.
However, performing different measurements always requires additional efforts as the different measurements have to be compared and scaled appropriately. Furthermore, this might be a source of errors as the device under test has to be contacted at least twice.
EP 2 787 355 A2 shows a measurement system with a separation unit that is capable of identifying and separating different portions of the waveform associated to different characteristics such that the different portions can be processed by different filters having appropriate settings. Hence, each signal portion is processed by a respective filter having constant settings being appropriate.
EP 2 491 856 A1 shows a pulse detection watch for monitoring the pulse of a human wherein a filter unit is provided that comprises two different filters and a filter switching section that is configured to switch between both filters after a certain period of time.

Dynamic measuring system and method for probing a dynamic data signal


A device and a method for determining material moisture by thermogravimetry. Included in the device are: a test chamber (2) delimited by a chamber cover (8); a microwave field that can be generated by a magnetron (5) and supplied to the test chamber by a waveguide (4); a tuning rod (22) arranged in the test chamber; a sample carrier (3) which is operatively connected to a weighing module (6) mounted upstream of the test chamber; and at least one sensor (24) arranged in the test chamber. The tuning rod is arranged centrally on the chamber cover, above the sample carrier, and the at least one sensor is arranged on the free end of the tuning rod, opposing the chamber cover.

The invention relates to a device for determining material moisture by thermogravimetry, comprising a test chamber that is delimited by a chamber cover, a microwave field which can be generated by a magnetron and fed via a waveguide to a test chamber, a tuning rod arranged in the test chamber, a sample carrier which is in operative connection with a weighing module mounted upstream of the test chamber, and at least one sensor arranged in the test chamber.
The invention also relates to a method for determining material moisture wherein a sample placed on a sample carrier in a test chamber has moisture removed therefrom by heating in a microwave field generated by a magnetron and fed to the test chamber via a waveguide, while being monitored by at least one sensor and the weight of the sample is determined by a weighing module before and after moisture removal and used in a computer unit to determine the material moisture.
Devices and methods for thermogravimetric material moisture determination are used in industrial laboratories, mainly in the food and drink industries and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, but also in the cosmetics, animal feed and building material industries for thermogravimetric material moisture determination.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,247,246 B1 discloses a device for thermogravimetric material moisture determination, which comprises a cylindrical test chamber with a sample carrier in operative connection with a weighing module, onto which sample carrier the sample to be measured is placed. A microwave field generated by a magnetron can be fed to the test chamber via a waveguide to desiccate the sample. The moisture removed from the sample can be drawn off by fans via apertures in the chamber cover which end in at least one exhaust air channel. The known device has at least one microwave sensor in the chamber cover. In addition, a gas or smoke sensor and a sensor for detecting light or light flashes can be arranged in the chamber cover. In order to allow the microwave field to act effectively on the sample, two tuning rods are arranged laterally of the sample at the test chamber base, adjacent to two portals for feeding the microwaves into the test chamber.

Device and method for determining material moisture by thermogravimetry


The present invention provides a process for utilizing one stream from a gas separation unit in an evaporation cooler to provide cool water which is used to cool the feed gas mixture by direct or indirect contact prior to entering the gas separation unit.

Membranes have been employed which use the principle of selective permeation to separate mixtures of gases into their components. Each gas has a characteristic permeation rate that is a function of its ability to dissolve into and diffuse into a given membrane or molecular sieve. Typically, membranes are produced as either flat sheets or as hollow fibers. Flat sheets are usually employed in spiral wound separators while hollow fibers are employed in shell and tube type separators. Other innovative configurations employing flat sheet or hollow fiber membranes are also available.
In a bundle of hollow fiber membranes positioned by various means and orientations within an elongated shell, one or more gases are separated from a mixture of gases by allowing the gases to permeate selectively through the membrane. For example, relatively pure nitrogen can be made from air by feeding compressed air into one end of an elongated container filled with a plurality of juxtaposed axially hollow fiber membranes running longitudinally of the container. The feed can enter the bores of the fibers or the outside of the fibers. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and other gases will permeate through the membrane fibers, but nitrogen permeates at a much slower rate. The gases passing through the membrane and separated from the mixture of gases are withdrawn from the low pressure side of the membrane. The portion of the air which does not permeate the membrane fibers after contact with the active membrane surface is relatively pure nitrogen. Generally, the nitrogen gas will have a small amount of oxygen. Most mixtures of gases, such as air, contain some water vapor. The amount of water vapor in the gas is typically characterized by the dew point temperature of the gas mixture. The dew point is the temperature at which water will begin condensing from the gas mixture at its pressure. Water vapor successfully passes through the membrane fibers but condensed water has a tendency to clog the pores of the membrane fibers. For this reason, h is highly desirable to operate the membrane at a temperature which is a few degrees above the dew point of the feed.
Conventional membrane separation of air into its components involves compressing air, then passing the air through an aftercooler to remove the heat of compression. Water or air cooled aftercoolers generally cool the gas to about 35.degree. C. or higher, and at or near its dew point. If the compressed gas is cooled below its dew point in the aftercooler, water vapor will condense from the gas. These condensates are removed before further processing.
To minimize moisture condensation in the membrane, one approach has been to preheat the feed to the membrane system to above its dewpoint, and then to insulate the individual membrane modules, thereby retaining the heat in the modules. Thus, the membrane operates above the dewpoint of the feed stream and condensation in the membrane is avoided. Heating of the feed gas is typically effected from external sources such as electrical heaters. Alternatively, the membrane modules themselves can be enclosed in an insulated heated container which keeps the membrane modules at a temperature above the dewpoint of the feed gas. Thus, saturated feed air at a lower temperature may be fed to the membrane modules without condensation of the moisture on the membrane surface. While both approaches and combinations thereof, avoid condensation in the membrane, the membranes operate at elevated temperatures. This introduces an inefficiency in the separation process since the ability of a membrane to separate gases typically increases as the temperature is lowered.
In attempts to predry the feed stream to permit the membrane to be operated at lower temperatures, refrigerated dryers and adsorbent beds have been used to lower the dewpoint of the feed gas below the desired operating temperature of the membrane unit. A refrigerated dryer provides a cooled, low dew point gas stream to feed to the membrane unit; however, the capital and operating costs associated with a refrigerated dryer are quite high, and, also, the refrigerated dryer involves the use of environmentally undesirable compounds such as freon refrigerants. When an adsorbent bed is used to remove water, the gas is not cooled, and, thus, the problems of high feed temperature prevail. In addition, some means of regenerating the adsorbent bed material must be provided.
In a typical membrane-based air separation system, a number of individual membrane modules or separators may be employed. In addition, these separators may be arranged to operate in parallel, in series, or a combination thereof. When a series arrangement is employed, a variety of recycle schemes can be employed to improve the overall efficiency of the system. For example, when air is the feed gas, the optimum configuration is dependent on the desired purity of the enriched nitrogen and/or oxygen streams, flow rates, and economic considerations.
Adsorption-based air separation systems typically employ carbon molecular sieves or zeolftes. Systems using carbon molecular sieves make use of the fact that oxygen molecules diffuse into the material much faster than nitrogen. Systems using zeolites rely on the fact that these materials have a much greater affinity for nitrogen than for oxygen. Cycles and operating conditions can be selected for either system to provide for the efficient production of high purity oxygen and/or nitrogen. Cyclic systems which operate between high pressure and atmospheric pressure (as in nitrogen PSA generators) or sub-atmospheric pressure (as in oxygen VSA generators) may be employed to provide the driving force for the separation. In either case (PSA or VSA), the operation is referred to as pressure swing adsorption (PSA) hereinafter.
Because the efficiencies of carbon molecular sieves and zeolite adsorbents to separate air are reduced by any moisture present in the feed air, prebeds containing adsorbents which reversibly bind water and/or refrigerated dryers, are used to reduce or eliminate the moisture contained in the feed gas. The refrigerated dryer is generally used where the optimum or preferred feed gas temperature is below that which can be achieved by heat exchange with available cooling tower water or ambient air. High capital and operating costs associated with refrigerated dryers plus the fact that they use environmentally undesirable compounds, such as freon refrigerants, however, limit their use in these applications.
The present invention provides a process for cooling the feed gas to a suitable temperature to optimize the performance of gas separation systems. The process is free of the limitations present in refrigerated dryers and adsorption drying processes.

