A band saw strip manipulator is arranged to receive a toothed metal strip for welding from a cut to length machine. The strip is moved into the band saw strip manipulator by powered rollers. The strip extends between a first edge detector at one side of the manipulator and a second edge detector at the opposite side of the manipulator. First and second end clamps are located to either side of a carriage mounted for vertical movement. When the strip has been approximately centrally located in the manipulator the carriage moves upwardly thereby pulling the strip upwardly until the edge detectors detect the ends of the strip. The first and second end clamps are then closed and pivoted about first and second guide rollers so that the two ends of the strip are located in close proximity for welding together.

This invention relates to a manipulator for presenting a strip for welding to a welding machine and to a method of presenting a strip for welding to a welding machine.
A previous apparatus for presenting a strip for welding into a band saw to a welding machine has used a pre-programmed robot to effect the manipulation. Disadvantages arise with this arrangement because of the high initial costs of purchasing a robot system and the difficulty encountered by robots when handling blades of a very long length.
Another known manipulation technique is by means of manual labour to clamp the adjacent ends of the strip in a welding machine. This has obvious disadvantages in that a number of clamping operations may be required to achieve an accurate positioning of the two ends and also the high costs involved with manual labour.
It is an object of the present invention to address the above mentioned disadvantages.
According to a first aspect of the present invention a manipulator for presenting a strip for welding to a welding machine comprising strip adjustment means and end clamp means for clamping end sections of the strip, which adjustment means are operable to adjust the position of end sections of the strip in the end clamp means, and which end clamp means are operable to clamp end sections of the strip and to manipulate the strip from a substantially elongate configuration to a loop configuration for welding.
The strip may be an unwelded band saw blade.
The strip adjustment means may be mounted for movement transverse to the length of a strip.
The strip adjustment means may be operable to move between a first position in which at least one end section of the strip is spaced from the end clamp means and a second position in which said at least one end section of the strip is substantially adjacent to the end clamp means.
The strip adjustment means may be operable to pull the strip through the end clamp means, said pulling may be effected until at least one end detector detects an end of the strip. The manipulator may include one end detector for each end of the strip. The strip adjustment means may include a clamp, which may be arranged to hold the strip in position during said pulling.
The strip adjustment means may be mounted for substantially vertical movement. The strip adjustment means may, in use, cause a loop of the strip to be pulled upwardly when moving to said second position. Said loop may be supported by rollers of the strip adjustment means, which rollers may have relative locations which provide a smooth curve over which the loop may rest. The rollers may permit movement of the loop relative thereto.
The end clamp means may comprise two or more clamp sections. Where two clamp sections are provided one may be located to one side of the strip adjustment means and the second to the opposite side of the strip adjustment means. Each clamp section may comprise two clamps.
The end clamp means may be operable to move between a strip receiving configuration and a loop delivery configuration.
The strip receiving configuration may comprise at least one opening of the end clamp means being aligned along a longitudinal axis of the strip, when the strip is in the elongate configuration.
The loop delivery configuration may comprise at least one opening of the end clamp means being aligned along a longitudinal axis of the end sections of the strip when the strip is in the loop configuration. The longitudinal axis of the end sections when in the loop configuration is preferably at a different, preferably higher, level than the longitudinal axis of the strip when in the elongate configuration.
The end clamp means may be mounted to pivot between said strip receiving and said loop delivery configurations.
The end clamp means may comprise at least one clamp mounted on an arm, one end of the arm may be pivotally mounted. The arm may comprise two sections formed at an angle to each other. Said angle may permit said at least one clamp to move between different levels when the arm is pivoted, which pivoting may be through substantially 180xc2x0. The different levels may be those of the strip end sections when in the strip receiving configuration and in the loop delivery configuration.
The end clamp means may be operable to adjust the relative positions of the strip ends, said adjustment may be in addition to the adjustment by the strip adjustment means.
The end clamp means may be operable to clamp the strip with variable degrees of force.
The manipulator may be movable between a strip receiving position and a transfer position for transferring a strip for welding to a welder.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, a method of manipulating a strip for presentation to a welding machine comprising receiving a strip in a manipulator in a substantially elongate configuration in end clamp means, adjusting the position of at least one end section of the strip in the end clamp means with strip adjustment means and manipulating the strip from said substantially elongate configuration to a loop configuration for welding with said end clamp means.
The strip may be clamped by a first clamp of the end clamp means when it reaches a chosen position relative to the first clamp, said position may be dictated by an end stop.
The adjustment of the said at least one end section may be an adjustment in a second clamp of the clamp means, which adjustment may be effected while said first clamp is activated.
The strip may be cut from a greater length of material after initial adjustment of the strip.
The strip adjustment means may adjust the position of the strip by pulling a section of the strip through the end clamp means. The adjustment may be transverse to the longitudinal axis of the strip.
The adjustment may be made until an end detector detects that at least one end section of the strip is close to the end clamp means.
Preferably the method includes the end clamp means comprising clamps located at opposite sides of the strip adjustment means. Preferably, there is at least one clamp for each end section of the strip.
The manipulation of the strip preferably comprises pivoting the clamps between a first position in which the end sections of the strip point substantially away from each other to a second position in which the end sections point towards each other and are in close proximity to each other.
The pivoting between first and second positions preferably comprises a turn through substantially a half circle.
The manipulation step is preferably followed by the strip being presented to a welder, preferably by movement of the manipulator towards the welder.
According to a third aspect of the present invention a welding station for receiving a loop for welding from a manipulator according to the first aspect comprising at least one welding machine mounted on a turntable and a loop support section.
The loop support section may be arranged to support a loop during a welding operation.
The turntable may be arranged to move between a first, loop receiving position and a second, loop discharge position. The welding machine may be arranged to weld said loop whilst moving between said first and second positions.
A discharge section may be arranged to remove a welded loop from the loop support section by means of relative movement between the discharge section and the loop support section. Preferably, supports of the discharge section are operable to lift a loop from the loop support section.
The welding section may comprise at least two welding machines, which may be located at opposite sides of the turntable.
Where at least two welding machines are provided, the welding station may be arranged to receive a manipulated loop in a first of the welding machines while a second of the welding machine has another loop removed therefrom by the discharge section.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention a method of welding a loop for welding received from a manipulator according to the first aspect comprises supporting the loop on a loop support section and welding the loop with a welding machine while the welding machine is moved on a turntable between a loop receiving position and a loop discharge position.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention a loop manipulation and welding machine comprises a loop manipulator according to any aspect of the first aspect of the present invention and a welding station according to any aspect of the third aspect.
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, a method of manipulating a strip for welding and welding said strip comprises the methods of any aspects of the second and fourth aspects of the present invention combined.
Any of the above aspects can be combined with any of the features disclosed herein, in any combination.


A toothpaste tube squeezer has first and second squeezing blocks for holding a toothpaste tube therebetween. A first clamping mechanism is positioned toward an opening end of the toothpaste tube to apply pressure to the first and second squeezing blocks to squeeze the toothpaste tube. A second clamping mechanism is positioned toward a sealed end of the toothpaste tube to release pressure on the blocks. Both squeezing blocks may have slightly outwardly curved surfaces to contact the toothpaste tube. As the second clamping mechanism is loosened to release pressure applied at the sealed end of the toothpaste tube, a gap may increase between the squeezing blocks at the sealed end of the toothpaste tube. Due to the slightly curved surfaces of the squeezing blocks and the increasing gap, a squeezing pressure moves further up the toothpaste tube in a direction from the sealed end to the opening end.

One problem with toothpaste tubes is that it is difficult to remove the toothpaste efficiently from the tube. Many times, a person applies pressure to the middle of the tube leaving toothpaste at the sealed end of the tube. Applying pressure with your hands at the sealed end of the tube becomes less effective as less toothpaste remains in the tube. Thus there are general needs for apparatus and methods that can efficiently remove toothpaste a toothpaste tube.

Toothpaste tube squeezer and method for efficiently removing toothpaste from a toothpaste tube


A thixotropic agent is blended in a silicone rubber composition comprising an alkenyl radical-containing organopolysiloxane, an organohydrogenpolysiloxane, an addition reaction catalyst, and filler balloons having a specific gravity of 0.01-0.40 and a mean particle size of 1-300 .mu.m. The resulting composition effectively restrains floating and separation of the filler, remains stable and is thus suitable for injection molding.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to thixotropic silicone rubber compositions for injection molding.
2. Background Art
As compared with metals and plastics, rubber materials generally have good shock absorbing characteristics. Among others, silicone rubber finds a wider variety of applications because of its heat resistance, weather resistance and electrical insulation. However, rubber materials, which absorb impact energy mainly by viscoelastic strains, must have a certain thickness in the impact force direction and hence, a certain weight. Since weight reduction is the trend in various fields including transportation vehicles, business machines and household appliances, there is a demand for a material which provides sufficient elasticity despite light weight and allows a number of parts to be molded.
One effective method for reducing the weight of rubber material is to admix a fine hollow filler with silicone rubber. Although a substantial weight reduction is achieved, there often occurs a separation phenomenon that the hollow filler becomes afloat in a short time due to the light weight of the hollow filler and hence, the substantial difference in specific gravity between the rubber base and the hollow filler. Particularly in an injection molding system of continuously performing molding after loading of the molding material, a series of molded parts vary in specific gravity due to the phenomenon of filler balloons separating with time. The cured rubber parts have differing weights.
There is a desire to have an injection molding silicone rubber composition loaded with a hollow filler which remains stable while preventing separation of the filler balloons.

