A vertical and horizontal scanning correction system for generating vertical and horizontal scanning correction signals for an image display device which displays therewith an image having consistent vertical and horizontal image dimensions regardless of the vertical positioning thereof includes a vertical ramp generator and scanning correction circuit and a horizontal scanning correction circuit which are both controlled by a vertical position control signal and together maintain consistent vertical and horizontal image dimensions regardless of the vertical positioning thereof. The vertical ramp generator and scanning correction circuit includes a multiplier circuit which receives, processes and multiplies a ramp signal to produce a third order current signal component representing a third order product of the voltage ramp signal as part of the vertical scanning correction signal. The horizontal scanning correction circuit includes a signal rectifier and second and fourth order signal generators which, based upon the vertical ramp and scanning correction signal, generate a rectified signal and second and fourth order signals which represent second and fourth order products of the rectified signal. The vertical ramp and scanning correction signal and second and fourth order signals are individually scaled and combined in accordance with a set of gain control signals to produce the horizontal scanning correction signal.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to vertical and horizontal scanning correction systems for video displays, and in particular, to vertical and horizontal scanning correction systems for large video displays with flat screens.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the display areas, or screens, of video displays have become larger and flatter, maintaining geometrically correct, e.g., linear, vertical and horizontal raster dimensions has become more problematic. This is particularly true for shallower cathode ray tubes (CRTs) due to the greater angles (vertical and horizontal) of deflection of the electron beams which create the raster. As is well known in the art, the reason for distortions in the larger and flatter screens is that the comers of such screens are further from the point of deflection of the electron beams as compared with the center of the screen. Thus, the electron beams are moved along greater horizontal and vertical dimensions at the extreme angles of deflection, i.e., the corners.
Referring to FIGS. 1A-1D, examples of some common raster distortions include: east-west pincushion (FIG. 1A); trapezoidal (FIG. 1B); east-west pincushion unbalance, or bow (FIG. 1C); and asymmetrical trapezoidal, or parallelogram (FIG. 1D). Pincushion distortion results primarily from the fact that in a cathode ray tube (CRT) the traveling distance of the electron beam from the electron gun to the picture tube screen is longer at the four corners than for the center region of the screen. Hence, for a given angular change in deflection, the electron beam is moved a greater distance across the screen at the comers than in the center region, as represented in FIG. 2.
Other asymmetries are often introduced due to the quality and/or alignment of the deflection yoke on the neck of the CRT. Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, distortion along the vertical dimension is also common. While north-south pincushion distortion is generally corrected by a self-converging deflection yoke (designed for converging the three electron beams from the R,G and B electron guns to the same color dot triplet) vertical deflection is nonetheless often distorted due to the aforementioned increase in electron beam deflection at the outer regions of the display. However, such vertical deflection distortion, the effect of which is image elongation near the top and bottom edges of the raster, can be corrected by introducing some "S" shaping to the otherwise linear sawtooth signal which controls the vertical deflection. Hence, as shown in FIG. 4, by shaping the ramp portion of the sawtooth vertical deflection control signal to resemble an "S" rather than a straight line, the distorted raster of FIG. 3A can be corrected to appear as the raster shown in FIG. 3B.
Referring to FIG. 5, similar correction of east-west distortions can be made by amplitude modulating the envelope of the sawtooth signal which controls horizontal deflection, as well as adding a signal component at the vertical field frequency for correcting east-west unbalance distortions.
Conventional vertical and horizontal scanning control systems used to correct such vertical and horizontal distortions, have, to various degrees, suffered from a number of problems. For example, the signal used to generate the "S-curve" shaping for the vertical linearity correction should be a waveform having a parabolic shape, or an approximation thereof. One technique for achieving such a shape has been to approximate a parabolic curve by performing a full-wave rectification of the sawtooth vertical scanning signal. However, full-wave rectification is not perfectly symmetrical. While the typical symmetry of the rectified signal may be adequate for smaller displays, larger displays, particularly those with flatter screens, require much greater precision and symmetry to avoid non-linear scan lines at the outermost areas of the raster. Furthermore, for displays having flat screens, the second order nature of a parabolic signal is insufficient for providing adequate correction at the very top and bottom of the raster.
Another problem experienced by conventional displays involves horizontal correction for very large displays having flat screens. As noted above for the case of vertical correction, the second order nature of a parabolic waveform is insufficient for providing adequate horizontal correction for large displays with flat screens. Additionally, even if adequate vertical and horizontal correction can be achieved, adjustment of the vertical positioning of the raster within the display area causes the vertical center of the raster to change, thereby affecting the position at which maximum horizontal correction is applied, and thereby making such correction non-symmetrical along the sides of the raster.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to have a vertical and horizontal scanning control system for large video displays with flat screens which avoids or otherwise compensates for the foregoing problems associated with present conventional systems.

Vertical and horizontal scanning correction system for video display


The lightweight elevator interior includes wall panels and a ceiling structure. In the preferred embodiment there is a layered effect created by a first applied layer of trim, partially covered by a second layer of wall panels. The thickness of the wall panels results in a front layer of laminate, and a rear layer of metal trim. The result fully hides the cab interior while maintaining the low profile of the lightweight elevator interior. The trim is preferably constructed from a reflective material, such as stainless steel. Because the trim bridges/crosses the corners of the cab interior, it is laser stitch cut, the trim shipped flat, and then bent to fit on-site. The wall panels are preferably constructed from a lightweight structural plastic panel. On one side is a decorative laminate, on the other side is a double-sided adhesive tape.

Elevators include both mechanical elements and aesthetic, or interior, elements.
The mechanical elements allow the elevator to move between floors, open and close, and take user input. But with the exception of freight elevators, users have little contact with the mechanical elements of an elevator.
Instead, users are surrounded by paneling and lighting that covers the mechanical elements of the elevator, resulting in the user only being aware of the appealing interior, without contacting the rough, utilitarian mechanisms.
Thus, while an interior is desirable, it affects the performance of the elevator by acting as permanent cargo. An elevator has a weight limit, and every bolt and nut added beyond the mechanical elements reduces the weight of passengers, luggage, and cargo that the elevator can safely carry.
Elevator interiors are typically constructed from thick, dense materials, such as ¾″ thick medium-density fiberboard, that is hung against the wall and ceiling using Z-clips and threaded rods.
Ceilings, for example, are typically too heavy to be lifted by hand, instead requiring winches to lift into place.
Furthermore, each installation is custom, with panels cut to fit and installed on-site over the course of several days.
The resulting system is costly due to material consumption, custom installation, and added 1,500 pounds to an elevator.
As elevators have become simpler and more compact, there has emerged a need for lighter interiors to increase load available for passengers and cargo.
What is needed is a lightweight, east-to-install elevator interior.


A sealant having a specific gravity in the range of from about 0.7 to about 1.6 for heavy oil and/or coal bed methane fields is disclosed. The sealant has a binder including an oxide or hydroxide of Al or of Fe and a phosphoric acid solution. The binder may have MgO or an oxide of Fe and/or an acid phosphate. The binder is present from about 20 to about 50% by weight of the sealant with a lightweight additive present in the range of from about 1 to about 10% by weight of said sealant, a filler, and water sufficient to provide chemically bound water present in the range of from about 9 to about 36% by weight of the sealant when set. A porous ceramic is also disclosed.

In particular, the invention relates to a formulation that has a specific gravity between about 0.7 and about 1.6 is rich in silica fume or an acceptable substitute and hence contains high proportions of water as well as fly ash, and entrains air and thus provides higher yields compared the conventional cements.
Oil recovery from heavy oil and CBM fields requires sealants or cements that are tolerant to steam, carbon dioxide, and also hydrogen sulfide. Portland cement based formulations do not perform well in such environments. Phosphate cements, being tolerant to steam and other named gases, are more likely to be successful. The formulations disclosed earlier, such as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,561,269 and 6,910,537, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference, however, need to be suitably modified to increase the yield and lower the cost, be tolerant to steam injection, so that they can effectively compete with the cements used at present in such fields. This invention includes such formulations.
The sealants or cements for heavy oil and CBM fields must satisfy the following requirements:
1. The cements should be ultralight to match the density of the formation. Heavier cements tend to fracture the formation resulting in water intrusion during setting of the cements.
2. The cements should be tolerant to steam injection and stable in hydrocarbon and sulfide and sulfate environments.
3. The cost of these cements should be low.


Providing change information includes obtaining information of a change track that changes software source code, wherein the change track includes a change item, identifying at least one preliminary candidate change item from the change item, wherein the preliminary candidate change item is a change item causing execution of the source code to change, and inserting an instrument in the source code at a location corresponding to the at least one preliminary candidate change item so information of at least one candidate change item is outputted in testing the source code using a test case. The at least one candidate change item is a change item related to the test case from the at least one preliminary candidate change item. The information of a change track is combined with the information of a candidate change item. The change-related information is provided based on the result of the combination.