Process for cooling the feed gas to gas separation systems


A nip-roller pair for transporting a sheet or web of material has one regular roller and a special roller to prevent scarring of the transported material. The special roller has one or more hubs of soft, compressible material that engage the material and hold the material away from the harder, rougher surface of the roller. The rollers close to compress the hubs and transport the material

In devices that transport material, such as the dye receiving material in a thermal printer, it is important to prevent scratching of the material. In a thermal printer, the scratches can remove the dyes or otherwise cause the image to be of unacceptable quality. This is especially true of transparent materials where both sides of the transparent material can be damaged by scratching. The drive means for transporting the dye receiving material through the printer, and maintaining proper registration during a printing function, must grip the material to do so. In some cases, rough surfaces are used which can cause scratches if the material is passed by them with a difference in relative velocity between the material and surface of the rough roller or drive means, during loading and unloading, for example. Hard rough rollers are preferable because they do not deflect under pinching loads, and more accurate transport is therefore achievable. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that it would be highly desirable to have a transport mechanism that uses rough surface rollers for good registration.
Other transport systems that have also been concerned with scratches include roll feed printers that would scratch only the leading edge of the roll and not the entire sheet. Sheet printers are prone to this scratch damage. For this reason, some machines do not use rough surfaces to transport and grip the material, but most of these require higher loads to accomplish the task of maintaining good control of the sheet. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that it would be highly desirable to have a transport mechanism that uses rough surface rollers for good registration but uses lower loads and prevent scratches.

Transport roller having compressible hubs


An electronic ballast circuit includes a programmable processor. The processor is programmed to vary operating parameters of the ballast circuit to accommodate operation of different types and/or sizes of lamps. Ballast circuit operating parameters that can be varied by the programmable processor include component parameters, such as inductance and resistance, and the frequency at which the ballast circuit is oscillated. The processor can be programmed to produce an oscillating processor signal which is used to produce a corresponding oscillating power signal to ignite and/or sustain ignition of the lamp. A voltage monitor and a current monitor are employed to monitor the operating condition of the lamp. The monitor outputs are used by the processor to optimize circuit operation.

Ballast circuits are generally used in gaseous discharge lighting systems to regulate the supply of electrical power to the lamp. The type and size of lamp to be operated are typically determinative of how the ballast circuit will be configured. For example, high intensity discharge (HID) lamps such as mercury, metal halide, and high pressure sodium lamps are usually operated at high wattage and require a different ballast circuit than lamps such as fluorescent lamps which operate at relatively low wattage. Even among lamps of the same type (i.e., mercury, metal halide, high pressure sodium, fluorescent, etc.) the specific lamp wattage can vary, which in turn requires a corresponding variance of elements within the ballast circuit in order to optimize operation of the lamps. As a result, conventional ballast circuits are unable to accommodate proper operation of different lamps types and/or lamps of the same type which operate at different wattages.
Typical ballast circuits include a starting circuit for igniting the lamp and an operating LCR (Inductor-Capacitor-Resistor) circuit for sustaining lamp ignition. In a typical ballast circuit, the same inductor is used to produce the electrical excitation necessary to ignite as well as to operate the lamp. In order to withstand large operating currents for prolonged periods of time, the inductor must be physically large, which increases the size, cost, and weight of the ballast circuit. These large inductors often operate at or near 100 percent of their duty cycle, which in turn results in significant power consumption and heating. Reliability also suffers as the effects of heating increase the failure rate of circuit components. In addition, the versatility of the lamp operating circuit suffers since the inductor used in the operating circuit must be within the operating parameters of the particular lamp being operated. Different lamps which operate at different wattages typically require a different or unique inductor to allow for proper operation of the lamp at the correct frequency. Consequently, ballast circuit designers often struggle in their attempt to find the optimal inductor for a particular lighting application.
What is needed, therefore, is a ballast circuit that eliminates one or more disadvantages of prior art ballast circuits.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Electronic ballast with programmable processor


A disc cutter module mounting structure for an agricultural header that enables one or more disc cutter modules and interconnection spacers to be temporarily laterally displaced a distance sufficient to disengage the transverse drive apparatus from a failed module thereby allowing the failed module to be removed from the header for repair or replacement. The laterally displaced modules and spacers need only be disconnected from the outboard drive shaft; lateral displacement is accomplished by the incorporation of slotted mounting guides on the spacers and a plurality of spaced-apart support tabs on the header frame. The mounting structure also supports the modules and spacers during the removal/replacement process reducing the need for jacks to support modules as they are being repositioned on the header.

This invention relates generally to a machine for severing standing crops from the ground to initiate a harvesting process and, more particularly, to a rotary disc cutterbar having a preselected number of transversely oriented, rotatable discs having knives mounted thereon to sever standing crop by an impact action upon rotation of the discs.
Typical disc cutterbars used in agriculture include an elongated housing containing a train of meshed idler and drive spur gears, or a main power shaft or series of power shafts coupled by respective bevel gear sets, for delivering power to respective drive shafts for modular cutterheads spaced along the length of the cutterbar. The cutterheads each comprise a cutting disc including diametrically opposed cutting blades (though configurations with three or more blades are known) and having a hub coupled to an upper end of a drive shaft, the lower end of the drive shaft carrying a spur gear in the case where a train of meshed spur gears is used for delivering power, and carrying a bevel gear of a given one of the bevel gear sets in the case where a main power shaft is used. For background information on the structure and operation of some typical disc cutterbars, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,323, issued to Campbell, the descriptive portions thereof being incorporated herein in full by reference.
Cutterbars frequently impact rocks and other obstructions in a field which can damage the cutterhead or the cutterhead driveline. Modular cutterhead designs allow an individual damaged cutterhead to be removed and replaced without affecting adjacent cutterhead modules. The modular design contains debris from gear failures within an individual module oil sump and reduces debris contamination of adjacent modules. However, replacing a single damaged cutterhead module is not an insignificant task requiring significant disassembly of the cutter bar in order to remove a damaged cutterhead from the cutterbar driveline because of intermediate drive shafts disposed between adjacent modules to transfer power laterally along the cutterbar.
It would be advantageous to have a cutterhead module mounting configuration which would reduce the degree of cutterbar disassembly necessary to allow an individual module to be removed and replaced. Further advantages would be realized by a cutterhead module mounting configuration that supports the modules during the disassembly process thereby lessening the need for temporary supports and improving safety during the module changeout process.


Systems and method for automatically determining offset correction values in a differential measurement system, and for correcting measurement offsets between two measurement devices in the differential measurement system. A method for determining real-time offset corrections in a gas analysis system having first and second gas analyzers includes for each of a plurality of gas concentrations within a range of gas concentrations: a) supplying the concentration of gas to the first and second gas analyzers through first and second gas flow lines, respectively; b) measuring a first gas concentration value using the first gas analyzer; and c) measuring a second gas concentration value using the second gas analyzer. The method may also include determining an offset value between each corresponding first and second gas concentration value, and determining a functional relationship between the offset values and gas concentration measurements of the first gas analyzer.