Injection molding silicone rubber compositions


A system and method are provided for reimbursing merchants for coupons used by the customers of those merchants is disclosed. Pursuant to the Present Invention, a Coupon Data File is prepared, identifying the products potentially subject to coupons and/or incentives, and the nature of the associated discount. A Transaction Log Data File is also prepared, describing one or more purchase transactions undertaken by consumers. Finally, a Transaction Log Processor analyzes the transaction log data, compares the information in the Transaction Log Data File with information in the Coupon Data File and tabulates coupons redeemed by consumers during the transactions associated with the information in the Transaction Log Data.

Most retailers conduct consumer transactions pursuant to electronic point-of-sale ("POS") systems. These systems typically have a cashier terminal, which includes a scanner and a display to show the selling price of a product. The scanner generally used with these POS systems will typically scan a bar code, or other similar indicator identifying the product, through the use of a laser reading device. Typically, the display will illustrate both the individual product cost and a running total cost. Once each product has been processed, or read, in this manner, a consumer can often pay for the products through a payment interface.
Payment interfaces typically allow a consumer to "swipe" a payment card, e.g., a credit or debit card, into an appropriate mechanism on the payment interface. This swiping process more particularly consists of sliding a payment card through a receiving slot disposed on the payment interface such that the payment interface can obtain relevant information from the readable strip of magnetic tape located on the back of the payment card.
Oftentimes, payment interfaces will also have a Personal Identification Number ("PIN") interface, usually in the form of a typepad, that will allow the consumer to input a PIN, verifying that the consumer is the proper holder of the payment card. The payment interface then receives the total transaction amount from the cashier terminal and processes the payment for that amount, directly through the network of the payment card issuer. The payment interface then sends approval back to the cashier terminal, confirming a successful payment transaction. Alternatively, the processing of the payment may occur at the cashier terminal.
Such POS equipment is often configured to allow for the use of conventional paper coupons. The use of conventional paper coupons to market and promote specific products is well known in the consumer sales industry. Conventional paper coupons are commonly distributed by various means, such as newspaper inserts, postal mailings, etc., and are usually structured to provide a consumer with an incentive to buy a particular product.
Coupons provide a discount on the purchase price of a specific product that a manufacturer wants to promote. The discount may be offered, for example, directly by listing the monetary value of the discount on the face of the coupon or indirectly by providing, for example, a percentage—or other—reduction or a premium if the consumer purchases a product (or, in some cases, a collection of products). The premium may be an offer for a second—or subsequent—product at no cost, or the offer of another related (or unrelated) product.
Coupons are sometimes used by manufacturers to promote sales of products that may be overstocked or outdated. Additionally, coupons may be used to promote new products and build brand recognition or share. Finally, coupons allow the manufacturer of a product to offer a particular product at a reduced price without actually changing the list price for that product.
Generally, a merchant provides a coupon incentive to a consumer immediately, such as upon the completion of a sale/purchase transaction of a particular product. In most instances, the coupon incentive has been authorized by the manufacturer of the particular product. Alternatively, the coupon incentive may be authorized by a third party specializing in the sponsorship of coupons. Once a merchant accepts a coupon from a consumer relating to a product, the merchant may then redeem the coupon for cash or other consideration from the manufacturer. Because a merchant will commonly redeem a large number of coupons from a wide variety of manufacturers, coupon clearinghouses are usually employed to sort, separate, count and authenticate the coupons, as well as to submit each coupon to its authorizer/sponsor for reimbursement, and distribute at least a portion of the reimbursement back to the merchant. In many cases, the coupon clearinghouse will usually collect a commission, and reduce the reimbursement by this commission, based upon the value of the redeemed coupons.
Unfortunately, currently-known paper coupon redemption systems comprise a very labor intensive process for both the manufacturer and the merchant. Additionally, the merchant must not only accept and grant credit for the coupons, but must also accept responsibility for physically transferring the coupons to a coupon clearinghouse.
Additionally, while conventional paper coupons may be effective in helping manufacturers dispose of merchandise, promote sales of overstocked or outdated products, promote new products and/or build brand recognition, the handling of such conventional paper coupons is burdensome and commonly subject to fraud, since conventional paper coupons may be easily duplicated, and the current system does not audit satisfactorily whether the conventional paper coupons were actually used by consumers in connection with the sale/purchase transaction for which the conventional paper coupons were issued.
Further, currently-known paper coupon redemption systems used in most merchant/retailer transactions validate conventional paper coupons by verifying that the Universal Product Code ("UPC") associated with a product belongs to a family of products (defined by the manufacturer). In this situation, the merchant is ultimately responsible for maintaining accurate family codes on their POS system. As a result of this burden, some merchants have been typically known to bypass the family code portion of the validation process and only validate that the product is from an associated manufacturer.
Finally, in the circumstance where the brand of a particular product changes ownership from one manufacturer to another, the associated UPC is required to be changed. This leads to a situation which could be confusing to a consumer: Two different coupons are issued for one product, one from each manufacturer. Alternatively, to avoid this consumer confusion (as well as any accounting reconciliation), the new manufacturer is required to wait until the distribution channels have cleared before offering a coupon.
Accordingly, a need exists for a less labor-intensive, more flexible, and more secure method of generating and processing coupons.

System and method for reimbursing merchants for redeemed electronic coupons


Apparatuses, methods, and systems are disclosed for triggering a buffer status report. One method (700) includes determining (702) to transmit a buffer status report corresponding to uplink data in response to a trigger condition. The method (700) includes, in response to determining to transmit the buffer status report, transmitting (704) the buffer status report to a parent integrated access backhaul device.

The following abbreviations are herewith defined, at least some of which are referred to within the following description: Third Generation Partnership Project ("3GPP"), Acknowledge Mode ("AM"), Backhaul ("BH"), Broadcast Multicast ("BM"), Buffer Occupancy ("BO"), Base Station ("BS"), Bandwidth Part ("BWP"), Component Carrier ("CC"), Coordinated Multipoint ("CoMP"), Control Plane ("CP"), CSI-RS Resource Indicator ("CRI"), Channel State Information ("CSI"), Channel Quality Indicator ("CQI"), Central Unit ("CU"), Codeword ("CW"), Downlink ("DL"), Demodulation Reference Signal ("DMRS"), Data Radio Bearer ("DRB"), Distributed Unit ("DU"), Enhanced Mobile Broadband ("eMBB"), Evolved Node B ("eNB"), Enhanced Subscriber Identification Module ("eSIM"), Enhanced ("E"), Frequency Division Duplex ("FDD"), Frequency Division Multiple Access ("FDMA"), Frequency Range ("FR"), Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request ("HARQ"), Integrated Access Backhaul ("IAB"), Identity or Identifier or Identification ("ID"), Interference Measurement ("IM"), International Mobile Subscriber Identity ("IMSI"), Internet-of-Things ("IoT"), Internet Protocol ("IP"), Joint Transmission ("JT"), Level 1 ("L1"), Logical Channel ("LCH"), Logical Channel Prioritization ("LCP"), Long Term Evolution ("LTE"), Multiple Input Multiple Output ("MIMO"), Mobile-Termination ("MT"), Machine Type Communication ("MTC"), Multi-User MIMO ("MU-MIMO"), Negative-Acknowledgment ("NACK") or ("NAK"), Next Generation ("NG"), Next Generation Node B ("gNB"), New Radio ("NR"), Non-Zero Power ("NZP"), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ("OFDM"), Peak-to-Average Power Ratio ("PAPR"), Physical Broadcast Channel ("PBCH"), Physical Downlink Shared Channel ("PDSCH"), Policy Control Function ("PCF"), Packet Data Convergence Protocol ("PDCP"), Packet Data Network ("PDN"), Protocol Data Unit ("PDU"), Public Land Mobile Network ("PLMN"), Precoding Matrix Indicator ("PMI"), Packet Switched ("PS"), Quasi Co-Located ("QCL"), Quality of Service ("QoS"), Radio Access Network ("RAN"), Radio Access Technology ("RAT"), Resource Element ("RE"), Rank Indicator ("RI"), Radio Link Failure ("RLF"), Radio Resource Control ("RRC"), Reference Signal ("RS"), Reference Signal Received Power ("RSRP"), Reference Signal Received Quality ("RSRQ"), Receive ("RX"), Secondary Cell ("SCell"), Service Data Unit ("SDU"), Subscriber Identity Module ("SIM"), Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratio ("SINR"), Sequence Number ("SN"), Synchronization Signal ("SS"), SS/PBCH Block ("SSB"), Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ("TMSI"), Transmission Reception Point ("TRP"), Transmit ("TX"), User Entity/Equipment (Mobile Terminal) ("UE"), Universal Integrated Circuit Card ("UICC"), Uplink ("UL"), Unacknowledged Mode ("UM"), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ("UMTS"), User Plane ("UP"), Universal Subscriber Identity Module ("USIM"), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network ("UTRAN"), Voice Over IP ("VoIP"), Visited Public Land Mobile Network ("VPLMN"), and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ("WiMAX"). As used herein, "HARQ-ACK" may represent collectively the Positive Acknowledge ("ACK") and the Negative Acknowledge ("NAK"). ACK means that a TB is correctly received while NAK means a TB is erroneously received.
In certain wireless communications networks, buffer status reports may be sent. In such networks, a device may not know when to send a buffer status report.