In the process of software development, a developer composes source code with respect to a function to be achieved by software, and then a tester utilizes test cases to test the software that is built from the source code. Generally, the composing of the source code is completed step-by-step. The developer(s) (generally many developers for large-scale software) continually submit change tracks to the source code, so as to change, supplement and complete the source code. Then, there exists such a case where software built from a certain version of the source code may pass the test by test cases, but software, with several change tracks being added, cannot run properly and fails to pass the test by the same test cases. This phenomenon is named as software regression. In order to eliminate software regression, the developer needs to find out the change track causing software regression, and this is named as regression identification. The change track causing software regression is usually named as a defective change track.
A plurality of ways are used in the prior art to identify a defective change track, that is, to perform regression identification. In one solution, a test is performed in turn for a plurality of added change tracks. If software can pass the test at a certain change track i but cannot pass the test at the next change track (i+1), then the place of the change track (i+1) can be identified as a regression point, and the change track (i+1) can be identified as a defective change track. The solution can be combined with dichotomy to improve identification efficiency. For example, for n change tracks, the test starts from the place of n/2. If the test passes at the place of n/2, then the test is further performed at the intermediate between n/2 and n; if the test does not pass at the place of 2/n, then the test is further performed at the intermediate between the change track 1 and change track n/2, until the defective track defined hereinabove is identified. In such a solution, time spent by regression identification relies on the number n of change tracks, time b spent by each build and time t spent by test. On average, time spent for identifying a regression point is n/2*(b+t). For development and test of large-scale software, b and t may be very large, whereby such an identification process will take a very long time.
In another solution, each time a change track is submitted, software is re-built and tested. If software cannot pass the test by test cases, the newly added change track will be judged as a defective change track. Such a solution may easily determine a regression point. However, this solution increases the frequency of build and test significantly. For the development of some large-scale software, build and test with high frequency is unrealistic.
In addition to consuming more time and effort, the above solutions may determine the regression point, but cannot provide more detailed information so as to provide suggestions to developers as to debugging and error correction.

Method and apparatus for providing change-related information

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A method is provided for determining the three dimensional coordinates of points on the surface of an object. The method includes providing a structured light scanner and a coordinate measurement device. The coordinate measurement device tracks the location and orientation of the structured light scanner during operation. The location and orientation data is combined with image frames captured by the scanner to allow registration of the image frames relative to each other. The three-dimensional coordinates of points on the surface of the object may then be determined in the frame of reference of the coordinate measurement device.

The subject matter disclosed herein relates to a system and method of acquiring three-dimensional coordinates of points on a surface of an object and in particular to a system and method of operating a laser tracker in conjunction with a scanner device to track the position and orientation of the scanner device during operation.
The acquisition of three-dimensional coordinates of an object or an environment may be known using a variety of measurement devices. An environment is defined to be the collection of object surfaces within range of a measurement device. One type of measurement device is a time-of-flight system such as a laser tracker that directs a beam of light such as a laser beam toward a retroreflector target to be measured. In an embodiment, an absolute distance meter is used to determine the distance from the tracker to the retroreflector target based on a length of time it takes the light to travel to the target and return. By placing the retroreflector target in contact with an object surface, the coordinates of the object surface may be determined. A laser tracker directs the beam of light in a selected direction by rotating two axes with motors. The angles of rotation of the two axes are measured with angular transducers such as angular encoders. By measuring the one distance and two angles, a laser tracker may determine the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the retroreflector target. Some laser trackers have additional capability of measuring orientation of a target, thereby providing measurements of six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF).
An alternative to a time-of-flight measurement device is a scanning system that determines 3D coordinates based on triangulation principles. System such as laser trackers that make use of time-of-flight distance meters in some cases are more accurate than triangulation scanners, but triangulation scanners may be faster because they project a plurality of light spots onto the surface at each instant in time.
A triangulation scanner projects either a line of light (e.g. light from a laser line probe) or a pattern of light over an area (e.g. structured light) onto the surface. In the system, a camera is coupled to a projector in a fixed mechanical relationship. The projected pattern of light emitted from the projector is reflected off of the surface and imaged by the camera. Since the camera and projector are arranged in a fixed relationship, the distance and angles to the object may be determined from the projected pattern, the captured camera images and a baseline distance separating the projector and the camera according to trigonometric principles. Triangulation systems provide advantages in quickly acquiring 3D coordinate data over large areas.
In some systems, during the scanning process, the scanner acquires a series of 3D images, which may be registered relative to each other so that the position and orientation of each 3D image relative to the other 3D images is known. If the scanner is stationary, such registration is not necessarily. Similarly if the scanner is attached to a mechanical device having the ability to measure the position and orientation of the scanner, it is not necessary to provide such registration. Examples of such mechanical devices include articulated arm CMMs and Cartesian CMMs. Where the scanner is handheld and hence movable, various techniques may be used to register the images. One common technique uses features in the images to match overlapping areas of adjacent image frames. This technique works well when the object being measured has many features relative to the field of view of the scanner. However, if the object contains a relatively large flat or curved surface, the images may not properly register relative to each other.
Accordingly, while existing coordinate measurement devices are suitable for their intended purposes, the need for improvement remains, particularly in improving the registration of images acquired by a scanner device.

Compensation of a structured light scanner that is tracked in six degrees-of-freedom


Embodiments of the present invention provide a method, system and computer program product for directional optimization of policy statements for a Web service. In an embodiment of the invention, a method for directional optimization of policy statements in a policy document can be provided. The method can include loading a policy document referenced for a Web service, extracting a policy from the policy document, and determining whether the extracted policy is bi-directional or direction agnostic. A single run time presentation for the extracted policy can be created when the extracted policy is direction agnostic. Otherwise, separate run time presentations can be created for each direction of the extracted policy when the extracted policy is bi-directional.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of Web services and more particularly to policy processing in a policy document.
Description of the Related Art
The achievement of universal interoperability between applications by using Web standards remains the principal goal of Web Services. Web Services use a loosely coupled integration model to allow flexible integration of heterogeneous systems in a variety of domains including business-to-consumer, business-to-business and enterprise application integration. The following basic specifications originally defined the Web Services space: the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), the Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI). SOAP defines an XML messaging protocol for basic service interoperability. WSDL introduces a common grammar for describing services. UDDI provides the infrastructure required to publish and discover services in a systematic way. Together, these specifications allow applications to find each other and interact following a loosely coupled, platform-independent model.
Presently, the interaction model that is directly supported by WSDL essentially can be viewed as a stateless model of synchronous or uncorrelated asynchronous interactions. Models for business interactions typically assume sequences of peer-to-peer message exchanges, both synchronous and asynchronous, within stateful, long-running interactions involving two or more parties. Nevertheless, systems integration requires more than the mere ability to conduct simple interactions by using standard protocols. The full potential of Web Services as an integration platform will be achieved only when applications and business processes are able to integrate their complex interactions by using a standard process integration model.
WS-Policy is a specification that allows Web services to use XML to advertise the message exchange policies of the Web service, such as relates to security, and Quality of Service, for Web service consumers to specify policy requirements. WS-Policy represents a set of specifications that describe the capabilities and constraints of the security (and other business) policies on intermediaries and endpoints. Examples include required security tokens, supported encryption algorithms, and privacy rules, to name a few. WS-Policy further specifies how to associate policies with services and endpoints.
A policy according to WS-Policy can be attached at different portions of the WSDL structure so that the policy domain is left to define the combining rules when different policies of the same domain appear within the same branch of a WSDL tree. Because a WSDL message part can be used in a particular message exchange—whether request or response—a policy statement inherently can be bi-directional. In particular, new messaging specifications, such as WS-Addressing, supply endpoint references to a WSDL document. The inclusion of policy statements in different endpoint references have resulted and those policy statements are inherently bi-directional. Accordingly, the management process undertaken in response to a particular policy can vary depending upon the direction of a message, e.g. whether the message is a request or a response.

Directional optimization for policy evaluation

International Business Machines Corporation


A semiconductor integrated circuit device including a dummy via is disclosed. In the semiconductor integrated circuit device, problems such as reduction in the designability and increase in fabrication cost which result from the existence of a dummy wire connected to the dummy via are suppressed. The semiconductor integrated circuit device includes a substrate and three or more wiring layers formed on the substrate. The dummy via connects between a first wiring layer and a second wiring layer. The dummy wire connected to the dummy via exists in the second wiring layer. A protrusion amount of the dummy wire is smaller than a protrusion amount of an intermediate wire included in a stacked via structure.

The present disclosure relates to a wiring structure of a semiconductor integrated circuit device which includes multilayer wiring layers.
As a result of the progress in miniaturization, the techniques of positioning a dummy via have been used in the semiconductor fabrication process to increase uniformity of a multilayer wiring structure when forming a via hole. Specifically, physical restrictions on via density for assuring planarization are determined as design rules for layout design, and a dummy via is positioned to meet the physical restrictions on via density. The dummy via avoids isolation of an effective via and contributes to achieve a planar device surface.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2007-305713 discloses an example technique of positioning a dummy via efficiently.