Systems for measuring plant photosynthesis and transpiration rates can be categorized as open or closed systems. For open systems, the leaf or plant is enclosed in a sample chamber, and an air stream is passed continuously through the chamber. CO2 and H2O concentrations of chamber influent and effluent are measured, and the difference between influent and effluent concentration is calculated. (Throughout this document the term "concentration" refers to mole fraction of a gas in natural or synthetic moist air, or mole fraction in natural or synthetic dry air ("dry mole fraction") where such is specified.) This difference may be used, along with the mass flow rate, to calculate photosynthesis (CO2) and transpiration (H2O) rates. For closed systems, the leaf or plant is enclosed in a chamber that is not supplied with fresh air. The concentrations of CO2 and H2O are continuously monitored within the chamber. The rate of change of this concentration, along with the chamber volume, may be used to calculate photosynthesis (CO2) and transpiration (H2O) rates.
In many photosynthesis systems, a conditioned air stream is typically split into two streams. The first flow path (known as reference) passes through a gas analyzer (e.g., Infra-Red Gas Analyzer or IRGA), which measures constituent gas concentrations (CO2 and H2O). The second flow path (known as sample) passes through a sample chamber (leaf chamber) in which gas exchange occurs. This second sample flow path exits the chamber and enters a second gas analyzer (e.g., IRGA) or alternates with the reference air stream through a single gas analyzer. The differences between the sample and reference gas concentrations are used in calculating photosynthesis (CO2) and transpiration (H2O). As photosynthesis and transpiration measurements are based on concentration differences in these two gas streams, the accuracy in measuring the difference is more critical than measuring the absolute concentration of either. Persistent diffusive sources and/or sinks present in the tubing, connectors, and fittings that supply the head with the sample and reference gas streams can compromise measurement accuracy.
In the practice of taking gas-exchange measurements with gas analyzer instruments such as the LI-6400XT and LI-6800 (both produced and sold by LI-COR Biosciences), it becomes necessary to periodically match the gas analyzers (GAs), e.g., infra-red gas analyzers (IRGAs). The matching process is necessary because the basic principle underlying gas-exchange measurements relies on accurately computing the difference in gas mole fraction that is measured by two analyzers, termed the sample and reference analyzers. This difference is central to accurately estimating plant parameters such as CO2 assimilation (A) and H2O transpiration (E). However, the difference in calculated gas mole fractions between the sample and reference analyzers can be contaminated by artifacts caused by factors such as temperature gradients, slight calibration differences between the two analyzers, and zero drift; these artifacts directly add error to the computed mole fraction difference that underlies the estimation of plant parameters A, E, and others.
A matching procedure has long been used to minimize the effects of artifacts in the computed differential between the sample and reference analyzers. During the matching procedure, changes may be made to the instrument flow path using an automated valve that forces both the sample and reference analyzers to see the same air at approximately the same time. Under such conditions, the analyzers should show identical CO2 and H2O mole fractions. If they do not, the sample analyzer is forced to show an identical reading to the reference analyzer by adding an adjustment term to the computed gas mole fraction. The matching procedure takes approximately 30 seconds during which time normal measurements become impossible because of the flow path changes. Additionally, the matching procedure needs to be conducted when certain thresholds are met such as in time passage, gas mole fraction change, temperature change, or when small fluxes are being measured. Every time the IRGA matching procedure is used, normal measurements are not possible, and after the matching procedure ends, a certain amount of time (e.g., 15-30 seconds) is required for IRGA washout to occur and instrument control loops to become re-established. In certain applications, such as measuring CO2 response curves, the matching procedure needs to be conducted at nearly every step, which can add running time to the overall experiment.

Dynamic and real-time correction of differential measurement offsets in a gas analysis system


The present invention relates to a paper feeding module of a color picture printer for driving a picture back and forth through a printing module of the printer for printing. The printer comprises a housing. The printing module is installed inside the housing for printing the paper. The paper feeding module comprises a first roller, a second roller and an elastic device. The first roller is horizontally installed inside the housing and is rotatable. The second roller comprises at least two cylindrical sleeves mounted onto a revolving axle for clamping the paper with the first roller. The second roller is installed in parallel with, in contact with and above the first roller inside the housing, is moveable in a vertical direction, and is rotatable. When the first and second rollers are rotated in opposite directions, the paper is clamped and driven between the first roller and the sleeves of the second roller. The elastic device is installed between the second roller and the housing and comprises a plurality of elastic arms in contact with two ends of the revolving axle of the second roller and the portions of the revolving axle between each adjacent pair of sleeves. The pads uniformly depress the revolving axle of the second roller so that each sleeve of the second roller is maintained in close and even contact with the first roller so as to clamp the paper.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a color picture printer, and more particularly, to a paper feeding module of a color picture printer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A paper feeding module of a color picture printer comprises two rollers for clamping and driving a paper. The paper feeding module must securely clamp the paper along a front-and-rear direction for precise printing of a color picture. When driving the paper, there must be no unwanted displacement of the paper within the paper feeding module. This helps to prevent degradation of printing quality.
Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a paper feeding module 10 of a prior art color picture printer. The paper feeding module 10 comprises a first roller 12 horizontally and rotatably installed inside the housing 11, and a second roller 14 movable along a vertical direction and rotatably installed in contact and in parallel with the first roller 12. The second roller 14 comprises a revolving axle 16 and two cylindrical sleeves 18 mounted on the revolving axle 16 to clamp the paper with the first roller 12. As the first roller 12 and the second roller 14 are rotated in opposite directions, the paper is driven between the first roller 12 and the sleeves 18 of the second roller 14.
Please refer to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the paper feeding module 10 with force exerted on its two ends 20. The contact force between the first and second rollers 12, 14 of the prior art color picture printer is generated by imposing force at two ends 20 of the second roller 14. This force is unevenly distributed throughout the revolving axle 16 with the greatest force concentrated at the two ends 20. This causes the bar to bend leading to uneven contact of the first and second rollers 12, 14, unbalanced forward driving force of the paper, and subsequent potential sliding of the paper and degradation of printing quality.

Paper feeding module of a color picture printer


Methods and systems fort operating one or more light sources to project adversarial patterns generated to disorient a machine learning based detection system, comprising generating one or more adversarial patterns configured to disorient the machine learning based detection system and operating one or more light sources configured to project one or more of the adversarial pattern(s) in association with the targeted object in order to disorient the machine learning based detection system.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to operating light sources to project adversarial patterns, and, more specifically, but not exclusively, to operating light sources to project adversarial patterns configured to disorient machine learning based detection systems.
Machine learning is one of the most rapidly evolving technologies in current times. Machine learning models, algorithms and methodologies, for example, neural networks, Support Vector Machines (SVM) and/or the like are applied for a plurality of applications in particular for detecting patterns in a plurality of datasets.
The machine learning models may be trained with training samples through supervised, semi-supervised and/or unsupervised learning to adjust their internal nodes, edges, weights and/or the like to cluster, classify and/or estimate identity, type and/or group of objects portrayed in the training samples.
A major field in which machine learning is deployed is visual detection and identification which spans across a plurality of applications and uses ranging from face recognition to autonomous vehicles control. Such machine learning models may naturally be trained with image training samples to adjust according to extracted features relating to an appearance of the objects depicted in the training samples, for example, a shape, an outline, a texture, a color, a complexion and/or the like.

Operating light sources to project patterns for disorienting visual detection systems


A multi-component modular system for use in fabricating wall structures of the type which may be fortified with concrete or other similar materials. The system includes a plurality of plastic prefabricated forms, each form comprising an elongated, generally rectangular member having a cavity defined by a pair of side panels and a pair of end panels. One end panel has a pair of outwardly-facing, L-shaped flanges, and the other end panel has a pair of L-shaped slots sized and shaped to mate with the L-shaped flanges. Two or more forms may be interconnected in an end-to-end fashion by inserting the L-shaped flanges of one form into the L-shaped slots of a second form. A plurality of openings are provided on the end panels of the forms to permit concrete to be distributed monolithically between adjacent forms. Each of the forms may be supported by a strut member which is mountable transversely between the pair of side panels of the form. The form cavity may also be partitioned into a concrete-receiving space and a plurality of insulation spaces by mounting a plurality of divider panels longitudinally within the cavity in the form and spaced apart from the side panels. Panels mateable with either the left end or the right end of a form may additionally be used to contain the flow of concrete out of the ends of a wall structure and/or to join together a pair of forms in an end-to-side relationship. Where no foundation for the wall structure exists, a U-shaped bracket may be used to mount the forms into the ground.