A system for segmenting a target organ tumor from an image includes a background model builder, a foreground model builder and a tumor region locator. The background model builder uses an intensity distribution estimate of voxels in an organ region in an image to build a background model. The foreground model builder uses an intensity distribution estimate of voxels in a target organ tumor to build a first foreground model. The tumor region locator uses the background model and the first foreground model to segment the target organ tumor to obtain a first segmentation result.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to image processing, and more particularly to systems and methods for segmenting an object of interest from a medical image.
2. Discussion of Related Art
In recent years, medical imaging has experienced an explosive growth due to advances in imaging modalities such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. Image segmentation plays an important role in computer-based medical applications for diagnosis and analysis of anatomical data by enabling automatic or semi-automatic extraction of an anatomical organ or object of interest from a dataset.
A segmentation technique to precisely and robustly label target tumor regions from three-dimensional (3-D) liver CT images, for example, may be useful in computer-aided cancer diagnosis and treatment planning such as follow-ups and computer-aided surgery planning. Liver tumors are prominent and outstanding in intensity distribution in a 3-D liver CT image. FIGS. 1A through 1D show examples of liver tumors in CT images. The two slices shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, in which the liver tumors are indicated by arrows, are from the same liver CT scan. FIGS. 1C and 1D show an example of intensity distribution variation inside a liver tumor.
Liver tumor segmentation involves labeling all the voxels that belong to a target liver tumor in a 3-D liver CT image, such as specified by user interaction. The objectives in liver tumor segmentation include accurately locating the liver tumor regions in a 3-D liver CT image and producing consistent segmentation results that are robust to user interactions. It is not an easy task to precisely segment the liver tumor from the liver anatomy, except possibly in cases when the liver tumor is well isolated from adjacent anatomical structures.
A large number of liver tumors reside next to anatomical structures with similar intensity distribution in CT images, which may result in boundary blurriness between the liver tumors and the neighboring anatomy structures. The magnitude of gradient at the boundary points becomes much less prominent than that of the intensity variations within a liver tumor. It is very difficult to establish a criterion to identify the precise location of liver tumor boundary when such blurriness exists. Given that there are large variations in the intensity characteristics in liver CT images, neighboring anatomical structures, and intra-tumor intensity distribution, it is not easy to design a liver segmentation algorithm that produces a segmentation result that is robust to user interactions. Various liver segmentation algorithms have been proposed, some of which may perform reasonably well on liver CT images in cases when the liver is well-separated from neighboring anatomical structures and without significant boundary liver tumors. When livers are not well-separated from neighboring anatomical structures and/or there exist boundary tumors, extensive user interactions are needed.
Liver tumor segmentation may be handled as a modified region-growing problem, which in most cases does not produce an acceptable segmentation result, Moreover, this approach requires extensive user editing, which is not desirable in tumor segmentation. The graph cut algorithm has been tried for tumor segmentation. The graph cut algorithm uses seed points provided by a user to establish a graph representing the foreground and background relationship. It segments the foreground and background by calculating the min-cut. This technique may work reasonably well on some isolated tumors, but does not handle the blurred boundary cases. The random walk algorithm has been tried for tumor segmentation. This technique enables more informative constraints to be incorporated in the segmentation algorithm but does not handle the blurred boundary cases, and it requires a significant amount of user interactions, which is not desirable in 3-D tumor segmentation.

Systems and methods for segmenting object of interest from medical image


A tessellation unit of a graphics processing unit (GPU) determines domain coordinates for vertices of a received primitive. The tessellation unit outputs the determined domain coordinates for the vertices. The tessellation unit further determines that a domain type for the received primitive is not one of tri, isoline, or quad domain, and outputs information indicative of a graphical feature associated with one or more of the determined domain coordinates when the domain type is not one of the tri, isoline, or quad domain.

Path rendering may refer to the rendering of two-dimensional (2D) vector graphics paths (alternatively referred to herein as "paths"), each of which may include one or more path segments. When a path includes two or more path segments, the individual path segments may be of the same type or of different types. The types of path segments may include, for example, a line, an elliptic arc, a quadratic Bézier curve, and a cubic Bézier curve. In some examples, the path segment types may be defined in accordance with a standard vector graphics application programming interface (API), such as, e.g., the Open Vector Graphics (OpenVG) API.
Graphics processing units (GPUs) typically implement a three-dimensional (3D) graphics pipeline that is designed to be compliant with one or more 3D graphics APIs. Because the prevailing 3D graphics APIs in use today do not require that compliant devices support path rendering commands, modern GPUs often provide little to no hardware acceleration for path rendering commands. For example, a typical 3D graphics pipeline implemented in a modern GPU may include a rasterizer that is designed to rasterize low-order, non-curved, 3D graphics primitives (such as, e.g., points, lines and triangles), but is not capable of directly rendering curved primitives (such as, e.g., elliptic arcs and Bézier curves).


An improved drawer slide member and drawer slide undermount bracket. The drawer slide member comprises a vertical web having guide apertures with angled sides leading to a slot adapted to receive support tabs projecting from an undermount bracket. The undermount bracket, or shelf mount bracket, is longitudinally restricted from motion, and the support tabs thereby locked in the slots, by lock tabs located on a flexing finger within the undermount bracket which are positioned in a lock tab aperture in the web of the slide member.

Telescopic slides for file drawers and the like are often desirable for use in cabinets and other rack mounted applications. Such slides permit easy access to the interior of the drawer. The slides maintain the drawer in a horizontal position regardless of how far the drawer is withdrawn from the cabinet. The slides are also useful in the mounting of extendable shelves in cabinets.
A typical drawer slide has two or three slide members slidably secured to each other by sets of ball bearings held by retainers riding in raceways formed on the slide members. Two element telescopic slides normally include an outer slide member and an inner slide member. For purposes of exposition, the outer slide member is connected to the cabinet or enclosure, although it is recognized that the inner slide member may instead be so connected. When the outer slide member is connected to the cabinet or enclosure, the slide member affixed to the drawer is the inner slide member. The slide members are often slidably connected through the use of ball bearings which are in rolling engagement with raceways formed on the slides. A three element telescopic slide will additionally normally include an intermediate slide member slidably connected to and between the outer and inner slide members.
A typical drawer will often have two slides securing the drawer to the cabinet or enclosure, with the slides attached to each of the outside of the vertical side walls of the drawer. The vertical side walls of the drawer, however, may be of a material inappropriate for attaching slides thereto. Additionally, the vertical side wall of a shelf is often of insufficient dimension or provides insufficient stability for mounting a drawer slide. Also, for aesthetic reasons it may be preferable to mount the shelf over the drawer slide to provide a clean and sleek look to the cabinet as a whole.
The drawer slide may be provided a flange extending from one of the slide members to allow for such mounting of a shelf or drawer. For reasons of decreasing manufacturing costs and increasing the usefulness of a particular slide, however, an accessory is generally mounted to one of the slide members, with the accessory providing a flange for the mounting of a shelf or drawer. Thus, there is a need for a drawer slide and drawer slide accessory, such as a mounting flange for shelf applications, in which the accessory and the drawer slide can be easily and securely mated.

Drawer slide undermount bracket with flexible locking tab


In a method and apparatus for duplicating an original key, the keyway and keycode of the original key are measured and duplicated in a preform. The preform used in the duplication process need not include any keyway or keycode prior to the duplication process and, therefore, a single type of preform may be used in generating duplicates of many different types of keys. The apparatus may be automated to take the measurements of the original key and to cut the duplicate key, thus reducing the possibility of producing a nonfunctional duplicate.

The present invention is directed generally to a method and apparatus for making a copy of a key.
Hundreds of millions of keys are generated in the United States each year by making a duplicate from an original key or from a parent duplicate key. The duplication process commonly takes place in a hardware store, or the like, that is equipped with a key duplication machine.
Duplicating a key is difficult task, typically requiring high skill in operating the duplicating machine. A high degree of skill is particularly required when duplicating a double sided key in order to achieve correct registration of the second side after cutting the first side. Due to the high probability of making an error when duplicating a key, a significant number of the duplicate keys made each year are discarded as being unusable.
Since there is a wide variation in the types of keys manufactured, the locksmith or hardware store where the duplicate is made has to carry a large number of different key blanks, often numbering in the thousands, in inventory from which an appropriate blank is selected for forming the duplicate key. When faced with duplicating a key of unknown origin, the person performing the duplication is presented with the difficult task of selecting the correct key blank with which to manufacture the duplicate. This may lead to the selection of the wrong key blank, thus resulting in an unusable duplicate key.
The security hierarchy adopted by many key manufacturers includes thicker keys with relatively complex keyways for use in single locks, and master keys that are thinner and have relatively simple keyways. Often, master key blanks are employed for forming duplicate keys in an attempt to reduce the number of key blanks required in inventory, irrespective of whether the key being duplicated is a master key or is cut for a single lock. Consequently, the security hierarchy is compromised when a large number of keys cut from master key blanks enter into use.
One manufacturer has adopted a system that uses a small number of key blanks in which it is claimed most keys can be duplicated, thus reducing the level of skill required of the person performing the duplication. However, this system still requires a significant inventory of different key blanks and, additionally, is subject to the problem of low-skilled operators making a large number of rejectable duplicate keys.
Therefore, there remains a need for a key duplicating system which further reduces the number of types of key blanks required to be carried in inventory. Additionally, there is a need to remove the factor of operator skill level from the duplication process so that fewer rejectable duplicate keys are manufactured.