A display device used in a vehicle for displaying virtual images includes: a display including a light source to emit image light and a screen on which the image light is projected; and a controller to adjust positions at which the virtual images are displayed. Images displayed on the screen are projected as the virtual images. The virtual images include first and second virtual images displayed at different positions. The display displays, on the screen, a first adjustment image that is projected to a display area of the first virtual image and a second adjustment image that is projected to a display area of the second virtual image. The controller adjusts a position of the display area of the first virtual image and a position of the display area of the second virtual image on a basis of the first adjustment image and the second adjustment image.

A head up display (referred to below as a HUD) for a vehicle displays drive support information as a virtual image in front of a windshield as viewed from the driver. The drive support information is, for example, speed indication, navigation information, or the like. The driver can see a forward scene of the vehicle and the drive support information. The forward scene of the vehicle and the drive support information are superimposed. This allows the driver to reduce the time required to move the line of sight or adjust the focus during driving. This can reduce the driver's fatigue or improve safety. "Forward scene" refers to a scene seen ahead.
The driver drives while viewing the environment. Thus, the viewing point of the driver is not fixed and moves to various positions. Also, the distance from the eye position of the driver to the viewing point varies from near distance to far distance. At this time, when the position of the viewing point in the forward scene of the vehicle and the display position of the virtual image are at different distances from the driver's eyes, the driver cannot simultaneously see the forward scene and virtual image while focusing on them. Thus, there is proposed a method of adjusting the distance from the driver to the virtual image to the distance to the forward scene of the vehicle (for example, Patent Literature 1).
Patent Literature 1 discloses a method that changes the display distance of the virtual image by using a concave mirror as a turning mirror and moving a display as an object point. Specifically, a virtual image control method of Patent Literature 1 controls the display distance of the virtual image in a depth direction without changing the display position of the virtual image as viewed from the driver.


A hydraulic shield support is disclosed with at least two adjustable-length hydraulic props supporting a dedicated shield, which are connected through a control bank to a hydraulic fluid supply and borne on base shoes, and to which a pressure in excess of the pressure of the hydraulic fluid may be applied in the set condition of the shield support. In order to provide almost any pressure level at each shield support at a deep face in a simple way, the shield support has at least one pressure intensifier located in a hydraulic pipe system between the hydraulic fluid supply and the hydraulic props, with an oscillating intensifier piston in the form a differential piston effecting the increase in pressure. The low pressure inlet of the pressure intensifier is connected to the setting pressure pipes upstream, and its high-pressure outlet downstream, of a hydraulically-releasable non-return valve.

The present discovery relates to a hydraulic shield support such as may be used in underground mining. The shield support includes at least two adjustable-length hydraulic props borne on base shoes and supporting a shield, which may be connected through a control bank to a hydraulic fluid supply system. A pressure in excess of the pressure of the hydraulic fluid may be applied in the set condition of the shield support. The shield support may be a stope shield support, but the present discovery is not limited thereto.
In deep mining, hydraulic supports are used to keep the face or working area free and to support the so-called roof. In particular, they may take the form of lemniscate shields, as for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,815,898, 6,056,481 or 5,743,679, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The main or roof shield is supported by double acting, preferably multiple-stage hydraulic props, which are counter-borne on the base shoes. Setting or removing the shields takes place as a function of pilot signals from an electrical control unit, which automatically activates the actuators, such as e.g. electromagnets, allocated to the hydraulic actuation valves in the control banks. In the hydraulic shield supports currently used in deep mining, a setting pressure of approximately 320 bar may be applied to the hydraulic props and may subsequently be increased to a maximum pressure of approximately 400 bar to support the load of the rock. Both pressures are applied through the control bank.
Provision of the increased pressure through a second, supplementary supply system is known from DE 101 16 916 A1, hereby incorporated by reference. The provision of a principal supply system for a pressure of approximately 300 bar may keep the volume flows, which the supplementary supply system must be able to deliver for the pressure of approximately 400 bar, low, and mean that the supplementary supply system can be embodied with comparatively small cross-sections. This approach requires the laying of a second hydraulic supply system throughout the entire face, in addition to the principal supply system.
There is a constant demand for longer faces and higher-capacity winning and conveyor systems for the economic mining of coal or other minerals from deep faces. Consequently, the roof surface area to be supported by shield supports in the face area increases constantly. To support the rock, it is thus necessary to increase the resistance which can be applied to the shield by the hydraulic props. Fundamentally, the number of hydraulic props, their effective diameter or the pressure of the hydraulic fluid may be increased for this purpose.


In a method for operation of medical-technical computer applications in a computer network with a central computer and a number of peripheral computers, the central computer allocates resources among the respective peripheral computers for usage of the computer applications. For this purpose, a priority level is associated with each of the peripheral computers and/or the users of the peripheral computers. The central computer then provides the individual peripheral computers with the specific resources in an allocation that is dependent on their associated priority level. A computer network has a central computer and a number of peripheral computers and implements the foregoing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a method and a computer network for operation of medical-technical computer applications in the network.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The operation of medical-technical computer applications in a computer network requires that particular attention be directed to the installation sites of the computer. As used herein "computer application or computer applications" means applications that can be utilized by a peripheral computer, for example programs for controlling apparatuses, for observation and evaluation of images, for information acquisition etc. In contrast to computer networks for use in administration operations, or by financial service providers, or by production operations or agencies, medical-technical computer applications are used in hospitals, medical practices or emergency clinics. In that context, an error-free and time-saving functioning of the medical-technical computer application is essential because human lives may be at stake. This necessity in medial technical computer applications outweighs the economical utilization of a computer application that may be more important in a different operation context.
Various installation sites are possible for medical-technical computer applications such as, for example, an emergency ward of a hospital in which work is conducted under the highest time pressure and highest concentration. Installation sites within a hospital are also possible at which reaction speeds are of subordinate importance. Such installation sites are, for example, an archive or a library of the same hospital. In an emergency ward, seconds or minutes can decide between life and death of a just-admitted patient. In the library, by contrast, a longer wait time is of lesser importance. For example, a nurse's station or a chief physician's console also differ in terms of their importance as installation sites for a computer or a computer application in a hospital. A chief physician requires a medical-technical computer application, possibly for assessment of a just-admitted, critically ill patient; a nurse at the nurse's station checks the medication of a patient at his or her station with the same computer application. The different importance is apparent.

Method and computer network for operation of medical technical computer applications at respective networked computers


A C-beam constructed to satisfy RMI and MHI standards for supporting two 2500 lb pallets over a 96 inch span and exhibit acceptable deflection, within industry safety specifications, that previously had only been satisfied by 4 inch C-beams of over 4 lb/ft, by optimizing the web thickness and the upper and lower flange dimensions. The beam is constructed, adapted, configured and dimensioned, such that it can weigh less than about 3.7 lb/ft, even less than about 3.55 lb/ft, and when supported at each end, will support an evenly distributed load of over 2400 lb, even 2500 lb, with a deflection of less than about 1/180 of its length.

Storage rack systems are commonly used in warehouses, department stores, and storage facilities to store products thereon. Storage systems containing a plurality of storage racks may hold and support large amounts and often heavy materials. Often, the goods are stored on pallets, which can weigh 2000, 2400, 3000 pounds or more when fully loaded.
Storage rack systems often employ a number of vertical columns that are sturdily positioned on a base or floor. A plurality of horizontal supporting beams is often fastened to the vertical columns, such as with bolts or rivets. Typically, a number of horizontal support members are positioned directly on and substantially perpendicular to the horizontal supporting beams to provide a supporting surface for shelves, pallets, mesh surfaces, etc.
The horizontal supporting beams can be costly. They can also be heavy and therefore expensive to transport and difficult to handle safely. Accordingly, it has been desirable to provide a horizontal support beam that is strong enough to support a 2400 or 3000 pound pallet, but lighter in weight and less expensive to produce, as compared to conventional horizontal beams.
Standards for the safety and testing protocols of structures for industrial rack systems are discussed in "Specification for the Design, Testing, and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Racks—2012 Edition," published by Rack Manufacturers Institute, Material Handling Industry of America, Revision 3.2, Nov. 8, 1999. (See, e.g., https://nrsea.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Racks-RMI-Specifications-part-I.pdf) Testing machines or load-measuring apparatus should meet requirement prescribed in ASTM Methods E4. The weights of load distribution beams and other fixtures are to be measured. The beam to be tested is supported at each end and not bolted to a column. Plates can be used to prevent failure at supports or load points. See Ch. 9, test methods. The contents of this publication are incorporated herein by reference.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved beam that overcomes drawbacks of existing supporting members and satisfies RMI standards.