The present invention relates generally to prefabricated forms of the type which are used to fabricate wall structures and more particularly to a new and improved prefabricated form for use in fabricating wall structures. The present invention also relates to a wall structure fabrication system which includes a plurality of said prefabricated forms and which can be used to fabricate various types of wall structures.
It is well-recognized that millions of people, both in the United States and abroad, lack some form of minimally-acceptable dwelling wherein refuge from both natural and man-made elements may be sought. Most often, this is because the costs associated with obtaining a structurally-sound dwelling, e.g., the cost of obtaining suitable building materials and the cost of employing skilled labor to fashion a building using such building materials, are prohibitive. For example, the fabrication of concrete walls for a dwelling is clearly rather complex and time-consuming as it requires both the strategic placement of steel bracings, wood form boards, and extensive exterior bracing to hold the form boards in the appropriate alignment while concrete is poured between the wood form boards and the subsequent removal of the wood form boards and exterior bracing once the concrete has been poured and allowed to harden into a wall.
Recently, a multitude of novel wall-forming systems have come into being, the systems making use of a plurality of hollow interconnected plastic forms into which concrete may be poured. After concrete is poured into the forms and allowed to harden, the forms remain in place to serve as insulation. Examples of patents relating to this type of wall-forming system are described below.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,541, to Gibbar, Jr., which issued Aug. 13, 1991, relates to a polymer building wall form construction. The construction comprises forms prefabricated of a polymer, such as polystyrene, which are assembled together, the forms being spaced apart by integrally connecting polymers or blocks, spacers, or spool means, erected upon a foundation footing, or other base structure, through their insertion of L-shaped ties, with the wall forms being erected to the height desired for the subject building or other structure, whether it be a commercial, industrial, or residential building, through the application of tee-shaped ties therebetween. Reinforcement is located in the spacing between the blocks or spacers, of the wall forms, and concrete may be poured therein, either at the job site, where the building is being constructed, or at the manufacturing plant, where the wall forms are formed, in order to provide a latticework of reinforced concrete for the composite wall. The internal surface of each of the inner and outer liners forming the wall form are shaped, into the configuration of an I-beam, in order that any concrete poured therein will undertake the cross-sectional configuration of an I-beam, to add further reinforcement to the fabricated building, once a wall is completed. A top beam form of plate cap is arranged upon the upper edge of the formed wall, with the concrete being poured simultaneously with the construction of the assembled wall. Bracing held together by ties and locked into position by fasteners secure the wall forms together, in their erected disposition, in preparation for the pouring of the latticework of concrete reinforced composite wall.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,480 to Guarriello et al., which issued May 14, 1991, relates to hollow foamed plastic forms for poured concrete. Each of the forms has a pair of opposed parallel side walls with planar upper and lower faces, and a pair of opposed end members. Disposed on the upper and lower faces of the side walls are a series of elongated locking members, each composed of a pair of offset ribs having a trapezoidal shape.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,969 to Horobin, which issued Jan. 23, 1990, relates to an insulating block form for constructing concrete wall structures. The block form is formed from expandable polystyrene material to provide a lightweight, rigid, box-like structure having a pair of oppositely disposed side walls and end walls which together define a body cavity to receive concrete therein. A plurality of transverse strut members integrally support the side walls and further define a plurality of cells. Each end wall includes a pair of inserts which are adapted to be mounted to the transverse strut member when the elongated block form is required to be cut for a particular installation. The side and end walls are further provided with interlocking members whereby they are readily stacked one above the other and side-to-side in a secure interlocked arrangement.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,382 to Horobin, which issued Dec. 5, 1989, relates to a modular building-block form. The form is shaped in a rectangular configuration and has a pair of oppositely disposed side panel members and end enclosure panels to define a body cavity to receive poured concrete therein. The side panels are held in a fixed parallel relation to each other and are further prevented from side-to-side movement relative to each other by a plurality of strut members which are fixedly mounted transversely from one side panel to the other. Each strut member is formed with substantially "H"-shaped tenon members that are slidably engaged with spaced-apart, "T"-shaped slots formed in the inner surfaces of said side panels. The panel structure is firmly grasped within the pair of opposed stud members that define the tenons. The tenons are integrally connected together by means of truss members that further define passages therethrough for flow of wet concrete therebetween.
Other patents of interest include U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,344 to Durand, which issued Aug. 20, 1991, U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,478 to Spring, which issued May 14, 1991, U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,476 to Leslie et al., which issued May 14, 1991, U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,310 to Boeshart, which issued Dec. 26, 1989, U.S. Pat. No. 4,860,515 to Browning, Jr., which issued Aug. 29, 1989, U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,968 to Obino, which issued Mar. 22, 1988, U.S. Pat. No. 4,706,429 to Young, which issued Nov. 17, 1987, U.S. Pat. No. 4,698,947 to McKay, which issued Oct. 13, 1987, U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,745 to Kinard, which issued Aug. 6, 1985, U.S. Pat. No. 4,299,070 to Oltmanns et al., which issued Nov. 10, 1981, U.S. Pat. No. 3,782,049 to Sachs, which issued Jan. 1, 1974, U.S. Pat. No. 3,668,832 to Harman, which issued Jun. 13, 1972, U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,673 to Witkosky et al., which issued May 5, 1970, U.S. Pat. No. 3,440,785 to Denny et al., which issued Apr. 29, 1969; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,438,165 to Morawski, which issued Apr. 15, 1969.

Form for use in fabricating wall structures and a wall structure fabrication system employing said form


A vest and backpack combination having a hood and a mask. The vest includes several panels sewn together creating an overlapping front opening. The vest is ventilated by a plurality of metal grommets disposed on the surface of the vest. A harness-like belt, adjustable sleeves, and shoulder strap arrangement support detachable load carriers in the front and back of the vest. The arrangement of the belt and shoulder straps result in an even distribution of load weight on the seams, thus promoting durability and facilitating transport of heavier loads. In addition to the main zippered backpack, a number of other, smaller, detachable and permanently attached pouch components are provided for carrying game and camping equipment, food, first aid, and other survival gear. The vest may be stripped of the multiple components and worn as an ordinary vest when so desired.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to article carriers and, more specifically, to a vest and backpack combination having a hood with a mask and a plurality of detachable load carriers in the front and back of the vest.
2. Description of Related Art
While hiking and enjoying other outdoor activities, it is often useful to carry a plurality of items. These items are often large or numerous, thereby requiring the aid of an article carrier. Backpacks have an important advantage over other article carriers when hiking, because the hands and arms of a hiker are free to swing back and forth, and thus the hiker's manner of walking is unencumbered.
On more extended hikes, equipment requirements increase and a greater load capacity becomes necessary. Auxiliary packs connected to the main backpack increase the load capacity, enabling treks of greater duration. When a large load is carried within a backpack, however, a hiker must lean forward to maintain balance. Backpacks which use a frame and a hip belt, to shift weight from the shoulders to the hips, decrease the degree to which a hiker must lean in order to maintain balance. A frame and hip belt with the addition of a front pack as a counter-balance to a backpack allows a hiker to maintain an upright attitude while walking.
Related art in this field includes the following teachings.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,884,731, issued to Paul T. Sibley on Dec. 5, 1989, shows a backpack with a pair of detachable auxiliary side packs for carrying more articles than can fit in the pack.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,922, issued to Aarn Tate on Mar. 12, 1996, shows a backpack having a pair of shoulder straps and a hip suspension system and a pair of detachable front pockets for counter-balancing the weight of the backpack.
Vests have been used as alternative to a frame and hip belt assembly for distributing a load carried within a backpack. The load within the prior art vests is distributed throughout the upper torso by loading a plurality of pockets attached to the front and back of the vest.
U.S. Design Pat. No. 316,172, issued to Hanson shows an ornamental design for a combined vest and backpack and U.S. Design Pat. No. 339,912, issued to Delauter shows an ornamental design for a combined backpack and hood.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,620,479, issued to Lamb G. Buck on Dec. 9, 1952, shows a vest-like sportsman's garment made up of an outer garment having a substantially large pocket provided on the back thereof and a harness carrying a pair of depending pockets.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,425, issued to Harold D. Crispin on Nov. 14, 1995, shows a fishing garment with removable pockets disposed on both the front and back thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,014,359, shows a variable load vest and backpack combination having a seat pad.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,707, issued to David M. Parker et al., on Sep. 28, 1993, shows a utility vest with an integrally carried pack. A pair of straps are engageable with a belt there transfer the weight of items clipped or otherwise attached to the belt to the shoulders of the user, preventing the belt from riding low or sliding down around the users hips.
However, none of the prior art devices show a vest with a detachable front pack for use as a counter balance to a detachable backpack.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singularly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus a vest backpack solving the aforementioned problems is desired.