This metal-enclosed, gas-insulated switchgear assembly is provided with at least one multiphase switch panel which is mounted on a foundation surface (8), with in each case at least one power breaker (1, 2, 3) per phase which extends along a longitudinal axis (4, 5, 6), these longitudinal axes (4, 5, 6) being arranged in a first plane, with at least one busbar system which is arranged in at least a second plane and extends along busbar axes (13, 14, 15) and in which the busbar axes (13, 14, 15) have a distance (s) between them. The distance between centers between a first connecting stub (16, 17, 18) and a second connecting stub (25, 26, 27) of the power breaker (1, 2, 3) is at least three times and at most four times as great as the distance (s) between the busbar axes (13, 14, 15). The power breakers (1, 2, 3) may be arranged offset and aligned in a row, resulting in very compact switch panels.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a metal-enclosed, gas-insulated switchgear assembly.
2. Discussion of Background
Document No. CH-A 161 312 F from the Company Brown, Boveri and Cie discloses single-phase metal-enclosed, gas-insulated switchgear assemblies which are constructed using one of the various standard switchgear assembly circuits. Standard switchgear assembly circuits include, for example, the single busbar arrangement, the single busbar with an auxiliary rail, the 11/2-switch arrangement, the ring circuit, the double-switch arrangement, the various arrangements with double busbars, etc. A 11/2-switch arrangement with busbars located at the top has been produced with power breakers arranged with a very large offset. This arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 54 of this document. The three horizontally arranged power breakers, one of which is required for each phase, are in this case arranged separately and at a comparatively long distance from the adjacent phase. The two busbar systems are located in a region above the power breaker terminals in a plane parallel to the foundation surface and have a large intermediate area which is unusable. Such a metal-enclosed gas-insulated switchgear assembly occupies a comparatively large amount of space and, in this configuration, is therefore suitable only to a limited extent for installation in a building. The busbars are arranged at a comparatively high level so that complex and long metal-enclosed connecting pieces have to be provided for the electrical connections between the busbars and the respectively associated power breakers.
Document Brown Boveri Technik 9-86, pages 488 to 497, FIG. 5 discloses a metal-enclosed, gas-insulated switchgear assembly which has power breakers that are arranged aligned horizontally alongside one another in a row, and has busbar systems that are located above the electrical terminals of the power breakers. These busbar systems are located in a region well above and partially outside the region bounded by the electrical terminals of the power breaker, which point vertically upwards, so that the latter cannot limit the space for these busbar systems and, therefore, this arrangement requires a comparatively large physical volume. Once again, complex metal-enclosed connecting pieces are required for the electrical connections between the busbars and the respectively associated power breakers.
Owing to the predetermined geometry, such metal-enclosed, gas-insulated switchgear assemblies require a comparatively large amount of space. The comparatively long connecting pieces to the busbars also increase the cost of the switchgear assembly.

Metal-enclosed gas-insulated switchgear assembly


The present invention relates to a composition for atopy or psoriasis treatment comprising a plasma-treated liquid material. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for producing a plasma-treated liquid material for preventing or treating atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating a topic dermatitis or psoriasis using a plasma-treated liquid material produced according to the method, and a method for preventing or treating atopic dermatitis or psoriasis using the plasma-treated liquid material.

Atopic dermatitis, which is a typical atopic skin disease, is chronic and persistent skin inflammation accompanied by severe itching and consequent secondary infections. Many western people have this disease, about 10% of children are suffering from this disease, and an increase in atopic dermatitis has continued in recent years. Atopic dermatitis is also rapidly increasing in Korea, but treatment for this is not easy and the cause of this disease is not identified. Thus, most cases are dependent on symptomatic treatment. Recently, as it has been found that atopic dermatitis is caused by immunological abnormalities, new therapies for this have been attempted.
Inadequate or sensitive immune responses are referred to as hypersensitivity. Type 1 hypersensitivity allergic diseases are induced by antigen-specific IgE antibodies, and since these responses may not occur or may occur easily even when exposed to the same antigen, depending on individuals. These responses are also referred to as atopy which means idiosyncratic reactions. Examples of atopy include allergic rhinitis, asthma, a food allergy, atopic dermatitis, and the like.
T-helper (Th) cells, which are responsible for the immune function in humans, differentiate into subtypes Th1 and Th2, which secrete cytokines that are in balance with each other and inhibit each other's function. However, in patients with atopic dermatitis, Th2 cells are more abundant than Th1 cells, resulting in an imbalance between them. That is, the secretion of eosinophils involved in allergies and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, and the like that increase IgE antibodies increases in Th2 cells, whereas the secretion of substances that inhibit the production of IgE decreases in Th1 cells. Eosinophils and mast cells are activated by the increased IgE. When an IgE antibody binds to an IgE receptor (FcεRI) and an allergen cross-links two FcεRI/IgE conjugates to activate cells, the degranulation of intracellular granules occurs. At this time, physiologically active substances such as histamine, leukotrienes, and the like are extracellularly secreted, thereby inducing atopic dermatitis symptoms such as strong itching, erythema, edema, inflammation, and the like (Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Abbas et al., 2nd Edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, Journal of Dermatological Science, 36, 1-9, 2004).
Currently, medicines such as steroids, antihistamines, and the like are widely used in treating atopic dermatitis, and immunosuppressants are used for severe cases. However, most of these drugs have temporary efficacy and have many serious side effects, such as osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, arteriosclerosis, glaucoma, carcinogenicity, and the like. Therefore, to alleviate and treat atopic dermatitis, there is an urgent need to develop a new therapeutic agent that has a good treatment effect, has fewer side effects, and exhibits a sustained therapeutic effect.
Meanwhile, NF-kB is known as a transcription factor that increases the expression of substances involved in immune responses or inflammatory responses by operating a gene expression mechanism that causes inflammation, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, MHC class I and II molecules, and the like. Thus, the regulation of NF-kB activity may be effectively used in treating chronic and acute inflammatory diseases, and NF-kB inhibitors are expected to exhibit an atopic dermatitis therapeutic effect.
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated autoimmune skin disease induced by chronic activation of inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin and dysregulation of epidermal keratinocytes. Histologically, psoriasis is considered to be thickening and scaling of the epidermis and hyperproliferative parakeratosis in a skin biopsy. The pathogenic mechanism of psoriasis has not yet been completely identified and has been reported to be related to complex mechanisms including interactions between inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of immune cells, such as T cells, and recent studies have reported that T helper 17 (Th17) cells and Th17-mediated cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-23 induce psoriasis triggering.
Examples of the general treatment of psoriasis include topical administration, phototherapy, and internal administration. The topical administration is a treatment method including steroids, coal tar, anthralin, vitamin D3 and analogs thereof, retinoids, sunlight, and the like, and such topical treatment has side effects such as skin thinning, stretch marks, burns, irritation, and photosensitivity. In addition, steroids can induce resistance, thus affecting subsequent steroid treatments. The phototherapy includes the administration of psoralen together with ultraviolet B or ultraviolet A, and is disadvantageous in that skin aging rapidly occurs and the incidence rate of skin cancer increases. The internal administration is currently the most widely used method in which an immunomodulator, such as a cyclosporine, is administered. However, this method causes nephrotoxicity or hypertension due to prolonged use. Therefore, the development of a therapeutic method that addresses the current problems of psoriasis treatment and is capable of effectively treating psoriasis is a major research subject, and research thereon has been conducted, but effective treatment for psoriasis has not yet been reported.
Meanwhile, low-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma refers to plasma in which, among ions and electrons constituting plasma, the energy of the electrons is greater than the energy of the ions, and is also referred to as low-temperature normal-pressure plasma. That is, low-temperature plasma is produced in a such a way that, when high-pressure electric discharge is performed on a discharge gas, electrons generated by discharge collide with molecules of the discharge gas and, as a result, an outer electron state of gas molecules is changed, and refers to a gas in an electrically neutral state formed as a result of a radical, which is a chemically active species with high reactivity (e.g., OH, COOH, CHO, or the like), excited molecules, and ions being positively or negatively charged. Plasma is divided into high-temperature thermal plasma in which temperatures of electrons, ions, and molecules are all high, and low-temperature plasma in which only the temperature of electrons is high. High-temperature thermal plasma is utilized in melting a material due to a high-temperature characteristic thereof, and low-temperature plasma may be applied to materials or conditions to which high temperatures cannot be applied since only the temperature of electrons is high and an apparatus thereof is simple. Such plasma induces various chemical reactions, and thus many studies on utilizing the plasma and applying it to various fields have been conducted. However, there is still no report of a method of treating psoriasis using this.
Therefore, the applicants of the present invention completed the present invention. The present invention relates to a composition for treating atopy or psoriasis, which includes plasma-treated liquid material, and the plasma-treated liquid material of the present invention has a significant effect of inhibiting immune hypersensitivity reactions and has an effect of inhibiting the generation and proliferation of psoriasis, and thus is expected to be greatly utilized in preventing and treating immune hypersensitivity reactions including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.