The invention relates to a microcolumn reactor for carrying out reactions on solid phases and/or with biological cells. The aim of the invention is to provide a microcolumn reactor for processes of synthesis and separation on small sample volumina that replaces an alternating sequence of binding and elution processes on a phase that is stationary bound during a test series and makes it possible to exchange the stationary phase, for example once it has been loaded. To this end, the microcolumn reactor consists of at least one first and one second substrate wafer (1; 2) that are linked with one another across their surfaces. At least one of the substrate wafers (1; 2) is provided with an elongate channel (3) which comprises in a defined section (a) of its length two passage openings (41, 42) that are implemented in the opposite substrate wafer. Said openings (41, 42) are separated from the channel (3) by a partially permeable sieve-type membrane (5). The areas of acceptance (51) of said membrane have a diameter that is chosen in such a manner as to specifically prevent microbeads and/or cells introduced into the channel from entering the passage openings (41, 42). The channel (3) is provided with at least two further openings (61, 62) outside the section (a) that is comprised by the passage openings (41, 42). Said further openings permit the microbeads and/or cells that are provided above the section (a) to be introduced and/or displaced by applying a fluid pressure (p). Means are provided that temporarily close at least one of the passage openings (41, 42) and one of openings (61, 62).

The invention relates to a microcolumn reactor for carrying out reactions on solid phases and/or with biological cells. Thereby, the proposed microcolumn reactor can be applied, for example, with advantage in the following synthesis processes and separation processes:                in Grignard reactions and in the manufacture of other metal-organic compounds,        in drying of solvents by aid of metallic or oxidic dessicants,        in ion exchange processing, and        in the extraction of solid phases.More particularly, the invention will find application in the field of complex combinatorial-chemical operations or in screening operations or in automatically carrying out biological screening processing.
Sample particles ("beads" or "Perlen") have been used in separations and synthesis in the laboratory work for decades. These particles mostly are glass or polymeric globules that have diameters of 0.01 mm up to 1 mm, typically about 0.1 mm, which are filled, dry or pre-swelled, as a loose material into a receptacle where they are then flushed by a liquid, whereby an adsorption process or a reaction process takes place between the solid phase surface of the particles and the liquid surrounding the particles. Methods of the column chromatography (for example, gel filtration), of the column extraction, of the immundiagnosis, of the bio-molecule purification (for example, DNA cleaning), as well as of the homogeneous and heterogeneous synthesis (for example, of oligonucleotides, peptides or combinatorial substance libraries) utilize these techniques. With all these methods and devices, a solid-phase is stationarily integrated during the reaction in the reaction vessel, whereby reactants are bound to the solid phase or the latter serves as a reaction surface. The processes comprise a sequence of individual binding operations and separation operations. In such devices, a removal of the stationarily arranged solid phase from the reactor in the course of an operation series is either not provided for, or not possible or it is time consuming and not very practical.


Common-mode transient immunity circuit and modulation-demodulation circuit, common-mode transient immunity circuit is applied to connecting with modulation circuit or demodulation circuit, comprising first isolation circuit, common-mode bias circuit, reference circuit and comparison circuit. Common-mode bias circuit provides common-mode bias voltage for first isolation circuit; first isolation circuit transmits common-mode bias voltage to comparison circuit; reference circuit provides reference voltage for comparison circuit; comparison circuit compares common-mode bias voltage with reference voltage, when common-mode bias voltage is larger than reference voltage, comparison circuit outputs enable signal to modulation circuit or demodulation circuit, and modulation circuit is driven to stop outputting modulation signal or demodulation circuit is driven to stop receiving modulation signal. According to invention, when common-mode transient occurs, enable signal is output to drive modulation circuit or demodulation circuit to stop working, so that influence of common-mode transient on output signal is avoided.

An Isolated gate driver has been widely applied in a plurality of different applications to driving an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), including a motor driver, a solar inverter, an automobile, and more. In the prior art, any one parasitic capacitance on an isolated gate may become a coupling path for common-mode transients. Therefore, a common-mode transient immunity (CMTI) is an important parameter that shall be considered for a gate driver.
The common-mode transient immunity (CMTI) of the isolated gate driver defines an ability to inhibit the common-mode transients between an input and an output. For a gate driver adopting a capacitive isolation technology, when there is an influence of the CMTI, a relatively large transient voltage difference will exist between a ground of a transmitting circuit and a ground of a receiving circuit, and the voltage difference is able to charge and discharge an isolation capacitor, as well as being able to cause a demodulation circuit to mistake a wrong sample, and cause a false output.
Therefore, the current technology still has a plurality of defects, and needs to be improved and developed.


A latch manager enabling multiple processors in a multiprocessor system to gain access to a shared resource. Resource access is controlled by the use of a latch-control word. There is one latch-control word associated with each of the shared resources in the system. The latch-control word can reside either in the shared resource itself or in a separate common area of the system to which each of the processors has access. The latch-control word is captured by the requesting processor and its contents are modified to indicate that the requesting processor owns the latch (either in a shared or exclusive state) or that it is making a request to own the latch at the first opportunity. If the processor was not able to gain ownership of the latch upon its initial capture, the denied processor will wait and monitor the latch until it has been promoted to ownership of the latch. Optionally, the processor can back out of the request and continue processing.

In a multiprocessing environment it is desirable to use latches, also known as locks, on control structures in order to govern access to the control information which is used by more than one processor. A control structure is typically a control block or a table in main memory, such as the subchannel as defined in the IBM 370-XA architecture. In the case of a subchannel, the control structure acts as the logical representation of a physical device (such as DASD, printers . . . ). The subchannel control block reflects the current status of the physical device. Therefore control of the subchannel control block means control of the physical device. Other types of control structures are associated with data elements or data arrays which reside in main memory of the multiprocessing system.
Some multiprocessing environments allow more than one processor to access control structures in "shared" mode when these processors intend only to read the control structure. A processor which intends to modify the control structure, a write operation for example, must be forced to wait until all of the processors which are currently accessing the control structure in a shared mode, release the control structure. An important aspect of any locking design is that there be no possibility that a processor can be "locked out". To prevent lockouts, a processor which submits a request for access to the control structure must eventually be granted the access it requested.
The amount of space occupied by the latch-control field and the amount of time to process a request for access should be kept to a minimum. Control structures tend to exist in the form of large arrays, and individual elements must be kept as small as possible. Some prior art methods of controlling access to shared structures have involved linked lists of pointers to the requesting processors. These lists are undesirable in that they occupy a great deal of space and also require several machine cycles to process a request.
Furthermore, some processors have a small cache-line size, so that a small latch-control field allows other useful information to be packed into the same line in which the latch-control field is placed. In some locking designs, all of the information needed during normal processing cannot be contained in a single line. This requires more than one read operation (more machine cycles) for a processor to even determine if it can gain access to the control structure.
It is therefore one object of this invention to provide a locking mechanism for shared control structures in a multiprocessor environment.
It is also an object of this invention to allow shared access to common control structures.
It is a further object of this invention to prevent the possibility of a processor being locked out of access to the control structure.
It is another object of this invention to decrease the size of the control words required to manage access to shared control structures.

Method and apparatus for controlling access by a plurality of processors to a shared resource

International Business Machines Corporation


A composite dive fin assembly for a user swimming in a body of water having primary, secondary, and lateral portions which each define corresponding oppositely disposed propulsion surfaces. The primary, secondary, and lateral portions also each having a corresponding propulsion edge. The primary, secondary, and lateral propulsion surfaces cooperatively oriented to displace an amount of water over a corresponding one of the primary, secondary, and lateral propulsion edges when the composite dive fin assembly is moved in the body of water in which the user is swimming. The primary, secondary, and lateral propulsion surfaces are cooperatively configured to displace a greater amount of water over corresponding propulsion edges relative to previously known dive fins while reducing the resistive forces while displacing water, allowing a user to swim further and/or faster with the less effort.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a composite dive fin assembly comprising primary, secondary, and lateral propulsion surfaces cooperatively configured to displace an increased amount of water per kick or stroke over corresponding propulsion edges while reducing resistive forces to displacement of water, thereby allowing a user to swim further, faster, and with the less effort relative to heretofore previously known dive fins.
2. Description of the Related Art
The use of dive fins to help a swimmer move more efficiently through a body of water is well known. Numerous variations on dive fins have been used throughout the years having a generally flat elongated blade with raised edges along each side which serve to direct and displace water off the terminal or trailing end of the dive fin. The displacement of water off the trailing end of the dive fin provides the force or thrust which helps propel the swimmer through the body of water. Typically, the trailing or terminal end of a dive fin is about six to twelve inches from side to side.
The majority of known dive fins have this same general type of structure, the major differences being the shape or configuration of the terminal end such as concave, convex, scalloped, ribbed, thicker, thinner, etc., however, they are still structured to direct water to the trailing end of the dive fin. As such, they all operate in essentially the same manner, that is to say, the surface of the fin combined with the raised edges form a scoop like configuration which the user forces through the water as he or she kicks, i.e., a stroke, which displaces water from a proximal end towards a distal end and over the trailing end of the dive fin. Of course, similar to moving a spoon or ladle through a liquid, this scoop configuration provides considerable resistance, and thus requires a considerable amount of effort and energy on the part of the swimmer in order to displace water and propel themselves.
As the overwhelming majority of known dive fins comprise this type of configuration, the majority of known dive fins suffer from the same inherent flaws, i.e., significant energy is required of the user to displace limited amounts of water for thrust. Of course, there have been attempts to improve upon the hydrodynamic characteristics of this conventional dive fin configuration, however, the known alternatives still fall short of effectively increasing the amount of water displaced while reducing the amount of energy required when a dive fin is moved through the water as a swimmer kicks.
As one example, a multiple serial hydrofoil swim fin design includes air foil like fins attached to a planar blade member. In at least one embodiment, the air foil like side fins and tail member are cooperatively structured to direct water flow alternately over and/or under the surfaces of each in attempts to aid propelling a swimmer through the water. Once again, however, and similar to the aforementioned conventional dive fin configurations, thrust is still provided via water displaced over the trailing end of single tail fin at the distal end of the hydrofoil swim fin.
Another variation includes a conventional dive fin attached along the sides of the user's legs. This dive fin, however, once again comprises a generally flat surface having raised edges defining a scoop like configuration, thus still requiring significant effort by the swimmer in order to displace water in order to propel himself or herself. In addition, given the reduced overall size of this particular dive fin variation it is believed that the amount of water displaced per stroke will also be less than that displaced by a conventional known dive fin as described above.
Other variations include forming the trailing end of a dive fin in the shape of various fish tails, however, each of these supposed improvements suffer from the same defect noted above, i.e., water is only displaced off of the trailing end of the dive fin itself, thereby inherently limiting the amount of water displaced per kick or stroke by a swimmer in a body of water.
Thus, it would be beneficial to provide an improved dive fin assembly specifically structured to displace a greater amount of water per kick or stroke than is currently possible while swimming with the aforementioned and previously known dive fins. This, in and of itself, would allow swimmers to propel themselves farther and/or faster. It would be further beneficial to provide an improved dive fin assembly which reduces resistance to displacing water across its propulsion surface or surfaces, once again, such that swimmers can propel themselves farther and/or faster. A further advantage may be realized from such an improved dive fin assembly by incorporating one or more flexible portions along its length disposed to increase action of one or more portions thereof so as to generate secondary propulsion forces.