A continuous, multiple-stage process for thermally treating the surface of friction linings by pressing them against heated units and cooled units. The total length of the transport and pressing phases of each stage taken together corresponds to the continuous production cycle of the linings. The scorching press for carrying out the process is made of modules, so that heated and cooled units may be easily exchanged for each other. A heat insulation reduces energy tosses and keeps constant the surface temperature of the heated units.

Friction linings, particularly organically bonded friction linings, are nowadays frequently subjected to high thermal loading. Since they are supposed to produce a high braking force, even in the first braking process, the friction surface is thermally treated by pressing it against a hot plate (scorching) or with a gas flame or the like in order to prevent green fading (DE-A 4032182). The decomposition products of the organic bonding agent in the region close to the surface, which are responsible for the reduction in the coefficient to friction, are thus removed.
In the scorching process, e.g. 20 ground and post-hardened friction linings are pressed simultaneously against a hot plate at up to 750.degree. C.
The heating process can be interrupted a number of times by ventilation in order to facilitate the removal of the decomposition products. The linings are subsequently cooled by pressing against a cooling plate. The back plates of the friction linings are then generally cleaned and coated.
It is disadvantageous in the known method that the friction surface is subjected to the maximum temperature even when it is pressed for the first time against the heating plate. Sealing of the surface can thereby occur which prevents the escape of the decomposition products. The temperature of the heating plate can also be maintained constant over its entire area only with great difficulty. Temperature variations of 15K and more are quite common. The friction linings of a scorched batch can thus have a different wear or coefficient of friction.
The treatment time for the scorching is naturally dependent on the shape and material of the friction lining, it is thus practically impossible to integrate the known scorching process into a continuous manufacturing method.

Thermal treatment process and device for friction lining surfaces


A sample tab for retaining a sample during spectroscopic analysis includes a base plate, a sample well, and a cover plate. The sample well may vary in size to accommodate different sample volumes, and the base of the sample well may be positioned above or below the plane of the base plate. The walls of the sample well may also include one, or more than one overflow opening for draining excess sample, and an overflow channel to retain the excess sample.

Rapid methods for analysis of a compound or a substance of interest within a biological or non-biological sample are desired within the art.
For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,575,240, 4,134,678 and 4,734,260 disclose sample chambers for fluid analysis within automated analysers. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,240, the sample chamber is complex comprising input and output ports for adding a fluid sample into a reservoir formed within a prism that is sealed against a window through which light passes through. A spring attached to a door of the chamber is provided so that when the door is closed, the spring urges the prism against a sealing member. U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,678 discloses an, on-line cuvette that can be use within an automated analyser comprising sample input and output ports.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,260 discloses a cuvette for liquid sample analysis comprising a thin sample chamber delimited by radiation transmitting members. The chamber is made from a plurality of component parts that when assembled form the cuvette. Ports extend into, and out of, the sample chamber for sample injection and withdrawal. The ports pass through a housing and one of the radiation transmitting members. Plugs are provided to seal the ports after a sample has been introduced into the cuvette.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,542 discloses a simplified disposable cuvette made of two transparent plastic cover sheets that are adhesively attached to a third thicker plastic sheet comprising a sample cavity. The disposable cuvette comprises input and output ports, with the input port adapted to be attached to a syringe for sample introduction. Again, only fluid samples may be analysed using this disposable cuvette.
There is a need for a sample chamber that is easy to use and adaptable for a range of applications, including the analysis, of semi-solid and fluid samples. It is an object of the present invention to overcome disadvantages of the prior art.
The above object is met by a combination of the features of the main claims.
The sub claims disclose further advantageous embodiments of the invention.


Methods are disclosed for forming trench or via cavities in a single damascene interconnect structure, comprising etching a dielectric layer to form a cavity there and to expose an underlying etch-stop layer, and etching the exposed etch-stop layer to extend the cavity and to expose a conductive feature in an existing interconnect structure, wherein etching the portion of the dielectric layer and etching the exposed portion of the etch-stop layer are performed concurrently with substantially no intervening processing steps therebetween. Also disclosed are methods of forming a via cavity in a dual damascene interconnect structure, comprising forming an etch-stop layer over an existing interconnect structure, forming a dielectric layer over the etch-stop layer, etching a portion of the dielectric layer to form a via cavity in the dielectric layer and to expose a portion of the etch-stop layer, and etching the etch-stop layer to extend the via cavity, where the dielectric layer is covered during etching of the etch-stop layer.

In the manufacture of semiconductor products such as integrated circuits, individual electrical devices are formed on or in a semiconductor substrate, and are thereafter interconnected to form electrical circuits. Interconnection of these devices within an integrated circuit is typically accomplished by forming a multi-level interconnect network structure in layers formed over the electrical devices, by which the device active elements are connected to other devices to create the desired circuits. Individual wiring layers within the multi-level network are formed by depositing an insulating or dielectric layer over the discrete devices or over a previous interconnect layer, and patterning and etching contact openings such as vias. Conductive material, such as tungsten is then deposited into the vias to form inter-layer contacts. A conductive layer may then be formed over the dielectric layer and patterned to form wiring interconnections between the device vias, thereby creating a first level of basic circuitry. Dielectric material is then deposited over the patterned conductive layer, and the process may be repeated any number of times using additional wiring levels laid out over additional dielectric layers with conductive vias therebetween to form the multi-level interconnect network.
As device densities and operational speeds continue to increase, reduction of the delay times in integrated circuits is desired. These delays are related to the resistance of interconnect metal lines through the multi-layer interconnect networks as well as to the capacitance between adjacent metal lines. In order to reduce the resistivity of the interconnect metal lines formed in metal layers or structures, recent interconnect processes have employed copper instead of aluminum. However, difficulties have been encountered in patterning (etching) deposited copper to form wiring patterns. Furthermore, copper diffuses rapidly in certain types of insulation layers, such as silicon dioxide, leading to insulation degradation and/or copper diffusion through the insulation layers and into device regions.
Copper patterning difficulties have been avoided or mitigated through the use of single and dual damascene interconnect processes in which cavities are formed (etched) in a dielectric layer. Copper is then deposited into the trenches and over the insulative layer, followed by planarization using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process to leave a copper wiring pattern including the desired interconnect metal lines inlaid within the dielectric layer trenches. In a single damascene process copper trench patterns or vias are created which connect to existing interconnect structures thereunder, whereas in a dual damascene process, both vias and the trenches are filled at the same time using a single copper deposition and a single CMP planarization.
Copper diffusion issues have been addressed using copper diffusion barriers formed between the copper and the dielectric layers as well as between the copper and the silicon substrate. Such barriers are typically formed using conductive compounds of transition metals such as tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, and tungsten nitride as well as the various transition metals themselves. Insulators such as silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride have also been used as barrier materials between copper metallurgy and insulative layers. More recently, silicon carbide (SiC) has been used as a copper diffusion barrier material, as well as in etch-stop layers employed during trench and/or via cavity formation.
RC delay times have also been reduced by recent developments in low dielectric constant (low-k) dielectric materials formed between the wiring metal lines, in order to reduce the capacitance therebetween and consequently to increase circuit speed. Examples of low-k dielectric materials include the spin-on-glasses (SOGs), as well as organic and quasi-organic materials such as polysilsesquioxanes, fluorinated silica glasses (FSGs) and fluorinated polyarylene ethers. Totally organic, non silicaceous materials such as the fluorinated polyarylene ethers, are seeing an increased usage in semiconductor processing technology because of their favorable dielectric characteristics and ease of application. Other low-k insulator materials include organo-silicate-glasses (OSGs), for example, having dielectric constants (k) as low as about 2.6–2.8, and ultra low-k dielectrics having dielectric constants below 2.5. OSG materials are low density silicate glasses to which alkyl groups have been added to achieve a low-k dielectric characteristic.
Conventional single and dual damascene interconnect processing typically includes the formation of via cavities through a dielectric layer, in which the via etch process stops on an etch-stop layer underlying the dielectric. A resist ashing process is then employed to remove the via etch photoresist mask, and an optional wet clean operation is then performed to remove polymers and other residual materials from the via cavity. In the single damascene case, an etch-stop layer etch process is then performed to expose the underlying structure, such as a conductive feature (e.g., silicide contact or copper feature) in a pre-existing interconnect layer. The via cavity is then filled with copper and the wafer is planarized, after which further interconnect levels may then be fabricated. In the dual damascene case, after the via ashing and wet clean operations, a trench cavity is etched, followed by another ashing operation and optionally another wet clean. Thereafter an etch-stop layer etch is performed to expose the underlying structure, and the via and trench cavities are simultaneously filled with copper and the wafer is planarized.
In the conventional single and dual damascene interconnect processes, however, the etch-stop layer etch process not only etches the etch-stop layer, but also recesses the exposed dielectric material. As a result, the interlevel dielectric (ILD) and/or intra-metal dielectric (IMD) becomes thinner. In addition, in the single damascene case, the etch-stop layer etch and subsequent cleaning steps (e.g., ashing and wet clean) often change the via profile and increase the critical dimensions (CDs) thereof. As new technologies demand ever smaller CDs in semiconductor devices, CD control becomes more important. Furthermore, the conventional via sidewalls become bowed during the etch-stop etch and intervening cleaning after the via etch process, leading to via profile distortion. In the dual damascene case, the etch-stop etch and subsequent cleaning also affect the top dielectric surface and sidewalls of the trench cavity. Consequently, the effective dielectric constant of the resulting structure can be increased. Thus, there remains a need for improved methods for fabricating single and/or dual damascene interconnect structures in semiconductor wafers by which these and other adverse effects can be mitigated or overcome, without negatively impacting production costs or cycle times.