Composition for atopy or psoriasis treatment comprising liquid type plasma

AJOU UNIVERSITY INDUSTRY-ACADEMIC COOPERATION FOUNDATION


In a method and apparatus for determination of coefficients of a diffusion tensor to describe a diffusion process within a subject, spatially-resolved, variously diffusion-coded diffusion data are generated from volume elements of the subject under consideration of control data for various diffusion codings. Intermediate diffusion data are generated for each volume element from diffusion data measured with a first diffusion coding. Updated intermediate diffusion data are then determined for each volume element from diffusion data generated preceding the intermediate diffusion data and current diffusion data measured with a different diffusion coding. Components of a diffusion tensor are determined from the last determined, updated intermediate diffusion data after multiple updates with various diffusion codings.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a method for determination of coefficients of a diffusion tensor by means of magnetic resonance for description of a diffusion process within a subject, in which spatially-resolved, variously diffusion-coded diffusion data are generated from volume elements of the subject dependent on control data for various diffusion codings in chronological order.
The invention likewise concerns a device for implementation of the method.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A method and a device of the aforementioned type are known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,310. The method specified therein is based on a magnetic resonance measurement sequence proposed by Stejskal and Tanner in 1965. The method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,310 expands the measurement sequence proposed by Stejskal and Tanner such that coefficients or elements of a diffusion tensor are determined and graphically represented for each voxel in an examination region. A clear representation with a diffusion ellipsoid, the main axis of which represents the direction of the strongest diffusion process, ensues. The expansion in the individual directions stands for a numerical value of the diffusion process in the corresponding directions. In medical applications, the relative mobility of water molecules in endogenic tissue can thus be measured with magnetic resonance diffusion imaging. Since the diffusion in the tissue can depend on its structure (such as, for example, the fiber direction), medically-relevant conclusions can be derived from the diffusion tensor.
The diffusion data are determined in the magnetic resonance measurement from the size and direction of the diffusion gradient fields used for diffusion coding. Strong gradient pulses are thereby used that are oriented symmetrically to a radio-frequency, 180° refocusing pulse. The first gradient pulse before the 180° refocusing pulse generates a phase shift for all spins; the second gradient pulse inverts this phase shift. Given stationary molecules (protons in medical imaging), the phase shift therewith cancels again. However, for molecules that, due to Brownian motion, are located at a different location during the effect of the second gradient pulse than during the effect of the first gradient pulse, the phase shift is not completely compensated. A rest phase displacement remains that leads to a signal attenuation. The diffusion coding can be controlled by the size and direction of such gradient pulses.
In medical diffusion tensor measurement by means of magnetic resonance techniques and the subsequent graphical representation (DTI=Diffusion Tensor Imaging), large quantities of measurement data accumulate, from which the sought six tensor parameters or tensor coefficients (thus the independent elements or components of a symmetrical 3×3 tensor matrix) are calculated per voxel. The tensor parameters are subsequently used to calculate relevant parameter cards for the diagnostics. For example, the isotropic portion of the diffusion tensor or the anisotropic portion of the diffusion tensor is displayed in corresponding parameter cards (Average Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Map or ADCav Map, or Fractional Anisotropy Map or FA Map). Due to the large amount of measurement data, the calculation of the diffusion tensor per voxel requires the determination of the unknown parameters by means of a compensation. Methods known from multi-variant linear regression are used, for example methods that form a pseudo-inverse or implement a singular value decomposition. These methods are, however, very storage-space intensive and computationally complex because all data for the evaluation are retained in the known methods and the sought parameters are only determined by means of compensation methods after conclusion of the measurement. Rules for accounting for the intensity values are also applied as alternatives for specific, rigid sets of diffusion codings. However, such methods are very inflexible.

Method and device for determination of coefficients of a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor


A sheet stacking device includes a sheet accommodating unit, a pair of wall portions and a loading plate. The sheet accommodating unit has an open upper surface part and accommodates sheets therein. The sheets have a pair of first side edges extending in a first direction and a pair of second side edges perpendicular to the first direction. The pair of wall portions stands to face the first side edges of the sheets. The loading plate is arranged in the sheet accommodating unit. Each of the pair of wall portions includes a first observation port for exposing one end of the first side edges of the sheets in the first direction and an one area of the inner part outer than the one end in the first direction to outside of the sheet accommodating unit.

The present disclosure relates to a sheet stacking device on which sheets are to be stacked, and an image forming apparatus provided with the same.
Conventionally, a sheet stacking device provided in an image forming apparatus is known as a sheet stacking device on which sheets are to be stacked. Further, a large-capacity deck is known which is coupled to an apparatus main body of an image forming apparatus and configured such that sheets are stacked and accommodated inside.
In the large-capacity deck as described above, a user inserts a sheet bundle into the deck from above.

Sheet stacking device and imaging forming apparatus provided with same


A vehicle configured for conversion between expanded and folded arrangements, includes a front frame assembly, a front wheel and a rear wheel assembly having a rear wheel carrier and a rear wheel coupled with the rear wheel carrier. A central frame assembly extends between the front frame assembly and the rear wheel assembly. A forward hinge coupling enables relative pivoting of the front frame assembly and the central frame assembly about a front frame pivot axis extending at an acute angle relative to a rear vertical transverse plane and at an acute angle relative to a horizontal plane orthogonal to both a rear vertical longitudinal plane and the rear vertical transverse plane. A rearward hinge coupling enables relative pivoting of the central frame assembly and the rear wheel assembly.

Small, personal vehicles such as bicycles and scooters are popular both as recreational vehicles and means of transportation. When used as part of a commute employing multiple modes of transportation, personal vehicles which occupy a large space on buses or trains may be cumbersome and inconvenient. These vehicles may also be difficult to store at a user's workplace or residence when not in use. Personal vehicles having very small frames occupy less space but are too awkward for adult use. Meanwhile, personal vehicles having very small wheels also occupy less space but suffer from an uncomfortable ride due to the small wheel diameter.


A chimney exhaust system for facilitating or creating an upward draft in a chimney flue, operating on what is referred to as "Bernoulli's Principle" comprises a housing unit having a tubular cross member and a tubular depending member, both members having an inlet and an outlet. The outlet of the depending member intersects the cross member at an intermediate position between the inlet and outlet of the cross member. The depending member is mounted to a chimney flue at its inlet and acts as an extension thereof. A fan is attached to the housing unit proximate the cross member to generate air flow through the cross member and across the opening of the depending member's outlet. The air flow generated through the cross member creates an upward draft of the air in the chimney flue and the depending member.

Chimneys which facilitate or create an upward draft or draw produce optimal burning conditions in a fireplace. In addition, an upward draft in chimneys prevents smoke or unburned gas, in wood burning or gas fireplaces, respectively, from entering a room. In a conventional chimney, an upward draft is facilitated or created by the flow of outside air in breezy or windy conditions which draws air up from the fireplace through the chimney flue.
However, many chimneys do not facilitate or create an upward draft or draw for a number of reasons. For example, a chimney which is constructed too low to catch a breeze that is needed to help pull air upward from the fireplace through the flue will not draw properly. On the other hand, chimneys which are too tall do not draw properly since the distance from the fireplace to the chimney flue top may impede the amount of air flow necessary for an upward draft.
Another example of a structural problem which may obstruct the upward draft or draw through a chimney includes an incorrectly sized fireplace or opening between the fireplace and the flue which may prevent or restrict the upward draft. Further, dwellings with insufficiently moving air or no built-in outside air duct in the fireplace will prevent a chimney from drawing properly.
An improperly drawn chimney may also be caused by objects which obstruct the normal flow of outside air, for example a tree limb or a nearby dwelling or hill that is too close to the chimney. Not only do structural problems or objects which obstruct the normal flow of outside air prevent or limit the draw, the problems are exasperated since many times a downdraft of outside air into the chimney is created. Downdrafts contribute to improper burning conditions in the fireplace, as well as blowing smoke or unspent gas into the room.
Patents which disclose fireplace ventilation systems include U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,522 to Szwartz where a combination damper and chimney cap apparatus is installed at the top of the chimney to ventilate a fireplace by providing a draft through the flue. The apparatus includes a platform mounted to the flue which has an aperture for communication with the flue. An element provided in the platform senses temperature and smoke in the flue and at an area external to a fireplace and provides a signal in response to the temperature or smoke. A ventilation fan is connected to the platform to provide a draft sufficient to exhaust the smoke from the fireplace and flue and to cool an electronic motor which drives the apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,667 to Cox discloses a filter and fan assembly for filtering dust and smoke out of hot exhaust gases from a wood burning fireplace. The assembly includes a filter element positioned directly above the flue opening. A fan is located directly above the filter element to ensure that exhaust gases are actively drawn up through the filter.
A chimney stack exhaust treatment unit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,236,443 to Schossow. The unit comprises a spherical outer housing which fits over the flue opening and encloses a horizontally mounted fan. The fan is directly over the flue opening so that when it rotates, exhaust gases are drawn up through the chimney and swirled around the inner walls of the outer housing. Exhaust ports near the top of the housing provide an exit for treated gas.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a chimney exhaust system which operates on what is referred to as "Bernoulli's Principle." The principle can be simplistically explained in terms of pressure and velocity of air. According to Bernoulli's Principle, energy in an air system, which is a function of pressure and velocity, is constant. Accordingly, an air stream having a higher velocity necessarily has a lower pressure than an air stream in the same system which has a lower velocity. Applying Bernoulli's Principle to the operation of a chimney flue, the velocity of the moving air stream across the opening of the chimney flue creates a lower pressure area at the flue opening. Conversely, since the air in the flue is substantially stagnate, its pressure is necessarily higher than the pressure of the moving air stream across the flue opening. The high pressure air in the flue is drawn to the lower pressure area at the opening of the flue created by the moving air stream. The moving air stream has thus created the draw or upward draft necessary to pull the air up from the fireplace through the chimney flue.