Circuits, methods, and apparatus that provide for trusted transactions between a device and system memory. In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a host processor asserts and de-asserts trust over a virtual wire. The device accesses certain data if the host processor provides a trusted instruction for it to do so. Once the device attempts to access this certain data, or perform a certain type of data access, a memory controller allows the access on the condition that the host processor previously made the trusted instruction. The device then accepts data if trust is asserted during the data transfer.

The present invention relates to conducting trusted data transactions over a bus in an electronic system.
The concept of property has changed dramatically in the past several years. Once thought of as being limited to the physical, property has come to include the intangible, such as the highly organized collections of binary information that are our movies, music, and software. Just as the idea of property has changed, so has the idea of property theft. Since these movies, music, and software are just ones and zeros, if not properly protected, they can be stolen and reproduced with perfect accuracy.
Common places where this property can be found are computers, gaming, and other types of electronic systems. Property moves from circuit to circuit in these electronic systems over buses, such as PCIE, HyperTransport, AGP, and others. While on one of these buses, data may be vulnerable to theft. This threat may come in the form of hardware or software.
The hardware threat may come in the form of an add-in card, for example, an add-in card inserted in a PCI slot of a desktop computer. It may also come in the form of a plug in-card attached to the back of computer, or to a USB or Ethernet port. Software attacks can take many forms, among them software that deceives a host CPU by masking the true identity of a hardware device. In this way, an unauthorized device can hide from detection. Another type of software attack involves hijacking an authorized device in order to do the hijackers bidding.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide secure transactions across a bus such that data transfers are not subject to theft. One way of doing this is to use encryption. But encryption requires encrypting data to be transferred and decrypting the data once it is received. This involves a great deal of computational overhead and complexity.
Thus, it is desirable to provide secure transactions across a bus without the requirement of encrypting the transferred data.


A technique for detecting whether dazzling is affecting the drivers driving ability when the eye area is included in the area to which the direct sunlight is incident is provided. More particularly of the technique detects a facial area and an eye area of a driver's image, and an area to which direct sunlight is incident in the facial area, and then determines whether dazzling is effecting the drivers driving ability when the eye area is included in the area to which the direct sunlight is incident to detect a direction of incidence of the direct sunlight and then, automatically blocks the direct sunlight in the direction to which light is incident via a blocking apparatus.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for detecting driver's dazzling and a system and a method for blocking dazzling using the same.
2. Related Art
When direct sunlight is directly comes in contact with a driver's eyes while driving a vehicle, dazzling the driver may become dazzled, which hinders driving safety. As a solution, some manufactures have implemented smart windows, electric sun visors or the like within the vehicle to protect the driver from dazzling.
A smart window is an apparatus that actively controls visible light transmittance by manually applying power to laminated glass having a special film inserted thereinto. Upon providing this power to the laminated glass, the light transmission properties of the glass are affected to provide a form of transmissive light shield for the driver.
An electric sun-visor is an apparatus which blocks direct sunlight incident from a front or sides of the vehicle by moving a cover shield in the vehicle via switching operation. However, since the operation of these devices is manually operated by the driver, the driver still has to take his or her eyes off the road to appropriately adjust the visor to his or her liking thereby effecting driving safety.

Apparatus and method for detecting driver's dazzling and system and method for blocking dazzling using the same


Methods and systems related to soil testing are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment of a system of the present disclosure includes a calibrated near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer and a soil sample with an unknown value of at least one of pH and b disposed in proximity to the calibrated NIR spectrophotometer, the NIR spectrophotometer configured to produce a spectrum from a reading of the sample.

The application of lime in order to correct soil pH has been shown to be agronomically feasible in many cropping situations. Lime application, however, is only desired in low pH soils, and may even be detrimental if applied to high pH soils. Consequently, it is desirable to accurately assess the spatial variability of soil pH and lime requirements.
Buffer methods are typically used by soil testing laboratories in the U.S. for the prediction of the LR of acid soils. For example, the AE buffer procedure (Adams F., and C. E. Evans, 1962. A rapid method for measuring the lime requirement of Red-Yellow Podzolic soils. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 26:355-357) is used widely in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the U.S., and the SMP buffer (Shoemaker H. E., E. O. McLean, and P. F. Pratt, 1961. Buffer methods for determination of lime requirements of soils with appreciable amount of exchangeable aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:274-277) is widely used in the Midwest regions (Sims, J. T., 1996. Lime requirement. p. 491-515. In D. L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. SSSA Book Series Book Series No. 5 SSSA, Madison, Wis.). The accuracy of these buffers has been widely studied (Follett, R. H. and R. F. Follett, 1980, Strengths and weaknesses of soil testing in determining lime requirements for soils. p. 40-51. In Proc. of the Natl. Conf. on Agric. Limestone 16-18 Oct. 1980. Tennessee Valley Authority, National Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals, Ala.; Tran, T. S., and W. van Lierop, 1981. Evaluation and improvement of buffer-pH lime requirement methods. Soil Scci. 131: 178-188; Alabi K. E., R. C. Sorensen, D. Knudsen, and G. W. Rehm. 1986. Comparison of several lime requirement methods on coarse-textured soils of Northeastern Nebraska. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:937-941). A recent concern about buffers is the potential toxicity of their components. Both the AE and SMP buffers contain p-nitrophenol, a potentially toxic compound.
A possible alternative method for determining the LR of acid soils is by direct titration with a base, although these methods are time-consuming and would need to be simplified for routine use. Dunn studied direct titration to predict the LR of acid soils and focused on the time to reach equilibrium for the reaction between the added base and soil acids. Dunn, L. E. 1943. Lime requirement determination of soils by means of titration curves. Soil Sci. 56:341-351. Dunn found that 4 days were needed for pH values to reach equilibrium when a 0.022 M Ca(OH)2 solution was added to acid soils. Dunn also discovered that shaking affected the time required for soil pH values to reach equilibrium. Dunn reported that a constant pH was reached within 8 hours when the soil suspensions were mixed by shaking, whereas 4 days were required for the suspensions to obtain a stable pH without shaking. Finally, Dunn suggested a direct titration method for LR by incorporating acid soils with different rates of 0.022 M Ca(OH)2 for 4 days. The Ca(OH)2 titration method suggested by Dunn for measuring the LR was widely accepted as a reliable method for evaluating buffer methods that were developed for estimating the LR (Follett and Follett, 1980; Alabi et al., 1986; McConnell, J. S., J. T. Gilmour, R. E. Baser, and B. S. Frizzell. 1991. Lime requirement of acid soils of Arkansas. Arkansas Exp. Stn. Spec. Rep. 150. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Fayetteville; Owusu-Bennoah, E. Acquaye, D. K. Mahamah, T. 1995. Comparative study of selected lime requirement methods for some acid Ghanaian soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Analy. 26:937-950). However, Dunn's method was also considered to be a time-consuming procedure and not suitable for routine use in soil testing laboratories.
Many studies focused on the titration curve itself. Magdoff et al. concluded that the relationship between pH and OH− added is nearly linear within the pH range of most agricultural soils (4.5-6.5). Magdoff, F. R., and R. J. Bartlett. 1985. Soil pH buffering revisited. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 49:145-148. Weaver et al. also reported a linear relationship between pH and base added for a series of Georgia soils. Weaver, A. R. D. E. Kissel, F. Chen, L. T. West, W. Adkins, D. Rickman, and J. C. Luvall. 2004. Mapping soil pH buffering capacity of selected fields in the coastal plain. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68:662-668. The slope of the linear relationship of pH versus OH− added is also a fundamental property of the soil, which could possibly be determined by other methodologies.