Methods for forming single damascene via or trench cavities and for forming dual damascene via cavities


A conventional chain capable of reserving lubricating oil is complex in shape and expensive since each chain plate is formed with countersunk recesses and through-openings. Since the recesses are formed in an overlap region, the chain tends to rattle, producing noise. In the present invention according to which lubricating oil is fed toward a connecting pin, the lubricating oil is transferred to the connecting pin to effect intended lubrication. Part of the lubricating oil thus fed adheres to the recessed surfaces of the recesses and is prevented from immediately flowing down by viscous friction resistance and surface tension in the recessed surfaces. Thus, the oil is held in its adhering state. The lubricating oil gradually flows down to be used for lubrication as the chain moves. Thereby, after the chain has passed by an oil feeder, the connecting pin of the chain stays in such a state that oil is fed continuously for a long time.

As regards this type of chain, there have heretofore been proposed transfer chains, such as one found in Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-open No. 61-49727. More particularly, in a transfer chain having vertically directed connecting pins used for connecting chain plates, the lower chain plate in a chain plate overlap region is formed with a countersunk recess serving as an oil reservoir, said recess being covered by the upper chain plate in the chain plate overlap region, the arrangement being such that oil that passes through a through-hole formed in an intermediate portion of the upper chain plate and collects in the countersunk recess adheres to the surface of the connecting pin passing through the recess and is utilized as lubricating oil.
According to the conventional arrangement described above, however, many chain plates are formed with countersunk recesses and through-holes, presenting problems that they are complex in shape and expensive. In addition, they are liable to rattle, producing noise, due to the formation of the recesses in the chain plate overlap region. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a chain that is simple in shape and hardly rattles, and yet is capable of feeding lubricating oil for a long time.
Further, it is also an object of the invention to provide a chain that is of a type that can be assembled and disassembled, and yet is capable of being fed with lubricating oil for a long time.


The present invention relates to an optical fiber for a fiber optic sensor, comprising a first optical grating adapted to operate over a first range of wavelengths; and at least one set of further gratings adapted to operate over a second range of wavelengths, each grating being adapted to operate over a portion of the second range; wherein, each grating within said set has an operating range that partially overlaps with at least one other such grating operating range. The invention also extends to a sensor system, and method, using such an optical fiber.

The invention relates to an optical fibre grating sensor system and to a method for increasing the number of measurement sites in such a system. In particular, the invention relates to a system and method using Fibre Bragg (FBG) or Long Period Fibre (LPG) Gratings, and contemplates the use of the system applied to a wind turbine power plant.
Wind turbine components are subject to temperature variation from a number of sources, such as environmental temperature change, and heat generated in components. Consequently, it is important that the temperature of those components is monitored to ensure that they are operating within appropriate ranges.
In addition, wind turbine components are subject to deformation or strain from a number of sources, such as the accumulation of particulates like dirt or ice, their own weight, and the force exerted by the wind itself. Consequently, it is important that the strain on components be monitored to ensure that they remain fit to operate over their intended working lives.
An FBG sensor is an optical fibre in which an optical grating is formed. The grating itself is typically a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fibre, tuned to reflect a particular wavelength of light. The region of the optical fibre having the grating is then attached to the region of the wind turbine component where an operating condition such as temperature or strain is to be measured. It is attached in such a way that any deformation, strain or temperature change experienced by the component is transmitted to the fibre and to the grating. Temperature variation, deformation and strain causes the spacing and the refractive index of the grating to change, and causes a detectable change in the wavelength of light reflected back or transmitted by the grating. Various arrangements are known for inserting light into the FBG sensors and for extracting and analysing the output.
Long Period Fibre Gratings operate in a similar manner to FBGs but instead couple light of particular wavelengths travelling in the core to the cladding where it is subsequently lost due to absorption or scattering.
A number of techniques for mounting fibre optic sensors on wind turbine components are known, such as attaching the fibre optic cable by means of brackets, or hollow casings, or locating the sensor within a capillary tube that can be embedded, tube and all, in a composite material. When attaching a fibre optic sensor, it is important that the sensor will not be damaged by the mounting means, either when the cable is mounted or later during the operational life of the sensor. However, for strain sensors, it is also important that the sensor be sufficiently sensitive to strain on the component.
Present FBG sensors pose a number of disadvantages. In particular, in order to measure temperature, or strain, at a number of different locations a series of FBGs need to be used, each FBG being tuned to a different wavelength. In addition, the range of wavelengths that each FBG operates over need to be distinct from each other FBG's range of operating wavelengths. This is illustrated by way of example in FIG. 8. This is necessary to enable a single wavelength to relate to a specific FBG and a specific operating condition. Such systems require a broad band light source and a broad band interrogator, or a narrow band tunable light source, which results in significant overall cost of the system. LPGs suffer from similar problems.
We have appreciated that there is a need for a more cost effective solution for detecting temperature changes and/or deformation at multiple locations in a wind turbine component.

Optical fiber grating sensor system and method comprising plural optical gratings having partially overlapping operating ranges


A heat sink apparatus including a heat conducting plate which is in contact with an IC device to conduct heat generated in the IC device, cooling fins which are mounted at a center section of the heat conducting plate to radiate the generated heat conducted, and protection pins which are mounted on a periphery of the heat conducting plate to protect the cooling fins. The heat sink apparatus has improved reliability and safety during handling.

High-speed processing of an IC tends to increase a heating value. On the other hand, the IC has to be key at or below a certain temperature because of the IC's inner material and other characteristics. When the IC's heating value becomes a prescribed level or higher, release of heat from the IC surface requires a lot of cooling air commensurate with the heating value due to the limited heating surface area.
Therefore, it is necessary to have an expanded heating surface area in order to increase the heating surface area in contact with the cooling air. Various type of heat sinks have been devised as a method for attaining an expanded heating surface area. However, a conventional heat sink shape is limited to whatever shape it may have. On the other hand, there is literature reporting fine pin fins which further improve the radiating performance of a conventional heat sink.
Specifically, the shape of a heat sink to deal with the increase of a heating value in the future is limited, if the conventional shape is continued. Conventional devices are now designed to have a new shape so as to provide very small fins. In using a heat sink having such a finely made shape, the following problems take occur:
(1) Since the fin section of the heat sink is finely worked, if an external force is applied to the finely worked fin section when handling the heat sink (e.g., installation of the heat sink, test, maintenance or transportation of a device or unit equipped with the heat sink), the fin section is readily deformed, requiring very gentle handling. Thus, this design has a disadvantage that workability is degraded.
In addition, if the heat sink is deformed, the flow of a cooling air is changed and the cooling capacity is degraded.
Furthermore, from an opposite viewpoint, when workability is given priority, the finely worked fins of a heat sink cannot be used, also resulting in limited cooling capacity.
(2) Sealing of the circumference of a finely worked section could not be adopted because of clogging due to dust.
(3) In an area of a printed circuit board where high-heat generating ICs are mounted, other parts are also mounted and connected mutually to form the printed circuit board. However, cooling is mainly performed by cooling the printed circuit board as a whole. This is because it is often necessary to cool the parts other than the high-heat generating ICs.
When the air is delivered to cool the whole circuit board, however, the above-described finely worked heat sink has a disadvantage that it has a high air resistance and the cooling air does not flow.