A movable carbon capture system applied to agriculture-harmonious buildings, which includes a carbon capture unit and a high-concentration CO2 supply unit which are respectively integrated, wherein the carbon capture unit comprises a CO2 adsorption chamber and an air pump, and the high-concentration CO2 supply unit comprises a vacuum pump and an air storage cavity; an air inlet of the CO2 adsorption chamber is connected to the indoor environment, an exhaust port of the CO2 adsorption chamber is connected to an atmosphere outlet, an air outlet of the CO2 adsorption chamber is connected with an air inlet of the vacuum pump, an air outlet of the vacuum pump is connected with an air inlet of the air storage cavity, an air outlet of the air storage cavity is connected with a greenhouse air supply port, and the greenhouse air supply port is connected with a greenhouse.

As the pace of life is continuously accelerated and the pressure of life is continuously increased, the time for people to work intensively is continuously prolonged. CO2 is an important factor influencing the quality of indoor air, and if the concentration cannot be effectively controlled, people working in buildings for a long time are likely to feel uncomfortable. The volume concentration of carbon dioxide in fresh air is 0.036-0.0039%, the increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide can cause the increase of blood pressure and dyspnea, and the importance of improving the indoor air quality is self-evident.
On one hand, the technology of directly capturing carbon from the interior of the building can effectively reduce the CO2 concentration in the building and improve the indoor air quality. The carbon capture process in the adsorption method is simple, and is suitable for distributed carbon capture systems. The enriched CO2 is mainly used in the aspects of food processing, oil displacement and the like, and is not effectively utilized in other fields.
On the other hand, CO2 is a raw material for photosynthesis of plants, and plays an important role in promoting growth of the plants, so that it is of significant meaning to improve the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse. Common methods for increasing the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse include a chemical method, a combustion method, a biological method, application of a large amount of organic fertilizer and the like. However, the methods often have the problems of high cost, environmental pollution and the like.
Some inventors have tried to make innovations in terms of increasing CO2 concentration in the greenhouse. For example, the patent with the publication number of CN109601201A provides a system for applying CO2 to a greenhouse by using a normal-pressure hot-water boiler and a treatment method of the greenhouse, and necessary CO2 is provided for the growth of crops by utilizing flue gas discharged from a hot-water boiler system through efficient utilization of waste gas; and meanwhile, the flue gas exhausted by the hot-water boiler is treated, and cleaning treatment and utilization of the flue gas are achieved. The patent with the publication number of CN108753843A utilizes the byproduct CO2 generated in the biogas engineering purification process to solve the problem of CO2 deficiency in greenhouse production in winter, meanwhile, according to the crop photosynthesis law, staged and precise CO2 release is achieved, and the agricultural production efficiency is greatly improved; and through CO2 gas fertilization, the maximum resource utilization of organic wastes is realized, and the carbon pollution of large biogas engineering is reduced. The patent with the publication number of CN207383068U provides a greenhouse CO2 gas applying device, CO2 can be automatically produced by utilizing a lime powder box and a diluted hydrochloric acid box, the CO2 is stored in a storage tank, and the generated CO2 is introduced into a greenhouse. The patent with the publication number CN108031238A, the patent with the publication number CN109258241A, the patent with the publication number CN206193515U and the like are similar methods for increasing the concentration of CO2 at home and abroad. However, the innovation point of the above patents lies in that the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse is increased through industrial means, and that the CO2 in the closed space is a source of carbon fertilizer is rarely reported.
Other inventors have tried to make innovations in the use of CO2. For example, the patent with the publication number of CN109534959A provides a method for decomposing sodium phenolate by utilizing CO2, a water phase containing sodium bicarbonate is generated, the PH value of the water phase is controlled, primary crude phenol is mixed with water for secondary decomposition, and high sodium phenolate decomposition rate and crude phenol content are achieved. The patent with the publication number of CN208667504U provides an electric burning lime kiln for generating electricity by recycling CO2, CO2 gas generated in lime production is used for generating electricity, lime is calcined by using electric energy, the electric burning lime kiln is simple and novel in structure and convenient to use and operate, the CO2 gas in lime production can be collected and recycled, and zero emission of CO2 is basically achieved. The patent with the publication number CN105819445A provides a method for sealing CO2 in deep sea, energy is released by utilizing energy storage and phase change of CO2, CO2 collection, compression, transportation and injection equipment is driven to carry out CO2 capture, dry ice preparation, transportation and injection into the seabed, green energy is fully utilized, the cost of the CO2 sealing process is effectively reduced, and atmospheric pollution and greenhouse effect are reduced. However, the utilization of CO2 in the above patents is limited, is basically based on industrial application, and is not tightly combined with actual work and life.

Movable carbon capture system applied to agriculture-harmonious buildings


A cylindrical lens array cannot be manufactured so that each cylindrical lens has the same radius of curvature and the same accuracy in the surface. Therefore, when the laser annealing is performed using the cylindrical lens array, the beam spots divided by the cylindrical lens array cannot be superposed completely in the same surface. As a result, there is a region where the energy is attenuated in the edge portion of the rectangular beam to be formed, and therefore the intensity distribution of the laser beam becomes inhomogeneous. In the present invention, the cylindrical lens array is used in combination with the optical waveguide. After dividing the laser beam in a predetermined direction by the cylindrical lens array, the divided beams are combined, and then the laser beam is incident into the optical waveguide that acts upon the same direction as the predetermined direction. This can correct the variation in the intensity of the laser beam due to the processing inaccuracy of the cylindrical lens array.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a beam homogenizer for homogenizing intensity distribution of a laser beam in a particular region of an irradiated surface. In addition, the present invention relates to a laser irradiation apparatus for irradiating the laser beam to the irradiated surface. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device having a crystalline semiconductor film formed using the laser irradiation apparatus.
2. Related Art
In recent years, a method for manufacturing a crystalline semiconductor film by irradiating a laser beam to a non-single crystal semiconductor film formed over a glass substrate has been extensively employed (this method is hereinafter referred to as laser annealing). It is noted that the term "crystalline semiconductor film" herein used means a semiconductor film having a crystallized region, and includes a semiconductor film having the crystallized region all over the surface thereof.
The glass substrate is less expensive than a synthetic quartz substrate, thereby having an advantage that a large substrate can be manufactured easily. On the other hand, the glass has a disadvantage that it has a lower melting point than the synthetic quartz. However, when the laser annealing is performed to the semiconductor film formed over the glass substrate, it is possible to give high temperature only to the semiconductor film without giving any thermal damages to the glass substrate. In addition, the laser annealing provides much higher throughput than heating means using an electrically heated oven.
Since the crystalline semiconductor film manufactured by the laser annealing has high mobility, the crystalline semiconductor film is extensively used as an active layer of TFT for a driver circuit constituting an active matrix liquid crystal display device, for example.
A laser beam emitted from an excimer laser is often employed as the laser beam. The excimer laser has advantages that it has high output, that it can oscillate the laser beam at high repetition rate, and that the absorption coefficient of the laser beam emitted from the excimer laser is high to a silicon film, which is often employed as the semiconductor film. And, the laser irradiation is performed in such a way that the laser beam is shaped through an optical system so as to have a rectangular shape on the irradiated surface, and that the irradiation position of the rectangular laser beam is moved relative to the irradiated surface. Since such a method provides a high productivity, it is superior industrially. It is noted that the laser beam having a rectangular shape on the irradiated surface is referred to as a rectangular beam in this specification.
Since the laser beam emitted from the laser oscillator has Gaussian intensity distribution in general, it is necessary to homogenize the intensity distribution of the laser beam on the irradiated surface in order to perform the uniform laser annealing. In recent years, in order to homogenize the intensity distribution, a method is often employed in which a cylindrical lens array is used to divide the laser beam in a predetermined direction and then the divided laser beams are superposed in the same surface. According to this method, a rectangular beam can be formed to have a length of 300 mm or more in the major axis and a length of 1 mm or less in the minor axis, and therefore it has become possible to perform the laser annealing efficiently to the semiconductor film formed over a large substrate.
When the cylindrical lens array is used, however, a processing accuracy of each cylindrical lens is a problem. The cylindrical lens array consists of a plurality of cylindrical lenses arranged and it is impossible to manufacture the respective cylindrical lenses so as to have the same radius of curvature and the same accuracy in their surfaces. As a result, since the beam spots divided by the cylindrical lens array cannot be superposed in the same irradiated surface completely, there is a region in the rectangular beam to be formed where the intensity distribution is attenuated. This can be a problem when performing the laser annealing to the semiconductor film. When the semiconductor film formed by the laser annealing using the rectangular beam having such inhomogeneous intensity distribution is used to manufacture a TFT, and moreover when this TFT is used to manufacture a liquid crystal or organic EL display, a stripe or a color variation may appear on the display.