Systems and method for predicting the lime requirement in soils

The University of Georgia Research Foundation, Inc.


A sound image control apparatus and sound image control method capable of increasing the accuracy, in particular, in the distance direction while keeping fixed intervals of transmission characteristic filters, without increasing the number of the transmission characteristic filters. Sound image control apparatus 100 is provided with distance gain control section 101 that performs gain control of the sound pressure of an input monaural audio signal of one channel in the distance direction from a head to a sound image before input to virtual sound field 1 sound image localization section 120 and virtual sound field 2 sound image localization section 130, and reflected sound gain control section 102 that performs gain control by distance of a reflected sound of the sound pressure of the input monaural audio signal of one channel before input to virtual reflected sound generating section 150 that controls the sound image to be localized outside the head when the sound is listened to with headphones.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sound image control apparatus and sound image control method for reproducing a transmission characteristic using a digital filter and convolving the transmission characteristic in an original sound (hereinafter, referred to as a source sound), and thereby controlling sound image localization.
2. Description of Related Art
There is a sound image control apparatus which uses a fact that the transmission characteristic changes due to influence of the shape of head and auricles according to the direction of a sound source position when a human catches a sound, reproduces a transmission characteristic using a digital filter and convolves the transmission characteristic in a source sound, and thereby controls sound image localization.
For example, Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H07-298399) discloses a stereophonic sound listening device holding transmission filters at intervals corresponding to a sound discrimination limit of a human when sound wave transmission characteristics of arrival sounds in respective directions around a head of a listener are reproduced.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a conventional sound image control apparatus.
In FIG. 1, sound image control apparatus 10 is configured with sound image control section 11, virtual sound field 1 sound image localization section 12, virtual sound field 2 sound image localization section 13, Panning Gain control section 14, virtual reflected sound generating section 15 and localized sound/virtual reflected sound adding section 16.
Panning Gain control section 14 is configured with virtual sound field 1 Rch Panning Gain control section 21, virtual sound field 1 Lch Panning Gain control section 22, virtual sound field 2 Rch Panning Gain control section 23, and virtual sound field 2 Lch Panning Gain control section 24, and localized sound/virtual reflected sound adding section 16 is configured with Rch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 25 and Lch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 26.
Virtual sound field 1 sound image localization section 12 and virtual sound field 2 sound image localization section 13 control localization to be in an arbitrary position mainly using a transmission characteristic filter (data).
Panning Gain control section 14 performs cross-fade processing on audio signals outputted from virtual sound field 1 sound image localization section 12 and virtual sound field 2 sound image localization section 13.
Sound image control apparatus 10 receives monaural input audio signal 30 as input, and outputs Rch output audio signal 31 and Lch output audio signal 32. Further, "41" is a transmission characteristic filter transfer system to virtual sound field 1 sound image localization section 12, and "42" is a transmission characteristic filter transfer system to virtual sound field 2 sound image localization section 13.
Sound image control section 11 outputs virtual sound field 1 Panning Gain control section control signal 43 to virtual sound field 1 Rch Panning Gain control section 21 and virtual sound field 1 Lch Panning Gain control section 22, and further outputs virtual sound field 2 Panning Gain control section control signal 44 to virtual sound field 2 Rch Panning Gain control section 23 and virtual sound field 2 Lch Panning Gain control section 24.
Virtual sound field 1 Rch Panning Gain control section 21, virtual sound field 1 Lch Panning Gain control section 22, virtual sound field 2 Rch Panning Gain control section 23 and virtual sound field 2 Lch Panning Gain control section 24 are controlled in gain by virtual sound field 1 Panning Gain control section control signal 43 and virtual sound field 2 Panning Gain control section control signal 44, and respectively output virtual sound field 1 Rch Panning Gain control section audio signal 45, virtual sound field 1 Lch Panning Gain control section audio signal 46, virtual sound field 2 Rch Panning Gain control section audio signal 47 and virtual sound field 2 Lch Panning Gain control section audio signal 48 to Rch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 25 and Lch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 26.
Further, virtual reflected sound generating section 15 outputs virtual reflected sound generating section Rch output audio signal 49 and virtual reflected sound generating section Lch output audio signal 50 to Rch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 25 and Lch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 26, respectively.
Rch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 25 adds virtual sound field 1 Rch Panning Gain control section audio signal 45, virtual sound field 2 Rch Panning Gain control section audio signal 47 and virtual reflected sound generating section Rch output audio signal 49, and outputs the result as Rch output audio signal 31.
Lch localized sound/virtual reflected sound adder 26 adds virtual sound field 1 Lch Panning Gain control section audio signal 46, virtual sound field 2 Lch Panning Gain control section audio signal 48 and virtual reflected sound generating section Lch output audio signal 50, and outputs the result as Lch output audio signal 32.
According to the above-described configuration, it is necessary to have transmission characteristic filters at fixed intervals. In order to obtain sound image localization with higher accuracy, it is necessary to have transmission characteristic filters in a larger number of directions, and therefore large amounts of storage areas are required to store a large number of transmission characteristic filters. The apparatus of Patent Document 1 intends to realize the sound image localization with higher accuracy without increasing the data amount so much by preparing the transmission characteristic filters at only intervals corresponding to the sound discrimination limit of a human.
In such a conventional sound image control apparatus, it is expected to reduce the data amount to some extent, but transmission characteristic filters are not prepared at fixed intervals, and therefore the control method becomes complicated when selecting a transmission characteristic filter in the vicinity of a coordinate point of a move destination calculated from a move instruction for controlling the sound image, and there is a problem that the circuit scale of the sound image control section for controlling the sound image increases, and the operation amount increases.
Further, for the distance direction, it is necessary to prepare transmission characteristic filters in all directions for each distance, and therefore, in order to increase the accuracy in the distance direction, transmission characteristic filters corresponding to all directions are required for one distance and there is a problem that an enormous amount of transmission characteristic filters are required.

Sound image control apparatus and sound image control method


A LED package structure includes a substrate unit, a light-emitting unit and a package unit. The substrate unit includes two lead frames, and light-emitting unit including a LED chip electrically connected between the two lead frames. The package unit includes a light-transmitting package body enclosing the light-emitting unit and one part of each lead frame and a lens body integrated with the light-transmitting package body, and another part of each lead frame is exposed from the light-transmitting package body. Therefore, light beams generated by the LED chip pass through the lens body to project a cross light pattern on a plane, the cross light pattern has a concentrated cross light shape and a scattered light shape surrounding the concentrated cross light shape, the luminous intensity of the concentrated cross light shape is substantially the same and larger than the luminous intensity of the scattered light shape.

1. Field of the Invention
The instant disclosure relates to a LED package structure, and more particularly to a LED package structure for projecting a cross light pattern on a plane without using any shield for regulating the light form.
2. Description of Related Art
Traditionally, lamps for automobiles use bulbs as light sources, and have a painted cover added additionally according to different uses of the automotive lamps. However, such application wastes energy, and due to the short working life of the bulbs, if the bulbs are damaged suddenly during running, human life will be threatened. In order to eliminate such situation, alternative light sources for replacing the bulbs are available on the market.
Currently, the most commonly used alternative light sources are light emitting diodes (LEDs). LED is a light emitting component of semiconductor process and has the advantages of good vibration resistance, being power saving, long working life, without idling time, rapid response speed, having diverse and pure colors, and thus the disadvantages of conventional bulbs, such as power wasting and short working life, can be effectively alleviated. Further, if the LED has a circuit design control, it can exert the functions after being damaged, thus avoiding the traffic accidents due to disabled light source.


The invention is an instrument for cleaning and/or shaping and/or widening a channel that exists in or through a solid object. The design of the instrument the superelastic and shape memory properties of the material from which it is made, allow the inner volume enclosed by the instrument, its outer contour, or both to change as a result of the forces exerted upon it while working, thereby shaping the instrument to the three-dimensional contour of the channel. A preferred embodiment of the instrument is an endodontic file for use in the cleaning, shaping, and widening stages of a root canal procedure.