A method of synchronizing cyclemasters over a distributed bridge is disclosed. The method comprises: a local portal sending a synchronization signal to a peer portal through a bridge fabric upon occurrence of a cycle synchronization event on the local portal; the peer portal sampling its local cycle timer to obtain a sample value when the peer portal receives the synchronization signal; a bridge manager at an upstream portal communicating the sample value to a bridge manager at an alpha portal; the bridge manager at the alpha portal using the sampled time value to compensate for delays through a bridge fabric, calculate the correction to be applied to a cycle timer associated with the alpha portal, and correct the cycle timer.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has promulgated a number of versions of a high speed serial bus protocol falling under the IEEE 1394 standard (referred to herein collectively as "1394"). A typical serial bus having a 1394 architecture interconnects multiple node devices via point-to-point links, such as cables, each connecting a single node on the serial bus to another node on the serial bus. Data packets are propagated throughout the serial bus using a number of point-to-point transactions, such that a node that receives a packet from another node via a first point-to-point link retransmits the received packet via other point-to-point links. A tree network configuration and associated packet handling protocol ensures that each node receives every packet once. The 1394-compliant serial bus may be used as an alternate bus for the parallel backplane of a computer system, as a low cost peripheral bus, or as a bus bridge between architecturally compatible buses.
The 1394 standard specifies two primary types of bus access: asynchronous access and isochronous access. Asynchronous access may be described as either "fair" or "priority." Priority access is used by nodes that need the next available asynchronous opportunity to transfer data. Isochronous access is used by nodes that require guaranteed bandwidth with bounded latency, for example, nodes transmitting video or audio data. The transactions for each type of bus access are comprised of at least one subaction, wherein a subaction is a complete one-way transfer operation.
In the case of digital video data transfers within 1394-compliant systems, the video data may be transferred between a mass storage device and a digital video camera or other recorder under the control of a computer processor or other device. The video data is transferred as a series of frames, each frame being made up of a number of data packets. The individual data packets include a number header fields as well as the video data itself. In order to ensure that each frame of the video data is played out in the proper sequence, the frames are time stamped with an appropriate frame presentation time measured in terms of cycle time of an isochronous transaction on a 1394-compliant bus when they are recorded. The cycle time is maintained by a cyclemaster as described in the 1394 standard. The cyclemaster uses priority access to broadcast a cycle start packet. This initiates an isochronous cycle, during which nodes can use isochronous access, and contains the cyclemaster's cycle time clock information so that all nodes associated maintain the necessary synchronization for audio and video data.
Bus bridges between multiple buses of devices forward request and response subactions from one bus to another, allowing transaction requester and responder components to be located on different buses. Each bus has its own cyclemaster. An exemplary 1394-compliant network of three buses of devices is illustrated in FIG. 1. The first bus includes devices a1, a2, and a3 coupled together by 1394-compliant cables. Specifically, device a1 is coupled to device a2 by cable 40. Device a2 is coupled to device a3 by cable 42. Device a3 is then coupled to portal 22 of bridge 20. Bridge 20 couples the first bus to a second bus, which includes the devices b1, b2 and b3. Portal 24 of bridge 20 is coupled to device b1 by cable 46. Device b1 is coupled to device b2 by cable 48. Device b1 is coupled to device b2 by cable 48. Device b2 is coupled to device b3 by cable 50. Device b3 is coupled to portal 32 of bridge 30. Bridge 30 couples the second bus to a third bus that includes the devices c1 and c2. A second portal 34 of bridge 30 is coupled to device c1 by cable 54. Device c1 is coupled to device c2 by cable 56. Bridges 20 and 30 allow devices on the different buses to communicate with each other using both asynchronous and isochronous communications. For example, if device a1 sends a communication to device b3, the communication is passed along the first bus until it reaches portal 22 of bridge 20. Bridge 20 then recognizes that the communication is addressed to the device b3 and forwards the communication from portal 22 to portal 24.
The 1394 standard requires that 1394 bridges implement a method by which all the cyclemasters in a network are kept in phase. The topology used to model the method is shown in FIG. 2. One cycle master is elected to be the master or net cyclemaster. Cyclemasters on buses directly attached to the bus with the net cycle master are kept in phase with the net cycle master. In turn, other buses attached to these buses are kept in phase with the cycle masters on these buses, and so on. Each bridge is responsible for calculating the amount by which the cyclemaster on the bus on its alpha portal (the portal away from the net cyclemaster is out of phase with the cyclemaster on the bus on its other portal, and accordingly issuing cyclemaster adjustment commands to the cyclemaster on its alpha portal to shorten or lengthen the cycle by one cycle_offset unit (40 ns). According to the method of the 1394 standard, the phase difference is sampled once during each isochronous period. The bridge simultaneously samples the value of CYCLE_TIME.cycle_offset for both of its portals and subtracts, modulus 3072, the upstream portal's cycle offset from the alpha portal's cycle offset.
FIG. 3 illustrates how the delay from the cyclemasters to the respective portals is considered by the 1394 standard method. The two cycle timers connected to the bridge provide, when simultaneously sampled, CYCLE_TIME.cycle_offset values denoted as upstreamOffset and alphaOffset respectively. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, the upstream delay is 42 units, and the alpha delay is 17 units (as per the example in section 4.4 of the IEEE Serial Bus Protocol 1394.1). When the two cycle timers are simultaneously sampled, the correction to be applied to the alpha cyclemaster is (208+17)−(193+42)=−10. This negative value is interpreted as a "go faster" command, which causes the alpha cyclemaster to wrap at 3070 instead of 3071. The expectation is that on the next isochronous cycle, the difference will then be −9, and the method eventually brings the difference to a zero value.
However, in a distributed bridge, where the two portals are connected by a long haul or wireless medium, there may be no common clock to be sampled by the cycle timers simultaneously, so the method taught by the 1394 standard is useless. It is now desirable to attach devices by wireless connections to 1394 buses, as well as by significantly longer cable lengths. Thus, there is a heartfelt need to provide synchronization of cyclemasters that facilitate connecting wireless or longhaul connections.