Beam homogenizer, laser irradiation apparatus and method for manufacturing semiconductor device

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A verification system for a switch or other element in a digital transmission system includes a sample extraction means for tapping a input to the switch, and a similar means for tapping an output of the switch. Analogue features of the signal passing through the switch are tapped off and compared by pattern matching without demultiplexing digital data from the signal passing through the switch. The result of the match can be used to verify the switch has switched correctly, or to monitor other parameters such as cross-talk.

Digital transmission systems for communication usually include links in which many slower data streams are multiplexed together onto a single higher speed link. This higher speed link may be implemented by an optical transmission system. Such systems can be end to end links, or networks of optical links, with switching elements. Testing and verifying the elements of such an optical network can pose problems, particularly because the data rates are often very high.
It is known that connectivity through a network can be guaranteed by network layer protocols such as TCP/IP, which can request retransmission if some data does not arrive. At the physical data transfer level, path trace bytes can be inserted and checked to ensure a frame of data has been routed correctly. However, such methods involve demultiplexing the data stream, which only usually takes place at a terminal at the end of the path through the optical network.
Testing using analogue features is known, but only for limited purposes. It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,074 to obtain values of an optical signal before and after it passes through an optical amplifier. The values are subtracted to give a value for the noise introduced by the amplifier.
Other transmission systems in which analog signals are switched are known, such as old fashioned analogue telephone exchanges using relays. However, no attempt was made to verify connections, or compare input to output.
The present invention seeks to improve on such known arrangements.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a verification system for switching element in an optical network comprising means for comparing an optical signal before it is input to the switching element, with an optical signal after being output from the switching element, and means for verifying from the comparison whether the switching element has switched the input signal correctly.
Such a system enables verification of each element individually, to aid fault isolation, without requiring expensive data demultiplexing hardware for each element.
A preferred feature involves using a portion of the frequency spectrum of the signal, for the comparison. This facilitates rapid comparison, and may reduce the expense or the quantity of the hardware required.
The feature of the input signal which is chosen for comparison may be unique, or if not unique, then at least partially independent from other input signals.
This independence enables verification of connectivity, and enables a degree of confidence in the verification to be established.
If the comparison means compares the input and output signals by pattern matching, the degree of confidence in the correctness of the verification can be improved.
A further advantageous feature involves verifying a correct connection on the basis of a threshold determined on the basis of a predetermined cost of false verification, and a predetermined cost of false non verification. This enables the threshold to be determined so as to optimize the verification for circumstances in which the cost or effect of a false verification is different from that of a false non-verification.
If the switching element comprises a plurality of input paths, the verification system may need to determine which input path is currently being switched to the output path, so that the corresponding signal is compared with the output signal by the comparison means. This enables a single comparison means to be used for multiple possible paths through the switching element, which enables a reduction in the amount and expense of the comparison circuitry.
Advantageously, the system comprises means for comparing input and output signals for a plurality of different inputs to the switching element, and determining a degree of cross-talk between said inputs.
This enables another parameter to be tested using essentially the same hardware as is used for the verification of connection.
Advantageously, where the switching element a plurality of input signals, there may be a means for comparing a pair of set plurality of input signals, and determining a degree of matching between patterns in them. This can assist in obtaining the value of cross-talk between inputs, and furthermore, it may assist in determining a degree of independence between input signals, which can be used to determine the confidence level in the correctness of the verification result. Advantageously, the threshold may be determined according to a desired confidence level.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a signal analysis system for an element in a digital transmission system, comprising means for comparing an analogue feature of input signal of the element, with the same feature of a signal output from the element, wherein the comparing means is operable by pattern matching.
This enables a range of parameters of the element to be tested, or features of the element to be controlled, according to the result of the matching. By pattern matching features taken in analogue form from the signal passing through the element, rather than extracting digital features, the hardware can be simplified, and thus costs can be minimized. Advantageously, the element is a switching element, and the system comprises means for verifying from the matching result whether the switching element has switched the input signal correctly. This can be used either when setting up a new switching element, or for monitoring the performance of the element in service, to assist in detecting and isolating faults.
Advantageously, where the switching element has a plurality of input signals, the comparison means is arranged to compare the plurality of input signals with the output signal, and the system comprises means for determining the cross-talk between an input signal not switched to the output, and the output signal. This is one vital parameter of a switching element. Accordingly, fault isolation and determination of the cause of the fault can be facilitated if cross-talk can be determined.
Advantageously, the comparison means is arranged to compare the phase of a low frequency dither present of the input signal at a random phase, with a corresponding dither on the output signal. The use of a low frequency dither minimizes the disturbance to data traffic, while enabling detection with simpler hardware.
Another aspect of the invention provides a method of verifying the operation of a switching element in an optical transmission system, the method comprising the steps of: comparing an optical signal before it is input to the switching element, with an optical signal after being output from the switching element: and verifying from the comparison whether the switching element has switched the input signal correctly.
The invention will now be described by way of example, to show how it may be carried into effect, with reference to the drawings, in which;


Systems and methods are described for providing content recommendations by maintaining preference values indicative of a user's preference (e.g., degree of like or dislike) for different assets and updating these preference values based on observed events and known relationships between events and content elements. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for providing content recommendations using polarity scores, which represent how much user preferences for certain content differ from the average user preference for that content.

Modern recommendation applications typically provide one of three basic services: providing candidate recommended content for a user, providing candidate related content to an item or group of items, and defining a distance metric between users and content. Many such applications rely on techniques such as collaborative filtering, which may be reasonably successful with the first two services but fails to adequately provide the third service for any but the most mainstream content due to its inability to handle data sparsity, and often becomes intractably slow as the size of the content domain increases. Techniques like singular value decomposition improve on collaborative filtering's failures with sparse data, but also abstract and compress the data in a form that is no longer understandable by human administrators and thus cannot be readily edited or analyzed. Because details can make or break a recommendations platform, singular value decomposition techniques often fall short.

Systems and methods for providing media recommendations


To provide a resin composition, a pellet, a composite molded article, a method for manufacturing a composite molded article and a tank, all capable of enabling tight joining and integration of the polyacetal resin molded article and the polyethylene resin molded article, and of suppressing formaldehyde emission and occurrence of mold deposit. The resin composition contains a resin ingredient and melamine, the resin ingredient containing a polyacetal resin and a maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene resin, the polyacetal resin and the maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene resin following a mass proportion of (20 to 49):(80 to 51), and molar concentration of the maleic anhydride group capable of reacting with amino group of melamine contained in the resin composition being 5 to 25 μmol/g.

Polyacetal resin, one of engineering plastics, has widely been employed for example in automotive components, electric/electronic equipment components and OA components, for its excellent mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics, slidability and chemical resistance. Among these applications, those particularly benefited from excellent chemical resistance of the polyacetal resin are exemplified by fuel tank joining components that come in direct contact with gasoline or other fuels, such as flange, valve, tube and so forth to be connected to automotive fuel tank.
On the other hand, polyethylene resin has been increasingly employed as a material for automotive fuel tank, for the purpose of reducing vehicle weight and improving fuel economy.
Now, as a method of attaching fuel tank joining components formed of the polyacetal resin to the fuel tank formed of polyethylene resin, there has been known a method of welding the polyacetal resin and the polyethylene resin. Weldability at the interface between the polyacetal resin and the polyethylene resin is however poor in most cases, so that the weld part could easily separate under external force, causing leakage of volatile fuel through the interface of the resins. In particular, such fuel leakage has been more strictly regulated worldwide, since the fuel with large volatility could invite air pollution. There has therefore been a strong need for a technology that enables joining and integration of a polyacetal resin molded article and a polyethylene resin molded article.
As an example of integration of a polyacetal resin and a different kind of material, Patent Literature 1 describes a structure as below:
a thermoplastic resin joined structure that includes two or more kinds of resin ingredient, having at least one structure in which two adjoining ingredients are (A) ingredient and (B) ingredient below:
(A) ingredient; a resin composition that includes 5 to 80% by mass, relative to the total mass of the (A) ingredient, of a polyacetal resin (referred to as (A-1) ingredient, hereinafter), and 20 to 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the (A) ingredient, of one or more kinds of resin composition selected from polyolefin resin, olefinic elastomer or hydrogenated butadiene-based elastomer (referred to as (A-2) ingredient, hereinafter); and (B) ingredient; a thermoplastic resin.

Resin composition, pellet, composite molded article, method for manufacturing composite molded article and tank


A standing valve assembly comprises a flow cage, a ball seat, and a valve ball. The flow cage includes a cage body defining an axial fluid passage therethrough, and a bridge extending across the fluid passage. The cage body and the bridge collectively define a plurality of openings to the fluid passage. The valve ball is received between the bridge and the ball seat and is axially movable within the flow cage. The bridge has an upper face and defines at least one guide ramp in the upper face. Each guide ramp extends at a downward angle to a respective one of the plurality of openings.