Publications and other reference materials referred to herein, including references cited therein, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are numerically referenced in the following text and respectively grouped in the appended Bibliography which immediately precedes the claims.
There are many situations in which it is required to use an instrument for cleaning out and/or shaping and/or widening a channel that exists in or passes through a solid object. One of the best examples illustrative of the problem and of the shortcomings of the prior art is from the field of dental instruments, specifically root canal procedures. Root canal procedure is one of the most demanding tasks for a dental surgeon. Root canal treatment consists of two stages: (a) shaping, cleaning, and widening of the root canal and (b) obturation of the canal space. The first stage is aimed at removing all tissue remnants, shaping the canal space and disinfecting it, while the second stage is aimed at sealing the root canal and preventing its recontamination. Failure to achieve either of those goals may result in persistent apical periodontitis—associated with periapical bone resorption and occasional or chronic suppuration.
In the simplest case, in which the canal is relatively straight and has a relatively uniform circular cross-section, the work is carried out by starting with a small diameter instrument (known as a dental file) and replacing it with a series of increasingly larger diameter files until the desired final diameter of the canal is attained. If the canal is not straight, using the conventional stainless steel files will most probably result in a poor quality of treatment. In cases in which the curvature is not too great, nickel titanium alloy files are able to adapt themselves to the longitudinal curvature of the canal; thus achieving better results; however existing nickel-titanium alloy files cannot adapt themselves to changes in the shape or diameter of the canal, therefore a series of files must be used to clean out a canal as is the case with stainless steel files. Also the use of any type of existing file in a canal having non uniform or non circular cross-section results in a canal that is either not completely cleaned out or one having a circular cross-section, the uniform diameter of which is at least as large as the maximum width of the original canal.
The anatomy of a tooth is shown in FIG. 1. Topographically tooth 1 is divided into two sections. The crown 2, covered by enamel 4, is the visible part of the tooth. The root 3 is below the gums and anchors the tooth in place in the jaw bone. Within the dentin 6, which comprises the principal mass of the tooth, is located the pulp chamber 5 and one or more root canals 7, both of which are filled with pulp 8.
FIGS. 2A to 2C illustrate the major steps of the root canal procedure. In the first step (shown in FIG. 2A) part of the crown is removed and the pulp is cleaned out of the pulp chamber. In the second step (FIG. 2B) the openings of the root canals are widened. Then (FIG. 2C) the canal system is shaped, cleaned, and widened, removing all pulp particles and infection. In a final step (not shown in the figures) the clean and disinfected root canals are obturated.
Endodontic failures are more common than the profession is willing to acknowledge. The commonly quoted success rates are based mainly on studies carried out in teaching institutes and/or by endodontists. Nevertheless, surveys carried out on the general public indicate that in association with up to 58% of the endodontically treated teeth a periapical lesion was evident (1).
This represents, most probably, a poor quality of treatment (1); nevertheless, it may also represent a basic flaw in the common approach to root canal treatment. Root canals are usually perceived as having a gradually tapering diameter with a round cross section (FIG. 3A). This may be true for many upper anterior teeth; however, it is far from reality in many of the bicuspids and molars. In these teeth ribbon-like root canals, with a flat cross section (FIG. 3B) are common (2). The flat dimension of these canals is at the bucco-lingual plane, which is not seen on a radiograph, and usually has its maximal width at 5 mm from the apex. This anatomy is especially pronounced in the second upper bicuspids, in distal roots of lower molars, as well as in many canines and lower incisors. Additionally, canals with a tear-shaped cross section (FIG. 3C) are common in roots that have two canals, such as the mesial roots of lower molars and those of upper first bicuspids as well as in many of the mesio-buccal roots of upper molars. The fact that all of these anatomical variations are not seen on a regular periapical radiograph is one of the reasons for the common misconception and presents a major obstacle in achieving the goal of high quality endodontic treatment.
The traditional, common, approach for cleaning, widening, and shaping root canals utilizes hand files having round cross-sections and a standardized cylindro-conic shape. Sequential use of files of increasing diameter, with intermitted flushing with antiseptic solution, results in a canal in which a cylindro-conic gutta-pecha cone may intimately be fitted in the apical part of the canal and used as a "master cone". With the proper paste type sealer and accessory cones they are expected to seal the apical part of the canal. The common cleaning, widening, and shaping procedures are designed to adapt the apical part of the root canals to the form of these standardized master cones.
This common concept is based on the image of a root canal that has a round cross section, which may gradually be enlarged by round files to the shape of a standardized master cone. Although suitable for anterior teeth, when applied in many posterior root canals, this approach may often lead to failure. Cleaning, widening, and shaping a flat root canal with round files will frequently leave a remaining buccal and/or lingual recesses along the root canal filling, untouched and full of tissue remnants, bacteria, or both (3,4). This will inevitably result in failure. Recent studies indicate that this problem is much more common than previously appreciated (2, 3).
When using traditional hand-held stainless steel files some of these recesses are inevitably only partially cleaned. In FIG. 4 is shown a set of stainless steel K-files. A great deal of experience is necessary to choose the proper length and diameter as the canal is cleaned out from the top to the bottom. When the root canal curves it is only possible to follow the curvature by increasing the diameter of the canal. This problem is illustrated in FIG. 5A. If the curvature of the canal becomes to great, generally near the apex of the canal, then one of two undesirable situations arises. The first, shown in FIG. 5B, is that the process is terminated resulting in creation of a ledge in the canal and debris in the untreated lower part of the canal. The second alternative, shown in FIG. 5C, is that the procedure continues until perforation of the tooth occurs, also resulting in a false canal or apex enlargement. One other major difficulty encountered during root canal treatment is shown in FIG. 5D; if one of the solid files breaks and can not be removed, a not infrequent occurrence, then the root canal treatment fails and the tooth is usually removed.
The hand-held stainless steel instruments are currently gradually being replaced by nickel titanium rotary files. As in the case of K-files, current leading nickel titanium rotary files are used as series of instruments with gradually enlarging diameters but, unlike the stainless steel files, are able to adapt longitudinally to the canal shape. Nickel titanium rotary files are more efficient and allow the operator to complete a case in a somewhat shorter time. Unfortunately, this efficiency has a price: the prepared canal is of a perfect round cross section and the cleaning of the recesses in flat and tear-shaped canals is not done.
Recognition of the above problem has led some professional authorities to consider a further enlargement of the apical part of the canals, to a diameter that will include the flat remaining parts. The preparation of a root canal by enlargement for root canals having round, flat, and tear-shaped cross-sections is shown schematically in FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C respectively. Such enlargement could not be safely done in bent root canals with traditional stainless steel instruments because of their rigidity (3). Rotary nickel titanium files made it possible to enlarge bent canals in a mesial root of a lower molar to accept a No. 45-50 gutta-percha master cone. Nevertheless, this approach has two short comings: it may frequently lead to either unwanted excessive local thinning of the remaining root canal wall (2) or to the use of a single-cone root canal filling in the apical third of the canal. The first may lead to a higher frequency of vertical root fractures, while the second was discarded long ago for its inferior sealing abilities. Furthermore, in many cases the diameter required to really include the recesses is so large that it will cause a perforation of the canal wall (2) (see FIG. 6B and FIG. 6C).
The issue of cleaning, widening, shaping, and obturation of root canals with non-round cross sections does not currently have an adequate, efficient solution.
It is therefore a purpose of the current invention to provide an instrument that is capable of changing its interior volume, contour, or both during use in cleaning and/or shaping and/or widening a channel, existing in or through a solid object, in order to shape itself to the channel's three-dimensional contour.
It is another purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic file that is capable of cleaning and shaping and widening root canals having circular and/or non-circular cross sections.
It is another purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic file whose contour varies during use thus allowing the use of a single file for an entire root canal procedure.
It is yet another purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic instrument that is sufficiently flexible to allow it to adapt itself longitudinally to the curvature of the root canal up to its apical end.
It is still another purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic instrument through which antiseptic solution can continuously flow into the root canal while working.
It is a further purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic file that has significantly greater endurance and strength than existing instruments used to perform root canal treatments.
It is another further purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic file that requires significantly less time to perform root canal treatments than existing instruments.
It is a still further purpose of the current invention to provide an endodontic instrument that is significantly easier to use and has a significantly shorter learning curve than existing instruments used to perform root canal treatments.
Further purposes and advantages of this invention will appear as the description proceeds.


A linear and rotary actuator system includes a shaft member moving linearly in an axial direction and rotating around an axis line, a hollow rotor surrounding the shaft member, a stator of a rotary motor having a space for holding the rotor and which rotates the rotor around the axis line, linear bearings, that rotates together with the rotor to transmit rotation of the rotor of the rotary motor to the shaft member and accepts linear movement of the shaft member, an angle measuring unit for measuring a rotation angle of the rotor, and a rotary motor driver for controlling the rotary motor in such a manner that the rotation angle of the rotor of the rotary motor measured by the angle measuring unit conforms to a command value. The rotation angle of the shaft member is controlled by controlling the rotation angle of the rotor of the rotary motor.