Cyclemaster synchronization in a distributed bridge


An optical film having high light transmittance and excellent light diffusibility is provided. The optical film comprises a transparent substrate 1 and a light diffusion layer 2 formed on one or both sides of the substrate 1. As the resin 3 of the light diffusion layer 2, an ionizing radiation curable resin is used in an amount of, preferably, not less than 50% of the resin and a small amount of the light diffusive agent is dispersed therein. The optical film exhibits excellent light diffusion effect even though the content of the light diffusive agent is small and also exhibits high light transmittance because of the small content of the light diffusive agent. Accordingly, this optical film is suitable for applications such as a color liquid crystal display which is required to have a sufficient brightness, and in combination with another optical material such as a prism lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical film having diffusibility. In particular, it relates to an optical film utilized as a diffusive sheet for a subsurface illuminator of a liquid crystal display.
2. Prior Art
The light source shown in FIG. 4 has been used as a surface light source for a subsurface illuminator of a lap-top type or note-type personal computer, a word-processor, a monochrome or colored liquid crystal display or the like.
In this light source, called an edge-light type light source, incident light from a tubular light source 30 is introduced to the side of a light conducting plate 20 having a light scattering pattern and illuminates the light conducting plate in accord with the pattern. A light diffusion sheet 10 is placed on the light emitting surface of the light conducting plate to hide the pattern.
The light diffusion sheet 10 is required to have good light transmittance, to hide the light scattering pattern of the light conducting plate, to have a good color rendering effect and the like. As the light diffusion sheet, there is known a plate formed by dispersing an inorganic or organic light diffusive agent in a resin such as methacrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl chloride resin or the like, or a thin film of polyester or the like to which a transparent resin solution including a light diffusive agent is applied.
Further, some color liquid crystal displays, which require a high degree of brightness, are provided with a light source equipped with a combination of the light diffusion sheet and a prism lens which directs as much of the light emitted from the light conducting plate as possible in the front direction. The light diffusion sheet of such a surface light source is required to have high light transmittance because the prism lens and the light diffusion sheet are stacked on the light emitting surface of the light conducting plate. However, the light diffusion sheet dispersed with a light diffusive agent contains approximately 150% by weight of the light diffusive agent based on the 100% by weight of the resin component and does not have high transmittance.
Therefore, as a light diffusion sheet for use in applications requiring high transmittance, one consisting of a resin having high transmittance such as polycarbonate and made light diffusive by surface embossing is adapted.
However, a metal embossing roller is necessary for producing the light diffusion sheet, which raises the manufacturing cost. Further, once a specific metallic roller has been fabricated, the roughness of the embossing can not be adjusted easily. In order to prepare light diffusion sheets having various kinds of light diffusibility, therefore expensive metal rollers corresponding to the required diffusibilities must be prepared. In addition, the surface of a high-transmittance resin, e.g., polycarbonate, generally exhibits troublesome glare.
An object of the present invention is therefore to provide an optical film which has high light transmittance and excellent light diffusibility. Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical film which exhibits desired light diffusibility by addition of a small amount of a light diffusive agent. Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical film which can be prepared easily and at a low cost.


A highly energy efficient process for removing hydrocarbons from polymer slurries is disclosed. The process includes feeding a hydrocarbon-containing polymer slurry to a flash tank to flash a portion of the hydrocarbon from the slurry. Thereafter, the resulting slurry is fed to a fluid bed dryer wherein additional hydrocarbon is stripped from the polymer. Subsequently, the resulting polymer powder is transferred to a powder silo wherein further hydrocarbon is removed from the polymer utilizing a heated purge gas flowing countercurrent to the polymer powder. The polymer output preferably has a low hydrocarbon content, on the order of 100 ppm or less.

The production of solid polymer particles which are suitable for pelletization and use in subsequent manufacturing processes may be accomplished by any one of many known polymerization techniques in a polymerization reactor. In such processes, the polymer slurry effluent from the reactor typically consists of the particulate polymer formed in the reactor suspended in liquid hydrocarbon diluent, which acts as the polymerization reaction medium. The diluent may be an inert solvent or excess monomer or comonomer. As an example, when ethylene is polymerized in a hydrocarbon diluent such as isobutane under controlled temperature and pressure conditions, a slurry of polymer solids and diluent is formed. This type of process is known as particle form polymerization. One drawback of this kind of process, or any process in which a polymer is prepared in solution and subsequently precipitated to form a slurry, is that the solid polymer must be separated from the liquid portion of the slurry. This liquid portion may include any suitable solvent(s) (diluent) utilized in the particular polymerization process (typically these are C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 hydrocarbons) and/or unpolymerized monomer or comonomer, all of which will be hereinafter referred to collectively as "hydrocarbon." The term "hydrocarbon" is not intended to include the polymer itself.
In certain polymer recovery processes, which are known as "wet" processes, water is added to the polymer slurry as it exits the reactor to facilitate pumping the slurry through the polymer recovery system. Improvements in hydrocarbon removal from polymer slurries in "wet" recovery processes are the subject of copending application Ser. No. 07/739,876, filed Aug. 2, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,929, issued May 4, 1993, naming Chieh-Yuan F. Sung and Stephen Krause as coinventors. The methods and apparatus disclosed in the referenced copending application provide excellent results in terms of reduction of hydrocarbon emissions. Such methods and apparatus may require additional energy expenditures, however, since the water initially added to the slurry must subsequently be removed.
In other conventional polymer recovery processes, which are known as "dry" processes, no water is added to the polymer slurry. In an example of a conventional dry process, polymer slurry from a polymerization reactor is fed to a flash tank operated at low pressure (on the order of 1-2 psig) to flash a portion of the hydrocarbon therefrom. Recovery of the flashed hydrocarbon vapor typically requires recompression prior to recovery. The recompression of the vapor is an energy intensive step which adds significantly to the energy consumption and cost of the overall process. Subsequently, polymer powder from the flash tank is fed to a heated mechanical conveyor dryer which vaporizes additional hydrocarbon from the polymer powder. Although this drying step removes some additional hydrocarbon from the polymer powder, a significant amount of hydrocarbon remains in the powder. The polymer is then conveyed to a powder silo via a purge conveyor which utilizes nitrogen as a purge gas to remove additional hydrocarbon. Because the polymer output from the previous drying step contains substantial unvaporized hydrocarbon, the nitrogen purge gas in the purge conveyor picks up a substantial amount of hydrocarbon which must subsequently be removed from the purge gas. This is accomplished by compression and condensation, which further add to the overall energy consumption and costs of the recovery process.
What is needed is a polymer recovery process which is both highly energy efficient and serves to significantly reduce hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere.

Process for removing hydrocarbons from polymer slurries


A semiconductor package is provided with a package body including a base part and a semiconductor device housing part housing a semiconductor device. An electric terminal electrically connected to the device is provided in the housing part and is exposed to an outer surface. A high heat transfer element is arranged from a heat generating part corresponding position corresponding to a heat generating part of the device to a position outside the corresponding position in the base part. The base part is configured by contacting a plurality of thin sheets mutually closely with each other and by bonding integrally with each other. The high heat transfer element includes particles configured by a material having a thermal conductivity higher than that of the base part and dispersed in the base part. The particles are dispersed between two mutually adjacent thin sheets among the thin sheets.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor package housing a semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has been known a semiconductor package which includes: a package body including a base part having a first surface and a second surface in the opposite side of the first surface, and a semiconductor device housing part provided on the first surface and housing a semiconductor device; and an electric terminal provided in the semiconductor device housing part, electrically connected to the semiconductor device housed in the semiconductor device housing part, and exposed on an outer surface of the semiconductor device housing part.
The semiconductor device is formed by implementing a desired circuit pattern on the surface of a substrate formed of a substrate material such as silicon and generates a large amount of heat from the circuit pattern during operation. If the temperature of the circuit pattern exceeds a certain temperature, the circuit pattern cannot exhibit its desired performance.
In such a conventional semiconductor package, at least the base part of the semiconductor package is constructed by a material with high thermal conductivity such as copper, aluminum, copper alloy, or aluminum alloy to dissipate heat generated by the semiconductor device. Heat generated by the semiconductor device housed in the semiconductor device housing part is conducted to the package body, mainly to the base part, and further to objects which are in contact with the package body, mainly the base part, such as a semiconductor package support member on which the base part is placed and by which the base part is supported, air around the package body and others to dissipate heat.
In recent years, with an increasingly higher degree of integration of the circuit pattern implemented on the semiconductor device and an increasing amount of heat generated by the semiconductor device, various structures to improve efficiency of heat conduction of the semiconductor package have been proposed.
Japanese Patent Application KOKAI Publication No. 2005-175006 discloses an example of the above described heat conduction efficiency improving structure. In this heat conduction efficiency improving structure, particles of diamond are dispersed in a base material made of metal and the surface of the base material is coated with a coating layer of the same material as the base material so that the coating layer prevents exposure of diamond particles from the surface of the base material.
With the heat conduction efficiency improving structure described in Japanese Patent Application KOKAI Publication No. 2005-175006, it is not clear how to disperse particles of diamond in a base material made of metal. When particles of diamond are dispersed in a sheet of base material, particles of diamond are normally dispersed while the base material is being melted. However, a method for manufacturing such a heat conduction efficiency improving structure including melting of a base material is complicated and energy efficiency thereof is low. Moreover, the above structure becomes relatively thick.