In hydrocarbon recovery operations, an artificial lift system is typically used to recover fluids from a well in a subterranean earth formation. Common artificial lift systems include reciprocating pumps such as sucker rod pumps. The pump may generally comprise a plunger disposed within a barrel and a valve system. The plunger is moved up and down within the barrel in order to draw fluids to the surface. More particularly, the plunger may be coupled to a lower end of a reciprocating rod or rod string, for example. The rod string may be referred to as a "sucker rod."
The valve system may include a standing valve and a travelling valve. The standing valve may be positioned at the bottom of the barrel, and the travelling valve may be coupled to a bottom end of the plunger. On the downstroke, pressure differentials may close the standing valve and open the travelling valve. Fluids in the barrel may thereby pass upward through the travelling valve and plunger during the downstroke. On the upstroke, reversed pressure differentials may close the travelling valve and open the standing valve. Fluids above the travelling valve maybe moved upward by motion of the plunger, and fluids from the earth formation or reservoir may enter the barrel (below the plunger) via the standing valve.
The standing valve and the travelling valve may each be a respective ball check valve. A ball check valve may comprise a ball in a flow cage that can move between a first position in which flow is blocked and a second position in which fluid may flow through the cage. Typically, in a flow blocking position, the valve ball sits on a ball seat (such as a ring) and blocks fluid flow through an opening (hole) in the ball seat. It may be desired for one or both of the standing and travelling valves to be held open for fluid, liquid, gas, or steam to pass through. By way of example, both valves may be held open for draining of fluids and/or insertion of steam or other fluids. One method of opening a standing valve, for example, is by lowering a tool with a "spoon bill" or "probe" such that the probe is inserted into the standing valve flow cage to mechanically unseat the valve ball.
The probe must pass through an opening in the standing flow cage to engage the ball. However, the probe may be misaligned and instead strike the top of the flow cage, potentially being blocked from engaging the ball and/or causing damage to the flow cage. In this situation, a rig or other equipment such as a flushby may be needed at the wellhead to pull back the probe, align the probe with an opening of the cage, and re-lower the probe. The rig may, for example, may need to turn the pump sucker rods to align the probe.
Another potential problem of conventional standing valve assemblies is vibration and lateral movement of a valve ball within the standing valve flow cage during production. While the valve ball is unseated (e.g., during the upstroke) fluid flow forces through the flow cage may cause the valve ball to vibrate within the flow cage, thereby causing or accelerating wear of the flow cage and/or ball.

Standing valve assembly and related systems for downhole reciprocating pump


Disclosed is a sensing magnet apparatus for an motor, the apparatus including a disk-shaped plate centrally inserted by a rotation shaft, a ring-shaped sensing magnet so installed as to surface-contact an upper surface of the plate, formed at a position near to a periphery with a main magnet, and formed at a position near to a through hole with a sub magnet, and a separation inhibition unit physically coupling the plate and the sensing magnet to maintain the coupled state between the plate and the sensing magnet.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to a sending magnet apparatus for motor.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Generally, almost every vehicle employs an electric power-assist steering system. Such an electric power-assist steering system generates an assist force based on the steering torque and the steering angle, so as to enhance the steering performance of the vehicle.
That is, a steering system that assists a steering force of a vehicle with a separate power is used to enhance the motion stability of a vehicle.
Conventionally, the auxiliary steering device uses hydraulic pressure, but an Electronic Power Steering (EPS) system adapted to transmit a rotation output of an electric motor to a steering shaft via a speed reduction mechanism has been increasingly employed these days from a viewpoint of a reduction in engine load, a reduction in weight, an enhanced steering stability and a quick restoring force.
The EPS system is configured such that an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) drives a motor in response to steering conditions detected by a speed sensor, a torque angle sensor and a torque sensor to enhance a steering stability and provide a quick restoring force, whereby a driver can safely steer a vehicle.
The EPS system is also configured such that a motor assists a torque manipulating a steering wheel to allow a driver to steer a vehicle with less power, where the motor employs a Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor.
The BLDC motors have been increasingly used because the brushless motors are excellent in maintenance property, have a small size, and are capable of generating a high torque.
The BLDC motor generally forms an exterior look by coupling of a housing and a cover member, where an inner circumferential surface of the housing is provided with a stator, and the stator is centrally formed with a rotor rotatably mounted in electrical interaction with the stator. The rotor is rotatably supported by a rotation shaft, and an upper surface of the rotation shaft is connected by a steering shaft of a vehicle to provide a power assisting the steering of the vehicle as mentioned above.
Meanwhile, the cover member is installed at an inner side with a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) mounted with a detecting sensor provided by a magnetic element. The detecting sensor serves to detect a magnetic force of a sensing magnet rotatably mounted with the rotor to learn a current position of the rotor. Generally, the sensing magnet is fixed to an upper surface of a plate mounted at an upper surface of the rotor using an adhesive. In a case the sensing magnet is magnetized to the plate, the plate is coupled to a rotation shaft in tune with a direction of magnetic field to detect a position of the rotor.
Meanwhile, as mentioned above, the plate and the sensing magnet are coupled using an adhesive. Thus, it is difficult to manage an accurate adhering process, whereby the sensing magnet may be easily dislodged. Particularly, in view of vehicular characteristics of varying environmental conditions, and in light of the coupled relationship being maintained only by an adhesive power alone of the adhesive, if the motor is alternatively used in between a high temperature state and a low temperature state, or is exposed to a high temperature state for a long time, the adhesive power of the adhesive deteriorates to cause the sensing magnet to be dislodged or to disable a motor driving.
This structure suffers from a difficulty in selecting a right adhesive, leading to an economic problem of using a high cost adhesive, and a more accurate operation in adhesive coating processing. Furthermore, in a case the plate and the sensing magnet are being pressed while the adhesive is coated on a flat surface of a magnet, or in a case an adhesive is thickly coated, the adhesive coated on the surface of the magnet may leak out of an adhered part, or an excessively thick adhesive layer may be formed to cause a Hall element and a sensing magnet to be excessively closely arranged or to be mutually interfered.


A red organic light-emitting compound which has a superior heat-resistance and is capable of adjusting the color of the emitted light, and an organic light-emitting device including the same are disclosed. The organic light-emitting compound has the structure of the following chemical formula, and the organic light-emitting device includes the first electrode having a high work function; the second electrode having a low work function; and at least one organic layer formed between the first electrode and the second electrode, which includes the red organic light-emitting compound, wherein, X is C, O, S, SO2 or N; Y is S or —CR11═CR12—; R1, R2, R3, R11 and R12 can be the same or different, and are hydrogen, alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkoxy group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, aryl or heteroaryl group of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, heterocyclic group of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, or fused ring group of 4 to 24 carbon atoms; R4 and R5 can be the same or different, and are the functional group defined for R1 or O; when R4 and R5 are O. R4 and R5 can be connected to form a heterociclyc ring; is the functional group defined for R1 or amine group; and n is 1, 2 or 3.

An organic light-emitting device, which is generally called as EL (Electroluminescence device), is one of the representative flat-panel display devices along with Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Plasma Display Panel (PDP), and Field Emission Display (FED). The organic light-emitting device does not require a back-light for light-emitting, and can be manufactured into a thin film and flexible type device, and mass-produced by the well-known film fabrication techniques. In addition, the EL is a self-light emitting device. Therefore, the EL has not only a fast response speed but also an excellent brightness and wide viewing angle. Also, the EL can be operated with a low driving voltage, and display full colors in a visible region.
In the organic light-emitting device, an organic light-emitting layer having a light-emitting property is interposed between a transparent electrode made of ITO having a high work function and a metal electrode made of Mg having a low work function. When a voltage is applied to the electrodes, holes and electrons are generated at the electrodes, and recombined at the organic light-emitting layer to induce a light-emission. To produce a full-color organic light-emitting device, it is necessary to prepare organic light-emitting compounds for emitting red (R), green (G) or blue (B) light. Such organic light-emitting compounds are disclosed in various references, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,852,683, 3,986,140, 4,012,376, 4,146,707, 4,769,292, 5,018,160, 5,294,869, 5,409,783, 5,492,942, 5,908,581, and 5,935,720, "Design and Synthesis of Red Dopants for Electroluminescence" (C. H. Chen and C. W. Tang, Chemistry of Functional Dyes, Vol. 2, pp. 536–543 (1993)), "Electroluminescence of Doped Organic Thin Films" (C. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke, and C. H. Chen, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 65, pp. 3610–3616 (1989)), "Red-light-emitting organic electroluminescent devices with bisanil dye as emitter" (Junsheng YU, Zhijian CHEN, and Seizo MIYATA, Jpn. J. Appl. phys. Vol. 40(2001) pp. 3201–3205) et al.
Among the organic light-emitting compounds, 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM), which emits the light having the wavelength of 590 nm, and 4-dicyanomethylene-6-cp-julolidinostyryl-2-tert-butyl-4H-pyran (DCJTB), which emits the light having the wavelength of 630 nm and is one of the derivatives of DCM, are conventionally used as the red organic light-emitting compound. The red organic light-emitting compound having the DCM structure is produced by substituting a substituent, such as alkyl group, to nitrogen. Therefore, the compound having the DCM structure has a low heat resistance, which results in the decrease of the life span of the organic light-emitting device.

Red organic light-emitting compound and organic light-emitting device comprising the same