In an industrial robot, a linear and rotary actuator is sometimes embedded that makes the movable body move linearly in the Z-axis direction and rotate around the Z axis in the θ direction. For example, a head shaft of a chip mounter is required to make the movable body such as an absorption pad for absorption of an electronic component or machine tool move linearly in the Z-axis direction and rotate around the Z axis. Linear movement of the movable body in the Z-axis direction is needed in embodiment of the electronic component on a surface of a printed board and rotation of the movable body in the θ direction is needed in positioning of the rotation angle of the electronic component.
As a linear and rotary actuator capable of linear and rotary movement, the patent literature 1 discloses a linear and rotary pulse motor having a linear pulse motor and a rotary pulse motor connected to each other in the axial direction. In this linear and rotary pulse motor, a rotor of the rotary pulse motor is a hollow shaft and a spline bearing with a rotation stopper mechanism is arranged in this hollow shaft. The mover shaft of the linear pulse motor passes through the spline bearing slidably and linear pulse motor moves the mover shaft linearly in the Z-axis direction. An output of the rotary pulse motor in the rotary direction is transmitted to the mover shaft via the spline bearing. The mover shaft is rotated in the 0 direction by the rotary pulse motor.
As this linear and rotary pulse motor adopts a linear stepping motor having comb teeth of the mover face comb teeth of the stator, it is necessary to control an air gap between the mover and the stator to be a small fixed value.
In order to facilitate control of the air gap between the mover and the stator, the patent literature 2 discloses a linear and rotary pulse motor that adopts a linear synchronization motor instead of the linear pulse motor. This linear synchronization motor has a mover shaft having one or more permanent magnets magnetized in the axial direction and a stator having a plurality of coils stacked in the axial direction. An end of the linear synchronization motor in the axial direction is connected to the rotary motor. Torque of the rotary motor is transmitted to the mover shaft via the sliding bearing. In order to transmit rotation to the mover shaft, a guide hole of the sliding bearing is formed to have a rectangular cross section.


The present invention provides a process for preparing a sugar chain asparagine derivative. According to the process, various isolated sugar chain asparagine derivatives useful in the field of the development of pharmaceuticals and the like can be conveniently obtained in a large amount as compared to that of the prior art. The present invention also provides a process for preparing a sugar chain asparagine and a process for preparing a sugar chain via a step for preparing a sugar chain asparagine derivative. The present invention further provides a novel sugar chain asparagine derivative, a sugar chain asparagine and a sugar chain.

Conventionally, a technique for degrading a sugar chain by a glycosidase to derivatize the sugar chain has been utilized in the analytical studies on a several milligram scale such as structural analysis of a sugar chain. However, since derivatives of individual sugar chains could not be obtained in a large amount, development of the studies on a gram scale has been retarded. Therefore, it has been difficult to apply a sugar chain derivative in the synthesis studies such as the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
On the other hand, it has been known that a glycopeptide is obtained in a large amount from an egg yolk (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1335 (1997) p 23–32). However, there has not been reported a case where a fluorenylmethoxycarbonylated (Fmoc-)sugar chain derivative of a compound 1 shown in FIG. 1, or a series of compounds having deletions of several sugar residues such as sialic acid or galactose on one of non-reducing terminals of a branched sugar chain in the compound 1, are obtained in a large amount. In addition, there are some cases where several sugar chains are isolated in a small amount from a protein or the like in human blood. However, when the sugar chain is employed in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical, there is a risk of allowing the pharmaceutical to contaminate AIDS virus, hepatitis viruses or the like. Therefore, there has been a controversy over the technique of applying the sugar chain to a pharmaceutical.
Meanwhile, there are numerous examples of processes for preparing sugar chains of which branched moieties have the same structure for a branched sugar chain. As conventional techniques, there are three kinds of processes. A first is a process for isolating and purifying an asparagine type sugar chain complex from a naturally occurring glycoprotein. Representative examples of this type are those reported in T. Tamura, et al., Anal. Biochem., 1994, 216, p 335–344, V. H. Thomas, et al., Carbohydr. Res., 1998, 306, p 387–400, K. G. Rice, et al., Biochemistry, 1993, 32, p 7264–7270 and the like. The advantage of these processes is that the synthesis of the sugar chain is not necessary. However, there are several defects. For instance, the sugar chain derived from the above glycoprotein is obtained as a mixture of the sugar chains having random deletions of several sugar residues in non-reducing terminal moieties, and the sugar chains contained in the above mixture are similar to each other in their physical and chemical characteristics, so that it is very difficult to separate into individual sugar chains, thereby making it substantially impossible to obtain a single sugar chain in a large amount. Also, there is a case where a sugar chain has been isolated from a protein in human blood (isolation from Fibrinogen: C. H. Hokke, et al., Carbohydr. Res., 305 (1997), p 463–468, isolation from Human Serum Transferrin: M. Mizuno et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, p 284–290) in order to obtain the sugar chain in a relatively large amount. As mentioned above, a protein in human blood must be handled carefully because the protein may be contaminated with an AIDS virus or hepatitis viruses. Therefore, it is difficult to utilize the resulting sugar chains and derivatives thereof in the development of pharmaceuticals. Even if the sugar chains were obtained in a large amount, their structures are limited, and any cases where sugar chains and derivatives thereof having many kinds of structures are obtained do not substantially exist.
In K. G. Rice, et al., Biochemistry, 1993, 32, p 7264–7270, or Rice, et al., Neoglycoconjugate, Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 0-12-440585-1 p 286–321, a sugar residue is removed from a non-reducing terminal of a sugar chain with a glycosidase. However, since a sugar chain having a single structure used as a raw material cannot be obtained in a large amount, the process can only be carried out on an analytical scale. E. Meinjohanns (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1, 1998, p 549–560) et al. have obtained a compound 56 shown in FIG. 5 from a bovine fetuin (bovine-derived glycoprotein) and then synthesized a compound 10 shown in FIG. 1 via a compound 33 shown in FIG. 3. In order to obtain the compound 56, which is a first raw material, a hydrazine degradation reaction has been utilized. This hydrazine is highly toxic, so that there is a problem in safety when the resulting sugar chain derivative is applied to a pharmaceutical, due to the contamination of a trace amount of the hydrazine. In addition, the sugar chain derivatives of the compounds 56, 33 and 10 to which sialic acid is not bound can be obtained only in a small amount.
A second process is a process of synthesizing a sugar chain chemically. Currently, a construction of about 10 sugars prepared by combining monosaccharides according to a chemical synthesis process can be made as shown in a reported case of J. Seifert et al., Angew Chem Int. Ed. 2000, 39, p 531–534. The advantage of this process is that all of the sugar chain derivatives can be theoretically obtained. However, since its preparation steps are enormous, there is a defect that a synthesis in a large amount is difficult. In addition, even in case where a sugar chain in which about 10 sugar residues are bound is synthesized in an amount of several milligrams, a time period of as long as about one year is required. While there have been so far some cases where several sugar chains are synthesized chemically, most of the cases actually could synthesize the intended sugar chain only in an amount as small as several milligrams.
A third process is a process of synthesizing a sugar chain by combining an enzymatic reaction and a chemical reaction. As a representative example, there is a process as reported by Carlo Unverzagt, Angew Chem Int. Ed. 1996, 35, p 2350–2353. This process employs a technique in which a sugar chain is constructed to a certain length by chemical synthesis, and thereafter a sugar residue is added to the sugar chain by an enzymatic reaction, thereby extending the sugar chain. However, since the enzyme used in the chain extension has substrate specificity, the kinds of sugar which can be introduced into the sugar chain are limited. In addition, since the preparation steps are enormous in the chemical synthesis, a large-scale synthesis is difficult, so that the final product can be obtained only in a small amount. Alternatively, in C. H. Lin et al. (Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1995, p 1625–1630), a sialyloligoglycopeptide is obtained from an egg yolk by employing a process reported by M. Koketsu et al. (J. Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1995, 14(6), p 833–841), and the structure of the non-reducing terminal moieties of the sugar chain is modified with a glycosidase and a sugar transferase. A sugar chain having only one asparagine (Asn) residue bound to its non-reducing terminal moiety is shown in a drawing of this article. However, according to the process reported in J. Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1995, 14(6), p 833–841, a mixture of sugar chains each having on average about 2.5 amino acids other than asparagine, such as lysine, which are bound to a non-reducing terminal of the sugar chain. Therefore, a sugar chain derivative cannot be obtained as a single compound. Also, there is not suggested obtainment of individual derivatives of the compounds having arbitrary deletions of the sugar residues in the branched sugar chain of the branching sugar chains in a large amount. An article by C. H. Lin et al. does not give any evidence that a sugar chain is obtained as a single product. Y. Ichikawa mentions in Glycopeptide and Related Compounds (Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1997, ISBN 0-8247-9531-8, p. 79–205) that if the trifurcated sugar chain complex is sequentially treated from a terminal with a glycosidase, sugar chains can be sequentially removed from a non-reducing terminal of the sugar chain, thereby giving various sugar chain derivatives. However, how the individual sugar chains are separated after the enzymatic treatment is not described, and the synthesis is limited only to those having uniform branching. Therefore, even with this process, it is thought that the individual derivatives of the compounds having arbitrary deletions of sugar residues in the branched sugar chain of the branching sugar chains cannot be obtained in a large amount.

Process for producing sugar chain asparagine derivative